OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Wagon

Edition of 1920. See also Wagon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WAGON, a four-wheeled vehicle for the transport of goods or passengers, drawn generally by horses. To enable the vehicle to turn as quickly and in as little space as possible, the fore pair of wheels are often made smaller
than the hind pair, and to increase this advantage still further the axle of the fore-wheels is frequently fixed to the bottom of the vehicle by a swivel joint, in which case the shafts are attached to the fore-axle. The framework of the wagon is usually mounted on springs. See Carriage.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Auenbrugger von Auenbrug, Leopold

Edition of 1920. See also Leopold Auenbrugger on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AUENBRUGGER VON AUENBRUG, ow'ĕn-brůg'ĕr fŏn ow'ĕn-brůg, Leopold, Austrian physician: b. Gratz 1722; d. Vienna 1809. As early as 1754 he had discovered the method of studying internal diseases (percussion) which made him famous; but not until after seven years of experiments and verification did he publish his treatise, entitled ‘Inventum Novum ex Percussione Thoracis Humani Interni Pectoris Morbos Detegendi’ (1761). The book marks an epoch in the modern history of medicine, but attracted scant attention until it was translated and illustrated by Corvisart in 1808. He also published two treatises on insanity.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Auer, Alois

Edition of 1920. See also Alois Auer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AUER, Alois, Ritter von Welsbach, Austrian printer: b. Wels 1813; d. 1869. He was trained as a compositor and in his leisure moments acquired several languages, becoming a professor of Italian in the Gymnasium of Linz. In 1839 he set out on a tour of Germany, Switzerland, France and England, collecting material for his art. From 1841 to 1868 he was at the head of the imperial printing office at Vienna. He made many typographical discoveries and published ‘Die Sprachenhalle oder das Vaterunser in 608 Sprachen’ (1844); and ‘Das Vaterunser in 206 Sprachen’ (1847); ‘Die Buchschriften des Mittelalters’ (1852); ‘Geschichte der K.-K. Hof- und Stadtsdruckerei in Wien’ (1851).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Astorga, Emanuele d'

Edition of 1920. See also Emanuele d'Astorga on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ASTORGA, Emanuele d', an Italian composer: b. Palermo, 11 Dec. 1681; d. 21 Aug. 1736. He was educated in a monastery in Astorga in Spain, from which he afterward took his name. A ‘Stabat Mater,’ which he is said to have written in London, is considered the best of his works, and is still highly regarded.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aue

Edition of 1920. See also Aue on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AUE, Saxony, Germany, city in Zwickau, on the Zwickau-Schwarzenberg Railroad, near the juncture of the Mulde and the Schwarzwasser rivers. It is a busy industrial centre, manufacturing paints, metal ware goods, textiles, furniture, paper, tobacco pipes, etc. It is the seat of the District Court, has five public buildings and its population is about 20,000.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Auer, Leopold

Edition of 1920. See also Leopold Auer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AUER, Leopold, Hungarian violinist: b. Veszprim, Hungary, 28 May 1845. His first musical training was gained in Pesth; in 1858 he studied in the Vienna Conservatory and later was a pupil of Joachim in Hanover. In 1863 he was concert master in Düsseldorf . In 1868 he was appointed soloist of the imperial orchestra in St. Petersburg, where he was professor in the conservatory. By this time he was becoming known as one of the world's greatest violin soloists. In 1895 he was raised to the rank of a hereditary noble. He is also famous as a teacher, among his pupils being Elman and Zimbalist.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Astor Place Riot

Edition of 1920. See also Astor Place Riot on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ASTOR PLACE RIOT, in American history: a riot on the evening of 10 May 1849, in Astor Place, New York. It was an attempt to drive the English actor, William Charles Macready (q.v.) from the stage, and grew out of a London tour of Edwin Forrest (q.v.), in which he played Virginius and Richelieu with great success till Macready bought the acting rights for himself, though he had personally treated Forrest with kindness. Forrest then essayed Macbeth, but it was unsuited to his style and presence, and he was hissed. He attributed this to Macready's machinations, and when Macready four years later announced ‘Macbeth’ in the Astor Place Opera House, a crowd of Forrest's partisans gathered early in the evening before the theatre, and waiting till the performance had begun, attempted to force a way inside and put a stop to it. The police were powerless and sent for the military; the Seventh Regiment (New York militia) came up, and was assailed by the mob with showers
of brickbats and stones. Before the fray was ended, 34 rioters were killed, a great number wounded and 141 of the regiment injured by the missiles. The mob was successful in its purpose, however. Macready had to cancel his engagement, conceal himself in a private house for a couple of days, and then travel secretly to Boston, whence he sailed for England. Consult Barrett, ‘Edwin Forrest ’ (1882).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Auerbach, Berthold

Edition of 1920. See also Berthold Auerbach on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AUERBACH, ow'ėr-baH, Berthold, German novelist: b. Nordstetten, Würtemberg, 28 Feb. 1812; d. Cannes, France, 8 Feb. 1882. He began to write while a student in Heidelberg and under the pseudonym “Theobald Chauber” produced a ‘Biography of Frederick the Great’ (1834-36). He was the founder of the modern German “tendency novel,” in which fiction is used to influence public opinion on social, political and religious questions. Auerbach was an admirer of Spinoza, and the latter's philosophy is evident in his novels. A series of novels from the history of Judaism, under the collective title ‘The Ghetto,’ of which ‘Spinoza’ (1837) and ‘Poet and Merchant’ (1839) were printed in separate editions, was followed by a translation of Spinoza, with a critical biography (1841). ‘Black Forest Village Stories’ (1843), was received with universal favor, translated into nearly all European languages and established his fame. To this class of tales belong also ‘The Professor's Lady’ (1847); ‘Little Barefoot’ (1856); ‘Joseph in the Snow’ (1860); ‘Edelweiss’ (1861); ‘After Thirty Years’ (1876). His first effort in the field of the novel, ‘New Life’ (1851), met with little favor; but ‘On the Heights’ (1865) constituted the crowning success of his literary career. It was followed by ‘The Villa on the Rhine’ (1868); ‘Waldfried, a Family History’ (1874); and ‘The Head Forester’ (1879). His last years were embittered by the growth of anti-Semitism in Germany. His ‘On the Heights’ is still popular. His works appeared in 18 volumes in 1892-95. See Auf der Höhe. Consult Bettelheim, A., ‘B. Auerbach, der Mann, sein Werk’ (1907); Lasker, E., ‘Berthold Auerbach, ein Gedenkblatt’ (1882), and Zabel, ‘Berthold Auerbach’ (Berlin 1882).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aue, Hartmann von

Edition of 1920. See also Hartmann von Aue on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AUE, Hartmann von, German poet: b. 1170; d. about 1215. He was of humble birth, being the vassal of the Lord of Aue, who took him with him in one of the crusades, either in 1189 or 1197. Very little is known of his life. Of his works ‘Erec’ is undoubtedly the best (2d ed. in High German, Halle 1855). In this epic poem, of some 10,000 lines, the Arthurian legends are first introduced into Germany. Next in importance is his ‘Gregorius von Stein,’ the material of which is drawn from French romance (Berlin 1838). His most popular work was ‘Der arme Heinrich,’ his one work which is based on German folk lore (published by the Grimm Brothers, Berlin 1815). Many editions of his works have been published in German. Consult Cassel, ‘Die Symbolik des Blutes und der arme Heinrich des Hartmann von Aue’ (Berlin 1882).
# The East-West dichotomy/Chapter 10

Western analytical-based societies, with their emphasis on achieving “useful” knowledge, became masters and possessors of nature, with the perspective of active domination over other civilizations.
While in the integration-based societies knowledge came from studying the classics, the wise, the kings of old, the analysis-based West started to categorize and deconstruct nature and all things. Periodism, for example, is characteristically related to Western rationalism, as opposed to non-event related dynasties named after Chinese emperors for example, so is categorization as a method to acquire new knowledge ad infinitum. Western societies dress themselves in the mantle of knowledge, and knowledge is linked to power, which has been the very source of European predominance.
   We should admit… that power produces knowledge… that power and knowledge directly imply one another… that there is no power relation without the correlative constitution of a field of knowledge. (Michel Foucault, 1977)
The concept of power in the integration-based East however is sheer might in numbers, uniformity and thus consistency. This spiritual ‘moral power’ drove out the Imperialists in the first half of the 20th century.
   The truest test of civilization, culture and dignity is character, not clothing. (Mahatma Gandhi)
To sum up, Western power in my taxonomy is related to analytically-based deductive knowledge whereas Eastern power is related to integration-based inductive knowledge. The former has the historical function of a dangerous, yet creative force, the latter has the historical function of a tranquil, yet moral force.
# The East-West dichotomy/Chapter 17

The products of human reasoning are always artificial. Any original state immediately does not make much sense to us or has not much use until it has been transformed or modified into an artificial state. There are only two modes of reasoning. Deductive reasoning will create the artificial product of certain but valueless truth. Inductive reasoning will create the artificial product of value but uncertain truth. The function of human reasoning is to produce two artificial things: truths and values.
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Number 11-12

The Czechoslovak Review
Official Organ of the Czechoslovak Board of America
December, 1918
PUBLISHED MONTHLY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
“No lapse of time, no defeat of hopes, seems sufficient to reconcile the Czechs of Bohemia to incorporation with Austria.”
Woodrow Wilson.
10 Cents a Copy.
One Dollar per Year.
Entered as second class matter April 30, 1917, at the Post Office of Chicago, Ill., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.
Czechoslovak Review Official organ of the Czechoslovak Board of America.
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOHEMIAN REVIEW CO 2324 South Central Park Ave., Chicago, Ill.
SUBSCRIPTION, ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR
Jaroslav F. Smetanka, Editor
Entered as second class matter April 30th, 1917 at the Post Office of Chicago, Ill. under act of Congress of March 3rd, 1879.
Czechoslovak Organizations in America:
American-Czechoslovak Board
Prof. Bohumil Šimek, President Vojta Beneš, Secretary, 3734 W. 26th St., Chicago
Bohemian (Czech) National Alliance
Dr. Joseph P. Pecival, Acting President Vojta Beneš, Secretary, 3734 W. 26th St., Chicago
National Alliance of Bohemian Catholics
Rev. Father Innocent Kestl, President Frank Šindelar, Ex. Secretary, 3207 W. 22nd St., Chicago
Slovak League of America
Albert Mamatey, President Jan Janček, Jr., Secretary, 524 Fourth Ave., Pittsburgh
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Number 4

April, 1918
PUBLISHED MONTHLY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
“No lapse of time, no defeat of hopes, seems sufficient to reconcile the Czechs of Bohemia to incorporation with Austria.”
Woodrow Wilson.
10 Cents a Copy.
One Dollar per Year.
Entered as second class matter April 30, 1917, at the Post Office of Chicago, Ill., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Number 7

July, 1918
PUBLISHED MONTHLY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
“No lapse of time, no defeat of hopes, seems sufficient to reconcile the Czechs of Bohemia to incorporation with Austria.”
Woodrow Wilson.
Entered as second class matter April 30, 1917, at the Post Office of Chicago, Ill., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Number 10

October, 1918
PUBLISHED MONTHLY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
“No lapse of time, no defeat of hopes, seems sufficient to reconcile the Czechs of Bohemia to incorporation with Austria.”
Woodrow Wilson.
10 Cents a Copy.
One Dollar per Year.
Entered as second class matter April 30, 1917, at the Post Office of Chicago, Ill., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.
Bohemian Review Official organ of the Bohemian (Czech) National Alliance of America
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOHEMIAN REVIEW CO 2724 South Central Park Ave., Chicago, Ill.
SUBSCRIPTION, ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR
Jaroslav F. Smetanka, Editor
Entered as second class matter April 30th, 1917 at the Post Office of Chicago, Ill. under act of Congress of March 3rd, 1879.
To the Czechoslovaks of the United States.
In the Third Liberty Loan you subscribed 31 million dollars and landed in the fourth place of the foreign language division. The Government needs more money now, and the other races are better organized. You must buy at least 50 million dollars worth of bonds, if you want to keep your place—and you ought to buy even more than that, so as to get nearer to the top.
The Government of the United States is now pledged to the cause of Czechoslovak independence and out of gratitude alone you should double your subscriptions.
—BUY MORE BONDS—
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Number 5

May, 1918
PUBLISHED MONTHLY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
“No lapse of time, no defeat of hopes, seems sufficient to reconcile the Czechs of Bohemia to incorporation with Austria.”
Woodrow Wilson.
10 Cents a Copy.
Entered as second class matter April 30, 1917, at the Post Office of Chicago, Ill., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Number 3

March, 1918
PUBLISHED MONTHLY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
“No lapse of time, no defeat of hopes, seems sufficient to reconcile the Czechs of Bohemia to incorporation with Austria.”
Woodrow Wilson.
10 Cents a Copy.
One Dollar per Year.
Entered as second class matter April 30, 1917, at the Post Office of Chicago, Ill., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Number 8

August, 1918
PUBLISHED MONTHLY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
“No lapse of time, no defeat of hopes, seems sufficient to reconcile the Czechs of Bohemia to incorporation with Austria.”
Woodrow Wilson.
Entered as second class matter April 30, 1917, at the Post Office of Chicago, Ill., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Number 10 (2)

Official Organ of the Czechoslovak Board of America. (Formerly The Bohemian Review.)
Great War is Over. The Joy of the Liberated Czechoslovaks.
Czechoslovak Review Official organ of the Czechoslovak Board of America.
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOHEMIAN REVIEW CO 2324 South Central Park Ave., Chicago, Ill.
SUBSCRIPTION, ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR
Jaroslav F. Smetanka, Editor
Entered as second class matter April 30th, 1917 at the Post Office of Chicago, Ill. under act of Congress of March 3rd, 1879.
NOTICE
The Bohemian Review for two years has been the official organ of the Bohemian Alliance of America.
The Cleveland Conference, in its joint session, adopted the Bohemian Review as their official organ under the name of the CZECHOSLOVAK REVIEW.
The Bohemian Review from this issue on will be called THE CZECHOSLOVAK REVIEW and will be the official organ of the Czechoslovak Board in America, which represents the Bohemian National Alliance (Bohemian National Alliance and National Alliance of Bohemian Catholics) and the Slovak League.
You can help the Czechoslovak cause by becoming a subscriber and getting friends among our American people.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION $1.00.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Number 2

February, 1918
PUBLISHED MONTHLY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
“No lapse of time, no defeat of hopes, seems sufficient to reconcile the Czechs of Bohemia to incorporation with Austria.”
Woodrow Wilson.
10 Cents a Copy.
One Dollar per Year.
Entered as second class matter April 30, 1917, at the Post Office of Chicago, Ill., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Number 6

June, 1918
PUBLISHED MONTHLY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
“No lapse of time, no defeat of hopes, seems sufficient to reconcile the Czechs of Bohemia to incorporation with Austria.”
Woodrow Wilson.
10 Cents a Copy.
Entered as second class matter April 30, 1917, at the Post Office of Chicago, Ill., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Niederwald

Edition of 1920. See also Niederwalddenkmal on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
NIEDERWALD, nē'dĕr-vält, Germany, the western termination of the Taunus range in the Prussian district of Wiesbaden, abutting on the Rhine opposite Bingen. On a commanding site near its summit was erected, 28 Sept. 1883, the national memorial commemorative of the successful War of 1870-71. An extended pedestal, ornamented with allegorical figures, is surmounted by a bronze figure of Germania, 34½ feet in height. The whole was designed by Schilling, a Dresden sculptor. Toothed-railways carry visitors up to the monument from the villages of Rüdesheim and Assmannshausen at the foot, both noted for their wine.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ninigret

Edition of 1920. See also Ninigret on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
NINIGRET, an American Indian sachem of the Niantics, one of the Algonquin tribes. In 1637 he assisted the colonists in the Pequot war; and in 1647 began a war against the Mohegan, which was concluded by a peace at Boston. In 1667 he sold much of his land on Long Island to the colonists. He refused to allow Christianity to be preached to his people, saying “Go make the English good first.” He died in 1677.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nordau, Max Simon

Edition of 1920. See also Max Simon Nordau on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
NORDAU, nôr'dow, Max Simon, German physician and author: b. Budapest, Hungary, 29 July 1849. He studied at the University of Budapest, receiving his degree in 1872; he then traveled for six years, visiting the principal countries of Europe, and in 1878 began the practice of medicine in Budapest. In 1880 he went to Paris, and after two years of study resumed the practice of his profession there. He began his literary career at Budapest before entering the university as contributor and dramatic critic for Der Zwischenact; he subsequently was an editorial writer and correspondent for several other newspapers. His
newspaper writings were collected and furnished the material for his earlier books, including ‘Pariser Studien und Bilder’ (1878); ‘Seifenblasen’ (1879); ‘Vom Kreml zur Alhambra’ (1880); ‘Paris unter der dritten Republik’ (1881), which are mostly criticisms of political and social conditions. In 1883 he published ‘Die konventionelle Lügen der Kulturmenschheit’ (English translation, ‘Conventional Lies of Society’), in which he shows what he believes to be the essential falsity of some of the social, ethical and religious standards of modern civilization; and in 1892 published ‘Entartung,’ translated into English under the title ‘Degeneration:’ This is his best-known work and provoked much criticism; in it he maintains that the civilization of the present, the new inventions and the growth of great cities have resulted in the degeneration of man, especially of the higher classes; that this degeneration is seen particularly in the lowered, and often depraved, standard of literature, art and music; and that the authors and artists of the day whose work is in accordance with these standards are themselves mental and moral degenerates. He is a disciple of Lombroso. His other works include ‘Paradoxe’ (1885; in English, ‘Paradoxes’); ‘Die Krankheit des Jahrhunderts’ (1887; in English, ‘The Malady of the Century’) ‘Seelen Analysen’ (1892); ‘Die Drohnenschlacht’ (1897); the novel, ‘Gefühlskomödie’ (1891; in English, ‘A Comedy of Sentiment’); and the dramas, ‘Der Krieg der Millionen’ (1882); ‘Das Recht zu lieben’ (1893); ‘Die Kugel’ (1894); and ‘Dr. Kuhn’ (1898); ‘The Drones Must Die’ (1899); ‘Zeitgenossiche Franzosen’ (1901); ‘Morganatic’ (1904); ‘On Art and Artists’ (1907); ‘Die Sinn der Geschichte’ (1909); ‘Zionistische Schriften’ (1909); ‘Mörchen’ (1910); ‘Der Lebenssport’ (1912). After the outbreak of the Great War he was, being a native of Hungary, accused of German sympathies; but he repudiated the charge, and afterward went to reside in Madrid. Dr. Nordau is a Jew and has been one of the prominent leaders of the Zionist movement. An attempt to assassinate him was made in the latter part of 1903.