OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Woman of the Century/Anna Bishop

​BISHOP, Anna, singer, born in London, England, in 1814; died in New York City, 18th March, 1884. Her father was a drawing-master named Riviere. She studied the piano-forte under Moscheles, became distinguished for her singing, and in 183 1 became the wife of Sir Henry Rowley Bishop. She eloped with Bochsa, the harpist, in 1839, and soon after went on a tour through the principal countries of Europe, which extended down to 1S43. From that time until 1846 she remained in Italy, and was at one time prima donna at the San Carlo, Naples. After her stay in Italy she returned to England. In 1847 she came to this country, remaining here until 1855, when she sailed for Australia. She then again made a brief visit to England, and in 1859 came to this country for the second time. Her stay was prolonged to 1866, with a brief visit to Mexico and Cuba, when she sailed for the Sandwich islands, visited China, India. Australia, Egypt and England, arriving in the United States again about 1869. Probably no other singer traveled so much or sang before so many people. She visited nearly every country on the globe, and the most of them repeatedly. In 1858 she was married to Martin Schultz, an American, and made it her permanent home in New York City. Her last public appearance was in a concert in New York in the spring of 1883.
# Woman of the Century/Anna A. Fisher

​FISHER, Miss Anna A., educator, born in Cambridge, N. Y., in 1858. She comes of New England parentage and inherited from her father a taste for literature and history, and her early reading and education were well and wisely directed. From ANNA A. FISHER. her mother she inherited many charms of person, and a poise of character marked by decision, excellence of judgment, great force and a heart full of tenderness and thoughtfulness for others. As principal of Wyoming Seminary, Kingston, Pa., she passed nine years of eminent usefulness, giving an amount of mentality and strength that left a marked impression upon that institution. She is a graduate of Antioch College, from which institution she received her degree of A. M. In connection with teaching she has found great delight in continuing her studies in certain Tines of work, especially literature and history. An associate member of the committee on education in the World's Congress, she has had various positions of honor offered her. She was a candidate for consideration as president of Barnard College. In the autumn of 1891 she was elected to the chair of literature in Denver University, Col., and is now lady principal. She is filling that position successfully.
# Woman of the Century/Anna Augusta Truitt

​TRUITT, Mrs. Anna Augusta, philanthropist and temperance reformer, was born in Canaan. N. H., in 1837. Her father was Daniel G. Patton. Her mother, Ruth Chase Whittier, was ANNA AUGUSTA TRUITT. related to Governor Chase and the poet Whittier. At an early age her father emigrated to northern New York, where she was educated by private teachers. She subsequently spent two years in College Hills Seminary. After her first marriage she and her husband settled in the South, where they remained until the Rebellion, when they were forced to leave. Sacrificing valuable property and business interests, they returned to the forth to begin again the battle of life. Her husband soon passed away. She afterward became the wife of Joshua Truitt, an energetic business man of Muncie, Ind., where she has since lived, actively engaged in benevolent and philanthropic work. During the Civil War she labored constantly, preparing things useful and needful to the soldiers. She marched, sang and prayed with the crusaders. For the last sixteen years she has been a faithful worker in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. She has been president of the Delaware county Woman's Christian Temperance Union for several years, and has often been selected by the Union to represent them in State and district meetings, as well as in the national convention in Tennessee. She was the temperance delegate to the international Sunday-school convention in Pittsburgh, Pa. Her essays, addresses and reports show her to be a writer of no mean talent. She is well fitted for convention work. She has been an unfaltering worker in the temperance cause, earnestly seeking to bring all available forces against it. She is an advocate of woman suffrage, believing that woman's vote will go far towards removing the curse of intemperance. In the Woman's Christian Temperance Union she adheres to the principle of non-partisan, non-sectarian work. In a blue-ribbon club she has been an untiring worker and has spared neither time, effort nor means in .advancing its interests. In the humbler fields of labor she has been equally active and successful. For years she has been identified with the industrial school of Muncie, not only as an officer and worker in its stated meetings, but her presence is familiar in the homes of the poor, carrying sympathy, counsel and needed food and raiment. She had no children of her own, but her mother-love has been filled, for the four children of her deceased brother were received into her family, and she has discharged a mother's duty to them. Deeply sensitive, she has suffered keenly from various hostile attacks, but has not allowed criticism and persecution to turn her from the pith of duty.
# Woman of the Century/Ann Viola Neblett

​NEBLETT, Mrs. Ann Viola, temperance worker, born in Hamburg, S. C, 5th March. 1842. Six months after her birth her parents returned to their home in Augusta. Ga. Mrs. Neblett is a descendant of two old Virginia families, the Ligons, of Amelia county, and the Christians, of the Peninsula, who were originally from the Isle of Wight. Her maternal great-grandfather was a captain in the Revolutionary War and served with distinction. Her grandmother was a Methodist preacher's wife, class-leader and Bible-reader. ANN VIOLA NEBLETT. Mrs. Neblett's girlhood and early womanhood were passed in a quiet home in Augusta. The abolition of slavery and its enforcement at the close of the Civil War reduced her grandmother, her mother and herself to poverty, and, but for the aid rendered by a devoted former slave, they would have suffered for food in the dark days of 1865. In February, 1867, she became the wife of James M. Neblett, of Virginia, a successful business man. They made their name in Augusta till the fall of 1870, since which time they have resided in Greenville. S. C., where she has been an indefatigable Woman's Christian Temperance Union worker, showing great energy and executive ability. She was the first woman in her State to declare herself for woman suffrage, over her own signature, in the public prints, which was an act of heroism and might have meant social ostracism in the conservative South. After years of study and mature thought on theological questions, she takes broader and more liberal views concerning the Bible and its teachings, and is in accord with the advanced religious thought of the present time. Having been reared amid slavery, seeing its downfall and observing the negro since 1865, she believes that the elevation of the negro must come by the education of the heart, the head and the hand. Her husband died 28th December. 1891, after a long illness she had sustained and encouraged her in her charitable work throughout their married life.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 134

ERINA pulchella.
ERINA pulchella.
Buff-spotted Blue.
Family, Ericinidæ. Sub-fam., Theclinæ. Sw. Genus, Polyommatus. Lat. Sub-genus, Erina. Sw.
Sub-Generic Character.
Wings obtuse, very entire: palpi covered only with compact scales, the last joint lengthened, slender, and very naked. Club of the antennæ short, broad, and spatulate. Colour, dark blue, spotted beneath.
Typical. Hesp. Erinus. Fab. Aberrant. Lycæna ignita. Leach.
Specific Character.
Wings above brown, glossed with blue; anterior with a discoid fulvous spot; beneath white: posterior pair with three black dots in the middle.
Mus. Brit. Nost.
The passage from Polyommatus to the type now before us, is distinctly marked by the section (for under that rank we may still retain it), named Pithecops; the palpi of these latter being both hairy, like the typical Polyommatus, and squamose, as in Erina: the posterior wings of both are also much of the same shape. By these blended characters Nature gently glides into the form now under consideration, which is the satyrian or rasorial type of the genus; representing the Satyridæ, the Hipparchianæ, &c. and which supplies the place of Polyommatus, strictly so termed, on the Australian continent. We have already before us six species from that country; five of which are typical, but the sixth, the L. ignita of our friend Dr. Leach (Zool. Miss. I. pl. 60), demands particular attention. We have elsewhere shewn that all aberrant forms unite into a circle of their own. Now as Erina, Lucia, and Naïs, are the aberrant forms of the genus Polyommatus, so there should be species either in the first or the last,—that is, in Erina or Naïs, which would exemplify this theory in the present instance. We accordingly find it demonstrated by Erina ignita; for that insect, although essentially belonging to this type, in the characters of the palpi and antennæ, nevertheless assumes one of the great distinctions of Naïs.—-The wings of the two sexes being different: the posterior pair in the female are dentated, while those of the male are completely entire; so that the first might pass for a Naïs, and the second for an Erina; both sexes further shew the union of these two types, by having the under surface of their wings ornamented, as in Naïs, with silvery spots. Our figures, by the scale, are somewhat enlarged. We have sent a specimen of E. pulchella to the British Museum for general reference.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 136

NAÏS splendens.
NAÏS splendens.
Blue-shouldered Copper.
Sub-fam. Theclinæ. Genus Polyommatus. Sub-genus Naïs. Sw.
Sub-generic Character.
Wings sub-angulated; posterior dentated, particularly at the anal angle. Copper coloured above, with silvery spots beneath. Antennæ cylindrical, thickening from the base: the tip truncate.
Specific Character.
Wings above coppery, with black dots, their basal half-shining blue; beneath fulvous; the posterior varied with ferruginous, and marked by silvery spots.
Pap. Naïs. Cramer, pl. 57, fig. D. E.
In every natural group of the diurnal Lepidoptera which we have analysed, (and the number is somewhat considerable,) there is always one in which the posterior wings are more than usually tailed; and this seems to be such a prevalent form throughout the Vertebrata and the Annulosa, that we believe it is universal: in other words, that it is one of the PRIMARY TYPES of Nature. We have consequently termed it the natatorial, since it represents that order of birds, as the Swallow-tailed Papiliones typify the Swallows. That we should find this form in a group where the chief character is the roundness and the integrity of the wings, is certainly astonishing; but it shews that the laws of Nature are as simple, as they are universal. The absolute union of this sub-genus with Lycæna, with which we commenced the circle, is palpable to the meanest capacity. All the species we possess, are from Africa and India. As they represent the Argynninæ, we accordingly find them ornamented with silver spots. The species now figured, are probably male and female, and were received from Africa.
We have now given the natural types of an Entomological genus; the only one that has been attempted, since the demonstration of Phanæus and Scarabæus. These are but three genera, out of many thousands, which at present have any other foundation, strictly speaking, than mere opinion. But the great principles of variation are now discovered, and we must hope that those naturalists of a higher order, who join acknowledged talent to matured experience, will follow up the subject.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 2

Brazilian Crested Eagle, Polyborus Braziliensis.
POLYBORUS Braziliensis
The Caracara; or Brazilian-crested Eagle.
Family Falconidæ. Generic Character.—See Vieil. Orn. 3. p. 1180.
Specific Character.
Body above and beneath, crest of the head, and end of the tail, blackish brown: the rest of the plumage cream colour, varied with spots and bands.
Falco Braziliensis. Lin. Gm. 64.
Buzard du Brézil. Buffon.
La Caracara. Azara Voy. 3. p. 32. Vieil. Orn. 3. p. 1180.
Polyborus Vulgaris. Vieil, Gall. Pl. 7.
In Mus. Paris. D. Taylor.
The whole extent of Tropical America, from Mexico to the banks of the Rio Plata, is inhabited by this majestic bird. It has been slightly noticed by the earlier writers, but nothing was known of its history, until the publication of the invaluable Memoirs of Azara.
Its length is about twenty-one inches. In its habits there is a mixture of cowardice and daring. It will attack all other rapacious birds, excepting eagles, for the purpose of robbing them of their prey, and will often seize the game of the hunter, before he has time to secure it. Yet the Caracara is frequently driven from its haunts by the courage of small birds; and will only attack young chickens when not defended by their mother.
The birds which form the modern genera of Daptrius, Ibycter, Polyborus, and Milvago, present so many characters in common, that we cannot consider them of sufficient rank to be called genera. They appear to us, taken collectively, to form one group, in which every species exhibits a peculiar modification of structure, assimilating either to the Vultures or the Falcons. Allied both in structure and manners to both these families, each bird may be considered as a strongly marked link of connexion. They present, in short, that interchange of characters, generally confined to individual species, which Nature invariably exhibits at the union of her more comprehensive groups.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 135

LUCIA limbaria.
LUCIA limbaria.
Brown-winged Blue.
Sub-fam. Theclinæ. Genus Polyommatus. Lat. Sub-genus Lucia. Sw.
Sub-Generic Character.
Wings horizontally lengthened, entire: palpi very slender, ciliate with long hairs, the last joint very minute, scarcely distinguishable. Antennæ with a lengthened club, either cylindrical or compressed. Colours obscure, moth-like.
Specific Character.
Wings above brown, disk of the anterior fulvous, with two brown spots above, and three beneath, encircled with white: posterior beneath varied with grey and white, with a central band of square brown spots.
Hesp. Lucanus? Fab. Ent. Syst. 3, 1, p. 322. Donovan's Ind. Ins. pl. 43, f. 4?
Mus. Nost.
This, which appears the most aberrant type of the genus, immediately reminds the student of a dark coloured Erycina or a Phalæna, both of which families, as being the Heliconian or Erycinian type of Polyommatus, it truly represents. It is at once known from Erina, by its very peculiar palpi, and by its more lengthened wings. The antennæ of three species now before us, present a remarkable difference. In two of these, the club is compressed and spatulate, like that of Erina; but in the third, here figured, it has the cylindrical form belonging to Naïs. Which of these forms is typical, must at present, be undecided; but there cannot be a stranger link of connection between Lucia and Naïs, than the fact of this species borrowing, as it were, the cylindrical club of the latter. Without such a link, in short, the series would be imperfect.
As we cannot satisfactorily determine whether the types here figured of Lucia and Erina are described in books, we have been compelled to regard them as unnamed. This, and the two other species we possess, are all from Australia. On bringing the genus Polyommatus to analogical tests, the only demonstration of a natural group, we find the sub-genera representing the families of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, in the following manner:—1. Typical, Polyommatus, Papilionidæ.—2. Sub-Typical, Lycæna, Nymphalidæ.—3. Aberrant, Naïs-Hesperidæ, Lucia-Erycidinæ, and Erina-Satyridæ.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 14

MARMAROSTOMA. Pl. 1. M. undulata.
MARMAROSTOMA undulata.
Waved Pearl Snail.
Generic Character.
Shell turbinated, ponderous, the whorls generally angulated, the substance pearly: aperture circular, closed by a testaceous operculum: umbilicus none.
Type, Turbo chrysostomus. L.
Specific Character.
Shell angulated, variegated with green and brown undulated stripes, summit of each whorl coronated.
From the genera Turbo and Trochus of modern Conchologists, we have detached all those species whose shells are closed by a calcarious operculum; and this group we propose to distinguish by the name of Marmarostoma. The species, like the Trochi, properly so called, are all of a pearly structure; but their substance is much thicker; the base of the shell is slightly produced; the exterior surface is marked either with tubercles, grooves, or elevated ridges; and the aperture (from the convexity of the last whorl) forms a circle. If the student compares these characters with Trochus Zizyphinus, a common British shell, he will immediately perceive the leading differences between the two groups.
But it is the calcarious nature of the operculum (as indicating an important difference in the organization of the animal) which constitutes the primary character of Marmarostoma: the particular structure of this appendage varies considerably in the different species: in some its outer surface is smooth and convex; and in others variously granulated. In the present shell it is marked by three or four deep semicircular grooves; that nearest the middle is the deepest, and terminates in an umbilicus. In some specimens, the spines on the principal ridge of the body whorl are nearly obsolete; but those which crown the summit appear constant.
We are indebted to the Rev. Mr. Bulwer, a scientific and arduous Conchologist, for our specimens of this new species, purchased by him in a collection sent from Panama.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 16

Mustachoe Parrakeet.
PALEORNIS Pondicerianus.
Pondichery, or Mustachoe Parrakeet.
Family Psittacidæ.
Generic Character.—Zool. Journ. 2, p. 46.—Less. Man. 2, p. 145.
Specific Character.
Green; head pale bluish; frontal line and stripe on the lower jaw black; wings with a central spot of yellowish; breast pale red.
Le Perruche a moustaches. Buffon. Sonn. 27, p. 185, Pl. Enl. 517.
—— a poitrine rose. Levail. Pl. 31.
P. Pondicerianus. Kuhl, Nova Acta, &c. No. 48*.
Paleornis Pondicerianus. Vigors. Zool. Journ. 2, p. 54.
The Ring-necked Parrakeets of India, and the Asiatic Islands, are now considered as forming a particular genus. The geographic distribution of the group, and the characters of the species, have been detailed with much skill and classic erudition, in the Zoological Journal.
Among the numerous ornithological facts, which the distinguished liberality of MM. Cuvier and Geoffroy St. Hilaire enabled us to ascertain, during a course of study at the Royal Museum of Paris, is one that relates to this species. Specimens in that noble collection, both from Pondichery and Java, enable us to affirm, that the Psittacus Osbeckii and Pondicerianus of authors, are one and the same species.
Notwithstanding the frequency of this bird in Java, and other parts of India, we are completely ignorant of its natural history, of those diversified habits, and modes of living,—in short, of that knowledge, which gives such an animating charm to natural history, which manifests the provision of the Almighty for all His creatures, which can be known and understood by all, and which prompts the heart to contemplation and praise. Is there no one, in all our vast Oriental territory, to record something of the feathered inhabitants of the Eastern World? Is there not, throughout India, even one of our countrymen, imbued with the spirit of a Wilson, a Levaillant, or an Audubon?
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 15

VOLUTA. Pl. I. V. Bullata
VOLUTA bullata.
Bulla-shaped Volute.
Generic Character.—Zool. Ill. 1 Series, pl. 161.
Specific Character.
Shell oval, smooth, fulvous, marked by zigzac darker lines; spire short, papillary; outer lip ascending towards the spire; base of the pillar with two strong plaits.
Mus. D. Broderip.
Among the shells which formed part of the African Museum, exhibited and finally sold in London some few years back, was a single specimen of this new and curious Volute. Worn and battered by the friction of the waves, it still retained its colour and markings sufficiently distinct to admit of a tolerably accurate delineation. The only part we have ventured to restore is the contour of the outer lip, which we have adapted to the lines of growth. The middle figure represents the shell in its broken state; and this clearly shews the ascending of the lip towards the spire, in the same manner as in V. lapponica.
The affinities which are suggested by the peculiar structure of this shell, are curious. In its general shape, and in the number of its plaits, it is obviously allied to Voluta Nucleus, harpa; lyræformis, &c., where the two last plaits of the pillar are very thick, and those above either small or evanescent; but from such, our shell differs materially by being quite smooth, and in having a short obtuse spire. We do not believe that this part has received much injury. The suture is perfect to the very end: further evidence may be drawn from the extreme narrowness of the third spiral whorl; a formation which only belongs to papillary spired shells. This character, joined with the smoothness and size of the body whorl, shews a closer approximation to the Melon shells, than to any other division of the group. Three or four intermediate forms are alone wanting to complete the double series.
Mr. Broderip, who is in possession of this shell, has recently arranged the Lamarkian Volutæ into very natural groups; two of which are considered as holding the rank of genera.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 17

White Banded Swallow. Hirundo fasciata.
HIRUNDO fasciata.
White-banded Swallow.
Family Hirundinidæ.—Sub-Fam. Hirundina.
Feet slender, perching, the outer and middle toe connected at the base: bill entirely depressed. Nob.
Generic Character.
G. Hirundo.—Lesson. Man. 1, 419.
Specific Character.
Glossy blue black: thighs and band on the abdomen snowy.
Hirundo fasciata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 575.
L'Hirondelle a ceinture blanche. Buffon. Pl. Enl. 724, f. 2.
White-bellied Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 567.
This elegant bird, although mentioned by several writers, is of great rarity. So seldom, indeed, is it seen in collections, that we never beheld a specimen prior to our visit to the Royal Museum of Paris, where our drawing was made. Buffon's description seems to have been transcribed by all succeeding writers; and the only figure hitherto published is that at Plate 724 of the Planches Enluminèes.
The habits of the Swallow tribe are known to every one. Like the Flycatchers, they feed upon insects captured on the wing; but these insects are of so small a size, that they are swallowed during the flight of the bird. This at once accounts for Swallows not being provided with those stiff bristles, for confining the struggles of their prey, which are so essential to the Flycatchers. These latter birds frequently feed upon insects much too large to be swallowed at the moment of capture; they therefore hold their prey until they again perch, and swallow it when at rest.
The figure is the size of life. Excepting the band on the body, and the spot on the thighs—both of which are snowy white—the whole plumage is of a deep black, richly glossed with dark blue. The first quill is longest, and the tail is deeply forked.
According to Buffon, this bird is sometimes seen perched on floating trees in the rivers of Guiana and Cayenne.