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# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Campian, Edmund

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​Campian, Edmund, an English writer, author of a well-known history of Ireland, was born in London in 1540. He won distinction at Oxford, and went to Ireland in 1568, where he collected materials for his History, published in 1571. Suspected of Catholicism, he fled to England, and eventually to the Low Countries, where at Douay, in 1571, he openly renounced Protestantism. He was admitted to the order of Jesuits, and taught at several universities on the Continent. Sent to England in 1580, he was active in the dissemination of his principles. His work Rabsaces Romanus attracted considerable attention; he was arrested, sent to the Tower with a label on his hat, "Edmund Campian, a most pernicious Jesuit," and was eventually racked and executed at Tyburn, 1st December 1581. He left several works that won for him reputation as a writer. His History of Ireland consists of two books—the first principally a cotemporary description of the country and its inhabitants; the second, a history from the invasion to 1570. The preface to "The Loving Reader," is dated from "Droghedah, the 9th of June 1571." The work is extremely interesting to students of Irish history. His geographical knowledge of the island was but slight, in common with most writers of the day: "In proportion it resembleth an egge, blunt and plaine on the sides, not reaching forth to sea, in nookes and elbowes of land, as Brittaine doth."
* ↑ Spencer, Campion, Hanmer, and Marleburrough. Ancient Irish Histories. 2 vols. Dublin, 1809. See also No. 188*.
* ↑ Authors, Dictionary of British and American: S. Austin Allibone. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1869–'71.
* ↑ Biographical Dictionary, Imperial: Edited by John F. Waller. 3 vols. London, N. D.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Maxwell, Hugh

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​Maxwell, Hugh, a distinguished officer in the United States revolutionary army, was born in Ireland, 27th April 1733. His father shortly afterwards emigrated to New England. Hugh served five campaigns in the old French war; and on one occasion was taken prisoner at Fort Edward, barely escaping with his life. At Bunker's Hill, where he acted as Lieutenant, he was wounded; he was Major in Bailey's regiment, July 1777, and at the battle of Saratoga, and was Lieutenant-Colonel at the close of the war. He died at sea, on a return voyage from the West Indies, 14th October 1799, aged 66. His brother, Thompson Maxwell, born at Bedford, Massachusetts, was also a distinguished revolutionary soldier.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Powis, Earls and Marquesses of

See also Earl of Powis and Marquess of Powis on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​POWIS, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF. Before the Norman Conquest the Welsh principality of Powis, comprising the county of Montgomery and part of the counties of Brecknock, Radnor, Shropshire, Merioneth and Denbigh, was subject to the princes of North Wales. Early in the 12th century it was divided into upper and lower Powis. In 1283 Owen ap Griffin, prince of upper Powis, formally resigned his princely title (nomen et circulum principatus) and his lands to the English king Edward I. at Shrewsbury, and received the lands again as an English barony. (See Montgomeryshire Collections, 1868, vol. i.). This barony of Powis passed through female inheritance to the family of Cherleton and in 1421 to that of Grey. It fell into abeyance in 1551.
In 1587 Sir Edward Herbert (d. 1594), a younger son of William Herbert, earl of Pembroke, purchased some of the lands of the barony, including Red castle, afterwards Powis castle, near Welshpool, and in 1629 his son William (c. 1573-1656) was created Baron Powis. William's grandson, William, the 3rd baron (c. 162Q~I6Q6), was created earl of Powis in 1674 and Viscount Montgomery and marquess of Powis in 1687. The recognized head of the Roman Catholic aristocracy in England, Powis was suspected of complicity in some of the popish plots and was imprisoned in the Tower of London from 1678 to 1684. He followed James II. into exile and was created duke of Powis by the dethroned king. The English government deprived him of his estates, but these were restored to his son William, the 2nd marquess, in 1722. William, who had a somewhat chequered career as a jacobite, died in October 1745, and when his son William, the 3rd marquess, died in 1748 the titles became extinct. .
In 1748 Henry Arthur Herbert (d. 1772), who had been made Baron Herbert of Chirbury in 1743, was created Baron Powis and earl of Powis. He allied himself with the earlier holders of these titles, with which family he was distantly connected, by marrying Barbara, a niece of the 3rd marquess. The titles became extinct a second time when his son George Edward died in January 1801. George's sister and heiress, Henrietta Antonia (1758-1830), married Edward Clive (1754-1829), son and heir of the great Lord Clive. In 1794 he was made Baron Clive of Walcot, and in 1804, after serving as governor of Madras from 1798 to 1803, he was created Baron Powis and earl of Powis. His son Edward, .the 2nd earl (1785-1848), took the name of Herbert in 1807 in lieu of that of Clive. He was a member of parliament from 1806 to 1839, and was elected in opposition to the Prince Consort, as chancellor of the university of Cambridge- in 1847. His second son was Lieut.-General Sir Percy Egerton Herbert (1822-1876), who distinguished himself in the Crimean War, and Sir Percy's son, George Charles (b. 1862), became the 4th earl in 1891.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Power, Tyrone

See also Tyrone Power (Irish actor) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841), Irish actor, was born near Kilmacthomas on the 2nd of November 1797. At the age of fourteen he joined a company of strolling players, eventually getting small parts in the London theatres. On the sudden death of Charles Connor he was given his parts and was immediately recognized as the best stage Irishman of his generation, becoming a popular favourite in London, Dublin and America. He was on board the ill-fated “ President ” when she foundered at sea in March 1841. Power wrote and ​performed several Irish plays, and published three novels and his Impressions of America (1836). He had married when twenty and left a widow and seven children, the oldest of whom, Sir William Tyrone Power, K.C.B. (b. 1819), became Commissary-general of the British army and was knighted in 1865.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Power Transmission

See also Power transmission on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​POWER TRANSMISSION. The appliances connected with installations for the utilization of natural sources of energy may be classified into three groups:—
1. Prime movers, by means of which the natural form of energy is transformed into mechanical energy. To this group belong all such appliances as water turbines, steam turbines, steam engines and boilers, gas producers, gas engines, oil engines, &c.
2. Machinery of any kind which is driven by energy made available by the prime mover. To this group belong all machine tools, textile machinery, pumping machinery, cranes-in fact every kind of machine which requires any considerable quantity of energy to drive it.
3. The appliances by means of which the energy made available by the prime mover is transmitted to the machine designed to utilise it. The term power is used to denote the rate at which energy is transmitted. The unit of power in common use is the horse power, and one horse power means a rate of transmission of 550 foot-pounds per second.
In many cases the prime mover is combined with the machine in such a way that the transmitting mechanism is not distinctly differentiated from either the prime mover or the machine, as in the case of the locomotive engine. In other cases the energy made available by the prime mover is distributed to a number of separate machines at a distance from the prime mover, as in the case of an engineer's workshop. In this case the transmitting mechanism by means of which the energy is distributed to the several machines has a distinct individuality. In other cases prime movers are located in places where the natural source of energy is abundant, namely, near waterfalls, or in the neighbourhood of coal-fields, and the energy made available is transmitted in bulk to factories, &c., at relatively great distances. In this case the method and mechanism of distribution become of paramount importance, since the distance between the prime mover and the places where the energy is to be utilized by machines is only limited by the efficiency of the mechanism of distribution)
Prime movers are considered in the articles Steam Engine; Gas Engine; Oil Engine, and Hydraulics and machines in various special articles. The methods and mechanisms of distribution or transmission alone form the subjects of the present article, and the different methods in general use readily fall into four divisions:—
| 1. Mechanical. | 3. Pneumatic. |
| 2. Hydraulic. | 4. Electrical. |

## Sections

* Mechanical
* Hydraulic
* Pneumatic
* Electrical
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Power of Attorney

See also Power of attorney on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​POWER OF ATTORNEY, or Letter of Attorney, is an authority under hand and seal empowering the person named therein to do some act on behalf of the principal, which otherwise could only be done by the principal himself. It is either general or special. A general power of attorney authorizes the agent to act for his principal in all matters, or in matters of a particular nature only, or in respect of a particular business. A special act of attorney authorizes the agent to represent his principal only in some particular specified act. It expires with death of the principal, and is revocable at his will, even by a verbal notice, unless it has been given for a valuable consideration. Moreover, the terms of the power are construed literally, and give such authority only as they confer expressly or by necessary implication. The Conveyancing Act of 1881 provides protection for any person making any payment or doing any act in good faith, in pursuance of a power of attorney, if before the time of the payment or act the donor of the power had died or become lunatic, of unsound mind, or bankrupt, or had revoked the power. The law relating to powers of attorney is a branch of the law of agency. (See Agent; Principal and Agent.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Powers, Hiram

See also Hiram Powers on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​POWERS, HIRAM (1805–1873), American sculptor, the son of a farmer, was born at Woodstock, Vermont, on the 29th of June 1805. In 1819 his father removed to Ohio, about six miles from Cincinnati, where the son attended school for about a year, staying meanwhile with his brother, a lawyer in Cincinnati. After leaving school he found employment in superintending a reading-room in Connexion with the chief hotel of the town, but, being, in his own words, “forced at last to leave that place as his clothes and shoes were fast leaving him,” he became a clerk in a general store. His second employer in this line of business having invested his capital in a clock and organ factory, Powers set himself to master the construction of the instruments, displaying an aptitude which in a short time enabled him to become the first mechanic in the factory. In 1826 he began to frequent the studio of Mr Eckstein, and at once conceived a strong passion for the art of sculpture. His proficiency in modelling secured him the situation of general assistant and artist of the Western Museum, kept by a Frenchman named Dorfeuille, where his ingenious representation of the infernal regions to illustrate the more striking scenes in the poem of Dante met with extraordinary success. After studying thoroughly the art of modelling and casting, at the end of 1834 he went to Washington, where his remarkable gifts soon awakened general attention. In 1837 he settled in Florence, where he remained till his death. While he found it profitable to devote the greater part of his time to busts, his best efforts were bestowed on ideal work. In 1839 his statue of “Eve” excited the warm admiration of Thorwaldsen, and in 1843 he produced his celebrated “ Greek Slave, ” which at once gave him a place among the leading sculptors of his time. Among the best known of his other ideal statues are the “Fisher Boy,” “Il Penseroso,” “Proserpine,” “California,” “America” (modelled for the Crystal Palace, Sydenham), and the “Last of his Tribe.” He died on the 27th of June 1873.
See an article by T. A. Trollope in Lippincott’s Magazine for February 1875.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pownall, Thomas

See also Thomas Pownall on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​POWNALL, THOMAS (1722-1805), British colonial statesman and soldier, was born at Saltfleetby, Lincolnshire, England, in 1722. He was educated at Lincoln and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1743. He entered the office of the lords commissioners of trade and plantations, of which his brother John was then secretary; and in 1753 he went to America as private secretary to Sir Danvers Osborn, just appointed governor of New York. Osborn committed suicide soon after reaching New York (Oct. 6), but Pownall remained in America, devoting himself to studying the condition of the American colonies. At the Albany Congress, in 1754, he met Benjamin Franklin, and a life-long friendship between the two resulted. In 1756 he returned to England, and presented to Pitt a plan for a campaign against the French in Canada, to begin with the investment of Quebec. In 1757 Pitt appointed him governor of Massachusetts, in which office he heartily supported Pitt's policy during the Seven Years War, and in 1758 encouraged the equipment of a force of 7000 men, to be recruited and armed in New England; but the French power in America once broken, Pownall came more directly under the influence of the lords of trade, and his unwillingness to carry out the repressive policies of that body caused his transfer to the governorship of South Carolina in February 1760. This office he held nominally for about a year; but he never went to South Carolina, and in June 1760 he returned to England. In 1762-1763 he was Commissary-general of the British troops in Germany. As member of parliament for Tregony in 1768-1774 and for Minehead in 1774-1780, he at first sided with the Whigs in opposing all plans to tax the American colonists, but he supported North's administration after the outbreak of the War of Independence. He died at Bath on the 25th of February 1805. In 1764 he published (at first anonymously) his famous Administration of the Colonies (other editions appeared in 1765, 1766, 1768 and 1774), in which he advocated a union of all British possessions upon the basis of community of commercial interests.
For an extended account of Pownall's career and a bibliography of his publications see Thomas Pownall, M.P., F.R.S. (London, 1908), by Charles A. W. Pownall, a distant kinsman, who attempts to prove that Pownall was the “ author behind the scenes ” of the “ Letters of junius " and “ that Francis was his subordinate."
# 42nd Annual National Thanksgiving Turkey presentation

17 November 1989
Welcome to the Rose Garden on this lovely day. Mr. Wickliffe, my old friend Peter, and everybody else, I just want to thank you for joining me as I participate for the first time in a tradition as old as the American Presidency: the signing of the annual Thanksgiving Day proclamation.
Two hundred years ago, George Washington signed the original proclamation for a day of thanksgiving: a day of thanks for the bounty we enjoy and, above all, for the blessings of freedom. And that's why I'm so pleased to welcome the young Americans and recent newcomers to our country who are here today. Like every American – come on, this is serious stuff – you, too, are descendants of the first Pilgrims united by a love of liberty. And this year, especially, as that yearning for freedom inspires millions around the world, giving thanks for the freedoms we enjoy takes on a special meaning.
That brings me to another traditional moment involving our special guest over here today – the guy in the cage there, who seems understandably nervous. It is my great privilege to receive the traditional Thanksgiving turkey. Millie has been put upstairs, looking wistfully out of the window, I'm sure. But let me assure you, and this fine tom turkey, that he will not end up on anyone's dinner table, not this guy – he's granted a Presidential pardon as of right now – and allow him to live out his days on a children's farm not far from here.
And finally, let me ask all of you to remember another American tradition. Let this holiday time spent with family and friends remind us that helping others less fortunate than ourselves may be the best way we have of giving thanks.
And so, thank you all for coming. God bless you, and may the whole country have a very, very happy Thanksgiving.
And now I will sign the proclamation.

## References

* ↑ "The Ungobbled Gobbler," Barbara Mikkelson of Snopes.com
* ↑ Ronald Reagan mentioned to reporters in passing in 1987 and 1988 only that he would not have the National Thanksgiving Turkey killed.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tibia

See also Tibia (disambiguation) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TIBIA, a pipe played by means of a reed mouthpiece, extensively used in classic Rome. The tibia, often mistranslated "flute," was identical with the aulos of the Greeks, and according as it was made with a cylindrical or with a conical bore, it may be regarded as the prototype of our clarinet or oboe. The tibia was used at musical contests, in the theatre, in the arena, ​at banquets, &c. A set of ivory tibiae of cylindrical bore found at Pompeii in a good state of preservation are in the museum at Naples.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tibesti

See also Tibesti Mountains on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TIBESTI, a mountainous and little known region of the central Sahara, inhabited by the Tibbu (q.v.). The country was partly explored in 1870 by Gustav Nachtigal; it had not been again visited by Europeans up to 1910, though French officers had reached Borku on its southern borders. By the Anglo-French declaration of the 21st of March 1899 Tibesti was included in the French sphere of influence in North Africa.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tiburtina, Via

See also Via Tiburtina on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TIBURTINA, VIA, an ancient road of Italy, leading E.N.E. from Rome to Tibur, a distance of about 18 m. It must have come into existence, as a track at any rate, during the establishment of the Latin League. Though it afterwards became an important thoroughfare, the first portion of it always retained its original name, that of Via Valeria (see Valeria, Via) being applied only to the portion of the road beyond Tibur. The road is in the main followed by a modern highroad. There is, however, a difficulty about the last portion of its course from the Albulae Aquae (q.v.) to Tibur; whereas, according to the milestones and itineraries, it should be 20 m. from Rome to Tibur, it is impossible to make the distance more than 18 m. along any probable line.
See T. Ashby in Papers of the British School at Rome, iii. 84 sqq. (T. As.)
# A Channel Passage and Other Poems/Reverse

REVERSE
The wave that breaks against a forward stroke
Beats not the swimmer back, but thrills him through
With joyous trust to win his way anew
Through stronger seas than first upon him broke
And triumphed. England's iron-tempered oak
Shrank not when Europe's might against her grew
Full, and her sun drank up her foes like dew,
And lion-like from sleep her strength awoke.
As bold in fight as bold in breach of trust
We find our foes, and wonder not to find, Nor grudge them praise whom honour may not bind:
But loathing more intense than speaks disgust
Heaves England's heart, when scorn is bound to greet
Hunters and hounds whose tongues would lick their feet.
November 1, 1899.
# A Channel Passage and Other Poems/Stratford-on-Avon

STRATFORD-ON-AVON
June 27, 1901
Be glad in heaven above all souls insphered,
Most royal and most loyal born of men,
Shakespeare, of all on earth beloved or feared
Or worshipped, highest in sight of human ken.
The homestead hallowed by thy sovereign birth,
Whose name, being one with thine, stands higher than Rome,
Forgets not how of all on English earth
Their trust is holiest, there who have their home.
Stratford is thine and England's. None that hate
The commonweal whose empire sets men free Find comfort there, where once by grace of fate
A soul was born as boundless as the sea.
If life, if love, if memory now be thine,
Rejoice that still thy Stratford bears thy sign.
# A Channel Passage and Other Poems/The Centenary of Alexandre Dumas

Previously printed in The Nineteenth Century and After, August 1902, pp. 177-178.
THE CENTENARY OF ALEXANDRE DUMAS
Sound of trumpets blowing down the merriest winds of morn,
Flash of hurtless lightnings, laugh of thunders loud and glad,
Here should hail the summer day whereon a light was born
Whence the sun grew brighter, seeing the world less dark and sad.
Man of men by right divine of boyhood everlasting,
France incarnate, France immortal in her deathless boy,
Brighter birthday never shone than thine on earth, forecasting
More of strenuous mirth in manhood, more of manful joy.
Child of warriors, friend of warriors, Garibaldi's friend,
Even thy name is as the splendour of a sunbright sword: While the boy's heart beats in man, thy fame shall find not end:
Time and dark oblivion bow before thee as their lord.
Youth acclaims thee gladdest of the gods that gild his days:
Age gives thanks for thee, and death lacks heart to quench thy praise.
# A Channel Passage and Other Poems/The First of June

Previously printed in The Saturday Review, June 7th, 1902, p. 724
THE FIRST OF JUNE
Peace and war are one in proof of England's deathless praise.
One divine day saw her foemen scattered on the sea
Far and fast as storm could speed: the same strong day of days
Sees the imperial commonweal set friends and foemen free.
Save where freedom reigns, whose name is England, fraud and fear
Grind and blind the face of men who look on her and lie:
Now may truth and pride in truth, whose seat of old was here,
See them shamed and stricken blind and dumb as worms that die.
Even before our hallowed hawthorn-blossom pass and cease,
Even as England shines and smiles at last upon the sun, Comes the word that means for England more than passing peace,
Peace with honour, peace with pride in righteous work well done.
Crowned with flowers the first of all the world and all the year,
Peace, whose name is one with honour born of war, is here.