OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Ch'êng Chia-sui

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​CH'ÊNG Chia-sui 程嘉燧 (T. 孟陽, H. 偈庵, 松圓詩老), 1565–1644, Jan–Feb., Ming poet and painter, was a native of Hsiu-ning, Anhwei, but resided most of his life (about fifty years) in Chia-ting, Kiangsu. Failing to pass the official examinations, he abandoned all hope of a political career and specialized in poetry. When he was about thirty sui he was recognized as an accomplished poet. In 1617 he paid a visit to Ch'ien Ch'ien-i [q. v.] at the latter's villa, Fu-shui Shan-chuang (see under Ch'ien Ch'ien-i), where the two discussed the art of writing poetry, and established a life-long friendship. In the following year he accompanied his friend, Fang Yu-tu 方有度 (T. 方叔, chin-shih of 1616), to Ch'ang-chih, Shansi, when the latter was appointed magistrate of that district. After three years in Ch'ang-chih he proceeded to Peking where he made the acquaintance of Wang Wei-chien 王維儉 (T. 損仲, chin-shih of 1595), whose fame then rivalled that of Tung Ch'i-ch'ang [q. v.]. In 1630 Ch'ien Ch'ien-i again invited Ch'êng to his villa where the two composed a number of poems. While living at Chia-ting, Ch'êng also made a number of friends, notably T'ang Shih-shêng 唐時升 (T. 叔達, 1551–1636) and Lou Chien 婁堅 (T. 二堅, 子柔, H. 歇庵, senior licentiate of 1616, d. 1631). The three came to be known as the "Three Elders of Lien-ch'uan" (練川三老). When Hsieh San-pin 謝三賓 (T. 象山, chin-shih of 1625) served as ​magistrate of Chia-ting he published their poems, together with those of Li Liu-fang 李流芳 (T. 長蘅, 茂宰, H. 香海, 泡庵, 慎娛居士), under the collective title 嘉定四先生集 Chia-ting ssŭ hsien-shêng chi.
Ch'êng's own poems were published under the title 松圓浪淘集 Sung-yüan lang-t'ao chi, in 18 chüan, with a preface by the author dated 1618. Two other collections by him, entitled 耦耕堂集 Ou-kêng t'ang chi, in 5 chüan, and 偈庵集 Ch'i-an chi, in 2 chüan, were banned during the Ch'ing period. Ch'êng also compiled a gazetteer of the Hsing-fu monastery on Mount P'o, Kiangsu, 破山興福寺志 P'o-shan Hsing-fu ssŭ chih, in 4 chüan, which is praised in the Ssŭ-k'u Catalogue (see under Chi Yün) for its style. In 1641 he retired to Hsiu-ning and died early in 1644, a few months before the fall of Peking.
[M.1/288/7b; M.40/65/7b; M.64/庚4/1a; M.84/丁下/4a; M.86/18/18b; L.T.C.L.H.M., p. 326a; Ssŭ-k'u 地理存 6; Chia-ting hsien-chih (1882) 13/11a, 20/31b; 練川名人畫像 Lien-ch'uan ming-jên hua-hsiang, 附 chüan 下/4a (with portrait).]
J. C. Yang
# Dull v. Blackman

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
169 U.S. 243
Dull v. Blackman
[Syllabus from pages 243-245 intentionally omitted]
Isaac N. Flickinger, Alfred G. Safford, and Omri F. Hibbard, for plaintiff in error.
Winfield S. Strawn, for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice BREWER, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Duluth Superior Bridge Company v. Steamer Troy

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
208 U.S. 321
Duluth Superior Bridge Company v. Steamer Troy
Argued: December 20, 1907. --- Decided: February 24, 1908
Messrs. Charles E. Kremer and John A. Murphy for appellant.
Messrs. Harvey D. Goulder, Hermon A. Kelley, Frank S. Masten, H. R. Spencer, and S. H. Holding for appellee.
Mr. Chief Justice fuller delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dulce et Decorum est

Dulce et Decorum est (written in 1917 and published posthumously in 1921) is a poem by World War I soldier Wilfred Owen. The work's horrifying imagery has made it one of the most popular condemnations of war ever written. It was originally drafted as a personal letter to the famous pro-war poet Jessie Pope.
    — Excerpted from Dulce et Decorum est on Wikipedia.
* "Dulce et Decorum est", the first published edition, in Poems by Wilfred Owen (1920) ed. by Siegfried Sassoon and Edith Sitwell.
* "Dulce et Decorum Est", widely recognised as the authoritative version, in The Complete Poems and Fragments of Wilfred Owen (1983-4) ed. by Jon Stallworthy.
# Duluth & Iron Range Railroad Company v. County of St. Louis

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
179 U.S. 302
Duluth & Iron Range Railroad Company v. County of St. Louis
Argued: October 17, 1900. --- Decided: December 10, 1900
Messrs. Frank B. Kellogg, J. H. Chandler, H. J. Grannis, and C. A. Severance for plaintiff in error.
Mr. W. B. Douglass for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice White delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dulce et Decorum est pro Patria Mori

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Dulce et Decorum est pro Patria Mori."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* "Dulce et Decorum est pro Patria Mori", a poem by Harold John Jarvis
* "Dulce et Decorum est pro Patria Mori", a poem by Sydney Oswald
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Forest

Edition of 1802.
​FOREST, generally speaking, signifies a large tract of land, covered with trees.
The principal forests in this country are those of Sherwood, Windsor, the New Forest, that of Dean, on the north of the river Severn, and Epping-forest, in the county of Essex. There are, besides, several smaller forests, the total extent of which, together with those just enumerated, amounts to about 300,000 acres. The utility of forests, to a commercial nation, is very great; as, by the quantity of timber they afford, a considerable expence may he saved, which must otherwise be incurred by the importation of materials for ship-building.
Independently of these considerations, forests of a moderate extent are a national ornament, especially if they do not occupy such lands as could be more usefully employed in agriculture. Formerly, England abounded with woods, and was celebrated for its lofty and majestic oak, which, however, of late years has become scarce. On the contrary, various large tracts of uncultivated ground might now be advantageously planted with larch, fir, and other trees; but, as these expensive undertakings are beyond the ability of private individuals, it is to be hoped that the Commissioners of the Land Revenue will be able speedily to carry so patriotic a measure into effect.—See Plantation.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/French-Wheat

Edition of 1802.
​French-Wheat: See Buck-wheat.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Fulling

Edition of 1802.
​FULLING, is the art of cleansing, scouring, and pressing cloths, stuffs, and stockings, to render them stronger, closer, and firmer: it is also sometimes called milling.
The fulling of cloths, &c. is performed by a kind of water-mill, thence called a fulling, or scouring-mill.—Without describing the mechanism of this manufacturing process, we cannot omit to remark that urine is sometimes employed, as well as soap and fullers'-earth, to prepare the stuffs for receiving the first impressions of the pestle. They are first steeped in urine, then in a solution of fullers'-earth and water, and lastly in soap, dissolved in hot water. Soap alone would fully answer this purpose, but it is too expensive, especially as, according to the present mode of dressing, fullers'-earth is of equal efficacy. Urine is certainly prejudicial, and ought entirely to be abandoned here, both on account of its disagreeable smell, and its sharp, saline properties, which frequently render the cloths dry and harsh. The scouring of cloth, however, is not the only object in fulling it; the alternate pressure communicated by the pestles, or stampers, to the stuffs, occasions in its advanced stages an effect analogous to that produced upon hats in the operation of felting, mentioned p. 256.—Thus, the fibres of wool which compose one of the threads, whether of the warp or the woof, assume a progressive motion, first introducing themselves among those of the contiguous threads, then into those which follow, so that gradually all the threads, both of the warp and the woof, become completely felted. The cloth, after having by this process become contracted and shortened in its dimensions, partakes in a great measure of the nature of felt: hence it may be cut without being liable to unravel; and consequently there is no necessity to hem its edges.—Farther, as the threads of both the warp and woof are more intimately combined, the web, which acquires a greater degree of thickness, likewise forms a warmer clothing.
The process of fulling stockings, caps, &c. is performed in a manner somewhat different from that in the mills; namely, either with the feet or hands; or a kind of rack or wooden machine, armed with teeth of the same materials; or, which is still better, horses' or bullocks' teeth may be substituted. In this operation, urine, green soap, white soap, and fullers'-earth are employed; but the first of these ingredients, for the reasons before stated, is here also detrimental to the texture. Stockings manufactured in a loom, should be fulled with soap alone; but, for dressing such as have been knit, earth may likewise be added.—Lastly, knit-worsted is by this process rendered less subject to run, if a stitch should happen to drop in the stockings.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Fumigation

Edition of 1802.
​FUMIGATION, in medicine, denotes the artificial impregnation of the atmosphere, with the fames or smoke of any vegetable or aromatic substance.
Considerable injury is often produced by inhaling the subtle corrosive fumes of metallic and other processes; so that palsy in ​lead-mines, and pulmonary complaints in manufacturing towns, are but too frequent: hence we doubt whether medicated fumes deserve that encomium which has lately been bestowed on them, by various writers. In our opinion, there is no better and more effectual fumigator in Nature than pure air, frequently renewed by means of ventilators.
As, however, there are numerous advocates for factitious airs and fumigations, we have no hesitation to admit that they may sometimes be resorted to with advantage, for the purpose of purifying rooms that have been occupied by patients whose disorders were contagious. Hence the fumes of tobacco, and the effluvia of tar, have been especially praised. The late Dr. Lind advised cascarilla-bark to be burned, or the camphorated steam of vinegar to be diffused, as being eminently calculated to dispel infection.
With respect to the fumigation of stables, or other buildings, where cattle are infected with the distemper, it has been recommended to put an ounce of common salt in a varnished pipkin, upon which are to be poured two ounces of spirit of vitriol, diluted with one ounce of water. The vessel is then to be placed for an hour on a chafing-dish provided with live-coals, in order that its contents may be heated to a slight degree of ebullition. The whole being safely deposited in the middle of a stable, the vapours are permitted to rise, till the air of the building is saturated. Thus, the malignant miasmata in the air, are supposed to be neutralized, or corrected; but the process ought to be repeated twice in twenty-four hours, at equal periods, during the prevalence of the contagion.—No good, however, will result from this or any other fumigation, without the frequent admission, and change, of fresh air.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Forcing of Wine

Edition of 1802.
​Forcing of Wine. See Clarification.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/French-Mercury

Edition of 1802.
​FRENCH-MERCURY, or Mercurialis annua, L. an in indigenous plant, growing on waste places, and dunghills in the vicinity of towns; and flowering in the months of August and September. The whole of this vegetable is mucilaginous: when cultivated in gardens, it is dressed like spinach, to which it is said to be greatly superior; but, if eaten in a large quantity, it is aperient.—In France, according to Tournefort, a syrup is prepared from the juice of the mercury, 2 oz. of which are given at one dose as a laxative: it is also used in clysters, and pessaries, in the proportion of one part of honey and two of the juice.—In England, this plant was formerly in great an emollient, but is at present disregarded.—As an article of diet, it may be useful to persons liable to costiveness.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Frog

Edition of 1802.
​FROG, or Rana, L. a genus of amphibious reptiles, consisting of 17 species, the most remarkable of which are;
1. The temporaria, or Common Frog, which is an animal so well known as to render any description unnecessary.—Some of its properties, however, are very singular: its power of leaping is ​extraordinary, and it swims better than any other quadruped. Its body is naked, and without any tail: the fore limbs are very lightly made, while the hind legs and thighs are remarkably long, and furnished with strong muscles. As soon as the spawn is vivified, the future frog becomes a tadpole, in which state it is wholly a water-animal; but as soon as it is changed into a frog, and attains its proper shape, it immediately migrates to the shore.
These animals adhere closely to the backs of their own species, as well as to those of fishes. It has been remarked that they will even destroy pike; and it is certain that they materially injure carp, by fixing their hind-legs to the back of those fish, while their fore-legs are fastened to the corner of each eye; so that the carp become much exhausted, and frequently sink under the weight of so disagreeable a companion.—See Fumitory.
2. The esculenta, or Eatable Frog, differs from the former species, only in having an high protuberanee in the middle of the back, which forms an acute angle. Its colours likewise are more vivid, and its marks more distinct, the ground colour being a pale or yellowish green, marked with rows of black spots from the head to the rump.—Both this and the preceding species are, according to Mr. Pennant, used as food, though rarely in this country.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Friction

Edition of 1802.
​FRICTION, in medicine, is the act of rubbing a diseased part with oils, unguents, and other matters, in order to ease, relieve, and cure it.
Friction is also performed with a flesh-brush, a linen-cloth, or with flannel; which last is the most eligible. It is a kind of exercise that remarkably contributes to the health of sedentary persons; for it excites and kindles the natural warmth; diverts defluxions; promotes perspiration; opens the pores; and tends to dissipate stagnant humours.
This operation is particularly beneficial to the nervous, debilitated, and studious; being an useful substitute for other exercise. Hence we recommend to such individuals to spend half an hour every morning and evening in rubbing their whole body, especially their limbs, with a clean piece of flannel. It ought, however, to be observed, that this practice will be of the greatest service when the stomach and bowels are empty.
Lastly, we venture to affirm, that the most important purposes to which friction may be rendered subservient in the animal economy, have hitherto been almost entirely neglected: we are, however, convinced from experience, that medicated frictions, or the introduction of the most active medicines into the human system, by rubbing them in properly on the surface, might be attended with the most happy effects, especially in all chronical diseases. Common sense appears to have long since pointed out this excellent method of administering medicines, even to the Indian savages, though it is little practised in enlightened Europe, where the stomach is doomed to be the field of battle, for deciding commotions and irregularities in our complicated frame. But who is hardy enough to maintain, that the digestive organ was by Nature destined to be the exclusive vehicle of drugs, and to serve as their common laboratory?
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Fullers'-earth

Edition of 1802.
​FULLERS'-EARTH, or Argilla Lithomarga, is a species of clay, of an ash-coloured brown, and presents various shades, from a very pale to nearly a black colour: it is in general of a greenish cast.
This earth is hard, firm, and of a compact texture, but soft to the touch, and neither stains the hands nor easily breaks between the fingers. Its surface is somewhat rough and harsh; it dissolves easily in the mouth; and, in a slight degree, adheres to the tongue. When thrown into water, it does not cause any effervescence, but gradually increases in size, and subsides in a fine soft powder.
The largest stock of the finest fullers'-earth in the world is obtained from the pits at Wavedon, near Woburn, Bedfordshire; where strata of it are found at the depth of ten or twelve feet from the surface of the ground. This earth is also found in abundance, and of a good quality, in certain pits near Brick-hill, in the county of Stafford; near Ryegate, Surrey; Maid-stone, Kent; and in the vicinity of Nutley and Petworth, in the county of Sussex.
Incalculable quantities of fullers'-earth are consumed in this country, in the scouring of cloths, stuffs, &c.; for which it is of the greatest utility, as it imbibes all the grease and oil used in the preparing, dressing, &c. of wool. For this reason, it is declared to be a contraband commodity, and is prohibited to be exported, under the penalty of one shilling for every pound weight.—As an article of domestic economy, it might be more frequently employed than it is at present, especially in the ​cleaning and scouring of wooden floors and wainscots, being an excellent substitute for soap, of which great quantities are now consumed, and unnecessary expences of housekeeping thus incurred.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Fomentation

Edition of 1802.
​FOMENTATION, in the art healing, signifies the external application of a fluid in cases of swellings, &c. as warm as the patient can bear it, and in the following manner: Two pieces of flannel are dipt into the heated liquor, one of which is expeditiously wrung dry, and thus immediately applied to the part affected. As soon as it begins to grow cool, the first is removed, and the other instantly substituted, in order to keep those parts constantly supplied with the warm flannels. This operation is continued for 15 or 20 minutes, and is repeated two or three times in the course of the day, as circumstances may require.
The design of fomentations may be fully answered, by the application of warm water alone, unless discutients or antiseptics are required; in which cases, such ingredients must be employed as are calculated to effect that purpose.
The degree of heat should on no account exceed that of producing an agreeable sensation; for too great heat is attended with effects, very different from those which are expected from the use of fomentations.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Wei Li

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​WEI Li 魏禮 (T. 和公, H. 吾廬, 季子), 1629–1695, poet, a native of Ning-tu, Kiangsi, was a younger brother of Wei Hsi and Wei Chi-jui [qq. v.] and, like them, achieved fame as a writer. After 1659 he traveled extensively, from the Great Wall in the north to the Island of Hainan in the south, making friends of distinguished scholars whom he met. His two sons, Wei Shih-hsiao 魏世傚 (T. 昭士, H. 耕廡, b. 1659) and Wei Shih-yen 魏世曦 (T. 敬士, H. 爲谷, b. 1662), and their cousin, Wei Shih-chieh (see under Wei Chi-jui), were together known as the "Three Younger Wei" (小三魏). A third son, Wei Shih-k'an (see under Wei Hsi), was adopted by the latter, Wei Li made the acquaintance of the poet-statesman, Wang Shih-chên [q. v.]. They met at Canton in 1685 when the latter was commissioned to offer sacrifices to the South Seas. The prose and poetic works of Wei Li were assembled, chiefly by his brother, Wei Hsi, in 1671 and were published in 1679 in the San Wei chi (see under Wei Hsi) under the title Wei Chi-tzŭ wên-chi, 16 chüan. Chüan 15 of this work comprises biographical sketches of some fifty eminent men and women of Ning-tu, his native place.
[See bibliography for Wei Hsi, in particular Wei Shu-tzŭ wên-chi 8/81b, 11/72a; Wei-ku wên-kao 8/3b.]
Tsêng Mien
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Wei Chi-jui

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​WEI Chi-jui 魏際瑞 (T. 善伯, H. 東房, 伯子), July 23, 1620–1677, Nov. 8, was the eldest of the "Three Wei Brothers" (San Wei) of Ning-tu Kiangsi, the other two being Wei Hsi and Wei Li [qq. v.]. His original name was Wei Hsiang 魏祥, but when he took his hsiu-ts'ai degree in 1636 he changed it to Wei Chi-jui. When the Manchus advanced to South China in 1645 his younger brothers retreated to the mountains to avoid compulsory service as officials in the new regime. But being the eldest son in the family, he decided to continue his career as a licentiate under the Manchus in order to "preserve the family tombs and ancestral halls} from spoliation. He served as secretary to Fan Ch'êng-mo [q. v.] when the latter was governor of Chekiang during the years 1668–72. When Han Ta-jén (see under Labu), a general under Wu San-kuei [q. v.], overran Kiangsi province in 1677, a Manchu officer in high command of government forces sent Wei Chi-jui to negotiate the terms of surrender. But as government troops under other generals continued, during the negotiations, to attack Han, the latter became suspicious and caused Wei to be murdered. The tragedy so shocked his only son, Wei Shih-chieh 魏世傑 (T. 興士, H. 梓室, 1645–1677), that he soon died of grief.
Wei Chi-jui was a prolific writer; it is reported that before he reached the age of thirty (sui) his verse and prose comprised more than eighty manuscript volumes (册), most of which disappeared. Nevertheless, a collection of his writings, entitled 魏伯子文集 Wei Po-tzŭ wên-chi, 10 chüan, was brought together by his two younger brothers. The writings of his son, Wei Shih-chieh, entitled 梓室文稿 Tzŭ-shih wên-kao, 6 chüan, were appended to it, both appearing in the San Wei chi (see under Wei Hsi).
[Consult bibliography under Wei Hsi; Wei Shu-tzŭ wên-chi.]
Tsêng Mien
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Wasan

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​WASAN 瓦三, d. 1685, member of the Imperial Family and a grandson of Amin [q. v.], first served under Emperor Shêng-tsu with the rank of Fu-kuo chiang-chün 輔國將軍, or noble of the tenth rank. He accompanied Yolo (q. v., Ch'ing-shih kao erroneously says Yoto] in the pacification of Hunan (1676–1680). At the death of his father, Gurmahûn 固爾瑪琿, in 1681, he succeeded to the rank of a prince of the sixth degree. In the following year he became junior director of the Imperial Clan Court. Accused retrospectively of having failed in duty at the siege of Changsha, he lost his post, but later was put in command of the Manchu division of the Bordered Blue Banner. At the time of the Russian Occupation of Yaksa 雅克薩, he was sent to assist Sabsu [q. v.] in Heilungkiang, and for a short time was put in command of that area. He died there in 1685 and was accorded the posthumous name, Hsiang-min 襄敏.
[1/221/6b; 34/133/4b.]
George A. Kennedy