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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chorley, Josiah

​CHORLEY, JOSIAH (d. 1719?), presbyterian minister, was a great-grandson of Richard Chorley of Walton-le-Dale, near Preston, Lancashire, and second of six sons of Henry Chorley of Preston. He had the degree of M.A., but of his early history nothing is known. He succeeded John Collinges, D.D. [q. v.], as one of the ministers of the presbyterian congregation at Norwich. The baptismal register of the congregation begins in September 1691 with an entry by Chorley. Chorley's ministry in Norwich was marked by his zeal in catechetical instruction, which gave rise to his very curious compendium of the Bible in verse. In January 1719 he was succeeded by John Brook from Yarmouth (afterwards of York, where he died in 1735). Chorley baptised a child of Brook's on 3 Sept. 1719, and is believed to have died soon after. He is said to have bequeathed 200l., the interest to be divided between the presbyterian minister and the poor at Preston, but nothing is now known of this endowment. He published ‘A Metrical Index to the Bible,’ &c., Norwich, 1711, 8yo. This very ingenious aid to the memorising of the contents of chapters is dedicated ‘Deo Trin-Uni O.M. Ecclesiæq; vere Catholicæ.’ At the end is ‘A Poetical Meditation’ of some merit. A second edition, London, 1714, 24mo, was improved by suggestions from Samuel Say, then independent minister at Lowestoft (see Chorley's letter to Say, 11 Dec. 1712, in ‘The Say Papers,’ Monthly Repository, 1810). A reprint of the 2nd edition, with delicate woodcuts designed by Thurston, and notes by the printer, John Johnson, appeared in 1818, 18mo. Watt (Bibl. Brit.) incorrectly gives Chorley's name as Joseph.
Chorley has been confused with his son (according to Browne, his nephew) Richard, who was educated in the academies of Frankland at Rathmell (entered 3 April 1697) and Chorlton at Manchester (entered 16 March 1699), and ministered at Filby near Yarmouth (till 1722) and Framlingham (till 1731). He afterwards lost his sight, and (about 1757) ceased to identify himself with dissent; his daughter, who lived in Norwich, was for a time insane.
[Monthly Repos. 1810, p. 632, 1811, p. 592, 1837, p. 632; Toulmin's Historical View, 1814, p. 682; Taylor's Hist. Octagon Chapel, Norwich, 1848, p. 13 sq.; Kenrick's Memorials Presb. Chapel, York, 1869, p. 43; Preston Guardian, 24 Feb. and 7 April 1877; Browne's Hist. Cong. Norf. and Suff. 1877, pp. 366, 638; Baker's Memorials Diss. Chapel, Manchester, 1884, p. 61; information from Rev. W. Sharman, Preston.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clark, Thomas (d.1792)

​CLARK, THOMAS, M.D. (d. 1792), seceding minister in Ireland, was a native of Scotland, and a graduate of medicine at Glasgow. Prior to 1745 he was tutor and chaplain in a gentleman's family in Galloway. He joined the Duke of Cumberland's army on the outbreak of the second Jacobite rebellion. In 1748 he was licensed as a preacher by the 'associate presbytery' in Glasgow, and on 27 June 1749 he was sent by that presbytery on a mission to Ulster, he was ordained in 'William McKinley's field,' at Cahans, near Ballybay, co. Monaghan, on 23 July 1751, being the third seceding minister ordained in Ireland. Travelling through various parts of Ulster, he preached with great zeal in opposition to the 'new light' views, then in much vogue among the presbyterians. Killen gives a graphic description of his dark visage, gaunt Hgure, Scottish brogue, and highland bonnet. His objections to the phraseology of the oath of abjuration, and to the usual forms observed in oath taking, led to his being fined in May 1752, after which he retired to Scotland for some months. He resumed his work in Ireland, but was arrested for disloyalty at Newbliss on 23 Jan. 1754, at the instance of Robert Nesbit and William Burgess, presbyterian elders of Ballybay. After a confinement at Monaghan for two months and eleven days, he was released at the next assize, owing to an informality in his committal. Left in peace Clark's influence as a preacher declined, ​ and with it his means of subsistence, though he made something as a medical practitioner. He emigrated to America, sailing from Narrowwater, near Newry, on 10 May, and reaching New York on 28 July 1764. He had received two calls from congregations in New England, but he settled ultimately at Long-Cane, Abbeville, South Carolina; and here he was found dead in his study on 26 Dec. 1792. His wife had died at Cahans on 18 Dec. 1762. Clark was the earliest author of the secession church in Ireland. He published: 1. 'A Brief Survey of some Principles maintained by the General Synod of Ulster,' &c., Armagh, 1751, 12mo. 2. 'Remarks upon the manner and form of Swearing by touching and kissing the Gospels,' &c., Glasgow, 1752, 18mo (partly extracted from an anonymous work, 'The New Mode of Swearing,' 1719. The seceders' opposition to what they called 'kissing the calf's skin' led to their being allowed to make oath in the Scottish form with uplifted hand, a right since 1838 extended to all presbyterians). 3. 'New Light set in a Clear Light,' second title-page 'A Reply to a late Pamphlet,' &c., Dublin, 1755, 12mo. Posthumous was 4. 'A Pastoral and Farewell Letter,' &c., 1792, 8vo.
[Reid's Hist. Presb. Ch. in Ireland (Killen), 1867, iii. 311 sq.; Witherow's Hist, and Lit. Mem. of Presb. in Ireland, 2nd ser. 1880, p. 86 sq.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Carkeet, Samuel

​CARKEET, SAMUEL (d. 1746), presbyterian minister, was ordained 19 July 1710, the same day as James Strong, afterwards of Ilminster. He was settled in the larger of two presbyterian congregations at Totnes. Accused of Arianism when the Exeter controversy broke out, he preached a vigorous sermon at Exeter, 7 May 1719, at the young men's lecture, repudiating all personal taint of Arianism, but maintaining that christian worth is independent of speculative opinions. Few contributions to the non-subscription side are more blunt and trenchant in their language. Arguing against any unscriptural test, he says: 'Either the Holy Ghost spoke as plain as he could, or as plain as God thought proper for a rule to the churches. If he spake as plain as he could, they are no plausible contenders for his Divinity (which, I believe, is generally acknowledg'd among Christians) who fancy they can speak plainer. If he spake only as plain as God thought proper, they certainly invade his prerogative who pretend to make the matter plainer, and urge it upon men's consciences.' Carkeet removed to Bodmin after 1729 ), and died there on 17 June 1746. His sermon was puplished with the title, 'Gospel Worthiness stated: in a Sermon [Matt. x. 11] preached in Exon., &c., 1719, 8vo. He published also 'An Essay on the Conversion of St. Paul, as implying a change of his Moral Character,' 1741, 8vo (against Henry Grove's view that the change was simply one of opinion).
[Manuscript List of Ministers in Records of Exeter Assembly; James's Presbyterian Chapels and Charities. 1867, p. 656 (where he is called Carkat); sermon cited above.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Edwards, Thomas Charles

​EDWARDS, THOMAS CHARLES (1837–1900), divine, eldest son of Lewis Edwards, D.D. [q. v.], was born at Llanycil, Bala, Merionethshire, on 22 Sept. 1837. His mother was a granddaughter of Thomas Charles [q. v.], the organiser of Welsh calvinistic methodism. His early education was under his father at Bala, whence he proceeded to University College, London, and graduated M.A. Lond. in 1862, being classed next to William Stanley Jevons [q. v.] On 21 Oct. 1862 he matriculated at St. Alban Hall, Oxford; in 1864 he obtained a scholarship at Lincoln College, and graduated B. A. 1866 with a first class in classics; M.A. 1872. In 1867 he was ordained to a charge in Liverpool, in connection with the presbyterian church of Wales. This he resigned in 1872, on being appointed the first principal of the University College of Wales at Aberystwyth (opened 9 Oct.) During his principalship the college buildings were burned, and by his energy restored. He succeeded also in obtaining from the treasury an endowment of 4,000l. a year for the college. In 1887 he received the diploma of D.D. from Edinburgh University. In 1891 he resigned his principalship at Aberystwyth in order to become principal of the Welsh calvinistic methodist theological college at Bala, founded by his father. His policy of opening the college to students of all denominations was not responded to by many outsiders, but the college flourished greatly under his management. In 1898 he was the first to receive the diploma of D.D. from the university of Wales (founded 1893). He died at Bala on 22 March 1900.
He published, besides single sermons: 1. 'A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians,' 1885, 8vo; 2nd edit, same year. 2. 'Commentary on Epistle to Hebrews,' in 'Expositor's Bible,' 1888, 8vo; 3rd edit. 1889, 8vo; also, 'Welsh Commentary on Hebrews,' 1890. 3. 'The God-Man,' 1895, 12mo (Davies Lecture). A sermon of his is in Jones's 'Welsh Pulpit,' 1885, 8vo. He published in Welsh a memoir of his father, 1887, 12mo.
[Times, 23 March 1900; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 171o-1886; Who's Who, 1900; Williams's Welsh Calvinistic Methodism, 1884, p. 208; List of Edin. Graduates, 1898.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Gandy, Henry

​GANDY, HENRY (1649–1734), non-juring bishop, son of John Gandy, 'doctor,' of South Brent, Devonshire, was born on 14 Oct. 1649. He entered at Merchant Taylors' School in 1663, and proceeded to Oriel College, Oxford; matriculated 15 March 1666-7; graduated B.A. 17 Oct. 1670, M.A. 1674; was elected fellow 30 Nov. 1670, and proctor 18 April 1683. He was senior fellow of Oriel when deprived for refusing the oath of allegiance in 1690. As a nonjuror he was a leading (anonymous) controversialist on that side, and a strenuous advocate for maintaining the schism, when Ken, the sole survivor of the deprived bishops, expressed (1710) his wish that the breach might be closed, and Dodwell, Nelson, and Brokesby returned to the national church. In 1716 he was consecrated bishop by Jeremy Collier [q. v.], Nathaniel Spinckes [q. v.], and Samuel Hawes (d. 1722). On the rise (1717) of the controversy about 'usages,' he deserted Collier, and followed Spinckes in adhering closely to the Anglican ritual. In 1720 he joined Spinckes and Hawes in consecrating Hilkiah Bedford [q. v.] and Ralph Taylor (who returned to the national church); on 11 June 1725 he assisted in consecrating John Blackbourne [q. v.]; in 1726, in consecrating Henry Hall; on 25 March 1728 he presided at the consecration of Richard Rawlinson [q. v.], and in the same year at that of George Smith (1693–1756) [q. v.]
He died in Scroop Court, Holborn, on 26 Feb. 1733-4, and was buried in St. Pancras churchyard on '30' Feb. His will (made 1 March 1731-2; proved 8 March 1734) leaves all to his wife Ann, except 50l. to his daughter Anne when of age. His engraved likeness represents him with mitre and two croziers. Lathbury reckons him 'one of the best divines of the period,' but thinks his answer to Dodwell 'disingenuous.' Noble, by a strange blunder, derived from Granger's manuscript, calls him a Roman catholic. Among his publications are : 1. 'A Letter in Vindication of the Answer to the Queries concerning Schism and Toleration,' 1701, 4to (anon.) 2. 'Old England ... the Government of England . . . hereditary,' 1705, 8vo (anon.) 3. ' Jure Divino : or an Answer to all ... Republicans,' 1707, 4to (anon.) 4. 'Bibliotheca Scriptorum Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ. . . . Tracts relating to the government ... of the Church of England,' 1709, 8vo (anon.) 5. 'A Conference between Gerontius and Junius. In which Mr. Dodwell's "Case in View now in Fact" is considered,' 1711, 8vo (anon.) He prefixed a preface to 'The Subject's Sorrow' [1710], 8vo, by Robert Brown.
[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Wood's Fasti (Bliss), ii. 386; Wood's Life (Bliss), p. cxxi; Life of Kettlewell, App. p. xxxii (calls him Gerney); Noble's Continuation of Granger, 1806, iii. 173; Lathbury's Hist. of the Nonjurors, 1845; Shadwell's Registrum Orielense, 1893, i. 317; Gandy's will at Somerset House.]
A. G.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Faber, Johann

See also Johann Faber on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​FABER (or Lefèvre), JOHANN (1478–1541), German theologian, styled from the title of one of his works “Malleus Haereticorum,” son of one Heigerlin, a smith (faber), was born at Leutkirch, in Swabia, in 1478. His early life is obscure; the tradition that he joined the Dominicans is untenable. He studied theology and canon law at Tübingen and at Freiburg im Breisgau, where he matriculated on the 26th of July 1509, and graduated M.A. and doctor of canon law. He was soon appointed vicar of Lindau and Leutkirch, and shortly afterwards canon of Basel. In 1518 Hugo von Landenberg, bishop of Constance, made him one of his vicars-general, and Pope Leo X. appointed him papal protonotary. He was an advocate of reforms, in sympathy with Erasmus, and corresponded (1519–1520) with Zwingli. While he defended Luther against Eck, he was as little inclined to adopt the position of Luther as of Carlstadt. His journey to Rome in the autumn of 1521 had the result of estranging him from the views of the Protestant leaders. He published Opus adversus nova quaedam dogmata Lutheri (1522), and appeared as a disputant against Zwingli at Zürich (1523). Then followed his Malleus in haeresin Lutheranam (1524). Among his efforts to stem the tide of Protestant innovation was the establishment of a training-house for the maintenance and instruction of popular preachers, drawn from the lower ranks, to compete with the orators of reform. In 1526 he became court preacher to the emperor Ferdinand, and in 1527 and 1528 was sent by him as envoy to Spain and England. He approved the death by burning of Balthasar Hubmeier, the Baptist, at Vienna on the 10th of March 1528. In 1531 he was consecrated bishop of Vienna, and combined with this (till 1538) the administration of the diocese of Neustadt. He died at Vienna on the 21st of May 1541. His works were collected in three volumes, 1537, 1539 and 1541.
See C. E. Kettner, Diss. de J. Fabri Vita Scriptisque (1737); Wagenmann and Egli in Herzog-Hauck’s Realencyklopädie (1898). (A. Go.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gallars, Nicolas des

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​GALLARS [in Lat. Gallasius], NICOLAS DES (c. 1520–c. 1580), Calvinistic divine, first appears as author of a Defensio of William Farel, published at Geneva in 1545, followed (1545–1549) by translations into French of three tracts by Calvin. In 1551 he was admitted burgess of Geneva, and in 1553 made pastor of a country church in the neighbourhood. In 1557 he was sent to minister to the Protestants at Paris; his conductor, Nicolas du Rousseau, having prohibited books in his possession, was executed at Dijon; des Gallars, having nothing suspicious about him, continued his journey. On the revival of the Strangers’ church in London (1560), he, being then minister at Geneva, came to London to organize the French branch; and in 1561 he published La Forme de police ecclésiastique instituée à Londres en l’Église des François. In the same year he assisted Beza at the colloquy of Poissy. He became minister to the Protestants at Orleans in 1564; presided at the synod of Paris in 1565; was driven out of Orleans with other Protestants in 1568; and in 1571 was chaplain to Jeanne d’Albret, queen of Navarre. Calvin held him in high esteem, employing him as amanuensis, and as editor as well as translator of several of his exegetical and polemical works. He himself wrote a commentary on Exodus (1560); edited an annotated French Bible (1562) and New Testament (1562); and published tracts against Arians (1565–1566). His main work was his edition of Irenaeus (1570) with prefatory letter to Grindal, then bishop of London, and giving, for the first time, some fragments of the Greek text. His collaboration with Beza in the Histoire des Églises Réformées du royaume de France (1580) is doubted by Bayle.
See Bayle, Dictionnaire hist. et crit.; Jean Senebier, Hist. littéraire de Genève (1786); Nouvelle Biog. gén. (1857). (A. Go.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Blandrata, Giorgio

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​BLANDRATA, or Biandrata, GIORGIO (c. 1515–1588), Italian physician and polemic, who came of the De Blandrate family, powerful from the early part of the 13th century, was born at Saluzzo, the youngest son of Bernardino Blandrata. He graduated in arts and medicine at Montpellier in 1533, and specialized in the functional and nervous disorders of women. In 1544 he made his first acquaintance with Transylvania; in 1553 he was with Alciati in the Grisons; in 1557 he spent a year at Geneva, in constant intercourse with Calvin, who distrusted him. He attended the English wife (Jane Stafford) of Count Celso Massimiliano Martinengo, preacher of the Italian church at Geneva, and fostered anti-trinitarian opinions in that church. In 1558 he found it expedient to remove to Poland, where he became a leader of the heretical party at the synods of Pinczów (1558) and Ksionzh (1560 and 1562). His point was the suppression of extremes of opinion, on the basis of a confession literally drawn from Scripture. He obtained the position of court physician to the queen dowager, the Milanese Bona Sforza. She had been instrumental in the burning (1539) of Catharine Weygel, at the age of eighty, for anti-trinitarian opinions; but the writings of Ochino had altered her views, which were now anti-Catholic. In 1563 Blandrata transferred his services to the Transylvanian court, where the daughters of his patroness were married to ruling princes. He revisited Poland (1576) in the train of Stephen Báthory, whose tolerance permitted the propagation of heresies; and when (1579) Christopher Báthory introduced the Jesuits into Transylvania, Blandrata found means of conciliating them. Throughout his career he was accompanied by his two brothers, Ludovico and Alphonso, the former being canon of Saluzzo. In Transylvania, Blandrata co-operated with Francis Dávid (d. 1579), the anti-trinitarian bishop, but in 1578 two circumstances broke the ​connexion. Blandrata was charged with “Italian vice”; Dávid renounced the worship of Christ. To influence Dávid, Blandrata sent for Faustus Socinus from Basel. Socinus was Dávid’s guest, but the discussion between them led to no result. At the instance of Blandrata, Dávid was tried and condemned to prison at Déva (in which he died) on the charge of innovation. Having amassed a fortune, Blandrata returned to the communion of Rome. His end is obscure. According to the Jesuit, Jacob Wujek, he was strangled by a nephew (Giorgio, son of Alphonso) in May 1588. He published a few polemical writings, some in conjunction with Dávid.
See Malacarne, Commentario delle Opere e delle Vicende di G. Blandrata (Padova, 1814); Wallace, Anti-trinitarian Biography, vol. ii. (1850). (A. Go.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Laurentius, Paul

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​LAURENTIUS, PAUL (1554–1624), Lutheran divine, was born on the 30th of March 1554 at Ober Wierau, where his father, of the same names, was pastor. From a school at Zwickau he entered (1573) the university of Leipzig, graduating in 1577. In 1578 he became rector of the Martin school at Halberstadt; in 1583 he was appointed town’s preacher at Plauen-im-Vogtland, and in 1586 superintendent at Oelnitz. On the 20th of October 1595 he took his doctorate in theology at Jena, his thesis on the Symbolum Athanasii (1597), gaining him similar honours at Wittenberg and Leipzig. He was promoted (1605) to be pastor and superintendent at Dresden, and transferred (1616) to the superintendence at Meissen, where he died on the 24th of February 1624. His works consist chiefly of commentaries and expository discourses on prophetic books of the Old Testament, parts of the Psalter, the Lord’s Prayer and the history of the Passion. In two orations he compared Luther to Elijah. Besides theological works he was the author of a Spicilegium Gnomonologicum (1612).
The main authority is C. Schlegel, the historian of the Dresden superintendents (1698), summarized by H. W. Rotermund, in the additions (1810) to Jöcher, Gelehrten-Lexicon (1750).  (A. Go.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Coornhert, Dirck Volckertszoon

See also Dirck Coornhert on Wikipedia; Theodore Cornhert in the 9th Edition; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​COORNHERT, DIRCK VOLCKERTSZOON (1522–1590), Dutch politician and theologian, youngest son of Volckert Coornhert, cloth merchant, was born at Amsterdam in 1522. As a child he spent some years in Spain and Portugal. Returning home, he was disinherited by his father’s will, for his marriage with Cornelia (Neeltje) Simons, a portionless gentlewoman. He took for a time the post of major-domo to Reginald (Reinoud), count of Brederode. Soon he settled in Haarlem, as engraver on copper, and produced works which retain high values. Learning Latin, he published Dutch translations from Cicero, Seneca and Boetius. He was appointed secretary to the city (1562) and secretary to the burgomasters (1564). Throwing himself into the struggle with Spanish rule, he drew up the manifesto of William of Orange (1566). Imprisoned at the Hague (1568), he escaped to Cleves, where he maintained himself by his art. Recalled in 1572, he was secretary of state for a short time; his aversion to military violence led him to return to Cleves, where William continued to employ his services and his pen. As a religious man, he wrote and strove in favour of tolerance, being decidedly against capital punishment for heretics. He had no party views; the Heidelberg catechism, authoritative in Holland, he criticized. The great Arminius, employed to refute him, was won over by his arguments. He died at Gouda on the 29th of October 1590. His Dutch version of the New Testament, following the Latin of Erasmus, was never completed. His works, in prose and verse, were published in 1630, 3 vols.
See F. D. J. Moorrees, Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert (1887); N. Delvenne, Biog. des Pays-Bas (1829); A. J. van der Aa, Biog. Woordenboek der Nederlanden (1855). (A. Go.*)