OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Nebraska City

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NEBRASKA CITY, a city and county-seat of Otoe co., Neb.; on the Missouri river and on the Burlington Route and the Missouri Pacific railroads; 60 miles E. by S. of Lincoln. Here are the State Institution for the Blind, a United States government building, public library, St. Bernard's Academy, high school, water-works, street railroad, electric lights, several daily and weekly newspapers, and banks. The city has extensive stock yards, lumber and planing mills, cereal and flour mills, starch factory, foundry, plow factories, a meat-packing plant and brickyards. Pop. (1910) 5,488; (1920) 6,279.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Negro

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
NEGRO, the distinctively dark, as opposed to the fair, yellow, and brown varieties of mankind. Their original home was probably all Africa S. of the Sahara, India S. of the Indo-Gangetic plains, Malaysia and the greater part of Australasia. In early and middle Tertiary times this tract was probably
broken up by the sea and the disappearance of the region named by Sclater Lemuria. The negro is best represented by the Sudanese tribes in Africa. Varieties are found throughout that Continent, with differing characteristics. Negroid races are also found in Madagascar, New Guinea, and Melanesia. The classification of these is difficult, and ethnologists do not agree in relation to them. Indeed, knowledge as to the negro is relatively slight, although advances have been made in recent years.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Neva

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NEVA, a river of Russia, flowing W. from Lake Ladoga to the Bay of Cronstadt, in the Gulf of Finland. It passes through St. Petersburg, and carries to the sea an enormous volume of water (greater than that of the Rhine) from the lakes Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen, and others. Its total length, with windings, is about 40 miles; in places it is over 4,000 feet wide, elsewhere the channel is narrowed to 180 feet; and in one or two places the navigation is embarrassed by reefs and rapids. It is frozen on an average from Nov. 25 to April 21. By the Ladoga canal the Neva communicates with the vast water system of the Volga, and thus it may be said to join the Baltic with the Caspian Sea.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Nebraska, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational institution, founded at Lincoln, Neb., in 1869. There were in 1919 5,529 students with 200 teachers. The endowment fund amounted to $809,000,000 and the value of grounds and buildings to $4,500,000. There are 145,000 volumes in the library. The total income amounted to approximately $2,280,000. The president is Samuel Avery, Ph. D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Nebuchadnezzar (The Great)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NEBUCHADNEZZAR, or NEBUCHADREZZAR, surnamed The Great, a king of Babylon, the son and successor of the preceding. He immediately entered on a war, by which he extended his empire over the greater part of Asia, and from the Caucasian Mountains in the N. to the Great Desert of Africa in the S. He defeated the Edomites and Ammonites, took Jerusalem, and led the inhabitants captive to Babylon. His vassal king of Judah, Jehoiakim, having revolted, he 13 years later deposed him, and put an end to the kingdom of Judah. He next turned his arms against Tyre, which after an obstinate resistance of more than 12 years, he finally took, and which, with Egypt and Persia, made his empire and power enormous. The celebrated hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the world, were executed by this monarch, to please his beautiful wife, a Median princess. He died 562 B. C.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Nebula

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NEBULA, plural NEBULÆ, in astronomy, a slight cloudy patch of light, retaining its form unchanged except under keen and long-continued observation. More than 8,000 nebulæ, or star-clusters, closely resembling them, have been found in both hemispheres, and in nearly every constellation. A few, as the great nebulæ of Orion, Argo Navis, and Andromeda, are visible on very clear nights to the naked eye; the rest are telescopic. When greatly magnified some are found to be composed of many thousand remote stars, others remain only as diffused masses of light.
The great nebula of Orion surrounds a multiple star, Theta Orionis, consisting of six, apparently revolving round their common center of gravity. It has been found to alter its form very slightly. The spectroscope has shown that many of the nebulæ are merely gaseous. The nebulæ in Andromeda has a bright ball in the center and is spindle-shaped. In pathology, a slight speck on the cornea; also a mist or cloud suspended in the urine.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Kan-su

From volume 8 of the work.
This vicariate includes the territory of Ku-ku-nor, northern part of Tibet, and the five northern prefectures of the Chinese province of Kan-su: Lan-chou-fu, Si-ning-fu, Liang-chou-fu, Kan-chou-fu, and Su-chou. The climate varies according to the locality. In general, it is healthy, temperate, and bright. Kan-su is inhabited by Chinese, Turks from Turkestan, Mongols, Tangouses or Fan-tse. The vicariate contains about eight million inhabitants; among this number there are 2700 Catholics. The vicar Apostolic dwells at Sung-shu-chang-tsz in the prefecture of Liang-chou-fu. The province of Kan-su formed a part of the Vicariate Apostolic of Shen-si from 1844 to 1878, when it was separated, erected into a distinct vicariate Apostolic, and entrusted to the Belgian Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Scheutveld, Brussels). In 1886 the northern civil prefecture of Ning-hia was confided to the Vicariate Apostolic of South-Western Mongolia. In 1888 the new Chinese province of Sin-kiang was formed into an independent mission, bearing the name of I-li or Kul-dja. In 1905 the seven southern civil prefectures were separated to form the Prefecture Apostolic of Southern Kan-su. The present vicar Apostolic is Mgr. Ubert Otto. He was consecrated titular Bishop of Assurita 13 Jan. 1891. In 1907 the mission had: 1 bishop, 16 European missionaries, 2 native priests, 24 churches and chapels, 9 schools with 127 students, 1 college with 25 students, 2 orphan asylums with 35 children, and 2498 Catholics. In 1908: 1 bishop, 20 missionaries, 1 native priest, 23 churches and chapels, and 2702 Catholics.
V. H. Montanar.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicariate Apostolic of Méndez and Gualaquiza

From volume 10 of the work.
Méndez and Gualaquiza, Vicariate Apostolic of, established by Leo XIII on 3 February, 1893, in the southern part of the province of Oriente, Ecuador. It depends directly on the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. The vicar-Apostolic is Mgr Giacomo Costamagna, Salesian, titular Bishop of Colonia, elected, 18 March, 1895. The mission was entrusted to the Salesians, who sent thither three fathers, two scholastics, and one catechist. They were all expelled under the anti-clerical regime in 1895. The province of Oriente is populated almost exclusively by Indians of the Jibaro (q.v.) stock. In the eighteenth century many of the tribes had been converted by the Jesuits, but on the expulsion of the latter in 1767 the missionaries who replaced them failed in the work of evangelization and the natives relapsed into paganism. Oriente is estimated to contain 150,000 Indians.
Wolf, Geog. y geologia del Ecuador (Leipzig, 1892).
A. A. MacErlean.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicariate Apostolic of Marquesas Islands

From volume 9 of the work.
(INSULARUM MARCHESI)
Located in Polynesia, includes all the Marquesas Islands, eleven in number, lying between 7º 50' and 10º 30' S. lat. and between 138º and 141º W. long. The area comprises 480 sq. miles. The islands are mountainous and rocky, but have fertile plains. The aborigines are cannibals who live mainly by fishing, and dwell in huts of wattles and branches. The chief products are the bread-fruit tree, the coconut, the banana, orange, and sugar-cane. Horses, pigs, sheep, cotton, and tobacco have been introduced by the missionaries. The islands were discovered in 1595 by Mendana and named Marquesas after the Marquess de Mendoza, at that time Viceroy of Peru, from which country the expedition had sailed. The first Mass was said there 28 July, 1595. In 1791 the northern islands were visited by Ingraham, an American, and by Marchand, a Frenchman, who took possession of the group in the name of France. On 4 August, 1836, three missionaries of the Congregation of Picpus entered the Bay of Vaithu, Fathers Desvault and Borgella, and Brother Nil. They found the natives given to tattooing, cruel and defective in morals. In 1774 some whaling vessels left the dread disease, phthisis, among the natives, and it has continued to work havoc there. The population in 1804 was reckoned at 17,700; in 1830 it had shrunk to 8000; at the present time it is about half that number. Between 1838 and 1848 there were 216 baptisms of adults; between 1848 and 1856, 986 baptisms. In 1858 the missionaries opened schools at Taiohaé, and in 1900 these schools were instructing 300 children. In 1894 the use of opium by natives was prohibited; in 1895 the selling or possessing of alcohol was made a criminal offence, and in 1896 attendance at school was made obligatory. In 1900, however, in consequence of the passing of the Associations Law in France the schools were closed by the Government. Efforts of the missionaries to enforce attendance at their private schools met with limited success. The present Vicar Apostolic, Mgr. Martin, of the Picpus Congregation, titular Bishop of Uranopolis, arrived in 1890 and took up his residence at Antouna on Hiva-Oa. The residence of the civil governor is at Taiohal on Noukouhiva.
STATISTICS
There are in the islands, 1 Vicar-Apostolic; 9 priests, 5 brothers of the Picpus congregation; 4 brothers of Ploermel; 9 sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny; 10 native catechists; 40 stations scattered over 6 islands; 1 hospital which cares for 160 lepers. Present population, 3300 Catholics, 150 Protestants, about 300 pagans. The Marquesas Islands have been a Vicariate Apostolic since 15 April, 1848.
PIOLET, Les Missions (Paris, s. d.); Gerarchia (1910); Missiones Catholicœ (Rome, 1907); WERNER, Orbis terrarum Catholicus (Freiburg, 1890); STREET, Atlas des Missions Cath. (Steyl, 1906); HAURIGOT, Les établissements français en Océanie (Paris, 1891); TOLNA, Chez les Cannibals (Paris, 1903); MARIN, Au Loin: souvenirs des Iles Marquises (Paris, 1891).
J. C. Grey.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicariate Apostolic of New Hebrides

From volume 10 of the work.
Vicariate Apostolic of New Hebrides; in Oceania, comprises the New Hebrides, with Banks and Torres, islands situated between 13° and 21° S. lat. And between 166° and 170° E long. The total area is about 580 sq. miles. The indigenous population, which has decreased considerably, amounts to about 75,000; they are for the most part of an olive or brown complexion, varying in darkness. Their languages, which are very numerous, belong to the Malay stock and their religious worship has for its object the souls of the dead, but they also recognize a higher Being who is good. The white population is about 1000, nearly 650 of whom are French and Great Britain under what is known as the "Condominium of the New Hebrides". They were discovered in 1606 by the Spaniards under Quiros, and were named Tierra Austral del S. Espiritu. In 1768 the French navigator, Bougainville, in sailing round the globe, came upon the same group and named them the Grandes Cyclades. Six years later, Cook discovered the island and gave them their present name. According to the account of Quiros, the Franciscans, who acted as chaplains to his ships, celebrated Mass several times in a chapel built on the shore, and even held a procession of the Blessed Sacrament. Nevertheless, the islands had to wait long for the preaching of Catholic missionaries. Not until January, 1887, did four Marist priests, sent by Mgr. Fraysse, Vicar Apostolic of New Caledonia, definitively establish here the first missions, and they did it amid great difficulties. The missions, however, developed rapidly and in 1900, at the petition of Mgr. Fraysse, the New Hebrides were separated from his jurisdiction and made a prefecture Apostolic, under Père Douceré, of the Society of Mary. In 1904 this mission became a vicariate Apostolic, and Père Douceré, vicar Apostolic, was consecrated titular Bishop of Terenuthis. His residence is at Port-Vila. The staff of the mission now comprises 26 priests and 3 lay brothers of the Lyons Society of Mary. Their labours are seconded by 16 religious women of the regular Third Order of Mary, and a certain number of native catechists. There are 20 missionary residences, besides numerous annexes. Each mission as its schools. Near the episcopal residence is established a training-school for native catechists. Religious instruction and education for white children are secured by two schools at Port-Vila: a school for boys, conducted by the Little Brothes of Mary; one for girls, under the sisters of the mission who also serve the hospital at Port-Vila and conduct at Mallicolo a crèche for the little orphans. Conversions from paganism progress slowly, but continuously. The native Catholics, now numbering rather more than one thousand, are well instructed and faithful to their religious duties. There are about 600 white Catholics, and this number is increasing rapidly, both by births and by immigration.
P. DOUCERÉ
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trinitarians

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​TRINITARIANS, an order of monks founded at Rome in 1198 by St. John of Matha, a native of Provence, and an old French hermit, Felix of Valois, to redeem Christian captives out of the hands of the infidels. The order was sanctioned by Innocent III.; the rule was that of St. Austin, with particular statutes; the diet was of great austerity; and the habit, at least in France, was a soutane and scapular of white serge, with a red and blue cross on the right breast. At one time the order possessed 250 houses, and it was estimated in the 17th century, that, since its foundation, it had been instrumental in rescuing more than 30,000 Christian captives from what was practically slavery. A reform took place in 1599, and resulted in the erection of the congregation of Discalced Trinitarians in Spain, in which country the order (reformed and unreformed) was suppressed in the reign of Isabella II.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trinity

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​TRINITY, a term used to express the doctrine of Three Persons in one Godhead, which is held alike by the Roman, Greek, and Anglican Churches, and by the greater number of Nonconformist communions. It is indicated in the Apostles' Creed, stated more explicitly in the Nicene Creed, and set out at length in the Athanasian Creed. The First Article of the Church of England states the doctrine in terms that would be accepted by sister churches, and by orthodox dissenters generally: "There is but One Living and True God. ... And in Unity of this Godhead there be Three Persons, of one substance, power and eternity; the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost." Protestant theologians deduce the doctrine of the Trinity from texts in which (a) the Unity of God is affirmed (Deut. vi: 4; Isa. xliv: 6; Mark xii: 29-32; Eph. iv: 6); (b) the Divinity of Christ is shown from the fulfillment of Messianic prophecies, or directly affirmed (I Pet. ii: 7, 8; Isa. viii: 13, 14; John xii: 41; Isa. vi: 1; II Pet. iii: 18; Isa. xliii: 11; Rev, xxii: 13; Isa. xliv: 6; Matt, xi: 10; Mai. iii: 1; I Cor. x: 9; Ps. ixxviii: 18 and xcv: 9; John iii: 29; Isa. liv: 5; John i: 1, xiv: 11, xx: ​28; Rom. ix: 5; III Cor. v: 19, 20; Col. ii: 8, 9; II Pet. i: 2; I John v: 20); and (c) the Divinity of the Holy Ghost is affirmed (Matt, ix: 38; Acts xiii: 4; John vi: 45; I Cor. ii: 13; John xiv: 17; I Cor. xiv: 25; Ezek. viii: 1-3; Matt, xii: 28; Acts v: 9; I Cor. ii: 11; II Cor. i: 3). The word "Trinity" is not found in the Scriptures, and is said to have been first used by Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch, in the 2d century.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trinity College (Dublin)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​TRINITY COLLEGE, or THE UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN, the largest and most important educational institution in Ireland. It is believed to have been founded by Queen Elizabeth in 1591, though some authorities assert that she merely endowed and Protestantized the school. These latter give the credit for its establishment to Alexander Bigner or Bignor, an ecclesiastic of the 13th century. It has extensive buildings which inclose several quadrangles. Corinthian columns ornament the principal front, the chapel has a Corinthian portico and the decorations of the fine library are also Corinthian.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trinity College (Durham)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​TRINITY COLLEGE, a coeducational institution in Durham, N. C; founded in 1853 under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 61; students, 896; president W. P. Few, LL. D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trinity College (Hartford)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​TRINITY COLLEGE, an American educational institution, established in Hartford, Conn., in 1823. It bore the name of Washington College till 1845. At the close of 1919 it reported: Professors and instructors, 17; students, 200; president, F. S. Luther, LL. D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trinidad (city)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​TRINIDAD, a city and county-seat of Las Animas co., Col.; on Las Animas river, and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, the Union Pacific, the Denver and Rio Grande, the Colorado and Southern, and the Colorado and Wyoming railroads; 200 miles S. of Denver. Here are National and savings banks, numerous churches, St. Joseph's Academy, several daily and weekly newspapers, and electric lights. The city has grist mills, railroad car shops, powder mills, etc. Pop. (1910) 10,204; (1920) 10,906.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trinidad (island)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​TRINIDAD, one of the British West India islands; in the extreme S. of the group, being only 7 miles from the coast of Venezuela, the Gulf of Paria (an extremely safe anchorage) lying between. It is about 50 miles long, varying in breadth from 30 to 35 miles; area, 1,755 square miles. Three ridges of mountains run E. and W., one fringing the N. coast and reaching an elevation of 3,000 feet. The island has several tolerably large rivers. A remarkable phenomenon ​is a pitch lake near the village of La Brea, composed of bituminous matter which forms natural asphalt, and is about 3 miles in circumference, and 138 feet above the sea. The soil is very rich and productive. The climate is hot and moist, but not unhealthy; the mean maximum is 87.7°, and the mean mini- mum 70° F.; and the rainfall is about 74 inches. The chief town. Port of Spain, is one of the finest towns in the West Indies (pop. 60,000). There is another town called San Fernando (pop. 7,000), with two or three pretty villages. The most important products are cocoa, sugar, rum, molasses, coffee, cocoanuts, tobacco, bitters, asphalt and fruit. A third of the trade is with Great Britain, and a fourth with the United States. Pop. about 27.5,000, mainly French (speaking a patois), with Spanish and English colonies, and many East Indian coolies. There are over 95 miles of rail- way in the island, which with Tobago forms a crown colony, ruled by a governor, an executive council, and a legislative council. Trinidad was discovered by Columbus in 1498, but no permanent establishment was founded there till 1532 by the Spaniards. It suffered at the hands of the English (Sir Walter Raleigh in 1595), the Dutch (1640), and the French (1677 and 1690). In 1797 it first fell into the hands of the British, who were confirmed in possession of it in 1802.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trinity Bay

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​TRINITY BAY, a large bay on the N. E. coast of Newfoundland. The pen- insula of Avalon is nearly surrounded by it. Its chief ports are Trinity and Heart's Content.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trinity College (Cambridge)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​TRINITY COLLEGE, a famous institution in Cambridge, England; founded by Henry VIII. in 1546 on the site and out of the revenues of Michael-house (1324), King's Hall (1337), and other ancient societies. To the 60 fellowships and scholarships of his foundation Queen Mary added 20 scholarships. The fellows, with certain exceptions, must take holy orders within seven years after their M. A., and the college may elect professors or other distinguished literary or scientific men to regular or honorary fellowships. The greatest of all the Cambridge colleges, Trinity, is more conspicuous for the extent than the special architectural beauty of its buildings. Noteworthy, however, are Nevill's Fountain, the three great gateways by which the three chief courts are entered, the Gothic Hall with its high-peaked roof, the chapel (redecorated 1875), the library designed by Wren, the Masters' Lodge, with its state rooms, where royalty and judges are received, and the rich collection of busts and statues of former members — of Newton by Roubillac, Person by Chantrey, Byron by Thorwaldsen, Barrow, Macauley, Whewell, Sedgewick, Tennyson, etc.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trinitrotoluenes

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​TRINITROTOLUENES, substances formed by the nitration of toluene, having the general formula CaH2CH3(N02)3. There are three compounds of this name, all having the same chemical constitution, but differing in the arrangement of the nitro groups in the molecule. These three are known respectively as A, B, and T trinitrotoluene. The most important of the three is A or symmetrical trinitrotoluene, which forms the constituent of the explosive well known as T. N. T. B and T trinitrotoluene, when fused with sodium sulphide and sulphur, yield dyes which give a deep khaki-brown shade. Most of the T. N. T. used for explosive purposes contains small amounts of the B and r isomers, but for some purposes a very pure T. N. T. is required, and this is produced by recrystallizing the crude product from various solvents such as alcohol, benzene or a mixture of the two. The nitration of toluene can be carried out in two stages or in three. In the three-stage process, mono-nitrotoluene is first produced by nitrating toluene with a comparatively weak solution of mixed nitric and sulphuric acids. From this, by further nitration, dinitrotoluene is pro- duced, and finally by treating the dinitrotoluene with strong mixed acids, trinitrotoluene is produced. By the two-stage process, mononitrotoluene is first produced, as above, and then converted direct to trinitrotoluene by treatment with strong mixed acids. A one-stage process has been tried, but is viewed with disfavor, owing to the danger of introducing strong acid direct into toluene. See Explosives.
# Chicago v. Fosdick

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
106 U.S. 47
Chicago v. Fosdick
[Syllabus on pages 47-48 intentionally omitted.]
E. Walker, for appellants.
Henry Crawford, Melville W. Fuller, and Lawrence, Campbell & Lawrence, for appellees.
MATTHEWS, J.
[Opinion of the Court on Pages 49-81 intentionally omitted]
MATTHEWS, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse