OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Paget, John (1808-1892)

​PAGET, JOHN (1808–1892), agriculturist and writer on Hungary, son of John Paget, by his wife, Anna Hunt, was born at Thorpe Satchville, Leicestershire, in 1808. He entered Manchester College, York, as a lay student in 1823. In 1826 he proceeded to Edinburgh University, studied medicine, and graduated M.D., but never practised or used the title of doctor, though he further pursued the study of medicine in Paris and Italy. In Italy he met the Baroness Polyxena Wesselényi (d. 1878), widow of Baron Ladislaus Bánffy, whom he married in 1837 at Rome. After travelling in Hungary he devoted himself to the development of his wife's estates, and gained a high reputation as a scientific agriculturist and a beneficent landlord, introducing an improved breed of cattle, and paying special attention to viniculture. To the unitarian church of Transylvania, of which he was a zealous member, he rendered many important services, especially at the time (1857) when its educational system was threatened by the measures of the Austrian government. He died at Gyéres on 10 April 1892, and was buried at Kolozsvár on 12 April. His elder son died in childhood; his younger son, Oliver (b. 5 Sept. 1841, d. 19 Oct. 1863), served under Garibaldi in Sicily, married in 1861, and left issue.
Paget published: 1. ‘Hungary and Transylvania,’ &c., 1839, 8vo, 2 vols.; 2nd ed. 1855, 8vo, 2 vols.; translated into German by E. A. Moriatry, Leipzig, 1842. 2. ‘Unitarianism in Transylvania,’ in J. R. Beard's ‘Unitarianism Exhibited,’ amp.c., 1846, 8vo. He occasionally contributed to the ‘Christian Reformer.’ His wife published ‘Olaszhoni és Schweizi Utazás,’ amp.c. (journey in Italy and Switzerland), Kolozsvár, 1842, 8vo, 2 vols.
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Palmer, John (1729?-1790)

​PALMER, JOHN (1729?–1790), unitarian divine, was born about 1729 in Southwark, where his father was an undertaker. His parents were independents, and he was educated for the ministry, in that body, under David Jennings, D.D. [q. v.] In 1755 he became assistant to John Allen M.D. (d. 31 Dec. 1774, aged 72), presbyterian minister at New Broad Street, London. On Allen's removal (1759) to Worcester, Palmer became pastor. The congregation declined, and ceased in 1772 to contribute to the presbyterian fund. On the expiry of the lease of the meeting-house (1780) the congregation was dissolved, and Palmer left the ministry. He was a man of ability and learning; his defence of free-will against Priestley shows power. His religious views coincided with those of his friend, Caleb Fleming D.D. [q. v.] From 1768 he was a trustee of Dr. Daniel Williams's foundations. After 1780 he lived in retirement at ​Islington, where he died on 26 June 1790, aged 61. He married a lady of considerable wealth.
He published, in addition to funeral sermons for George II (1760) and Caleb Fleming (1779), and a funeral oration for Timothy Laugher (1769): 1. 'Prayers for the use of Families,' &c, 1773, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1785, 8vo. 2. 'Free Thoughts on the Inconsistency; of conforming to any Religious Test as a Condition of Toleration,' &c., 1779, 8vo. 3. 'Observations in Defence of the Liberty of Man as a Moral Agent,' &c., 1779, 8vo. 4. 'An Appendix to the Observations,' &c, 1780, 8vo. 5. 'A Summary View of the Grounds of Christian Baptism,' &c., 1788, 8vo (defence of infant baptism). He edited (1766, 4to) the posthumous commentaries of John Alexander (1736–1765) [q. v.]
[Wilson's Dissenting Churches of London, 1808. ii. 227 sq.; Rutt's Memoirs of Priestley, 1831–2. i. 328 sq., ii. 72, 538; Jeremy's Presbyterian Fund, 1885, pp. 2, 161.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gilbert, Thomas (1610-1673)

​GILBERT, THOMAS (1610–1673), ejected minister, is described by Calamy as ‘a Scottish divine.’ He is probably the Thomas Gilbert who graduated M.A. at Edinburgh on 25 July 1629, and became ‘minister verbi.’ His name does not occur in Scott's ‘Fasti.’ According to his epitaph his first preferment was to the rectory of Cheadle, Cheshire. In 1654 he was presented by Francis Allein to the vicarage of Ealing, Middlesex. He appears to have been a zealous puritan. His epitaph describes him as ‘the proto-martyr, the first of the ministers that suffered deprivation in the cause of non-conformity.’ Hence it may be inferred that he lost his living at the Restoration, owing to some informality in the appointment. His name is not in Newcourt's list of vicars of Ealing. He emigrated to New England, and became pastor at Topsfield, Massachusetts. He died in 1673, aged 63 years, and was buried on 28 Oct. at Charlestown, Massachusetts.
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gentleman, Robert

​GENTLEMAN, ROBERT (1746–1795), dissenting divine and tutor, was born at Shrewsbury in 1746. He was brought up under the ministry of Job Orton, who encouraged him in his studies. In 1763 he entered the Daventry academy under Caleb Ashworth [q. v.] On 15 Sept. 1765 Orton resigned the co-pastorate of the High Street congregation, Shrewsbury, and there was a division as to the appointment of his successor. The more conservative majority seceded, and Orton assisted them in building a new meeting-house. Gentleman was ultimately chosen as the first minister of this new society. He was a popular preacher, arianising in his theology, but of evangelical sentiment. He remained at Shrewsbury, where he kept a boarding-school, until 1779, when he accepted the position of divinity tutor at Carmarthen Academy (then at Rhydygorse, near Carmarthen), vacated by the removal of Jenkin Jenkins, D.D., to London. The experiment of housing the tutors and students in a residential college proved a failure, from the inability of Gentleman to maintain discipline. Bogue and Bennett say that the London ‘congregational fund’ withdrew its support from the academy owing to distrust of Gentleman's teaching; but this is an error; the support was withdrawn in 1755. He resigned his office in 1784, and the academy was removed to Swansea under Solomon Harris.
The dissenting congregation at Kidderminster had been divided after the death (1780) of Benjamin Fawcett [q. v.] Arian seceders erected a new meeting-house in 1782, but were without a pastor. Orton, who died at Kidderminster in 1783, made Gentleman his literary executor, and this circumstance probably recommended him to the Kidderminster seceders, who chose him as their first minister in 1784. His ministry was very successful. He died in his prime in July 1795, and was buried on 12 July in St. Mary's churchyard, Kidderminster.
He published: 1. ‘The Young English Scholar's … Companion,’ &c., Kidderminster, 1788, 12mo; another edit., 1797, 12mo. 2. ‘Plain … Addresses to Youth,’ &c., 1792, 8vo. From Orton's manuscripts he compiled ‘A Short and Plain Exposition of the Old Testament,’ &c., 1788–91, 6 vols. 8vo; 2nd edit., 1822, 8vo.
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gouge, Robert

1904 Errata appended.
​GOUGE, ROBERT (1631?–1705), independent divine, was born, according to Calamy, at Chelmsford, Essex, and sent to Christ's College, Cambridge. According to the college register, Robert, son of Robert Gouge, born at Chelmsford and educated there, was admitted 8 June 1647 at the age of seventeen as a sizar. Another entry in Christ's College register records the admission on 11 March 1646–7 of one Robert Gooch of Great Yarmouth, with whom the independent divine has been wrongly confused. Calamy adds that Gouge was sent to Cambridge ‘by the Lord Fitzwalter.’ At that time there was no Lord Fitzwalter, but the reference may be to Benjamin Mildmay, who became Baron Fitzwalter in 1669. Gouge was a pupil of Henry More, the platonist. On leaving the university his first settlement was at Maldon, Essex, as master in the grammar school and preacher at one of the churches. About 1652 he obtained the rectory of St. Helen's, Ipswich, the patron being Robert Dunkon, an independent. Here he gathered a congregational church. A letter of sympathy from ‘the church at Hellen's in Ipswich’ to a congregational church at Bury St. Edmunds, dated ‘third month, day 1st, 1656,’ is signed by Gouge and Dunkon. On 17 Aug. 1658 Samuel Petto of South Elmham, Suffolk, describes him as ‘a very gracious man.’ He was silenced by the Uniformity Act of 1662, but continued in Ipswich for upwards of ten years. He then removed to Coggeshall, Essex, as pastor of a congregational church gathered in a licensed house by John Sames (d. December 1672). About 1674 Gouge fitted up a barn at Coggeshall as a place of worship, in which he ministered for some thirty years. Calamy says that ‘a decay of his intellectuals through age, gave him his quietus.’ He died in October 1705; his successor, Edward Bentley, was appointed in 1706. He was father of Thomas Gouge (1665?–1700) [q. v.] He published ‘The Faith of Dying Jacob,’ &c., 1688, 4to (funeral sermons for Isaac Hubbard, with life).
A. G.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.138 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 269 | i | 16 f.e. | Gouge, Robert: for (1631? read (1630 |
| | | 11 f.e. | for 11 March 1646-7 read 8 June 1647 |
| | | 10-3 f.e. | for Robert Gooch, . . . . his early education, read Robert Gouge, born at Chelmsford, and having been educated there, was admitted at the age of seventeen a sizar of the college. Another entry in the college registers records the admission on 11 March 1646-7 of one Robert Gooch of Great Yarmouth, with whom the independent divine has been wrongly confused. |
# United States v. Chandler

Supreme Court of the United States
410 U.S. 257
United States v. Chandler et al.
Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
No. 72-438. Argued: N/A --- Decided: January 22, 1973
United States Savings Bonds are includable for federal estate tax purposes in the gross estate of a decedent registered co-owner who, with donative intent, had delivered the bonds to the other co-owners but who had not complied with applicable Treasury Department regulations for making inter vivos transfers of such bonds by having them reissued in the names of the other co-owners alone.
Certiorari granted; 460 F.2d 1281, reversed.
PER CURIAM.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chorlton, John

​CHORLTON, JOHN (1666–1705), presbyterian minister and tutor, was born at Salford in 1666. He was educated for the ministry in the northern academy under Richard Frankland, M.A. [q. v.], the date of his admission being 4 April 1682. On completing his studies he was chosen (7 Aug. 1687) as assistant to Henry Newcome, M.A. [q. v.], the founder of nonconformity in Manchester; and on Newcome's death (17 Sept. 1695) he became pastor. The congregation on 14 Oct. 1695 invited Oliver Heywood [q. v.] to become his colleague, but the old man declined to leave Northowram. An assistant was obtained (1697) in the person of an adventurer passing under the name of Gaskeld, who, after pleasing the Manchester presbyterians with his learning and eloquence, disappeared (1698) with a borrowed horse, made his way to Hull (where he called himself Midgely, and falsely represented himself as one of the authors of the ‘Turkish Spy’), and finally fled to Holland. On Frankland's death (1 Oct. 1698) at Rathmell, Chorlton, with great spirit, resolved to continue the northern academy, transferring it to ​ Manchester. Accordingly on 21 March 1699 he ‘set up teaching university learning in a great house at Manchester.’ Eleven of Frankland's students finished their course with him, and the names of twenty others who studied under him are known. His most distinguished student was Thomas Dixon [q. v.] James Clegg, M.D. (d. 1755), one of the transferred students, is our chief authority on the mode in which the academy was conducted. He describes Chorlton as a worthy successor to Frankland, and superior as a preacher. Matthew Henry speaks of his ‘extraordinary quickness and readiness of expression; a casuist, one of a thousand, a wonderful clear head.’ Chorlton now wanted assistance both in the pulpit and in the academy. Applications were made in 1699 to James Owen of Oswestry and Thomas Bradbury [q. v.], both of whom declined. Next year the services of James Coningham, M.A. [q. v.], were secured. The ‘provincial meeting’ of Lancashire ministers gave a public character to the academy, passing resolutions in its favour and raising funds for its support. At the summer assizes of 1703 Chorlton was presented for keeping a public academy, but through private influence the prosecution was stayed. Chorlton's labours were cut short in his prime. He suffered from stone, and died in his fortieth year on 16 May 1705; he was buried at the collegiate church (now the cathedral) on 19 May. He married on 8 March 1689 Hannah, daughter of Joseph Leeche. Chorlton published: 1. ‘Notes upon the Lord Bishop of Salisbury's four Discourses to the Clergy of his Diocess … relating to the Dissenters,’ &c., 1695, 4to (anon., but ascribed to Chorlton). 2. ‘The Glorious Reward of Faithful Ministers,’ &c., 1696, 4to (funeral sermon [Dan. xii. 3] for H. Newcome. Halley reckons it ‘one of the best of the nonconformist funeral sermons.’ Preface by John Howe). 3. Dedication to Lord Willoughby, and ‘Brief Account of the Life of the Author’ (anon.), prefixed to Henry Pendlebury's ‘Invisible Realities,’ &c., 1696, 12mo.
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shuttlewood, John

​SHUTTLEWOOD, JOHN (1632–1689), nonconformist tutor, was born at Wymeswold, Leicestershire, on 3 Jan. 1631–2. He was educated at a grammar school, and, having been approved by the Wirksworth classis, was ordained on 26 April 1654 as minister of Ravenstone, Leicestershire, a rectory which he seems to have held with the perpetual curacy of Hugglescote, being ejected from both in 1662. He removed to the borders of Northamptonshire, and became a persistent preacher at conventicles in both counties, changing his residence several times ​to avoid arrest. In January 1669 he was committed to Leicester gaol by William Streete, a county magistrate, on the charge of not attending his parish church, but was set free on 24 Feb. He was again arrested in 1670 at Theddingworth, Leicestershire; in 1672 (though he held a license under the indulgence of that year); and in 1674, while residing at Lubbenham, Leicestershire. On these occasions he escaped with heavy fines. His main assailant was Quartermaster Charles Gibbons, who was drowned at Lutterworth in December 1675.
Notwithstanding his troubles, Shuttlewood contrived to conduct an academy for the education of nonconformist ministers, and has been claimed as the pioneer in this enterprise; but it is not proved or probable that he anticipated Richard Frankland [q. v.], whose academy was opened in March 1670. There is no adequate list of Shuttlewood's students, but their number was considerable. Among them were Matthew Clarke the younger [q. v.], Thomas Emlyn [q. v.], Joshua Oldfield, D.D. [q. v.], and John Sheffield [q. v.] He had the reputation of learning as well as of ability, yet Emlyn's account is that he had ‘very few books, and them chiefly of one sort.’ The chief seat of his academy and of his preaching was Sulby, an extra-parochial district near Welford, Northamptonshire. He died at Creaton, Northamptonshire, on 17 March 1688–9, and was buried in the parish churchyard, where his tombstone bore a Latin inscription. He married, on 26 April 1652, Elizabeth (d. 3 July 1705, aged 70), daughter of Humphrey Carter of Draycot, Derbyshire. His only son, John Shuttlewood (1667–1737), independent minister at Mill Yard, Goodman's Fields, London, left issue, of whom Hannah married, in 1744, Thomas Gibbons [q. v.]
[Calamy's Account, 1713, pp. 423 sq.; Calamy's Continuation, 1727, ii. 587; Memoirs of Emlyn, 1746, p. vi; Protestant Dissenter's Magazine, 1795, p. 490; Palmer's Nonconformist's Memorial, 1802, ii. 395 sq., 477 (account by Gibbons from Shuttlewood's papers); Toulmin's Historical View, 1814, pp. 239, 586; James's History of Litigation respecting Presbyterian Chapels, 1867, p. 691.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warren, Matthew

​WARREN, MATTHEW (1642–1706), nonconformist divine and tutor, younger son of John Warren of Otterford, Somerset, was born in 1642. He was educated at Crewkerne grammar school, and St. John's College, Oxford, where he matriculated on 3 July 1658. At the Restoration he left Oxford with his tutor. After a year at Reading he returned to Otterford, and began to preach. He held no benefice, but was silenced by the Uniformity Act, 1662. After this he employed himself as a tutor.
Warren was one of the first nonconformists who trained students for the ministry. The date at which he began this work is uncertain, but it was not later than 1671, when John Shower [q. v.] entered with him. Among his early pupils was Christopher Taylor (d. 26 Oct. 1723), in whose ordination at Lyme Regis, Dorset, he took part on 25 Aug. 1687. By this time he had removed to Taunton, where, in conjunction with Emanuel Hartford (d. 4 Aug. 1706, aged 65), he founded a dissenting congregation under the declaration for liberty of conscience (1687). At Taunton he continued his academy; his most distinguished pupil was Henry Grove [q. v.] . Warren's own views and methods were old-fashioned, but he encouraged his students to read modern books and promoted biblical criticism. He was very successful in his congregation at Paul's meeting, which is said to have had two thousand adherents; it ranked originally as presbyterian, but is now independent. He died at Taunton on 14 June 1706. His funeral sermon was preached by John Sprint of Milbournport. He was married and left issue. Christopher Taylor wrote a Latin epitaph for him.
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sheffield, John (1654?-1726)

Contains subarticle John Sheffield (fl. 1643–1647)
​SHEFFIELD, JOHN (1654?–1726), nonconformist divine, was born at Ibstock, Leicestershire, about 1654. His father, William Sheffield, M.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge, was rector of Ibstock from 1644 to 1662, sustained a discussion with Samuel, father of Titus Oates [q. v.], and died at Kibworth, Leicestershire, in 1673. Sheffield, after passing through Kibworth grammar school, was put to trade; but his bent was to the ministry, for which he studied under John Shuttlewood [q.v.], following his tutor from one hiding-place to another. On 27 Sept. 1682 he was ordained by Shuttlewood and three other ejected ministers. He began his ministry as chaplain to Mrs. Palmer at Temple Hall, Leicestershire, where a small meeting-house was built for him, and another at Atherstone, Warwickshire (both, probably, in 1689). In 1697 he succeeded Nathaniel Vincent [q.v.] as pastor of the presbyterian congregation in St. Thomas Street, Southwark. He was a friend of Locke, who ​admired his exegetical powers. In the Salters' Hall debates of 1719 [see Bradbury, Thomas, and Pierce, James] he went with the non-subscribers. He died on 24 Jan. 1726, aged 72. He published a tract on salvation and a sermon (1705). His son William was dissenting minister at Buckingham, Windsor (1715–26), and Haverhill, Essex.
John Sheffield (fl. 1643–1647), M.A., of Peterhouse, Cambridge, was probably related to the above. He obtained (1643) the sequestered rectory of St. Swithin, London, to which in 1660 Richard Owen [q. v.] was restored. He retired to Enfield, and in 1665 took the oath prescribed by the Five Miles Act (Reliquiæ Baxterianæ, 1696, iii. 13). He published: 1. ‘A Good Conscience the Strongest Hold,’ 1650, 8vo. 2. ‘The Rising Sun of Righteousness,’ 1654, 12mo. 3. ‘The Hypocrite's Ladder,’ 1658, 8vo. 4. ‘The Sinfulness of Evil Thoughts,’ 1659, 8vo. 5. ‘A Discourse of Excuses,’ 1672 (Calamy).
A. G.
# The Old World in the New/Chapter 6

CHAPTER VI
the slavs
IN the dim east of Europe, far from the vertical beams of civilization, lies the melancholy Slavic world, with its 150,000,000 of human beings multiplying twice as fast and dying twice as fast as the peoples of the West. Since the curtain of history rose, the Slavs have been anvil rather than hammer. Subjugated by the Gauls in the first century B. C., by the Germans early in the Christian era, and by the Avars in the sixth century, they have played no master rôle in history and their very name is a conqueror's insult. In the temper of this race there appears to be something soft and yielding. For all their courage, these peaceful agriculturists have shown much less of the fighting, retaliating instinct than the Britons and the Norsemen.
At a time when western Europe was sending forth armies to rescue the Holy Sepulcher much of Slavland lay still in heathen darkness. Human sacrifices and the practice of suttee did not disappear until the adoption of Christianity. Helmold, a priest of Lübeck, who in 1158 was sent to Christianize the Slavs, speaks of them as a “depraved and perverse nation,” and their country is ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/141 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/142 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/143 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/144 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/145 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/146 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/147 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/148 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/149 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/150 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/151 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/152 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/153 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/154 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/155 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/156 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/157 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/158 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/159 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/160