# Insects, Their Ways and Means of Living

Published as part of the Smithsonian Scientific Series
SMITHSONIAN SCIENTIFIC SERIES
Editor-in-chief CHARLES GREELEY ABBOT, D.Sc. Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution
Published by SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SERIES. Inc. NEW YORK.
The Carolina Locust (Dissosteira carolina), a common American grasshopper. (Enlarged about 2½ times)
INSECTS THEIR WAYS AND MEANS OF LIVING
By Robert Evans Snodgrass United States Bureau of Entomology
VOLUME FIVE OF THE SMITHSONIAN SCIENTIFIC SERIES 1930
Copyright, 1930, by SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SERIES, Inc. [Printed in the United States of America] All rights reserved
Copyright Under the Articles of the Copyright Convention of the Pan-American Republics and the United States, August 11, 1910
| | Preface | i |
| I. | The Grasshopper | 1 |
| II. | The Grasshopper's Cousins | 26 |
| III. | Roaches and Other Ancient Insects | 77 |
| IV. | Ways and Means of Living | 99 |
| V. | Termites | 125 |
| VI. | Plant Lice | 152 |
| VII. | The Periodical Cicada | 182 |
| VIII. | Insect Metamorphosis | 226 |
| IX. | The Caterpillar and the Moth | 262 |
| X. | Mosquitoes and Flies | 314 |
| | Index | 355 |
ILLUSTRATIONS ________
LIST OF PLATES
    The Carolina Locust (Frontispiece)
* Miscellaneous insects
* The Green Apple Aphis
* The Rosy Apple Aphis
* The Apple-grain Aphis
* Nymph of the Periodical Cicada
* Newly emerged Cicada
* Cicada laying eggs
* Egg nests and eggs of the Periodical Cicada
* Two species of large moths
* The Cecropia Moth and the Polyphemus Moth
* The Ribbed-cocoon Maker
* The Peach-borer Moth
* The Red-humped Caterpillar
* The Tent Caterpillar
LIST OF TEXT FIGURES
* Young grasshoppers
* End structures of a grasshopper's body
* Grasshopper laying eggs
* Egg-pods of a grasshopper
* Eggs of a grasshopper
* Young grasshopper emerging from the egg
* Eggs of a katydid
* A young grasshopper
* The growth stages of a grasshopper
* A parasitic fly
* Blister beetles
* A triungulin larva of a blister beetle
* Second-stage larva of a blister beetle
* Examples of Arthropoda
* A "singing" grasshopper
* Another"singing" grasshopper
* The feet of Orthoptera
* Sound-making organs of a meadow grasshopper ​
* Sound-making organs and ears of a conehead katydid
* Auditory organ of a katydid
* A bush katydid
* The oblong-winged katydid
* The angular-winged katydid
* The true katydid
* The katydid in various attitudes
* Sound-making organs of the katydid
* A conehead katydid
* The robust katydid
* The common meadow katy?did
* The handsome meadow katydid
* The slender meadow katydid
* The Coulee cricket
* Wings of a tree cricket
* A mole cricket
* The striped ground cricket
* The common black cricket
* The snowy tree cricket
* Antennal marks of the tree crickets
* The narrow-winged tree cricket
* A broad-winged tree cricket
* Back glands of a tree cricket
* The jumping bush cricket
* The common walking-stick insect
* A gigantic walking-stick insect
* A leaf insect
* The praying mantis
* A shield-bearing mantis
* Egg case ofa mantis
* Common household roaches
* Egg cases of roaches
* Young of the Croton bug
* The house centipede
* Wings of a cockroach
* A Paleozoic forest
* Fossil roaches
* Early fossil insects
* Machilis
* Dragonflies
* A young dragonfly
* A mayfly
* A young mayfly
* The relation of the germ cells and body cells
* External structure of an insect
* Leg of a young grasshopper
* Legs of a honeybee
* Head and mouth parts of a grasshopper
* Internal organs of a grasshopper
* Alimentary canal of a grasshopper
* Heart of an insect
* Respiratory system of a caterpillar
* The brain of a grasshopper
* Nervous system of a grasshopper
* Reproductive organs of an insect
* Ovipositor of a katydid
* Termites
* Termite work in a piece of wood
* Worker and soldier castes and young of a termite
* Heads of termite soldiers
* Winged caste of a termite
* Short-winged reproductive caste of a termite
* A wingless termite queen
* Termite king and queen
* Wing of an ordinary termite
* Wings of a Mastotermes
* Section of an underground termite nest
* Four types of termite nests
* Large termite nest
* Group of aphids feeding
* How an aphis feeds
* Section of the beak of an aphis
* Aphis eggs
* Aphis eggs just before hatching
* Young aphis emerging from the egg
* Young aphids on apple buds
* Young of three species of apple aphids
* Apple leaves infested by green apple aphis
* The green apple aphis
* The rosy apple aphis on apple
* The rosy apple aphis on plantain
* Maie and female of the rosy apple aphis
* Some common aphids of the garden
* A ladybird beetle
* The aphis-lion
* The golden-eye, Chrysopa
* Larva of a syrphus fly feeding on aphids
* Adult syrphus flies
* A parasitized aphis
* An aphis parasite, Aphidius
* A female Aphidius inserting an egg in a living aphis
* Parasitized aphids on parasite cocoons
* A parasitized lady-beetle larva
* A common cicada
* Young nymph of the periodical cicada
* Older nymph of the periodical cicada
* Underground cells of the periodical cicada
* Fore leg of a cicada nymph
* Cicada turrets
* Transformation of the cicada
* Two forms of the periodical cicada
* Male of the periodical cicada
* The head and beak of a cicada
* The sucking organ of a cicada
* Section of a cicada's body
* Sound-making organs of a cicada
* Egg and newly-batched nymph of the cicada
* Young cicada nymph
* Moths of the fall webworm
* The celery caterpillar and butterfly
* The Luna moth
* Life of a cutworm
* A maybeetle and its grub
* Life stages of a lady-beetle
* Life stages of a wasp
* A dragonfly nymph
* Various habitats of plant-feeding caterpillars
* External structure of a caterpillar
* Adult and larval forms of beetles
* Diagram of insect metamorphosis
* Springtails
* A bristletail, Thermobia
* The relation of a pupa to other insect forms
* Muscle attachment on the body wall
* Young tent caterpillars
* Eggs and newly-hatched tent caterpillars
* First tent of young tent caterpillars
* Young tent caterpillars on a sheet of silk
* Mature tent caterpillars feeding
* Mature tent caterpillars
* Twigs denuded by tent caterpillars
* A tent caterpillar jumping from a tree
* Cocoon of a tent caterpillar
* Head of a tent caterpillar
* Jaws of a tent caterpillar
* Internal organs of a caterpillar
* The spinning organs of a caterpillar
* The alimentary canal of a tent caterpillar
* Crystals formed in the Malpighian tubules
* The fat-body of a caterpillar
* Transformation of the tent caterpillar
* Contents of the pupal blood
* Moths of the tent caterpillar
* Head of a tent caterpillar moth
* Head of a peach borer moth
* Transformation of the alimentary canal
* Reproductive organs of a female moth
* Young tent caterpillars in the egg
* A robber fly
* Wings of insects
* The black horsefly
* Mouth parts of a horsefly
* Structure of a fly maggot
* Rat-tailed maggots
* Larva and pupa of a horsefly
* Life stages of a mosquito
* Structure of a mosquito larva
* Mouth parts of a mosquito
* A male mosquito
* Mosquito larvae
* Mosquito pupae
* The female malaria mosquito
* Feeding positions of mosquito larvae
* Life stages of the house fly
* Head and mouth parts of the house fly
* Head of the stable fly
* A tsetse fly
* Head and mouth parts of the tsetse fly
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