OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tobler, Adolf

Edition of 1905. See also Adolf Tobler on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TOBLER, tō′blẽr, Adolf (1835—). A Swiss Romance philologist, born at Hirzel, in the Canton of Zurich, and educated in the schools of that town and at the University of Bonn. In 1867 he became professor at the University of Berlin. His monographs on philological subjects are many, and his researches have contributed greatly to the knowledge of Old French syntax. His publications include: Gedichte von Jehan de Coudet (1860); Mitteilungen aus altfranzösischen Handschriften (1870); Li dis don vrai aniel (1871 and 1884); Vom französischen Versbau alter und neuer Zeit (3d ed., 1894; French translation, 1885); Das Buch der Uguçon des Laodho (1884); Das Sprachgedicht des Girard Pateg (1886); Vermischte Beiträge zur französischen Grammatik (three series, 1886-94); an edition of Li proverbe au vilain (1895).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Helen: A Tale

Edition of 1905. See also Helen (novel) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ HELEN: A Tale. A novel by Maria Edgeworth, published in 1834. It was her last story, and, though not lacking in power, had not the success of her earlier work.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Heis, Eduard

Edition of 1905. See also Eduard Heis on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HEIS, hīs, Eduard (1806-77). A German astronomer, born at Cologne, and educated at Bonn. He taught at Cologne and Aix-la-Chapelle, and in 1852 was appointed professor of mathematics and astronomy at Münster. Heis edited Wöchentliche Unterhaltungen aus dem Gebiete der Astronomie und Meteorologie, and was author of: Atlas Cœlestis Novus, marking all stars visible to the naked eye (1872); Zodiallicht-Beobachtungen (1875); Sammlung von Beispielen und Aufgaben aus der allgemeinen Arithmetik und Algebra (95th ed. 1896); and, with Schweiler, a Lehrbuch der Geometrie, in three volumes.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Heise, Peder

Edition of 1905. See also Peter Arnold Heise on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HEISE, hī'ze, Peder (1830-79). A Danish composer, born at Copenhagen. He studied under Lund, Berggreen, Hauptmann, and Gade. He was a teacher in Copenhagen, and at the Academy of Soröe, and is the author of a number of songs, overtures, cantatas, and sonatas, besides two successful operas. Pashaens Datter (1869) and Drot og Marsk (1878). He also wrote a ballet, and the incidental music to dramas by Ibsen, Munch, and Von der Recke.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hejira

Edition of 1905. See also Hijra (Islam) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HEJIRA, hĕjĭ-rȧ (Ar. hyra, flight, from hajara, to abandon). The flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina to escape the persecution of his kinsmen, the Koreish (see Mohammed), and the starting-point of the Mohammedan Era. The exact day of the flight is uncertain. The custom of dating events with reference to it originated with Mohammed himself, but the calendar was first instituted by Omar, seventeen years after the event, and was made to begin, not with the day of the flight, but with the first day of the year (i.e. the first of the month Muharram) in which it took place, which corresponds with July 16, 622, of the Christian Era. The Mohammedan year is a lunar year, of 354 days, 9 hours, hence about 11 days shorter than the Christian year, and this fact must be borne in mind in computing the date of the Christian calendar corresponding to any given Mohammedan date. An easy rule, which will give the year approximately, is to deduct three per cent. from the Mohammedan year and add the result to 622. Thus the year of the Hejira 1321 will be found to correspond roughly to the year 1903 of the Christian Era (1321 — 40 + 622 = 1903). For more accurate results, consult Wüstenfeld, Vergleichungstabellen der mohammedanischen und christlichen Zeitrechnung, continued by Mahler (Leipzig, 1854-87).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Heir of Linne

Edition of 1905. See also The Heir of Linne on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HEIR OF LINNE, lĭn. A ballad of unknown date and authorship, preserved in Percy's Reliques. It contains the story of a spendthrift who, having sold his patrimony and spent the proceeds, betakes himself to a lodge which alone he has preserved, and by the breaking of the rope with which he tries to hang himself
discovers a hidden treasure, and with it redeems his inheritance.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hele, Peter

Edition of 1905. See also Peter Henlein on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ HELE, hā′le, Peter (1480-1542). A German clockmaker of Nuremberg, who is credited with having made the first pocket timepiece, about 1511. His name is also spelled ‘Hell’ and ‘Henlein.’
# The New International Encyclopædia/Helena (Arkansas)

Edition of 1905. See also Helena, Arkansas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ HELENA. A city and the county-seat of Phillips County, Ark., 82 miles south by west of Memphis, Tenn.; on the Mississippi River, and on the Arkansas Midland, the Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern, and the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley railroads (Map: Arkansas, E 3). It is an important shipping point for lumber, cotton, and cottonseed oil; and has lumber-mills, cotton-compresses, cottonseed-oil mills, foundries, etc. Here on July 4, 1863, General Holmes, commanding a Confederate force of 9000, attacked General Prentiss with a Union army of about 4500, but was repulsed with a loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners of one-fifth his number. Population, in 1890, 5189; in 1900, 5550.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Heinzen, Peter

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Heinzen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HEINZEN, hīn'tsen, Peter (better known as Karl) (1809-80), A German-American author, born at Grevenbroich, and educated at Bonn, whence he was expelled because of his radicalism. After two years in the Dutch Army he returned to Germany, and entered the Prussian Government service. But his contributions to the Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung and to the Rheinische Zeitung excited the displeasure of the Government; both journals were suppressed; his book, Die preussische Büreaukratie (1845), was confiscated, and he escaped trial by flight to Belgium, Switzerland, and finally to America, He returned to take part in the Revolution of 1848; then came once more to the United States; lived in New York, Louisville, Cincinnati, and Boston, and published the very radical organ, the Pionier. His collected works were published at Boston (1868-72), and include: Gedichte; Sechs Briefe an einen frommen Mann; Die Teutschen und die Amerikaner; and The True Character of Humboldt. Many of his writings were published by the Society for the Propagation of Radicalism in the United States — e.g. Rights of Women (1891), and Teutscher Radikalismus in Amerika (1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Heiss, Michael

Edition of 1905. See also Michael Heiss on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HEISS, hīs, Michael (1818-90). An American prelate, Archbishop of Milwaukee. He was born at Pfahldorf, Bavaria, studied at Munich, and was ordained in 1840. Two years later he came to the United States, engaged in missionary work in Kentucky and Ohio, and afterwards at Milwaukee, where he founded the Seminary of Saint Francis, of which he was first rector. He was consecrated first Bishop of La Crosse, Wis., in 1868, and established Saint John's College and other schools in his diocese. In 1880 he was appointed coadjutor to the Archbishop of Milwaukee, and two years later became second Archbishop. He was a member of the Vatican Council of 1869-70.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Beard, William Holbrook

See also William Holbrook Beard on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Beard, William Holbrook, an American portrait and animal painter, was born at Painesville, Ohio, April 13, 1825, and died February 20, 1900. After studying art in Europe, he settled in New York, where he was very successful in painting pictures of animals. He had quite a gift for depicting with humor animal life, and for giving human expression to the faces of his animal subjects. Some of his best known pictures are Kittens and Guinea Pig, Bears on a Bender, Voices of the Night, Who’s Afraid, Raining Cats and Dogs, etc. A collection of his sketches appeared in 1885, with the title: Humor in Animals.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Beauharnais, Eugène de

See also Eugène de Beauharnais on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Beauharnais (bō'är'nā′), Eugène de, a French soldier and statesman, was born at Paris in 1781. His mother (Josephine) became the wife of Napoleon Bonaparte. He held many positions in the French army, and in 1805 was appointed viceroy of Italy, filling the position with ability. He showed courage and military capacity in the campaigns against Austria and Russia. He conducted the retreat from Russia in a masterly manner. After the overthrow of Napoleon, he lived at Munich, the title of Duke of Leuchtenberg being granted him by the king of Bavaria, whose daughter he had married. He died there in 1824.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Beaumont, Francis

See also Francis Beaumont on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Beaumont (bō′mŏnt), Francis, an English dramatist, was born in 1586. He was educated at Oxford University, and afterward studied law, but neglected it for literary work. He became a great friend of the dramatist, John Fletcher, and nearly everything he wrote was in partnership with him. He was also acquainted with Ben Jonson and other writers of the time. The finest of the dramas which the two friends, Beaumont and Fletcher, wrote together are The Maid's Tragedy and Philaster. The Coxcomb and Cupid's Revenge are also well known. Beaumont was one of the most gifted writers of the age of Elizabeth. He died in 1616.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Beaver Falls, Pa.

See also Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Beaver Falls, Pa., a borough of Beaver County, thirty miles northwest of Pittsburg, located on the Beaver River near its junction with the Ohio. It has excellent water power and in addition there is an abundant supply of coal and natural gas; hence it is an important manufacturing point, the principal products being fence wire, nails, shovels, files, saws and other articles manufactured from the finer grades of steel. Pottery is produced to some extent and also glassware. Here is located Geneva College, an institution affiliated with the United Presbyterian denomination, having in attendance a large body of students. Population, 12,191.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Battery (artillery)

See also the disclaimer.
​ Bat′tery. See Artillery.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bear, Greater and Lesser

See also Ursa Major on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bear, Greater and Lesser, two groups of stars or constellations in the northern sky. In the Great Bear are seven very bright stars, forming the “dipper.” The body of the “dipper” is made by four stars forming a quadrangle, the other three, which make the handle, being nearly in a straight line. The straight line which passes through the two stars on the side opposite the handle, passes also very nearly through the pole star; distant about five times the length between the two stars. These two stars are therefore called the pointers. In the Lesser Bear a group of stars also forms a dipper, but the stars are not nearly so bright.
The end of the Little Bear’s tail is the Pole Star, which lies almost exactly over the north pole. The Great Dipper is easily recognized by the star-gazer, and remembering the pointers, then locate the Pole Star, and the Little Dipper may readily be found. In most star-maps these constellations are called by their Latin names, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. See Ball: Starland, also The Story of the Heavens; Moulton: Introduction to Astronomy.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de

See also Pierre Beaumarchais on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Beaumarchais (bō'mär-shā′), Pierre Augustin Caron de, a celebrated French dramatist, was born at Paris in 1732. He became so skilled as a musician that he was appointed to teach the daughters of King Louis XV to play on the harp. He wrote, as a defense of himself against a charge of fraud and forgery, his well-known Memoirs, which is a masterpiece of French writing and gave him quite a reputation. During the American Revolution, he supplied the American army with a large quantity of arms and ammunition, for which he received the warm thanks of Congress, but not the money payment which was promised. One fourth of the debt was paid thirty-six years after Beaumarchais was dead. He was a supporter of the French Revolution, and was obliged to leave France for a time. His greatest drama is The Marriage of Figaro. The Barber of Seville was also very successful. He died at Paris in 1799.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Beaumont, Texas

See also Beaumont, Texas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Beaumont, Texas, a city, the seat of Jefferson County, situated at the head of tidewater navigation on the Neches River on which it does a large trade in the shipment of yellow pine and cypress lumber and shingles via Sabine Pass. It is reached by a number of railroads, including the Sabine and East Houston, Texas and New Orleans and Gulf, Beaumont & Kansas City roads. It lies 83 miles northeast of Houston. Its industries connected with the lumber, oil, foundry and machine shop trades are expanding rapidly and this of recent years has given an impetus to the developing of the city. Population (1910), 20,640.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Battery (electric)

See also Battery (electricity) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Bat′tery (electric), any combination of voltaic cells, whether used for the purpose of furnishing an electric current or merely to produce electrical pressure. For most purposes, the cells of a battery are joined up in series, that is, the positive pole of one cell is connected with the negative pole of the next cell, and so on (as shown in abovebelow cut). But if the object be to make a battery of the least possible resistance, the cells are joined in parallel, that is, all the positive poles are connected together and all the negative poles connected together, thus forming one large cell. If the object be to obtain the largest possible current, then the cells are so arranged as to make the internal and external resistances of the circuit equal.
SIMPLE GALVANIC BATTERY
# The New Student's Reference Work/Beaumont, William

See also William Beaumont on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Beaumont, William, an American surgeon (1785-1853). While he was in the United States army he had to care for a man who had been shot in the left side. The patient got well, but the wound in the side healed without closing up, leaving a large hole through which Dr. Beaumont was able to watch the process of digestion in the stomach. He thus found out and described the action of gastric juice in digestion, the process not being definitely known before. His observations and experiments were of great importance.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Stein, Mark Aurel

Edition of 1905. See also Aurel Stein on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STEIN, Mark Aurel (1862—). An English Orientalist, archæologist, and educator. He was born at Budapest, Hungary. He studied at Vienna and Tübingen, and in England at Oxford and London. In 1888 he was appointed registrar of the Punjab University and principal of the Oriental College at Lahore, and in 1899 principal of the Calcutta Madrasah. He was deputed by the Indian Government to conduct archæological and topographical explorations in Chinese Turkestan. The first results of his discoveries on this journey are published in his Preliminary Report (London, 1901). On his return from
Turkestan he became inspector of schools in the Punjab. Among the more important of his publications are a critical edition of Kalhana's Rājataranginī, or Sanskrit Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir (1892), together with an English translation and commentary on the same (2 vols. 1901); A Classified Catalogue of Sanskrit MSS. in the Raghunath Temple Library, Jammu (1894); and The Sand-buried Cities of Khotan (1903).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Steam Hammer

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​STEAM HAMMER. See Hammer.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Steamer Duck

Edition of 1905. See also Steamer duck on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​STEAMER DUCK, Loggerhead, or Racehorse. A very large duck (Tachyeres cinerus), numerous about the southern extremity of South America, so called on account of its peculiarity of rowing itself along the surface of the water at great speed. This is said to be due to the remarkable fact that this bird loses its power of flight when it reaches maturity.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Steamship

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​ STEAMSHIP. See Steam Navigation.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Stein, Heinrich Friedrich Karl, Baron vom

Edition of 1905. See also Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STEIN, Heinrich Friedrich Karl, Baron vom (1757-1831). A Prussian statesman. He belonged to an old Franconian family, and was born at Nassau. He studied at Göttingen, entered the Prussian civil service, and in 1784 was at the head of the Department of Mines for Westphalia. In 1786 he visited England and made a study of its institutions, and his experiences bore fruit at a later period in his guidance of Prussian affairs. In October, 1804, he entered the Prussian Ministry as chief of indirect imposts, taxes, manufactures, and commerce. He introduced useful reforms in his department, particularly by abolishing various restrictions on the internal trade of the nation; but he was hampered in his endeavors by the spirit of Prussian conservatism. In 1807 he was dismissed from office by the King, but the Peace of Tilsit opened the eyes of the sovereign to the wisdom of Stein's policy, and he was recalled, with the approbation of Napoleon, who had as yet no idea of the deep and earnest patriotism of the Minister. Seeing clearly that, from a military point of view, Prussia was powerless for the moment, he set about developing her internal resources by initiating a series of administrative and political reforms, the principal of which were the abolition of serfdom, with indemnification to the territorial lords; the subjection of the nobles to manorial imposts; promotion in the State service by merit alone, without distinction of caste; and the establishment of a modern municipal system. While he was paving the way for German unity, the Prussian army was being reorganized by Scharnhorst and Gneisenau ( qq.v.) As the result of a letter criticising Napoleon's policy, which was brought to the knowledge of the French Emperor, Stein was obliged to resign (November 24, 1808), and retired to Austria. In danger of being surrendered by Austria to Napoleon, Stein was summoned in 1812 to Russia by the Emperor Alexander, and contributed by his counsels to the formation of the coalition of the German States against Napoleon. After the battle of Leipzig, in 1813, Stein became head of the council for the administration of the reconquered German countries, as well as of the territory which France had annexed west of the Rhine. He was a leader in all the military diplomacy of that stirring time up to the Congresses of Vienna and Aix-la-Chapelle. After his retirement from political life he devoted himself to the promotion of German science and art and formed the society for the study of early German history whose publications are celebrated as the Monumenta Germaniæ Historica. He died at Kappenberg (Westphalia) June 29, 1831. Consult: Seeley, Life and Times of Stein (London, 1879); Pertz, Leben des Freiherrn vom Stein (1885).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Stein, Lorenz von

Edition of 1905. See also Lorenz von Stein on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STEIN, Lorenz von (1815-90). A distinguished German political scientist, born at Eckernförde, in Schleswig. He studied law and philosophy at Kiel and Jena; became a professor in Kiel in 1846; and from 1855 till 1885 was professor of political science at Vienna. He published: Französische Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte (1846-48); System der Staatswissenschaft (1852-56); Lehrbuch der Volkswirtschaft (1858, 1878, 1887); Lehrbuch der Finanzwissenschaft (1885-86).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Steam Heating

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​STEAM HEATING. See Heating and Ventilation.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Steam Pump

See also the disclaimer.
​ STEAM PUMP. See Pumps and Pumping Machinery.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Stein, Charlotte von

Edition of 1905. See also Charlotte von Stein on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STEIN, stīn, Charlotte von (1742-1827). A friend of Goethe. She was platonically intimate with him from 1775 to the time of his Italian journey (1786), by which he won emancipation. To her he addressed the Briefe aus der Schweiz (1779), which are among the classics of travel, and a multitude of letters, first published in 1848, and best edited in the Weimar edition of his Works (1886). Her letters to Goethe were long supposed destroyed, but they have recently been recovered in part. After Goethe's union with Christiane Vulpius there was an estrangement between him and Frau von Stein, gradually overcome later on. Consult: Höfer, Goethe und Charlotte von Stein (Stuttgart, 1878); Düntzer, Charlotte von Stein (ib., 1874).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Richmond (England)

Edition of 1905. See also Municipal Borough of Richmond (Surrey) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RICHMOND. A town in Surrey, England, 8 miles west-southwest of London, on the right bank of the Thames (Map: England, F 5). It is a favorite summer resort for Londoners. The rich and beautiful scenery of the vicinity is seen with advantage from the Terrace, which stretches along the brow of the hill, on the slopes and summit of which the town is built. The banks of the Thames are studded with villas, and around the town are numerous nurseries and kitchen gardens. As Schene or Sheen, Richmond was a royal residence from the time of Edward I. until the reign of James II. To the southeast of the town is Richmond Park, presented to the citizens of London by Charles I. in 1634. Richmond was not incorporated until 1890, but had been favored with a progressive vestry which established a water supply, public baths, and a free library. The municipality has built a fine town hall, artisans' dwellings, technical school, and isolation hospital, and maintains cemeteries, sewage works, and pleasure grounds. Population, in 1891, 26,875; in 1901, 31,677. Consult: Chancellor, Historical Richmond (London, 1885); Garnett, Richmond (ib., 1896).