OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gonçalves Dias, Antonio

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​GONÇALVES DIAS, ANTONIO (1823–1864), Brazilian lyric poet, was born near the town of Caxias, in Maranhão. From the university of Coimbra, in Portugal, he returned in 1845 to his native province, well-equipped with legal lore, but the literary tendency which was strong within him led him to try his fortune as an author at Rio de Janeiro. Here he wrote for the newspaper press, ventured to appear as a dramatist, and in 1846 established his reputation by a volume of poems—Primeiros Cantos—which appealed to the national feelings of his Brazilian readers, were remarkable for their autobiographic impress, and by their beauty of expression and rhythm placed their author at the head of the lyric poets of his country. In 1848 he followed up his success by Segundos Cantos e sextilhas de Frei Antão, in which, as the title indicates, he puts a number of the pieces in the mouth of a simple old Dominican friar; and in the following year, in fulfilment of the duties of his new post as professor of Brazilian history in the Imperial College of Pedro II. at Rio de Janeiro, he published an edition of Berredo’s Annaes historicos do Maranhão and added a sketch of the migrations of the Indian tribes. A third volume of poems, which appeared with the title of Ultimos Cantos in 1851, was practically the poet’s farewell to the service of the muse, for he spent the next eight years engaged under government patronage in studying the state of public instruction in the north and the educational institutions of Europe. On his return to Brazil in 1860 he was appointed a member of an expedition for the exploration of the province of Ceará, was forced in 1862 by the state of his health to try the effects of another visit to Europe, and died in September 1864, the vessel that was carrying him being wrecked off his native shores. While in Germany he published at Leipzig a complete collection of his lyrical poems, which went through several editions, the four first cantos of an epic poem called Os Tymbiras (1857) and a Diccionario da lingua Tupy (1858).
A complete edition of the works of Dias has made its appearance at Rio de Janeiro. See Wolf, Brésil littéraire (Berlin, 1863); Innocencio de Silva, Diccionario bibliographico portuguez, viii. 157; Sotero dos Reis, Curso de litteratura portugueza e brazileira, iv. (Maranhão, 1868); José Verissimo, Estudos de literatura brazileira, segunda serie (Rio, 1901).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Goodman, Godfrey

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​GOODMAN, GODFREY (1583–1656), bishop of Gloucester, was born at Ruthin, Denbighshire, and educated at Westminster and Cambridge. He took orders in 1603, and in 1606 obtained the living of Stapleford Abbots, Essex, which he held together with several other livings. He was canon of Windsor from 1617 and dean of Rochester 1620–1621, and became bishop of Gloucester in 1625. From this time his tendencies towards Roman Catholicism constantly got him into trouble. He preached an unsatisfactory sermon at court in 1626, and in 1628 incurred charges of introducing popery at Windsor. In 1633 he secured the see of Hereford by bribery, but Archbishop Laud persuaded the king to refuse his consent. In 1638 he was said to be converted to Rome, and two years later he was imprisoned for refusing to sign the new canons denouncing popery and affirming the divine right of kings. He afterwards signed and was released on bail, but next year the bishops who had signed were all imprisoned in the Tower, by order of parliament, on the charge of treason. After eighteen weeks’ imprisonment Goodman was allowed to return to his diocese. About 1650 he settled in London, where he died a confessed Roman Catholic. His best known book is The Fall of Man (London, 1616).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pirano

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​PIRANO, a seaport of Austria, in Istria, 22 m. S.W. of Trieste by rail. Pop. (1900), 13,339, mostly Italians. In addition to viticulture and the cultivation of the olive, its principal resources are ship-building and fishing. In the neighbourhood are the most extensive works in Istria for the extraction of salt from the sea-water, which produce about 50,000 tons of salt annually. Pirano is celebrated for the victory of the Venetians over the fleet of the emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1177. It passed under the domination of Venice in 1283 and became definitely incorporated with Austria, together with the other possessions of Venice in the Istrian Peninsula, in 1813.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Piqua

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​PIQUA, a city of Miami county Ohio, U.S.A., on the Miami River and the Miami & Erie Canal, 73 m. W. by N. of Columbus. Pop. (1890), 9090, (1900), 12,172, of whom 901 were foreign-born and 487 were negroes, (1910 census), 13,388. It is served by the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis, and the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railways, and by inter-urban electric lines to Lima, Dayton and Covington. It has a park, a public library and a public hospital. There are quarries of blue limestone in the vicinity. The city has various manufactures the factory products being valued in 1905 at $4,035,706. The municipality owns and operates its waterworks. On or near the site of Piqua was one of the principal villages of the Chillicothe division of the Shawnee tribe, the village also was called Chillicothe. It was destroyed by George Rogers Clark in 1782. A town was laid out here in 1809 under the name of Washington, and the present name, that of another division of the Shawnee tribe, was substituted in 1823. Piqua was chartered as a city in 1846 During the French and Indian War, in 1763 a battle was fought in this vicinity chiefly between the Miamis, Wyandots, Ottawas and other Indian allies of the French and the Delawares, Shawnees, Cherokees, Catawbas and other Indian allies of the English, the English allies making an unsuccessful attempt to drive the French allies from their fortified position, Fort Piqua.
See Henry Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio (Columbus, 1891).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pipit

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​PIPIT (cognate with Lat. Pipio; see Pigeon), the name applied by ornithologists to a group of birds having a great resemblance both in habits and appearance to the larks (q.v.). They differ from larks in several important characters, and, having been first separated to form the genus Anthus, which has since been much broken up, are now generally associated with the wagtails (q.v.) in the Passerine family Motacillidae. Pipits, of which over fifty species have been described, occur in almost all parts of the world, but in North America are represented by only two species—Neocorys spraguii, the prairie-lark of the north-western plains, and Anthus ludovicianus, the American titlark, which last is very nearly allied to the so-called water-pipit of Europe, A. spipoletta. To most English readers the best known species of pipit is the titlark or meadow-pipit, A. pratensis, a bird too common to need description, and abundant on pastures, moors, and uncultivated districts generally; but in some localities the tree-pipit, A. trivialis, or A. arboreus of some authors, takes its place, and where it does so it usually attracts attention by its loud song, which is not unlike that of a canary, but delivered (as appears to be the habit of all the pipits) on the wing and during a short circuitous flight. Another species, the rock-lark, A. obscurus, scarcely ever leaves the sea-coast, and is found almost all round the British Islands. The South-African genus Macronyx, remarkable for the extreme length of its hind claw, is generally placed among the pipits, but differs from all the rest in its brighter coloration, which has a curious resemblance to the American genus Sturnella (see Icterus), though the bird is certainly not allied thereto. (A. N.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Piperonal

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​PIPERONAL (heliotropine, protocatechuic aldehyde methylene ether), C$_8$H$_6$O$_3$, an aromatic aldehyde. It is prepared by oxidizing piperic acid with potassium permanganate (R. Fittig, Ann., 1869, 152, p. 35); by condensing methylene iodide with protocatechuic aldehyde (R. Wegscheider, Monats., 1893, 14, p. 388); or by oxidizing isosafrol with chromic acid. It forms long colourless crystals which melt at 37° C. and boil at 263° C. It has an agreeable smell, resembling that of heliotrope, and is much used in perfumery. It is only slightly soluble in cold water, but is readily soluble in alcohol and in ether. When heated with dilute hydrochloric acid to 200° C. it yields protocatechuic aldehyde, C$_7$H$_6$O$_3$, and carbon. It readily combines with sodium bisulphite and with various bases (ammonia, aniline, methylamine, &c.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Piranesi, Giovanni Battista

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​PIRANESI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, Italian engraver of ancient architectural subjects. was born in the earlier half of the 18th century, and studied his art at Rome. The great remains of that city kindled his enthusiasm and demanded portrayal. His hand faithfully imitated the actual remains of a fabric; his invention, catching the design of the original architect, supplied the parts that were wanting; his skill introduced groups of vases, altars, tombs; and his broad and scientific distribution of light and shade completed the picture, and threw a striking effect over the whole. One engraving after another was executed with much brilliancy; and, as the work went on, the zeal of the artist only waxed stronger. In course of time it was found necessary to call in the aid of all his children and of several pupils. He did not, in fact, slacken in his exertions till his death in 1778.
The plates of Piranesi, in which the severity of burin work is largely supplemented by the freer lines of the etching-needle, were collected and preserved by his son and coadjutor Francesco. They were published, to the number of about 2000, in 29 vols. fol. (Paris, 1835–1837).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moss

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​MOSS, a seaport of Norway, in Smaalenene amt (county), on the east shore of Christiania Fjord, 37 m. S. of Christiania by the Gothenburg railway. Pop. (1900), 8941. Here was signed, on the 14th of August 1814, the convention which united Norway to Sweden. Timber and wood pulp are chief exports, grain and coal are imported. The port affords 13 to 22 ft. of water beside the quays.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mossamedes

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​MOSSAMEDES, a town of Portuguese West Africa, capital of the district of Mossamedes, on the south side of Little Fish Bay (Bay of Mossamedes or Angra do Negro). Pop. about 5000. The harbour affords excellent anchorage. A railway (over 100 m. long) starts from the harbour and crosses the semi-desert coast region to the fertile Chella plateau. Mossamedes is the headquarters of an important fishing industry (see La Géographie, March 1908).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mossley

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​MOSSLEY, a market town and municipal borough in the Prestwich parliamentary division of Lancashire, England, 101/2 m. E.N.E. from Manchester, by the London & North-Western railway. Pop. (1901), 13,452. It lies in the valley of the Tame, close to the junction of the boundaries of Lancashire, Cheshire and Yorkshire, and is surrounded by sharply-rising high ground, especially eastward. The Huddersfield canal passes it. Across the river from the town ancient earthworks (Bucton Castle), of British origin, are seen, and a Roman road passing them, and running north and south is also traceable. Mossley has foundries, mill-works, woollen factories, and large cotton-spinning mills. It was incorporated in 1885, and the corporation consists of a mayor, 6 aldermen, and 16 councillors. Area, 3622 acres.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mostaganem

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​MOSTAGANEM, chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Oran, Algeria, 44 m. E.N.E. of Oran, on a plateau 278 ft. high, half a mile from the Mediterranean coast. The town is separated into European and native quarters by a deep ravine, the Ain Sefra, through which passes a considerable stream. The native quarter, called Tijit, occupies the eastern slopes of the ravine and the level ground above, and is dominated by the kubbas of two marabouts. A railway line, completed in 1889, 122 m. long, connects Mostaganem with Tiaret, the most convenient place for visiting the Jedars monuments. (See Algeria.)
Mostaganem occupies the site of a Roman town. The ancient harbour was destroyed by earthquake in the reign of the emperor Gallien. The present port is entirely artificial. The existing town appears to date from the time of the Almoravides, who built the citadel, now turned into a prison. It passed into the possession of the rulers of Tlemçen and was captured by Arouj Barbarossa in 1516, and became part of his brother Khair-ed-Din’s kingdom. In the 16th century the town enjoyed a period of great commercial prosperity, and its population rose to 40,000. The re-awakening of the town dates from the French occupation in 1833. Pop. (1906) of the town, 19,528, of the commune 22,011, of the arrondissement, comprising 27 communes, 332,684.
In the vicinity of Mostaganem are the Dahra mountains, honeycombed with caves. In 1845, in one of these caves, a French force, commanded by Colonel Pélissier, afterwards commander-in-chief of the French army in the Crimea, destroyed over 800 Arabs—men, women and children—by suffocation, by filling the mouths of the cave with faggots and then setting them on fire.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moszkowski, Moritz

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​MOSZKOWSKI, MORITZ (1854–), Polish musical composer, was born at Breslau, and studied at Dresden and Berlin. He started as a pianist, and had a great success at the chief European centres. He was made a member of the Berlin Academy in 1899. In 1897 he settled in Paris. He became a prolific composer both for pianoforte and for orchestra, but is best known by his Spanish dances, written for four hands on the piano, and his waltzes. His opera Boabdil was performed at Berlin in 1892.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mossop, Henry

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​MOSSOP, HENRY (1729–1774), Irish actor, was born in Dublin, and made his first stage appearance there, at the Smock Alley Theatre, as Zanga in Young’s tragedy, The Revenge, in 1749. His first London appearance was made in 1751 under Garrick’s management, as Richard III. He returned to Ireland in 1759, and, playing with Barry, added to his laurels, but when he attempted management on his own account, he ruined Barry and went bankrupt himself, dying in poverty on the 27th of December 1774.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mossel Bay

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​MOSSEL BAY, the name of a bay, town and division of the Cape province, South Africa. The bay lies midway between Table Bay (Cape Town) and Port Elizabeth roadstead. Like most of the South African bays it does not afford good anchorage. Westward, however, it is sheltered by Cape St Blaize, on which is a lighthouse. The town lies on the west side of the bay, Cape St Blaize stretching beyond to the S.E. Mossel Bay is 250 m. by sea and 312 m. by rail E. by S. of Cape Town. Pop. (1904), 4500. The port ranks fourth in importance among the seaports of the Cape and does a large forwarding trade. Vessels load and discharge by means of lighters. Mossel Bay is a station on the direct Cape Town–Port Elizabeth railway. The Mossel Bay division of the province has an area of 707 sq. m., and a population (1904) of 10,700, of whom 49% were whites.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Most, John

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​MOST, JOHN [JOSEPH] (1846–1906), German-American anarchist, was born in Augsburg, Bavaria, on the 5th of February 1846. He was apprenticed to a bookbinder, worked at this trade in Germany, Austria, Italy and Switzerland in 1863–1868, and then became a writer of Socialist pamphlets and paragraphs, and editor of Socialist sheets in Chemnitz and Vienna, both suppressed by the authorities, and of the Freie Presse in Berlin, being repeatedly arrested for his violent and cynical attacks on patriotism and conventional religion and ethics, and for his gospel of terrorism, preached in prose and in many songs such as those in his Proletarier-Liederbuch (5th ed., 1875). Some of his experiences in gaol were recounted in Die Bastille am Plötzensee: Blätter aus meinem Gefängniss-Tagebuch (1876). In 1874–1878 he was a member of the German Reichstag, but he failed to be re-elected, was expelled by the Socialist organization, went to France but was forced to leave in 1879, and then settled in London. There he founded the “red” organ—it was printed in red—Die Freiheit, in which he expressed his delight in June 1881 over the assassination of Alexander II. of Russia and for this was imprisoned for a year and a half. He then resumed the publication of Die Freiheit in New York. He was imprisoned in 1886, again in 1887, and in 1902, the last time for two months for publishing after the assassination of President McKinley an editorial in which he argued that it was no crime to kill a ruler. He died in Cincinnati on the 17th of April 1906.
See his Memoiren (New York, 1903).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mostar

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​MOSTAR the capital of Herzegovina, situated 81 m. S.W. of Serajevo, on the river Narenta, and on the railway from Serajevo ​to Ragusa. Pop. (1900), about 14,500 including the garrison. Mostar is the seat of Roman Catholic and Orthodox bishops, a district court, and an Austrian garrison. Half Turkish, half Italian in character, it commands the gateway through which all heavy traffic must pass on the seaward road. A single arch of great beauty, 891/2 ft. in span, and 61 ft. high, leads to the Roman Catholic quarter, on the right bank of the river. This bridge has been the theme of many legends, and its origin has been much debated. Probably it was built by the Turks, in the 15th or 16th century, after Italian designs; but some antiquaries ascribe its foundation to the Romans. Since 1881, when an iron bridge was opened, its use has been confined to foot passengers. Mostar possesses a gymnasium, a school of viticulture, and a massive Orthodox cathedral.
The present name of the city has been derived from the Serbo-Croatian most, a bridge, and star, old. Its earlier Slavonic name was Vitrinicha. Whether it may be identified with Pons Vetus, Andretium, Bistuae, Saloniana, or Sarsenterum, it certainly dates from Roman times. Mostar was enlarged in 1440 by Radivoi Gost, mayor of the palace to Stephen, first duke of St Sava. Immediately on their conquest of Herzegovina it was chosen by the Turks as their headquarters. The environs of the city are interesting. Within a few miles are the sources of the Buna, a small affluent of the Narenta, which issues from a cavern at the foot of Podvelež, amid scenery celebrated for its wild grandeur.
See Sir G. Wilkinson, Dalmatia and Montenegro (London, 1848), vol. ii. (view and plan at pp. 59, 60); J. Asboth, An Official Tour through Bosnia and Herzegovina (London, 1890), pp. 255–262; and R. Munro, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 179–188.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prabhu

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​PRABHU, the writer caste of Western India, corresponding to the Kayasth of Bengal. Though numbering only 21,941 in Bombay in 1901, they occupy a very high position socially and in the professions. The first Indian to be appointed to the executive council at Bombay was a Prabhu, of the well-known Chaubal family.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pozharevats

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​POZHAREVATS (also written Passarowitz and Požarevac), a town in Servia, situated in the Morava valley, 4 m. E. of the Morava river and 8 m. S. of the Danube. The station for steamers, Dubravitsa, with its custom-house, standing on the banks of the Danube, forms practically the harbour of Pozharevats. The town has no special industry, but is the principal market of a very extensive and fruitful plain between the rivers Morava, Mlava and Danube. It is the capital of a department bearing the same name, and the seat of a prefecture, a tribunal of justice, a college and several national or normal schools. It has a large modern penitentiary, with a department for political offenders and a prison for women. Two miles to the west, towards Morava, is situated Lubichevo, a model farm and stud belonging to the government. The shady park and flower gardens are a popular resort of the people of Pozharevats. The town is known in the history of international treaties as the place at which the famous peace of Passarowitz between Austria and Turkey was concluded in 1718. Pop. (1900), 12,957. Lignite is worked at Kostolats, 7 m. N. by E., and' the hills between Pozharevats and Kostolats show many traces of Roman mines. A number of coins, sarcophagi and inscriptions found in the neighbourhood are also Roman.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pozzuoli

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​POZZUOLI (anc. Puteoli, q.v.), a seaport and episcopal see of Campania, Italy, in the province of Naples, 7½ m. W. of it by rail. Pop. (1906), 17,017 (town), 22,838 (commune). It is situated on and at the base of a hill projecting into the bay at Pozzuoli, separated from the main portion of the Gulf of Naples by the promontory of Posilipo. Its mineral baths are frequented in summer; and the volcanic pozzolana earth (also found near Rome), used now as in Roman times for making cement and concrete, derives its name from the place. In the middle ages Pozzuoli was frequently sacked and also damaged by the natural convulsions of 1198 and 1538. To the north-east of the town is the Solfatura, a half extinct volcano crater in which sulphurous gases are exhaled.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pozoblanco

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​POZOBLANCO, a town of southern Spain in the province of Cordova, near the head-waters of the Guadamatillas and of other small sub-tributaries of the Guadiana. Pop. (1900), 12,792. Pozoblanco is one of the chief towns in the lowlands of Los Pedroches, which lie between the Sierra de la Alcudia on the north and the Sierra Morena on the south. Although there is no railway in the district, Pozoblanco has a thriving trade. Its fairs are famed for their exhibits of live stock and agricultural products. There are zinc and argentiferous lead mines in the neighbourhood, and manufactures of cloth and leather in the town itself.