# History of the Spanish Conquest of Yucatan and of the Itzas/Appendices
### The Question of Orthography

POSSIBLY the reader has noted in these pages a tendency toward inconsistency in the matter of spelling proper names. I do not deny that I have failed to avoid such inconsistency, but at the outset, after due thought on the matter, I decided that it is most difficult to try and lay down any hard and fast rule for the spelling of the proper names used in this book. In many cases it is utterly impossible to say “This is the correct spelling of this name.” To show just the nature of the sort of orthographical variations encountered in this work I give here most of the variants of the name Itza.
| Itza | usual modern form |
| Itzae | Maler, 1910, p, 168 |
| Itzaob | Brasseur aa Bourbourg, 1858, vol. ii, p. 13 |
| Itzaex | Villagutierre |
| Ytza | Cogolludo and Avendaño |
| Ytzaex | Cogolludo and Avendaño |
| Ytzalana | Cogolludo and Avendaño |
| Yiza | On some church bells at Los Dolores (Morley) |
| Ahiza | Cano |
| Ahizaes | Cano |
| Taiza | Cortes, Lizana, 1893, p. 120 |
| Taitza | Brinton, 1882, p. 25 |
| Tayca | Gomara, 1826, vol. ii, p. 138 ff. |
| Ahitzaes | Jose Sanches de Leon, p. 146 |
| Ayasal | Garcia de Palacio (Gates-Bowditch photographed MS.) |
| Ayajal | Garcia de Palacio, 1860 (Squier), p. 96 |
| Yzues | Ottens Atlas, 1740; Sanson d'Abbeville, 1656 |
| Tavasal | M. Bonne M. de Mathem, 1771 |
| Tayasal | Maler; Bellin, 1764; Charnay, etc. |
| Iguastal | Abbé Mongez, 1779 |
| Laguastal | Popples' map, about 1740 |
Many of the other proper names have variations just as confusing as these.

### The Dialect of Peten

THIS Appendix is a translation of a MS. written by Dr. Berendt at Sacluk in 1866-1867. The original is in Spanish, but for the sake of consistency I have translaeed it. In some cases Dr. Berendt's clear and beautiful script has become blurred either through exposure to dampness or from some other cause. In such a case I have hazarded a guess if it seemed safe to do so, otherwise I have left a blank
The MS. is in the Brinton Collection in the Library of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and I wish to acknowledge the kindness of Dr. G. B. Gordon in giving me permission to publish it here.
    The dialect of Peten is spoken in the Partido de las Sabanas at Villages:
       Guadalupe Sacluk, Tziché, Chilonché S. Juan de Dios, Oxpayac, Simaron, Chachachurun, Santa Ana, Juntecholol.
    It is spoken in the Partido de Dolores at
       Dolores, Machaquita, Petenzuc, Poctun, San Toribio, Yaxché (=Yaxha?), San Luis.
    And in the Partido del Centro}} at
       San José. In the other villages of the Partido del Centro, and in that of San Antonio, the Yucatec dialect is spoken. In the Partido de la montaña or of Holmul is spoken the dialect of the East.
| PETEN | | YUCATAN |
| juyu | a small basin for pounding corn | huyub |
| majaz | fiber....? | |
| xemech | an earthenware pan for cooking maize | xamach |
| ma yaan | there is none | minan |
| uneec | a seed | hinah |
| chulul | the bow for shooting and the material of which it is made.... | |
| hŏŏk | a large fish-hook coxti hŏŏk....we are going to fish (?) | |
| litz | a small fish-hook cox ti man litz....we are going to buy a fish-hook | lutz, fish-hook |
| lutz | lazy (said of an animal) | |
| holé | yesterday | holhe |
| meyah | to work | manyah |
| ten in Ͻah hunpel tomin ti a Juan | I give John a real | ten in Ͻaic hunpel tomin ti Juan |
| ten cin hanal | I eat | hanal in cah |
| chumac | wild-cat | chamac |
| Ͻűt | a long sack of palm leaves or of broom-plant fiber | naza |
| Ͻit | very small tamales | |
| yaax apat | royal palm | |
| ichcil or ichnil | to bathe | |
| in thǎ | my forehead | in lec |
| pichi | guava (?) | pachi |
| chuh | calabash of water (this line is crossed out in the text) | |
| nah | house; holnah, door; bah, mole (?) | na-holna-ba |
| pah | chicken louse, leh, snare | pa- te- |
| tuh | stinking, obscene | tu |
| uh | the moon | u |
| coh | a tooth | co |
| cih | henequen | qi |
| beh | a road, a path | be |
| ya in tzem | I am in doubt (?) | ya in tzem |
| tacté | a pine tree | tahte |
| (several illegible words occur here) |||
| nak xaan | | |
| Ͻu or chichan Ͻu | small unweaned child | chuchul paal |
| in nochil | my child (used by the Lacandones) | |
| tanché | a beam | tanche |
| puluoc | a small dove | |
| (xamach) pek | a wall | pak |
| ahmenché | a carpenter | ahmentahche |
| taman | a sheep, they also say teme | tanam |
| top | any flower | nicte, lol |
| taz la top e | he is bringing a flower | taler nicte |
| cox ti meyaj | we are going to work | cox ti menyah |
| bax le lo? or bax la je lo? | who is that? | |
| max cutal? | who is coming? | |
| xen a thone a Juan | go and call John | |
| u tat ix Maria | the father of Mary | |
| baai | a bag made of netting; also called champa | |
| yampaj | (illegible) | |
| PETEN | | YUCATAN |
| ma t'in patal | I cannot | |
| ma in uojel | I do not know | |
| uai | arm (almost illegible) | |
| bax u caa or bax u cuci | why or because |
| bax tal? | why? | |
| cox ti pakach or cox ti pekech | we are going to make tortillas (tortillar) | |
| tux yankin? | where is the sun? | tabx yan kin |
| tux ca bin? | where are you going? | tab a benerl (t) |
| jamach a katic? | how much do you want? what do you ask? | |
| jamach nah yan tech? | how many tortillas have you? | |
| jamach uinic tan ilah ti be? | how many men have you seen on the road? | bahun uinicol t an ilah ti be? |
| (One illegible phrase here) |||
| bix le lo? | how is that? | |
| bix yanil ech? | how are you? | bicx a cah? |
| bax a kati? | what do you want? | |
| bax akaba? | what is your name? | |
| max u thinic en? | who is calling me? | |
| max cin Ͻic tü? | to whom am I to give it? | |
| mayan ja | there is no water | manaan ja minan ja |
| xturuhui | yellow (or jaundice; text says amarillo) | |
| nicté | white | |
| chacnicté | red | |
| quĭj | henequen | yaxci |
| yǎ | a small sapote (?) | zaya |
| ten cin bin ich cah, | I am going into the village | |
| kayem | gruel made of corn flour | keyem |
| iz Ͻit | a small tamale made with new corn | |
| culen | sit down (imperative) | culen, sit down! cultal, to sit down |
| liken | get up (imperative) | likil, to get up |
| (several illegible words follow) |||
| thuth | I weep (perhaps it means dark brown - loro) | |
| (several more illegible words) |||
| sac | fear | zahaal, fear |
| sac en | I am afraid, I fear | zahal, to fear |
| saccep | timorous | abzahet, timerous |
| mac | people | uinic |
| bizit | that part of an animal... (illegible)... which is composed of the lower part of the spine | |
| cŏŏb | (meaning illegible) | coc |
| PETEN | | YUCATAN |
| paklam | prickly pear (?) (Text has stapal y tuna) | pakam |
| kuchune | the whorl (jicarita) which they use for spinning | |
| cucut | a mountain fruit... (illegible)... like a small plantain | |
| kat or ket | flat earthen bowl set before an idol | cat |
| (An illegible word) |||
| chim | a knapsack (mochila) | |
| zuzich | to cut off the grains from a cooked ear of corn; and also the grains thus cut off | zuz, to plane |
| chaac | let it go! (sueltalo) | |
| chaac la tzimine | set the horse free! (suelta el caballo) | |
| bet | hail | bat |
| punab | mahogany (caobana) | |
| hach nohoch punab | how big the mahogany tree is! | |
| chulul | the bow for shooting | |
| tzaan | the cord of the bow | |
| teztan | the bow used in the reverse (with the cord on the convex side) (?) | |
| cec che | an arrow with a tooth or jog | |
| pocté | an arrow with a point of clay | |
| yaxapat | the royal palm (from the Lacandones?) | |
| thahaan | the muscular part of the thumb | |
| Ͻunum | a bird | |
| Ͻununté | laurel, a mountain bush | |
| hubuché | a mountain bush; the leaves.... (illegible) | |
| tanai | a species of cane or bamboo.... very large | |
| tuϽ | (meaning illegible) | |
| jōǒle | yesterday | holhe |
| zamal | tomorrow | |
| cui | (meaning illegible) | |
| chepetz | bread of new maize | |
| uokekuch | a stick used in weaving | |
| (Several illegible and obscurely translated words) |||
Phrases. (only those with meanings given in the text appear here) :
| Bax a kati? | What do you want? mix baal in kati I want nothing |
| Bax yan tech? | What have you? What is the matter? Yan ten ya ti paczikal I have a stomach-ache |
| Bax cu taxic ah Pedro? | What is Peter bringing? Talez ha He is bringing water |
| Bax caualic? | What are you saying? |
| In some case two forms for the same thing appear, as: ||
| yax apat and yaxapat | royal palm |
| cih and quǐ | henequen |
| holé and jōǒle | yesterday |
| beh and be | road |
* ↑ To judge by the haphazard way in which the words and phrases contained in the MS. are set down, and taking into consideration the informal nature of the MS. itself, this vocabulary was intended by Dr. Berendt merely to act as a field glossary and phrase book. Despite its incompleteness and formlessness, however, it is of value for us because it is the only known glossary of the Itza dialect.

### The Maps of Yucatan, 1501–1800

WHILE I was at work on the main body of this book my attention was drawn to the question of cartography by Dr. Edward Luther Stevenson of New York. I decided that it would be worth while to try and compile a list of all the early maps of Yucatan. It would be folly for me to claim that the list I give here is complete; it is, however, at least as complete as any such list now existing. No attempt has been made to list all the modern maps of the area; neither has there been any attempt to include maps of limited portions of the peninsula. A selection from the immense amount of material given by Pedro Torres Lanzas has, however, been made, and the notes made by Dr. Tozzer in Seville are appended.
THE MAPS OF YUCATAN ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
1502 ? PORTUGUESE.
    Valentini (1898, 1902) refers to this map as being dated either in 1493 or 1502. There is little doubt that this map is misdated for the following reasons:
    1. The information contained in the map is so full that it cannot have been earlier than 1520.
    2. The nomenclature is mainly “sailor names” and therefore inconclusive.
    3. The alleged Yucatan runs from its nearest point to Cuba northwardly, not southwardly. It is my belief that the peninsula in question is meant for Florida, and that it is too far west.
    4. The whole style of the map is comparable to that of the following well-known ones: Turin-Spanish, 1523-25; Wolfenbüttel-Spanish, 1525-30; Maggiolo, 1527; Verrazano, 1529; Weimar-Spanish, 1527. It is far more full and accurate than Maggiolo, 1519. Therefore it cannot date from before 1520, and probably not from before 1525.
ca. 1501-02 RICHARD KING PORTOLAN (Hamy Coll.).
    Has Cuba and other West Indies, also eastern portions of South America, neither Mexico nor Yucatan.
1502-04 CANTINO (Stevenson, 1903).
    Has Cuba, etc. No Mexico and Yucatan.
​1507 WALDSEEMÜLLER.
    America first so called. Its presence is indicated, but its shape is not defined. Florida, Cuba, and Brazil appear; Mexico and Yucatan do not.
1508 PTOLEMY, ED. RUYSCH, ROME (Nord. XXXII).
    America shown as a vague archipelago in the Pacific. It is not named.
1512 PTOLEMY, ED. JOANNES DE STOBINICZA, CRACOW (Nord.).
    America is indicated but not named.
1514 LODOVICUS BOULENDER (Nord.).
    America shown by name and called “Nova reperta.”
1515 GREGORIUS REISCH, STRASSBURG (Nord.).
    No Yucatan
1516 WALDSEEMÜLLER
    See 1507.
1516-20 MUNICH-PORTUGUESE
    Has no Yucatan.
1519 MAGGIOLO.
    See 1527.
1520 PETRUS APIANUS (Nord.).
    Has no Yucatan.
1523-25 TURIN-SPANISH (E. L. S.).
    The general outline of Yucatan is recognizable. There is a gap on the south of Yucatan where the isthmus should be. All the names save Cozumel are wrong.
1527 MAGGIOLO (E. L. S.).
    The shape of Yucatan is all wrong, and Yucatan is shown as a rather small island far from the mainland. no names.
1527 WEIMAR-SPANISH (E. L. S.).
    Yucatan is a peninsula. Isthmus is roughly drawn and too narrow. “gotoche” (Catoche, “y. demuJeres” (Isla de Mujeres), and “cocumel” (Cozumel), etc. At the isthmus is a name which possibly may be Ytza; it is very indistinct.
1528? BENEDETTO BORDONE, VINEGIA (Nord.).
    Has no Yucatan
1529 RIBERO (E. L. S.).
    Has Yucatan as a large island near to the mainland, with Hibueras (Higueras = Honduras) correctly located.
1529 VERRAZANO (E. L. S.).
    Has the general outlines of Yucatan approximately correct, but there is a large gap at the southern part.
1525-30 WOLFENBÜTTEL-SPANISH (E. L. S.).
    Yucatan a large island very close to the mainland. Cf. Ribero, 1529.
1530 VERRAZANO'S GLOBE.
    Shows Yucatan as an island.
​1530? ANONYMOUS CARTA DE LAS ANTILLAS, SENO MEJICANO Y COSTAS DE TIERRA FIRMA. CARTAS DE INDIAS 1877.
    Yucatan is shown as a peninsula. Merida does not appear. Campeche is written “Campeci,” and Mexico “Mesico.” It seems to be a map of the same period as the Weimar-Spanish, 1527.
1531 ORONTIUS FINÆUS (Nord.).
    Yucatan (called Iucatanus) shown as an island.
1532 SIM. GRYNÆUS NOVUS ORBIS, BASILEÆ (Nord.).
    Cuba and America confused. Yucatan not named, but indicated as a part of Cuba, which lies where Mexico should. There is a break in the isthmus.
1534? MALARTIC PORTOLAN.
    Has Yucatan as an island far from mainland with a dense archipelago instead of an isthmus.
1534 PETRUS MARTYR, VINEGIA (Nord.).
    Yucatan an island with dense archipelago in lieu of isthmus.
1536 MERCATOR
    Yucatan a peninsula.
1538 GERARDUS MERCATOR (Nord.).
    Yucatan named and an island.
1539? PORTULAN OF CHARLES V, in WIENER, 1875.
    Has Yucatan a round island a good way from mainland on three different maps.
1540 PTOLEMY, BASEL (Nord.).
    Yucatan shown as an island.
1542 ALONSO DE SANTA CRUZ, in DAHLGREN, 1892.
    Shows Yucatan as a peninsula, but makes east coast run nearly east and west.
1543 CASPAR VOPEL (Nord.).
    Yucatan shown as an island.
1548 PTOLEMY, VENICE (Nord.).
    Yucatan shown as an island, not named.
1551 APPIANUS.
    Has Yucatan as a peninsula.
1554 GASTALDI, MAPPAMUNDI, VENICE (Müller Coll.).
    Has Yucatan a peninsula, but has no names save Cozumel and Catoche.
1556 HIERONIMO GIRAVA, MILAN (Nord.).
    Yucatan is a peninsula, but much too small.
1560 FERRANDO BERTELI (Müller Coll.).
    Yucatan (called Lucātan) is an island close to the mainland.
1562 MARTINES, JOAN, MAP OF THE WORLD (in Stevenson, 1911).
    Yucatan is shown as a peninsula. The isthmus is too narrow.
1566? LANDA (see Plate IV).
    This map, notwithstanding its inaccuracies, is interesting and valuable. It appears in the original MS. of Bishop Landa's famous work. ​The remarks as to distances, in the southwest corner, are, of course, entirely erroneous. Also it should be noted that Cozumel (i.e., Cuzmil) and Las Mujeres are placed on the wrong side of the peninsula. One of the most interesting points about the map is that it gives Mani as “The city of the King.” This is undoubtedly a reference to the Tutul Xius whom we have mentioned in the body of this book.
1566? LANDA (see Plate V).
    This smaller map is much like the foregoing one. But it fails to include such place names as Ychpa, Chicheniza, Mani, and so on. At the same time a slight improvement is to be noted in the location of Cozumel, though one is at a loss to account for the placing of Cape Catoch.
1570 ORTELIUS, THEATRUM ORBIS TERRARUM.
    Shows Yucatan as a peninsula; calls Merida Atalaria, Cozumel Acasumal, etc.
1572 THOMASO PORCACCHI DA CASTIGLIONE, VENICE.
    Has Yucatan as a peninsula.
1576 ANOTHER EDITION OF PORCCACHI DA CASTIGLIONE.
1581 PLANO DEL PUEBLO DE MUTUL, EN LA PROVINCIA DE YUCATAN, TERMINOS DE LA CIUDAD DE MERIDA. POR MARTIN DE PALOMAR? TORRES LANZAS, i, 33.
    This map accompanies the Relaciones de la Provincia de Yucatan. Published by the Real Academia de Historia in 1898.
1584 ANOTHER EDITION OF ORTELIUS.
1587 MERCATOR (Nord.).
    Yucatan a peninsula named either Atalanta or Atalania (print indistinct).
1590 JOANNES MYRITIUS, OPUSCULUM GEOGRAPHICUM RARUM, INGOLDSTADT (Nord.).
    Yucatan not named. There is a projecting territory which, because of a large bay running in from the north, looks not unlike a U. Possibly the bay is the Laguna de Terminos shown too large.
1603 GULIELMUS NICOLAI BELGA, GLOBE, LYONS (Müller Coll.).
    Yucatan an island far from the mainland. Cozumel much too large and close to western end of Cuba.
1605 WILLEM JANSZOON BLAEU, WORLD MAP (original in Hispanic Museum, New York City).
    Yucatan shown as peninsula. Tabasco appears in the middle of the isthmus.
1608 MATTHIAS QUADUS, FASCICULUS GEOGRAPHICUS, KÖLN (Nord.).
    Hispania Nova. Yucatan a peninsula, but not named.
1611 HONDIUS WORLD-MAP (E. S. L.).
    General shape of Yucatan approximately correct. Tabasco is shown in the middle of the isthmus. Atalana in northeast corner of Yucatan.
​1613 MERCATOR, ED. IUDOCI HONDIJ, AMSTERDAM.
    Yucatan a peninsula
1620 ANOTHER EDITION OF PORCACCHI DA CASTIGLEONE
1631 JOHN SPEED (London ?).
    Yucatan shown as a peninsula.
1635 WILLEM JANSZOON BLAEU, AMSTERDAM (E. L. S.).
    Yucatan shown as a peninsula.
1638 ANOTHER EDITION OF MERCATOR.
1656 MEXIQUE OU NOUVELLE ESPAGNE, PAR M. SANSON D'ABBEVILLE, PARIS.
    Shows Merida and Valladolid with the YZUES between them, and with the COCOMES between Valladolid and L. Bacalar. Southern portions of Yucatan very poorly shown.
1667 BLAAUW, AMSTERDAM, YUCATAN AND GUATIMALA.
    A very good map for the time. It shows accurately what were then thought to be the facts. Merida, Conil, Chuaca, Valladolid, Campeche, Bacalar, and Chetumal all nearly correctly placed. Just south of Merida are the YZAES and just south of them the COCOMES. The isthmus is too elongated and runs too much east and west. The Zoques given.
1671 ARNOLDUS MONTANUS, AMSTERDAM
    A shameless “steal” from the preceding. (Montanus may, however, make acknowledgement in his text.) Practically identical with Blaauw, 1667.
1689 EDWARD WELLES, LONDON.
    Has Merida, Valladolid, Campeachy, and Vera Pax. Also Guatimala.
1694 JAILLOT'S MAP IN ALLARD'S ATLAS MINOR.
    Has Merida, Valladolid, Campeche, Chetumal, Salamanca, Vera Pax, etc.
ca. 1697 AVENDAÑO'S MAP. (See Plates Ia and Ib.)
    Shows Lake Peten.
1702 ATLAS MARITIMUS NOVUS, LONDON.
    Has coasts only. Fairly correct.
1714 or just before POPPLE, LONDON.
    Has Merida and LAKE PETEN rightly placed.
1720 MATTEO SEUTTER, ATLAS NOVUS, AUGSBURG.
    Very poor. Gives few names. Southern portion of Yucatan much too narrow. No lake.
1722 “PLANO DE PARTE DE LA COSTA DE YUCATHAN... LA QUE VISITÓ SU GOBERNADOR Y CAPITAN GENERAL D. ANTONIO CORTAYRE, AÑO 1721. TORRES LANZAS, i. 88.
    Coast with Merida in south, Cacalchen Tilam in east, Sisal in west; shows possible defense of the roads. Drawn with care as to the details; colored; trees near coast.
1728 ATLAS MARITIMUS ET COMMERCIALIS, LONDON.
    Has “Jucatan” and Campeche, but not much else. ​1729 PIERRE VANDER AA, LEYDEN.
    Copied exactly from Blaauw, 1667, and Montanus, 1671. The Choles appear in addition to the Zoques (who are on the other two maps). Latitude and longitude have also been added.
1740 MIGUEL DE GUZMAN, PICTURE MAP OF PETEN, IN TORRES LANZAS. (See Plate II.)
1740 ATLAS NOUVEAU, BY JEAN COVENS ET CORNEILLE MORTIER (Boston Athenaeum).
    Map of Yucatan by Popple, in colors. Has, among other places, Sisal, Quyo, Merida, Valladolid, Lago de Bacalal, Thub, Salamanca, Chuckabul, PETEN LAKE, with LAGU-ASTAL on the southern bank, Verapax, etc. Lake too far east. Cf. Popple, 1714.
1740 OTTENS, ATLAS NOUVEAU, AMSTERDAM (vol. iv.).
    Has the Yzues between Merida and Valladolid, and the Cocomes south of them. Cf. 1656, 1667, 1671.
1746 HAZIUS AND LOWITZ, ATLAS (Harvard College Library).
    Has a very good map of Yucatan which shows in full the results to geography of the conquest of the Itza-Peten-Quehache region in 1697. The map shows, among other places, the following: Merida, Linchanchi, Sisal, Cujo, Bocas de Conil, Valladolid, Bacalar, Campeche, CHAVICH, QUEHACHES, TIPU, BATCAB, CHANES, ITZA, PETEN O LOS REMEDIOS, CHAXAL RIVER, MOPAN, Chol, Coban, etc. LACANDON and LOS DOLORES are located northwest of the lake.
1746 PLANO Y DEMARCACIÓN DEL CAMINO Y DISTANCIA DESDE LA CIUDAD DE MERIDA DE YUCATAN HASTA LA LAGUNA DE BACALAR... DESDE EL PUEBLO DE CHUNHUHUB A LA LAGUNA AY 35 LEGUAS DE DESPOBLADO... AÑO 1746. TORRES LANZAS, i, 114.
    Shows all the towns on the road from Merida to Bacalar.
1746 PLANO DEL RIO HONDO QUE SE COMUNICA CON LA LAGUNA DE BACALAR... TORRES LANZAS, i. 115.
    Little detail.
1751? PLANO DE LOS TRES RIOS DE BALIZ NUEVO Y HONDO CITUADOS ENTRE EL GOLFO DULCE O PROVINCIA DE GOATEMALA, Y LA DE YUCATAN.... LA CITUACION DEL REAL PRESIDIO DE SAN PHELIPE DE BACALAR, EL CAMINO QUE DE EL VA A LA CAPITAL DE MERIDA, LA LAGUNA DEL PETEN ITZA.... TORRES LANZAS, i, 143.
    Drawn with great detail, especially as regards coast line and islands. Northern portion of coast of Guatemala west to Peten, north to Bacalar. This is the road treated of by Villagutierre, Cogolludo, and Avendaño.
1764 JAQUES NICOLAS BELLIN, PARIS? (Cong. Lib.).
    The northern portions of Yucatan need no comment. In the south we find: Quehaches, Chenes, Batcab, Nohukum R., Tipu, Coboxes, Lac de Puc, Chaltuna, Alain, ITZA, Mopanes, Choles, etc. The lake is too far east.
​1771 CARTE DU MEXIQUE, MR. BONNE M. DE MATHEM, PARIS (Harvard College Library).
    Gives Merida, Valladolid, Campeche, Sacahuchen (=Sahcabchen?), Tikax, Bacalar, Tzuthok, Salamanca, Sumasinta, TAVASAL, etc.
1773 ATLAS PORTATIF, BELLIN, AMSTERDAM (Harvard College Library).
    Much like Bellin, 1764.
1779 ABBÉ MONGEZ, ATLAS, PARIS (vol ii).
    Map of Yucatan has Merida, Valladolid (wrongly placed), Salamanca de Bacalar (wrongly placed), Quehaches, L. DE PUC with IGUASTAL in it.
1783 BRION DE LA TOUR, L'AMÉRIQUE SEPTENTRIONALE, PARIS (Cong. Lib.).
    Much like Bellin, 1764.
1785 GUTHRIE, LONDON.
    Lake is too far east and is not named.
1801 TOMAS LOPEZ, MADRID, MAP OF YUCATAN IN 4 SHEETS (Cong. Lib.).
    A large and valuable map which contains many names, routes, lakes, rivers, etc. The distances and outlines of the land masses are inaccurate. There is a list of the Curatos and Visitas of Yucatan.
1854 DUDLEY, COSTELLO, MAP OF YUCATAN, in FANCOURT, 1854, and MACNUTT, 1908.
    A clear and useful map with a few minor mistakes.
1864 V. A. MALTE-BRUN, CARTE DU YUCATAN, PARIS.
    A reliable and invaluable modern map with many place names, routes, etc.
1878 MAPA... DE YUCATAN, POR JOAQUIN HOBBE, ANDRÉS AZNAR PEREZ Y... C. HERMANN BERENDT.
    The best and largest and fullest map of Yucatan.
1902 GUATEMALA, BY M. HENDGES, BUREAU OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS, 1902.
    The best map of Guatemala. It has proved very valuable.
1915 MAP OF THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO. PAN AMERICAN UNION, 1915.
    Also a very trustworthy map.
From the foregoing list of maps the following interesting points are to be gleaned:
* Yucatan does not appear on any map prior to 1523-1525. From the time of its first discovery Yucatan was believed to be an island. Maps vary greatly as to what sort of an island it was.
* In 1527 the Weimar-Spanish map shows Yucatan for the first time as a peninsula. Probably the maker of this map derived his information from someone who had been with Cortes in 1514-1525. The name Ytza appears on the isthmus; it is so faint as to be almost illegible, but I think I have deciphered it correctly.
* From 1529 (Ribero) to 1548 (Venice “Ptolemy”) geographical ​knowledge of Yucatan falls off badly. With only two exceptions (Mercator, 1536, and Santa Cruz, 1542) the maps of this period show Yucatan as an island more or less remote from the mainland. I think that the comparative accuracy of Alanso de Santa Cruz is accounted for by the fact that he was official cartographer to the crown of Castile and that he had official information of Montejo's explorations, 1516-1541.
* From 1551 onward Yucatan is usually shown as a peninsula; but even so late as this there are exceptions such as Ferrando Berteli, 1560, and Gulielmus Nicolai, 1603, whose inaccuracies are many.
* In Sanson d'Abbeville, 1656, the Itzas appear again, this time under the name of Yzues. They and the Cocomes are misplaced, being too far north. It is barely possible that the entradas of Fuensalida and Orbita and Delgado, 1618-1624, may have had some influence on this map.
* In Blaauw, 1667, we have the first step toward a really accurate map of Yucatan. This map bears many place names, among them the Yzaes and the Cocomes.
* About 1714 Henry Popple, the great London map maker, made an excellent map of the region. On it Lake Peten is rightly located. There can be but little doubt that Popple derived his information from the English in British Honduras. Through them he probably learned of the conquest of the Itzas. It is not impossible, of course, that he was also acquainted with the writings of Cogolludo and Villagutierre, but that does not seem very likely. From that time onward the Itzas have appeared regularly on the maps of that region.
* ↑ Nord. = Baron Nordenskiold's reproductions, Stockholm, 1889.
* ↑ E. L. S. = Dr. Edward Luther Stevenson's reproductions of maps.
* ↑ The tracings from the originals of these two maps were made by Dr. Tozzer in Madrid. The translation was done by the author.
* ↑ Dr. Stevenson has pointed out (1914, p. 26) that the habit of appropriating the work of others was very common among cartographers. A good case of the sort is found in Montanus, 1671, and Aa, 1729.
* ↑ The maps from 1801 onward given here are merely some of those that I have used; the list, after 1800, is very far from being an attempt at completeness.

### Itinerary of Avendaño, together with geographical information

(See Plate VI)
First Trip June to September, 1695 :
| June 2, 1695 | Left Merida. |
| June 11 | Canich, Cauich, Bolonchen, Bolonchen Cauich, or Bolonchenticul, Cavich. |
| June 11 | This name has several variations. It may be that each one means a slightly different locality; but in one form or another it is found on Bianconi-Mexico, Costello, Malte-Brun, Lopez and Charnay's maps. |
| June 11 | Hobonmo, Hobon-ox. |
| June 11 | Two towns, respectively two and three leagues from Cauich. |
| June 11 | Chunzalam. |
| June 11 | Two leagues from Hobon-ox. |
| June 11 | Vecanxan. |
| June 11 | One league from Chunzalam. |
| June 11 | Nohhalal. |
| June 11 | Three-fourths of a league from Vecanxan. |
| June 12-13 | Sucte, San Salvador de. |
| June 12-13 | Six to eight leagues from Cauich. On Lopez' map. |
| June 12-13 | Nokhu or Nohcu. |
| June 12-13 | Four very long leagues from Sucte. On Lopez' map. |
| June 14-18 | Nohbecan or Nohvecan. |
| June 14-18 | Four (?) leagues from Nohku. On Malte-Brun, Lopez, Costello, Charnay, and Avendaño's maps. |
| June 14-18 | Oppol or Topol. |
| June 14-18 | Four leagues from Nohbecan. On Lopez, Aven, and Bianconi-Mexico maps. |
| July 8-24 | Tzucthok, Suctok, Tzucthok, etc., or San Felipe. |
| July 8-24 | On Costello, Malte-Brun, Lopez, Bellin, Brion de la Tour, and Bianconi-Mexico maps. |
| July 8-24 | Chunpich or Paybono (?) Among Cehaches. |
| July 8-24 | Possibly at or near the Paybono or Botab of Lopez. |
| Sept. 5 | Hoppelchen. |
| Sept. 16 | Merida. ​ |
| Second Trip Mid-december to Mid-february, 1695-1696 ||
| Sept. 16-Dec. 10 | Merida. |
| Dec. 13 | Merida. |
| Dec. 13 | Leave Merida as result of Hariza's information. |
| Dec. 13 | Batcab. |
| Dec. 13 | Is on Lopez' map as Botab (?); is on Costello, Bailly, Malte-Brun, and Bellin's maps. |
| Jan. 6, 1696 | Chuntucí or Chuntuqui. |
| Jan. 6, 1696 | Is on Bianconi-Mexico, Costello, Lopez, and Malte-Brun's maps. |
| Jan. 6, 1696 | Chinchinucum=S. Martin. |
| Jan. 6, 1696 | San Martin is on Lopez and Malte-Brun's maps. |
| Jan. 6, 1696 | Cohucum=Santa Rita. |
| Jan. 6, 1696 | Santa Rita is on Lopez and Malte-Brun's maps. |
| Jan. 6, 1696 | TanXulucMul=San Miguel. |
| Jan. 6, 1696 | San Miguel on Lopez and Malte-Brun's maps. |
| Jan. 13 | Chakan Itza. |
| Jan. 13 | Peten Itza. |
| Jan. 13 | Found on Bianconi-Mexico, Bianconi-Guatemala, Costello, Bailly, Lopez, Malte-Brun, Bellin, Brion de la Tour, Hendges, Charnay, Army Maps, etc. |
| Jan. 13 | Chanchanha. |
| Jan. 13 | Possibly the Chichanja of Lopez, Malte-Brun, and Bianconi-Mexico maps. It is, however, too far from Chuntuqui. |
| Feb. 17 | Chuntucí. |
| Feb. 17 | Tanche or Nohtanche. |
| Feb. 17 | Four leagues from Oppol. On Lopez, Avendaño, and Bianconi-Mexico maps. |
| Feb. 17 | Yohchalek River. |
| Feb. 17 | Two leagues from Tanche. |
| Feb. 17 | Temchay. |
| Feb. 17 | Three leagues from Yohchalek. Is on Lopez as very near San Antonio. San Antonio is on Bianconi-Mexico and Malte-Brun's maps. |
| Feb. 17 | Nohpek. |
| Feb. 17 | Three leagues from Temchay. There is a logical space for it between San Antonio and Concepción of Bianconi-Mexico. It is probably the same, or nearly so, as the Ecouna of Lopez and the Exrana of Malte-Brun. |
| Feb. 17 | Nohthub. |
| Feb. 17 | Two leagues from Nohpek. |
| Feb. 17 | Bacechac or Concepción. |
| Feb. 17 | Concepción is on Malte-Brun and Lopez' maps. |
| Feb. 17 | Buete or Chumeru (?). |
| Feb. 17 | Four and one-half leagues from Bacechac. Chumeru on Lopez' map. |

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