OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hajji Baba of Ispahan

Edition of 1905. See also James Justinian Morier on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HAJJI BABA OF ISPAHAN, hä'jḗ bä'bȧ ŭv ĭs'pȧ-hän', The Adventures of. A romance by J. J. Morier (1824). It is an Oriental Gil Blas, revealing a world of humorous insight into life in Persia. The Persian Minister to England is said to have remonstrated in behalf of his Government against its satire and plain speaking.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Halacha

Edition of 1905. See also Halakha on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HALACHA, hȧ-lä'kȧ (Heb., rule of procedure, from halak, to go). The general term for the Jewish oral law, which runs parallel with the written law contained in the Bible, and is supposed to be, like this, of divine origin. Its relation to the ordinances contained in the Pentateuch is that of an amplified code to the fundamental religious and civil maxims. The theory being that the oral law was handed down through a long chain of highest authorities (Sinaitic revelation, Moses, Joshua, elders, Great Synagogue [Ezra], etc.), it could only be treated and further developed by the foremost men of each generation, who through their eminence in learning belonged to a kind of aristocracy of mind (hakamim, wise men), towering above the multitude (hediotim, laymen). Their decision on all ordinances involved in contradictory traditions was final, because it was believed to spring from a deeper apprehension of Scripture. An elaborate system of interpretation of the biblical texts was devised, which, frequently sacrificing the spirit to the letter, attached great weight to certain special letters, words, and even signs in the Old Testament, which, seemingly superfluous where they stood, were supposed to point to the injunction under discussion. Halacha embraces the whole field of juridico-political, religious, and practical life, down to its most minute
and insignificant details. Originally, as already said, the oral law par excellence, it began to be written down when, as was natural, various opinions and traditions arose as to the correct practice and the danger of sectarianism was imminent. The first collection of laws was instituted by Hillel, Akiba, and Simon ben Gamaliel; but the final redaction of the general code, the Mishna (q.v.), is due to Jedudah Hanassi, about A.D. 220. Later additions to this code are the Baraithas and Tosephtas. Of an earlier date with respect to their contents, but committed to writing in later times, are the three Haggadic books (Midrashim): Siphra or Torath Kohanim (a Haggadic amplification of Leviticus), Siphre (of Numbers and Deuteronomy), and Mechiltha (of a portion of Exodus). The rabbis of the Mishnaic period are called the Tanaim. These were followed by the Arnoraim, who, by discussing and further amplifying the Mishna, became the authors of the Gemara (q.v.). The Halacha was further developed in subsequent centuries by the Saboraim, Geonim, and the authorities of each generation. See Haggada; Midrash; Talmud.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Half-Breeds

Edition of 1905. See also Half-Breed (politics) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HALF-BREEDS. A political nickname applied, in 1881 and the years immediately following, to members of a faction in the Republican Party in the State of New York, which favored the Administration in the controversy between President Garfield and Senators Platt and Conkling, and opposed the regular Republican candidate for the Governorship of the State, Folger, thus bringing about the election of the Democratic candidate, Grover Cleveland. The name was given in derision, as denoting those who were but half Republican, by the nembers of the opposite faction denominated ‘Stalwarts’ (q.v.). The term was also used to some extent in other States.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hajji Khalfah, Mustafa ibn Abdallah Katib Tchelebi

Edition of 1905. See also Katip Çelebi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HAJJI KHALFAH, hä'jḗ käl'fä, Mustafa ibn Abdallah Katib Tchelebi (c.1600-58). A celebrated Turkish historian and bibliographer. He was born at Constantinople about the end of the sixteenth century, and died there in September, 1658. From 1622 till 1633 he was employed in the Turkish army, and had an excellent opportunity of acquiring information regarding matters of history, geography, etc. He made the pilgrimage to Mecca, whence his name Hajji (q.v.). In 1635 he was at Constantinople studying and collecting material for his encyclopædia. In 1648 he was appointed second assessor in the army bureau of provisions. From this position he got his second name, Khalfah (assessor). His works are written in Turkish and Arabic. They include, besides smaller works: (1) the celebrated Asāmī al-kutūb wo-al-funūn (Names of Books and Sciences), written in Arabic, and of which Flügel has given a Latin translation with the text, under the title Lexicon Bibliographicum et Encyclopædicum a Mustapha-ben-Abdallah (Leipzig, 1835-58). In this work is given a definition of each science; the titles, contents, language, dates of composition, and translation of more than 25,000 works are specified; also the names of the authors and dates of their death. It is the most complete catalogue in existence of works written in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish; (2) Ta'rikh kebir (Great History), a history of the world from the creation of Adam to 1655, containing notices of 150 dynasties, principally Asiatic; (3) a history of the Ottoman Empire from 1595 to 1655; (4) a history of the maritime wars of the Turks, which has been translated into English (London, 1831).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hake, Karl von

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Georg Albrecht Ernst von Hake on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HAKE, hä'ke, Karl von (1768-1835). A German soldier, born at Flatow in Brandenburg. He began his military career as an ensign in the guards, took psrt in the battles connected with the French Revolution, in 1809 was appointed to a post in the War Ministry, and in 1810 became chief of the War Department. In 1813 he attracted much attention by his efficient preparations for war, subsequently commanded a brigade in Bülow's corps with rank of major-general, and took a distinguished part in the battle of Waterloo. From 1819 to 1833 he was Minister of War, in which capacity he carried out important schemes of reorganization.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Slime-Moulds

See also the disclaimer.
​Slime-Moulds. See Myxomycetes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Slocum, Henry W.

See also Henry Warner Slocum on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Slo′cum, Henry W., American general, was born on September 24, 1827, at Delphi, Onondaga County, N. Y. He graduated from West Point in 1852 and was assigned to the 1st artillery, with the rank of second lieutenant. After promotion to first lieutenant in 1855, he resigned in 1856, practiced law at Syracuse, and was elected to the legislature in 1860. On the outbreak of the Civil War he was commissioned as colonel of the 27th New York volunteers and took part in the first battle of Bull Run. In August he was made a brigadier-general, taking part in McClellan's peninsular campaign in 1862. He distinguished himself at the battles of Gaines' Mill, Glendale and Malvern Hill and was promoted to major-general of volunteers He fought at second Bull Run, South Mountain and Antietam, and as commander of the 12th corps rendered signal service at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. Later he was transferred with his corps to the army of the Cumberland, succeeded to the command of the 20th corps, and was the first to enter Atlanta. In Sherman's march to the sea and through the Carolinas he commanded the left wing, taking part in the actions of that campaign. After the war he took up the practice of law at Brooklyn and was elected to Congress in 1870 and 1884. He died at Brooklyn, N. Y. April 14, 1894.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Slidell, John

See also John Slidell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Slidell (slī-dĕl′), John, an American lawyer and politician, was born in New York ​City about 1793, and died at London, England, July 29, 1871. After graduating at Columbia College, he studied law, and, removing to New Orleans practiced there and became a leader in Louisiana politics. From 1842 to 1845 he served in Congress as a state-rights Democrat. From 1853 to 1861 he was a member of the United States senate, and in the Civil War, when Louisiana seceded, he withdrew and was appointed Confederate minister to France. In company with James M. Mason, who was named minister to England, both were taken on the high seas by Captain Wilkes of the United States navy and brought as prisoners to the United States, where they were confined in Fort Warren. On the demand of England they were released, however, and proceeded on their respective missions. In France, aided by the sympathy of Napoleon III for the Confederate government, Mr. Slidell, though unable to secure recognition for his government, procured a ship, the Stonewall, for the Confederacy, and negotiated with French capitalists for a loan of $15,000,000. After the war closed, Mr. Slidell settled in England and resided there until his death.
* JOHN SLIDELL
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sloe

See also Prunus spinosa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* SLOE
Sloe, a wild plum, also called blackthorn. It is a shrub growing from four to ten feet high though sometimes forming a small tree. The branches end in sharp points or spines. The flowers are white, appearing before the leaves. The fruit, about the size of large peas, is sometimes made into preserves, but is bitter and little used. The leaves resemble tea-leaves and have been used to adulterate tea, and the juice is used in making an inferior port-wine. The wood takes a fine polish and is used for tool-handles and canes. The sloe is thought to be the original of all the European varieties of the plum.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Smith, Henry Boynton

See also Henry Boynton Smith on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Smith, Henry Boynton, an American theologian, was born at Portland, Me., in 1815. He studied at Halle and at Berlin, Germany, after finishing his theological studies at Andover and at Bangor. He was a professor of philosophy at Amherst College, and of church-history and, later, of theology at Union Theological Seminary in New York City. He held this position 20 years, which, with translations of works on church-history, made him one of the first theologians of the Presbyterian church. He died at New York, Feb. 7, 1877.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Smith, John

See also John Smith (explorer) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Smith, Captain John, the founder of Virginia, was born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1580. He traveled in France and the Low Countries, and, when on his way to join the Christian army fighting against the Turks in Hungary, was robbed by four adventurers. He joined a ship, half merchant and half pirate, and helped to capture a Venetian argosy. He distinguished himself in the service of Ferdinand, Duke of Austria; was next sold as a slave; but escaped and traveled through Germany, France, Spain and Morocco. In 1605 he joined an expedition of three vessels and 105 men, to found a colony in Virginia. On the way out he was accused, by the leaders, of a conspiracy to make himself king of Virginia and was kept a prisoner on the voyage. Jamestown was founded on James River in April, 1607. Smith, after being tried and acquitted, was made a member of the council, and was the real head of the colony, saving it from destruction. On one of his journeys into the country for corn he was captured by the Indians under Powhatan, their chief, and his life saved by Pocahontas, the chief's daughter. The story, however, has been doubted by late writers. On his return to Jamestown he found the colony reduced to about 40 men, who were anxious to return to England, but were induced by Smith to remain until others arrived. He explored Chesapeake Bay in two voyages, traveling about 3,000 miles and making a map of the country. He was superseded in 1609 as governor by Lord Delaware, and returned to England. In 1614 he explored the coasts of New England, making a map of the country, which he presented to Prince Charles. He undertook the founding of a colony in New England in 1615, but his vessel was captured by a French war-ship, and he was carried to La Rochelle. After his escape he wrote an account of his voyages to New England. He also wrote General Historie of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles and the True Travels, Adventures and Observations of Captain John Smith. Consult Life in Sparks' “American Biography.” He died at London, June 21, 1631. See Pocahontas.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Smith, Samuel Francis

See also Samuel Francis Smith on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Smith, Samuel Francis, an American clergyman, was born at Boston, Mass., in 1808. He served as pastor of Baptist churches in Waterville, Me., Newton and Boston, Mass., and edited The Christian Review and other Baptist periodicals. He is known as the author of several hymns, but especially of the national hymn, My Country 'tis of Thee, which he wrote in 1832, while a theological student at Andover. A Baptist hymn-book contains 27 of his hymns. He died on Nov. 16, 1895. Dr. Holmes said of him: “Fate tried to conceal him by naming him Smith, but he shouted a song: My Country, of Thee.”
# The New Student's Reference Work/Smith, Sydney

* related authors: Sydney Smith.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, quotes, Wikidata item.
See also Sydney Smith on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Smith, Syd′ney, an English author, was born at Woodford, Essex, June 3, 1771. He studied at Oxford and was curate at Netheravon where he became tutor to a young man intending to study in Germany, but the war prevented and sent them to Edinburgh. Here, in 1802, with Jeffrey, Homer and Brougham he started The Edinburgh Review, writing 18 articles in the first four numbers. He next lived six years in London, where he made his mark as a lecturer on philosophy, a preacher and a brilliant talker. He was made rector of Combe Florey in Somerset and a prebendary at St. Paul's, London. He wrote 65 articles for The Edinburgh Review; Peter Plymley's Letters in favor of Catholic emancipation; and letters and pamphlets on the ballot, the game-laws, prison abuses etc. He is best known, however, as a wit and the creator of “Mrs. Partington.” He died on Feb. 22, 1845. See Life by Holland and Reid's Times of Sydney Smith.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sloane, William Milligan

See also William Milligan Sloane on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Sloane, William Milligan, American educator and author, was born at Richmond, O., Nov. 12, 1850, and graduated at Columbia College in 1868, continuing his studies at Leipsic and at Berlin. At Berlin he acted at the same time as secretary to George Bancroft, then United States minister to Germany, aiding him in his historical work. From 1876 to 1883 he was assistant and professor of Latin at Princeton University, and from 1883 to 1896 occupied the chair of history, with intervening visits to Europe. Since 1896 he has been Seth Low professor of history at Columbia University, New York City. He has also been editor of the New Princeton Review and one of the conductors of the American Historical Review. Among his writings are the Life of Renwick Sloane (his father), The French War and the Revolution, Life of James McCosh and Napoleon Bonaparte, a History.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Smith, Joseph, Jr.

See also the disclaimer.
​Smith, Joseph, Jr. See Mormons.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Randegger, Alberto

Edition of 1905. See also Alberto Randegger on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RANDEGGER, riin'deg-ger. Alberto (1832— ). An Austrian-English composer, born at Triest. He was a pupil of Lafont in piano, and of Luigi Ricci in composition, and with two other young composers, produced two ballets ​and an opera, II Lazzuioue, in 1852. In 1854 he produced his opera Bianca Vupello at Brescia. As teacher of singing in London, where he settled about 1855, he became well known, and in 18U8 was appointed professor of singing at the Rojal Academy of Music. In 1857 he conducted Italian opera at the Saint James's Theatre, and was nuisical director of the Carl Rosa Opera Cona- pan_y from 1879 to 1885; and, upon the resigna- tion of Benedict in 1881, became conductor of the Norwich ilusical Festival. He wrote a comic opera. The Rival Beauties (1864); a dramatic cantata, Fridolin (1873) ; two scenas for soprano and orchestra, Medea (18G9) and Happlio (1875) ; the loOth Psalm for soprano solo, choir, orchestra, and organ, which was given at the Boston ilusical Festival in 1872; Funeral An- them, in memory of the Prince Consort ; numerous other vocal pieces; and a well-known Primer of Ringing.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rate (ship)

Edition of 1905. See also Rating system of the Royal Navy on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RATE (OF. rate, from ML. rata, fem. sg. of Lat. ratus, fixed, settled, p.p. of reri, to think). In the United States Navy the titles of petty officers are termed rates or ratings, which are synonymous with rank as applied to a commissioned or warrant officer. Ships of this navy are by law divided into classes called rates. Vessels of the first rate have a displacement tonnage in excess of 8000 tons; second rate, from 4000 to 8000 tons; third rate, from 1000 to 4000 tons; and fourth rate, of less than 1000 tons. Converted merchant vessels which are armed and equipped as cruisers are of the second rate if of over 6000 tons, and of the third rate if of over 1000 and less than 6000 tons. Auxiliary vessels such as colliers, supply vessels, repair ships, etc., if of over 4000 tons, are of the third rate. Auxiliary vessels of less than 4000 tons — except tugs, sailing ships, and receiving ships which are not rated — are of the fourth rate. Torpedo-boat destroyers, torpedo boats, and similar vessels are not rated. Ships of the first rate are commanded by captains; of the second rate, by captains or commanders; of the third rate, by commanders or lieutenant-commanders; of the fourth rate, by lieutenant-commanders or lieutenants. Vessels not rated are commanded by lieutenant-commanders, lieutenants, ensigns, or warrant officers.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rastatt

Edition of 1905. See also Rastatt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RASTATT, or RASTADT, rä'stȧt. A town in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, on the Murg, three miles from its junction with the Rhine, and 15 miles by rail southwest of Karlsruhe (Map: Germany, C 4). Its strong fortifications were dismantled in 1890. The town has a large palace (now a barrack), a gymnasium, and an industrial school. It manufactures iron hearths, tobacco, and lace. Rastatt is memorable for the two congresses held here. At the first, in 1714, a treaty of peace (following that of Utrecht) was signed which brought the War of the Spanish Succession to a close. The second congress was that of 1797-99 between France and the German Empire. It effected nothing, a new coalition having been formed against France. Its dissolution was followed by the assassination of two of the French delegates, a crime which aroused great indignation throughout Europe. For about 20 years previous to 1866 the fortress of Rastatt was occupied by the troops of the German Confederation. The Baden revolution in 1849 began and ended in Rastatt, which finally surrendered to the Prussians. Population, in 1890, 11,557; in 1900, 13,940. Consult Hüffer, Der Rastatter Gesandtenmord (Bonn, 1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rastenburg

Edition of 1905. See also Kętrzyn on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer. Now part of Poland.
RASTENBURG, räs'ten-bōōrK. A town in the Province of East Prussia, Prussia, on the River Guber, 64 miles southeast of Königsberg by rail (Map: Germany, J 1). It has a royal gymnasium and a sanatorium for epileptics. Among the industrial establishments are iron and brass foundries, sugar factory, flouring mills, etc. Population, in 1900, 11,144.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rat Portage

Edition of 1905. See also Kenora on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RAT PORTAGE. A port of entry in Ontario, Canada, picturesquely situated on the Lake of the Woods at its outlet, and on the Canadian Pacific Railway, 133 miles east of Winnipeg (Map: Canada, M 7). The Winnipeg River here falls about 20 feet, affording good water power. There are several flour and saw mills; also reduction works. The town has become of considerable commercial importance, owing to the development of the gold-mining district in the vicinity. Population, in 1891, 1806; in 1901, 5202.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rambaut, Arthur Alcock

Edition of 1905. See also Arthur Rambaut on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RAMBAUT, Arthur Alcock (1859—). An English astronomer, born in Waterford and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He was assistant in astronomy there from 1882 to 1892, when he became royal astronomer of Ireland; and in 1897 he was appointed Radcliffe observer at Oxford. His valuable astronomical papers are to be found in Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society, of the Royal Diblin Society, of the Royal Irish Academy, and of the Royal Astronomical Society.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rambler, The

Edition of 1905. See also The Rambler on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RAMBLER, The. A periodical published twice a week from 1750 to 1752, by Dr. Samuel Johnson, who wrote all the numbers but five. These ponderous essays and observations on life and manners had a remarkable influence on English morals and language in their day, showing the force of a strong judgment and a noble nature, even through an unwieldy vehicle.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ratafia

Edition of 1905. See also Ratafia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RATAFIA (Fr. ratafia, from Malay araq, from Ar. ‘araq, arrack, from ‘araqa, to sweat + Malay tāfĭa, spirits distilled from molasses, Eng. taffy). A cordial flavored with fruits or the kernels of fruits. The name is used generically to include several varieties of fruit liqueurs. Procope, the ancient master distiller of Paris, includes under this term liqueurs, or syrups as we
should say, of cherries, strawberries, gooseberries, apricots, peaches, and other fruits. He it was who first proposed the pressure of the fruits without infusing them entire. Some years afterwards Breard, one of the chiefs of the fruitery of Louis XIV., gave these (white) liqueurs the name Hypoteques, to distinguish them from other ratafias. Consult Mew and Ashton, Drinks of the World (New York, 1892). See Liqueur.