OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hunter v. Martin/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
334 U.S. 302
Hunter v. Martin
Argued: April 22, 1948. --- Decided: May 24, 1948
Petitioner is held prisoner in the United States Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas. He pleaded guilty to charges of forging and uttering United States Treasury checks. He was sentenced to imprisonment for ten years on each count, to run concurrently, and the judgment provided that sentence should 'begin to run at the expiration of the sentence now being served in the Missouri State Penitentiary.' Petitioner was returned to the Missouri authorities to resume the service of a state sentence of three years for automobile theft. On May 13, 1947, before expiration of such period, he was paroled by the State and delivered to the federal authorities, by whom he has since been held. He contends that the federal sentence does not begin until the full term of the State sentence has expired and that, for the period of parole, he is entitled to freedom. The issue as to whether such wording of a federal sentence entitles the prisoner under such circumstances to temporary freedom is one on which Circuit Courts of Appeals are in conflict. Compare United States ex rel. Lombardo v. c Donnell, 7 Cir., 153 F.2d 919; Johnston v. Wright, 9 Cir., 137 F.2d 914; Kirk v. Squier, 9 Cir., 150 F.2d 3; Martin v. Hunter, 10 Cir., 165 F.2d 215. We brought the case here on certiorari, 333 U.S. 854, 68 S.Ct. 736, to resolve the conflict.
We think it clear that the purpose of the clause deferring commencement of service of the federal sentence was to prevent conflict between the State and Federal Governments. The present federal imprisonment avoids such conflict and achieves that purpose. Missouri authorities have released petitioner from their custody and surrendered him for the apparent purpose of serving his federal sentence and have reserved control over him as a parolee only in event he is not kept in prison during the period of the federal sentence. For all practical purposes contemplated by the judgment, the State sentence has expired-at least insofar as it was an obstacle to service of the federal sentence.
To hold otherwise would mean that a man already finally adjudged guilty of a serious federal crime and sentenced to ten years imprisonment would be left at large and free of all restraint for an interlude between release from the state prison and commencement of the federal term. We do not think such a result is required or intended under the statute, 18 U.S.C. § 709(a), 18 U.S.C.A. § 709a, our under the terms of the sentence as imposed.
The District Court, after full hearing, dismissed the writ of habeas corpus and remanded petitioner to custody to serve his sentence. We think this was a correct disposition of the matter. The Circuit Court of Appeals' decision to the contrary is error.
Judgment reversed.

## Notes

* ↑ The Act of June 29, 1932, c. 310, § 1, 47 Stat. 381.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Hunter v. Mutual Reserve Life Insurance Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
218 U.S. 573
Hunter v. Mutual Reserve Life Insurance Company
Argued: November 7, 1910. --- Decided: December 12, 1910
Mr. Paul Armitage for plaintiff in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 573-577 intentionally omitted]
Mrssrs. William Hepburn Russell, George W. Field, Frank H. Platt, and William Beverly Winslow for defendant in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 577-579 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice McKenna delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography/Volume 3/Theophrastus

Excerpted from The Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography, Volume 3, 1876 ed., page 1131-1132. (Ferrier's contributions to the Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography were for for the edition published 1857-1863. That this is the subsequent edition of 1876 is evidenced in its mentioning later dates—including that of Ferrier's death in 1864.)
​THEOPHRASTUS, the favourite pupil of Aristotle, and his successor as head of the Lyceum, was born at Eresus, a town in the island of Lesbos, probably about 374 b.c. He came to Athens in early life, and studied first under Plato, and afterwards under Aristotle. On the death of Aristotle in 322 b.c., Theophrastus, by the will of the philosopher, who likewise left him his library and manuscripts, was nominated president of the Lyceum, for so the place was called in which Aristotle had promulgated his philosophy. Theophrastus upheld the Aristotelic doctrines with great ability and repute, being no doubt stimulated by the rivalry of his contemporaries, Xenocrates and Polemon, who were zealously advocating the philosophy of Plato in the Academy. His name is said by Diogenes Laertius to have been changed by Aristotle from Tyrtamus into that of Theophrastus, or "the divine speaker;" and if it be true, as stated, that the splendour of his eloquence attracted at one time an audience of two thousand students, there seems to have been a good reason for the change. We are informed by the same authority that Theophrastus not only excelled in philosophy, but that he also delighted greatly in comedies, and was the instructor of the comic poet Menander. This quality of his genius might almost have been inferred from his work entitled "Ethical Characters"—one of the few which have come down to us—a work ​abounding in delineations which are characterized rather by the strength than by the delicacy of their colour; but which are certainly not deficient in comic vigour, and are moreover curious as indications of the morals and manners of the times. The French writer, De la Bruyere, has translated and imitated these characters of Theophrastus. The only other extant writings of Theophrastus are a treatise on Sensuous Perception and its objects, and treatises on plants and on stones. Theophrastus died 287 b.c., at the age probably of about eighty-seven. He complained on his deathbed of the shortness of his life, and lamented that he was hurried away just when he was beginning to discover the solution of the problems on which he had been working. The best editions of his works are by Schneider, 1818-21, and by Wimmer, 1854.—J. F. F.
# Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography/Volume 3/Vanini, Lucilio

​VANINI, Lucilio, a martyr, like Servetus, Bruno, and Campanella, to the brutal bigotry of a ferocious ecclesiasticism, was born at Tourosano in the kingdom of Naples, in 1585. On the title-pages of his books he called himself Julius Cæsar Vanini. Combining with a rather weak head and unsettled habits an ardent thirst of knowledge, he jumbled together in his brain the opinions of Aristotle and Pomponatius, Averrhoes and Cardan, and travelled into almost every country of Europe where philosophy was cultivated. He published at Lyons, in 1615, a work entitled "Amphitheatrum æternæ providentiæ adversus veteres philosophos, atheos," &c.; and in the following year he published at Paris four dialogues, "De admirandis Naturæ, Reginæ Deæque mortalium, arcanis." The first of these works is quite unexceptionable in point of orthodoxy, but the latter is decidedly materialistic in its philosophy, and pantheistic in its theology. Soon after its publication he went to reside at Toulouse. This was unfortunate, for Toulouse was then a very hot-bed of bigotry, and the only town in France in which the inquisition had a flourishing establishment. It is not improbable that Vanini went thither for the very purpose of bearding the lion of persecution in his den. If so, his fate is less deserving of commiseration. Be that as it may, he made no secret of his opinions. The authorities very soon took hold of him, and the parliament of Toulouse, of whom Gramond was the president, condemned him to be burnt alive for impiety—a sentence which was executed on the 19th of February, 1619, with every aggravation which the most refined cruelty could suggest, and recorded by Gramond with all the exultation which the most fiend-like malice could dictate. For full particulars respecting the life, works, and death of Vanini, the reader may be referred to La vie et les sentimens de Lucilio Vanini, Rotterdam, 1717, by Durand, and to an article by Victor Cousin in the Revue des Deux Mondes, December, 1843.—J. F. F.
# Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography/Volume 3/Xenocrates

Excerpted from The Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography, Volume 3, 1876 ed., page 1401. (Ferrier's contributions to the Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography were for for the edition published 1857-1863. That this is the subsequent edition of 1876 is evidenced in its mentioning later dates—including that of Ferrier's death in 1864.)
​XENOCRATES, an eminent Platonic philosopher, succeeded Speusippus (Plato's immediate follower) as head of the academy about 340 b.c. He was born in 396 at Chalcedon, a city on the shores of the Bosphorus, nearly opposite Byzantium. Like Speusippus, Xenocrates accompanied Plato on at least one of his visits to the court of Dionysius of Syracuse. After Plato's death in 347, he withdrew, in company with Aristotle, to the court of Hermias, the ruler of Atarneus in Mysia, a province of Asia Minor. He cannot have remained very long in this retreat, for we are told that he was frequently sent by the Athenians on embassies to Philip of Macedon, with whom they were at this time embroiled, and by whom, in the year 338, they were finally subjugated. When the failing health of Speusippus compelled him to resign the presidency of the academy, Xenocrates was summoned to the vacant post; and this office he occupied from about 340 b.c. until his death in 314, when he was in the eighty-third year of his age. The temperament and morals of Xenocrates were grave, not to say austere, in the extreme. His name was quoted in antiquity as almost a synonym for modesty and temperance. His powers of persuasion must also have been very great, if we may judge from the conversion of Polemon, which was effected by means of his eloquence. Polemon was notorious for his profligacy and dissipation. But happening one day to enter the academy with a crowd of riotous companions, he was so much struck by the discourse of Xenocrates, who was lecturing on the advantages of temperance, that he tore the chaplet of flowers from his head, and resolved, then and for ever, to renounce his former way of life. Acting up to his resolution, he became the most temperate of the temperate, and, moreover, studied philosophy so assiduously that he was judged worthy to succeed Xenocrates in the presidency of the academy. Xenocrates was a voluminous writer; but none of his works have come down to us. But from their titles we may learn that he prosecuted diligently the researches in which his great master had led the way. He wrote on logic, on ideas, on the opposite, on the indefinite, on the soul, on the passions, on happiness and virtue, on the state; and he seems, like Plato, to have dwelt principally on the distinction between sense and reason as the cardinal distinction in philosophy —J. F. F.
# Improvement Company v. Slack

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## Dissenting Opinion

    Field
United States Supreme Court
100 U.S. 648
Improvement Company v. Slack

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Improving Website Hyperlink Structure Using Server Logs

Published in final edited form as: Proc Int Conf Web Search Data Min. 2016 February; 2016: 615-624. doi:10.1145/2835776.2835832.
Improving Website Hyperlink Structure Using Server Logs
Ashwin Paranjape, Standford University
Robert West, Stanford University
Leila Zia, and Wikimedia Foundation
Jure Leskovec Stanford University
* Introduction
* The Link Placement Problem
** Browsing models and objective functions
** Diminishing returns
** Algorithm for maximizing the objectives
* Estimating Clickthrough Rates
* Datasets and Log Processing
** From logs to trees
** Wikipedia data
** Simtk data
* Evaluation: Effects of New Links
** Usage of new links
** Competition between links
* Evaluation: Link Placement
** Wikipedia
*** Estimating clickthrough rates
*** Predicting link addition
*** Link placement under budget constraints
** Simtk
* Discussion and Related Work
* Acknowledgements and References
* Figures
* Tables
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike International 4.0. License.
This work is released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which allows free use, distribution, and creation of derivatives, so long as the license is unchanged and clearly noted, and the original author is attributed.
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# Improvement Company v. Slack/Dissent Field

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Dissenting Opinion Field
United States Supreme Court
100 U.S. 648
Improvement Company v. Slack
MR. JUSTICE FIELD, with whom concurred MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE and MR. JUSTICE HARLAN, dissenting.
I dissent from the judgment of the court in this case. The construction of the short railway by the company for its own use, to carry the products of its mine to the Ohio River, did not, in my opinion, convert the Improvement Company, which was organized to mine for coal, iron, and other minerals, into a railroad company, so as to bring it within the statute providing for a tax upon the coupons of bonds issued by such companies.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Imre: A Memorandum

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Imre:
A Memorandum.
Edited by
Xavier Mayne.
"There is a war, a chaos of the mind,  When all its elements convulsed, combined,  Like dark and jarring. . ."
"The whole heart exhaled into One Want,  I found the thing I sought, and that was – thee."
"The Friendship which is Love – the Love which is Friendship"
Naples.
The English Book-Press: R. Rispoli,
Catala Trinita Maggiore, 53.
1906.
(Privately Printed and all Rights Reserved.)
This book is privately printed
in a limited edition, of which this copy is
number 10
Contents
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1942, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 81 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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Layout 2
# Interpretation by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Regarding the First Paragraph of Article 294 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China

* related portals: Government of China.
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Interpretation by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Regarding the First Paragraph of Article 294 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China
(Adopted at the 27th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People's Congress on April 28, 2002)
Having discussed the implication of "organizations in the nature of criminal syndicate" prescribed in the first paragraph of Article 294 of the Criminal Law, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress gives the interpretation as follows:
"Organizations in the nature of criminal syndicate" prescribed in the first paragraph of Article 294 of the Criminal Law shall, at the same time, possess the following characteristics:
(1) the criminal organization is relatively stable, with a relatively large number of members, definite organizers or leaders, and basically fixed backbone members;
(2) it gains economic interests through organized illegally acts, criminal acts or other means, with a certain amount of economic strength to support its activities;
(3) it has committed organized illegal and criminal acts on many occasions through violence, threat or other means, perpetrating outrages, riding roughshod over or cruelly injuring or killing people;
(4) through committing illegal and criminal acts, or taking advantage of protection and connivance by State functionaries, it plays the bully over an area, exercising illegal control and wielding illegal enormous influence over a certain area or trade, thus seriously disrupting the economic order and people's daily activities.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# Interpretation of Dreams

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Interpretation of Dreams."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* The Interpretation of Dreams, by Sigismund Freud
* "Interpretation of Dreams", in Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), by Charles Souvay
# Ingram-Day Lumber Company v. McLouth

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
275 U.S. 471
Ingram-Day Lumber Company v. McLouth
Argued: Dec. 6, 7, 1927. --- Decided: Jan 3, 1928
Messrs. Wm. J. Shaw and Ferris D. Stone, both of Detroit, Mich., for petitioner.
Mr. Gardner P. Lloyd, of New York City, for respondent.
Mr. Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Ingram v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
360 U.S. 672
Ingram v. United States
Argued: April 30, 1959. --- Decided: June 29, 1959
Rehearing Denied Oct. 12, 959 .
See 80 S.Ct. 42.
Mr. Wesley R. Asinof, Atlanta, Ga., for petitioners.
Mr. J. Dwight Evans, Jr., Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice STEWART delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Inhabitants of the Township of Montclair County of Essex v. Dana

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
107 U.S. 162
Inhabitants of the Township of Montclair County of Essex v. Dana
Thos. A. McCarter and Wm. M. Evarts, for plaintiff in error.
Barker Gummere, for defendant in error.
HARLAN, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Inhabitants of the Township of Montclair County of Essex v. Dana/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
107 U.S. 162
Inhabitants of the Township of Montclair County of Essex v. Dana
The bonds in suit are of the same issue as those involved in Township of Montclair v. Ramsdell, just decided, [ante, 391.]
The cases do not materially differ, except in the circumstances under which the respective plaintiffs became the holders of the township bonds. In this, as in the other case, the township was denied the opportunity to establish certain facts which, it claimed, tended to show fraud or illegality in the inception of the bonds, apart from any question of legislative authority. If it be conceded that the evidence offered and excluded was admissible under the plea of non est factum-which was the only plea to the special counts on the bonds and coupons-and, also, that such evidence tended to show fraud or illegality in their inception, still there was no error in the ruling of the court. For if, as counsel contend, proof of such fraud or illegality WOULD SHIFT THE BURDEN OF PROOF UPON PLAintiff to show how and upon what consideration he came by the bonds, that exigency was met by proof that plaintiff was, in every sense, a bona fide holder for value. That he purchased the bonds for value and without notice of any fraud or illegality upon the part of the commissioners in the exercise of the power conferred by the statute, was so clearly shown that the court below was justified in saying to the jury-as, in effect, it did-that the evidence left no room to dispute the fact. The action of the court, in that respect, was consistent with the rule frequently announced that the jury may be controlled in their determination of a question by a peremptory instruction, if the testimony is of such a conclusive character as would compel the court, in the exercise of a sound legal discretion, to set aside a verdict if one were returned in opposition to such testimony. Phoenix Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Doster, 1 SUP. CT. REP. 18; Hendricks v. Lindsay, etc., 93 U.S. 146.
All other questions raised by the assignments of error, and which are deemed of any moment, are concluded by the decision in the Ramsdell Case.
The judgment is affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse