OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Iphigenia in Tauris

Edition of 1920. See also Iphigenia in Tauris (Goethe) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
IPHIGENIA IN TAURIS. Goethe's ‘Iphigenie auf Tauris’ (1787) was first written in prose in 1779 and was performed by members of the court of Karl August, Goethe impersonating Orestes. For the conception of the subject we therefore look to the circumstances of Goethe's life in Weimar at the end of his fourth year there. He had outgrown his “storm and stress,” he had acquired discipline and learned self-denial, and he had come to reverence in Charlotte von Stein a woman to whom he felt so spiritually akin that in a previous existence, he said, she must have been his sister or his wife. Withal, he had enough to regret of earlier misdeeds: he could fully enter into the tortured soul of the matricide Orestes. But the traditional Iphigenia was born again in his drama into the saintliness of pure and redeeming womanhood. Not unwilling to be guided by her brother, she nevertheless by her mere human presence restores him to sanity. Unwilling — as no Greek would have been — to outwit even a barbarian, she inspires a disappointed king with magnanimity and converts a nation from cruelty, merely by telling the truth. The versified form which, with little alteration of the original prose, Goethe gave to his ‘Iphigenie’ in Italy makes this drama an exquisite example of composition in what he himself, in a little essay written in the following year, denominated “style”: creation such as Nature would exemplify under perfect conditions, and such as art attains when, without sacrifice of individual reality, it suggests and typifies the universal. Translated by Anna Swanwick, London, 1850. Edited by L. A. Rhoades (Boston 1896).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Iphigenia in Aulis

Edition of 1920. See also Iphigénie en Aulide and Iphigénie en Tauride on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
IPHIGENIA IN AULIS and IPHIGENIA IN TAURIS, operas by Christoph von Gluck, produced in Paris in 1774 and 1779, respectively, the latter being a continuation of the first. The plot is based on the Greek legend of Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. To avert the wrath of the goddess Artemis (twin-sister of Apollo), whom Agamemnon had angered by killing a consecrated hind, Iphigenia was demanded as a sacrifice on the altar, pending which Artemis held the Greek fleet destined for Troy in the harbor at Aulis. Calchas, the High Priest of Artemis tells Agamemnon that a favorable wind will come only after the sacrifice. Iphigenia is prepared to immolate herself, but her lover, Achilles, forces his way through the crowd to save her, when she is miraculously conveyed in
a cloud to Tauris to become a priestess to Artemis there in the temple of the barbarous Scythians. In the second opera Iphigenia has served 15 years in performing the rites of offering human sacrifices when her brother Orestes falls into her hands, together with his friend Pylades. She does not know her brother, nor that he had slain his mother and fled, pursued by the furies. Just as she is about to stab Orestes, he declares himself, and the knife falls from her hand. Thoas, king of the Scythians, rejects her entreaties and commands that both she and her brother shall die. His design is frustrated by the return of Pylades — who had been suffered to depart — with some of his countrymen, and the king is slain. Diana intervenes with her protection and permits brother and sister to return home. The Tauris is by many critics considered to be Gluck's masterpiece.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ipiales

Edition of 1920. See also Ipiales on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
IPIALES ė-pya'las, Colombia, town in the Department of Cauca, on the frontier of Ecuador. It is among the highest towns of the world being situated at an elevation of 10,000 feet above sea level. It has a customs-house. Pop. about 10,000.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams

Edition of 1920. See also A. V. Williams Jackson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JACKSON, Abraham Valentine Williams, American Indo-Iranian scholar: b. New York, 9 Feb. 1862. Graduated from Columbia in 1883, he was Fellow in letters there (1883-86), instructor in Anglo-Saxon and the Iranian languages (1887-90), and, after study at Halle (1887-89), adjunct professor of English language and literature (1891-95). In 1895 he was appointed professor of Indo-Iranian languages and public lecturer at Columbia. By way of recognition of the instruction given by him in their ancient books, the Parsees made to the Columbia library the gift of an important manuscript collection of Zoroastrian works. He appeared also as a public lecturer, became one of the directors of the American Oriental Society, and in addition to numerous contributions to the Journal of that society and other learned periodicals, wrote ‘A Hymn of Zoroaster, Yasna XXXI’ (1888); ‘An Avestan
Grammar’ (1892); ‘An Avestan Reader’ (1893); ‘Zoroaster, the Prophet of Ancient Iran’ (1899). He traveled for research in India in 1901 and 1911, receiving special attention from the Parsis community in India; and also traveled in Persia and central Asia in 1903, 1907 and 1910. He wrote ‘Persia, Past and Present’ (1906); ‘From Constantinople to the Home of Omar Khayyam’ (1911), and with A. Yohannan the ‘Descriptive Catalogue of the Persian MSS. in the Metropolitan Museum of Art’ (1913). He edited the ‘Columbia University Indo-Iranian Series’ (5 vols., 1902), and ‘A History of India’ (9 vols., 1906-15).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Iphigenia

Edition of 1920. See also Iphigenia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
IPHIGENIA, in Greek legend, a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra (according to some an illegitimate daughter of Theseus and Helen), who was to have been sacrificed to Artemis (Diana) at the advice of the prophet Calchas, when the goddess, enraged with Agamemnon, detained the Greek fleet in Aulis by a calm. Under pretense that she was to be married to Achilles, Iphigenia was led to the altar. But in the moment when the priest was about to give the death-blow Iphigenia disappeared, and in her stead a beautiful hind was substituted, whose blood gushed out on the altar. Artemis had relented, and conveyed her in a cloud to Tauris, where she became the priestess of the goddess. Conformably with the law of the country, she was obliged to sacrifice every Greek that landed there. While serving as priestess her brother Orestes came to take away the image of Artemis, as he had been advised by an oracle to do, that he might get rid of the madness to which he had been subject since the murder of his mother. Iphigenia having recognized him as her brother, the two contrived a means of escape, and carried off with them the image. The story is first told in the ‘Cypria,’ a Greek poem describing the events preceding the Iliad, and is depicted on vases, sarcophagi and wall paintings. The story of Iphigenia was dramatized by Euripides who composed two plays upon the subject—‘Iphigenia in Aulis’ and ‘Iphigenia in Tauris’; by Goethe (1789) under the title ‘Iphigenie auf Tauris,’ and by Racine as ‘Iphigénie’ (1674). It is also the subject of two operas by Gluck, ‘Iphigenie en Aulide’ (1774); and ‘Iphigénie en Tauride’ (1779). Consult Gayley, C. M., ‘The Classic Myths in English Literature and Art’ (2d ed., Boston 1911); Hall, F. A., ‘Iphigenia in Literature’ (Saint Louis 1911).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ipomæa

Edition of 1920. See also Ipomoea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
IPOMÆA, ĭp-ō-mē'ạ, a genus of plants, including several hundred species, of the family Covolvulaceæ, consisting mostly of twining or prostrate herbs, widely distributed in warm regions. The species of most importance is I. purga, which yields the jalap of commerce. Some are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers, and are known to gardeners as convolvuli. I. purpurea, the common morning-glory, is the best known garden spedes. See Jalap.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ippolitov-Ivanov, Michail Michailovitch

Edition of 1920. See also Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
IPPOLITOV-IVANOV, ẹp-pŏl'ẹ-tọf-ẹ-vä'nọf, Michail Michailovitch Russian composer: b. Gatchina, 19 Nov. 1859. He studied at the Conservatory of Saint Petersburg under Rimsky-Korsakov, removed thereafter to Tiflis where he became director of the conservatory and the opera and also conductor of the symphony orchestra. His stay in the South resulted in the publication of a standard work on the folk-songs of Georgia entitled ‘The Georgian Folk-Song.’ He was made professor of composition at the Moscow Conservatory in 1893 and in 1906 was made director. In 1899 he became conductor of the Moscow private opera and did much in that capacity for the struggling composers of the new Russian school. Ippolitov-Ivanov has written the operas ‘Ruth’ (1887); ‘Assya’ (1900); ‘Yabava Putyatishna’ (1901); ‘Treachery’ (1911). Other works are ‘Caucasian Sketches,’ a suite for orchestra; several cantatas, a scherzo, choral works, piano compositions and some chamber music.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jackson, Charles Thomas

Edition of 1920. See also Charles Thomas Jackson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JACKSON, Charles Thomas, American scientist: b. Plymouth. Mass., 21 June 1805; d. Somerville, Mass., 28 Aug. 1880. He was graduated at Harvard Medical College in 1829. He assisted in a geological and mineralogical survey of Nova Scotia, publishing his results in ‘Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science.’ He went to Europe in 1829, spending his time in Germany, Italy and Paris. On his return he began practising at Boston, but abandoned this for the study of the sciences. In 1836 he became State Geologist of Maine, and later held the same post in Rhode Island 1839 and in New Hampshire 1840. He claimed to have been the first to indicate, in 1832, the applicability of electricity to telegraphic use, and also claimed, in 1842, to have been the discoverer of the anæsthetic effects of the inhalation of ether. In 1844 he conducted extensive research in the south shore lands of Lake Superior, and from 1847-49 was United States surveyor of mineral lands in Michigan. He received the monthly prize of 2,500 francs from the French Academy of Sciences in 1852. He published a ‘Manual of Etherization, with a History of its Discovery’ (1861), and several ‘Reports.’
# The Delights of Wisdom pertaining to Conjugial love

The Delights of Wisdom
PERTAINING TO
CONJUGIAL LOVE
TO WHICH IS ADDED
The Pleasures of Insanity
PERTAINING TO
SCORTATORY LOVE
BY
EMANUEL SWEDENBORG A Swede
Being a translation of his work
"Delitiæ Sapientiæ de Amore Conjugiali; post quas sequuntur Voluptates Insaniæ de Amore Scortatorio" (Amstelodami 1768)
NEW YORK
AMERICAN SWEDENBORG PRINTING AND PUBLISHING SOCIETY
20 COOPER UNION
1892
This table of contents is not part of the original text
CONTENTS
CONJUGIAL LOVE AND ITS CHASTE DELIGHTS.
Preliminary Relations Respecting the Joys of Heaven and Nuptials There On Marriages in Heaven On the State of Married Partners After Death On Love Truly Conjugial On the Origin of Conjugial Love as Grounded in the Marriage of Good and Truth On the Marriage of the Lord and the Church, and Its Correspondence On the Chaste Principle and the Non-Chaste On the Conjunction of Souls and Minds by Marriage, which is meant by the Lord’s words,—They are no longer two, but one flesh. On the Change of the State of Life Which Takes Place with Men and Women by Marriage Universals Respecting Marriages On the Causes of Coldness, Separation, and Divorce in Marriages On the Causes of Apparent Love, Friendship, and Favor in Marriages On Betrothings and Nuptials On Repeated Marriages On Polygamy On Jealousy On the Conjunction of Conjugial Love with the Love of Infants
ADULTEROUS LOVE AND ITS SINFUL PLEASURES.
On the Opposition of Adulterous Love and Conjugial Love On Fornication On Concubinage On Adulteries and Their Genera and Degrees On the Lust of Defloration On the Lust of Varieties On the Lust of Violation On the Lust of Seducing Innocencies On the Correspondence of Adulteries with the Violation of Spiritual Marriage On the Imputation of Each Love, Adulterous and Conjugial Index
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Miller, Ferdinand von

Edition of 1920. See also Ferdinand von Miller on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MILLER, Ferdinand von, German bronze founder: b. Fürstenfeldbruck, 18 Oct. 1813; d. Munich, 11 Feb. 1887. He studied at the Munich Academy, and under his uncle Stiglmayer, as well 39 under Soyer in Paris. He
executed the castings from the designs of Schwanthaler, and likewise the great statue of Bavaria at Munich and that of Germania in the Niederwald monument. Among a large number of commissions in America perhaps the most notable was that of the capitol doors at Washington, D. C.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Miller, Cincinnatus Heine

Edition of 1920. See also Joaquin Miller on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MILLER, Cincinnatus Heine (better known as Joaquin Miller), American poet, whose pseudonym was due to his defense of Joaquin Murietta, a Mexican bandit: b. Wabash district, Ind., 10 Nov. 1841; d. San Francisco, Cal., 17 Feb. 1913. His father took him to Oregon in 1854. He got a little schooling but soon ran away from home; went to the California gold mines; accompanied Walker on the
Nicaragua filibustering expeditions; lived familiarly among the Indians and the Spaniards of the Pacific slope; studied law for a few years, having graduated at Columbia College Oregon, in 1858; practised law unsuccessfully in Idaho, where he soon turned express messenger, and in 1863 settled in Oregon for a short time, becoming editor of the Eugene City Democratic Register, which was suppressed in the same year because of its treasonable character. In 1864 he began to practise law in Cañon City, Ore., made himself popular by his services against the war-like Snake Indians and from 1866 to 1870 was judge of Grant County. His writings collected under the title ‘Songs of the Sierras’ he could not sell in the East, and so took them to London, where they were published and brought him fame. He visited London again in 1873; lived in Washington, D. C.; and in 1887 returned to California, settling near Oakland. His life sums up the adventure of the Pacific slope, and his verse and fiction are to be prized especially on this account as being real “documents” of certain phases of American life. They are, moreover, fresh, vigorous and original in style; his metre is free and powerful and his narrative forcible. He excels, perhaps, in his pictures of Nature. In a few short lyrics there is a quiet melancholy, bred of communion with solitary wood and mountain. But on the whole he is not a great artist, although his work has a distinct value as descriptive of various American types. Hence his fame has been much greater in England, where he was even styled “the American Byron,” than in America. Miller's verse includes ‘Songs of the Sunlands’ (1873); ‘Songs of the Desert’ (1875); ‘Songs of Italy’ (1878); ‘Collected Poems’ (1882); and ‘Songs of Mexican Seas’ (1887); ‘Building of the City Beautiful’ (1893). His prose works are ‘The Baroness of New York’ (1877); ‘The Danites in the Sierras’ (1881; later in the form of a play); and ‘'49, or the Gold-Seekers of the Sierras’ (1884). An introduction and an autobiography appear in the definitive edition of his ‘Poems’ (6 vols., San Francisco, 1909-10).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Miller, Ferdinand, Baron von

Edition of 1920. See also Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MILLER, Ferdinand, Baron von, German sculptor and bronze founder: b. Munich, 8 June 1842. He studied under his father, Ferdinand von Miller (q.v.), and afterward in London, Paris, Berlin, Dresden and Munich. He later traveled in Italy; served in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870-71, with rank of lieutenant; and afterward traveled in the United States. He became a director of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts in 1900, and received the title of baron in 1912. His work is well represented in the United States and includes the figure of a soldier for the Soldier's Monument at Charleston; statues of Shakespeare, Columbus and Humbolt at Saint Louis, and the statuary for a magnificent fountain at Cincinnati. He also executed the equestrian statue of Emperor William I, at Metz, and others of King Ludwig I, Prince-Regent Leopold, Prince Friederich-Karl, etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Miller, Florence Fenwick

Edition of 1920. See also Florence Fenwick Miller on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MILLER, Florence Fenwick, English doctor, lecturer and author: b. 5 Nov. 1854. She entered the Ladies' Medical College, London, in 1871; gained a wide practice and did much charity work; was thrice a member of the London school board; and is a prominent advocate of women's suffrage. She married Frederick A. Ford in 1877, but kept her maiden name. She wrote ‘The House of Life’ (1879): ‘Physiology for Schools’ (1880); ‘Atlas of Anatomy’ (1880); ‘Readings in Social Economy’ (1833); ‘Life of Harriet Martineau’ (1884); and ‘In Ladies' Company’ (1892).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Milligan, Ex Parte

Edition of 1920. See also Ex parte Milligan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MILLIGAN, Ex Parte, a decision handed down by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1866 holding a military commission to be without power in a State not invaded nor in rebellion, and where the usual civil courts, both Federal and State, were open; rendered by a barely sufficient majority, with Chief Justice Chase and Justices Wayne, Swayne and Miller dissenting, and Chief Justice Chase pronouncing a forcible protest. The case was that of one Lambdin P. Milligan, a United States citizen residing in Indiana, arrested by military authorities in 1864 on a charge of conspiracy, disloyal practices, inciting insurrection and aiding and comforting the enemy. He was found guilty by a military commission and sentenced to death. His counsel filed a writ of habeas corpus in the United States Circuit Court and the case eventually was carried to the Supreme Court, where the military commission was held to be without jurisdiction in his case. Chief Justice Chase asserted that the power of Congress “to authorize trials for crimes against the security and safety of the national forces,
may be derived from its constitutional power to raise and support armies and to declare war”; and that while the civil courts “might be open and undisturbed in their functions . . . yet wholly incompetent to avert threatened danger, or to punish, with adequate promptitude and certainty, the guilty conspirators.” Consult ‘Wallace's Reports of the Supreme Court of the United States’ (Vol. IV, 1866).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mills, Roger Quarles

Edition of 1920. See also Roger Q. Mills on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MILLS, Roger Quarles, American lawyer and politician: b. Todd County, Ky., 30 March 1832; d. 1911. He moved to Texas in 1849 and studied law; was admitted to the bar at 20, the Texan legislature removing the disability of minority; and began practice at Corsicana. In 1859 he was elected to the Texas legislature. On the outbreak of the Civil War be joined the Confederate service and fought throughout the war. In 1872 he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, serving till 1892; he was chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means, and drafted the Mills Tariff Bill, which, however failed to become a law. In 1892 he was elected to the Senate to fill an unexpired term and in 1893 was re-elected for the full term of six years.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Minna von Barnhelm

Edition of 1920. See also Minna von Barnhelm on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MINNA VON BARNHELM. Lessing's ‘Minna von Barnhelm or The Soldier's Fortune,’ a comedy of five acts in prose — begun 1763, published 1767 — is most important for the rise of modern German literature since it was the first dramatic work of timely interest growing out of great national events (consult Goethe, ‘Dichtung und Wahrheit’ (Book 7). It takes place at a hotel in Berlin about six months after the conclusion of the Seven Years' War (1756-63), and, according to Goethe, purposes to relieve in a simile, as it were, the hostile tension between the defeated Saxons and the victorious Prussians. The Prussian Major von Tellheim desires to be guided above all by his rigid sense of honor, which forbids him to owe his entire good fortune to a woman or to make a woman share in a life which, as far as appearances go, may be exposed to contempt. Minna von Barnhelm, his fiancée, a beautiful and rich young lady of Saxony, fixes her eyes steadily upon Tellheim's sterling character, disregards the opinion of the world and by a well-meant artifice makes him realize that love's highest gratification is to stand by the beloved person in trouble. Minna conquers. True love proves superior to an extreme feeling of honor, although the value of the latter is by no means denied. In ‘Minna von Barnhelm’ a deep moral problem is proposed and carried almost to a tragic turn. But the charm of Minna and the naturalness of Franziska and the sergeant captivate the spectator; the rascals are easily seen through, the atmosphere is conciliatory, the jokes to the point. For all this the genuine spirit of comedy is ever present, and ‘Minna von Barnhelm’ can maintain its place among the best specimens of the higher type of comedy. Consult edition of Lessing's works in ‘Deutsche NationalLiteratur’ (1882-98, Vol. II); English translation in Harvard Classics, Vol. XXVI; Kettner, G., ‘Ueber Lessings Minna’ (Berlin 1896; Kettner, G., ‘Lessings Dramen in Lichte unserer Zeit’ (Berlin 1904); von Stockmayr, ‘Die deutschen Soldatenstiicke des 18. Jahrhunderts seit Lessings Minna von Barnhelm’ (Weimar 1898).
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Macpherson, Hon. John Alexander

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​Macpherson, Hon. John Alexander, a native of Victoria, and a successful squatter, was admitted to the Victorian bar, but never practised. Having unsuccessfully contested Dundas at the general election in 1864, he was returned to the Assembly in November of that year for Portland. In 1865, however, he was elected for Dundas, and represented the constituency till his retirement from public life in 1877. On the fall of the second MᶜCulloch Ministry, in Sept. 1869, Mr. Macpherson became Premier of Victoria, with the office of Chief Secretary, which he held till April 1870, when Sir James MᶜCulloch returned to power, and Mr. Macpherson accepted office under him as Minister of Lands. In June 1871 he resigned with his colleagues, but returned to office with Sir James MᶜCulloch in Oct. 1875 with his old post of Chief Secretary, which he held till May 1877, when the Government experienced a crushing defeat at the elections, and resigned. Mr. Macpherson shortly afterwards resigned his seat in the Assembly, and retired from public life.