OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Yang Chieh

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​YANG Chieh 楊捷 (T. 元凱), d. 1690, age 74 (sui), Ming-Ch'ing general, was a native of I-chou, Liaotung. His ancestors had once been domiciled at Pao-ying, Kiangsu, but in the Ming period one of his relatives was given an hereditary post at I-chou in recognition of his military services, and the family settled there. Yang Chieh's father, Yang Kuo-tung 楊國棟, commanded the garrison at I-chou against the Manchus. Three of his uncles achieved military fame as generals in border defense, and Yang Chieh followed the army from his youth. In the late Ming period he held a minor military post under Hung Ch'êng-ch'ou [q. v.] but offered his allegiance to the Ch'ing dynasty in 1644, and in recognition of his bravery and ability was soon promoted from major to colonel. After the ​Manchus got control of Kwangtung Yang Chieh, with three thousand men, was ordered in 1647 to go there to garrison the province. In the following year, while passing through Kiangsi on his way to Kwangtung, he was made brigade-general with headquarters at Kiukiang to fight the armies of Li Ch'êng-tung and Chin Shêng-huan [qq. v.]. He attacked and recovered Tu-ch'ang and captured and executed several of Chin Shêng-huan's officers. In 1653 he helped to pacify Kwangtung, and in the following year was sent to Fukien to fight Chêng Ch'êng-kung [q. v.]. In 1659 he was promoted to the post of commander-in-chief of Kiangnan, and in the winter of 1661 was transferred to eastern Shantung where he crushed the rebellion of Yü Ch'i (see under Sung Wan). He returned to his post in Kiangnan in 1673.
In 1678, when Chêng Ching [q. v.] attacked Chang-chou and took Hai-ch'êng, Yang Chieh was sent once more to Fukien where he engaged in a struggle with one of Chêng's commanders, Liu Kuo-hsüan (see under Chêng). At his own request, he was relieved in 1678 of the command of sea forces, and in 1679 was given the title, Chao-wu chiang-chün 昭武將軍. In 1680 he personally led a strong army against the defenses of Liu Kuo-hsüan, and with Yao Ch'i-shêng [q. v.] succeeded in capturing nineteen camps and recovering the city of Hai-ch'êng, after which he took part in the recovery of Amoy. Following these victories, Liu Kuo-hsüan fled to Formosa. Suffering from malaria during his second year in Fukien, Yang asked to be released and was given permission to return to Kiangnan, but before he left he assisted the forces of Chekiang to recover the Chusan Islands and to set up the local administration. In recognition of his victories he was given the hereditary rank of the sixth class known as Ch'ing-ch'ê tu-yü. He died at his post as commander-in-chief of Kiangnan and was given the posthumous title Min-chuang 敏壯. On two of the Emperor's visits to south China honors were bestowed upon him. He is said to have been humane, having consideration not only for his soldiers' but for the people's welfare. His grandson inherited his hereditary post and the family was allowed to adopt Yangchow as its native place.
[1/267/1a; 2/9/19a; 3/274/30a; 4/14/26a; Yangchow fu-chih (1733) 31/47a; E. Haenisch, T'oung Pao, 1913, p. 109, for biog. sketch.]
M. Jean Gates
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Yang Hao

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​YANG Hao 楊鎬 (T. 汝京), d. Nov. 10, 1629, Ming general, native of Shang-ch'iu, Honan, received the degree of chin-shih in 1580. He was appointed magistrate of Nanchang, Kiangsi, and later intendant of the Liao-hai Circuit, which controlled Liaotung. In 1597 he was appointed to military command in Korea where the second Japanese invasion, directed by Hideyoshi (see under Nurhaci), was threatening Seoul. Early in 1598 he attacked the Japanese with an army of forty thousand men, but owing to indecision and mismanagement, his forces were disastrously ​defeated. Removed from his post, he remained in obscurity until 1610 when he was sent to Liaotung as administrator. But he resigned shortly afterwards and went into retirement.
When the loss of Fu-shun (see under Li Yung-fang) in 1618 showed the strength of the Manchu offensive, Yang was given the post of junior vice-president in the Board of War and sent to Liaotung as an expert on matters in that area. After careful planning he set in motion, April 5, 1619, four armies said to total 470,000 men, but numbering in reality perhaps less than a hundred thousand. Marching from Shên-yang by four different routes, they were to converge on the Manchu stronghold of Hsing-ching and to reach their objective on April 15. The first army under Tu Sung 杜松 (d. 1619) arrived alone in advance of the others and was completely annihilated by the Manchus on April 14 at Sarhû 薩爾濟. The second, led by Ma Lin 馬林 (d. 1619), met with disaster at Sanggiyan Hada on the following day. On April 17 the third army, under Liu T'ing [q. v.], together with its Korean auxiliaries, was destroyed at Dungge. Yang was able to save his fourth division, commanded by Li Ju-po (see under Li Ch'êng-liang), by ordering a hasty retreat to Shên-yang. The loss of life on the Chinese side during the four days of fighting is given in one estimate as 45,890. At the news of this disaster, which represented the outcome of the first major encounter between Chinese and Manchu troops, the Court ordered the arrest and imprisonment of Yang Hao. His execution was carried out ten years later.
[M.1/259/1a; M.3/223/1a; Ming-chi pei-lüeh (see bibl. under Chang Ch'üan), 1/2b, 5a; Hauer, E., K'ai-kuo fang-lüeh, 74–82.]
George A. Kennedy
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Yang-chi-nu

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​YANG-chi-nu. See under Yangginu.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Atreus

See also Atreus on Wikipedia; Atreus on Wikipedia, Atreus in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​ATREUS, in Greek Legend, a son of Pelops, had, with his brother Thyestes, settled in Mycenae, where he succeeded Eurystheus in the sovereignty, in which he was secured by the possession of a lamb or ram with a golden fleece. His wife Ae rope, a daughter of Minos, bribed by Thyestes, assisted the latter to carry off the ram. But Zeus, in the interest of Atreus, wrought a miracle, causing the sun which before had risen in the west to rise in the east. Thyestes was driven from Mycenae, but returned to his brother begging to be forgiven. Atreus, appearing to welcome him, invited him to a banquet to eat of his own son, whom he had slain. From this crime followed the ills which befel Agamemnon, the son of Atreus (.^Eschylus, Agam. 1583, foil.)
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Atooi

See also Kauai on Wikipedia; Kauai on Wikipedia, Kauai in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​ATOOI, one of the larger Sandwich Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean. Towards the N.E. and N.W. the country is rugged and broken, but to the southward it is more level. The hills rise from the sea with a gentle acclivity, and, at a little distance back, are covered with wood; the central peaks attain an elevation of 7000 feet. The chief ports are Waimea and Hanalei. The island was one of the stations chosen for the observation of the transit of Venus in 1874. It is nearly 40 miles in length, and contains about 10,000 inhabitants. Long. 159° 40′ W., lat. 21° 57′ N.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Atrato

See also Atrato River on Wikipedia; Atrato on Wikipedia, Atrato in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​ATRATO, a river of Colombia, South America, which, ​after a course of 250 miles, almost due N., for the most part through a low and swampy region, falls into the Gulf of Uraba or Darien. The gold and platinum mines of Choco were on some of its affluents, and its sands are still auriferous. The river has attracted considerable attention in connection with schemes for the construction of a ship- canal across the isthmus. It is navigable for small vessels for about 140 miles.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Atrek

See also Atrek on Wikipedia; Atrek River on Wikipedia, Atrek in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
ATREK or Attruck, a river which rises in the mountains of Khorasan, and flows W. along the borders of Persia and the Russian possessions, till it falls in the south-eastern corner of the Caspian, a short distance to the N. of Ashurada.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Atropos

See also Atropos on Wikipedia; Atropos on Wikipedia, Atropos in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​ATROPOS (a priv., and [Greek], to turn), the eldest of the three Moirai, Parcas, or Fates. Her name, The Unalter able, indicates the part generally played by her, viz., that of rendering the decisions of her sisters irreversible or immut able. This is the function ascribed to her by Plato (JKep., x. 620), who also assigns to her supremacy over future events (617). Ancient authorities, however, are not unanimous in their distribution of the parts of the three sisters. Atropos is most frequently represented with scales, a sun-dial, or a cutting instrument, the " abhorred shears," with which she slits the thin-spun thread of life that has been placed on the spindle by Clotho and drawn off by Lachesis. See PARCÆ.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Atri

See also Atri, Abruzzo on Wikipedia; Atri on Wikipedia, Atri in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer. Atria redirects here. It is also the Latinate plural form of Atrium.
​ATRI or ATRIA, the ancient Hadria, a town of Naples, in the province of Abruzzo Ulteriore I., situated on a steep mountain 5 miles from the Adriatic, and 18 miles S.E. of Teramo. It is the see of a bishop, and has a cathedral, a parish church, and several convents and hospitals. It con tains 9877 inhabitants. Remains of the ancient city have been discovered to the S. of the present site, consisting of the ruins of a theatre and baths, with pavements, and vases of Greek manufacture. It was a very flourishing commercial port at an early period, but had declined into a small town in the time of Strabo. Its modern revival has been furthered by the excavation of new canals.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Attainder

See also Attainder on Wikipedia; Attainder on Wikipedia, Attainder in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​ATTAINDER, in the Law of England, was the imme diate and inseparable consequence from the common law upon the sentence of death. When it was clear beyond all dispute that the criminal was no longer fit to live, he was called attaint, attinctus, stained or blackened, and could not, before the 6 and 7 Vict. c. 85, 1, be a witness in any court. This attainder took place after judgment of death, or upon such circumstances as were equivalent to judgment of death, such as judgment of outlawry on a capital crime, pronounced for absconding from justice. Conviction without judgment was not followed by attainder. The consequences of attainder were 1st, Forfeiture ; 2d, Corruption of blood. On attainder for treason, the criminal forfeited to the Crown his lands, rights of entry on lands, and any interest he might have in lands for his own life or a term of years. For murder, the offender forfeited to the Crown the profit of his freeholds during life, and in the case of lands held in fee -simple, the lands themselves for a year and a day ; subject to this, the lands escheated to the lord of the fee. These forfeitures related back to the time of the offence committed. Forfeitures of goods and chattels ensued not only on attainder, but on conviction for a felony of any kind, or on flight from justice, and had no relation backwards to the time of the offence committed. By corruption of blood, " both upwards and downwards," the attainted person could neither inherit nor transmit lands. The lands escheated to the lord of the fee, subject to the Crown s right of forfeiture. The doctrine of attainder has, however, ceased to be of much importance. By the 33 and 34 Viet. c. 23, it is enacted that henceforth no confession, verdict, inquest, conviction, or judgment of or for any treason or felony, or felo de se, shall cause any attainder or corruption of blood, or any forfeiture or escheat. Sentence of death, penal servitude, or imprisonment with hard labour for more than twelve months, after conviction for treason or felony, disqualifies from holding or retaining a seat in Parliament, public offices under the Crown or other wise, right to vote at elections, &c., and such disability is to remain until the punishment has been suffered or a pardon obtained. Provision is made for the due administration of convicts estates, in the interests of themselves and their families. Forfeiture consequent on outlawry is exempted from the provisions of the Act. Bills of Attainder in Parliament ordinarily commence in the House of Lords ; the proceedings are the same as on other bills, but the parties affected by them may appear by counsel and witnesses in both Houses. In the case of an impeachment, the House of Commons is prosecutor and the House of Lords judge; but proceedings by Bill of Attainder are legislative in form, and the consent of Crown, Lords, and Commons is therefore necessary.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Atrium

See also Atrium (architecture) on Wikipedia; Atrium on Wikipedia, Atrium in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​ATRIUM, the principal apartment in a Roman house, was entered through the ostium or janua, which opened off the vestibulum, a clear space between the middle of the house and the street, formed by the projection of the two sides. It was generally quadrangular in shape, and was roofed all over, with the exception of a square opening, called compluvium, towards which the roofs sloped, and by which the rain-water was conducted down, to a basin (impluvium) fixed in the floor. The opening in the roof seems sometimes to have been called impluvium (Terence, Eun., iii. 5 ; Phorm., iv. 4). In the early periods of Roman civilisation, the atrium was the common public apart ment, and was used for the reception of visitors and clients, and for ordinary domestic purposes, as cooking and dining. In it were placed the ancestral pictures, the marriage-couch, the focus, or hearth, and generally a small altar. Here, too, were kept the looms at which the mistress of the house sat and span with her maid-servants. At a somewhat later period, and among the wealthy, separate apartments were built for kitchens and dining-rooms, and the atrium was kept as a general reception room for clients and visitors. It appears sometimes to have been called cavcedium, but the relation of these two is somewhat obscure. According to some authorities, the cavcedium was simply the open space formed when the impluvium was surrounded with pillars to support the roof ; according to others, the cavce dium was really the principal room, to which the atrium served as an antechamber.
Atrium, in Ecclesiastical Antiquities, denotes an open place or court before a church. It consisted of a large area or square plat of ground, surrounded with a portico or cloister, situated between the porch or vestibule and the body of the church. In the centre was placed a fountain, wherein the worshippers washed their hands before enter ing church. In the atrium those who were not suffered to advance farther, and more particularly the first class of penitents, stood to solicit the prayers of the faithful as they went into the church. It was also used as a burying- ground, at first only for distinguished persons, but after wards for all believers.
# England's Alarm!

ENGLAND'S ALARM!
ON THE PREVAILING
DOCTRINE OF LIBELS,
AS LAID DOWN BY THE
EARL OF MANSFIELD.
'Twill be recorded for a precedent;
And many an error, by the same example,
Will rush into the state:—It cannot be.Shaks.
IN A LETTER TO HIS LORDSHIP.
BY A COUNTRY GENTLEMAN.
TO WHICH IS ADDED
BY WAY OF APPENDIX,
THE CELEBRATED
DIALOGUE BETWEEN A GENTLEMAN AND A FARMER,
WRITTEN BY SIR WILLIAM JONES,
WITH REMARKS THEREON, AND ON THE CASE OF THE
DEAN OF ST. ASAPH.
By M. DAWES, Esq.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR JOHN STOCKDALE,
OPPOSITE BURLINGTON. HOUSE, PICCADILLY.
M DCC LXXXV.
[Price One Shilling and Sixpence.]
* In a letter to his Lordship by Manasseh Dawes
* Dialogue between a Gentleman and a Farmer by William Jones
* Remarks thereon, and on the Case of the Dean of St. Asaph by Manasseh Dawes
# England

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "England."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* England, a work by James Gairdner
* "England", a poem by Geoffrey Howard
* "England", a poem by Marianne Moore
* "England", a poem by Edna Dean Proctor
* "England: an Ode", a poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne
* "England", a poem by Leonard Van Noppen

### Encyclopaedia articles

* "England," by O. J. R. Howarth, H. R. Mill, J. A. Howe, A. Mawer and W. A. Phillips in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed., 1911)

## See also

* Portal:England
# Engines and Men/Preface

The Author's Preface
First, I must put on record a sense of deep appreciation of the responsible task entrusted to me by Mr. Bromley and the Executive Committee. I have enjoyed the execuition of it, the long months of exploration into the record, minutes and transactions of forty years. At times it has been arduous, but I think the writing of such a book is something worth living for. I have been able to trace the Society from a membership of 600 to one of 75,000, and for the change in conditions of work I must refer you to the story itself. By organisation you have won great things, and will yet win greater.
My second note must be of thanks, too, to Mr. Bromley for his advice and for the helpful manner in which he gave me carte-blanche and placed everything at my disposal; to Mr. Worthy Cooke for many helpful suggestions when he first read the manuscript; to Mr. Moore, Mr. Crossland, Mr. Wilson and other members of Head Office Staff for constant help in securing some wanted document. They have all contributed to make conditions as pleasant as possible.
I must also acknowledge the great help furnished by an index to articles on railway service, prepared for Mr. Fox by Mr. John Healey, of Sheffield, and covering the period 1879-1905.
Several pointed questions have been addressed to me about the evolution of locomotives, and I have decided to leave the reader who is interested to follow up that subject himself. My interest has been that of men, and if this book stirs many keen questions I shall be the better pleased. At the conclusion will be found a list of all the books consulted for the present work, and I only hope my readers will be so interested as to follow on with some of them.
John R. Raynes
# Engines and Men/Synopsis

Chapter I
1
Chapter II
14
Chapter III
25
Chapter IV
36
Chapter V
Chapter VI
61
Chapter VII
71
Chapter VIII
80
Chapter IX
92
Chapter X
Chapter XI
112
Chapter XII
126
Chapter XIII
138
Chapter XIV
147
Chapter XV
Chapter XVI
The Declaration of War—Wages and Prices—Partial Employment—The First Bonus—Profiteering—Members Enlisting—The "White Feather" Taunt—Mr. Mason's Election—A Writ for Libel—Another Bonus (October 1915)—A Trying Time (September 1916)—Members in Public Life}}
172
Chapter XVII
Food Control—Compulsory Military Service—The Man Power Bill—N.U.R, and Craft Unions—A Libel Action—War Time Problems—Demand for Railway Nationalisation—The Sliding Scale—Death of the President—Ministry of Labour}}
184
Chapter XVIII
The Year 1917—Growth of Activity—A Memorable Conference—Compulsory Enlistment—A National Crisis—Special Conference Summoned—Sir A. Stanley's Pledge—Its Redemption Secured—The Eight Howe Day A Triumph for the Society}}
195
Chapter XIX
1917 Conciliation Scheme—The National Programme—The Committee on Production—Another Advance—The Stream of War Traffic Tributes to Railway Workers— Women as Engine Cleaners—The Gretna Disaster—Presentation to Mr. Wride—District Councils—The Comb Out—Luxury Spending—Extra Food Allowance}}
208
Chapter XX
The One Union Movement—The April (1918) Wage Advance —Panel of Parliamentary Candidates—New and Increased Benefits—The District Councils at Work—The September Advance—The Strikes of 1918}}
Chapter XXI
232
Chapter XXII
246
Chapter XXIII
263
Chapter XXIV
An Early Emblem of the Society, painted in water colours but never reproduced.
# Edgehill Fight

First published in A School History of England (1911) as "Before Edgehill Fight". Variously known as ‘Before Edgehill,’ ‘Before Edgehill Fight,’ ‘Edgehill,’ and ‘The Civil Wars.’
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This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1936, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 87 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Edgar Huntly, or The Sleep Walker/Letter 1

LETTER I.
To Mr. Sarsefield.
Philadelphia.
I came hither but ten minutes ago, and write this letter in the bar of the stage-house. I wish not to lose a moment in informing you of what has happened. I cannot do justice to my own feelings when I reflect upon the rashness of which I have been guilty.
I will give you the particulars tomorrow. At present, I shall only say that Clithero is alive; is apprised of your wife's arrival and abode in New-York; and has set out, with mysterious intentions, to visit her.
May Heaven avert the consequences of such a design! May you be enabled by some means to prevent their meeting! If you cannot prevent it———but I must not reason on such an event, nor lengthen out this letter.
E. H.
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# Edgar Levy Leasing Company v. Siegel 810 West End Ave

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
258 U.S. 242
Edgar Levy Leasing Company v. Siegel 810 West End Ave
Argued: Jan. 24 and 25, 1922. --- Decided: March 20, 1922
Mr. Louis Marshall, of New York City, for plaintiffs in error.
Messrs. Wm. D. Guthrie and Julius Henry Cohen, both of New York City, for joint Legislative Committee on Housing of New York Legislature.
Mr. Justice CLARKE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Encouraged by thy word

The beggar by John Newton
    Encouraged by thy word
    Of promise to the poor;
    Behold, a beggar, LORD,
    Waits at thy mercy's door!
    No hand, no heart, O LORD, but thine,
    Can help or pity wants like mine.
    The beggar's usual plea
    Relief from men to gain,
    If offered unto thee,
    I know thou would'st disdain:
    And pleas which move thy gracious ear,
    Are such as men would scorn to hear.
    I have no right to say
    That though I now am poor,
    Yet once there was a day
    When I possessed more:
    Thou know'st that from my very birth,
    I've been the poorest wretch on earth.
    Nor can I dare profess,
    As beggars often do,
    Though great is my distress,
    My wants have been but few:
    If thou shouldst leave my soul to starve,
    It would be what I well deserve.
    'Twere folly to pretend
    I never begged before;
    Or if thou now befriend,
    I'll trouble thee no more:
    Thou often hast relieved my pain,
    And often I must come again.
    Though crumbs are much too good
    For such a dog as I;
    No less than children's food
    My soul can satisfy:
    O do not frown and bid me go,
    I must have all thou canst bestow.
    Nor can I willing be
    Thy bounty to conceal
    From others, who like me,
    Their wants and hunger feel:
    I'll tell them of thy mercy's store,
    And try to send a thousand more.
    Thy thoughts, thou only wise!
    Our thoughts and ways transcend,
    Far as the arched skies
    Above the earth extend:
    Such pleas as mine men would not bear,
    But God receives a beggar's prayer.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse