OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Southern, John

​SOUTHERN or SOOWTHERN, JOHN (fl. 1584), poetaster, seems to have been born in England, and was doubtless connected with the Shropshire family. He seems to have been educated in France, whence he returned to his native country to follow the profession of a musician. In 1584 he published an eccentric volume of verse under the title of ‘The Musyque of the Beautie of his Mistresse Diana. Composed by John Soowthern, Gentleman, and dedicated to the right Honorable Edward Dever, Earle of Oxenford, &c., 1584, June 20. Non careo patria, me caret illa magis. London, for Thomas Hackette,’ 1584, 4to. (His patron was Edward de Vere, seventeenth earl of Oxford [q. v.]). The volume consists of sonnets by the author, who anticipated Henry Constable in addressing them to a mistress named Diana, of elegies, odes, odellets, and a ‘stansse’ and two ‘quadrans’ in French; as well as four epitaphs which are said to have been written by the Countess of Oxford ‘after the death of her young sonne the Lord Bulbecke;’ (the countess was Anne Cecil, eldest daughter of Lord Burghley). The work is a clumsy performance, and is only remarkable for its reckless plagiarism of Ronsard.
Southern's lack of literary power, his impudent thefts from Ronsard, and his gallicised vocabulary exposed him to much ridicule. Puttenham wrote of him in his ‘Arte of English Poesie,’ 1589 (lib. iii. cap. xxii., ed. Arber, pp. 259–60): ‘Another of reasonable good facilitie in translation finding certaine of the hymnes of Pyndarus and of Anacreons odes, and other lirickes among the Greekes very well translated by Rounsard the French poet, and applied to the honour of a great prince in France, comes our minion and translates the same out of French into English, and applieth them to the honour of [the Earl of Oxford] a great nobleman in England (wherein I commend his reuerent minde and duetie), but doth so impudently robbe the French poet both of his prayse and also of his French termes that I cannot so much pitie him as be angrie with him for his injurious dealing. … And in the end (which is worst of all) makes his vaunt that neuer English finger but his hath toucht Pindar's string, which was neuerthelesse word by word as Rounsard has said before by like braggery.’ Puttenham gives examples of Southern's grotesque employment of French words. Drayton, in his ‘Poemes Lyrick and Pastorall’ (1603?), bestowed on ‘Southerne an English lyrick’ the mysterious commendation:
'Southern, I long thee spare, Yet wish thee well to fare, Who me pleased'st greatly, As first, therefore more rare, Handling thy harpe neatly.’
One copy of Southern's volume alone seems known. Somewhat imperfect, it belonged to Steevens, who amply annotated it, and is now in the British Museum. A second copy belonged to Heber. It is often stated erroneously that another copy, wanting the title-page, is in the Capel collection at Trinity College, Cambridge.
[Collier's Bibliographical Account, ii. 367; Heber's Cat. of Early English Poetry, p. 308; Ritson's Bibliographia Anglo-Poetica.]
S. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Southey, Henry Herbert

​SOUTHEY, HENRY HERBERT, M.D. (1783–1865), physician, son of Robert Southey by his wife, Margaret Hill, and younger brother of Robert Southey [q. v.], the poet, was born at Bristol in 1783. After education at private schools in and near Yarmouth, his brother Robert proposed to establish him in his house in London in order that he might study anatomy under Sir Anthony Carlisle [q. v.] at Westminster Hospital, and then to send him either to Edinburgh or to Germany (Southey, Life and Corresp. ii. 107). The first project fell through, and Henry studied surgery at Norwich under Philip Meadows Martineau (d. 1828), uncle of Harriet Martineau [q. v.] There he formed ​the acquaintance of William Taylor [q. v.] of Norwich, who superintended his extra-professional studies. In November 1803 he entered the university of Edinburgh, where Sir William Knighton [q. v.] and Dr. Robert Gooch [q. v.] were his fellow students and friends. He had acquired remarkable facility in colloquial Latin, and used to talk it with his friends. He graduated M.D. on 24 June 1806, reading an interesting dissertation ‘De ortu et progressu syphilidis’ (Edinburgh, 1806, 8vo), in which he maintained the American origin of the disease. He then studied for a winter in London, and settled in the following year at Durham, but removed to London by the advice of Sir William Knighton in 1812. He became a licentiate of the College of Physicians on 22 Dec. 1812, and was elected a fellow on 25 June 1823. On 25 April 1825 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He delivered the Harveian oration in 1847, was elected physician to the Middlesex Hospital on 17 Aug. 1815 and held office till April 1827. He was appointed physician in ordinary to George IV in 1823, in 1830 physician extraordinary to Queen Adelaide, and in 1833 lord chancellor's visitor in lunacy. He became a commissioner in lunacy in September 1836, and was Gresham professor of medicine from 1834 to 1865. On 16 June 1847 he was created hon. D.C.L. at Oxford. He lived in Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, died on 13 June 1865, and was buried in Highgate cemetery.
His wife Louisa died in January 1830, leaving seven young children (Southey, Life and Corresp. vi. 84–5; Gent. Mag. 1830, i. 281).
Southey published in 1814 ‘Observations on Pulmonary Consumption’ (London, 8vo). The work does not contain much of permanent value, but is written in good English. When recommending the observation of the state of the pupil, he curiously remarks: ‘In the employment of the iris the porter and the peeress are alike;’ but good sense and considerable medical reading are obvious in most parts of the book. He also wrote the life of Gooch in the ‘Lives of British Physicians,’ published in 1830 [see Macmichael, William], and made contributions to periodical publications.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. iii. 272; works; Quarterly Rev. lxxiii. 35 et sqq.; Lancet, 1865, i. 665; Gent. Mag. 1865, ii. 125; Robberd's Memoir of William Taylor of Norwich, containing his Correspondence with R. Southey, 1843.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Southwell, Nathanael

​SOUTHWELL verè Bacon, NATHANAEL (1598–1676), jesuit, son of Thomas Bacon and Elizabeth his wife, and younger brother of Thomas Southwell [q. v.], was born in 1598 in Norfolk, probably at Sculthorpe, near Walsingham. He studied humanity in the college of the English jesuits at St. Omer, and entered the English College at Rome for his higher course on 8 Oct. 1617 under the assumed name of Southwell. He was ordained priest on 21 Dec. 1622, and sent to the mission in England. He is named as a priest-novice in the list of jesuits, dated about 1624–5, among the papers seized at the novitiate at Clerkenwell in March 1627–8 (Nichols, Discovery of the Jesuit College at Clerkenwell, p. 46). After completing his noviceship he was recalled to Rome, and became minister and procurator at the English College there. On 30 Oct. 1637 he was appointed spiritual father and confessor of the college. Thence he was removed to the Gesù in Rome to become secretary to the father-general, Vincent Caraffa, and four succeeding generals—Piccolomini, Gottifred, Nickell, and Oliva—employed his services in that office for more than twenty years. On retiring from the office in 1668 he was still retained by father-general Oliva as his admonitor. He died at the Gesù, Rome, on 2 Dec. 1676.
The latter years of his life were devoted to the compilation of the great biographical work entitled, ‘Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Jesu. Opus inchoatum a R. P. Petro Ribadeneira, ejusdem Societatis Theologo, anno salutis 1602. Continuatum a R. P. Philippo Alegambe, ex eadem Societate, usque ad annum 1642. Recognitum, et productum ad annum Jubilæi M.DC.LXXV. a Nathanaele Sotvello, ejusdem Societatis Presbytero,’ Rome, 1676, fol. This work is remarkable alike for research, accuracy, elegance of language, piety, and charity of sentiment. Southwell was also the author of ‘A Journal of Meditations for every Day in the Year, gathered out of divers Authors, written first in Latin by N[athanael] B[acon], and newly translated into English by E[dward] M[ico],’ 3rd edit. London, 1687, 8vo. The translator was Edward Harvey alias Mico, a jesuit who died in prison in 1678 (Catholic Magazine, November 1833, pp. 241–3). A memorandum made at Rome states that the ‘originale autographum ephemeridis Meditationum P. Sotovelli conservatur in cubiculo Procuratoris Montis Porti hoc anno 1694.’
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Southgate, Henry

​SOUTHGATE, HENRY (1818–1888), anthologist, born in 1818, a native of London, entered his father's business, and from 1840 to 1866 carried on his practice as an auctioneer of prints and engravings at 22 Fleet Street. The firm was known as Southgate & Barrett until about 1860 (when the partnership was dissolved), after which Southgate's affairs became gradually involved. In the meantime he had made a considerable reputation as a compiler of selections in prose and verse from English classics. He moved about 1870 to South Devon, where he resided at Salcombe, and afterwards at Sidmouth; thence he moved to Ramsgate, where he died on 5 Dec. 1888.
His works comprise: 1. ‘Many Thoughts of Many Things, being a Treasury of Reference … analytically arranged,’ London, 1857, 4to; the third edition, thoroughly revised and enlarged under the altered title ‘Many Thoughts of Many Minds’ (1861, 8vo), had a great circulation, and has frequently been reprinted. The first edition was denounced by the ‘Athenæum’ (1857, p. 1550) as ‘an enormous book, an enormous blunder;’ but, along with Bartlett's ‘Familiar Quotations,’ it has established a reputation as one of the best compilations of the kind. A second series was issued in 1871, London, 8vo. 2. ‘What Men have said about Women: a Collection of Choice Sentences,’ London, 1864, 8vo; 1865 and 1866. 3. ‘Musings about Men, compiled and analytically arranged from the Writings of the Good and Great,’ illustrated by Birket Foster and Sir John Gilbert, 1866, 8vo, and 1868. 4. ‘Noble Thoughts in Noble Language: a Collection of Wise and Virtuous Utterances in Prose and Verse’ [1871], 8vo; 1880. Arranged alphabetically from ‘Ability’ to ‘Zeal,’ and, after No. 1, the most popular of Southgate's compilations. 5. ‘The Bridal Bouquet, culled in the Garden of Literature,’ London, 1873, 4to. 6. ‘Christus Redemptor, being the Life, Character, and Teachings of our Blessed Lord, … illustrated from the Writings of Ancient and Modern Authors,’ London [1874], 4to; another edition, ‘Christ our Redeemer’ [1880], 8vo. 7. ‘Things a Lady would like to know,’ a book of domestic management, 1874 and 1875, 8vo; dedicated to his daughter Julia. 8. ‘The Way to Woo and Win a Wife,’ choice extracts, dedicated to his wife, London, 1876, 12mo. During the last fifteen years of his life a collection of plates, cuttings, and extracts, printed and manuscript, was compiled by Southgate for publication as ‘The Wealth and Wisdom of Literature’ or ‘A Dictionary of Suggestive Thought.’ He had a title-page printed, but sought in vain to find a publisher for this colossus of anthologies, which eventually extended to forty bulky volumes (with an alphabet from ​‘Abandoned’ to ‘Zymotic’), now in the British Museum.
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Southrey, Simon

Simon Southerey in the ODNB.
​SOUTHREY or SOTHEREY, SIMON (fl. 1396), Benedictine monk, may have taken his name from Southrey, near Market Downham in Norfolk. A monk of St. Albans and a doctor of divinity of Oxford, he had become by 1389 prior of the Benedictine hostelry in that university. In 1389 Southrey successfully resisted Archbishop Courtenay's proposed visitation of the Oxford house (Walsingham, ii. 190). Three years later (May 1392) he took part in Courtenay's trial of the heretic Cistercian Henry Crump [q. v.] at Stamford (Fasciculi Zizaniorum, p. 357). Between the two dates he had been transferred from Oxford to be prior of the cell of St. Albans at Belvoir in Lincolnshire. In 1397 the new abbot of St. Albans, John de la Moot, recalled him at his own request to the abbey, where he was chosen prior. He still held this position in 1401 (Gesta Abbatum, iii. 425, 436, 479; Monasticon Anglicanum, iii. 287). A fellow-monk (perhaps Walsingham the historian) records that Southrey by his sermons converted many Wiclifites from the errors of their ways; also that ‘in arte versificandi præcipuus, in astrologia peritissimus, in poetria doctissimus inter cunctos regnicolas nostris temporibus habebatur’ (Amundesham, ii. 305). Bale credits him with treatises on the authority of the church, the sacra​ment of the altar, and against the followers of Wiclif. A Bodleian manuscript (Digby 98) preserves the first words (‘Anès, Steder, Denepker’) of an ‘Almanak Stellarum fixarum secundum Symonem Southray.’ He died on 28 Nov., but the year is unknown (Monasticon Anglicanum, iii. 287).
J. T-t.
# Dombey and Son (1848)

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Layout 2
DEALINGS WITH THE FIRM
OF
DOMBEY AND SON,
Wholesale, Retail and for Exportation
BY Charles Dickens
LONDON BRADBURY & EVANS BOUVERIE STREET 1848
DOMBEY AND SON.
BY
CHARLES DICKENS.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY H. K. BROWNE.
LONDON: BRADBURY AND EVANS, 11, BOUVERIE STREET. 1848.
LONDON:
BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.
THIS STORY IS DEDICATED,
WITH GREAT ESTEEM,
TO
THE MARCHIONESS OF NORMANBY.

### PREFACE.

I cannot forego my usual opportunity of saying farewell to my readers in this greeting-place, though I have only to acknowledge the unbounded warmth and earnestness of their sympathy in every stage of the journey we have just concluded.
If any of them have felt a sorrow in one of the principal incidents on which this fiction turns, I hope it may be a sorrow of that sort which endears the sharers in it, one to another. This is not unselfish in me. I may claim to have felt it, at least as much as anybody else; and I would fain be remembered kindly for my part in the experience.
Devonshire Terrace, Twenty-Fourth March, 1848.
ERRATA.
Page 494, first line of the chapter. For down stairs, read above stairs.
Page 497, line 29 from top. For you too, read you two.
ERRATA.
Page 97, line 23 from top—for "the register," read "that register."
{{{1}}}„100, line 23 from bottom—for "probably," read "possibly."
{{{1}}}„101, line 9 from bottom—for "dull crying," read "dull cooing."
{{{1}}}„102, line 20 from top—strike out "Quintius," before "Curtius."
{{{1}}}„105, line 3 from bottom— for "auspiciously," read "suspiciously."
{{{1}}}„112, line 6 from bottom— for "the first epistle," read "the first chapter of the epistle."
{{{1}}}„117, lines 3 and 4 from top—for "when you know I want them," read "when you know why I want them."
{{{1}}}„120, line 12 from top—for "Saturday," read "Saturdays."
{{{1}}}„121, line 12 from top—for "doing," read "being."
{{{1}}}„125, line 23 from top—insert a period after the words "have reason."
{{{1}}}„126, line 17 from bottom—for "voice," read "voices."
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Usher, James

​USHER, JAMES (1720–1772), schoolmaster, controversialist, and essayist, a descendant of Archbishop Henry Ussher [q. v.], was son of a gentleman farmer in the county of Dublin, where he was born in 1720. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin (Taylor, Hist. of the Univ. of Dublin, p. 480). He ​was brought up in the protestant religion, but a perusal of the controversial works of the jesuit father Henry Fitzsimon [q. v.] led him to join the Roman catholic church (Hogan, Life of Fitzsimon, 1881, p. 224). He began life as a gentleman farmer, and, not meeting with success, he opened a linendraper's shop in Dublin, but failed in that business also. About this period his wife died, and, finding himself a widower with a family of four children—three boys and a girl—he took holy orders, it is said, in the church of Rome, sent his three sons for education to the college of Lombard in Paris, and his daughter to a convent, where she soon afterwards died. The statement that he entered the priesthood is open to doubt. He now came to London, and Charles Molloy (d. 1767) [q. v.], who had been a political writer against Sir Robert Walpole, left him a legacy of 300l. This enabled him to open a school for catholic youth at Kensington Gravel Pits in partnership with John Walker (1732–1807) [q. v.], author of the ‘Pronouncing Dictionary,’ who was also a convert. Walker subsequently withdrew from the undertaking, and Usher became sole master of the school, which he conducted until his death in 1772.
His works are: 1. ‘A New System of Philosophy, founded on the Universal Operations of Nature,’ London, 1764, 8vo. 2. ‘A Free Examination of the common Methods employed to prevent the growth of Popery,’ London, 1766. This work appeared originally as a series of letters signed ‘A Free Thinker’ in the ‘Public Ledger.’ It elicited replies from Benjamin Pye (1767) and D. Grant, vicar of Hutton Rudby, Yorkshire (1771). 3. ‘Clio: or a Discourse on Taste, addressed to a Young Lady’ (anon.), London, 1767, 8vo; 2nd edit., with large additions, Dublin, 1770, 8vo; 3rd edit., Dublin, 1772, 8vo; new edition, with notes, anecdotes, and quotations by J. Mathew, London, 1803, reprinted 1809, 8vo. 4. ‘An Introduction to the Theory of the Human Mind. By J. U., author of Clio,’ London, 1771, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1773. 5. ‘An Elegy’ (sine anno); privately reprinted 1860.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Urwick, Thomas

​URWICK, THOMAS (1727–1807), independent divine, second son of Samuel Urwick of Shrewsbury, by his wife, Mary Wright, was born at Shelton, near Shrewsbury, on 8 Dec. 1727. The family were lineal descendants of the Urwicks of Furness [see under Urswick, Christopher]. Thomas was educated in the Shrewsbury grammar school. He was also under the tuition of Job Orton [q. v.], whose ministry his parents attended, and, encouraged by him, Urwick entered in 1747 the college at Northampton, under the direction of Philip Doddridge [q. v.] After the death of Doddridge in 1751 he went to the university of Glasgow, and finished his academic studies under William Leechman [q. v.] In 1754 he became assistant to Joseph Carpenter, minister of Angel Street, Worcester, and continued in that position during Dr. Allen's pastorate. In 1764 he was chosen sole pastor, and was ordained the following year. He filled the duties of the pastorate without an assistant for eleven years with much success. In 1775, to the regret of the congregation, he resigned, and undertook a small pastorate at Narborough, near Leicester. But in 1779 he was invited to succeed Dr. Philip Furneaux [q. v.] as pastor of the influential congregation at Clapham. He was chosen one of the trustees of William Coward (1657?–1725) [q. v.] for the academy in which he had been educated, and was also elected a trustee of Dr. Williams's library. When Joseph Lancaster [q. v.], the founder of the British or Lancasterian system of education, secretly ran away from home as a boy to enlist in the navy, Urwick happened to learn of the escapade from the boy's mother, discovered his whereabouts, and restored him to his family. He was assisted in later years by James Philipps, who succeeded him. He died on 26 Feb. 1807 at Balham Hill. His wife, Mary Smith, whom he married at Worcester in 1767, died on 17 June 1791. The remains of both lie in a tomb on the north side of Clapham churchyard. Besides some separately issued sermons, Urwick published ‘The proper Improvement of Divine Chastening recommended to National Attention’ (1800). There is a portrait of Urwick in pastels in the Coward trustees' room, New College, Hampstead, a photograph of which (with memoir) is given in Urwick's ‘Nonconformity in Worcester,’ pp. 100–8.
W. U.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ussher, Ambrose

​USSHER, AMBROSE (1582?–1629), scholar, born in Dublin about 1582, was third but second surviving son of Arland Ussher and his wife Margaret. James Ussher [q. v.], archbishop of Armagh, was his elder brother. Probably he was, like his brother, educated at the school in Schoolhouse Lane, Dublin; subsequently he is said to have been for a time at Cambridge. He, however, soon returned to Dublin, where he graduated M.A. and was elected fellow of the recently established university in 1601. He devoted his life to unremitting study, and, in addition to more ordinary acquirements of scholarship, he became learned in Hebrew and Arabic. Among his correspondents was Henry Briggs [q. v.] the mathematician (Rawlinson MS. C. 849, f. 5). Before the completion of the authorised version of the Bible, Ussher prepared a translation from the original Hebrew, which he dedicated to James I. It remains in manuscript in three volumes in the library of Trinity College, Dublin; a long extract from the ‘Epistle Dedicatorie’ and Ussher's translation of Genesis, chap. i., are printed in the historical manuscripts commission's fourth report (App. pp. 598–9; cf. Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. ix. 102). Ussher died at Dublin, unmarried, and was buried on 4 March 1628–9. The only work he published was a ‘Brief Catechism very well serving for the Instruction of Youth,’ printed at Dublin without date. He left, however, thirty-four works in manuscript, now preserved in Trinity College, Dublin. They include several volumes of sermons, commentaries on various portions of scripture, and notes on classical authors. Besides the translation of the Bible above mentioned, the more important are: 1. ‘Disputationes contra Bellarminum,’ 4 vols. 2. ‘An Arabian Dictionary and Grammar.’ 3. ‘Laus Astronomiæ.’ 4. ‘De Usu Sphæræ cum numero Constellationum.’ 5. ‘Summaria Religionis Christianæ Methodus.’ 6. ‘Of the Kingdom of Great Britain, or a Discourse on the Question of Scotland's Union with England.’ 7. ‘The Principles of Religion explained in English, Greek, Latin, and Hebrew.’ 8. ‘Confutatio Errorum Ecclesiæ Romanæ.’ 9. ‘Prolegomena Arabica.’ 10. ‘Collectanea Arabica et Hebraica.’
[Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. App. pp. 588, 589, 591, 592–3, 598–9; Rawlinson MS. C. 849, ff. 5, 262; Ussher's Letters, ed. Parr, 1696; Elrington's Life and Works of Ussher, i. 95–7; Wright's Ussher Memoirs, 1889; Ware's Irish Writers, ed. Harris; Taylor's Univ. of Dublin, pp. 269, 366.]
A. F. P.