# Military Japanese/Part 2

Part II Helpful Material for Interpretation and Translation
Japanese Syllabary
The Japanese written language is made up of three different types of ideographs: (1) the Chinese characters, (2) the hiragana and (3) the katakana. However, it is possible to write everything in either the hiragana or katakana.
| Hiragana | Hiragana | Hiragana | Hiragana | Hiragana | Katakana | Katakana | Katakana | Katakana | Katakana |
| a あ | i い | u う | e え | o お | a ア | i イ | u ウ | e エ | o オ |
| ka か | ki き | ku く | ke け | ko こ | ka カ | ki キ | ku ク | ke ケ | ko コ |
| sa さ | shi し | su す | se せ | so そ | sa サ | shi シ | su ス | se セ | so ソ |
| ta た | chi ち | tsu つ | te て | to と | ta タ | chi チ | tsu ツ | te テ | to ト |
| na な | ni に | nu ぬ | ne ね | no の | na ナ | ni ニ | nu ヌ | ne ネ | no ノ |
| ha は | hi ひ | fu ふ | he へ | ho ほ | ha ハ | hi ヒ | fu フ | he ヘ | ho ホ |
| ma ま | mi み | mu む | me め | mo も | ma マ | mi ミ | mu ム | me メ | mo モ |
| ya や | i い | yu ゆ | e え | yo よ | ya ヤ | i イ | yu ユ | e エ | yo ヨ |
| ra ら | ri り | ru る | re れ | ro ろ | ra ラ | ri リ | ru ル | re レ | ro ロ ​ |
| wa わ | i ゐ | u う | e ゑ | (w)o を | wa ワ | i ヰ | u ウ | e エ | (w)o ヲ |
| (n) ん | | | | | (n) ン |
| ga が | gi ぎ | gu ぐ | ge げ | go ご | ga ガ | gi ギ | gu グ | ge ゲ | go ゴ |
| za ざ | ji じ | zu ず | ze ぜ | zo ぞ | za ザ | ji ジ | zu ズ | ze ゼ | zo ゾ |
| da だ | ji ぢ | zu づ | de で | do ど | da ダ | ji ヂ | zu ヅ | de デ | do ド |
| ba ば | bi び | bu ぶ | be べ | bo ぼ | ba バ | bi ビ | bu ブ | be ベ | bo ボ |
| pa ぱ | pi ぴ | pu ぷ | pe ぺ | po ぽ | pa パ | pi ピ | pu プ | pe ペ | po ポ |
Often a letter itself is a word: (と) = to = and.
Many words are combination of letters: (はい) = hai = yes.
Japanese Romanization
There are at present three schools of romanizing the Japanese language: the Hepburn System, the Japan System, and the recent Investigation Commission System. It is to be emphasized that these are but three methods of representing the same pronunciation. The Hepburn System is used in this manual.
Hepburn System
| A | I | U | E | O |
| KA | KI | KU | KE | KO |
| SA | SHI | SU | SE | SO |
| TA | CHI | TSU | TE | TO |
| NA | NI | NU | NE | NO |
| HA | HI | FU | HE | HO |
| MA | MI | MU | ME | MO |
| YA | I | YU | E | YO |
| RA | RI | RU | RE | RO |
| WA | I | U | E | O |
| (N) |
| GA | GI | GU | GE | GO |
| ZA | JI | ZU | ZE | ZO |
| DA | JI | ZU | DE | DO |
| BA | BI | BU | BE | BO |
| PA | PI | PU | PE | PO |
| KYA | KYU | KYO |
| SHA | SHU | SHO |
| CHA | CHU | CHO |
| NYA | NYU | NYO |
| HYA | HYU | HYO |
| MYA | MYU | MYO |
| RYA | RYU | RYO |
| GYA | GYU | GYO |
| JA | JU | JO |
| JA | JU | JO |
| BYA | BYU | BYO |
| PYA | PYU | PYO |
| Japan System | Japan System | Japan System | Japan System | Japan System | I. C. System | I. C. System | I. C. System | I. C. System | I. C. System |
| A | I | U | E | O | A | I | U | E | O |
| KA | KI | KU | KE | KO | KA | KI | KU | KE | KO |
| SA | SI | SU | SE | SO | SA | SI | SU | SE | SO |
| TA | TI | TU | TE | TO | TA | TI | TU | TE | TO |
| NA | NI | NU | NE | NO | NA | NI | NU | NE | NO |
| HA | HI | HU | HE | HO | HA | HI | HU | HE | HO |
| MA | MI | MU | ME | MO | MA | MI | MU | ME | MO |
| YA | I | YU | E | YO | YA | I | YU | E | YO ​ |
| RA | RI | RU | HE | RO | RA | RI | RU | HE | RO |
| WA | I | U | E | O | WA | I | U | E | O |
| (N) | | | | | (N) |
| GA | GI | GU | GE | GO | GA | GI | GU | GE | GO |
| ZA | ZI | ZU | ZE | ZO | ZA | ZI | ZU | ZE | ZO |
| DA | DI | DU | DE | DO | DA | ZI | ZU | DE | DO |
| BA | BI | BU | BE | BO | BA | BI | BU | BE | BO |
| PA | PI | PU | PE | PO | PA | PI | PU | PE | PO |
| KYA KYU KYO KWA SYA SYU SYO TYA TYU TYO NYA NYU NYO HYA HYU HYO MYA MYU MYO RYA RYU RYO GYA GYU GYO GWA ZYA ZYU ZYO DYA DYU DYO BYA BYU BYO PYA PYU PYO | KYA KYU KYO KWA SYA SYU SYO TYA TYU TYO NYA NYU NYO HYA HYU HYO MYA MYU MYO RYA RYU RYO GYA GYU GYO GWA ZYA ZYU ZYO DYA DYU DYO BYA BYU BYO PYA PYU PYO | KYA KYU KYO KWA SYA SYU SYO TYA TYU TYO NYA NYU NYO HYA HYU HYO MYA MYU MYO RYA RYU RYO GYA GYU GYO GWA ZYA ZYU ZYO DYA DYU DYO BYA BYU BYO PYA PYU PYO | KYA KYU KYO KWA SYA SYU SYO TYA TYU TYO NYA NYU NYO HYA HYU HYO MYA MYU MYO RYA RYU RYO GYA GYU GYO GWA ZYA ZYU ZYO DYA DYU DYO BYA BYU BYO PYA PYU PYO | KYA KYU KYO KWA SYA SYU SYO TYA TYU TYO NYA NYU NYO HYA HYU HYO MYA MYU MYO RYA RYU RYO GYA GYU GYO GWA ZYA ZYU ZYO DYA DYU DYO BYA BYU BYO PYA PYU PYO | KYA KYU KYO SYA SYU SYO TYA TYU TYO NYA NYU NYO HYA HYU HYO MYA MYU MYO RYA RYU RYO GYA GYU GYO ZYA ZYU ZYO ZYA ZYU ZYO BYA BYU BYO PYA PYU PYO | KYA KYU KYO SYA SYU SYO TYA TYU TYO NYA NYU NYO HYA HYU HYO MYA MYU MYO RYA RYU RYO GYA GYU GYO ZYA ZYU ZYO ZYA ZYU ZYO BYA BYU BYO PYA PYU PYO | KYA KYU KYO SYA SYU SYO TYA TYU TYO NYA NYU NYO HYA HYU HYO MYA MYU MYO RYA RYU RYO GYA GYU GYO ZYA ZYU ZYO ZYA ZYU ZYO BYA BYU BYO PYA PYU PYO | KYA KYU KYO SYA SYU SYO TYA TYU TYO NYA NYU NYO HYA HYU HYO MYA MYU MYO RYA RYU RYO GYA GYU GYO ZYA ZYU ZYO ZYA ZYU ZYO BYA BYU BYO PYA PYU PYO |
a. The following sets should be pronounced exactly the same:
| Hepburn | I. C. System |
| shi | si |
| chi | ti |
| tsu | tu |
| fu | hu |
| ji | zi |
| sha | sya |
| shu | syu |
| sho | syo |
| cha | tya |
b. The following sets should be pronounced exactly the same:
| Chōsen | Tyōsen |
| Fujisan | Huzisan |
| Shichiro Fuchino | Sitiro Hutino |
| Shōzō Tsurumi | Syōzō Turumi |
Japanese and Western Chronology Compared
There are two methods used in Japanese chronology, one according to eras and the other going back to the beginning of the country. The first year of the traditional calendar, although historically not authentic, is dated 660 B.C. This knowledge may be of some help in determining one’s age, date of birth, date of manufacture of war implements, etc.
| By Eras | By Eras | | Trad. | Western |
| Meiji | 01 | | 2528 | 1868 |
| | 02 | | 2529 | 1869 |
| | 03 | | 2530 | 1870 |
| | 04 | | 2531 | 1871 |
| | 05 | | 2532 | 1872 |
| | 06 | | 2533 | 1873 |
| | 07 | | 2534 | 1874 |
| | 08 | | 2535 | 1875 |
| | 09 | | 2536 | 1876 |
| | 10 | | 2537 | 1877 |
| | 11 | | 2538 | 1878 |
| | 12 | | 2539 | 1879 |
| | 13 | | 2540 | 1880 |
| | 14 | | 2541 | 1881 |
| | 15 | | 2542 | 1882 |
| | 16 | | 2543 | 1883 |
| | 17 | | 2544 | 1884 |
| | 18 | | 2545 | 1885 |
| | 19 | | 2546 | 1886 |
| | 20 | | 2547 | 1887 |
| | 21 | | 2548 | 1888 |
| | 22 | | 2549 | 1889 |
| | 23 | | 2550 | 1890 |
| | 24 | | 2551 | 1891 |
| | 25 | | 2552 | 1892 |
| | 26 | | 2553 | 1893 |
| | 27 | | 2554 | 1894 |
| | 28 | | 2555 | 1895 |
| | 29 | | 2556 | 1896 |
| | 30 | | 2557 | 1897 |
| | 31 | | 2558 | 1898 |
| | 32 | | 2559 | 1899 |
| | 33 | | 2560 | 1900 |
| | 34 | | 2561 | 1901 |
| | 35 | | 2562 | 1902 |
| | 36 | | 2563 | 1903 |
| | 37 | | 2564 | 1904 |
| | 38 | | 2565 | 1905 |
| | 39 | | 2566 | 1906 |
| | 40 | | 2567 | 1907 |
| | 41 | | 2568 | 1908 |
| | 42 | | 2569 | 1909 |
| | 43 | | 2570 | 1910 |
| | 44 | | 2571 | 1911 |
| Meiji | 45 | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | 2572 | 1912 |
| Taishō | 01 | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | 2572 | 1912 |
| | 02 | | 2573 | 1913 |
| | 03 | | 2574 | 1914 |
| | 04 | | 2575 | 1915 |
| | 05 | | 2576 | 1916 |
| | 06 | | 2577 | 1917 |
| | 07 | | 2578 | 1918 |
| | 08 | | 2579 | 1919 |
| | 09 | | 2580 | 1920 ​ |
| | 10 | | 2581 | 1921 |
| | 11 | | 2582 | 1922 |
| | 12 | | 2583 | 1923 |
| | 13 | | 2584 | 1924 |
| | 14 | | 2585 | 1925 |
| Taishō | 15 | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | 2586 | 1926 |
| Shōwa | 01 | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | 2586 | 1926 |
| | 02 | | 2587 | 1927 |
| | 03 | | 2588 | 1928 |
| | 04 | | 2589 | 1929 |
| | 05 | | 2590 | 1930 |
| | 06 | | 2591 | 1931 |
| | 07 | | 2592 | 1932 |
| | 08 | | 2593 | 1933 |
| | 09 | | 2594 | 1934 |
| | 10 | | 2595 | 1935 |
| | 11 | | 2596 | 1936 |
| | 12 | | 2597 | 1937 |
| | 13 | | 2598 | 1938 |
| | 14 | | 2599 | 1939 |
| | 15 | | 2600 | 1940 |
| | 16 | | 2601 | 1941 |
| | 17 | | 2602 | 1942 |
| | 18 | | 2603 | 1943 |
To change from the Era calendar to the Western, remember: 1867 + Meiji x; 1911 + Taishō x; 1925 + Shōwa x. For example: Meiji 10 = 1867 + 10 = 1877; Taishō 10 = 1911 + 10 = 1921; Shōwa 10 = 1925 + 10 = 1935. To change from the Trad. calendar to the Western, subtract 660.
    Meiji 45 = Taishō 1; Taishō 15 = Shōwa 1.
    17-3-5 = Shōwa 17 - March 5 = 3-5-1942.
    2-6-20 = 2602-6-20 = 6-20-1942.
Numerals and Time
    Numerals:
Although we are not interested in the study of the written Japanese, it would be advisable to learn the numerals in characters for practical purposes.
Both the Chinese and the Japanese ways of counting the first ten numerals are used. Zero is an exception.
| | Kun (Japanese) | On (Chinese) |
| 00 (〇) | | rei |
| 01 (一) | hitotsu | ichi |
| 02 (二) | futatsu | ni |
| 03 (三) | mittsu | san |
| 04 (四) | yottsu | shi |
| 05 (五) | itsutsu | go |
| 06 (六) | muttsu | roku |
| 07 (七) | nanatsu | shichi |
| 08 (八) | yattsu | hachi |
| 09 (九) | kokonotsu | ku |
| 10 (十) | tō | jū |
Japanese way is used for single numbers and the Chinese way is used as “enumeratives.” Itsutsu = five; Go-nin = five people. From eleven on, the numbers are counted only in the Chinese way:
| 11 | (十一) jūichi |
| 12 | (十二) jūni |
| 13 | (十三) jūsan |
| 14 | (十四) jūshi |
| 15 | (十五) jūgo |
| 16 | (十六) jūroku |
| 17 | (十七) jūshichi |
| 18 | (十八) jūhachi |
| 19 | (十九) jūku |
| 20 | (二十) nijū |
| 30 | (三十) sanjū |
| 40 | (四十) shijū |
| 50 | (五十) gojū |
| 100 | (一一百) hyaku |
| 1,000 | (一一千) sen |
| 10,000 | (一一万) man |
| 100,000 | (十万) jūman |
| 1,000,000 | (百万) hyakuman |
    20=2-10=nijū=二十 (二〇)
Time:
a. Time of the day:
| time | jikan |
| o’clock | ji |
| minute | fun (pun) |
| second | byō |
| a. m. | gozen |
| p. m. | gogo |
​b. Days of the week:
| Sunday | Nichiyō |
| Monday | Getsuyō |
| Tuesday | Kayō |
| Wednesday | Suiyō |
| Thursday | Mokuyō |
| Friday | Kinyō |
| Saturday | Doyō |
c. Months of the year:
| January | Ichigatsu |
| February | Nigatsu |
| March | Sangatsu |
| April | Shigatsu |
| May | Gogatsu |
| June | Rokugatsu |
| July | Shichigatsu |
| August | Hachigatsu |
| September | Kugatsu |
| October | Jūgatsu |
| November | Jūichigatsu |
| December | Jūnigatsu |
d. Days of the month: The first ten days are counted in both the pure Japanese way and the Chinese way. However, from the 11th, usually the Chinese way is used.
| 01st | tsuitachi; ichinichi |
| 02nd | futsuka; ninichi |
| 03rd | mikka; sannichi |
| 04th | yokka |
| 05th | itsuka; gonichi |
| 06th | muika; rokunichi |
| 07th | nanuka; shichinichi |
| 08th | yōka; hachinichi |
| 09th | kokonoka; kunichi |
| 10th | tōka |
| 11th | jūichinichi |
| 14th | jūyokka |
| 20th | hatsuka; nijūnichi |
| 30th | sanjūnichi |
​e. Number of months is counted in both the pure Japanese and Chinese ways:
| | Kun (Japanese) | On (Chinese) |
| one month | hitotsuki | ikkagetstu |
| two months | futatsuki | nikagetsu |
| three months | mitsuki | sankagetsu |
| four months | yotsuki | shikagetsu |
| five months | itsutsuki | gokagetsu |
| six months | mutsuki | rokkagetsu |
| seven months | nanatsuki | shichikagetsu |
| eight months | yatsuki | hakkagetsu |
| nine months | kokonotsuki | kukagetsu |
| ten months | totsuki | jikkagetsu |
| eleven months | | jūikkagetsu |
| twelve months | | jūnikagetsu |
How To Recognize Japanese Writing
Learn to read the following writing which may enable one to recognize numerals and dates on metal pieces, engines, etc., of the Japanese military tools.
    a. Numbers written from left to right:
       三四五一六七 345167
       四七八二九一 478291
       六二〇二四九 620249
    b. Numbers written vertically:
| 四 九 九 〇 一 | 三 〇 四 七 六 | 二 九 八 八 〇 | • 四 三 八 二 九 九 | 4 9 9 0 1 | 3 0 4 7 6 | 2 9 8 8 0 | • 4 3 8 2 9 9 |
    c. Dates:
       1. 17-4-12 = 17th year of Shōwa - April 12th
       1. 17-4-12 = April 12, 1942
       2. 2-8-14 = Year 2602 (traditional) - August 14th
       2. 2-8-14 = August 14, 1942
As explained in Japanese and Western Chronology Compared, page 46, the Japanese use two types of calendars, the era and the traditional. The order of writing is always: year - month - date. Therefore, common sense tells one that 17 in the first example refers to the 17th year of Shōwa (1942), and 2 in the second example represents the last unit of the traditional year 2602 (1942).
       3.
| Shōwa 15th yr. 1940 | 3rd month March | 2nd day 2 |
| 1st two characters | = Shōwa |
| 3rd character | = year |
| 4th character | = month |
| 5th character | = date |
Table of Money, Weights and Measures
a. Money:*
| 01 rin | 01/10 cent |
| 01 sen | 01 cent |
| 05 sen | 05 cents |
| 10 sen | 10 cents |
| 20 sen | 20 cents |
| 50 sen | 50 cents |
| 01 yen | 01 dollar |
*Not corresponding value, but corresponding units.
b. Weights:
| 1 monme | 0.1325 oz. |
| 1 kin | 1 lb.* |
| 1 kan | 8.28 lbs. |
| 1 guramu | 1 gramme |
| 1 kiro (kiroguramu) | 1 kilogramme |
| 1 pondo | 1 pound |
| 1 ton | 1 ton |
*Corresponding unit.
​c. Capacity:
| 1 gō | 00.4 pts. |
| 1 shō | 02 qts. |
| 1 tō | 04 gals. |
| 1 koku | 40 gals. (5 bushels) |
d. Square measure: :
| 1 tsubo | 36 sq. ft. |
| 1 bu | same |
| 1 se | 1080 sq. ft. |
| 1 tan | 0.245 acres |
| 1 chō | 2.5 acres |
e. Linear measure:
| 1 bu | 0*1/10 in. |
| 1 sun | 0*1 in. |
| 1 shaku | 0*1 ft. |
| 1 ken | 006 ft. |
| 1 chō | 120 yds. |
| 1 ri | 002.44 mi. |
| 1 miri (mirimētoru) | 1 m. m. |
| 1 senchi (senchimētoru) | 1 c. m. |
| 1 mētoru | 1 meter |
| 1 kiro (kiromētoru) | 1 k. m. |
| 1 mairu | 1 mile |
| 1 notto | 1 knot |
*Corresponding unit.
f. Percentage:
| | 1 bu | | 01% |
| | 1 wari | | 10% |
| Therefore, ||
| | 1 wari 5 bu | = | 15% |
| | 5 wari | = | 50% |
Branches of the Armed Forces
| | | color of collar badges |
| Army | Rikugun |
| Navy | Kaigun |
| Air Force | Kūgun |
| Marine Corps | Rikusentai |
| Military Police | Kenpei | black |
| Infantry | Hohei | scarlet |
| Cavalry | Kihei | light green |
| Artillery | Hōhei | yellow |
| Engineer | Kōhei | brown |
| Aviation | Kōkūhei | light blue |
| Commissariat | Shichōhei | deep blue |
| Paymaster | Keiri | silver tea |
| Medical | Eisei | dark green |
| Veterinary | Jūi | purple |
Army (Rikugun)
| a. | Ranks: |
| | Officers | Shikan |
| | General | Taishō |
| | Lieut-General | Chūshō (Chūjō) |
| | Major-General | Shōshō |
| | Colonel | Taisa |
| | Lieut-Colonel | Chūsa |
| | Major | Shōsa |
| | Captain | Taii |
| | First Lieutenant | Chūi |
| | Second Lieutenant | Shōo |
| | N.C.O. | Kashikan |
| | Warrant Officer | Tokumu Sōchō |
| | Sergeant-Major | Sōchō |
| | Sergeant | Gunsō |
| | Corporal | Gochō |
| | Privates | Hei |
| | Superior Private | Jōtōhei |
| | F. C. Private | Ittōhei |
| | S. C. Private | Nitōhei |
| b. | Units: |
| | Division | Shidan |
| | Brigade | Ryodan |
| | Regiment | Rentai |
| | Battalion | Daitai |
| | Company | Chūtai |
| | Platoon | Shōtai |
| | Squad | Buntai |
| | Unit of indefinite size | Butai |
| | Corps | Gundan (Heidan) |
| Air (Kūgun) ||
| a. | Units: |
| | Wing | Rentai |
| | Group | Daitai |
| | Squadron | Chūtai |
| | Division | Shōtai |
| | Section | Buntai |
| Navy (Kaigun) ||
| a. | Units: |
| | Officers | Shikan |
| | Admiral | Taishō |
| | V-Admiral | Chūshō (Chūjō) |
| | Rear-Admiral | Shōshō |
| | Captain | Taisa |
| | N.C.O.; Seamen* | Kashikan; Suihei |
| | Chief War. O. | Heisōchō |
| | Chief Petty O. | Ittō Heisō |
| | Petty O., 1/C | Nitō Heisō |
| | Petty O., 2/C | Santō Heisō ​ |
| | Commander | Chūsa |
| | Lieut-Commander | Shōsa |
| | Lieutenant | Taii |
| | Lieutenant (j.g.) | Chūi |
| | Ensign | Shōi |
| | Petty O., 3/C | Ittō Suihei |
| | Seaman, 1/C | Nitō Suihei |
| | Seaman, 2/C | Santō Suihei |
| | Seaman, 3/C | Shitō Suihei |
| b. | Warships: |
| | battleship | senkan |
| | battle cruiser | junyō-senkan |
| | cruiser | junyōkan |
| | aircraft carrier | kōkū-bokan |
| | seaplane tender | suijōki-bokan |
| | submarine | sensuikan |
| | mine layer | fusetsukan |
| | gunboat | hōkan |
| | destroyer | kuchikukan |
| | torpedo boat | suiraitei |
| | mine sweeper | sōkaitei |
| | transport | unsōsen |
| | oil tanker | yusōsen |
| | survey ship | sokuryōkan |
| | ice breaker | saihyōsen |
| | target ship | hyōteki-kan |
| | repair ship | kōsakusen |
| c. | Units: |
| | Fleet | Kantai |
| | Squadron | Sentai |
| | Division | Buntai |
| | Convoy | Gosōsendan |
*These are corresponding ranks and not the translation of ranks.
“Japanized” English
In speaking to a prisoner, first see whether he understands English. All officers will understand some English; men in the ranks may not. However, every Japanese has quite a large vocabulary of English pronounced in the “Japanized” way. This is especially true of popular ​nouns. Therefore, one may sometimes be able to make himself understood if he uses English in the Japanese way. Here is a list of some examples:
| English |
| k ending sound | ku |
| book; tank; mask | bukku; tanku; masuku |
| s ending sound | su |
| pass; gas | pasu; gasu |
| t ending sound | to |
| point; tent | pointo; tento |
| n ending sound | n |
| pen; pin | pen; pin |
| f ending sound | fu |
| knife; wife | naifu; waifu |
| m ending sound | mu |
| room; come | rūmu; kamu |
| l, r ending sound | ru |
| beer; doctor; pistol | bīru; dokutoru; pisutoru |
| d ending sound | do |
| pound; ground | pondo; guraundo |
| p ending sound | pu |
| lamp; stop | ranpu; sutoppu |
| g ending sound | gu |
| king; song | kingu; songu |
| y ending sound | e |
| party; empty | pāte; emute |
a. There are no consonants l, q, v, or x. Therefore, make the following substitutions when these consonants occur in a word: l = r; q = k; v = b; x = (x).
b. One must always remember to put a vowel after each consonant or consonant sound of English:
| America | Amerika |
| Roosevelt | Rōzuberuto |
| baseball | bēsubōru |
| gas-mask | gasu masuku |
| milk | miruku |
Japanese Prefectures
* 27 Wakayama
* 28 Ōsaka
* 29 Hyōgo
* 30 Tottori
* 31 Okayama
* 32 Shimane
* 33 Hiroshima
* 34 Yamaguchi
* 35 Tokushima
* 36 Kagawa
* 37 Kōchi
* 38 Ehime
* 39 Fukuoka
* 40 Ōita
* 41 Saga
* 42 Nagasaki
* 43 Kumamoto
* 44 Miyazaki
* 45 Kagoshima
* 46 Okinawa
* 01 Aomori
* 02 Akita
* 03 Iwato
* 04 Yamagata
* 05 Miyagi
* 06 Niigata
* 07 Fukushima
* 08 Ibaraki
* 09 Tochigi
* 10 Gunma
* 11 Chiba
* 12 Saitama
* 13 Tokyo
* 14 Kanagawa
* 15 Yamanashi
* 16 Nagano
* 17 Toyama
* 18 Ishikawa
* 19 Gifu
* 20 Shizuoka
* 21 Aichi
* 22 Fukui
* 23 Shiga
* 24 Mie
* 25 Kyōto
* 26 Nara
Symbols and Map Reading
The following symbols have been copied from the maps drawn by Dainippon Teikoku Rikuchi Sokuryōbu (Imperial Japanese Land Surveying Bureau), 1935:
* signal station
* manufactory
* powder-magazine
* power plant
* embankment
* ditch
* stone steps
* oil well
* chimney
* spring
* volcano
* mineral spring
* material dump
* mine
* shrine
* temple
* church
* gov’t office
* foreign gov’t office
* army jurisdiction
* navy jurisdiction
* divisional headquarters
* bridge headquarters
* fortress and garrison headquarters
* regimental headquarters
* naval base
* army and navy housing
* prefectural capital
* district office
* municipal office
* school
* hospital
* military police
* police station
* custom house
* weather bureau
* post, telegraph, telephone office
* post office
* telegraph office
* telephone office
* wireless antenna
* national highway
* important prefectural road
* Local Roads—
* (over 3 meters wide)
* (over 2 meters wide)
* (over 1 meter wide)
* path (less that 1 meter wide)
* railway
* special railway
* lighthouse
* buoy
* ferryboat station
| railway bridge wooden bridge foot bridge ford ford for vehicle crossing temporary bridge steamer ferry | town   village |
* ​dry rice-fields
* paddy
* swamp
* orchard
* grass land
* broad-leaved trees
* needle-leaf trees