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# 2 Chronicles (Bible)

2 Chronicles is a book of the Christian and Hebrew Bibles. It is universally accepted across all Jewish and Christian biblical canons, though the order in which it appears varies. In some very early versions of the bible based on translation from the Vulgate, it was named "2 Paralipomenon"
English-language translations of Diḇrê Hayyāmîm 2 include:
* "II. Paralipomenon" in the Wycliffe version (first printing, c. 1384)
* "2 Paralipomenon" in the Wycliffe version (revised by Purvey et al., c. 1394)
* "II. Paralipomenon" in the Coverdale version (1535)
* "2 Chronicles" in the Geneva version (1560)
* "2 Paralipomenon" in the Bishops' version (1568)
* "2 Chronicles" in the Douay–Rheims version (first printing, 1582–1610)
* "2 Chronicles" in the King James version (first printing, 1611)
* "2 Chronicles" in the Douay–Rheims version (illustrated version, 1633–1635)
* "2 Chronicles" in the Douay–Rheims version (Challoner's revision, 1749–1952)
* "2 Chronicles" in the King James version (Oxford text, 1769)
* "2 Chronicles" in the Thomson version (1808)
* "2 Chronicles" in the Webster's version (1833)
* "2 Chronicles" in the Leeser version (1853)
* "2 Chronicles" in the English Revised version (1885)
* "2 Chronicles" in the Young's Literal Translation version (1898)
* "2 Chronicles" in the American Standard version (1901)
* "II. Chronicles" in the King James version (tercentenary printing, 1911)
* "2 Chronicles" in the Emphasised Bible version (1916)
* "II Chronicles" in the Jewish Publication Society version (third impression, 1919)
* "2 Chronicles" in the Basic English version (1941–1949)
* "2 Chronicles" in the World English version (in progress since 1997)
* "2 Chronicles" in the Wikisource edition (in progress since 2006)
* "2 Chronicles" in the Literal Standard Version (2020)
# 2 Esdras

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "2 Esdras."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* A book of the Hebrew Bibles, considered apocryphal under most canons; for versions, see 2 Esdras (Bible).
* Another book of the Hebrew Bibles, now named Nehemiah, but known as "2 Esdras" in older versions based on translations from the Vulgate.
See also Esdras.
# 2 Esdras (Bible)

2 Esdras is a book that appears in some versions of the Christian Bible. It is no longer accepted in most biblical canons, but is included in some bibles as apocrypha. In older versions based on translation from the Vulgate, it is named 4 Esdras, and "2 Esdras" refers to the book of Nehemiah.
English-language translations of 2 Esdras include:
* "4 Esdras" in the Wycliffe version of the Bible (1380s)
* "4 Esdras" in the Bishops' version (1568)
* "4 Esdras" in the Douay-Rheims version (1610)
* "2 Esdras" in the Authorized Version (1611)
* "2 Esdras" in the King James version (1769)
* "2 Esdras" in the Wikisource edition (in progress since 2006)
# 2 Chronicles

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "2 Chronicles."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* A book of the Christian and Hebrew Bibles; for versions, see 2 Chronicles (Bible).
* Biblical commentary and analysis
** "2 Chronicles," in Catholic Encyclopedia, (ed.) by Charles G. Herbermann and others, New York: The Encyclopaedia Press (1913)
** "2 Chronicles" in Halley's Bible Handbook
See also Chronicles.
# 2 Kings

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "2 Kings."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* A book of the Christian and Hebrew Bibles; for versions, see 2 Kings (Bible).
* Biblical commentary and analysis
** "2 Kings," in Catholic Encyclopedia, (ed.) by Charles G. Herbermann and others, New York: The Encyclopaedia Press (1913)
** "2 Kings" in Halley's Bible Handbook
* Another book of the Christian and Hebrew Bibles, now named 2 Samuel, but named "2 Kings" in older versions based on translations from the Vulgate.
See also Kings and Two Kings.
# 2 Corinthians

* related portals: Second Epistle to the Corinthians.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, quotes, Wikidata item.
2 Corinthians is a book in the Bible.
English-language translations of Pros Korinthious 2 include:
* "2 Corinthians" in the Wycliffe version of the Bible (1380s)
* "2 Corinthians" in the Tyndale version of the Bible (1526)
* "2 Corinthians" in the Bishops' version of the Bible (1568)
* "2 Corinthians" in the King James version of the Bible (1611)
* "2 Corinthians" in the American Standard version of the Bible (1901)
* "2 Corinthians" in the World English version (in progress since 1997)
* "2 Corinthians" in the Wikisource version (in progress since 2006)
* "2 Corinthians" in the Literal Standard Version of the Bible (2020)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nicopolis

See also Nicopolis on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​NICOPOLIS, or Actia Nicopolis, an ancient city of Epirus, founded 31 B.C. by Octavian (Augustus) in memory of his victory over Antony and Cleopatra at Actium. The colony, composed of settlers from a great many of the towns of the neighbouring countries (Ambracia, Anactorium, Calydon, Argos Amphilochicum, Leucas, &c.), proved highly successful, and the city was considered the capital of southern Epirus and Acarnania, and obtained the right of sending five representatives to the Amphictyonic council. On the spot where Octavian’s own tent had been pitched he erected a sanctuary to Neptune adorned with the beaks of the captured galleys; and in further celebration of his victory he instituted the so-called Actian games in honour of Apollo Actius. The city was restored by the emperor Julian, and again after the Gothic invasion by Justinian; but in the course of the middle ages it was supplanted by the town of Prevesa. The ruins of Nicopolis, now known as Palaeoprevesa (Old Prevesa), lie about 3 m. north of that city, on a small bay of the Gulf of Arta (Sinus Ambracius) at the narrowest part of the isthmus of the peninsula which separates the gulf from the Ionian Sea. Besides the acropolis, the most conspicuous objects are two theatres (the larger with twenty-seven rows of seats) and an aqueduct which brought water to the town from a distance of 27 m.
Nicopolis was also the name of (1) a city in Cappadocia in the valley of the Lycus, founded by Pompey on the spot where he defeated Mithradates; (2) a city in Egypt, founded by Octavian 24 B.C. to commemorate his final victory over Antony; and (3) a city in Thrace (Nikup) at the junction of the Iatrus with the Danube, founded by Trajan in memory of his victory over the Dacians.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nieder-Selters

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​NIEDER-SELTERS, a village of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, situated in a well-wooded country on the Ems, 12 m. S.E. from Limburg by the railway to Frankfort-on-Main. Pop. (1900) 1339. Here are the springs of the famous Selters or Seltzer water, employed as specific in cases of catarrh of the respiratory organs, the stomach and bladder. Until 1866 the springs belonged to the duke of Nassau; since this date they have been the property of Prussia. They became famous in the earlier part of the 19th century, although they had been known many years previously.
See Grossmann, Die Heilquellen des Taunus (Wiesbaden, 1887).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nicosia (Cyprus)

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​NICOSIA, the capital of Cyprus, situated in the north central part of the island. Pop. (1901) 14,752 (Moslem, 6013; Christian, 8739). Its earliest name was Ledra, but Leucos, son of Ptolemy Soter (280 B.C.), is said to have restored it and changed its name to Leuteon, Leucotheon or Levcosia. A mile S.W. of the town lies the very large Bronze Age necropolis known as Hagia Paraskevi, which has been repeatedly explored with valuable results. The circuit of the city was reduced in 1567, under the direction of the Venetian engineer G. Savorgnano, from 9 m. to 3 m.; eighty churches and a number of fine houses were sacrificed. The new walls were given a circular shape, with eleven bastions and three gates. Water is supplied by two aqueducts. Government House, the residence of the high commissioner, the government offices, hospital, central prison and the new English church are without the walls. The fosse has been planted, and part of it used as an experimental garden. Carriage roads have been completed to Kyrenia, Kythraia, Famagusta, Larnaca, Limasol and Morphou. The principal monuments of the Lusignan period are the fine cathedral church of St Sophia, an edifice of French Gothic, at once solid and elegant (the towers were never completed); the church of St Catherine, an excellent example of the last years of the 14th century (both these are now mosques); and the church of St Nicolas of the English (now a grain store), built for the order of the Knights of St Thomas of Acre. A gateway of no great importance is nearly all that remains of the palace last used by the Venetian provveditori. It dates from the end of the 15th century. There is a museum, with a valuable catalogue. The chief industries are tanning and hand weaving, both silk and cotton.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nicosia (Sicily)

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​NICOSIA, a city and episcopal see (since 1816) of Sicily, in the province of Catania, 21 m. by road N. of the railway station of Leonforte (which is 49 m. W. of Catania) and 42 m. W.N.W. of Catania direct, 2840 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901) 16,004. The town retains a thoroughly medieval appearance, with a fine Norman cathedral and some other interesting churches, among them S. Maria Maggiore, with a reredos by Antonio Gagini. A Lombard dialect is still spoken here, and the town is less modernized in every respect than any other in Sicily. The Sicel town of Herbita is usually placed here, but without sufficient reason, and the origin of Nicosia is unknown. It was destroyed by the Saracens and repopulated by the Normans.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nicotera, Giovanni

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​NICOTERA, GIOVANNI (1828–1894), Italian patriot and politician, was born at San Biagio on the 9th of September 1828. Joining the party of young Italy he was among the combatants at Naples in May 1848, and was at San Pancrazio with Garibaldi during the defence of Rome. After the fall of Rome he fled to Piedmont, where he organized the expedition to Sapri in 1857, but shortly after his arrival there he was defeated and severely wounded by the Bourbon troops. Condemned to death, but reprieved through the intervention of the British minister, he remained a prisoner at Naples and at Favignana until 1860, when he joined Garibaldi at Palermo. Sent by Garibaldi to Tuscany, he attempted to invade the Papal States with a volunteer brigade, but his followers were disarmed and disbanded by Ricasoli and Cavour. In 1862 he was with Garibaldi at Aspromonte; in 1866 he commanded a volunteer brigade against Austria; in 1867 he invaded the Papal States from the south, but the defeat of Garibaldi at Mentana put an end to his enterprise. His parliamentary career dates from 1860. During the first ten years he engaged in violent opposition, but from 1870 onwards he joined in supporting the military reforms of Ricotti. Upon the advent of the Left in 1876, Nicotera became minister of the interior, and governed with remarkable firmness. He was obliged to resign in December 1877, when he joined Crispi, Cairoli, Zanardelli and Baccarini in forming the “pentarchy” in opposition to Depretis, but he only returned to power thirteen years later as minister of the interior in the Rudini cabinet of 1891. On this occasion he restored the system of uninominal constituencies, resisted the socialist agitation, and pressed, though in vain, for the adoption of drastic measures against the false bank-notes put in circulation by the Roman bank. He fell with the Rudini cabinet in May 1892, and died at Vico Equense, near Naples, on the 13th of June 1894.
See V. Giordano, La Vita ed i discorsi di Giovanni Nicotera (Salermo, 1878); Mauro, Biografia di Giovanni Nicotera (Rome, 1886; German trans., Leipzig, 1886); and Mario, In memoria di Giovanni Nicotera (Florence, 1894).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Patrizzi, Francesco

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​PATRIZZI, FRANCESCO (Franciscus Patritius) (1529–1597), Italian philosopher and scientist, was born at Clissa, in Dalmatia, and died in Rome. He gained the patronage of the bishop of Cyprus, who brought him to Venice, where his abilities were immediately recognized by his appointment to the chair of philosophy at Ferrara. He was subsequently invited to Rome by Clement VIII. In spite of his almost incessant controversies with the Aristotelians, he found time to make a comprehensive study of contemporary science. He published in 15 books a treatise on the New Geometry (1587), and works on history, rhetoric and the art of war. He studied ancient theories of music, and is said to have invented the thirteen-syllable verse known subsequently as versi martelliani. In his philosophy he was mainly concerned to defend Plato against the followers of Aristotle.
His two great works, Discussionum peripateticorum libri XV. (Basel, 1571), and Nova de universis philosophia (Basel, 1591), developed the view that, whereas Aristotle’s teaching was in direct opposition to Christianity, Plato, on the contrary, foreshadowed the Christian revelation and prepared the way for its acceptance. In the earlier treatise he attacks the life and character of Aristotle, impugns the authenticity of almost all his works, and attempts to refute his doctrines from a theological standpoint. In the second and greater work he goes back to the theories and methods of the Ionians and the pre-Socratics generally. His theory of the universe is that, from God there emanated Light which extends throughout space and is the explanation of all development. This Light is not corporeal and yet is the fundamental reality of things. From Light came Heat and Fluidity; these three together with Space make up the elements out of which all things are constructed. This cosmic theory is a curious combination of materialistic and abstract ideas; the influence of his master Telesio (q.v.), generally predominant, ​is not strong enough to overcome his inherent disbelief in the adequacy of purely scientific explanation.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Paton, John Brown

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​PATON, JOHN BROWN (1830–), British Nonconformist divine, was born on the 17th of December 1830. He was educated at London, Poole and Spring Hill College, Birmingham; he graduated B.A. at London University in 1849, and was Hebrew and New Testament prizeman in 1850 and gold medallist in philosophy in 1854. He received the honorary degree of doctor of divinity from Glasgow University in 1881. When the Nottingham Congregational Institute was founded in 1863 he became the first principal, a post which he held till 1898, when he was succeeded by James Alexander Mitchell (1849–1905), who from 1903 till his death was general secretary of the Congregational Union. Paton became vice-president of the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1907. He took an active part in the foundation and direction of a number of societies for religious and social work, notably the National Home Reading Union Society and English Land Colonization Society, and was a constant contributor to literary reviews. His publications include The Two-fold Alternative (3rd ed., 1900), The Inner Mission of the Church (new ed., 1900), and two volumes of collected essays. His son, John Lewis Paton (b. 1863), who headed the Cambridge classical tripos in 1886, became head master of Manchester grammar school in 1903.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Patriarch

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​PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. πατριάρχης, from πατριά, clan, and ἀρχή, rule), originally the father or chief of a tribe, in this sense now used more especially of the “patriarchs” of the Old Testament, i.e. Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, with their forefathers, and the twelve sons of Jacob. In late Jewish history the title “patriarch” (Heb. nāsī, prince, chief) was given to the head of the sanhedrim in Palestine, and is sometimes, though wrongly, applied to the “exilarch,” a head of the Jewish college at Babylon.
In the early centuries of the Christian Church the designation “patriarch” was applied, like “archbishop,” to bishops of the more important sees as a merely honorary style. It developed into a title implying jurisdiction over metropolitans, partly as a result of the organization of the empire into “dioceses,” partly owing to the ambition of the greater metropolitan bishops, which had early led them to claim and exercise authority in neighbouring metropolitanates. At the Council of Chalcedon (451) the patriarchs still bore the title of “exarch”; it was not till the 7th century that that of “patriarch” was fixed as proper to the bishops of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, “exarch” being reserved for those of Ephesus and Caesarea, who had fallen to a lower rank. In the West the only patriarch in the fully developed sense of the Eastern Church has been the bishop of Rome, who is patriarch as well as pope.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Paton, Sir Joseph Noel

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​PATON, SIR JOSEPH NOEL (1821–1901), British painter, was born, on the 13th of December 1821, in Woolers Alley, Dunfermline, where his father, a fellow of the Scottish Society of Antiquaries, carried on the trade of a damask manufacturer. He showed strong artistic inclinations in early childhood, but had no regular art training, except a brief period of study in the Royal Academy School in 1843. He gained a prize of £200 in the first Westminster Hall competition, in 1845, for his cartoon “The Spirit of Religion,” and in the following year he exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy his “Quarrel of Oberon and Titania.” A companion fairy picture, “The Reconciliation of Oberon and Titania” went to Westminster Hall in 1847, and for it and his picture of “Christ bearing the Cross” he was awarded a prize of £300 by the Fine Arts Commissioners. The two Oberon pictures are in the National Gallery of Scotland, where they have long been a centre of attraction. His first exhibited picture, “Ruth Gleaning,” appeared at the Royal Scottish Academy in 1844. He began to contribute to the Royal Academy of London in 1856. Throughout his career his preference was for allegorical, fairy and religious subjects. Among his most famous pictures are “The Pursuit of Pleasure” (1855), “Mors Janua Vitae” (1866), “Oskold and the Elle-maids” (1874), and “In Die Malo” (1882). Sir Noel Paton also produced a certain amount of sculpture, more notable for design than for searching execution. He was elected an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1847, and a full member in 1850; he was appointed Queen’s Limner for Scotland in 1866, and received knighthood in 1867. In 1878 the University of Edinburgh conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. He was a poet of distinct merit, as his Poems by a Painter (1861) and Spindrift (1867) pleasantly exemplified. He was also well known as an antiquary, his hobby, indeed, being the collection of arms and armour. Sir Noel died in Edinburgh on the 26th of December 1901. His eldest son, Diarmid Noel Paton (b. 1859), became regius professor of physiology in Glasgow in 1906; and another son, Frederick Noel Paton (b. 1861), became in 1905 director of commercial intelligence to the government of India.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Patna (Orissa)

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​PATNA, one of the Orissa tributary states in Bengal, with an area of 2399 sq. m. It lies in the basin of the Mahanadi river, and is divided by a forest-clad hilly tract into a northern and a southern portion, both of which are undulating and well cultivated. Pop. (1901), 277,748, showing a decrease of 16% in the decade, mainly due to the effects of famine in 1900. Nearly the whole population consists of Oriyas. The capital is Bolangir: pop. (1901), 3706. The principal crop is rice. The maharajas of Patna were formerly heads of a group of states known as the athara garhjat or “eighteen forts.” They are Chauhban Rajputs, and claim to have been established in Patna for six centuries. Patna was the scene of a rebellion of the Khonds, followed by atrocities on the part of their rulers, in 1869, and, in consequence, came under British management in 1871. The maharaja Ramchandra Singh, installed in 1894, was insane and put an end to his own life in the following year, whereupon his uncle, Lal Dalganjan Singh, became chief, undertaking to administer with the assistance of a diwan or minister appointed by the British government. The powers of this official were extended in 1900 after a serious outbreak of dacoity. Till 1905 the state was included in the Central Provinces.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Patois

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​PATOIS, a French term strictly confined to the dialect of a district or locality in a country which has a common literary language, often used of the form of a common language as spoken by illiterate or uneducated persons, marked by vulgarisms in pronunciation, grammar, &c. The origin of the word is not certain. It has been taken to be a corruption of patrois, from Low Lat. partriensis, of or belonging to one’s patria, or native country, fatherland.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Patrick, Simon

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​PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707), English divine, was born at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, on the 8th of September 1626. He entered Queen’s College, Cambridge, in 1644, and after taking orders in 1651 became successively chaplain to Sir Walter St John and vicar of Battersea, Surrey. He was afterwards (1662) preferred to the rectory of St Paul’s, Covent Garden, London, where he continued to labour during the plague. He was appointed dean of Peterborough in 1679, and bishop of Chichester in 1689, in which year he was employed, along with others of the new bishops, to settle the affairs of the Church in Ireland. In 1691 he was translated to the see of Ely, which he held until his death on the 31st of May 1707. His sermons and devotional writings, which are very numerous, were long held in high estimation, and his Commentary on the Historical and Poetical Books of the Old Testament, in 10 vols., brought down as far as the Song of Solomon, was reprinted as recently as 1853. His Friendly Debate between a Conformist and a Nonconformist was a controversial tract which excited considerable feeling at the time of its publication in 1668, but he lived long enough to soothe by his moderation and candour the exasperation it had caused. He also contributed to a volume of Poems upon Divine and Moral Subjects (1719).
The first collected edition of his works appeared at Oxford in 1859 (9 vols., 8vo); a small Autobiography was published also at Oxford in 1839.