OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Asca'nia Lacus

​ASCA'NIA LACUS or ASCA'NIUS (Awoi'ia: Isnik), a large lake in Bith^Tua, at the east extav- mity of which was the city of Nicaea. (Strab. p. 565, &c.) Apollodorus, quoted by Strabo (p. 681), says that there was a place called Ascania on the kke. The lake '* is about 10 miles long and 4 wide, surrounded on three sides by steep woody slopes, behind which rise the snowy summits of the Olym- pus range." (Leake, Ana Minor, p. 7.) Cramer refers to Aristotle (Mirab. Ausc. c. 54) and Pliny (xxxi. 10), to show that the waters of this lake are impregnated with nitre; but Aristotle and Pliny mean another Ascania. This lake is fresh; a river flows into it, and runs out into the bay of Cios. This river is the Ascanius of Pliny (v. 32) and Strabo.
The Ascanius of Homer (FL ii. 862) b supposed to be about this hike of Strabo (p. 566), who attempts to explain this passage of the Iliad. The country around the lake was called Ascania. (Steph. s. v. 'Aamurta.)
The salt lake Ascania, to which Aristotle and Pliny refer, is a lake of Pisidia, the lake of Bulthtr or Burdw. The salt lake Ascania of Anion (Antd>. i. 29) is a different lake [Anaya]. [ G. L. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Aternus

​ATERNUS (Άτερνος: Aterno), a considerable river of Central Italy, flowing into the Adriatic Sea between Adria and Ortona. Strabo correctly describes it (v. p. 241) as rising in the neighbourhood of Amiternum, and flowing through the territory of the Vestini: in this part of its course it has a SE. direction, but close to the site of Corfinium it turns abruptly at right angles, and pursues a NE, coarse from thence to the sea, which it enters just under the walls of Pescara. At its mouth was situated the town of Aternum, or, as it was sometimes called, "Aterni Ostia". In this latter part of its course, according to Strabo (l. c.), it formed the limit between the Vestini and Marrucini; and there is little doubt that this statement is correct, though Pliny and Mela extend the confines of the Frentani as far as the Aternus, and Ptolemy includes the mouths both of that river and the Matrinus in the territory of the Marrucini. (Plin. iii. 12. s. 17; Mela, ii. 4; Ptol. iii. I. § 20.) In the upper part of its course it flows through a broad and trough-like valley, bounded on each side by very lofty mountains, and itself elevated more than 2000 feet above the sea. The narrow gorge between two huge masses of mountains by which it escapes from tins upland valley, must have always formed one of the principal lines of communication in this part of Italy; though it was not till the reign of Claudius that the Via Valeria was carried along this line from Corfinium to the Adriatic. (Inscr. ap. Orell. 711.) Strabo mentions a bridge over the river 24 stadia (3 miles) from Corfinium, near the site of the modern town of Popoli; a point which must have always been of importance in a military point of view: hence we find Domitius during the Civil War (B.C. 49) occupying it with the hope of arresting the advance of Caesar. (Caes. B. C. i. 16.) The Aternus, in the upper part of its course, still retains its ancient name Aterno, but below Popoli is known only as the Fiume di Pescara — an appellation which it seems to have assumed as early as the seventh century, when we find it called "Piscarius fiuvius". (P. Diac. ii. 20.) It is one of the most considerable streams on the E. side of the Apennines, in respect of the volume of its waters, which are fed by numerous perennial and abundant sources.[ E. H. B. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Ascatancas

​ASCATANCAS ('AtrjcoTcryjcar), a mountain range of Asia, forming a part of the E. boundaiy which divided the land of the Sacae from Scythia. Extending, apparently, NW. and SE., it joined, at its SE. extremity, the branch of M. Imaiis which ran N. and S., according to Ptolemy [Imaus], at a point which he defines as the halting-place (dpftri- Hiptou) of the caravans on their way to Sera, and which he places in 140° Ion. and 43° lat. (vi. 13. § 1 ). Now, following Ptolemy's latitude, which is seldom far wrong, and the direction of the roads, which are pretty well defined by nature where great mountains have to be crossed, we can hardly be far wrong in placing Ptolemy's caravanserai at the spot ​marked lby the rock-hewn monument called Takht-i-Souleiman (i. e. Solomon's Throne), near Och, in a lateral valley of the upper Jaxartes (Sihoun), — which is still an important commercial station, from its position at the N. foot of the pass of Terek over the great Moussour range, Ptolemy's N. branch of the Imaüs. The Ascatancas might then answer to the Alatau M. or the Khouhakhai M.; and the more northerly Anaret M. of Ptolemy might be the Khaltai or Tachingis; both NW. branches of the Moussour range: but it is, of course, impossible to make the identification with any certainty. Ammianus Marcellinus (xxiii. 6) appears to refer to the same mountains by the name of Ascanimia. (Ritter, Erdkundt, vol. i. p. 513; Heeren, Ideen, i. 2. p. 487; Forbiger, vol. ii. p. 469.) [ P. S. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Ateste

​ATESTE (Άτεστέ, Ptol.: Eth. Atestinus: Este), a city of Northern Italy, situated in the interior of the province of Venetia, at the foot of the Euganean hills, and about 18 miles SW. of Patavium. (Ptol. iii. 1. § 30; PHn. iiL 19 s. 23; Martial,x. 93; Itin. Ant. p. 281, where the distance from Patavium is reckoned 25 M. P.) We learn from Pliny that it was a Roman colony; and it is mentioned also by Tacitus (Hist. ill 6) in a manner that clearly shows it to have been a place of consideration under the Roman Empire. But an inscription preserved by
Maffei (Mus. Veron. p. 106; Orell. Inscr. 3110) proves that it was a municipal town of some Importance as early as B.C. 136, and that its territory adjoined that of Vicentia. The modern city of Este is famous for having given title to one of the most illustrious families of modern Europe; it is a considerable and flourishing place, but contains no ancient remains, except numerous inscriptions. These have been collected and published by the Abbate Furlanetto. (Padova, 1837, 8vo.)
About 5 miles E. of Este is Monselice which is mentioned by Paulus Diaconus (iv. 26), under the name of Mons Silicis, as a strong fortress in the time of the Lombards; but the name is not found in any earlier writer.[ E. H. B. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Athacus

​ATHACUS, a town in the upper part of Macedonia, of uncertain site, probably in Lyncestis. (Liv. xxxi. 34.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Athama'nia

​ATHAMA'NIA Άθαμανία: Eth. Άβαμάν, -άνος; in Diod. xviii. 11, Άβάμαντες), a district in the SE. of Epeirus, between Mount Pindus and the river Arachthus. The river Achelons flowed through this narrow district. Its chief towns were Argithea, Tetraphylia, Heracleia, and Theudoria; and of these Argithea was the capital. The Athamanes were a rude people. Strabo classes them among the Thessalians, but doubts whether they are to be regarded as Hellenes. (Strab. ix. p. 434, x. p. 449.) They are rarely mentioned in Grecian history, but on the decay of the Molossian kingdom, they appear as an independent people. They were the last of the Epirot tribes, which obtained political power. The Athamanes and the Aetolians destroyed the Aenianes, and the former extended their dominions as far as Mt Oeta. (Strab. p. 427.) The Athamanes were most powerful under their king Amynander (about B.C. 200), who took a prominent part in the wars of the Romans with Philip and Antiochus. (Dict. of Biogr. art. Amynander.) They were subsequently subdued by the Macedonians, and in the time of Strabo had ceased to exist as a separate people (ix. p. 429). Pliny (iv. 2) erroneously reckons Athamania as part of Aetolia.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Casali, Andrea

​CASALI, ANDREA (1720?–1783?), painter, a native of Cività Vecchia, was born about 1720 (or 1724). He received his early art education at Rome under the painter Sebastiano Conca, and painted several pictures for churches in that city. At the end of 1748 he was employed to paint the transparencies which formed part of the decorations set up in St. James's Park to celebrate the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (signed 7 Oct. 1748). These were afterwards engraved by Grignion, Scotin, and others. After the great fire at Fonthill Abbey he was employed by Mr. Beckford to paint the ceiling of the Egyptian Hall in the new building. About 1758, when the church of St. Margaret, Westminster, was repaired, he painted two figures of St. Peter and St. Paul for the altar. He also painted a picture of the ‘Adoration of the Magi’ as an altar-piece for the chapel of the Foundling Hospital; this, however, was afterwards removed to make way for an altar-piece by Benjamin West. In 1760 the Society of Arts awarded to him the second premium of fifty guineas for his picture representing the story of ‘Gunhilda, empress of Germany.’ In 1761, however, he gained from the same society the first premium of a hundred guineas for his picture of ‘Edward the Martyr stabbed by the directions of his mother Elfrida.’ About this year he received the distinction of knighthood in his own country, since he is always described subsequently as ‘Chevalier’ Casali. From this year onwards he was a constant exhibitor at the London exhibitions. About 1769 he seems to have returned to Rome, but continued to exhibit in London until 1783, after which year we have no further trace of him. His pictures are chiefly historical, though he painted sacred and classical subjects as well. Cleverly painted and carefully executed, they are too theatrical in composition, and frequently tawdry in colour. Among his principal works, besides those already named, were: ‘Lucretia bewailing her Fate,’ engraved by Ravenet and by himself; ‘Jupiter and Antiope,’ engraved by Chambars; ‘Children at Play,’ two pictures engraved in mezzotint by J. G. Haid; ‘The Adoration of the Magi’ (mentioned above), engraved by R. Laurie. He did several etchings from his own pictures, and also one of ‘The Virgin and Child,’ after Raphael.
[Redgrave's Dict. of English Artists; Heineken's Dictionnaire des Artistes, vol. iii.; Gandellini's Notizie degli Intagliatori, viii. 78; Andresen's Handbuch für Kupferstich-Sammler, vol. i.; Edwards's Anecdotes of Painters; Gent. Mag. 1760, p. 198; Annual Register, 1761; Nagler's Künstler-Lexikon, vol. ii.; manuscript information, Anderdon Collection, in the Print Room, British Museum.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Case, John (d.1600)

​CASE, JOHN (d. 1600), writer on Aristotle, was born at Woodstock, and was a chorister at New College and Christ Church, Oxford. He was elected to a scholarship at St. John's in 1564. He was B.A. in 1568, M.A. 1572, and became a fellow of his college. He had a high reputation as a disputant. Being ‘popishly affected,’ says Wood, he ‘left his fellowship and married.’ His wife was the widow of ‘one Dobson, the keeper of Bocardo prison.’ He obtained leave from the university to read logic and philosophy to young men, chiefly Roman catholics, in his own house. He wrote various handbooks for their use, which were published and for a time popular, though they had fallen into disrepute in Wood's day. He also practised medicine, becoming M.D. in 1589, made money, and left various sums to St. John's College, New College, and the poor of Woodstock. In 1589 he was collated to a canonry in Salisbury. He died 23 Jan. 1599–1600, and was buried in the chapel of St. John's College. His portrait is in the Bodleian. His works are: 1. ‘Summa veterum interpretum in universam ​Dialecticam Aristotelis,’ 1584. 2. ‘Speculum moralium quæstionum in universam ethicen Aristotelis,’ 1585. This was the first book printed at the press presented to Oxford by their chancellor, the Earl of Leicester. 3. ‘Sphæra Civitatis,’ 1588. This book, like others by Case, was reprinted abroad, and Barnes, the printer, obtained an order from the university in 1590 that every bachelor should take one copy on ‘determining.’ 4. ‘Reflexus Speculi Moralis,’ 1596. 5. ‘Thesaurus Œconomiæ,’ 1597. 6. ‘Lapis Philosophicus,’ 1599. 7. ‘Ancilla Philosophiæ,’ 1599. These are comments on different writings of Aristotle. He also wrote an ‘Apologia Musices, tam vocalis quam instrumentalis et mixtæ,’ 1588, of which there is a copy in the Lambeth Library. ‘The Praise of Musicke; wherein … is described the sober and lawful use of the same in the Congregation and Church of God,’ 1586, is also attributed to him. This is dedicated to Sir Walter Raleigh by the printer Barnes, who calls it ‘an orphan of one of Lady Musicke's children.’ A contemporary, Thomas Watson, wrote some verses, now in the Rawlinson MSS., to Case on the publication called ‘A Gratification unto Mr. John Case for his learned book lately made on the Praizes of Musick.’
There are three letters from Case in the Harleian MS. 6995. He prefixed a letter to Nicholas Breton's ‘Pilgrimage to Paradise.’
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), i. 686; Fasti, i. 179, 189, 249, 250, 252; Wood's Annals (Gutch), ii. 233, 269, 954; Wood's Colleges and Halls (Gutch), pp. 540, 551, 561; Haslewood's British Bibliographer, ii. 541; Strype's Annals, vol. iii. pt. i. pp. 499, 518, pt. ii. p. 395; Boase's Register, i. 267; Le Neve's Fasti, ii. 654; Nichols's Illustrations, iv. 169.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Caslon, William (1720-1778)

​CASLON, WILLIAM, the younger (1720–1778), type-founder, eldest son of the preceding, by his first wife, became a partner with his father about 1742, and succeeded him at his death in 1766. He had not the remarkable ability of the elder Caslon, but he was able to maintain the reputation of the house against Baskerville, Jackson, Cotterell, and others. The universities and the London trade still gave the preference to the Caslon founts, which combined the clearness of Elzevir with all the elegance of Plantin, and Baskerville's successors were less regarded. Caslon married Elizabeth, only daughter of Dr. Cartlich of Basinghall Street, with a fortune of 10,000l. His wife assisted in the management of the great letter-foundry up to the death of her husband, which took place in 1778. The ​ property was equally divided between his widow and his two sons, William and Henry, who eventually became the heads of distinct families and chiefs of two separate firms of type-founders. William Caslon (third of the name) sold his share to his mother (d. 24 Oct. 1795) and sister-in-law, the widow of Henry Caslon. He set up a separate business, which in 1819 was moved to Sheffield, where the firm still exists as Stephenson, Blake, & Co. The other firm was represented by Henry William Caslon, last of the name, who died 14 July 1874, and the business is still carried on as A. W. Caslon & Co.
[The Caslon Specimen Books; Rowe Mores's English Letter-founders, pp. 63, 97; Hansard's Typographia, 1st edit. p. 368; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 355; Nichols's Illustrations, ii. 337, iv. 173, 231, viii. 447, 474, 521; Hawkins's History of Music, v. 127; Dibdin's Decameron, ii. 379; West's Views of Shropshire, p. 121; Bigelow's Bibliog. of Printing, i. 103–6; Universal Magazine, November 1750; Gent. Mag. xxi. 284, xxxvi. 47, xlix. 271, lv. 329, lvii., 1129, lxx. 796, lxxix. 579, 589, lxxxvi. i. 377, lxxxviii. i. 587, xxxiv. new ser. 96; Ann. Reg. 1850, p. 232; Works and Life of Franklin, 1812, i. 72; Lemoine's Typographical Antiquities, p. 79; Timperley's History of Printing, pp. 683, 714, 744, 749, 806, 834, 942; Printing Times and Lithographer, October 1874; documents of the Chiswell Street firm and family papers.]
J. W.-G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cassan, Stephen Hyde

1904 Errata appended.
​CASSAN, STEPHEN HYDE (1789–1841), ecclesiastical biographer, son of Stephen Cassan, barrister, by his wife Sarah, daughter of Charles Mears, was born in 1789 at Calcutta, where his father was sheriff. He was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, and took his B.A. degree on 14 Jan. 1815. He received deacon's orders on 26 March following, and was ordained priest the next year. While curate of Frome, Somerset, in 1820, he made a runaway match with Fanny, daughter of Rev. William Ireland, then dead, formerly vicar of that parish. This marriage occasioned considerable scandal, and led to legal proceedings, of which an account is given in two pamphlets published at Bath in 1821—one, ‘A Report of the Trial, Cassan v. Ireland, for Defamation;’ and the other by Cassan, entitled ‘Who wrote the Letters, or a Statement of Facts.’ Removing from Frome, he held the curacy of Mere, Wiltshire, until 1831, when he was presented by Sir Richard C. Hoare to the living of Bruton with Wyke Champflower. He was also chaplain to the Earl of Caledon and to the Duke of Cambridge. His family was large, and he was constantly involved in pecuniary difficulties. From these he sought to free himself by publishing books by subscription, and by seeking for promotion. He was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1829. After suffering from insanity for two years, he died on 19 July 1841. Besides pamphlets—one of them mentioned above—he published: 1. ‘The Sin of Schism, and the Protestant Episcopal Church proved to be the only safe means of Salvation, a Sermon preached in the Parish Church of Frome,’ 1819; 2nd ed., with appendix, 1820. This was answered by ‘A Word of Advice to the Curate of Frome,’ 1820. 2. ‘Lives and Memoirs of the Bishops of Sherborne and Salisbury,’ 1824. 3. A volume of sermons, 1827. 4. ‘Lives of the Bishops of Winchester,’ 1827, 2 vols. 5. ‘Lives of the Bishops of Bath and Wells,’ 1830. No set of his lives of the bishops is of any real value, the memoirs being almost wholly composed of extracts from well-known printed books. Such original remarks as they contain are extraordinarily childish and whimsical, and in many cases exhibit a degree of intolerance which was probably caused by the latent presence of mental disorder. Besides these works, Cassan compiled genealogies of himself and of other members of his family, which he circulated widely for the purpose of proving that his descent was noble, and that he therefore had a strong claim to preferment. He contributed various genealogical notices to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine.’
[Gent. Mag. 1841, pt. ii. 550; information from E. Green, esq., hon. secretary of the Somerset Archæological Society.]
W. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.57 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 268 | ii | 15 | Cassan, Stephen H.: after 1827 insert in the list of works 'Lives of the Bishops of Winchester,' London, 1827, 2 vols. |
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Aeschylus 2.

​AE′SCHYLUS (Αἰσχύλος), of Alexandria, an epic poet, who must have lived previous to the end of the second century of our aera, and whom Athenaeus calls a well-informed man. One of his poems bore the title "Amphitryon," and another "Messeniaca." A fragment of the former is preserved in Athenaeus. (xiii. p. 599.) According to Zenobius (v. 85), he had also written a work on proverbs. (Περὶ Παροιμιῶν; compare Schneidewin, Praefat. Paroemiogr. p. xi.)
[L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Agamedes

​AGAME′DES (Ἀγαμήδης), a son of Stymplialus and great-grandson of Areas. (Paus. viii. 4. §5, 5. §3.) He was father of Cercyon by Epicaste, who also brought to him a step-son, Trophonius, who was by some believed to be a son of Apollo. According to others, Agamedes was a son of Apollo and Epicaste, or of Zeus and Iocaste, and father of Trophonius. The most common story however is, that he was a son of Erginus, king of Orchomenus, and brother of Trophonius. These two brothers are said to have distinguished themselves as architects, especially in building temples and palaces. Among others, they built a temple of Apollo at Delphi, and a treasury of Hyrieus, king of Hyria in Boeotia. (Paus. ix. 37. §3; Strab. ix. p. 421.) The scholiast on Aristophanes (Nub. 508) gives a somewhat different account from Charax, and makes them build the treasury for king Augeias. The story about this treasury in Pausanias bears a great resemblance to that which Herodotus (ii. 121) relates of the treasury of the Egyptian king Rhampsinitus. In the construction of the treasury of Hyrieus, Agamedes and Trophonius contrived to place one stone in such a manner, that it could be taken away outside, and thus formed an entrance to the treasury, without any body perceiving it. Agamedes and Trophonius now constantly robbed the treasury; and the king, seeing that locks and seals were uninjured while his treasures were constantly decreasing, set traps to catch the thief. Agamedes was thus ensnared, and Trophonius cut off his head to avert the discovery. After this, Trophonius was immediately swallowed up by the earth. On this spot there was afterwards, in the grove of Lebadeia, the so-called cave of Agamedes with a column by the side of it. Here also was the oracle of Trophonius, and those who consulted it first offered a ram to Agamedes and invoked him. (Paus. ix. 39. §4; compare Dict. of Ant. p. 673.) A tradition mentioned by Cicero (Tusc. Quaest. i. 47; comp. Plut. De consol. ad Apollon. 14), states that Agamedes and Trophonius, after having built the temple of Apollo at Delphi, prayed to the god to grant them in reward for their labour what was best for men. The god promised to do so on a certain day, and when the day came, the two brothers died. The question as to whether the story about the Egyptian treasury is derived from Greece, or whether the Greek story was an importation from Egypt, has been answered by modern scholars in both ways; but Müller (Orchom. p. 94, &c.) has rendered it very probable that the tradition took its rise among the Minyans, was transferred from them to Augeias, and was known in Greece long before the reign of Psammitichus, during which the intercourse between the two countries was opened.
[L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Aeschylus 3.

​AE′SCHYLUS of Cnidus, a contemporary of Cicero, and one of the most celebrated rhetoricians in Asia Minor. (Cic. Brut. 91, 95.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Aeschylus 4.

​AE′SCHYLUS (Αἰσχύλος), of Rhodes, was appointed by Alexander the Great one of the inspectors of the governors of that country after its conquest in B.C. 332. (Arrian, Anab. iii. 5; comp. Curt. iv. 8.) He is not spoken of again till B.C. 319, when he is mentioned as conveying in four ships six hundred talents of silver from Cilicia to Macedonia, which were detained at Ephesus by Antigonus, in order to pay his foreign mercenaries. (Diod. xviii. 52.)