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# Chess Player's Chronicle/Series 3/Volume 2/Number 14/Paul Morphy A Historical Character

PAUL MORPHY A HISTORICAL CHARACTER.
The history of the game of Chess is identical with that of most intellectual pursuits. The inventions of genius, the productions of art, the institutes of sound philosophy, spring from a vigorous epoch in the annals of a great nation. Cradled in India, nursed in Persia, Oriental Chess ripened in the reigns of the most illustrious kings and emperors. Transplanted to Europe, Chess fixed its roots most deeply in the soil so hardly won from Islam, by Christian chivalry. Spanish Chess flowered during the conquests of Ferdinand and Isabella, the victories of Charles the Fifth, the discovery of a new hemisphere, and the acquisition of Portugal. Italy, in the same period in which she supplied Spain with great military and naval commanders, gave birth to her most skilful Chess-players, Leonardo, Paolo, and Salvio. The fire of French Chess was kindled at the altar of the Revolution. English Chess never flourished, until Trafalgar and Waterloo had been won. Germany, after the disastrous battle of Jena, could call forth only a fifth-rate player to meet the French champion, Des Chapelles. The Chess of emancipated Germany has been rendered illustrious by a series of able players and writers of treatises upon the game. In the frozen regions of the North, great players began to arise from the time at which the full development of Russian policy exerted its influence upon Europe. The disasters in the Crimea ensued. Blasted as by lightning, Russian Chess was buried in the ruins of Sebastopol. The truth of this historical fact has also been shown in America. For many years the best Chess-players of America, and those not of the highest order, were Englishmen, Frenchmen, and Germans. A change has come over the scene. America incorporates with herself, state after state; she aspires to the sovereignty of Cuba. It is at this time that a race of native American players arise. It is at this time that Paul Morphy appears, a phenomenon to the careless observer, a historical character to those who have deeply considered the parallels to be found amongst other nations.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# Chess fundamentals/Part I/4

4. SOME WINNING POSITIONS IN THE MIDDLE-GAME
By the time the student has digested all that has been previously explained, he, no doubt, is anxious to get to the actual game and play with all the pieces. However, before considering the openings, we shall devote a little time to some combinations that often arise during the game, and which will give the reader some idea of the beauty of the game, once he becomes better acquainted with it.
Example 11.
It is Black's move, and thinking that White merely threatens to play Q - R 6 and to mate at K Kt 7, Black plays 1 ... R - K 1, threatening mate by way of R - K 8. White now uncovers his real and most effective threat, viz.:
1 ... R - K 1; 2 Q × P ch, K × Q; 3 R - R 3 ch, K - Kt 1; 4 R - R 8 mate. ​This same type of combination may come as the result of a somewhat more complicated position.
Example 12.
White is a piece behind, and unless he can win it back quickly he will lose; he therefore plays:
1. Kt × KtB - Kt 4
He cannot take the Kt because White threatens mate by Q × P ch followed by R - R 3 ch.
2. Kt - K 7 chQ × Kt
Again if B × Kt; Q × P ch, K × Q; R - R 3 ch, King moves; R - R 8 mate.
3. R × QB × R 4. Q - Q 7
and White wins one of the two Bishops, remains with a Q and a B against a R and B, and should therefore win easily. These two examples show the ​danger of advancing the K Kt P one square, after having Castled on that side.
Example 13.
This is another very interesting type of combination. Black has a R for a Kt and should therefore win, unless White is able to obtain some compensation immediately. White, in fact, mates in a few moves thus:
1. Kt - B 6 chP × Kt
Forced, otherwise Q X P mates.
2. Q - Kt 3 chK - R 1 3. B × P mate.
1. B × KtQ × B.
If ...B × Kt; Q - B 3 threatens mate, and therefore wins the Q, which is already attacked.
2. Kt - B 6 chP × Kt 3. R - Kt 3 chK - R 1 4. B × P mate.
Example 15.—A very frequent type of combination is shown in the following position.
2 Q - R 5 ch, K - Kt 1; 3 Kt - Kt 5, and Black cannot stop mate at K R 7 except by sacrificing the Queen by Q - K 5, which would leave White with a Q for a R.
Example 16.—This same type of combination is seen in a more complicated form in the following position.
White proceeds as follows: 1 Kt × Kt ch (this clears the line for the B); B × Kt (to stop the Kt from moving to Kt 5 after the sacrifice of the B); 2 R × B, Kt × R best; 3 B × P ch, K × B. (If 3..K - R 1; 4 Q - R 5, P - K Kt 3; 5 B × P ch, K - Kt 2; 6 Q - R 7 ch, K - B 3; 7 P - Kt 5 ch, K - K 3; 8 B × P ch, R × B; 9 Q - K 4 mate.) 4 Q - R 5 ch, K - Kt 1; 5 Kt - Kt 5, R - B 1; ​6 Q - R 7 ch, K - B 1; 7 Q - R 8 ch, Kt - Kt 1; 8 Kt - R 7 ch, K - K 2; 9 R - K 1 ch, K - Q 1; 10 Q × Kt mate.
This combination is rather long and has many variations, therefore a beginner will hardly be able to fathom it; but, knowing the type of combination, he might under similar circumstances undertake and carry out a brilliant attack which he would otherwise never think of. It will be seen that all the combinations shown have for a foundation the proper co-ordination of the pieces, which have all been brought to bear against a weak point.
# Chess fundamentals/Part I/10

10. A CLASSICAL ENDING
Example 23.—In this position White's best line of defence consists in keeping his Pawn where it stands at R 2. As soon as the Pawn is advanced it becomes easier for Black to win. On the other hand, Black's plan to win (supposing that White does not advance his Pawn) may be divided into three parts. The first part will be to get his King to K R 6, at the same time keeping intact the position of his Pawns. (This is all important, since, in order to win the game, it is essential at the end that Black may be able to advance his rearmost Pawn one or two squares according to the position of the White King. )
| 1. | K - Kt 3 | K - K 6 |
| 2. | K - Kt 2 | |
If 2 K - Kt 4, K - B 7; 3 P - R 4, P - Kt 3 will win.
| 2. | ........ | K - B 5 |
| 3. | K - B 2 | K - Kt 5 |
| 4. | K - Kt 2 | K - R 5 |
| 5. | K - Kt 1 | K - R 6 |
The first part has been completed.
The second part will be short and will consist in advancing the R P up the K.
| 6. | K - R 1 | P - R 4 |
| 7. | K - Kt 1 | P - R 5 |
This ends the second part.
| 8. | K - R 1 | P - Kt 4 |
| 9. | K - Kt 1 | P - Kt 5 |
| 10. | K - R 1 | P - Kt 6 |
| 11. | P × P | |
If K - Kt 1, P - Kt 7.
| 11. | ........ | P × P |
| 12. | K - Kt 1 | P - Kt 7 |
| 13. | K - B 2 | K - R 7 |
and wins.
It is in this analytical way that the student should try to learn. He will thus train his mind to follow a logical sequence in reasoning out any position. This example is excellent training, since it is easy to divide it into three stages and to explain the main point of each part.
The next subject we shall study is the simple oppo​sition, but before we devote our time to it I wish to call attention to two things.
# Chess fundamentals/Part I/2

2. PAWN PROMOTION
The gain of a Pawn is the smallest material advantage that can be obtained in a game; and it often is sufficient to win, even when the Pawn is the only remaining unit, apart from the Kings. It is essential, speaking generally, that
the King should be in front of his Pawn, with at least one intervening square.
If the opposing King is directly in front of the Pawn, then the game cannot be won. This can best be explained by the following examples.
Example 5.
3 P - K 4 ch, K - K 4; 4 K - K 3, K - K 3; 5 K - B 4, K - B 3. Again the same case. As the White King comes up, the Black King must be kept in front of it, since it cannot be brought up to the Pawn.
6 P - K 5 ch, K - K 3; 7 K - K 4, K - K 2; 8 K - Q 5, K - Q 2; 9 P - K 6 ch, K - K 2; 10 K - K 5, K - K 1; 11 K - Q 6, K - Q 1. If now White advances the Pawn, the Black King gets in front of it and White must either give up the Pawn or play K - K 6, and a stale mate results. If instead of advancing the Pawn White withdraws his King, Black brings his King up to the Pawn and, when forced to go back, he moves to K in front of the Pawn ready to come up again or to move in front of the White King, as before, should the latter advance.
The whole mode of procedure is very important and the student should become thoroughly conversant ​with its details; for it involves principles to be taken up later on, and because many a beginner has lost identical positions from lack of proper knowledge. At this stage of the book I cannot lay too much stress on its importance.
Example 6.—In this position White wins, as the King is in front of his Pawn and there is one intervening square.
he method to follow is to
advance the King as far as is compatible with the safety of the Pawn and never to advance the Pawn until it is essential to its own safety.
Thus:
1. K - K 4, K - K 3.
Black does not allow the White King to advance, therefore White is now compelled to advance his Pawn so as to force Black to move away. He is then able to advance his own King.
2. P - K3, K - B 3; 3. K - Q 5, K - K 2.
4. K - K 5, K - Q 2; 5. K - B 6, K - K 1.
Now the White Pawn is too far back and it may be brought up within protection of the King.
6. P - K 4, K - Q 2.
Now it would not do to play K - B 7, because Black would play K - Q 3, and White would have to bring back his King to protect the Pawn. Therefore he must continue.
7. P - K 5, K - K 1.
Had he moved anywhere else, White could have played K - B 7, followed by the advance of the Pawn to K 6, K 7, K 8; all these squares being protected by the King. As Black tries to prevent that, White must now force him to move away, at the same time always keeping the King in front of the Pawn. Thus:
8. K - K 6.
P - K 6 would make it a draw, as Black would then play K - B, and we would have a position similar to the one explained in connection with Example 5.
8...K - B 1; 9. K - Q 7.
King moves and the White Pawn advances to K 8, becomes a Queen, and it is all over.
This ending is like the previous one, and for the same reasons should be thoroughly understood before proceeding any further.
# Chess fundamentals/Part I/6

6. GENERAL STRATEGY OF THE OPENING
The main thing is to develop the pieces quickly. Get them into play as fast as you can.
From the outset two moves, 1 P - K 4 or 1 P - Q 4, open up lines for the Queen and a Bishop. Therefore, theoretically one of these two moves must be the best, as no other first move accomplishes so much. ​Example 17.—Suppose we begin:
1. P - K 4P - K 4 2. Kt - K B 3
This is both an attacking and a developing move. Black can now either reply with the identical move or play
2. ........ Kt - Q B 3
This developing move at the same time defends the King's Pawn.
3. Kt - B 3 Kt - B 3
These moves are of a purely developing nature.
4. B - Kt 5
It is generally advisable not to bring this Bishop out until one Knight is out, preferably the King's Knight. The Bishop could also have been played to B 4, but it is advisable whenever possible to combine development and attack.
4. ........ B - Kt 5
Black replies in the same manner, threatening a possible exchange of Bishop for Knight with Kt × P to follow.
5. O - O
5. ........O - O
Black follows the same line of reasoning.
6. P - Q 3P - Q 3
These moves have a two-fold object, viz.: to protect the King's Pawn and to open the diagonal for the development of the Queen's Bishop.
7. B - Kt 5
A very powerful move, which brings us to the middle-game stage, as there is already in view a combination to win quickly by Kt - Q 5. This threat makes it impossible for Black to continue the same course. (There is a long analysis showing that Black should lose if he also plays B - Kt 5.) He is now forced to play 7...B × Kt, as experience has shown, thus bringing up to notice three things.
First, the complete development of the opening has taken only seven moves. (This varies up to ten or twelve moves in some very exceptional cases. As a rule, eight should be enough.) Second, Black has ​been compelled to exchange a Bishop for a Knight, but as a compensation he has isolated White's Q R P and doubled a Pawn. (This, at such an early stage of the game, is rather an advantage for White, as the Pawn is doubled towards the centre of the board.) Third, White by the exchange brings up a Pawn to control the square Q 4, puts Black on the defensive, as experience will show, and thus keeps the initiative, an unquestionable advantage.
The strategical principles expounded above are the same for all the openings, only their tactical application varies according to the circumstances.
Before proceeding further I wish to lay stress on the following point which the student should bear in mind.
Before development has been completed no piece should be moved more than once, unless it is essential in order to obtain either material advantage or to secure freedom of action.
The beginner would do well to remember this, as well as what has already been stated: viz., bring out the Knights before bringing out the Bishops.
# Chess fundamentals

CHESS FUNDAMENTALS
BY
JOSÉ R. CAPABLANCA
CHESS CHAMPION OF THE WORLD
NEW YORK HARCOURT, BRACE AND COMPANY LONDON: G. BELL AND SONS, LTD.
LIST OF CONTENTS
PART I
CHAPTER I
First Principles: Endings, Middle-game and Opennings
PAGE
CHAPTER II
Further Principles in End-game Play
CHAPTER III
Planning a Win in Middle-game Play
CHAPTER IV
General Theory
PAGE
CHAPTER V
End-game Strategy
(A Final Example of preserving Freedom whilst imposing restraint.)
CHAPTER VI
Furthier Openings and Middle-Games
PART II
ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES
          White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
          White: A. K. Rubinstein. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
          White: D. Janowski. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
          White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: E. A. Snosko-Borovski.
          White: Dr. E. Lasker. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
          White: 0. Chajes. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
          White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: A. Burn.
          White: J. Mieses. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
          White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: R. Teichmann.
          White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: F. J. Marshall.
          White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: D. Janowski.
          White: J. R. Capablanca. Black: 0. Chajes.
          White: J. S. Morrison. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
          White: F. J. Marshall. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1942, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 81 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Yun-nan

From volume 15 of the work.
The Mission of Yun-nan includes the whole Province of Yun-nan which is situated in the southwestern corner of China. It adjoins Tonkin, Burma, Tibet, and the Chinese provinces of Sz-Chuen, Kwei chou, and Kwang-si. It is mountainous and its climate is like that of France. It has about 18,000,000 inhabitants, mostly Chinese, divided into many different tribes, as Y-jen, Miao-tse, Lo-los, Shans, Lissous. The Mussulman population is 900,000.
In 1658 Yun-nan was entrusted to the first Vicar Apostolic of the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris, Bishop Pallu, who had no means at his disposal to evangelize it. In 1699, Father Leblanc was made vicar Apostolic. He arrived there in 1702 accompanied by Father Danry. They found only four Christians, whom they used as catechists. Father Leblanc settled at Yun-nan-sen, the metropolis of the province, bought a piece of ground, and began building a church. Father Danry by 1706 had baptized more than 1000 Chinese. In that year, Emperor Kang-hsi banished the missionaries and father Danry left China, while Father Leblanc sought concealment in Fokien and Tché-kiang; he died in 1720, shortly after being made Bishop of Troad. Bishop Enjobert de Marillat, Vicar Apostolic of Sz-Chuen, administrated Yun-nan till 1780 when Yun-nan was united to Sz-chuen and Father Gleyo went to Yun-nan, where he established many Christian communities. In 1810, Yun-nan was separated from Sz-Chuen. Mgr. Ponsot became vicar Apostolic and was consecrated titular Bishop of Philomedia (1843-1880). The Catholic population at this time was 4000. There was only one Chinese priest. In 1847 a persecution stopped the progress of evangelization. In 1856 the Catholics numbered 6597. The Treaty of Pekin was not published in Yun-nan until 1865. In 1874 Father Baptifaud was killed at Pien-kio by the rebels. In 1881 Father Terrasse and fourteen Christians were massacred at Chang-yu, and 20 Dec., 1910, Father Mérigot was killed at Tsing-in. The present vicar Apostolic is Mgr. De Gorostarzu, consecrated Bishop of Aila in 1907. He resides at Yun-nan-sen.
In 1889 the mission comprised 1 bishop, 25 European missionaries, 7 Chinese priests, 53 churches or chapels, 1 seminary with 25 students, and 10,221 Catholics. In 1910, there were 2 bishops, 31 European missionaries, 15 Chinese priests, 92 churches or chapels, 1 seminary with 21 students, and 102 schools with 2112 pupils and 12,234 Catholics.
V. H. Montanar.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Yves Marie André

From volume 1 of the work.
Mathematician, b. 22 May, 1675, at Chateaulin, in Lower Brittany; d. at Caen, 25 February, 1764. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1693. Although distinguished in his scholastic studies, he was, on account of his Gallicanism , Cartesianism, and Jansenism, assigned to scientific studies and made royal professor of mathematics at Caen where he remained for thirty-nine years. A literary essay on "The Beautiful" won him great fame, and is considered a classic. During his lifetime the Society was suppressed, and the philosophical and religious errors which he could not express as a Jesuit were openly espoused when he was secularized. He condemned his former associates for their action against Cardinal de Noailles, and was a strong anti-Ultramontane. He was intimately associated with Malebranche , and kept up an extensive correspondence with him. While in the Society his Gallicanism and Jansenism made it impossible to appoint him to any responsible office. He obstinately refused to change his views. On the suppression of the Society he withdrew to the Canons Regular of Caen, and the Parliament of Rouen provided him with a pension. Although his best work by far is his "Essay on the Beautiful", there is considerable ability in his "Traité de l'homme". He wrote a poem on the "Art of Conversation", which was translated into English in 1777. Several posthumous works were published, among which was one with the curious title, "Man as a static Machine; a Hydraulic Machine; a Pneumatic Machine; and a Chemical Machine". Though the work was never found, it is pretty certain that he wrote a "A Life of Malebranche". Victor Cousin had much to do with publishing the posthumous letters of Father André, to whom we owe as many as eighteen works, some of them in folio, on metaphysics, hydrography, optics, physics, civil and military architecture, along with treatises on literary subjects, sermons, catechetical instructions, etc.
MICHAUD, Biog. Univ.; QU=C9RARD; DE BACKER, Bibliothèque de la c. de J., I, 152-154.
T.J. CAMPBELL
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Yazoo Indians

From volume 15 of the work.
A small tribe formerly living on the lower course of Yazoo River, Mississippi, in close connection with several other tribes, the most important of which was the Tonica. Nothing is definitely known concerning their language, but it seems to have been akin to that of the Tonica, although not the same. In 1699 Father Antone Davion, of the Quebec Seminary of Foreign Missions, established a mission among the Tonica, giving attention also to the other allied tribes. The Yazoo, however, like the Chickasaw were under the influence of the English traders from Carolina, and in 1702 aided the Koroa in the murder of Father Nicholas Foucault and three French companions while asleep; as a result Father Davion was temporarily withdrawn. In 1718 the French established near the village a fort (St. Pierre) to command the river. In 1722 the young Jesuit Father Jean Rouel undertook the Yazoo mission, in the neighbourhood of the French post. Here he remained until the outbreak of the Natchez war in 1729, when the Yazoo and Koroa joined sides with the Natchez. On 28 November the Natchez suddenly attacked the French garrison in their country (Natchez, Miss.), slaughtering several hundred persons, including the Jesuit Father Paul Du Poisson, and carrying off most of the women and children. On learning of the event the Yazoo and Koroa, on 11 December, 1729, waylaid and killed Father Rouel near his cabin together with his negro servant, who attempted to defend him, and the next day attacked the neighbouring post, killing the whole garrison. Father Rouel's body was respected, and a captive French woman finally persuaded the Indians to give it burial. His bell and some books were afterwards recovered and restored by the Quapaw. The Yazoo shared in the destruction of the Natchez, the remnant fleeing to the Chickasaw and apparently being absorbed finally by the Choctaw.
In general culture they seemed to have differed little form the Tonica, to whom, however, they appear to have been inferior. They buried in the ground, throwing lighted torches into the grave with the corpse and wailing nightly at the spot for several months. They believed in a good and a bad spirit, but prayed only to the bad spirit, on the ground that the other would not injure them anyhow.
DUMONT, Hist. Louisiana, Memoires historiques sur la Louisiane in French Hist. Colls. of La. (New York, 1853); Jesuit Relations, ed. THWAITER (73 vols., Cleveland, 1896-1901).
JAMES MOONEY