OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An introduction to physiological and systematical botany

See also the page scans.
AN
INTRODUCTION
TO
PHYSIOLOGICALANDSYSTEMATICAL
BOTANY.
BY
JAMES EDWARD SMITH, M.D. F.R.S. &c. &c. PRESIDENT OF THE LINNÆAN SOCIETY.
"CONSIDER THE LILIES OF THE FIELD, HOW THEY GROW."
London:
PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, AND ORME, PATERNOSTER ROW; AND J. WHITE, FLEET-STREET.
1807.
Printed by Richard Taylor & Co. Shoe-lane.
TO
THE HONOURABLE AND RIGHT REVEREND
SHUTE,
LORD BISHOP OF DURHAM.
My Lord,
The circumstances which induce me to solicit your Lordship's protection for the following pages are such, that I trust they will ensure pardon for myself, and more indulgence for my performance than I might expect, even from your Lordship's usual goodness towards me.
The contents of these pages were, in a very unfinished state, honoured with the approbation and encouragement of an excellent and lamented lady, to whom they were destined to be offered in their present less unworthy condition. I should have been proud to have sheltered them under her patronage, because I have always found the most intelligent critics the most indulgent. Their general tendency at least, as calculated to render an interesting and useful science accessible, and ​in every point eligible, to the more accomplished and refined of her own sex, could not fail to have been approved by her, who know and exemplified so well the value and importance of such pursuits, and their inestimable effects upon the mind. These hopes, which my late honoured friend and patroness had, with her usual benignity, encouraged, are now most unhappily defeated, and I have no resource but in your Lordship, who is no stranger to my pretensions, nor to my sentiments, and in whom I have not now for the first time to seek an able and enlightened patron. I remain,
with the profoundest respect, my Lord, your Lordship's most obliged and obedient servant,
J. E. SMITH.
Norwich, Nov. 15, 1807.
Preface Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Explanation of the plates Plates Index 1 Index 2 Errata Works lately published by the same author Works published by James Sowerby
# Annals of the Poor (1829, London)/The Dairyman's Daughter

THE DAIRYMAN'S DAUGHTER.
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# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Spring, Edward Adolphus

Edition of 1900.
​SPRING, Edward Adolphus, sculptor, b. in New York city, 26 Aug., 1837. He studied with Henry K. Brown, John Q. A. Ward, and William Rimmer, and spent several years in study abroad. In 1868 he discovered at Eagleswood, N. J., a fine modelling clay, peculiarly suited to terra-cotta work, and in 1877 he established at Perth Amboy the “Eagleswood Art Pottery.” At the National academy he exhibited a bust of Giuseppe Mazzini in 1873, and several terra-cotta pieces in 1878. He has given lectures on clay modelling in various cities in the United States, and since 1880 has been director of the Chautauqua school of sculpture.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Spry, William

Edition of 1900.
​SPRY, William, jurist, b. in England; d. in Barbadoes, W. I., in September, 1772. He married a niece of the Earl of Chatham, and on 25 Sept., 1764, arrived with his family at Halifax, Nova Scotia, having been appointed judge of the vice-admiralty court over all America, which had been recently constituted by act of parliament. In the proclamation that announces the opening of the court he is styled “The Right Worshipful William Spry, Doctor of Laws.” The other officers of the new court were: vice-admiral, the Earl of Northumberland; registrar, the Hon. Spencer Percival; marshal, Charles Howard, gent. These officers probably expected to fulfil their duties by deputies. Judge Spry opened his court at Halifax on 9 Oct., 1764. Its creation had been opposed in the colonies, and the passage of the stamp-act the next year, with the accompanying disturbances, probably prevented its extension to other provinces. Judge Spry was appointed governor of Barbadoes in June, 1767, and died in office.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Spruance, Presley

Edition of 1900.
​SPRUANCE, Presley, senator, b. in Delaware in 1785; d. in Smyrna, Del., 13 Feb., 1863. He was for some time a resident of the latter place, where he was engaged in business. He was sent to the state senate, of which body he was elected president, and also represented Delaware in the U. S. senate from 6 Dec., 1847, till 3 March, 1853. He belonged to the Whig party in politics.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Sprague, William Buel

Edition of 1900.
​SPRAGUE, William Buel, clergyman, b. in Andover, Conn., 16 Oct., 1795; d. in Flushing, L. I.. 7 May, 1876. He was the son of Benjamin Spragne, a farmer. After graduation at Yale in 1815 he was a private tutor, studied two years at Princeton theological seminary, and in 1819 was ordained pastor of the 1st Congregational church in West Springfield, Mass., as a colleague of Rev. Joseph Lathrop, D. D., remaining there until 1829, when he was installed as pastor of the 2d Presbyterian church in Albany, N. Y. He held this charge till 1869, when he resigned and removed to Flushing. In 1828 and 1836 he visited Europe. He received the degrees of A. M. from Yale in 1819; S. T. D. from Columbia in 1828, and Harvard in 1848; and LL. D. from Princeton in 1869. Dr. Sprague made extensive collections of religious pamphlets and autographs, and presented the former to the state library at Albany, to which he also gave a manuscript volume of the “Letters of Gen. Sir Jeffrey Amherst.” Dr. Sprague also presented to the library of Harvard the papers of Gen. Thomas Gage. His autographs, numbering nearly 100,000, probably the largest private collection in the world, are now in the possession of his son. He was the author of more than 100 published sermons, memoirs, addresses, and essays, and wrote many introductions to books. His principal work is “Annals of the American Pulpit” (9 vols., New York, 1857-'69). His other books are “Letters to a Daughter” (1822); “Letters from Europe” (1828); “Letters to Young People” (1830); “Lectures on Revivals” (1832); “Hints designed to regulate the Intercourse of Christians” (1834); “Lectures illustrating the Contrast between True Christianity and various other Systems” (1837); “Life of Rev. Edward Dorr Griffin” (1838); “Letters to Young Men, founded on the Life of Joseph” (2d ed., 1845); “Aids to Early Religion” (1847); “Words to a Young Man's Conscience” (1848); “Women of the Bible” (1850); “Visits to European Celebrities” (1855); the life of Timothy Dwight in Sparks's “American Biography” (1845); and “Memoirs” of Rev. John and William A. McDowell” (1864).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Spranger, Daniel Guerin

Edition of 1900.
​SPRANGER, Daniel Guerin, Hebrew colonist, b. in Holland about 1610; d. in Cayenne, South America, in 1664. He accompanied Maurice de Nassau in the conquest of Brazil, as he had a contract for furnishing supplies to the invading army. During sixteen years he lived in Brazil occupied in colonization schemes, and opened an extensive trade between that country and Amsterdam. When the Portuguese army recovered possession of Brazil in 1654 all Hebrews living in the country were expelled, and Spranger sought refuge in the island of Cayenne, which had been abandoned by its former possessors, the French company of the twelve lords. Although he was opposed at first by the Galibi Indians, he gained their favor with presents and made a treaty with their principal chief, who granted to him the absolute possession of the island. Being joined by several parties of Hebrews from Brazil, he undertook to colonize the island, and succeeded. This is the more remarkable as it is the only instance in which a Hebrew colony has exclusively devoted itself to agriculture. Spranger introduced the culture of the sugar-cane and indigo-plant, which so prospered that, according to Jacques Dutertre in his “Histoire générale des Antilles,” “under Spranger's administration, the island of Cayenne was reputed an El Dorado.” The population of the island at that time was ​about 600 — all Hebrews. In 1659 the Dutch company, organized in Amsterdam for the colonization of Guiana, sent a party of 250 Jewish emigrants, and 150 more from Leghorn followed in the next year. The colony was destroyed in 1664 by Le Fèvre de la Barre, who retook Cayenne, and again expelled all Hebrews, Spranger being killed while he was defending his dominion.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Spread, Henry Fenton

Edition of 1900.
​SPREAD, Henry Fenton, artist, b. in Kinsale, Ireland, 21 Oct., 1844; d. in Chicago, 3 Sept., 1890. He began the study of art at the South Kensington schools, and later studied with William Riviere and Henry Warren. In 1863 he went to Brussels and became the pupil of Ernest Slingineyer. The following year he went to Australia, settling in Melbourne, and painted numerous portraits. In 1870 he came to the United States, spent a short time in New York, and then removed to Chicago, where he afterward resided. He was elected an academician of the Chicago academy of design in 1871, and became its professor of drawing and painting. This post he held for about twelve years, during which time the name of the institution was twice changed, first to Academy of fine arts, and then to Art institute. He left the institute to make a two years' tour in Italy, and on his return founded Spread's art academy. He was also instrumental in organizing the Chicago society of artists, of which he was the president. Among his works are “Chicago rising from her Ashes,” and “Sad News.”
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Sproat, Ebenezer

Edition of 1900.
​SPROAT, Ebenezer, soldier, b. in Middleborough, Plymouth co., Mass, in 1752; d. in Marietta, Ohio, in February, 1805. He entered the Provincial army as a captain early in 1775, was promoted major and lieutenant-colonel, and finally given command of the 2d Massachusetts regiment. He was in Gen. John Glover's brigade at the battles of Trenton, Princeton, and Monmouth, and was appointed brigade-inspector by Baron Steuben. After the war he was a surveyor at Providence, R.I., where he married a daughter of Com. Abraham Whipple. Subsequently he went to the west, and in 1786 began a survey of the territory now within the borders of the state of Ohio. In 1788 he led a party of emigrants that settled Marietta, and he was fourteen years sheriff and colonel of militia. He was tall and commanding in person, and was known among Indians as “The Big Buckeye.”
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Sprague, William

Edition of 1900.
​SPRAGUE, William, governor of Rhode Island, b. in Cranston. R. I., 3 Nov., 1799; d. in Providence, R. I., 19 Oct., 1856. He received a good education at an early age, became a member of the assembly, and in 1832 was chosen speaker of the house. He was then elected to congress as a Democrat, served from 7 Dec., 1835, till 3 March, 1837, and, declining a re-election, became governor of Rhode Island in 1838-'9. He was elected to the U. S. senate in place of Nathan F. Dixon, serving from 18 Feb., 1842, till 17 Jan., 1844, when he resigned, and was subsequently a member of the Rhode Island legislature. In 1848 he was an elector on the Taylor and Fillmore ticket. He was largely engaged in the manufacture of cotton, and was president of the Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill railroad, and of two banks. —
His nephew, William, governor of Rhode Island, b. in Cranston, R. I., 12 Sept., 1830, received his education in common schools, served in his father's factory, and engaged in making calico-prints. Subsequently he became a manufacturer of linen, woollen goods, and iron, a builder of locomotives,and an owner of railroads and steamships. In 1860-'3 he was governor of Rhode Island. He had served as colonel in the state militia, offered a regiment and a battery of light-horse artillery for service in the civil war, and with this regiment participated in the battle of Bull Run, where his horse was shot under him. He received a commission as brigadier-general of volunteers, which he declined. He also served in other actions during the peninsular campaign, including Williamsburg and the siege of Yorktown. He was chosen to the U. S. senate as a Republican, was a member of the committee on manufactures, and chairman of that on public lands, his term extending from 4 March, 1863, till 3 March, 1875, when he resumed the direction of his manufacturing establishments. He operated the first rotary machine for making horseshoes, perfected a mowing-machine, and also various processes in calico-printing, especially that of direct printing on a large scale with the extract of madder without a chemical bath. Gov. Sprague claims to have discovered what he calls the “principle of the orbit as inherent in social forces.” He asserts that money is endowed with two tendencies, the distributive and the aggregative, and that when the latter predominates, as before the civil war, decadence results; but that when the former is in the ascendancy, as was until recently the case, there is progress. He received the degree of A. M. from Brown in 1861, of which university he has been a trustee since 1866.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Sprecher, Samuel

Edition of 1900.
​SPRECHER, Samuel, clergyman, b. near Hagerstown, Md., 28 Dec., 1810. He was educated at Pennsylvania college and theological seminary, Gettysburg, Pa., in 1830-'6, licensed by the Lutheran synod, and was pastor of churches of that denomination in Harrisburg. Pa., Martinsburg, Va., and Chambersburg, Pa., from 1836 till 1849, after which he was president of Wittenburg college, Springfield, Ohio, until 1874. Since that year he has been professor of systematic theology there. Washington college, Pa., gave him the degree of D. D. in 1850, and Pennsylvania college that of LL. D. in 1874. Dr. Sprecher is the author of “The Providential Position of the Evangelical Churches of this Country at this Time” (Selinsgrove, 1864); “Groundwork of a System of Evangelical Lutheran Theology” (Philadelphia, 1879); and various addresses.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Spring, Robert

Edition of 1900.
​SPRING, Robert, forger, b. in England in 1813; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 Dec., 1876. He gained notoriety by his fabrication of autograph letters of Washington, Franklin, and Lord Nelson. Of his life prior to the time when he came to the United States nothing is known. Settling in Philadelphia about 1858, he began to deal in a small way in books relating to America, autographs, and prints, frequently obtaining literary rarities. Finding himself unable to supply the demand for genuine autograph letters of eminent men of the Revolution, he began to make and sell counterfeits. Being an expert penman, he soon acquired great facility in imitating the handwriting of Washington, Franklin, and others. These counterfeits were written on paper of the period, with ink prepared so as to give the appearance of age to the writing, and readily deceived those who were not experts. He was frequently arrested by the civil authorities for obtaining money under false pretences, but always escaped punishment by confessing his guilt and expressing contrition for his offence. Most of his counterfeit letters of Franklin and Nelson were sold in Canada and England. To sell his forgeries he resorted to various devices, finally pretending in his letters that he was a daughter of Gen. Thomas J. Jackson, who was compelled by poverty to part with family papers. By these means he sold many counterfeit autographs to Confederate bond-holders in England. At the time of his death he was an inmate of a hospital and in poverty. See “The American Antiquarian” for May, 1888.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Adair, James

Edition of 1900.
​ADAIR, James, Indian trader and author, lived in the 18th century. He resided among the Indians (principally the Chickasaws and Cherokees) from 1735 to 1775, and in the latter year published his "History of the American Indians." In this he attempted to trace the descent of the Indians from the Jews, basing his assumption upon supposed resemblances between the customs of the two races. At that time such an hypothesis was regarded as visionary, but the idea has since found many supporters, among them being Boudinot in his "Star of the West." Unsatisfactory as are his vocabularies of Indian dialects, they are the most valuable part of his writings.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Acrelius, Israel

Edition of 1900.
​ACRELIUS, Israel (ăkrā'-le-oos), Swedish clergyman, b. in Osteraker, Sweden, 25 Dec., 1714; d. in Fellingsbro, 25 April, 1800. He was educated in Upsala, ordained in 1743, and sent out as provost of the Swedish congregations in New Sweden (afterward Delaware), in 1749. He reached Philadelphia in November, and began his work with zeal and prudence, successfully superintending the ecclesiastical affairs of the Swedish colonies, which he found in great disorder. But ill health obliged him to resign in 1756, after a sojourn of seven years in America, and on his return to Sweden the king gave him a pension and the living of Fellingsbro. He wrote various articles on America, for Swedish journals and for religious papers, and published “The Swedish Colonies in America” (Stockholm, 1759), which was translated into English in 1874, and is a work of value and interest.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Adair, John

Edition of 1900.
​ADAIR, John, general, b. in Chester co., S. C., in 1759; d. in Harrisburg, Ky., 19 May, 1840. He served in the revolutionary army, and in 1787 removed to Kentucky, where he was appointed major under St. Clair and Wilkinson in their expeditions against the Indians of the northwest in 1791. In an attack by " Little Turtle," the Miami chief, 6 Nov., 1792, while in camp near Fort St. Clair, his command was defeated and forced to retreat. He was a member of the convention that framed the constitution under which Kentucky was admitted into the union, 1 June, 1792. Adair was appointed lieutenant-colonel under Gen. Charles Scott in 1793, was for several years a representative from Mercer co. in the Kentucky legislature, of which body he was "elected speaker, and was also register of the U. S. land office. In 1805-'6 he was U. S. senator. Returning to military life, he became volunteer aid to Gen. Shelby at the battle of the Thames, 5 Oct., 1813, was made brigadier-general of the state militia in November, 1814, and commanded the Kentucky troops with distinction at ​New Orleans under Gen. Jackson. From 1820 to 1824 he was governor of Kentucky, and in 1831-'33 a member of congress, serving on the committee on military affairs.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Adair, William Penn

Edition of 1900.
​ADAIR, William Penn, second chief of the Cherokee nation, b. about 1828; d. in Washington, D. C., 23 Oct., 1880. During the civil war he commanded a brigade of Indians, which was organized by Gen. Albert Pike, in the service of the confederacy, and fought at the battle of Pea Ridge. At the time of his death he was at the capital representing the interests of his tribe.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Acualmetzli

Edition of 1900.
​ACUALMETZLI, the Indian name of a Mexican warrior, b. in Coyacan in 1520 : d. in 1542. His christian name was Ignacio Alarcon de Roquetilla. When he was a year old his father and mother died, the former in battle against the Spaniards, and the latter from the effects of punishment received because she insulted one of the captains of Cortes. A Spaniard took care of the orphan, had him christened, and gave him an education. But Acualmetzli, when about twenty years of age, learned the cause of his parents' death and joined the Chichimecas, then in revolt, in order to seek revenge. He fought bravely, and instructed the Indians in civilized warfare, until he fell in battle with the troops sent against them by the viceroy Antonio de Mendoza.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Adams, Alvin

Edition of 1900.
​ADAMS, Alvin, expressman, b. in Andover, Vt., 16 June, 1804; d. in Watertown, Mass., 2 Sept., 1877. In 1840 he established an express route between New York and Boston, making his first trip on 4 May. A few months later, under the firm-name of Adams & Co., he associated with himself Ephraim Farnsworth, who took charge of the New York office. On the death of the latter, soon afterward, William B. Dinsmore succeeded to his place, and for several years subsequently the business was limited to New York, New London, Norwich, Worcester, and Boston. In 1854 the corporation of Adams Express Co. was formed by the union of Adams & Co., Harnden & Co., Thompson & Co., and Kinsley & Co., with Mr. Adams his president. Its business then rapidly extended throughout the south and west, and m 1870 to tile far west. Mr. Adams was associated with the organization of the pioneer express throughout the mining camps of California in 1850 ; but on the consolidation of the companies in 1854, Adams & Co. disposed of their interest to the California Express Co. During the civil war the facilities that were afforded by Adams Express Co. were of the greatest value to the national government. Mr. Adams accumulated a large fortune. See " History of the Express Business," by A. L. Stimson (New York, 1881).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Acosta, Santos

Edition of 1900.
​ACOSTA, Santos, Colombian statesman, b. in Mirafiores, Colombia, in 1880. He became conspicuous in politics when quite young. He has been general-in-chief of the Colombian army, representative and senator in several legislatures, secretary of state, a foreign minister, and president of the republic from May, 1807, to April, 1868.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Acuña, Manuel

Edition of 1900.
​ACUÑA, Juan, marquis of Casaferte, 87th viceroy of Mexico, b. in Lima, Peru, late in the 17th century; d. in Mexico, 17 March, 1774. He was an officer of artillery in the Spanish army. For twelve years, from 15 Oct., 1722. he governed New Spain with great success in all the departments of the administration. During that period many public buildings were erected, among them the custom house, the mint, and the "Newgate" of Vera Cruz, erected 1727, which for many years was called "Puerta de Acuiia." ]Mining received a great impulse, while commerce with Spain and the Philippine islands was increased. Acuiia sent to Texas a colony from the Canary islands, who founded the town of San Fernando.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Adam, Græme Mercer

Edition of 1900.
​ADAM, Græme Mercer, Canadian author, b. in Loanhead, Midlothian, Scotland, in 1839. He was educated at Portobello and at Edinburgh, and when quite young entered a publishing house in that city, and in 1858 was given charge of one of its depart- ments. A few months later he accepted a proposal by the Blackwoods to take charge of a book store in Toronto, Canada. In 1860 he succeeded to this business as a member of the firm of Rollo & Adam, who were the publishers of the first of the more important Canadian periodicals, the "British American Magazine." Mr. Rollo retired in 1866, and it then became the firm of Adam, Stevenson, & Co. The business not proving successful, in 1876 it was discontinued, and Mr. Adam went to New York, where he helped to found the publishing house that has since been developed into the John W. Lovell Publishing Company. He returned to Toronto in 1878; in 1879 he established the " Canada Educational Monthly," which he edited for five years, and in 1880 assumed the editorship of the "Canada Monthly," which he and Prof. Goldvvin Smith were instrumental in founding in 1872. He also published "The Northwest, its History and its Troubles" (1885) ; "Outline History of Canadian Literature "; and, with Etlielwvn Wetherald, "An Algonquin Maiden" (Toronto, 1887).