OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Erickson v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
264 U.S. 246
Erickson v. United States
Argued: Feb. 20, 1924. --- Decided: March 3, 1924
Mr. Corwin S. Shank, of Seattle, Wash., for plaintiffs in error.
The Attorney General and Mr. Alfred A. Wheat, of New York City, for defendants in error.
Mr. Justice McKENNA delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Erie-Lackawanna Company v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
385 U.S. 914
Erie-Lackawanna Company v. United States
Edward W. Bourne, for applicant Erie-Lackawanna R. Co.
Harry G. Silleck, Jr., for applicant Delaware & Hudson R. Corp.
George L. Saunders, Jr., Howard J. Trienens and Edward K. Wheeler, for applicants Baltimore & O. R. Co. and others.
Gordon P. MacDougall, for applicants certain New Jersey and Pennsylvania communities.
Gordon P. MacDougall, Israel Packel and Arthur A. Arsham, for applicant Shapp.
Robert W. Ginnane and Fritz R. Kahn, for Interstate Commerce Commission.
Hugh B. Cox, Henry P. Sailer and Windsor F. Cousins, for Pennsylvania R. Co.
James B. Gray, for the New York Cent. R. Co.
Joseph Auerbach, for Trustees of New York, New Haven & Hartford R. Co.
Harold M. Mulvey, Atty. Gen., and Samuel Kanell and William J. Lynch, Sp. Asst. Attys. Gen., for the State of Connecticut.
Edward W. Brooke, Atty. Gen., and David Berman, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
J. Joseph Nugent, Atty. Gen., and Robert M. Schacht, Sp. Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State of Rhode Island.
Louis J. Lefkowitz, Atty. Gen., Dunton F. Tynan, Asst. Sol. Gen., Mortimer Sattler, Asst. Atty. Gen., and Walter J. Myskowski, for the State of New York.
Donald L. Wallace, for Greater Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce and Chamber of Commerce of Greater Pittsburgh.
Applications for Stay.
Applications for a stay of enforcement of an order of the Interstate Commerce Commission authorizing a merger of the Pennsylvania R. Co. and the New York Central R. Co., pending this Court's determination of appeals from a decision of a three-judge district court in the Southern District of New York, 259 F.Supp. 964 sustaining the Commission's order, have been submitted to Mr. Justice HARLAN, as the Associate Justice assigned to the Second Circuit, by eight railroad companies, a number of New Jersey and Pennsylvania communities, and a Pennsylvania R. Co. stockholder.

## Notes

* ↑ Order of April 6, 1966, 327 I.C.C. 475, as modified by Order of September 16, 1966, —I.C.C. --.
* ↑ Erie-Lackawanna R. Co.; Delaware & Hudson R. Corp.; Baltimore & Ohio R. Co.; Central R. Co. of New Jersey; Chesapeake & Ohio R. Co.; Norfolk & Western R. Co.; Reading Co.; Western Maryland R. Co.
* ↑ City of Hoboken, City of Union City, Township of North Bergen, and Township of Weehawken (communities in the State of New Jersey); Borough of Freedom and City of Scranton (communities in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania).
* ↑ Milton J. Shapp, who appears also as a citizen of Pennsylvania.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Erie-Lackawanna Company v. United States/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
385 U.S. 914
Erie-Lackawanna Company v. United States
Mr. Justice Harlan, pursuant to our rule 50(6) has referred the applications to the Court for disposition. Papers in opposition have been submitted by the Interstate Commerce Commission and various other parties. In addition, the Baltimore & Ohio R. Co. for itself and certain other railroad carriers has filed an appeal, a jurisdictional statement, and a motion to accelerate consideration thereof. Similar papers have been filed by Delaware & Hudson R. Corp. and Erie-Lackawanna R. Co.
Upon consideration of such applications and motions and of all papers filed in opposition, a stay of enforcement of the order of the Interstate Commerce Commission and the motions to accelerate are hereby granted subject to and in accordance with the following expedited schedule. See Hannah v. Larche, 361 U.S. 910, 80 S.Ct. 263. Appellants (who desire to appeal and have not already done so) shall file notices of appeal, shall docket the case, and shall file jurisdictional statements and briefs on the merits on or before November 30, 1966. Appellees shall file any motions responsive to the statements as to jurisdiction and briefs on the merits of the case on or before December 30, 1966. Appellants shall file their reply briefs on or before January 6, 1967. The appeals will be consolidated, and all matters involved are set for oral argument on January 9, 1967, with a total of four hours allotted for argument. Four attorneys will be permitted to participate in the oral argument on each side, the division of time to be settled among counsel. The cases will be heard with typewritten record, but any of the parties may print as appendices to their briefs such portions of the record as they may desire.
Nothing in this order shall preclude the Interstate Commerce Commission from proceeding with its further hearings in this matter, now scheduled for October 31, 1966.
The request of the State of Connecticut for imposition of bond is denied.
It is so ordered.

## Notes

* ↑ Pennsylvania R. Co.; New York Central R. Co.; Trustees of the New York, New Haven & Hartford R. Co.; States of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Rhode Island; City of Philadelphia; Greater Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce and the Chamber of Commerce of Pittsburgh.
* ↑ Central R. Co. of New Jersey; Chesapeake & Ohio R. Co.; Norfolk & Western R. Co.; Reading Co.; Western Maryland R. Co.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Erie Coal Coke Corporation v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
266 U.S. 518
Erie Coal Coke Corporation v. United States
Argued: Oct. 15, 16, 1924. --- Decided: Jan 5, 1925
Messrs. John S. Wise, Jr., and Walter John King, both of New York City, for appellant.
The Attorney General, for the United States.
Mr. Justice BUTLER delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Erie Company v. Board of Public Utility Com'rs

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
254 U.S. 394
Erie Company v. Board of Public Utility Com'rs
Argued: Nov. 16 and 17, 1920. --- Decided: Jan 3, 1921
[Syllabus from pages 394-396 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Geo. S. Hobart, of Newark, N. J., Gilbert Collins, of Jersey City, N. J., and Charles E. Hughes, of New York City, for plaintiffs in error in Nos. 33-39.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 396-407 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Frank Bergen, of Newark, N. J., for plaintiff in error in No. 40.
Messrs. L. Edward Hermann, of Jersey City, N. J., Frank H. Sommer, of Newark, N. J., and William I. Lewis, of Paterson, N. J., for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Erie Company v. Collins

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
253 U.S. 77
Erie Company v. Collins
Argued: Jan. 8, 1920. --- Decided: May 17, 1920
Messrs. John W. Ryan and Adelbert Moot, both of Buffalo, N. Y., for petitioner.
[Argument of Counsel from page 78-79 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Hamilton Ward, of Buffalo, N. Y. (Mr. Irving W. Cole, of Buffalo, N. Y., of counsel), for respondent.
[Argument of Counsel from page 79 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice McKENNA delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Chang Ch'üan

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​CHANG Ch'üan 張銓 (T. 宇衡, H. 見平), 1577–1621, May 13, Ming official, was a native of Ch'in-shui, Shansi. After taking his chin-shih degree in 1604 he began his political career as prefectural judge of Paoting-fu. Several years later he rose to the position of a censor. In 1618 when Yang Hao [q. v.] was preparing his expedition against the Manchus, Chang memorialized the government, warning against the danger of heavy taxation to support a foreign war and urging the adoption of a defensive policy. In 1620 he was sent to Liaotung as inspector of the armies under the governor, Yüan Ying-t'ai [q. v.], who was defending Mukden and Liao-yang against the Manchus. He opposed Yüan's program of enlisting Mongols, and his suspicions were justified when they turned out to be spies for the Manchus. At the fall of Liao-yang in 1621 he was taken captive, but committed suicide rather than enter the service of the Manchus. He was posthumously given the rank of president of the Board of War and was canonized as Chung-lieh 忠烈.
He was the author of a work in 12 chüan, entitled 國史紀聞 Kuo-shih chi-wên, which reviews in chronological form the history of the period 1352–1521. The book was completed in 1610; and the first edition, of which the Library of Congress possesses a copy, was printed by his son in 1624. During the Ch'ien-lung period this work was banned, together with two collections of Chang's memorials to the throne.
[M.1/291/2a; M.3/271/6b; M.30/1/32a; 明季北略 Ming-chi pei-lüeh, 2/2b; Hauer, E., K'ai-kuo fang-lüeh, p. 108; Ssŭ-k'u (see under Chi Yün), 48/5b; Ch'in-shui hsien-chih (1881), 8/12a, 19b; Wang Tsai-chin [q. v.], San-ch'ao Liao-shih shih-lu, 4/12b.]
George A. Kennedy
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Chang Chieh-pin

Layout 2
​CHANG Chieh-pin 張介賓 (T. 會卿, H. 景岳, 通一子), 1563–1640, physician, was a native of Shan-yin (Shaohsing), Chekiang. At the age of thirteen or fourteen (sui) he went to Peking where his father, a member of one of the most influential families of the Ming dynasty, was honorary advisor to a high military official. There he came into contact with many distinguished scholars, and soon developed a passion for learning in general and medicine in particular. He first studied with chin Mêng-shih 金夢石, a physician in the capital, from whom he received a thorough training. While still a young man he went to the northeastern border of China and even to Korea as advisor to the Chinese army. Upon his return to Peking several years later he resumed his studies in medicine and began to practice in the capital. Contrary to the prevailing custom, he paid more attention to the cause than to the symptoms of disease and as a result, he cured many diseases which had formerly been regarded as incurable. His reputation spread and there was a great demand for his services, not only in the capital but outside. In 1620, after the death of Emperor Shên-tsung, he returned to his native province where he spent the rest of his life, mostly in writing.
Chang's first book on medicine, entitled 類經 Lei-ching, in 32 chüan, with supplements in 15 ​chüan, was published in 1624 and gained wide use among physicians of China. It purports to explain and interpret the 內經 Nei-ching, a medical work traditionally attributed to the legendary emperor, Huang-ti 黃帝. In reality, it is largely a crystallization of Chang's opinions based on long experience as a practitioner and many years of painstaking study. Huang Tsung-hsi [q. v.], writing in 1671, asserts that it was the most popular and valuable work on medicine in his day. Chang's other work on medicine, entitled 景岳全書 Ching-yüeh ch'üan-shu, was written during his declining years, probably between 1620 and 1640 after he had returned to Chekiang. It was meant to be encyclopaedic in scope, as it lists every known disease and cure and has two chapters on medicine with three hundred entries. The book was finally published in 1700 in 64 chüan, with a brief account of Chang's life and work written by his grandson.
Huang Tsung-hsi states that Chang Chieh-pin was versed in astrology and music.
[M 2/398/22a; Huang Tsung-hsi, Nan-lei wên-an 9/5a; 越中雜識 Yüeh-chung tsa-chih 方技; Wylie, A., Notes, p. 101; Laufer, Berthold, Tobacco and Its Use in Asia (1924) Field Museum Leaflet No. 18; Ssŭ-k'u (see under Chi Yün) 104/9a; Ku-chin t'u-shu chi-ch'êng (see under Ch'ên Mêng-lei), chüan 537 醫術名流列傅十四明八]
C. H. Ts'ui
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tonnage and Poundage

See also Tonnage and Poundage on Wikipedia; Tonnage and Poundage in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TONNAGE AND POUNDAGE were customs duties anciently imposed upon exports and imports, the former being a duty upon all wines imported in addition to prisage and butlerage, the latter a duty imposed ad valorem at the rate of twelvepence in the pound on all merchandise imported or exported. The duties were levied at first by agreement with merchants (poundage in 1302, tonnage in 1347), then granted by parliament in 1373, at first for a limited period only. They were considered to be imposed for the defence of the realm. From the reign of Henry VI. until that of James I. they were usually granted for life. They were not granted to Charles I., and in 1628 that king took the unconstitutional course of levying them on his own authority, a course denounced a few years later by 16 Car. I. c. 18, when the Long Parliament granted them for two months. After the Restoration they were granted to Charles II. and his two successors for life. By Acts of Anne and George I. the duties were made perpetual, and mortgaged for the public debt. In 1787 they were finally abolished, and other modes of obtaining revenue substituted, by 27 Geo. III. c. 13.
Poundage also signifies a fee paid to an officer of a court for his services, e.g., to a sheriffs officer, who is entitled by 28 Eliz. c. 4 to a poundage of a shilling in the pound on an execution up to 100, and sixpence in the pound above that sum.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tonqua Bean

See also Dipteryx odorata on Wikipedia; Tonqua Bean in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TONQUA BEAN.The Tonqua, Tonka, or Tonquin bean, also called the coumara nut, is the seed of Dipterix odorata, a Leguminous tree growing to a height of 80 feet, native of tropical South America. The drupe-like pod contains a single seed possessed of a fine sweet "new-mown hay" odour, due to the presence of a crystallizable principle called coumarin, to which also the dried stalks of Melilotus officinalis and the vernal grass Anthoxanthum odoratum owe their odour. Tonqua beans are used princi pally for scenting snuff and as an ingredient in perfume sachets and in perfumers " bouquets."
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tommaso Aniello

See also Masaniello on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ANIELLO, Tommaso. See Masaniello.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tonga

See also Tonga on Wikipedia; Tonga in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TONGA.See Friendly Islands.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tomsk (2.)

See also Tomsk on Wikipedia; Tomsk in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TOMSK, capital of the above government, is situated on the Tom at its confluence with the Ushaika, 27 miles above its junction with the Ob, and 2377 miles from Moscow. It is one of the chief cities of Siberia, second only to Irkutsk in population and trade importance. The great Siberian highway from Tyumen to Irkutsk passes through Tomsk, and it is the terminus of the navigation by steamer from the Urals to Siberia. It has, moreover, communication by steamer with Barnauł and Biysk in the Altai. The position of Tomsk determines its character, which is not that of an administrative centre, like so many Russian cities, but that of an entrepot of wares, with many storehouses and wholesale shops. Before 1824 it was a mere village; but after the discovery of gold in the district it grew rapidly; and, although the immense
wealth that accumulated suddenly in the hands of a few proprietors of gold diggings was as rapidly squandered, it continued to maintain its importance, owing to the navigation on the Irtish and the Ob, which meanwhile had grown up. It is built on two terraces on the high right bank of the Tom, and is divided into two parts by the Ushaika. The streets are rather narrow and steep; many houses of the richer merchants are of stone, but rather heavy in appearance, and altogether the aspect of the streets is not attractive. The best building is that of the future university, which is a spacious and elegant structure, with ample accommodation for library, museums, and clinical hospitals. The Government has not as yet given permission to inaugurate the building. A large cathedral, begun some five-and-twenty years ago by proprietors of gold diggings, collapsed after considerable progress had been made. The industries are almost entirely confined to tanning and the manufacture of carriages. The trade is of great importance, Tomsk being not only a centre for traffic in local produce, in which sledges (50,000 every year) and cars are prominent items, but also for the trade of Siberia with Russia. The population in 1884 was 31,380.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tonquin

See also Tonkin on Wikipedia; Tonquin in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TONQUIN.See Tong-King.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tongue

See also Tongue on Wikipedia; Tongue in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TONGUE.See Anatomy, vol. i. p. 895 and Taste.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Clitheroe

See also Clitheroe on Wikipedia; Clitheroe at Wikipedia; Clitheroe in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
Pendle Hills, about 28 miles by railway north of Manchester. It has several suburbs, known as Waterloo, Salford, and Bawdlands, and at the side of the river is the little village of Low Moor. Its principal buildings are the parish church of St Michael s, a grammar school founded in 1554, the moothnll, and the county court erected in 1864 ; and its industrial establishments comprise cotton- mills, extensive print-works, paper-mills, foundries, snd brick and lime works. The cotton manufacture alone employed upwards of 2000 people -in 1871. Clitheroe was a borough by prescription as early as the llth century, and in 1138 it is mentioned as the scene of a battle be tween the Scotch and English. Its castle, probably built not long after, was a fortress of the Lacy family, and continued a defensible position till 1649, when it was dis mantled by the Parliamentary forces. The Honor of Cli theroe, for a long time a part of the duchy of Lancaster, and bestowed by Charles II. on General Monk, is now in the pos session of the Buccleuch family. Population of the municipal borough in 1871, 8208 ; of the parliamentary, 11,786.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Clitomachus

See also Clitomachus (philosopher) on Wikipedia; Clitomachus at Wikipedia; Clitomachus in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
CLITOMACHUS, a leader of the New Academy, was a Carthaginian originally named Hasdrubal, who came to Athens about the middle of the 2d century B.C. He made himself well acquainted with Stoical and Peripatetic philosophy; but he principally studied under Carneades, whose views he adopted, and whom he succeeded as chief representative of the New Academy in 129 B.C. His works were some 400 in number ; but we possess scarcely anything but a few titles, among which are De sustincndis ofensionilus, vtpl tVo^s (on suspension of judgment), and Trepi alptcrewv (an account of various philosophical sects). In 146 he wrote a philosophical treatise to console his countrymen after the ruin of their city. One of his works was dedicated to the Latin poet Lucilius, another to L. Cenf,orinus, who was consul in 149 B.C.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Clitor

See also Kleitor on Wikipedia; Kleitor and the Clitorians at Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CLITOR, a town of ancient Greece, in that part of Arcadia which corresponds to the modern eparchy of Kalavryta. It stood in a fertile plain to the south of Mount Chelmos, the highest peak of the Aroanian Moun tains, and not far from a stream of its own name, which joined the Aroanius, or Katzana. In the neighbourhood was a fountain, the waters of which were said to deprive those who drunk them of the taste for wine. The town was a place of considerable importance in Arcadia, and its inhabitants w ere noted for their love of liberty. It extended its territory over several neighbouring towns, and in the Theban war fought against Orchomenos. As a member of the Achaean league it suffered siege at the hands of the vEtolians, and was on several occasions the seat of the federal assemblies. The ruins, which bear the common name of Paleopoli, or Old City, are still to be seen about three miles from a village that preserves the ancient designation. The greater part of the walls and several of the circular towers with which they were strengthened can be clearly made out ; and there are ulso remains of a small Doric temple, the columns of which were adorned with strange capitals.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Clonmel

See also Clonmel on Wikipedia; Clonmel at Wikipedia; Clonmel in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
Ireland, in the province of Munster, partly in the south i-iding of Tipperary and partly in Waterford county, 104 miles south-west from Dublin. It is built on both sides of the Suir, and also occupies Moore and Long Islands, which are connected with the mainland by three bridges. The principal buildings are the parish church, two Roman Catholic churches, a Franciscan friary, two convents, an endowed school dating from 1685, a model school under the ​national board, a mechanics institute, a court-house aud prison, a fever hospital and dispensary, two lunatic asylums, a market-house, a workhouse, and barracks. Till the Union the woollen manufacture established in 1GG7 was extensively carried on. The town contains a brewery, flour-mills, and tanneries, publishes two newspapers, and has a considerable export trade in grain, cattle, butter, and provisions. The river is navigable for barges of 50 tons to Waterford. Clonmel is a station on the Waterford and Limerick Railway; it was the centre of a system, established by Mr Bianconi, for the conveyance of travellers on liglit iars, extending over a great part of Leinster, Munster, and Connaught. It is governed by a corporation, consisting of a mayor, free burgesses, and a commonalty, and returns one member to parliament. Population in 1851, 15,203 ;
Cionmel, or Cluain mealla, the Vale of Honey, is a place of un doubted antiquity. In 1269 it was chosen as the seat of a Franciscan friary by Utho de Grandison, the first English possessor of the district: and it frequently comes into notice in the following centuries. In 1641 it declared for the Roman Catholic party, and in 1650 it was gallantly defended by Hugh O Xeal against the English under Cromwell. Compelled at last to capitulate, it was completely dismantled, and has never again been fortified. Sterne was born in the town in 1713.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Clovis

See also Clovis I on Wikipedia; Clovis I at Wikipedia; Clovis in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
CLOVIS, king of the Franks. See France.