OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hothby, John

​HOTHBY, JOHN (fl. 1470), Carmelite and writer on music, although reckoned by Tanner an Englishman by birth, spent most of his life at Ferrara, but went to Lucca in 1467. From a passage in a manuscript (Cod. Palat. 472) at Florence he seems to have studied at Pavia, and in his letter against Ramis de Pareja he himself says that he had travelled in France, Great Britain, Italy, Germany, and Spain. His name was occasionally spelt Otteby, Ottobi, and Octobi.
Many of Hothby's works are still extant. Of these the British Museum (Add. MS. 10336) and Lambeth Palace Libraries possess copies of a treatise beginning ‘Quid est Proportio.’ The Liceo Comunale of Bologna has (A. 32): 1. ‘Regule super Proportionem et Cantum Figuratum.’ 2. ‘De Cantu Figurato.’ 3. ‘Regule super Contrapunctum.’ 4. ‘Manus per genus diatonicum declarata.’ 5. ‘Regule de Monocordo manuali.’ All these were copied by Padre Martini from a manuscript (now lost) at Ferrara, which also contained a Kyrie, Magnificat, and other compositions by Hothby. In the National Library at Florence (MS. Cod. Magliabechianus, class. xix. n. 36) are ‘Regule Contrapuncti’ and an Italian letter against Ramis de Pareja (of both of which there are copies, A. 5.1 and B. 5, in the Liceo Communale of Bologna); ‘Ars plana Musice’ (beginning ‘Regule Monocordii sunt XXII.’). ‘Dialogus in Arte Musica’ (beginning ‘Nos te nostrum carmen’); and ‘Calliopea Legale.’ In Palatino MS. E. 5.2, in the same library, is ‘Tractatus quarundam regularum Artis Musice,’ and a second copy of the ‘Calliopea,’ translations of which were printed in ‘Cäcilia. Organ für Kirchenmusik’ (No. 5, 1874), and together with the original in Coussemaker's ‘Histoire de l'Harmonie au Moyen Age’ (p. 295, &c). The library of St. Mark's at Venice contains: 1. Another copy of the ‘Calliopea Legale.’ 2 and 3. Copies of the ‘Regule super Proportionem’ and ‘Regule super Contrapunctum,’ which are at Bologna. At Paris is a third copy of the ‘Regule super Proportionem,’ and a second treatise on ‘Counterpoint,’ beginning ‘Consonantia interpretatur sonus.’ Coussemaker (‘Scriptores, III’) has printed the treatises on ‘Proportion,’ ‘Cantus Figuratus,’ and ‘Counterpoint’ all from the Bologna manuscripts.
[Gasparo's Catalogo della Biblioteca del Liceo Musicale di Bologna, i. 90, 225, 299; Grove's Dict. of Music, i. 754, iv. 679–80; Fétis's Biog. des Musiciens, iv. 373; information from Professor Gentile, Signor Parisini, and Signor Castellani; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. sub. ‘Otteby;’ works quoted above.]
W. B. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Palmer, John (fl.1818)

​PALMER, JOHN (fl. 1818), traveller, apparently a native of Lynn, Norfolk, sailed from Liverpool on 28 March 1817 on a visit to the United States and Canada. During the voyage he had for companions William Cobbett and his two sons. Soon after his return to England on 28 Feb. 1818, he published his ‘Journal of Travels in the United States of North America and in Lower Canada,’ 8vo, London, 1818. It contains particulars relating to the prices of land and provisions, remarks on the country and the people, an account of the commerce of the principal towns, and a description of a pair of sea-serpents that were said to have been seen off Marblehead and Cape Ann in 1817. A Dutch translation of the book appeared at Haarlem in 1820, 8vo. Sydney Smith, in noticing the ‘Journal’ in the ‘Edinburgh Review’ for December 1818, p. 133, described it as having been written by a ‘plain man, of good sense and slow judgment.’
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Palmer, John (1782-1852)

​PALMER, JOHN (BERNARD) (1782–1852), mitred abbot, born on 15 Oct. 1782, was son of William Palmer, a small farmer in the parish of Charmouth, Dorset, and was bred a low churchman. In 1806 he came to London to seek employment, chanced to attend the services at the Roman catholic chapel in Warwick Street, Regent Street, read ‘The Garden of the Soul,’ and was converted to Roman catholicism. He then entered the service of Thomas Weld of Lulworth Castle, Dorset, and in 1808 became a novice in the Cistercian monastery of St. Susan, Lulworth, where he was professed by the name of Bernard on 21 Nov. 1810. Harassed by government in 1817, the Lulworth community found an asylum in the abbey of La Meilleraie (Melleray), near Nantes, where Palmer received minor orders. In 1831 the abbey of La Meilleraie was suppressed and dissolved by Louis-Philippe's government, and, though a few of the monks were permitted to remain, the majority emigrated to Ireland, and founded the abbey of Mount Melleray, co. Waterford. In affiliation to this monastery was established in 1836 a little community of about nine brothers in Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. At first they resided in a cottage, where they were joined in March 1837 by Palmer, just released from confinement in Nantes. He had been detained there, notwithstanding the representations of the British consul, since the suppression of the abbey of La Meilleraie.
In 1837 the monks removed from the cottage to a little monastery which had been built for them in its immediate vicinity from funds contributed by Ambrose Lisle Phillipps and others of the faithful. On 31 July 1838 Palmer received priest's orders, and in 1841 was appointed superior of the house. The community rapidly grew in numbers, and in 1844 the monastery was abandoned for a new and much larger structure, built in Pugin's severest lancet style, on a neighbouring eminence, to which was given the name of Mount St. Bernard. The major portion of the funds was contributed by the Earl of Shrewsbury and Ambrose Lisle Phillipps, the residue being raised by public subscription [see De Lisle, Ambrose Lisle March Phillipps].
By decrees of the congregation ‘de propaganda fide,’ ratified by Pius IX on 9 May 1848, the monastery was constituted an abbey with independent jurisdiction, in union with the general chapter of the Cistercian Congregation of Strict Observance, that is to say in the Trappist obedience, in France, and Palmer was appointed abbot. As such he was consecrated on 18 Feb. 1849, with mitre, crosier, ring, and gloves. As the first English mitred abbot since the Reformation, Palmer occupies a conspicuous position in the history of the catholic revival of the nineteenth century. He possessed in an eminent degree the characteristics of the saint—profound humility, boundless charity, and habit of severe self-mortification. After a long and painful illness, borne with exemplary patience, he died of dropsy on 10 Nov. 1852. On the 13th his remains were interred in a vault beneath the chapter-room of the abbey.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Palmer, John Horsley

​PALMER, JOHN HORSLEY (1779–1858), governor of the Bank of England, born on 7 July 1779, was the fourth son of William Palmer of Nazeing Park, Essex, merchant of London, magistrate and high sheriff of Essex, by his wife Mary, only daughter of John Horsley, rector of Thorley, Hertfordshire, and Newington Butts, and sister of Bishop Samuel Horsley. One brother, the Rev. William Jocelyn Palmer, was father of Roundell Palmer, first earl of Selborne [q. v.] Another brother, George Palmer [q. v.] entered into partnership with him and Captain Wilson as East India merchants and shipowners in 1802. Elected a director of the Bank of England in 1811, and governor from 1830 to 1832, he was one of the leading authorities of the time on currency and finance. In 1832 he gave evidence before the committee of secrecy on the Bank of England charter when he explained the causes of the panic of 1825, and the principle by which the bank regulated its issues (Report, pp. 7–70). He supplemented his arguments before the committee with ‘The Causes and Consequences of the Pressure upon the Money Market; with a Statement of the Action of the Bank of England from 1 Oct. 1833 to 27 Dec. 1836,’ London, 1837, 8vo. This important pamphlet, which is still of considerable value, called forth replies from Samuel Jones Loyd (afterwards Lord Overstone) [q. v.], Samson Ricardo, and other writers. Palmer then published his ‘Reply to the Reflections … of Mr. Samuel Jones Loyd on the Pamphlet entitled “Causes and Consequences,”’ &c., London, 1837, 8vo. This controversy did much to establish his reputation. On 4 Dec. 1839 he was appointed a member of the royal commission on bankruptcy and insolvency. In 1840 he was examined at great length by the select committee on banks of issue (Report, pp. 103–41). When he retired from active business, in April 1857, he was senior director of the Bank of England. He died at Hurlingham, Middlesex, on 7 Feb. 1858.
Palmer married, first, in November 1810, Elizabeth, daughter of John Belli, and sister-in-law of Archbishop Howley, by whom he had issue three sons and three daughters. On her death, on 22 June 1839, he married, secondly, on 8 July 1841, at Lambeth Palace, Jane Louisa, fifth daughter of Samuel Pepys Cockerell of Westbourne, Middlesex. She died without issue on 13 Oct. 1865. In addition to the pamphlets mentioned above, Palmer published ‘Reasons against the proposed Indian Joint-Stock Bank, in a Letter to G. G. de H. Larpent, Esq.,’ London, 1836, 8vo.
W. A. S. H.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Terentius

​TERE′NTIUS. 1. C. Terentius Arsa, called Terentillus by Livy, tribune of the plebs, B. C. 462, proposed that five commissioners should be appointed to draw up a body of laws to define the consular imperium. (Liv. iii. 9; Dionys. x. 1.)
2. Q. Terentius, was sent by the senate, along with M. Antistius, to bring back the consul C. Flaminius to the city, but he refused to obey their summons. (Liv. xxi. 63.)
3. L. Terentius Massaliota, plebeian aedile. B. C. 200, and praetor B. C. 187, when he obtained Sicily as his province. (Liv. xxxi. 50, xxxviii. 42.)
4. L. Terentius, one of the ambassadors sent to king Antiochus in B. C. 196. (Liv. xxxiii. 35.)
5. C. Terentius Istra, praetor B. C. 182, obtained Sardinia as his province. In the following year he was one of the triumviri for founding a colony at Graviscae. (Liv. xxxix. 56, xi. 1, 29.)
6. L. Terentius Massaliota, probably a son of No. 3, was tribunus militum in B. C. 180. (Liv xl. 35.)
7. P. Terentius Tuscivanus, one of the ambassadors sent into Illyricum in B. C. 167. (Liv. xlv. 18.)
8. Terentius Vespa, one of whose witticisms is quoted by Cicero in his De Oratore (ii. 61).
9. L. Terentius, was the companion and tentmate of Cn. Pompeius, when the latter was serving under his father Strabo in B. C. 87, and was bribed by Cinna to kill Pompeius. (Plut. Pomp. 3.)
10. Cn. Terentius, a senator, into vviiose custody Caeparius, one of the Catilinarian conspirators, was given. (Sall. Cat. 47.)
11. P. Terentius Hispo, a friend of Cicero, was promagister of the company of publicani, who farmed the taxes in Asia. Cicero recommended him in a letter to P. Silius. (Cic. ad Att. xi. 10, ad Fam. xiii. 65.)
12. Ser. Terentius, was a friend of D. Brutus, whom he pretended to be on the flight from Mutina, B. C. 43, in order to save the life of his friend; but he was recognised by the officer of Antony's cavalry, and preserved from death. (Val. Max. iv. 7. §6.)
13. M. Terentius, a Roman eques, was accused, in A. D. 32, on account of his having been a friend of Sejanus. He defended himself with great courage, and was acquitted. (Tac. Ann. vi. 8, 9.)
14. Terentius Lentinus, a Roman eques, was privy to the forgery of Valerius Fabianus, and was in consequence condemned in A. D. 61. (Tac. Ann. xiv. 40.)
15. Terentius, was said by some persons to have been the murderer of the emperor Galba. (Tac. Hist. i. 41; Plut. Galb. 27.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Tereus

​TEREUS (Τηρεύς), a son of Ares, a king of the Thracians, in Daulis, afterwards Phocis. (Apollod. iii. 14. § 8; Thucyd. ii. 29.) Some traditions place Tereus at Pegae, in Megaris. (Paus. i. 41. § 8.) Pandion, king of Attica, who by his wife Zeuxippe had two daughters, Philomela and Procne, and twin sons, Erechtheus and Butes, called in the assistance of Tereus against some enemy, and gave him his daughter Procne in marriage. Tereus became by her the father of Itys, and then concealed her somewhere in the country, that he might thus be enabled to marry her sister Philomela whom he deceived by saying that Procne was dead. At the same time he deprived Philomela of her tongue. Ovid (Met. vi. 565) reverses the story by stating that Tereus told Procne that her sister Philomela was dead. Philomela, however, soon learned the truth, and made it known by a few words which she wove into a peplus. Procne then came to Philomela and killed her own son Itys. Tereus, who had been cautioned by an oracle against such an occurrence, suspected his own brother Dryas and killed him. (Hygin. Fab. 45.) Procne took further vengeance by placing the flesh of her own child in a dish before Tereus, and then fled with her sister. Tereus pursued them with an axe, and when the sisters were overtaken they prayed to the gods to change them into birds. Procne, accordingly, became a nightingale, Philomela a swallow, and Tereus a hoopop. (Tzetz. Chil. vii. 142, 459; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1875; Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. vi. 78; Ov. Met. vi. 424–675.) According to some, Procne became a swallow, Philomela a nightingale, and Tereus a hawk. (Hygin. Fab. 45.) According to the Megarian tradition, Tereus, being unable to overtake the women, killed himself. The Megarians showed the tomb of Tereus in their own country, and an annual sacrifice was offered to him. Procne and Philomela, moreover, were there believed to have escaped to Attica, and to have wept themselves to death. (Paus. i. 41. § 8.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Terentius Scaurus

​TERE′NTIUS SCAURUS. [Scaurus.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Teridates

​TERIDATES. [Tiridates.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Terillus

​TERILLUS (Τήριλλος), son of Crinippus, tyrant of Himera, in Sicily. We know nothing of the means by which he rose to power, or of the duration or events of his reign: it is only from Subsequent circumstances that we learn that he had sought to fortify his power by giving his daughter Cydippe in marriage to Anaxilas, the ruler of Rhegium, while on the other hand he maintained relations of friendship and hospitality with the Carthaginian general Hamilcar. Hence, when he was expelled from Himera, by Theron, tyrant of Agrigentum, he applied to the Carthaginians for assistance, and his son-in-law Anaxilas not only supported his prayers, but gave his own children as hostages for his sincerity. The Carthaginians accordingly determined to undertake his restoration, or rather, under pretence of doing so, to extend their own power in Sicily, and the expulsion of Terillus thus became the real cause of their great expedition under Hamilcar, which terminated in the memorable battle of Himera, B. C. 480. (Herod. vii. 165.) Of the fate of Terillus himself after the defeat of his allies we know nothing. [E. H. B.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Terminus

​TERMINUS, a Roman divinity presiding over boundaries and frontiers. His worship is said to have been instituted by Numa who ordered that every one should mark the boundaries of his landed property by stones to be consecrated to Jupiter (Ζεὺς ὅριος), and at which every year sacrifices were to be offered at the festival of the Terminalia. (Dionys. ii. 9, 74.) These sacred boundaries existed not only in regard to private property, but also in regard to the state itself, the boundary of which was not to be trangressed by any foreign foe. But in later times the latter must have fallen into oblivion, while the termini of private property retained their sacred character even in the days of Dionysius, who states that sacrifices of cakes, meal, and fruit (for it was unlawful to stain the boundary stones with blood), still continued to be offered. The god Terminus himself appears to have been no other than Jupiter himself, in the capacity of the protector of boundaries. (Ov. Fast. ii. 639, &c.; Lactant. i. 20, 37.) The Terminus of the Roman state originally stood between the fifth and sixth milestone on the road towards Laurentum, near a place called Festi, and that ancient boundary of the ager Romanus continued to be revered with the same ceremonies as the boundaries of private estates. (Ov. Fast. l.c.; Strab. v. p. 230.) Another public Terminus stood in the temple of Jupiter in the Capitol, and above it there was an opening in the roof, because no Terminus was allowed to be under cover. (Fest. p. 368, ed. Müller.) This is another proof that Terminus was only an attribute of Jupiter, although tradition gave a different reason for this circumstance; for when that temple was to be founded, and it was necessary to exaugurate other sanctuaries standing on the same site, all the gods readily gave way to Jupiter and Juno, but the auguries would not allow the sanctuaries of Terminus and Juventas to be removed. This was taken as an omen that the Roman state would remain ever undiminished and young, and the chapels of the two divinities were inclosed within the walls of the new temple. (Serv. ad Aen. ii. 575, ix. 448; Ov. Fast. ii. 671.) Here we may ask, what had a Terminus to do on the Capitol, unless he was connected or identical with Jupiter? (Comp. Liv. i. 55, v. 54, xliii. 13, xlv. 44; Polyb. iii. 25; Hartung, Die Relig. der Röm. ii. p. 50, &c.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Teres

​TERES (Τήρης). 1. King of the Odrysae and father of Sitalces, was the founder of the great Odryssian monarchy A daughter of his married Ariapeithes, king of the Scythians. (Herod, iv. 80, vii. 137 ; Thuc. ii. 29 ; Xen. Anab. vii. 2. § 22, 5. § 1.)
2. King of a portion of Thrace in the time of Philip of Macedon, with whom he was at first allied against the Athenians. Afterwards, however, he joined Cersobleptes in hostilities to Philip, and, together with his confederate, was subdued by the Macedonian king early in B. C. 342. (Phil. Ep. ad Ath. ap. Demost. p. 161; corap. Diod, xvi. 71.) [Cersobleptes.] [E. E.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Terentius Clemens

​TERE′NTIUS CLEMENS. [Clemens.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maddock, Henry

​MADDOCK, HENRY (d. 1824), legal author, eldest son of Henry Maddock of Lincoln's Inn, barrister-at-law, resided for a time at, but took no degree from, St. John's College, Cambridge, and on 25 April 1796 entered Lincoln's Inn, where he was called to the bar in Michaelmas term 1801, and afterwards practised as an equity draftsman. He died at St. Lucia, in the West Indies, in August 1824.
Maddock published: 1. ‘The Power of Parliaments considered in a Letter to a Member of Parliament,’ London, 1799, 8vo; an argument against the legislative union with Ireland, based on an alleged inherent incapacity of the Irish parliament to part with its own powers. 2. ‘A Vindication of the Privileges of the House of Commons, in answer to Sir Francis Burdett's Address,’ &c., London, 1810, 8vo. 3. The first part of ‘An Account of the Life and Writings of Lord Chancellor Somers, including Remarks on the Public Affairs in which he was engaged, and the Bill of Rights, with a Comment,’ London, 1812, 4to, a fragment justly praised by Lord Campbell (Chancellors, iv. 62 n.) 4. ‘A Treatise on the Principles and Practice of the High Court of Chancery,’ London, 1815, 2 vols. 8vo, a work of solid and accurate learning, of which a second edition, much enlarged, appeared in 1820, and a third in 1837, 2 vols. 8vo. 5. ‘Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Court of the Vice-Chancellor of England during the time of Sir Thomas Plumer, Knt.,’ London, 1817–22, 5 vols. 8vo.
[Lincoln's Inn Register; Law List, 1803 and 1824.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maddox, Willis

​MADDOX, WILLIS (1813–1853), painter, was born at Bath in 1813. In early life he was patronised by William Beckford the younger [q. v.] of Fonthill, for whom he painted several sacred pictures, such as ‘The Annunciation,’ ‘The Temptation,’ ‘The Agony in the Garden,’ &c. He exhibited for the first time at the Royal Academy in 1844, sending a painting of a piece of still life which passed into Beckford's collection. In 1847 he exhibited his first important picture, ‘Naomi, Ruth, and Orpah;’ in 1849 he sent a portrait of Halil Aga Riskalla, and in 1850, one of the Turkish ambassadors, Mehemet Ali. In 1852 he sent ‘Aina Tellet, or the Light of the Mirror,’ and a portrait of the Duke of Hamilton. Owing to his success in painting the portraits of distinguished Turks, Maddox was invited to Constantinople to paint the sultan, for whom he executed several portraits. He died of fever at Pera, near Constantinople, on 26 June 1853. Maddox painted several good portraits, of which there are many examples at Bath and at Bristol.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1880; Ottley's Dict. of Recent and Living Painters; Royal Academy Catalogues.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Madocks, William Alexander

​MADOCKS, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1774–1828), philanthropist, born in 1774, was the third son of John Madocks of St. Andrew's, Holborn, and of Fron Yw in Denbighshire, an eminent chancery barrister, who was M.P. for the borough of Westbury in Wiltshire (1786–90). William matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, on 1 March 1790, proceeded B.A. in 1793, and M.A. in 1799, and was a fellow of All Souls' College 1794–1818 (Foster, Alumni Oxon. p. 901). He first settled at Dolmelynllyn, near Dolgelly, but purchased in 1798 the estate of Tan-yr-Allt, adjoining Penmorfa marsh in Carnarvonshire; here he commenced about 1800 to bank out the sea, and succeeded in recovering or converting into dry land about two thousand acres which previously formed the marsh. In 1807 he obtained a grant from the crown, confirmed by act of parliament, vesting in him and his heirs all the sands known as Traeth Mawr in the estuary close to his residence, which was then washed by the sea (see engraving in ‘European Magazine,’ liii. 129), and extending from ​Pont Aberglaslyn to Gêst point. He then constructed across Traeth Mawr an embankment nearly a mile in length, which shut out the sea, and was the means of reclaiming nearly three thousand more acres of land. A road was also constructed along the embankment, and it forms the line of communication between the counties of Carnarvon and Merioneth. The work was completed in 1811, at an expense of more than 100,000l. The town of Tremadoc, so called after its founder, with a neat Gothic church and other public buildings, was built by Madocks on Penmorfa at his own expense. Madocks sat in parliament for Boston in Lincolnshire from 1802 until 1820, when he became M.P. for Chippenham. He took an active part in politics on the whig side, and on 11 May 1809 moved an impeachment of Lord Castlereagh and of Spencer Perceval for bribery at an election (Cobbett, Parl. Debates, xiv. 380–92, 486–527). He also seconded, on 15 June 1809, Sir Francis Burdett's plan of parliamentary reform (ib. xiv. 1056). He became involved in pecuniary difficulties, and retired to the continent, where he died, in Paris, in September 1828. He married in 1818 Mrs. Gwynn of Tregunter, Breconshire, by whom he had one daughter, who survived him.
Madocks is the author of a little dramatic dialogue, called ‘The Amateur Actor and the Hair Dresser,’ published in the ‘European Magazine,’ liii. 215–16.
[Gent. Mag. 1809, ii. 685; Williams's Eminent Welshmen, pp. 305–6; see also Y Gestiana, a local history of Portmadoc (1892), pp. 68, 69, which contains a portrait of Madocks speaking in the House of Commons.]
D. Ll. T.