OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Zunft

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zunft | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zunft, f., ‘guild, corporation, club, sect,’ from MidHG. zunft, zumft, OHG. zumft, f., ‘propriety, rule, law; society governed by certain rules, union, association,’ guild’; allied to ziemen. OHG. zumft is derived from zëman, ‘to be proper,’ by means of the -ti (Goth. -þi), which forms verbal abstracts; for the intrusion of an f in the combination mt, comp. Kunft, Nunft, and Ramft. Hence the orig. meaning of Zunft is ‘suitability, propriety, that which is becoming or according to law.’ For the development of meaning comp. Gilde, derived from LG.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Zunge

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zunge | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zunge, f., ‘tongue, language,’ from MidHG. zunge, f., ‘tongue, tongue-shaped ​piece, language,’ OHG. zunga, f., ‘tongue, domain of a language.’ Comp. OSax. tunga, LG. tunge, Du. tonge, OFris. tunge, AS. tunge, E. tongue, OIc. and Swed. tunga, Dan. tunge, Goth. tuggô. In non-Teut. occurs the cognate Lat. lingua, which is usually supposed to come from *dingua (like lacrima for dacrima, see Zähre). Teut. tungôn, with Zange, is scarcely allied to the Sans. root danç, ‘to bite, be pointed’ (Zunge should be lit. ‘that which licks’); the relation to Sans. juhû, jihvâ, ‘tongue,’ is uncertain.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Zufall

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zufall | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zufall, m., ‘chance, incident, occurrence, accident,’ from late MidHG. zuoval, m., ‘accident, what happens to a person, receipts’; allied to fallen.
# American Export Company v. Indiana/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
165 U.S. 255
American Export Company v. Indiana
These were three actions instituted by the state of Indiana, in the circuit court of Marion county, in that state, against the American Express Company, the Adams Express Company, and the United States Express Company, to recover unpaid taxes for the years 1893 and 1894.
The defendants filed answers, setting up, among other defenses, that the act under which the taxes were assessed was invalid, because in contravention of the constitution of the United States.
The causes were consolidated, and tried by the circuit court, which made a special finding of facts, and stated conclusions of law thereon in favor of the defendants, and entered judgment accordingly. The consolidated cause having been carried on appeal to the supreme court of the state, the judgment below was reversed, and the cause remanded, with instructions to restate the conclusions of law, and to enter judgment against the defendant in each case as specifically directed. 42 N. E. 483. This was done, and from the judgments so entered writs of error were sued out from this court.
The legislation of the state of Indiana, the validity of which is attacked in these cases, so far corresponds with that of the state of Ohio that the questions presented upon this record are the same, in effect, as those considered in Sanford v. Poe, and other cases (just decided) 17 Sup. Ct. 305, and require no re-examination.
For the reasons there given the judgments are affirmed.
Mr. Justice WHITE, dissenting.
Mr. Justice FIELD, Mr. Justice HARLAN, Mr. Justice BROWN, and myself dissent from the judgment of the court in these cases. As there is no substantial difference between the legal questions presented in the Ohio cases and those in the present cases, the reasons stated in the dissent announced in the former are relevant here, and are referred to as furnishing the reasons for this dissent.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# American Express Company v. Iowa

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
196 U.S. 133
American Express Company v. Iowa
Argued: December 2, 1904. --- Decided: January 3, 1905
The American Express Company received at Rock Island, Illinois, on or about March 29, 1900, four boxes of merchandise to be carried to Tama, Iowa, to be there delivered to four different persons, one of the packages being consigned to each. The shipment was C. O. D., $3 to be collected on each package, exclusive of 35 cents for carriage on each. On March 31 the merchandise reached Tama, and on that day was seized in the hands of the express agent. This was based on an information before a justice of the peace, charging that the packages contained intoxicating liquor held by the express company for sale. The express company and its agent answered, setting up the receipt of the packages in Illinois, not for sale in Iowa, but for carriage and delivery to the consignees. An agreed statement of facts was stipulated admitting the receipt, the carriage, and the holding of the packages as above stated. The seizure was sustained. Appeal was taken to a district court. The express company and its agent amended their answer, specially setting up the commerce clause of the Constitution of the United States. There was judgment in favor of the express company, and the state of Iowa appealed to the supreme court and obtained a reversal. 118 Iowa, 447, 92 N. W. 66. This writ of error was prosecuted.
Mr. Lewis Cass Ledyard for plaintiffs in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 134-138 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Charles W. Mullan for defendant in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 138-140 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice White, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# American Express Company v. Mullins

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
212 U.S. 311
American Express Company v. Mullins
Argued: January 14, 15, 1909. --- Decided: February 23, 1909
Defendant in error brought his action in the circuit court of Kenton county, Kentucky, against the plaintiff in error to recover the value of twenty packages of whisky which he had delivered to the company at Covington, Kentucky, on March 10, 1904, to carry C. O. D. to Oswego, Labette county, Kansas. Each package was consigned to a separate consignee. The petition alleged that the defendant failed to deliver the whisky, or to collect the money therefor, or to return the whisky to the plaintiff. The answer was in effect that the company carried the whisky to Oswego, where it was seized and taken out of its possession by the sheriff of the county, under a warrant with seizure clause attached, duly issued by the district court of the county, and that it was destroyed in pursuance of a judgment duly rendered by that court. It further alleged that the district court had full jurisdiction in the premises, and was authorized to issue the warrant, and that it was valid on its face; that a notice was duly issued out of the court, notifying any and all persons claiming any interest in the whisky to appear at a day and hour named to answer the complaint made against the whisky, and show cause why it should not be forfeited and destroyed; that this notice was served on the company, and a true copy posted in its office where the whisky was seized; that the company promptly notified plaintiff of the seizure, and served on him a copy of the notice issued by the court, and that he acknowledged receipt thereof fifteen days before the day set for answer and advised the company that he intended to contest the legality of the seizure. A copy of the proceedings in the Kansas court was attached to the answer as an exhibit.
The answer further claimed that the judgment of the district court of Kansas was entitled to full faith and credit under the Constitution and laws of the United States. A demurrer was sustained to the answer, and the company declining to plead further, judgment was rendered against it for the value of the whisky. The circuit court of Kenton county is the highest court of the state in which a decision could be had. Ky. Stat. 1903, § 950.
Messrs. Joseph S. Graydon, Lawrence Maxwell, and Lewis Cass Ledyard for plaintiff in error.
No appearance for defendant in error.
Statement by Mr. Justice Brewer:
Mr. Justice Brewer delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# American Express Company v. South Dakota ex rel Caldwell

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
244 U.S. 617
American Express Company v. South Dakota ex rel Caldwell
Argued: April 13, 1917. --- Decided: June 11, 1917
Messrs. C. O. Bailey, Branch P. Kerfoot, T. B. Harrison, J. H. Voorhees, and C. W. Stockton for plaintiffs in error.
Messrs. John Barton Payne, R. B. Scott, and A. P. Humburg, as amici curiae, on behalf of Illinois Central Railroad Company.
Messrs. Oliver E. Sweet, Byron S. Payne, P. W. Dougherty, and Clarence C. Caldwell for defendants in error.
Messrs. Charles W. Needham and Joseph W. Folk, as amici curiae, on behalf of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
Mr. Justice Brandeis delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# American Express Company v. Kentucky

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
206 U.S. 139
American Express Company v. Kentucky
Argued: April 17, 18, 1907. --- Decided: May 13, 1907
Messrs. Edmund F. Trabue, Lawrence Maxwell, Jr., John C. Doolan, Attilla Cox, Jr., and Joseph S. Graydon for plaintiff in error.
Messrs. N. B. Hays and Charles H. Morris for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Brewer delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/spinnen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry spinnen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ spinnen, verb, ‘to spin,’ from the equivalent Middle High German spinnen, Old High German spinnan, strong verb; common to Teutonic in the same sense. Compare Gothic spinnan, Old Icelandic spinna, Anglo-Saxon spinnan, English to spin, Dutch spinnen. While the cognates of Modern High German weben are common to Teutonic, those of spinnen have only Lithuanian pìnti, ‘to plait’ (pántis, ‘cord’), and Old Slovenian pęti, ‘to stretch,’ connected with them; compare the pre-Teutonic roots pen and spen, which occur also in Fahne. It is also frequently assumed that spinnen and spannen are allied. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/spitz

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry spitz. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ spitz, adjective, ‘pointed, acute, sharp,’ from the equivalent Middle High German spitz, spitze, Old High German spizzi; Gothic *spitj- (nominative *spitus) is wanting; compare Spieß (2). No corresponding term is found in the non-Teutonic languages. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/spreiten

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry spreiten. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ spreiten, verb, ‘to spread, strew,’ from Middle High German and Old High German spreiten, weak verb, ‘to unfold’; a primary form also occurs, Middle High German sprîten, sprîden, ‘to spread.’ Compare Dutch spreiden, spreijen, Anglo-Saxon sprœ̂dan, English to spread. The Teutonic root sprī̆þ has not yet been found in the non-Teutonic languages; no connection with breit is possible.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/spreizen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry spreizen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ spreizen, verb, ‘to spread open, stride,’ earlier Modern High German spreutzen, literally ‘to stretch upwards like a prop or buttress,’ from Middle High German and Old High German spriutzen ‘to properly support.’ Allied to Middle High German spriuȥ, ‘buttress,’ which is derived from the stem of sprietzen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/sprießen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry sprießen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ sprießen, verb, ‘to sprout, shoot forth,’ from the equivalent Middle High German sprieȥen (Old High German *sprioȥan?), strong verb; corresponding to Dutch spruiten, Anglo-Saxon sprûtan, and English to sprout. From this Teutonic root sprū̆t, ‘to grow up,’ are derived English to sprit, ‘to sprout’ (Anglo-Saxon spryttan), as well as Anglo-Saxon spreót, ‘pole, shaft,’ equivalent to Dutch spriet, ‘javelin, spear, bowsprit,’ whence Modern High German Spriet in Bugspriet. Compare further spritzen and Sprosse. No terms undoubtedly cognate are found in the non-Teutonic languages.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/spritzen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry spritzen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ spritzen, verb, earlier sprützen, ‘to spirt, squirt, syringe, spout forth,’ from the equivalent Middle High German sprützen, whence Italian spruzzare and sprizzare were borrowed; allied to Middle High German sprütze, Modern High German Spritze, feminine, ‘syringe, squirt’; derivatives of the Teutonic root sprū̆t, ‘to grow up, shoot forth’ (see sprießen). Compare English to sprit, ‘to spirt’ and ‘to sprout.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/spicken

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry spicken. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ spicken, verb, ‘to lard; provide richly,’ a Modern High German derivative of Speck.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/spleißen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry spleißen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ spleißen, verb, ‘to split, cleave,’ from the equivalent Middle High German splîȥen; corresponding to English to split and the equivalent Dutch splijten; an Old Teutonic root verb which does not occur elsewhere. To this is allied Modern High German Splitter, masculine, ‘splinter,’ from Middle High German splitter, masculine and feminine (Gothic *splitra-; an old tr in High German is not permutated; compare bitter, treu, and zittern), but in Middle High German a term spelter, ‘splinter,’ connected with spalten, is mostly ​used. Compare Dutch splinter, and the equivalent English splint, splinter, derived from the nasalised root.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/springen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry springen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ springen, verb, ‘to spring, leap, jump,’ from the equivalent Middle High German springen, Old High German springan, strong verb; corresponding to the equivalent Old Saxon springan, Dutch springen, Anglo-Saxon springan, English to spring, Gothic *spriggan. From this common Teutonic verb, to which Modern High German Sprung, masculine, (Middle High German and Old High German sprung), is allied, the cognates of Italian springare, ‘to jog, swing one's legs,’ are derived. An allied Aryan root sprgh, with a nasal exists in Greek σπέρχεσθαι ‘to hasten,’ σπερχνός, ‘hasty.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/sprengen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry sprengen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ sprengen, verb, ‘to burst, break open, blow up,’ from Middle High German and Old High German spręngen, ‘to cause to spring,’ is a causative of springen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/meschugge

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry meschugge. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ meschugge, adjective, ‘crazy,’ from the equivalent Hebrew meschuggâ.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/meuchel-

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry meuchel-. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ meuchel-, derived, as the first part of a compound, from Middle High German miuchel-, ‘secret.’ Earlier Modern High German Meuchler, from the equivalent Middle High German miuchelœre, miucheler, late Old High German mûhhilâri, masculine, ‘plotter, assassin.’ Allied to Middle High German miuchelingen, ‘insidiously, like an assassin’; Old High German mühhilswërt, ‘assassin's sword, sword for assassination'; Old High German mûhhari, mûhho, mûhheo, ‘brigand, footpad’; also mûhhen, mûhhôn, ‘to attack from an ambush'; Middle High German vermûchen, ‘to get out of the way secretly, conceal,’ and Middle High German mocken, ‘to lie hidden’; further English dialectic to mitch (Anglo-Saxon *mŷčan), ‘to he hidden,’ Middle English micher, ‘thief.’ The entire class points to a Teutonic root mûk, ‘to lurk in ambush with weapons’; a pre-Teutonic root mûg appears in Keltic; compare Old Irish formúicthe, formúichthai, ‘absconditus,’ formúichdetu, ‘occultatio.’ Since these words well accord in meaning with the High German cognates, Gothic *muks, Old Icelandic mjúkr, English meek (to which Dutch meuk, ‘mellow, ripe’ is allied), cannot be associated with them, since their meaning does not correspond to that of the class under discussion. See mucken and munkeln.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/merken

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry merken. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ merken, verb, ‘to mark, note, observe,’ from Middle High German and Old High German męrken, ‘to give heed to, perceive, understand, note’; a derivative of Marke (Gothic *markjan); hence Old French merchier, ‘to designate.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/messingisch

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry messingisch. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ messingisch, adjective, ‘hybrid, composed of High German and Low German elements in the same word’; the term was first recorded in the last century, but it originated probably in the 16th or 17th century, when High German and Low German were struggling for the mastery.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/mich

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry mich. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ mich, see mein.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/messen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry messen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ messen, verb, ‘to measure, survey,’ from Middle High German mëȥȥen, Old High German mëȥȥan, ‘to measure, mete out, distribute, consider, test’; compare Old Saxon mëtan, Dutch meten, ‘to measure,’ Anglo-Saxon mëtan, ‘to measure, value, deem,’ Gothic mitan, ‘to measure’; also allied to Gothic mitôn, ‘to ponder, reflect on’; Old High German mëȥȥôn, ‘to moderate.’ The Teutonic stem mē̆t, ‘to measure, estimate, ponder’ (compare Maß), is based on pre-Teutonic mē̆d, and cannot, because of the non-permutation, be connected with Latin metiri; compare Latin modus, Greek μέδομαι μήδομαι, ‘to consider, estimate,’ μέδων, ‘adviser,’ μέδιμνος, ‘medimnus’ (about 12 galls.), Latin modius, Gothic mitaþs, ‘corn measure.’ See Metze (2).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/minder

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry minder. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ minder, comparative of gering and wenig, ‘less, inferior, lower’; from Middle High German minre, minner, Old High German minniro, comparative of luzzil, ‘little, small.’ To this is allied the Old High German and Middle High German adverb min (like baȥ allied to bęȥȥiro). A common Teutonic comparative formed like Gothic minniza,. adverb, mins, Anglo-Saxon min; the corresponding superlative is Gothic minnists, Old High German minnist, Middle High German minnest, Modern High German mindest, with the d of the comparative which has been evolved in Modern High German between the n and r; the positive is wanting, as in the ease of ehr, besser, seit, &c. Since en in these cognates, as in Mann, has originated in nw for nu, the word is based on the Latin-Greek verbal stem minu-, whence also Latin minor, minimus; compare Latin minuere, Greek μυύω; Old Slovenian mĭnij, ‘minor,’ Greek μίνυ-νθα, ‘a little while.’ The oldest form of the root is Aryan mî (mī̆), with the present stems mĭnâ- and mĭnu-, ‘to lessen, shorten,’ of which the Old Indian would be *mẽymas (equivalent to Greek μείων); compare also Greek μειόω, ‘to diminish.’