# Manual of the New Zealand Flora/Synoptical Key

APPENDIX.
I. SYNOPTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS.
The classification adopted in this work is that followed by Hooker and Bentham in their well-known "Genera Plantarum," published between the years 1862 and 1883. It is also the arrangement adopted in the "Flora of New Zealand," the "Handbook," in Bentham's "Flora Australiensis," and in the whole of the series of colonial Floras prepared under the more or less active guidance of the authorities at Kew. Its principal defect is in the sequence of the orders of Dicotyledons, which is made to depend entirely on the characters afforded by the perianth; the polypetalous orders being followed by the gamopetalous, and these in their turn by the various orders in which the floral envelopes are more or less reduced or altogether wanting. But this last group, known as the Monochlamydeæ, or Incompletæ, consists largely of orders presenting well-marked affinities with others in the Polypetalous or Gamopetalous divisions. Hence by recent authors, and notably by Engler in "Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien," the Monochlamydeous division has been entirely abandoned, the orders composing it being relegated in part to the Polypetalæ and in part to the Gamopetalæ. As Engler's classification is now largely used, I have appended to the following synopsis a sketch showing how the orders of New Zealand plants are arranged under it.
Subkingdom I. PHANEROGAMIA.
Plants bearing true flowers—that is, having stamens and ovules, the latter after fertilisation developing into seeds containing an embryo.
Class I. DICOTYLEDONS.
Stem consisting of a pith in the centre, of bark on the outside, and of interposed woody tissue; when perennial increasing in diameter annually by the addition of a new layer of wood to the outside of the old wood, and of a new layer of bark to the inside of the old bark. Leaves usually with reticulated veins. Parts of the flower generally in fours or fives or eights. Embryo usually with two opposite cotyledons, rarely with several in a whorl.
Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMOUS DICOTYLEDONS.
Ovules enclosed in an ovary, which is always provided with a stigma. Pollen not directly applied to the ovules, but falling upon the stigma, and there emitting pollen-tubes which pass through the tissue of the stigma and so reach the cavity of the ovary and the ovules.
Division I. POLYPETALÆ.
Flowers with both calyx and corolla. Petals free.
Exceptions.—Flowers wanting the corolla occur in 1, Ranunculaceæ (Clematis, Myosurus, Caltha); 3, Cruciferæ (some species of Lepidium); 6, Caryophylleæ (Colobanthus and a few species of Stellaria); 18, Rhamneæ (three species of Pomaderris and Discaria Toumatou); 19, Sapindaceæ (both the genera found in New Zealand); 23, Rosaceæ (Acæna); 27, Halorageæ (Callitriche and frequently in Gunnera); 29, Onagraceæ (one species of Fuchsia); 32, Ficoideæ (Tretragonia); 35, Cornaceæ (occasionally in Griselinia).
Petals coherent at the base occur in 7, Portulaceæ (Montia, Hectorella); 10, Malvaceæ; 17, Stackhousieæ; 25, Crassulaceæ, (Tillæa); 31, Cucurbitaceæ (Sicyos).
Subdivision I. Thalamifloreæ. Sepals generally distinct and separate, free from the ovary. Petals hypogynous. Stamens hypogynous, often indefinite. Torus small or elongated, not expanded into a disc. Ovary superior.
Exceptions.—Stamens sometimes slightly perigynous in 6, Caryophylleæ (Colobanthus).
* Ovary apocarpous. Carpels 1 or more.
I. Ranunculaceæ. Sepals 3 or more, often petaloid. Petals 5–20, in a single series, wanting in three of the New Zealand genera. Stamens indefinite. Fruit of few or many achenes or follicles. Seeds albuminous.—Herbs with radical or alternate leaves, or climbers with opposite leaves, (p. 1.)
II. Magnoliaceae. Sepals and petals together forming 3 or more series. Stamens indefinite. Fruit of one or more carpels. Seeds, albuminous.—Trees with alternate leaves, (p. 28.)
** Ovary syncarpous. Placentas parietal.
III. Cruciferæ. Flowers regular. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens usually 6, 4 of them longer than the others. Ovary spuriously 2-celled. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo large, curved.—Herbs; leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 30.)
Exceptions.—Stamens frequently reduced to 4 or even 2 in Nasturtium and some species of Lepidium.
IV. Violarieæ. Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Anthers 5, connivent into a ring surrounding the pistil; connective often produced. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds albuminous.—Herbs or shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, (p. 43.)
V. Pittosporeæ. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 5 each, rarely 4. Stamens 5; anthers free. Fruit a coriaceous or woody 2–4-celled capsule; placentas the same number as the valves. Seeds albuminous; embryo minute.—Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 51.)
​*** Ovary syncarpous. Placentas basal.
VI. Caryophylleæ. Sepals 4–5. Petals the same number. Stamens 4–5, or 6–10. Ovary 1-celled; ovules many; styles 2–5. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.—Herbs; leaves opposite, entire; stipules present or wanting, (p. 61.)
VII. Portulaceæ. Sepals 2. Petals 4–5. Stamens 3 or more. Ovary 1-celled; ovules 2 or more; style 1, 2–3-fid. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.—Herbs; leaves opposite or alternate, entire; stipules present or wanting, (p. 70.)
**** Ovary syncarpus. Placentas axile.
VIII. Elatineæ. Sepals 2–5. Petals the same number. Stamens equal in number to the petals or twice as many. Ovary 2–5-celled; ovules many; styles 2–5.—Aquatic herbs; leaves opposite, stipulate, (p. 73.)
IX. Hypericineæ. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, free or polyadelphous. Ovary 3–5-celled; ovules numerous; styles 3–5.—Herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite, exstipulate, usually gland-dotted. (p. 74.)
X. Malvaceæ. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, contorted in bud. Stamens monadelphous; anthers 1-celled. Carpels either several connate into a ring or forming a 5–10-celled capsule, rarely reduced to 1.—Herbs or shrubs or small trees, often with stellate down; leaves alternate, stipulate. (p. 75.)
XI. Tiliaceæ. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5. Stamens free, or connate at the base only; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2–10-celled.—Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate or opposite, stipulate. (p. 81.)
Subdivision II. Discifloræ.—Sepals distinct or connate, free or rarely adnate to the ovary. Disc usually conspicuous, expanded into a ring or cushion either free or adnate to the ovary or calyx or to both, rarely broken up into separate glands. Stamens usually definite, inserted upon the disc or at its outer or inner base. Ovary superior.
Exceptions.—Disc reduced to minute glands in 12, Lineæ; and 13, Geraniaceæ; altogether wanting in 21, Coriarieæ.
XII. Lineæ. Flowers regular. Sepals 4–5. Petals 4–5, convolute in bud. Stamens usually 4–5. Ovary 3–5-celled; ovules 1–2 in each cell; styles 3–5. Seeds albuminous.—Herbs; leaves alternate, entire, usually exstipulate. (p. 86.)
XIII. Geraniaceæ. Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3–5. Petals 3–5, imbricate in bud. Stamens usually 10. Ovary 3–5-lobed and -celled; ovules 1 or 2 or rarely many in each cell.—Herbs; leaves opposite or alternate, stipulate or exstipulate. (p. 87.)
​XIV. Rutaceæ. Sepals and petals 4–5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 8–10, inserted at the outer base of a fleshy disc. Ovary 3–5-lobed, or of 3–5 separate carpels; style often simple; ovules 2 in each cell.—Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs; leaves usually opposite, often compound, gland-dotted, exstipulate. (p. 92.)
XV. Meliaceæ. Calyx small, 4–5-lobed. Petals 4–5. Stamens monadelphous; anthers sessile or stipitate at the top of the staminal tube. Disc annular or tubular. Ovary entire, 3–5-celled; ovules 2 in each cell.—Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, usually compound, exstipulate. (p. 95.)
XVI. Olacinaceæ. Calyx small, 4–5-lobed. Petals 4–5, free or connate at the base. Stamens 4–10. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 3-celled; ovules 1–3, pendulous; style 1.—Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 96.)
XVII. Stackhousieæ. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, linear, free or connate above the base. Stamens 5. Ovary 2–5-lobed and -celled; styles 2–5; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit of 2–5 cocci.—Herbs; leaves alternate, simple and entire. (p. 97.)
XVIII. Rhamneæ. Calyx 2–5-lobed, valvate. Petals 4–5, often minute or wanting. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them, inserted on the margin of the disc. Ovary often inferior, 3-celled; style simple; ovules 1 in each cell.—Shrubs or trees, often with stellate hairs; leaves alternate or opposite, stipulate. (p. 98.)
XIX. Sapindaceæ. Calyx 4–5-lobed or of 4–5 distinct sepals. Petals wanting in the New Zealand genera. Stamens 5–8, hypogynous or inserted within the disc. Ovary 1- or 2–3-celled; style simple; ovules usually 1–2 in each cell.—Trees; leaves alternate, simple or compound, exstipulate or rarely stipulate. (p. 101.)
XX. Anacardiaceæ. Calyx 3–5-lobed. Petals 3–7. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted under or upon the disc. Ovary usually 1-celled; ovule solitary.—Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 104.)
XXI. Coriarieæ. Sepals 5. Petals 5, free, becoming fleshy in fruit. Stamens 10, hypogynous. Disc wanting. Ovary of 5–10 free carpels; ovules solitary in each carpel; styles as many as the carpels. Fruit of 5–10 indehiscent cocci, embraced by the fleshy and juicy petals.—Shrubs, sometimes herbaceous; leaves opposite or in threes, simple, entire, exstipulate. (p. 105.)
Subdivision III. Calycifloræ. Sepals usually more or less connate, very rarely distinct, often adnate to the ovary. Petals and stamens inserted on the inside of the calyx-tube, or on the top of an epigynous disc when the calyx is adnate to the ovary. Ovary superior or inferior.
Exceptions.—Calyx and corolla both wanting in one genus of 27, Halorageæ (Callitriche). Petals connate at the base in 25, Crassulaceæ (Tillæa). Stamens hypogynous in 26, Droseraceæ.
* Ovary superior (except in some Rosaceæ and Saxifrageæ). Stamens perigynous.
XXII. Leguminosæ. Flowers irregular and papilionaceous in the New Zealand genera. Stamens 10 in the New Zealand genera, all or 9 of them combined into a tube sheathing the pistil. Ovary of a single carpel. Fruit a legume. Seeds without albumen.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves often compound, usually alternate and stipulate, (p. 107.)
Exceptions.—Carmichælia, Corallospartium, and Notospartium are usually leafless, and the structure of the pod in the first is most remarkable.
XXIII. Rosaceæ. Flowers regular. Calyx 4–5-lobed; tube inferior or enclosing the ovary, or (in some non-indigenous genera) adnate to the ovary. Petals 4–5. Ovary of 1 or more free or connate carpels; ovules 1 or more in each carpel. Seeds without albumen.—Herbs or shrubs; leaves usually alternate, stipulate. (p. 123.)
XXIV. Saxifrageæ. Calyx inferior or superior, 4–5-lobed. Petals 4–5. Stamens 5–10. Ovary 2–5-celled; ovules usually numerous in each cell. Seeds albuminous.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound, (p. 133.)
Exception.—Donatia is a very anomalous member of the order.
XXV. Crassulaceæ. Flowers regular. Calyx 3–5-partite. Petals 3–5, subhypogynous. Stamens the same number as the petals or twice as many, subhypogynous. Carpels as many as the petals, free, 1-celled.—Succulent herbs, with entire opposite leaves and no stipules, (p. 139.)
XXVI. Droseraceæ. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 4–5, imbricate in bud. Stamens the same number, hypogynous or perigynous. Ovary usually 1-celled; ovules many, on parietal placentas. Fruit capsular; seeds albuminous.—Herbs; leaves radical or alternate, covered with glandular irritable hairs. (p. 144.)
** Ovary inferior (except in Passifloreæ). Stamens epigynous.
XXVII. Halorageæ, Flowers often much reduced. Calyx-limb 2–4-toothed or wanting. Petals 2–4 or wanting. Stamens 1, 2, or 4, epigynous. Ovary 1–4-celled; ovules solitary in each cell. Seeds albuminous.—Herbs, terrestrial or aquatic; leaves various. (p. 147.)
Exceptions.—Calyx and corolla both wanting in Callitriche. Petals often wanting in Gunnera and Myriophyllum.
​XXVIII. Myrtaceæ. Calyx-lobes 4–5. Petals 4–5, imbricate. Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior or half-superior, 2–5-celled; ovules few or many.—Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate, usually gland-dotted. (p. 159.)
XXIX. Onagrarieæ. Calyx-lobes 2–4, valvate. Petals 2–4, contorted in bud. Stamens 4 or 8. Ovary inferior, 2–4-celled; ovules numerous in each cell. Seeds without albumen.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate. (p. 170.)
XXX. Passifloreæ. Calyx-lobes 4–5. Petals 3–5, often with a crown of filaments at their base. Stamens as many as the petals. Ovary superior, stipitate, 1-celled; ovules numerous, on parietal placentas. Seeds albuminous.—Climbers with lateral tendrils; leaves alternate, stipulate, (p. 187.)
XXXI. Cucurbitaceæ. Flowers unisexual. Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla 5-partite or of 5 free petals. Stamens 3–5. Ovary inferior, 1-celled and 1-ovuled in the sole New Zealand genus. Seeds without albumen.—Climbers or trailers, with lateral tendrils; leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 189.)
XXXII. Ficoideæ. Calyx-lobes 3–5. Petals numerous or wanting. Stamens few or many. Ovary inferior in the New Zealand genera, 3–8-celled; ovules 1 or many in each cell. Seeds, albuminous.—Succulent herbs; leaves opposite or alternate, (p. 190.)
XXXIII. Umbelliferæ. Calyx-lobes 5 or obsolete. Petals 5. Stamens 5, incurved in bud. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; styles 2; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit separating into 2 dry indehiscent carpels.—Herbs, often aromatic; leaves alternate, simple or compound, (p. 193.)
XXXIV. Araliaceæ. Calyx-lobes 5 or obsolete. Petals usually 5. Stamens 5. Ovary inferior, 2–10-celled; styles as many as the cells; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit not separable into distinct carpels, often succulent.—Shrubs or trees; leaves simple or 1–7-foliate. (p. 225.)
XXXV. Cornaceæ. Calyx-lobes 4–5. Petals 4–5 or wanting. Stamens 4–5. Ovary inferior, 1–2-celled; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit succulent, indehiscent.—Shrubs or trees; leaves simple, alternate in the New Zealand species. (p. 236.)
Division II. GAMOPETALÆ.
Flowers with both calyx and corolla. Petals more or less connate into a lobed corolla.
Exceptions.—Corolla absent in the New Zealand species of 47, Oleaceæ. Petals free or nearly so in some species of 45, Myrsineæ.
​Subdivision I. Epigynæ. Ovary inferior.
* Stamens epipetalous.
XXXVI. Caprifoliaceæ. Flowers regular in the New Zealand species. Calyx-lobes 4–5. Corolla-lobes 4–5. Anthers free. Ovary 2–5-celled; ovules 1 or several in each cell. Seeds albuminous.—Shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, stipules wanting. (p. 239.)
XXXVII. Rubiaceæ. Flowers regular. Calyx-lobes 4–5 or obsolete. Corolla-lobes usually 4–5. Anthers free. Ovary 2-celled; ovules solitary in each cell in the New Zealand species. Seeds albuminous.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves opposite with interpetiolar stipules, or whorled with the stipules apparently absent. (p. 242.)
XXXVIII. Compositæ. Flowers small, massed in involucrate heads. Calyx-limb reduced to pappus-hairs or scales or wanting. Anthers connate into a tube sheathing the style. Ovary 1-celled; ovule solitary, erect. Seed dry, exalbuminous.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves various, exstipulate. (p. 267.)
** Stamens epigynous.
XXXIX. Stylidieæ. Flowers regular or irregular. Corolla 5-lobed; lobes imbricate. Stamens 2; filaments adnate with the style into a central column. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous in each cell.—Herbs, usually of small size; leaves small, entire, exstipulate. (p. 389.)
XL. Goodenovieæ. Flowers irregular. Corolla 5-lobed; lobes induplicate-valvate. Stamens 5, free from the style. Ovary 1–2-celled; ovules 1–2 in each cell or numerous; style with a cup-shaped indusium below the stigma.—Herbs or undershrubs; leaves usually alternate, exstipulate. (p. 394.)
XLI. Campanulaceæ. Flowers regular or irregular. Stamens 5, free or connate into a tube surrounding the style. Ovary 2–8-celled; ovules numerous in each cell.—Herbs; leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 396.)
Subdivision II. Hypogynæ. Ovary superior. Stamens epipetalous, or free and hypogynous.
* Flowers usually regular.
XLII. Ericaceæ. Corolla 4–5-lobed. Stamens 8–10, almost free from the corolla; anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 terminal pores.—Shrubs; leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 404.)
XLIII. Epacrideae. Corolla 4–5-lobed. Stamens 4–5, alternate with the corolla-lobes; anthers 1-celled, dehiscing lengthwise.—Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 409.)
​XLIV. Primulaceæ. Corolla 4–5-lobed. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite to them. Ovary 1-celled; ovules numerous on a free central placenta. Fruit capsular, usually indehiscent.—Herbs; leaves various, (p. 428.)
XLV. Myrsineæ. Corolla-lobes 4–5, free or nearly so in the New Zealand species. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite to them. Ovary 1-celled; ovules numerous on a free central placenta. Fruit succulent, indehiscent.—Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, gland-dotted, exstipulate. (p. 430.)
XLVI. Sapotaceæ. Corolla 4–8-lobed. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite to them or twice as many. Ovary 4–8-celled; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit an indehiscent berry.—Trees, often with milky juice; leaves alternate, (p. 434.)
XLVII. Oleaceæ. Corolla 4–5-lobed, absent in the New Zealand species. Stamens 2, alternating with the carpels. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1–2 in each cell. Fruit succulent in the New Zealand species, indehiscent.—Trees or shrubs; leaves usually opposite, exstipulate. (p. 436.)
XLVIII. Apocynaceæ. Corolla 4–5-lobed, contorted in the bud. Stamens 4–5, alternate with the corolla-lobes; anthers sagittate, connivent around the stigma. Ovary of 2 more or less distinct carpels; styles connected; ovules numerous.—Erect or twining shrubs, more rarely herbs; leaves usually opposite. (p. 439.)
XLIX. Loganiaceæ. Corolla 4–5-lobed. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them; anthers free. Ovary usually 2-celled; placentas axile; ovules several in each cell.—Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, often connected by interpetiolar stipules, (p. 441.)
L. Gentianeæ. Corolla 4–5-lobed. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them; anthers free. Ovary 1-celled; placentas 2, parietal. Ovules numerous. Fruit capsular.—Herbs, usually with a bitter taste; leaves opposite, quite entire, exstipulate. (p. 444.)
LI. Boraginaceæ. Corolla 5-lobed, imbricate. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them. Ovary 4-lobed to the base, consisting of 2 2-lobed and 2-celled carpels; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit separating into 4 indehiscent nutlets.—Herbs, often hispid or scabrid; leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 457.)
LII. Convolvulaceæ. Corolla 5-lobed or -angled, plicate. Stamens 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes. Ovary of 2–4-cells or carpels; ovules 1–2 in each cell. Fruit usually capsular.—Twiners or rarely erect herbs; leaves alternate (wanting in Cuscuta), exstipulate. (p. 473.)
​LIII. Solanaceæ. Corolla 5-lobed, plaited or imbricate. Stamens 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes. Ovary 2-celled; placentas axile; ovules numerous in each cell. Fruit baccate or capsular.—Herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 480.)
** Flowers usually irregular.
Exceptions.—Flowers regular in 60, Plantagineæ; subregular in several species of Veronica (54, Scrophularineæ), and in Myoporum (57, Myoporineæ).
LIV. Scrophularineæ. Corolla 4–5-lobed; lobes imbricate. Stamens usually 4, didynamous, often with the rudiment of a fifth, rarely with 5 perfect ones, or the number reduced to 2. Ovary 2-celled; placentas axile; ovules numerous. Fruit usually capsular; seeds albuminous.—Shrubs or herbs; leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate. (p. 482.)
LV. Lentibularieæ. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 2. Ovary 1-celled; ovules numerous on a free central placenta. Fruit capsular; seeds without albumen.—Small water-plants, usually furnished with minute bladders which catch small aquatic animals, (p. 558.)
LVI. Gesneraceæ. Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, sometimes reduced to 2. Ovary 1-celled; ovules numerous on 2 parietal placentas. Fruit capsular; seeds with or without albumen.—Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, (p. 562.)
LVII. Myoporineæ. Corolla subregular in the New Zealand species. Stamens 4, didynamous or subequal. Ovary usually 2–4-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit drupaceous; seeds albuminous, radicle superior.—Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, gland-dotted. (p. 563.)
LVIII. Verbenaceæ. Corolla often 2-lipped. Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely reduced to 2. Ovary 2–4-celled; ovules 1–2 in each cell. Fruit drupaceous or capsular; seeds with scanty albumen, radicle inferior.—Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, exstipulate. (p. 564.)
LIX. Labiatæ. Corolla 2-lipped or rarely subregular. Stamens 4, didynamous or subequal, rarely 2. Ovary 4-lobed, composed of 2 2-partite carpels; ovule solitary in each lobe. Fruit of 4 indehiscent nutlets.—Herbs, with quadrangular stems; leaves opposite or verticillate, exstipulate. (p. 567.)
LX. Plantagineæ. Flowers regular. Corolla 4-lobed, scarious. Stamens 4; anthers pendulous. Ovary 2-celled or spuriously 4-celled; ovules 1 or several. Fruit a capsule with transverse dehiscence.—Herbs, with radical leaves, (p. 569).
Division III. INCOMPLETÆ.
Flowers with a single floral envelope (the calyx), or both calyx and corolla wanting.
* Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Perianth regular. Ovary superior, syncarpous, 1-celled; ovule generally solitary. Embryo coiled or curved; albumen farinaceous.
LXI. Nyctagineæ. Base of the perianth persistent, enclosing the fruit. Stamens hypogynous. Style single, undivided. Ovule basilar, erect.—Shrubs, trees, or herbs; leaves usually opposite, exstipulate. (p. 573.)
LXII. Illecebraceæ. Perianth 4–5-partite, herbaceous or coriaceous. Stamens perigynous. Styles 2–3. Fruit an indehiscent 1-seeded utricle.—Herbs; leaves opposite, connected by a raised line, exstipulate in the single New Zealand genus, (p. 575.)
LXIII. Amarantaceæ. Perianth 4–5-partite, dry and scarious. Stamens hypogynous or perigynous. Style usually simple. Fruit an indehiscent 1-seeded utricle.—Herbs; leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate. (p. 576.)
LXIV. Chenopodiaceæ. Perianth usually 4–5-partite, herbaceous. Stamens perigynous. Styles 2–3. Ovule basilar, amphitropous, horizontal or erect.—Herbs or undershrubs, often succulent or mealy-tomentose; leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate. (p. 577.)
LXV. Polygonaceæ. Perianth 3–5-partite, green or coloured. Stamens perigynous. Styles 2-3. Ovule erect, basilar, orthotropous.—Herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate; stipules scarious, forming a tubular sheath round the branch. (p. 587.)
** Flowers generally unisexual, in spikes or catkins. Perianth rudimentary or wanting. Ovary superior or rarely inferior, 1-celled and 1-ovuled. Embryo very small; albumen copious.
LXVI. Piperaceæ. Flowers minute; perianth wanting. Stamens 2–6, hypogynous. Ovary superior; ovule erect, orthotropous. Fruit a berry.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves alternate or opposite. (p. 594.)
LXVII. Chloranthaceæ. Flowers minute; perianth rudimentary. Stamens 1–3. Ovary inferior; ovule orthotropous, pendulous from the apex of the cell.—Shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite. (p. 597.)
*** Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth more or less conspicuous, green or coloured. Ovary superior, 1- or rarely 2-celled; ovules solitary or 2–4. Seeds with or without albumen; embryo straight.
LXVIII. Monimiaceæ. Perianth 4–10-lobed, imbricate. Stamens indefinite. Ovary of numerous 1-celled and 1-ovuled carpels. Embryo small; albumen fleshy.—Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite, exstipulate. (p. 598.)
LXIX. Laurineæ. Perianth 4–8-partite, imbricate. Stamens opposite the perianth-segments; anthers opening by deciduous valves. Ovary 1-celled; ovule solitary, pendulous. Albumen wanting.—Trees or shrubs or alternate leaves, or leafless twiners. (p. 601.)
LXX. Proteaceæ. Perianth 4-partite, valvate. Stamens 4, opposite the perianth-segments and inserted on them. Ovary 1-celled; ovules solitary or 2 collateral, rarely more. Albumen wanting.—Trees or shrubs; leaves usually alternate. (p. 604.)
LXXI. Thymelæaceæ. Perianth tubular, 4–5-lobed. Stamens 2–4, inserted on the perianth-tube. Ovary 1–2-celled; ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous.—Shrubs or rarely herbs; bark tough and stringy; leaves opposite or alternate, (p. 607.)
**** Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth usually conspicuous. Ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovules 1–3, generally devoid of integument.
LXXII. Loranthaceæ. Perianth 4–5-partite or of 4–5 separate leaves. Stamens as many as the perianth-leaves. Ovule solitary. Fruit a berry.—Parasitic shrubs; leaves sometimes wanting. (p. 617.)
LXXIII. Santalaceæ. Perianth 3–5-partite. Stamens as many as the perianth-segments and inserted upon them. Ovules 1–4, suspended from a free central placenta. Fruit a berry.—Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs, sometimes parasitic; leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate. (p. 623.)
LXXIV. Balanophoreæ. Flowers diœcious or monœcious, on many-flowered spadices. Perianth of the male flowers 3–4-lobed when present, absent in the female flowers or closely adnate to the ovary. Ovary with a single suspended ovule.—Root-parasites with a deformed tuberous rhizome, and no true stem or leaves, (p. 625.)
***** Flowers strictly unisexual. Perianth absent or small or calycine. Ovary superior or inferior, 1–3-celled; ovules 1, or 2 collateral in each cell.
LXXV. Euphorbiaceæ. Perianth wanting, or simple and calycine, or double with the inner whorl of 4–5 petals. Stamens 1 to ​many. Ovary superior, 3-celled; ovules 1–2 in each cell. Seeds with copious albumen; embryo straight.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs, usually with milky acrid juice; leaves generally alternate, stipulate. (p. 626.)
LXXVI. Urticaceæ. Flowers minute, green. Perianth 4–5-lobed or -partite, often small and rudimentary, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4–5, opposite the perianth-segments. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule solitary, erect or pendulous.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves usually alternate, stipulate. (p. 630.)
LXXVII. Cupuliferæ. Flowers minute, greenish; males in catkins; females solitary or few together, surrounded by bracts. Perianth small or wanting. Ovary inferior, 2-3-celled; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded.—Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, stipulate. (p. 639.)
Subclass II. GYMNOSPERMÆ.
Ovules naked, not enclosed in an ovary; style and stigma wanting. Pollen coming into direct contact with the ovules.
LXXVIII. Coniferæ. Flowers unisexual. Perianth always wanting. Males catkin-like, reduced to stamens only. Females of one or more naked ovules sessile on a scale or bract; scales few or many, in the latter case often forming cones or heads.—Trees or shrubs; leaves undivided, acicular or scale-like, rarely flattened. (p. 644.)
Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.
Stem consisting of a cellular axis traversed longitudinally by scattered closed vascular bundles, with no defined central pith or separable bark. Leaves usually with parallel veins. Parts of the flower generally in threes or fours, never in fives. Embryo with a single terminal cotyledon.
Series I. Epigynæ. Perianth conspicuous, biseriate, usually coloured. Ovary inferior, syncarpous, 3-celled.
LXXIX. Orchideæ. Flowers irregular. Perianth petaloid. Stamen 1 (or rarely 2) confluent with the style and stigma into a column. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Seeds numerous, minute, without albumen.—Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs, of very various habit. (p. 660.)
LXXX. Irideæ. Flowers regular in the New Zealand species. Perianth petaloid. Stamens 3, distinct; anthers extrorse. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule. Seeds with copious albumen.—Perennial herbs; leaves narrow, often equitant and ensiform. (p. 698.)
​LXXXI. Amaryllideæ. Flowers regular. Perianth petaloid. Stamens 6, distinct; anthers extrorse. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule. Seeds with copious albumen.—Perennial herbs; leaves narrow, usually radical. (p. 700.)
Series II. Coronarieæ. Perianth more or less conspicuous, biseriate, green or coloured. Ovary superior, syncarpous. Seeds albuminous.
LXXXII. Liliaceæ. Perianth petaloid, of 6 segments or leaflets. Stamens 6, opposite the perianth-segments. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 2 or more in each cell.—Herbs, climbing shrubs, or trees; leaves various. (p. 701.)
LXXXIII. Juncaceæ. Perianth green or brown, scarious, of 6 segments or leaflets. Stamens 3 or 6. Ovary 1- or 3-celled; ovules 1 or many in each cell. Fruit a 3-valved capsule.—Herbs, with persistent rush-like leaves. (p. 721.)
LXXXIV. Palmæ.—Perianth green, herbaceous or fleshy, of 6 segments or leaflets. Stamens usually 6. Ovary 1–3-celled; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit drupaceous.—Trees; leaves large, pinnately or flabellately divided. (p. 739.)
Series III. Nudifloræ. Perianth wanting or rudimentary. Ovary superior, syncarpous or monocarpous or apocarpous.
LXXXV. Pandaneæ. Flowers diœcious, on oblong or globose spadices. Perianth wanting. Stamens numerous. Ovaries crowded, often connate, 1-celled; ovules numerous in the New Zealand genus. Trees or climbing shrubs; leaves narrow, margins spinulose-serrate. (p. 740.)
LXXXVI. Typhaceæ. Flowers monœcious, in dense spikes or globose heads. Perianth wanting or reduced to scales or bristles. Stamens 1–8. Ovary 1–2-celled; ovules solitary.—Tall aquatic herbs, with linear leaves. (p. 742.)
LXXXVII. Lemnaceæ. Flowers minute, without perianth, placed in clefts on the margins of the fronds, usually a single female with one or two males by its side. Male flowers of a single stamen; female of a solitary carpel.—Minute water-plants, consisting of green scale-like floating fronds. (p. 744.)
LXXXVIII. Naiadaceæ. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth wanting or of 3–6 herbaceous segments. Stamens 1–6. Ovary of 1–6 free or connate carpels, each 1-celled and with a solitary ovule.—Submerged or floating aquatic plants, or marsh herbs. (p. 745.)
​Series IV. Glumifloræ. Flowers in heads or spikelets, invested by imbricate bracts. Perianth wanting or reduced to minute bristles or scales. Ovary superior, 1-celled and 1-ovuled, or divided into several 1-ovuled cells or distinct carpels.
LXXXIX. Centrolepidæ. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth wanting. Stamens 1 or 2; anthers versatile. Ovary either 1-celled or collaterally 2–3-celled, or of several distinct 1-celled carpels.—Small annual or perennial herbs, sometimes almost moss-like; leaves linear or filiform. (p. 755.)
XC. Restiaceæ. Flowers unisexual. Perianth of 6 scarious leaflets. Stamens 3. Ovary 1–3-celled; ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous. Fruit nucular or capsular.—Stems solid, terete; leaf-sheaths split to the base. (p. 759.)
XCI. Cyperaceæ. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth wanting or represented by minute hypogynous scales or bristles. Anthers basifixed. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit compressed or trigonous.—Stems usually solid and trigonous; leaf-sheaths entire. (p. 762.)
XCII. Gramineæ. Flowers hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual. Perianth wanting or represented by 2 minute scales. Anthers versatile. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit grooved down one side.—Stem cylindrical, hollow except at the nodes; leaf-sheaths split to the base. (p. 838.)
Subkingdom II. CRYPTOGAMIA.
Plants not bearing true flowers—that is, having no stamens nor ovules, and never producing seeds containing an embryo.
Class I. PTERIDOPHYTA.
Plants usually furnished with roots, leaves, and stems; in all cases containing well-developed vascular tissue. Reproductive organs composed of sporangia or spore-cases, containing microscopic spores, which on germination develop a prothallium.
XCIII. Filices. Sporangia minute, placed on the margin or under-surface of the leaf or frond, rarely somewhat larger and arranged in spikes or panicles. Spores all of one kind.—Fronds circinate in vernation (except in the suborder Ophioglossaceæ). (p. 925.)
XCIV. Marsileaceæ. Sporangia of 2 kinds, macrosporangia and microsporangia, enclosed together in the cavities or cells of globose sporocarps near the base of the fronds. Macrosporangia containing a single macrospore; microsporangia with numerous microspores.—Marsh plants, usually of small size; fronds circinate in vernation. (p. 1030.)
​XCV. Salviniaceæ. Sporangia of 2 kinds, macrosporangia and microsporangia, enclosed in distinct sporocarps on the undersurface of the frond. Macrosporangia containing a single macrospore; microsporangia with numerous microspores.—Free-floating fugacious annual water-plants, of small size. (p. 1030.)
XCVI. Lycopodiaceæ. Sporangia all of one kind, placed singly at the upper base of the leaves or of the bracts of a spike or cone.—Stems simple or branched, erect or pendulous, or prostrate and creeping, usually leafy throughout; leaves small. (p. 1032.)
XCVII. Isoetaceæ. Sporangia large, placed in a hollow of the dilated base of the leaf, those of the outer leaves containing macrospores, those of the inner leaves microspores.—Aquatic or amphibious stemless plants, often entirely submerged; leaves densely tufted, linear or filiform. (p. 1042.)
The remaining classes and orders of Cryptogamia are not included in the present work.
Subkingdom EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA.
Division I. GYMNOSPERMÆ.
Class I. CONIFERÆ.
1. Taxaceæ. 2. Pinaceæ (equivalent to Order 78 of the previous arrangement).
Division II. ANGIOSPERMÆ.
Class I. MONOCOTYLEDONEÆ.
Cohort I. Pandanales.
3. Typhaceæ (part 86). 4. Pandanaceæ (85). 5. Sparganiaceæ (part 86).
Cohort II. Helobiæ.
6. Potamogetonaceæ (part 88). 7. Juncaginaceæ (part 88).
Cohort III. Glumifloræ.
8. Gramineæ (92). 9. Cyperaceæ (91).
Cohort IV. Principes.
10. Palmæ (84).
Cohort V. Spathifloræ.
11. Lemnaceæ (87).
Cohort VI. Farinosæ.
12. Restionaceæ (90). 13. Centrolepidaceæ (89).
Cohort VII. Liliifloræ.
14. Juncaceæ (83). 15. Liliaceæ (82). 16. Amaryllidaceæ (81). 17. Iridaceæ (80).
Cohort VIII. Microspermæ.
18. Orchidaceæ (79).
Class II. DICOTYLEDONÆ.
Subclass I. ARECHICHLAMYDEÆ.
Cohort I. Piperales.
19. Piperaceæ (66). 20. Chloranthaceæ (67).
Cohort II. Fagales.
21. Fagaceæ (77).
Cohort III. Urticales.
22. Moraceæ (part 76). 23. Urticaceæ (part 76).
Cohort IV. Proteales.
24. Proteaceæ (70).
Cohort V. Santalales.
25. Loranthaceæ (72). 26. Santaiaceæ (73). 27. Balanophoraceæ (74).
Cohort VI. Polygonales.
28. Polygonaceæ (65).
Cohort VII. Centrospermæ.
29. Chenopodiaceæ (64). 30. Amarantaceæ (63). 31. Nyctaginaceæ (61). 32. Aizoaceæ (32). 33. Portulaceæ (7). 34. Caryophyllaceæ (6 and 62).
Cohort VIII. Ranales.
35. Ranunculaceæ (1). 36. Magnoliaceæ (2). 37. Monimiaceæ (68). 38. Lauraceæ (69).
Cohort IX. Rhoeadales.
39. Cruciferæ (3).
Cohort X. Sarraceniales.
40. Droseraceæ (26).
Cohort XI. Rosales.
41. Crassulaceæ (25). 42. Saxifragaceæ (part 24). 43. Pittosporaceæ (5). 44. Cunoniaceæ (part 24). 45. Rosaceæ (23). 46. Legumicosæ (22).
Cohort XII. Geraniales.
47. Geraniaceæ (13). 48. Oxalidaceæ (part 13). 49. Linaceæ (12). 50. Rutaceæ (14). 51. Meliaceæ (15). 52. Euphorbiaceæ (75). 53. Callitrichaceæ (part 27).
Cohort XIII. Celastrales.
54. Coriariaceæ (21). 55. Corynocarpaceæ (20). 56. Stackhousiaceæ (17). 57. Icacinaceæ (16). 58. Sapindaceæ (19).
Cohort XIV. Rhamnales.
59. Rhamnaceæ (18).
Cohort XV. Malvales.
60. Elæocarpaceæ (part 11). 61. Tiliaceæ (part 11). 62. Malvaceæ (10).
Cohort XVI. Parietales.
63. Guttiferæ (9). 64. Elatinaceæ (8). 65. Violaceæ (4). 66. Passifloraceæ (30).
Cohort XVII. Myrtifloræ.
67. Thymelæaceæ (71). 68. Myrtaceæ (28). 69. Onagraceæ (29). 70. Halorrhagidaceæ (part 27).
Cohort XVIII. Umbellifloræ.
71. Arallaceæ (34). 72. Umbelliferæ (33). 73. Cornaceæ (35).
Subclass II. SYMPETALÆ.
Cohort XIX. Ericales.
74. Ericaceæ (42). 75. Epacridaceæ (43).
Cohort XX. Primulales.
76. Myrsinaceæ (45). 77. Primulaceæ (44).
Cohort XXI. Ebenales.
78. Sapotaceæ (46).
Cohort XXII. Contortæ.
79. Oleaceæ (47). 80. Loganiaceæ (49). 81. Gentianaceæ (50). 82. Apocynaceæ (48).
Cohort XXIII. Tubifloræ.
83. Convolvulaceæ (52). 84. Borraginaceæ (51). 85. Verbenaceæ (58). 86. Labiatæ (59). 87. Solanaceæ (53). 88. Scrophulariaceæ (54). 89. Gesneriaceæ (56). 90. Lentibulariaceæ (55). 91. Myoporaceæ (57).
Cohort XXIV. Plantaginales.
92. Plantaginaceæ (60).
Cohort XXV. Rubiales.
93. Rubiaceæ (37). 94. Caprifoliaceæ (36).
Cohort XXVI. Campanulatæ.
95. Cucurbitaceæ (31). 96. Campanulaceæ (41). 97. Goodeniaceæ (40). 98. Candolleaceæ (39). 99. Compositæ (38).