OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rawle, Francis

​RAWLE, FRANCIS (1660–1727), colonist, born in England in 1660, was son of Francis Rawle, and came of an old Cornish family of some wealth and standing, settled at one time near St. Juliot, and later in the neighbourhood of Plymouth. Both father and son were quakers, and were persecuted for their religious belief, being imprisoned together at Exeter in 1683 (Besse, Sufferings of the Quakers, i. 163). On this account they obtained a grant from William Penn, left Plymouth in the Desire, and arrived at Philadelphia on 23 June 1686.
Rawle first settled on 2,500 acres in New Plymouth, where he founded the society known as the Plymouth Friends. Subsequently he removed to Philadelphia. His substance and talents soon brought him into note. In 1688 he became a justice of the peace and judge of the court of common pleas; under the charter of 1691 he was one of six aldermen of Philadelphia; in 1692 he became deputy registrar of wills, and in 1694 commissioner of property. He entered the assembly in 1704, and sat till 1708; again after an interval he was a member from 1719 till 1726, and while a member sat upon most of the important committees of the house, such as that on currency (1725). On 6 May 1724 he was appointed to the provincial council by Sir William Keith. He died at Philadelphia on 5 March 1727.
Rawle married, in 1689, Martha, daughter and heiress of Robert Turner, Penn's intimate friend, and left children, from whom sprang a leading family in the United States. Rawle seems to have been better educated and broader-minded than most of his colleagues. He was opposed to the action of the proprietary party in the colony. He is credited with two economic pamphlets, which created some stir in the colony on their first publication. 1. ‘Some Remedies proposed for restoring the Sunk Credit of the Province of Pennsylvania, with some Remarks on its Trade,’ Philadelphia, 1721 (Appleton seems to be in error in stating that this pamphlet was the first printed by Franklin, the printer summoned before the assembly for its publication being Andrew Bradford). 2. ‘Ways and Means for the Inhabitants of Delaware to grow Rich,’ 1725.
C. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rawlet, John

1904 Errata appended.
​RAWLET, JOHN (1642–1686), divine, baptised at Tamworth in Warwickshire on 28 March 1642, was religiously inclined from youth. He was educated at Cambridge, matriculating from Pembroke Hall on 15 Dec. 1659. He was prevented by poverty from proceeding to an ordinary degree, but obtained the degree of bachelor of divinity on 23 June 1676, in consequence of a royal mandate of Charles II (notes from J. Willis Clark, esq.; Luard, Grad. Cantabr.) After taking holy orders, and engaging in clerical work in London, he was before 1671 settled in the north (cf. Poetick Miscellanies, pp. 86, 90), acting for a short while as chaplain to the bishop of Chester. On 14 Sept. 1671 Oliver Heywood heard him preach in Bolton, Lancashire (Heywood, Diaries, i. 282). In 1679 he describes himself as minister of Kirby Stephen in Westmoreland. In the summer of the same year (25 June 1679) he succeeded the Rev. John Marsh in the lectureship of St. Nicholas Church, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and was then spoken of as ‘a very pious and charitable man’ (Ambrose Barnes, Diary, pp. 418–29, Surtees Soc.). He declined to leave Newcastle in 1682 when he was offered the vicarage of Coleshill in Warwickshire, but recommended Thomas Kettlewell [q. v.] for the vacancy. Rawlet died on 28 Sept. 1686. When dying he went through the ceremony of marriage, at the lady's request, with a daughter of Thomas Butler, merchant, of Newcastle, and sheriff there in 1652; ‘they had been some time in love together.’ By his will he left most of his property and his library to his native town of Tamworth for the benefit of the living and the school there.
Rawlet's chief works are: 1. ‘A Dialogue betwixt two Protestants (in Answer to a Popish Catechism called “A Short Catechism against all Sectaries”),’ 1685, 8vo; 1686 (‘3rd edition’), and in Gibson's ‘Preservation against Popery’ (1738, vol. iii. and ed. Cummings, 1848, vol. xvii.) 2. ‘The Christian Monitor, containing an Earnest Exhortation to a Holy Dying, with proper Directions in Order thereto, written in a very plain and easy style for all sorts of people,’ London, 1686, 16mo, a very popular work, which reached its twenty-fifth edition in 1699, and was constantly reissued during the eighteenth century. In 1789 a Welsh version bore the title ‘Y Rhybuddiwr Christnogawl.’ 3. ‘Poetick Miscellanies,’ London, 1687, 8vo, 1691, 1721 (Wood, Athenæ Oxon. iv. 583). 4. ‘A Treatise of Sacramental Covenanting with Christ,’ London, 1682, 8vo; 5th edit. 1692, 1736. An extract, edited by H. Venn, A.M., fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, and called ‘Earnest Persuasions to receive the Lord Jesus Christ, and become Subject to Him,’ appeared in London in 1758.
There is an engraved portrait by R. White of Rawlet in ‘Poetic Miscellanies’ (p. 140). A portrait by Lely is said to have been at one time in the parsonage-house at Lancaster (Barnes, Diary, p. 429).
W. A. S.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.231 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rawlins, Richard

​RAWLINS, RICHARD (d. 1536), bishop of St. David's, was educated at Merton College, Oxford, proceeding B.D. 1492 and D.D. 1495, and he became fellow in 1480 and warden in 1508. He had a long continuance of ecclesiastical preferments. He became rector of St. Mary Woolnoth in 1494, prebendary of St. Paul's on 7 Sept. 1499, vicar ​of Hendon and subdean of York, 1504, vicar of Thornton, Yorkshire, on 6 Sept. 1505, canon of Windsor, 1506, archdeacon of Cleveland, 1507, king's almoner in 1509, rector of St. Martin's, Ludgate, 1514, archdeacon of Huntingdon on 18 Nov. 1514, and prebendary of Westminster on 28 May 1518. He was with Henry in France in 1513, and served as almoner at the meeting between Charles V and Henry at Gravelines in 1520. He was deprived of the wardenship of Merton by the archbishop of Canterbury for reasons not honourable to him in 1521 (for the particulars see Brodrick, Mem. of Merton, pp. 162–3), and, as a sort of recompense, in 1523 he became bishop of St. Davids. He duly acknowledged the royal supremacy on 22 July 1534. But his orthodoxy was no more above suspicion than his conduct as a bishop, if we may trust the somewhat unreliable testimony of William Barlow (d. 1568) [q. v.], his successor at St. Davids. In 1535 Barlow, who was then acting as Rawlins's suffragan, complained that ‘There is none who sincerely preaches God's word, and scarce any who heartily favour it. No diocese is so corrupted by the enormous vices, the fraudulent exactions, the misordered living, and heathen idolatry shamefully supported under the clergy's jurisdiction.’ Barlow also objected to the bishop's ungodly spiritual officers and to his extravagance. Rawlins died on 18 Feb. 1536, and was buried at St. Davids. A very curious inventory of his goods, and notably of his library, has been preserved. A letter from him is Cotton MS. Vit. B. ix. f. 117.
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rawlinson, Christopher (1677-1733)

​RAWLINSON, CHRISTOPHER (1677–1733), antiquary, born at Springfield, Essex, on 13 June 1677, was the second son of Curwen Rawlinson of Carke Hall in Cartmell, Lancashire, and M.P. for Lancaster in 1688, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. Nicholas Monck [q. v.], bishop of Hereford, and brother of George Monck, duke of Albemarle. He matriculated from Queen's College, Oxford, on 14 June 1695, and, devoting himself to Anglo-Saxon studies, published in 1698, with assistance from Edward Thwaites [q. v.], fellow of Queen's College, Alfred's Saxon version of Boethius (‘Consolationis Philosophiæ Libri V,’ 1698, 8vo), from a transcript at Oxford made by Francis Junius. This was printed with the Junian types. He inherited his father's estates, and died in Holborn Row, London, on 8 Jan. 1733. He was buried in the abbey church of St. Albans, Hertfordshire. His portrait, engraved by J. Nutting, with those of other members of his family, is in the Bodleian Library (Bromley).
Rawlinson died unmarried and intestate, and his landed estates passed to the issue of his father's sisters Anne and Katherine. The furniture of Carke Hall was sold by auction at his death, and his manuscripts were at the same time disposed of in bundles, and were bought for pence by the villagers. Rawlinson had made valuable collections for the history of Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, all of which have probably perished. Sir Daniel Fleming had, however, copied extracts from the portion relating to Westmoreland, and these extracts were deposited in the collection of manuscripts at Rydal Hall, and were used about 1777 by Nicolson and Burn for their ‘Westmoreland and Cumberland.’
W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rawle, Samuel

​RAWLE, SAMUEL (1771–1860), topographical engraver and draughtsman, was born in 1771, and practised in London. Commencing in 1798, he engraved many plates for the ‘European’ and ‘Gentleman's’ magazines, and later was employed upon some of the most important topographical publications of the time, such as Murphy's ‘Arabian Antiquities of Spain,’ 1816; Surtees's ‘Durham,’ 1816; Wilkinson's ‘Londinia Illustrata,’ 1819; Hakewill's ‘Tour in Italy,’ 1820; Dibdin's ‘Tour in France and Germany,’ 1821; and Whitaker's ‘Richmondshire,’ 1823. Rawle exhibited landscapes at the Royal Academy in 1801 and 1806. He died in 1860.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rawley, William

​RAWLEY, WILLIAM (1588?–1667), the ‘learned chaplain’ of Francis Bacon, born at Norwich about 1588, was admitted a bible-clerk of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, on 22 Jan. 1606, and, after graduating B.A., was elected fellow and tutor of his college on 19 March 1609–10. He took holy orders in 1611, and was instituted by the university to the rectory of Bowthorpe, Norfolk, on 10 Dec. 1612. Soon afterwards he obtained an introduction to Sir Francis Bacon, who induced Corpus Christi College ​to bestow on him the rectory of Landbeach in 1616. He proceeded B.D. in 1615, and D.D. in 1621. When Bacon became lord chancellor in 1618, he made Rawley his chaplain and amanuensis. Bacon treated Rawley with the utmost confidence, and employed him in preparing his manuscripts for publication. When he ceased to be lord chancellor in 1621, Bacon recommended Rawley to the notice of Bishop Williams, the new lord keeper, but from him Rawley received little beyond promises. He maintained friendly relations with Bacon, and in 1623 there appeared ‘cura et fide Gul. Rawley,’ the first edition of Bacon's ‘De Augmentis.’ On Bacon's death in 1626 he left Rawley 100l. and his copy of the polyglot bible. Rawley devoted himself thenceforth to editing Bacon's unpublished writings, and to translating the English works into Latin. In 1627 he published ‘Sylva Sylvarum,’ with the ‘New Atlantis’ appended; in 1629 ‘Certaine Miscellany Works;’ in 1638 ‘Operum moralium et civilium Tomus,’ including a Latin rendering of the ‘Essays’ by Rawley, who dedicated the volume to Charles I; in 1657 (2nd edit. 1661) ‘Resuscitatio, or bringing into publick Light severall pieces of the Works hitherto sleeping of … Francis Bacon, Viscount St. Albans, together with his Lordship's Life’ (all in English); and in 1658 (2nd edit. 1663) ‘Opuscula varia Posthuma,’ again with Rawley's life (all in Latin). Rawley's sympathetic memoir is the basis of all subsequent biographies of Bacon.
Rawley was appointed chaplain to both Charles I and Charles II, but passed his time mainly at Landbeach. In 1661 he was elected to convocation as proctor of clergy for the diocese of Ely, and in that capacity subscribed the revised Book of Common Prayer. He died at Landbeach on 18 June 1667, and was buried in his church, where a tablet, with a Latin inscription, was placed to his memory. He married Barbara (d. 1666), daughter of John Wicksted, alderman of Cambridge, by whom he had two children: Mary, who died in infancy; and William, a fellow of Corpus Christi College, who, like his mother, died of the plague, and was buried at Landbeach on 3 July 1666.
S. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pollard, Leonard

​POLLARD, LEONARD (d. 1556), divine, a native of Nottinghamshire, was a scholar of Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1542–3 (B.A. 1543–4). He was admitted a fellow of Peterhouse on 2 March 1546, (M.A. 1547). In June 1549 he was an opponent in a public disputation on the doctrine that the Lord's supper is no oblation or sacrifice, but merely a remembrance of Christ's death. After he had graduated D.D. he became prebendary of Worcester on 11 Sept. 1551. On 6 Nov. 1553 he preached at St. Michael's, Cambridge, on purgatory. He was then in receipt of an annual pension of 30s. as incumbent of the dissolved chantry of Little St. Mary's, Cambridge. On 23 Dec. 1553 he became prebendary of Peterborough, resigning on 30 June 1555. In 1554 he was admitted a fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. He was rector of Ripple, Worcestershire, and in 1555 became chaplain to the bishop of Worcester, Richard Pate or Pates [q. v.] Under his direction Pollard wrote five sermons, beginning ‘Consydering with myself,’ which he dedicated to his bishop. They were printed in London by Richard Jugge and Cawood, as well as by William Griffith, in 1556, having been sanctioned by Bonner on 1 July 1555. A copy is in the British Museum. He died before March 1556.
M. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Polehampton, Henry Stedman

​POLEHAMPTON, HENRY STEDMAN (1824–1857), Indian chaplain, was the second son of Edward Polehampton, M.A., rector of Great Greenford, Middlesex, by his wife, younger daughter of Thomas Stedman, vicar of St. Chad's, Shrewsbury, and was born at his father's rectory on 1 Feb. 1824. Admitted on the foundation of Eton College in 1832, he proceeded thence to Oxford, where he matriculated from Pembroke College on 17 Nov. 1842 as a Wightwick scholar, a distinction which he obtained as being of the founder's kin. His university career was undistinguished; he became a fellow of his college in 1845, and in November 1846 was admitted B.A. without taking honours. He proceeded M.A. in 1849.
Following the family tradition, he was ordained deacon on 18 June 1848. At Easter 1849, after a few months of tutorial work, he was appointed assistant curate of St. Chad's, Shrewsbury, doing good work among the victims of the cholera when it visited that town. In 1849 he was presented by his college to the rectory of St. Aldate's, Oxford, a living which he soon resigned, because it was not tenable with his fellowship. Finding no further chance of preferment, he accepted an East Indian chaplaincy in September 1855. On 10 Oct. he married Emily, youngest daughter of C. B. Allnatt, esq., of Shrewsbury, barrister, and, with his wife, sailed for Calcutta on 4 Jan. 1856. At his own desire he was appointed chaplain to the Lucknow garrison, and arrived there on 26 March. During the summer of 1856 he was instrumental in relieving the sufferers from cholera, which had especially attacked the 52nd regiment. After recovering from a severe illness, he made several tours to Sultanpur, Sitapur, and the neighbourhood, and returned to Lucknow in time to witness the outbreak of the mutiny there (3–30 May 1857). He took refuge within the Residency, his wife volunteering as nurse, when the siege began, 30 June. Eight days later he was wounded by a stray shot, cholera supervened, and he died on 20 July, while the first great attack was being made on the Residency. He was buried in the Residency garden. A tablet to his memory was afterwards set up in St. Chad's Church, Shrewsbury.
The value of his services during his brief residence in Lucknow was attested in the official despatches of Havelock. He was a good athlete. His literary remains comprise merely a brief diary of his Indian career, with a few letters.
[Memoir, Letters, and Diary of H. S. P., edited by Revs. E. and T. S. Polehampton, 3rd edit. 1859, 8vo; Funeral Sermon on his Death, preached at St. Chad's by Rev. F. W. Kittermaster, 1858, 8vo; Foster's Alumni Oxon.]
E. G. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Polhill, Edward

​POLHILL, EDWARD (1622–1694?), religious writer, son of Edward Polhill (d. 1654), rector of Ellington, Kent, by his second wife, Jane, daughter of William Newton of Lewes, was born in 1622. He entered Gray's Inn on 16 June 1638–9, and was called to the bar (Foster, Gray's Inn Register), but he chiefly divided his time between the care of his family estates in Burwash, Sussex, where he was justice of the peace, and the compilation of religious tracts, somewhat Calvinistic in temper, but supporting the established church. ‘It was hard to say which excelled, the gentleman or the divine’ (Life of Phil. Henry, p. 422). Lazarus Seaman claimed ‘knowledge of him from his childhood,’ and ‘certified of his domestical piety’ (Divine Will, preface). Polhill died about 1694.
Polhill wrote:
* ‘The Divine Will considered in its Eternal Degrees and holy Execution of them,’ London, 1673; strongly Calvinistic in tone, with prefaces by John Owen (1616–1683) [q. v.] and Lazarus Seaman; 2nd edit., London, 1695; partly reprinted at Berwick, 1842, as ‘An Essay on the Extent of the Death of Christ.’
* ‘An Answer to the Discourse of William Sherlock touching the Knowledge of Christ and our Union and Communion with Him,’ London, 1675. ‘When I read Sherlock's book,’ says Polhill, ‘I thought myself in a new theological ​world, as if, according to Pelagius, all grace were in doctrine only.’
* ‘Precious Faith considered in its Nature, Working, and Growth’ (London, 1675); panegyrised by Philip Henry.
* ‘Speculum Theologiæ in Christo, or a View of some Divine Truths,’ London, 1678.
* ‘Christus in corde, or the Mystical Union between Christ and Believers considered in its Resemblances, Bonds, Seals, Privileges, and Marks’ (London, 1680); reprinted, ‘corrected by the Rev. Mr. Priestley of Jewin Street,’ London, 1788, and again in 1842 as ‘revised and carefully abridged by James Michel.’
* ‘Armatura Dei, or a Preparation for Suffering in an Evil Day, showing how Christians are to bear Sufferings,’ London, 1682; reprinted, London, 1824.
* ‘A Discourse of Schism,’ London, 1694; a catholic-minded treatise, showing that the separation of the nonconformists is not schism; reprinted in 1823. Reprints of Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 6 appear in Ward's ‘Library of Standard Divinity’ (new ser. vol. i.).
[Berry's County Gen., ‘Kent,’ p. 334; Addit. MSS. 5711 f. 133, 6347 f. 10; Hist. MSS. Comm. 6th Rep., pp. 51a, 53a, 69a, 80a; Lords' Journals, vii. 284, 304, 468, 633; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. iv. 106; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. vi. 460, 563, 3rd ser. v. 419; Calamy's Account, ii. 680; Orme's Life of Dr. John Owen, pp. 507, 513; Hasted's Kent. i. 316.]
W. A. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pollard, Robert

​POLLARD, ROBERT (1755–1838), designer and engraver, born at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1755, was articled to a silversmith there, and subsequently became a pupil of Richard Wilson, R.A. For a time he practised as a landscape and marine painter, but about 1782 he established himself in Spa Fields, London, as an engraver and printseller, and during the next ten years produced a large number of plates, executed in a peculiar mixed style, composed of line, etching, and aquatint, some of them from his own designs, and others after popular artists of his time. To the former category belong ‘Lieutenant Moody rescuing a Prisoner,’ 1785, ‘Adventure of Lady Harriet Ackland,’ 1784, ‘Edwin and Angelina,’ 1785, ‘The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green,’ and eight plates of shipping. The latter class includes ‘Wreck of the Grosvenor East Indiaman’ 1784, ‘Wreck of the Halsewell East Indiaman,’ 1786, ‘Margaret Nicholson's attempt to murder George III,’ 1786, and two plates illustrating the restoration of a young man to life by Doctors Lettsom and Hawes, 1787, all after R. Smirke, R.A.; ‘Trial of Warren Hastings,’ 1789, ‘Thanksgiving Day in St. Paul's,’ 1789, and views of Bloomsbury, Hanover, Grosvenor, and Queen squares, London, all after E. Dayes; ‘Wreck of the Centaur’ and ‘Preservation of Captain Inglefield after the Wreck’ (a pair), after R. Dodd, 1783; ‘Leonora,’ after J. R. Smith, 1786; and others after Cosway, Gilpin, Stothard, Wheatley, &c. Many of these plates were finished in aquatint by Francis Jukes [q. v.] In 1788 Pollard was elected a fellow, and in the following year a director, of the Incorporated Society of Artists, which became extinct in 1791; in October 1836, as the last surviving member, he placed the charter, books, and papers of that body in the custody of the Royal Academy. The latter part of Pollard's life was spent in poverty and obscurity, and he died on 23 May 1838.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pollard, John

​POLLARD, Sir JOHN (d. 1557), speaker of the House of Commons, was second son of Walter Pollard of Plymouth, by Avice, daughter of Richard Pollard of Way, Devonshire. The pedigree of the Pollard family is very complicated, as the family was widespread in the west of England, and other branches are found in the fourteenth century in Yorkshire, Essex, and other counties; the main branch was seated at Way, and Sir Lewis Pollard [q. v.], the judge, was a col​lateral relation of Sir John. John Pollard may have been the Pollard who, without Christian name, is mentioned as entering at the Middle Temple on 3 June 1515; but it may be that this entry is that of Lewis Pollard, son of Sir Hugh Pollard and grandson of Sir Lewis Pollard the judge. John was appointed autumn reader of the Middle Temple in 1535, and became serjeant-at-law in 1547. After 1545 he received, possibly through the influence of a relative, Richard Pollard, who had taken part in the suppression of the monasteries, a grant of the manor of Nuneham Courtney, where he afterwards lived. He was relieved by patent of 21 Oct. 1550 from his office of serjeant-at-law, in order to become vice-president of the council for the Welsh marches. He was elected member for Oxfordshire in the parliaments of 1553 and 1554, and for Wiltshire in that of 1555. He seems to have been knighted on 2 Oct. 1553, although he is described as merely armiger in the returns of 1554 and 1555. He was chosen speaker of the House of Commons in 1553, and held the office till the close of the parliament of 1555. He was described as 'excellent in the laws of this realm.' He died in August 1557, and was buried on 25 Aug. He married Mary, daughter of Richard Gray of London, but left no issue. His estates passed in great part to his brother Anthony, after the death of his widow. The inquisition post mortem is numbered 4 and 5 Phil, and Mary, No. 139. His will was proved in the probate court of London, P.P.C. 37, Wrastley, on 13 Oct. 1557.
W. A. J. A.