OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hwap
### Hwap.
#### 法$^4$

    A law; rule; pattern; means; punishment.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hwat
### Hwat.
#### 伐$^{-4}$

    To strike; punish; reduce to subjection; lay waste.

#### 閥$^{-4}$

    Meritorious services; degrees of honor or reward.

#### 穴$^{-4}$

    A cave; a hollow among rocks or in a mountain; to dig through.

#### 乏$^{-4}$

    Destitute; to want; fail; to spoil; defect.

#### 罰$^{-4}$

    To punish; punishment; to fine; forfeit.

#### 髮$^4$

    Hair; beard; grass; vegetables, &c.

#### 發$^4$

    To send forth; bring out; produce; to advance.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Eudoxians

EUDOXIANS, a branch of the Arians in the fourth century; so called from Eudoxus, who, after the death of Arius, became head of the party. See Arians.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ History of Religion, vol. iv.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Eoquinians

EOQUINIANS, so called from Eoquinus in the sixteenth century, who is said to have taught that Christ did not die for the wicked, but for the faithful only.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Ross' View of religions, p. 234.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Epicureans

EPICUREANS. They derive their name from Epicurus, the philosopher, who was born in the 109th olympiad, or about 240 years before Christ. He accounted for the formation of the world supposing that a finite number of that infinite multitude of atoms, which fills the immense space of the universe, falling fortuitously into the region of our world, were in consequence of their innate motion collected into one rude and indigested mass. All the various parts of nature were formed by those atoms, which were best fitted to produce them. The fiery particles formed themselves into air, and from those which subsided the earth was produced. The mind, or intellect, was formed of particles most subtle in their nature, and capable of the most rapid motion. The world is preserved by the same mechanical causes by which it was framed, and from the same causes it will at last be dissolved.
Epicurus admitted that there were in the universe divine natures: but asserted that these happy beings did not incumber themselves with the government of the world; yet that on account of their excellent nature they are proper objects of reverence.
The science of physics was, in the judgment of Epicurus, subordinate to that of ethics; and his whole doctrine concerning nature was professedly adapted to rescue men from the dominion of troublesome passions, and lay the foundation of a tranquil and happy life. He taught that man is to do every thing for his own sake; that is to make his own happiness his chief end, and do all in his power to secure and preserve it. He considered pleasure as the ultimate goal of mankind; but asserts, that he does not mean the pleasures of the luxurious; but principally the freedom of the body from pain, and of the mind from anguish and perturbation. His followers however applied the principle to sensual indulgence, and this made his philosophy so popular that people of high rank and luxurious character generally embraced it. The virtue he prescribes is resolved ultimately into our private advantage, without regard to the excellence of its own nature by the Supreme Being.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Leland's discourse on the Christian Revelation
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Erastians

ERASTIANS, the followers of Erastus, a German divine of the sixteenth century. The pastoral office, according to him, was only persuasive, like a professor of sciences over his students without any power annexed; the Lord's supper, and other ordinances of the gospel, were to be free and open to all; the minister might dissuade the vicious and unqualified from the communion-but might not refuse it, or inflict any kind of censure; the punishment of all offences being referred to the civil magistrate.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Neal's History of the Puritans, vol. iii. p. 140.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Essenes

ESSENES, a Jewish sect, which maintained that rewards and punishments extended to the soul only, and considered the body as a mass of malignant matter, and the prison of the immortal spirit. The greatest part of them considered the laws of Moses as an allegorical system of spiritual and mysterious truth, and renounced all regard to the outward letter in its explanation. The leading traits in the character of this sect were, that they were sober, abstemious, peaceable, lovers of retirement, and had a perfect community of goods. They paid the highest regard to the moral precepts of the law; but neglected the ceremonial, excepting what regarded personal cleanliness, the observation of the sabbath, and making an annual present to the temple at Jerusalem. They commonly lived in a state of celibacy, and adopted the children of others, to educate them in their won principles and customs. Though they were in general averse to oaths, they bound all whom they initiated by the most sacred vows to observe the duties of piety, justice, fidelity, and modesty; to conceal the secret of the fraternity; to preserve the books of their instructors, and with great care to commemorate the names of the angels.
Philo mentions two classes of Essenes, one of which followed a practical, the other a theoretical institution. the latter, who were called Thearapeutae, placed their whole felicity in the contemplation of the divine nature. Detaching themselves entirely from secular affairs, they transferred their property to their relations and friends, and retired to solitary places, where they devoted themselves to a holy life. The principal society of this kind was formed near Alexandria, where they lived no far from each other in separate cottages, each of which had its own sacred apartments, to which the inhabitants retired for the purposes of devotion.
Philo says, lib. v. cap. 17. the Essenes were in number about four thousand in Judea; and Pliny seems to fix their principal abode above Engedi, where they fed on the fruit of palm trees. He adds, that they lived at a distance from the seashore, for fear of being corrupted by the conversation of strangers.
We do not see that Jesus Christ hath spoken of them, or that he preached among them. It is not improbable, that John Baptist lived longed among them, till he began to baptize and preach. The wilderness, where Pliny places the Essenes, was not very far from Hebron, which is thought by some to be the place of John's birth.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Enfield's Hist. of Philos. vol. ii. p. 186. See also Josephus' Antiq. and Prideaux's Connect. Calmet's Dictionary.
* ↑ Calmet's dictionary, vol. i.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Ethnophrones

ETHNOPHRONES, i.e. Paganizers, a sect in the eighth century, who, professing christianity, joined thereto all the ceremonies of paganism; such as judicial astrology, divinations of all kinds, &c.; and who observed the feasts, times, and seasons, of the Gentiles.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Broughton
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Euchites

EUCHITES. See Massalians.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Epefanoftschins

*EPEFANOFTSCHINS, a small Russian sect, followers of a monk of Kieff, who got himself ordained a bishop through forged letters of recommendation. Being imprisoned on a discovery of the cheat, he died in confinement, but is by his sect esteemed a martyr. Their sentiments are nearly the same as the Starobredsi, or old ceremonialists.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Pinkerton's Russian Church. p. 304.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Eonites

EONITES, the followers of Eon d'Etoile, a lunatic gentleman of Bretagne, in the twelfth century, who imagined that the was appointed to judge both the quick and dead. He ended his days in a miserable prison; but persecution and death in the most dreadful forms, could not persuade his infatuated disciples to abandon his cause.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. ii. p. 457, 458. Broughton's Hist. Lib. vol. i. p. 361
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Episcopalians

EPISCOPALIANS, an appellation given to those who assert, that episcopacy is of divine right, and was the constitution of the primitive church. They maintain that bishops, [$\epsilon \pi \iota \sigma \kappa \pi \mathrm {o} \upsilon \sigma$] presbyters, (or priests) and deacons, are three distinct orders in the church; and that the bishops have a superiority over both the others directly from God; in proof of this they allege; that during our Saviour's stay upon earth, he had under him two distinct orders of ministers -the twelve, and the seventy; and after his ascension, we read of apostles, presbyters, and deacons in the church. That the apostolic, or highest order, is designed to be permanent, they thing, is evident from bishops being instituted by the apostles themselves, to succeed them in great cities, as Timothy at Ephesus, Titus at Crete, &c. It appears that Timothy and Titus were superiour to modern presbyters, from the offices assigned them. Timothy was by Paul empowered to preside over presbyters of Ephesus, to receive accusations against them, (1 Tim. v.19.) to exhort, to charge and even to rebuke them; and Titus was, by the same apostle, left in Crete for the express purpose of setting things in order, and ordaining presbyters in every city.
The contend that bishops, in the sense in which they use the term, certainly existed in the churches as early as A. D. 160. Thy lay great stress on the writings of the Christian Fathers on this point, and in particular on Clement, on the Epistles of St. Ignatius. The Roman and English are principal episcopal churches in the west of Europe.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Dr. Edwards' Remains, p. 229. Ency. vol. vi. p. 689-692. Adam's Religious World displayed, vol. ii. p. 275, &c.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Akerhielm, Anna Mansdotter Agriconia

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AKERHIELM, ANNA MANSDOTTER AGRICONIA,
A learned Swedish lady, was born March 18th., 1642. She was the daughter of the minister of Aker, in Sudermania; her father, Magnus Jonae Agriconius, being the author of a few unimportant works. By his death she was, at the age of sixteen, left an orphan with a brother three years her elder, and two sisters. Anna displayed great talents for literature, and under the guidance of her brother, became an excellent Latinist. She afterwards, unassisted, made herself mistress of several modern languages. Having, in 1671, been appointed 'hofjungfrau,' or lady in waiting, in the household of count Magnus Gabriel Delagardie, Chancellor of the ​kingdom, to whom her brother was secretary, she became acquainted with the count's daughter, and on the marriage of that lady with Field-Marshal count Königsmark, accompanied the bride as companion, and remained with her until death. She travelled to Venice, Greece, and the Morea, where the count commanded the Venetian forces, and kept a diary of her observations, portions of which were published. She died at firemen, in Germany, in 1698.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Alacoque Marie

* related authors: Margaret Mary Alacoque.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
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ALACOQUE MARIE,
A nun in the convent of the Visitation, at Paraile-monnial, in the province of Burgundy, who was born about the middle of the seventeenth century, was celebrated tor her sanctity throughout all France. She, in conjunction with Claude de la Colombiére a famous Jesuit, and confessor to the duchess of York, wife of James, afterwards James the Second of England, gave a form to the celebration of the solemnity of the heart of Christ, and composed an office for the occasion.
The renowned defender of the bull Unigenitus, John Joseph Languet, afterwards archbishop of Sens, was an ardent admirer of this holy fanatic, and published, in 1729, a circumstantial account of her life. She imagined that Christ appeared to her in a vision, and demanded her heart, which, when she gave him, he returned enclosed in his own, "Henceforth thou shalt be the beloved of my heart." With such wild imaginings the book of the visions of Marie Alacoque is filled, but at the time they were written they had an astonishing effect. In 1674, she declared that her divine bridegroom had showed to her his heart, and told her that he was determined, in these last days, to pour out all the treasures of his love on those faithful souls who would devote themselves to an especial adoration of it; and commanded her to acquaint Father la Colombia, his servant, that he should institute a yearly festival to his heart, and promise, to such as should dedicate themselves to it, eternal happiness. The Jesuits immediately complied with this celestial mandate, and in all parts of the world, fraternities were formed, and passion-masses, and nine-day devotions, were instituted to the honour of the heart of Jesus. In all Spain there was not a nun who had not a present from the Jesuits of a heart, cut out of red cloth, to be worn next the skin. The display of a burning zeal for making proselytes was regarded as the peculiar characteristic of the true worshipper of the heart.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Alexandra, Queen of Judea

Salome Alexandra
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ALEXANDRA,
Queen of Judea, widow and successor of Alexander Jannæus, a wise and virtuous princess, who, contrary to the example of her husband, studied to please her subjects, and preserved peace and prosperity during her reign of seven years. She died in the seventy-third year of her age, B. C. 70. She was the mother of Hyrcanus and Aristobulus, and the latter years of her reign were disturbed by the attempt of her younger son, Aristobulus, to obtain the sovereignty, as he had been exasperated by the favour his mother showed to the sect of the Pharisees, and the authority she allowed them.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Albedyhl

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ALBEDYHL,
Baroness d', a Swedish writer, authoress of Geñon, an epic poem, published at Upsala, in 1814, has been called the Swedish Sévigne, from the elegance of her epistolary style.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Albret, Charlotte d'

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ALBRET, CHARLOTTE D',
Duchess de Valentinois, sister of John D'Albret, king of Navarre, and wife of Caesar Borgia, son of Pope Alexander the Sixth, whose misfortunes she shared, without reproaching him for his vices, was pious, sensible, and witty, and had much genius for poetry. She died in 1514.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Albani Louisa

* related portals: Louise of Stolberg-Gedern.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
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ALBANI LOUISA,
Countess of, Albany, daughter of prince Stolberg-Gedern, in Germany, was born in 1753, and married in 1772, to Charles James Edward, the young Pretender, grandson of James the Second. They resided at Rome, and had a little court, by which they were addressed as king and queen. In 1780, Louisa left her husband, who was much older than herself, and with whom she did not agree, and retired to a convent. She afterwards went to France; but on her husband's death in 1788, she returned to Italy, and settled in Florence. She was then privately married to count Victor Ailieri, the Italian poet, who died at her house in 1803. She, however, still went by the name of countess of Albany, widow of the last of the Stuarts, up to the time of her death. She was fond of literature and the arts, and her house was the resort of ail distinguished ​persons in Florence. She died there January 29th. 1824, aged seventy-two.
Her name and her misfortunes have been transmitted to posterity in the works and the autobiography of Alfieri. This famous poet called her mia donna, and confessed that to her he owed his inspiration. Without the friendship of the countess of Albany, he has said that he never should have achieved anything excellent: "Senza laquella mon aurei mai fatta nulla di buono." The sketch of his first meeting with her is full of sentiment and genuine poetry. Their love for each other was true, delicate, and faithful; and their ashes now repose under a common monument, in the church of Santa Croce, at Florence, between the tombs of Machiavelli and Michael Angelo.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Alberetti, Verdoni Therese

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ALBERETTI, VERDONI THERESE,
Of Verona, Italy. This lady, eminently distinguished for her graces and accomplishments, is the authoress of poems that are admired alike for delicacy of thought and expression. The Abbé Giuseppe Barbresi, well known in Italy for his success in works of elegant literature, has inserted some of the poems of this admired authoress in the collection of his own works.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Albrizzi, Teotochi Isabella

* related authors: Teotochi Isabella Albrizzi.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
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ALBRIZZI, TEOTOCHI ISABELLA.
This lady, of much celebrity for her talents, was born on the Island of Corfu, about 1760, of one of the most illustrious families of that island. Her father, count Spindosi Teotochi, was for many years president of the senate of the Ionian islands. At a very early age, Isabella was married to Carlo Marino, a Venetian nobleman, whom she accompanied to Italy, which country she never left again during her life.
Marino was a man of letters, and the author of a history of Venetian commerce; it was his society and guidance which determined the literary bent of her mind, and gave the first impetus to her studious habits; but his existence was prematurely terminated, and her subsequent union with the count Albrizzi placed her in a situation where her talents and tastes obtained complete development. Her house at Venice became the resort of all the noted characters resident in Italy, or visiting its storied laud. Lord Byron, Cuvier, Canova, Denon, Foscolo, and Humboldt, were the habitués of her saloon. Byron called her the Venetian De Stael. She possesssed that fine tact that belongs to a feeling heart, combined with the courtesy which a life passed in good society bestows. It was observed, that amid the concourse of strangers, artists, authors, and notable persons of every sort and nation—and even Chinese have been seen at her conversazione—nobody, however obscure, was ever neglected; nobody left her house without an agreeable impression. She has written one very interesting work, "Life of Vittoria Colonna," in which simplicity and elegance are remarkably combined. A little work, in which she has defended the "Mirza of Alfieri," against the attacks of a celebrated critic, has been highly praised. The "Portraits of Celebrated Contemporaries," from the subject, the author, and its intrinsic merits became justly popular. "The Observations upon the works of Canova," a book inspired by friendship, manifests a judicious taste for the arts; is full of instruction for strangers, and interest for philosophic and poetic minds. She died at Venice in 1835.
As a mother, her devotion was complete and her intelligence admirable. She gave unwearied pains to the moral and intellectual education of her children, and administered their property with consummate ability. Nor did these loving cares go unrewarded; she had the happiness of possessing in her sons, tender and congenial friends, in seeking them partake with her, the general esteem ​and in her last painful malady, their assiduity and filial affection softened the pangs of death, and smoothed her passage to the tomb.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Aldrude

Aldruda Frangipane
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ALDRUDE,
Countess de Bertinoro, in Italy, of the illustrious house of Frangipani, is celebrated, by the writers of her time, for her beauty, magnificence, courtesy, and generosity. She was left a widow in the bloom of her youth, and her court became the resort of all the Italian chivalry. When Ancona was besieged by the imperial troops, in 1172, and was reduced to extremity, the Anconians appealed for assistance to William degli Adelardi, a noble and powerful citizen of Ferrara, and to the countess de Bertinoro, who immediately hastened to their relief.
The combined forces reached Ancona at the close of day, and encamped on a height which overlooked the tents of the besiegers. William then assembled the forces, and having harangued them, Aldrude rose and addressed the soldiers in a speech which was received by them with unbounded applause, mingled with the clashing of arms. The enemy, alarmed at the approach of so large a force, retreated during the night, so that the assailants had no opportunity of proving their bravery.
After this bloodless victory, the combined troops remained encamped near Ancona, till it was no longer endangered by the vicinity of its enemies, and until an abundant supply of provisions was brought into the city. The Anconians came out to thank their gallant deliverers, to whom they offered magnificent presents. Aldrude, with her army, on her return to her dominions, encountered parties of the retreating enemy, whom they engaged in skirmishes, in all of which they came off victorious. The time of her death is not recorded.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Capoul, Joseph

​CAPOUL, Joseph Victor Amédée, born Feb. 27, 1839, at Toulouse, entered the Paris Conservatoire in '59, studied singing there under Révial, and comic opera under Mocker, and in '61 gained the first prize in the latter class. On Aug. 26 of the last-named year he made his début at the Opéra Comique as Daniel in 'Le Châlet' (Adam), and next played Tonio in 'La Fille du Régiment.' He became a great favourite there, being good-looking, with a pleasant tenor voice, somewhat spoiled by the 'vibrato'; he was a good actor in both serious and light parts, and was considered by the Parisians as the successor to Roger, though never the equal of that famous artist. He remained at that theatre until '70. Among his best parts may be mentioned Georges Brown ('La Dame Blanche'), Mergy ('Pré aux Clercs'), Raphael D'Estuniga ('La Part du Diable'), Fra Diavolo, etc., and of those he created, Eustache in 'Les Absents' (Poise), Oct. 26, '64; Horace in 'La Colombe' (Gounod), June 7, '66; the tenor part in 'La Grande Tante' (Massenet), April 3, '67; Gaston de Maillepré in 'Le Premier Jour de Bonheur' (Auber), Feb. 15, '68; the title-part in 'Vert-Vert' (Offenbach), March 10, '69. In '72–'73 he sang in Italian opera in Paris (Salle Ventadour), in '76 at the Théâtre Lyrique and Gaïté, where on Nov. 15 he played the hero on the successful production of Massés 'Paul et Virginie,' and in '78 he returned to the Salle Ventadour, where he played Romeo on the production, Oct. 12, of 'Les Amants de Verone' (Marquis D'Ivry).
[ A. C. ]