OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Proceedings of the Royal Society of London/Volume 2/Additional Observations on the Optical Properties and Structure of heated Glass and unannealed glass Drops

IN this continuation of the author's remarks on Rupert's drops, he observes, that when they are made of colourless glass, and are held before a sheet of white paper, even the unbroken drops exhibit some appearances which he considers as marks of a crystalline texture; and when they are broken in such a manner that the parts are retained in their relative situation, the structure shows a cleavage in the direction of lines diverging from the apex, or rather in the form of conical layers, having a common axis, with their apex towards the blunt end of the drop.
Since the surface of these drops is cooled suddenly by plunging into water, and fixed before the central parts are contracted, the author conceived that their specific gravity might be less than that of annealed drops; and indeed a difference was found upon trial, amounting to 1/45th part in the aggregate bulk of its external dimensions; but it appeared, on examination, that the contraction of the glass had taken place from within outwards, so as to leave cavities in the interior sufficient to account for the difference of weight, without supposing any intrinsic difference of density in the glass itself.
Dr. Brewster further observed, that by heating a drop to redness, and allowing it to cool gradually, these cavities disappeared entirely, so as to prove that they did not arise from included air, but merely from the internal contraction of the glass.
Since considerable difficulty occurs in preserving unannealed drops of flint glass, the author has paid attention to the circumstances most favourable to their preservation, and recommends removing them ​from the water in which they have been plunged, as soon as the redness in the centre of the drop ceases to be visible.
Since the smallest portion of any polarizing crystal polarizes or depolarizes light according to its position, the author expected to find the same property in the fragments of a broken drop, but upon trial they did not appear to possess this property.
Of the many important conclusions to which the author thinks that these experiments are calculated to conduct us, there is one which he considers too palpable to be passed over, namely, that when the particles of glass are separated to a certain distance by the expansive agency of heat, they assume a crystalline arrangement, which would not be discovered but by fixing them in this state by sudden cooling; since the gradual approximation of the particles, by slow cooling, entirely destroys the crystalline structure thus produced.
In a note the author remarks, that on more than one authority steel is said to be less dense after being hardened by quenching than before, which he ascribes, as in glass, to the sudden induration having commenced at the surface. And he takes occasion to suggest the possibility, that under these circumstances moderate changes of temperature may not occasion any degree of expansion, and that we may obtain, within certain limits, a substance of invariable length that may be useful for pendulums.
# Proceedings of the Royal Society of London/Volume 2/An Account of an Invention for giving Light in explosive Mixtures of Fire-damp in Coal Mines, by consuming the Fire-damp

This contrivance consists in covering the flame of any lamp or candle with a wire sieve, the apertures of which may be as large as 1/20th of an inch square.
When a cylinder of wire gauze, covered at top with the same gauze, is closely fitted to a lamp, and surrounds its flame so that there is no aperture but those of the gauze, if the little lantern so constructed be introduced into the most explosive mixtures of carburetted hydrogen and air, the cylinder becomes filled with a bright flame at its interior surface, which continues to burn as long as the mixture remains explosive.
When the carburetted hydrogen constitutes no more than 1/12th of the mixture, the flame of the wick continues to burn surrounded by the flame of the fire-damp; but when the proportion is as 1 to 7, the flame of the wick disappears.
When the apertures of the gauze are of the largest size, the flame is the most brilliant, and the wire of which it consists becomes ignited, but still without occasioning explosion of the mixture external to the lamp.
Similar experiments were also made with hydrogen (not carburetted), and with the same results. But in this case the gauze was of the finest kind, with 6400 apertures in the square inch; and since the thickness of the wire was 1/250th of an inch, the apertures themselves were about 1/120th of an inch square. With gauze of this construction a flame may be introduced even into a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, and burn this mixture at the inner surface of the lantern, without communicating its flame to the mixture externally, even though the wires become intensely red hot.
After such trials of the security of this little apparatus, the author has no hesitation in recommending it for adoption by the collier, who will require for his security nothing more than a little wire cage to surround the flame of his lamp, and thus, at the cost of a few pence, will procure a light as long as there is a sufficient supply of fire-damp, without any further expense.
# Proceedings of the Royal Society of London

Shortcut: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
journal published by the Royal Society of London from 1854–1904, preceded by "Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London". From 1905 the society published two journals: "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character" and "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences"
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# Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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The archives of the journal provide PDFs of all articles.
# Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales

* Series 1 Volume 1 (1877)
* Series 1 Volume 2 (1878)
* Series 1 Volume 3 (1879)
* Series 1 Volume 4 (1880)
* Series 1 Volume 5 (1881)
* Series 1 Volume 6 (1882)
* Series 1 Volume 7 (1883)
* Series 1 Volume 8 (1883)
* Series 1 Volume 9 (1884)
* Series 1 Volume 10 (1885)
* Series 2 Volume 1 (1886)
* Series 2 Volume 2 (1887)
* Series 2 Volume 3 Parts 1-2 (1888)
* Series 2 Volume 3 Parts 3-4 (1888)
* Series 2 Volume 4 (1889)
* Series 2 Volume 5 (1890)
* Series 2 Volume 6 (1891)
* Series 2 Volume 7 (1892)
* Series 2 Volume 8 (1893)
* Series 2 Volume 9 (1894)
* Series 2 Volume 10 (1895)
* Series 2 Volume 10 Supplement (1895)
* Volume 21 (1896)
* Volume 21 Supplement (1896)
* Volume 22 (1897)
* Volume 23 (1898)
* Volume 24 (1899)
* Volume 25 (1900)
* Volume 26 (1901)
* Volume 27 (1902)
* Volume 28 (1903)
* Volume 29 (1904)
* Volume 30 (1905)
* Volume 31 (1906)
* Volume 32 (1907)
* Volume 33 (1908)
* Volume 34 (1909)
* Volume 35 (1910)
* Volume 36 (1911)
* Volume 37 (1912)
* Volume 38 (1913)
* Volume 39 (1914)
* Volume 40 (1915)
* Volume 41 (1916)
* Volume 42 (1917)
* Volume 43 (1918)
* Volume 44 (1919) (transcription project)
* Volume 45 (1920)
* Volume 46 (1921)
* Volume 47 (1922)
* Volume 48 (1923)
Volumes published after 1929 may still be under copyright.
# Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London

* related portals: Periodicals.
* sister projects: Commons category, Wikidata item.
The Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London was published in 22 volumes between 1855 and 1878. It then changed its name to Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography. In 1881 it absorbed the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. Since 1893 it has been named The Geographical Journal, which is still published to this day, although since 2000 it is no longer the journal of report for the Society.
* Volume I (1856)
* Volume II (1858)
* Volume III (1859)
* Volume IV (1860)
** South Australia: Exploring Expedition Into the Interior of the Continent (1860) by John McDouall Stuart
* Volume V (1861)
* Volume VI (1862)
* Volume VII (1863)
* Volume VIII (1864)
* Volume IX (1865)
* Volume X (1866)
* Volume XI (1867)
* Volume XII (1868)
* Volume XIII (1869)
* Volume XIV (1870)
* Volume XV (1871)
* Volume XVI (1872)
* Volume XVII (1873)
* Volume XVIII (1874)
** e.g. Keith Edward Abbott (obituary) by Henry Bartle Frere
* Volume XIX (1875)
* Volume XX (1876)
* Volume XXI (1877)
* Volume XXII (1878)
# Proceedings of the Royal Society of London/Volume 2/A Series of Observations of the Satellites of the Georgian Planet

Since in the examination of objects so minute and so distant as these satellites, it is necessary not only to magnify for the purpose of removing them from the body of the planet itself, but also to collect as much of their light as may be, in order to render the impression they make on the eye sensible, no instrument less than a 20-feet telescope is sufficient for discerning them; and even with an instrument of this description it is but with a favourable atmosphere, and through a small part of their orbit round the primary, that Dr. Herschel has been able to make his observations ; and he has also occasionally availed himself of the greater light that is to be obtained by concave eye-glasses, notwithstanding the smallness of the field of view, and other objections to their use. The magnifying powers employed on ​these occasions have been from 300 to 800 times; sometimes one, and sometimes another being used, according to the states of the air or moon, or other circumstances.
The observations here recorded, were made principally from the year 1787 to 1798 inclusive, and they are given in the order in which they occurred with all the phenomena noticed each time, and notes of correction added from subsequent observations respecting stars mistaken for satellites, or satellites wrongly numbered. For Dr. Herschel always added a configuration to his descriptions, in order to avoid mistakes, and in general made, by previous estimate, a sketch of the places where known satellites might be expected; some misconceptions were unavoidable, in consequence of the interruptions to his observations from cloudy or moon-light nights, as well as from small stars that unexpectedly interfered.
From all the observations thus made, and from accurate measures taken by different micrometers, the author infers the nodes of the two first satellites to have nearly the same longitude of 1651/2°; that their inclination is also the same, 78° 58'; and the motion of both, from their ascending node to the greatest elongation, retrograde. The periodic time of the first is found to be 8$^d$ 16$^h$ 56$^m$ 5$^s$; and that of the second 13$^d$ 11$^h$ 8$^m$ 19$^s$; their distances at greatest elongation 36" and 48" respectively.
To these determinations respecting the orbits of the satellites, Dr. Herschel adds his estimate of the distances to which they must move from the body of the planet before they become visible by his 20-feet telescope. The first requires to be at more than half its greatest elongation. The second also becomes invisible when it is within half its greatest elongation. If there be an interior satellite, as large as the first, he imagines it would be visible through so small a part of its orbit, as not to be seen for two nights together.
Notwithstanding this difficulty, the author thinks he has seen an interior satellite. And with regard to exterior satellites, though nothing has been correctly ascertained, the number and positions of different objects recorded is such, that the author enumerates as far as a supposed sixth satellite.
# Popular Science Monthly/Volume 92

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# Popular Science Monthly/Volume 90

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# Popular Science Monthly/Volume 91/August 1917/Lo, the Soya Bean! A Substitute for Meat, Fish and Fats

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Lo, the Soya Bean! A Substitute for Meat, Fish and Fats
WITH all due respect to Western civilization and progress, we must nevertheless yield the palm to China for the production of the soya bean, a vegetable so full of promising possibilities that agricultural experimental stations all over the United States are concentrating attention upon it.
Milk from soya beans is no longer an experiment but has become a marketable commodity. It is sold in cans as a powder or in liquid form. As a substitute for meat and fish the experimenters say all that is required is the co-operation of good cooks to devise sufficient variety in preparation of the beans. The oil is considered of especial value. It may be used as a substitute for linseed oil or may be hardened into an edible fat suitable for cooking or even for table use. The pulp, or what is left over after the oil has been extracted, is conceded to be a valuable cattle food.
The only difficulty encountered thus far in the experiments with the soya bean has been in finding a suitable solvent to dissolve out any oil that may be left in the meal before the left-over portion is consigned to the cattle. Naphtha has been found to be good, but unless care is taken to remove all trace of it from the meal the new fodder loses its value as a cattle food, for the cattle refuse it on account of the smell. Another chemical which has been found to answer the purpose is try-chlorethylene. It is not offensive in odor nor poisonous. Yet a dangerous reaction has at times occurred when it has been used as a solvent.
# Popular Science Monthly/Volume 91

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# Proclamation 5290

Delivered on 27 December 1984.
By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation
Between 1962 and 1983, our Nation experienced an 80 percent reduction in childhood poisoning as a result of new, effective safety standards and greater consumer awareness. The number of accidental ingestions of household chemicals, cleaning products, and medicines among children under five years of age dropped from 500,000 to 100,000 during this period.
For the past 24 years, the Poison Prevention Week Council has coordinated a network of health, safety, business, and voluntary organizations to raise public awareness of the problem. In addition, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, which administers the Poison Prevention Packaging Act, requires child-resistant closures on many products that are potentially harmful to children.
While these efforts have been very successful, we must not be satisfied with the progress we have made. Because we believe that almost all such poisonings are preventable, we must continue working to reduce this annual toll by reminding parents and other family members of the steps they can take to avert these tragedies. We must remind them to keep household chemicals, cleaning products, and medicines out of the reach of children and to use re-securable, child-resistant closures on these products.
To encourage the American people to learn about the dangers of accidental poisonings and to take preventive measures, the Congress, by joint resolution approved September 26, 1961 (75 Stat. 681), authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation designating the third week of March of each year as "National Poison Prevention Week."
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, do hereby designate the week beginning March 17, 1985, as National Poison Prevention Week. I call upon all Americans to observe this week by participating in appropriate ceremonies and events.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-seventh day of December, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and ninth.
RONALD REAGAN
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 12:20 p.m., December 28, 1984]
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 5285

Delivered on 3 December 1984.
By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation
The spirit of neighbor helping neighbor flows like a deep and mighty river through the history of our Nation. We are proud of our strong and uniquely American tradition of voluntarism. Compassion, vision, and a fundamental sense of decency are the hallmarks of our national character and are reflected in the charitable works of our citizens.
During this holiday season, I call upon all Americans to reflect this spirit of generosity and cooperation by joining in partnership with others to provide food to those in need. I ask the agricultural and food industries to donate surpluses to food banks around the country and to complement government programs that are providing food assistance to low-income Americans. I look for the support of community groups, charitable organizations, and individuals in donating food items and in transporting and distributing them to those in need. Let the caring, sharing, and goodwill generated by private initiative spread across this great Nation of ours and bring joy to each and every individual.
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim December 15, 1984, as National Care and Share Day and call upon the people of the United States to pay tribute to acts of charity and to promote community involvement in caring for the needs of our neighbors.
In Witness Whereof I have hereunto set my hand this 3rd day of Dec., in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and ninth.
RONALD REAGAN
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 11:44 a.m., December 4, 1984]
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 5286

Delivered on 4 December 1984.
By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation
On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched an unprovoked surprise attack on units of the Armed Forces of the United States stationed at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Over 2,400 United States citizens were killed and almost 1,200 were wounded in the attack. This battle marked our entry into World War II and galvanized the will of the American people to achieve ultimate victory.
Today, Japan is firmly united with us as an ally in defense of the freedom we share. But the lesson of Pearl Harbor is as important today as it was over forty years ago. In an uncertain world, democracies should always seek peace but also be prepared to defeat aggression. Military strength can deter war and give diplomacy time to achieve its beneficial results.
The people of the United States owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to all members of our Armed Forces who served at Pearl Harbor and in the many battles that followed in all other theaters of action of World War II. Their selfless dedication and sacrifice will never be forgotten.
The Congress, by House Joint Resolution 392, has designated December 7, 1984, as "National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day" and authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of this event.
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim December 7, 1984, as National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day and call upon the people of the United States to observe this solemn occasion with appropriate ceremonies and activities and to pledge eternal vigilance and strong resolve to defend this Nation and its allies from all future aggression.
In Witness Whereof I have hereunto set my hand this fourth day of December, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and ninth.
RONALD REAGAN
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 11:21 a.m., December 5, 1984]
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 5283

Delivered on 26 November 1984.
By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation
Epidermolysis Bullosa, or "EB," is a group of hereditary disorders in which the skin forms blisters after minimal injury or even simple pressure. Symptoms of the disease can resemble severe burns and can be very painful and debilitating. Mucous membranes of the mouth, eye, and gastrointestinal tract may be affected and lead to scarring, malnutrition, anemia, and even premature death.
As many as 25,000 to 50,000 Americans, mostly children, may suffer from LB. The disease can disable people physically because of the pain and anguish it causes, and it also places a severe financial burden on many families.
Basic research is just beginning to reveal the underlying causes of LB. New research findings and new approaches to diagnosis and treatment are needed to eliminate this affliction. The Federal government and private voluntary organizations have developed a strong and enduring partnership committed to EB research in order to reduce or eliminate the disease and its painful consequences.
The Congress, by Senate Joint Resolution 201, has designated the week of November 25 through December 1, 1984, as "National Epidermolysis Bullosa Awareness Week" and authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of that week.
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim the week of November 25 through December 1, 1984, as National Epidermolysis Bullosa Awareness Week. I urge the people of the United States and educational, philanthropic, scientific, medical and health care organizations and professionals to observe this week with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-sixth day of November, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and ninth.
RONALD REAGAN
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 2:27 p.m., November 26, 1984]
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse