OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tillemans, Peter

​TILLEMANS, PETER (1684–1734), painter and draughtsman, born at Antwerp in 1684, was son of a diamond-cutter, but studied landscape-painting when young. He was brother-in-law to Peter Casteels [q. v.], and in 1708 the two young men were brought over to England by a dealer named Turner. By him they were employed in copying the works of popular masters, such as Teniers, Borgognone, and others, which Tillemans did with great skill. At last becoming known to amateurs and persons of quality, he was constantly employed to paint views of country seats with figures and buildings, or landscapes with sporting subjects, such as horses and dogs. A fine view of Chatsworth by Tillemans is preserved there. At Thoresby House, Nottinghamshire, there is a large painting by Tillemans, dated 1725, of the second Duke of Kingston and others on a shooting party. At Knowsley House there are some views of Newmarket and the racecourse by Tillemans, and many similar subjects have been engraved. He executed several drawings of Newstead Abbey for William, lord Byron, who was his pupil in drawing. When Kneller's academy was opened in Great Queen Street in 1711, Tillemans was one of the first pupils to attend. He was employed with Joseph Goupy [q. v.] to paint a series of scenes for the opera-house in the Haymarket. So highly esteemed was Tillemans as a topographical draughtsman, that his services were retained by John Bridges (1666–1724) [q. v.], author of the ‘History of Northamptonshire,’ to make all the drawings for that work; these amounted to about five hundred, all executed in Indian ink, for which Bridges gave him a guinea a day and the run of his house. Tillemans resided for some years at Richmond in Surrey. His services were also retained for some time by Dr. Cox Macro [q. v.] of Norton Haugh in Suffolk, where he died on 5 Dec. 1734; he was buried in the neighbouring church of Stowlangtoft, near Bury St. Edmunds. He etched a number of his own views and designs himself. He formed a collection of popular masters which was sold by auction, together with a number of his own works, at Covent Garden on 19–20 April 1733 (Catalogue of a Collection of Curious Paintings of Mr. Peter Tillemans).
A portrait of Tillemans was engraved for Walpole's ‘Anecdotes of Painting’ (ed. 1798).
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tiffin, William

​TIFFIN, WILLIAM (1695?–1759), stenographer, the son of Roger Tiffin of Crimplesham, Norfolk, was born at Crimplesham about 1695. He was admitted a sizar of Caius College, Cambridge, on 11 Feb. 1712–13, and graduated B.A. in 1716 (Graduati Cantabr. 1823, p. 470). On 21 Sept. 1718 he was ordained deacon as curate of Wereham and Wretton, Norfolk. He was recommended to John Jackson, master of Wigston's hospital, Leicester, by Mr. Pyle of Lynn Regis, and he was appointed confrater or chaplain of the hospital at the instance of Jackson, whom he assisted in his various collations of the New Testament. The appointment was particularly acceptable to Tiffin because it did not require subscription to the Thirty-nine articles, to which he had some objection. He died in December 1759, and was buried in St. Martin's Church, Leicester. He was the author of ‘A New Help and Improvement of the Art of Swift-Writing,’ London [November 1751], 8vo. The work shows that Tiffin had studied the science of phonetics as well as the art of shorthand. Of his new invention he says ‘a peculiar Intention is pursu'd, that is not so much as attempted in any Book or Scheme of Short Hand that I know or ever heard of. That is to suit the Alphabet to the Utterances of the Language.’ He announces that ‘care is taken to give every character one power of its own, in which no other character is allowed to interfere.’ He pointed out the defects and inconsistencies of our ordinary orthography, and sought by means of a simpler alphabet and a new vowel scale to place the spelling of the language on a strictly phonetic basis. His theory has since been developed. The great fault in his phonographic alphabet was that the signs varied in meaning as they were placed above or below a line, real or imaginary; hence it was seldom that they could be joined together; and of course the constant lifts of the pen entirely defeated the aim of swift writing. Nevertheless his invention marks a distinct advance in the stenographic art. The alphabet as presented in the book is a veritable ‘Egyptian puzzle,’ but a clear account of the system is given in the ‘Phonetic Journal,’ 8 Jan. 1887, p. 15.
[Venn's Biogr. Hist. of Gonville and Caius, 1897, i. 428; Gent. Mag. 1751, p. 527; Gibson's Bibl. of Shorthand; Journalist, 24 June 1887, p. 175; Levy's Hist. of Shorthand, p. 84; Lewis's Hist. of Shorthand, p. 117; Nichols's Leicestershire, i. 503, 509, 510, 600; Watt's Bibl. Brit.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Kerr, Norman

​KERR, NORMAN (1834–1899), physician, the eldest son of Alexander Kerr, a merchant, was born at Glasgow on 17 May 1834, and was educated at the high school of that city. He supported himself as a journalist on the staff of the ‘Glasgow Mail’ until he entered the university of Glasgow, where he graduated M.D. and C.M. in 1861. He then sailed for a time as surgeon in the Allan Canadian mail steamers, and in 1874 he settled at St. John's Wood in London, and ​was appointed a parochial medical officer of St. Marylebone, a post he retained for twenty-four years. He died at Hastings on 30 May 1899, and is buried at Paddington cemetery, Willesden Lane. He was twice married : first, in 1671, to Eleanor Georgina, daughter of Mr. Edward Gibson of Ballinderry, Ireland, who died in 1892, leaving issue four daughters and a son; and, secondly, in 1894, to Edith Jane, daughter of Mr. James Henderson of Belvidere Lodge, Newry.
The advancement of temperance was the work of Kerr's life. He originated the Total Abstinence Society in connection with the university of Glasgow, was an early member of the United Kingdom Alliance, and was the founder and first president of the Society for the Study and Cure of Inebriety. For many years he was chairman of the Inebriates Legislation Committee of the British Medical Association, and he was vice-president of the Homes for Inebriates Association. He was senior consulting physician to the Dalrymple Home for Inebriates at Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire. The Inebriates Act of 1898 was largely the outcome of his labours.
He wrote: 1. 'On the Action of Alcoholic Liquors in Health,' London, 1876. 2. 'Mortality from Intemperance,' London, 1879. 3. 'Stimulants in Workhouses,' London, 1882. 4. 'The Truth about Alcohol,' London, 1885. 5. 'Inebriety, its Ætiology, Pathology, Treatment, and Jurisprudence,' 3rd edit. London, 1894. Among many ephemeral articles was his 'Alcoholism and Drug Habits' in the 'Twentieth Century Practice of Medicine,' 1895.
D’A. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Kettlewell, Samuel

​KETTLEWELL, SAMUEL (1822–1893), theological writer, born on 31 March 1822, was son of the Rev. William Kettlewell, rector of Kirkheaton, near Huddersfield, and his wife, Mary Midgeley. He was educated at Durham University, where he graduated as a licentiate of theology in 1848. He was ordained deacon in the same year, and priest in 1849 by the bishop of Ripon. He then became a curate at Leeds under Walter Farquhar Hook [q. v.], and in 1851 he was appointed vicar of St. Mark's, Leeds. This, ​his only incumbency, he resigned in 1870 to devote himself to literary work. He had already published a 'Catechism on Gospel History' (London, 1851, 8vo; 3rd edit. 1878), and two works suggested by the Irish disestablishment agitation, namely: 'A Short Account of the Reformation in Ireland,' and 'Rights and Liberties of the Church' (both London, 1869, 8vo). His energies were now mainly devoted to his work on Thomas à Kempis, and in 1877 he published 'The Authorship of the "De Imitatione Christi"' (London, 8vo); this was followed in 1882 by 'Thomas à Kempis and the Brothers of Common Life' (London, 2 vols. 8vo; 2nd edit. 1884). These two books were the fruit of much research in England, Holland, and Belgium. Kettlewell maintains the usually accepted authorship of the 'De Imitatione,' and collects all that is known about the life of Thomas à Kempis. In 1888 he published 'The Basis of True Christian Unity' (London, 2 vols. 8vo), and in 1892 a translation of the 'De Imitatione.' He had received the Lambeth M.A. in 1860, and in 1892, in recognition of his work, he was granted the Lambeth D.D., the queen countersigning his diploma. He died at his residence, Kesselville, Eastbourne, whither he retired in 1870, on 2 Nov. 1893; he was twice married, and his widow survives him.
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Keymer, John

​KEYMER or KEYMOR, JOHN (fl. 1610–1620), economic writer, is said to have written as early as 1601 his 'Observations upon the Dutch Fishing,' which was first published by Sir Edward Ford in 1664 (London, 4to). Keymer had no practical knowledge of the fisheries, being 'altogether unexperimented in such business' (Gentleman, Way to Win Wealth, 1614, p. 3); he collected his notes from conversation with fishermen like Tobias Gentleman [q. v. Suppl.] and others, with a view to stimulating English fishery, then almost a monopoly of the Dutch. Histract was translated into German, and published in part xii. of the 'Diarium Europæum,' Frankfort, 1666, 4to; it was reissued in English in the 'Phenix' [sic] 1707, vol. i., in 'A Collection of choice Tracts,' 1721, and in 'A small Collection of valuable Tracts relating to the Herring Fishery,' 1761.
Another work by Keymer, addressed to James I, on the importance of encouraging manufactures in England and increasing commerce by reducing customs, is extant in the Record Office (State Papers, Dom. James I, cxviii. 114). The latter suggestion was much in advance of the age, but on 20 Dec. 1622 Prince Charles, John Williams, bishop of Lincoln and Buckingham, were joined with others in a commission 'to hear the propositions of John Keymer, and consider whether they will tend to the good of the King and the Commonwealth, as is pretended' (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1619-22, p. 469). Nothing further seems to have been done in the matter.
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Kennish, William

​KENNISH or KINNISH, WILLIAM (1799–1862), Manx poet, son of Thomas Kennish by his wife, Margaret (Radcliffe), was baptised at Kirk Maughold, Isle of Man, on 24 Feb. 1799. Of humble parentage, he was reared as a ploughboy, but in 1821 entered the navy as a common seaman, learned English of his messmates, having previously known only his native dialect, and rose to be a warrant officer. He was ship's carpenter on the Hussar, bearing the flag of Sir Charles Ogle upon the North American station, 1829-30, and while stationed at Halifax devised a plan for concentrating a ship's broadside with greater effect than hitherto attempted upon a given mark. His plan, which met with encouragement from Captain Edward Boxer of the Hussar, was tried by Sir Charles Napier on board the Galatea in 1831, and was recommended to the admiralty, to which body Kennish also submitted a theodolite of his invention. In June 1832 he received the gold Isis medal from the Society of Arts. He published his essay, on concentrating a ship's broadside, in 1837 in a handsome quarto, with nineteen plates, and subsequently he served upon the men-of-war Tribune and Donegal in the Mediterranean and in the Channel. But he felt that he had received no encouragement from the admiralty at all commensurate with the labour and money that he had expended upon his essay, and he left the navy in or about 1841. Three years later he published in London ‘Mona's Isle and other Poems’ (1844, 8vo, a scarce volume), with a long subscription list of naval men. Some of the local pieces, such as ‘The Curraghs of Lezayre,’ more especially those in ballad metre, have merit, and the book is a mine of Manx folk-lore. Disappointed at the limited circulation of his fame, Kennish went over to America, became attached to the United States admiralty, for which body he made a survey of the Isthmus of Panama, and died at New York on 19 March 1862, at the age of sixty-three.
[Harrison's Bibliotheca Monensis (Manx Soc.), 2nd edit. 1876, p. 165; Kennish's Works in Brit. Museum Library; note kindly furnished by Mr. R. Cortell Cowell.]
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Ker, John (d.1741)

​KER, JOHN (d. 1741), Latin poet, was born at Dunblane, Perthshire. He was for a time schoolmaster at Crieff, and about 1710, after examination by ministers and professors, became a master in the Royal High School, Edinburgh. In 1717 he was appointed professor of Greek in King's College, Aberdeen, being the first special teacher of the subject there (Stat. Account of Scotland, xxi. 82). It is significant that he should have secured this post when his political proclivities are remembered, as well as his admiration for the uncompromising Jacobite, Archibald Pitcairne [q. v.] On 2 Oct. 1734 Ker succeeded Adam Watt in the Latin chair at Edinburgh University. Here he studied law, associating again with friends of high school days, and became exceedingly popular (Chalmers, Life of Ruddiman, p. 98). He had a distinct influence in reviving exact Latin scholarship in Scotland. As a professor he commanded the respect of his students, although somewhat weakly deferential towards live lords when they happened to be members of his class. But, says Dr. Alexander Carlyle of Inveresk, who notes this foible, he ‘was very much master of his business’ (Autobiography of the Rev. Dr. Alexander Carlyle, p. 31). He died at Edinburgh in November 1741.
About 1725 Ker published his Latin poem, ‘Donaides’ (those of the Don), celebrating illustrious alumni of Aberdeen. In 1727 appeared his paraphrase of the Song of Solomon, ‘Cantici Solomonis Paraphrasis Gemina.’ He is also the author of memorial verses on Archibald Pitcairne, Sir William Scott (1674?-1725) [q. v.], and others. He is represented, along with Arthur Johnston and other Latinists, in Lauder's ‘Poetarum Scotorum Musæ Sacræ,’ 1739. The Latin ballad on the battle of Killiecrankie versified in English by Sir Walter Scott in ‘Chambers's Journal,’ 1st ser. No. 48, is most probably Ker's (Chambers, Scottish Songs before Burns, p. 43).
[Bower's History of the University of Edinburgh, ii. 296-314 ; Grant's Story of the University of Edinburgh during its first Three Hundred Years, ii. 318; appendix to Erskine's Sermon on the Death of Robertson the Historian, in Discourses on several Occasions, i. 271.]
T. B.
# Durham Public Service Company v. City of Durham

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
261 U.S. 149
Durham Public Service Company v. City of Durham
Argued: Jan. 19, 1923. --- Decided: Feb 19, 1923
Mr. J. S. Manning, of Raleigh, N. C., for plaintiff in error.
Mr. S.C.. Chambers, of Durham, N. C., for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1927 supplement/Friese-Greene, William

​FRIESE-GREENE, WILLIAM (1855–1921), pioneer of kinematography. [See Greene, William Friese-.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1927 supplement/Fry, Joseph Storrs

​FRY, JOSEPH STORRS (1826–1913), cocoa manufacturer and quaker philanthropist, was born in Union Street, Bristol, 6 August 1826, the eldest son of Joseph Fry, of Bristol, by his wife, Mary Ann, daughter of Edward Swaine, of Henley-on-Thames, A younger brother was the distinguished jurist, Sir Edward Fry [q.v.]. He was educated chiefly at home, but was at Bristol College for a short time. After learning business methods in an accountant’s office, he entered the family business of cocoa and chocolate manufacture, established in Bristol in the middle of the eighteenth century by his great-grandfather, Joseph Fry [q.v.]. In 1855 he became a partner in the firm.
Fry’s interest in local affairs of a religious and social character was deep and constant. For many years he conducted a brief service with the employees of the cocoa works, and in his will he left £42,000 to be distributed among them. ​In 1871 he joined the Young Men’s Christian Association in Bristol, and he became president in 1877. In 1887 he was elected a member of the committee of the Bristol General Hospital, becoming later chairman, treasurer, and president. Up to the last few years of his life he visited the hospital every Christmas Eve and spoke to each patient at his bedside. In 1909 he became an honorary freeman of the city, and in 1912 the university of Bristol conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D.
Fry was born a member of the Society of Friends and throughout his life gave ungrudging attention to its interests. He rose to the highest position in this religious body, being ‘clerk’ (or president) of the ‘London Yearly Meeting’ for fifteen years (1870–1875, 1881–1889), the longest period for which that office has been held by any individual since 1704. He was a preacher among the Friends and a pioneer in many organizations connected with their Sunday schools and home and foreign missions.
Fry’s private life was singularly uneventful. The room which he occupied on the business premises to the end of his life was, he believed, the room in which he had been born. He lived with his mother for sixty years and never married. The things which usually interest men in his position—travel, politics, art, science, intercourse with nature—had no attraction for him. The distribution of his charities occupied no inconsiderable portion of his time and thought. He died 7 July 1913. The funeral was a remarkable demonstration of the esteem in which he was held by his fellow-citizens.
[The Annual Monitor, 1914; Proceedings of London Yearly Meeting, 1914; numerous magazine articles; manuscripts in Friends’ Reference Library, Devonshire House, London; personal knowledge.]
N. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1927 supplement/Freeman-Mitford, Algernon Bertram

​FREEMAN-MITFORD, ALGERNON BERTRAM, first Baron Redesdale, of the second creation (1887-1916), diplomatist and author. [See Mitford.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1927 supplement/Fraser, Claud Lovat

​FRASER, CLAUD LOVAT (1890–1921), artist and designer, the elder son of Claud Fraser, solicitor, of the Red House, Buntingford, Hertfordshire, by his wife, Florence Margaret Walsh, was born in London 15 May 1890. He was educated at Charterhouse, and in 1908 entered into articles of clerkship in his father’s office. The year 1911, however, found him freed from the law and at work at the Westminster School of Art. By 1912 he had already begun an independent career, and he found almost at once a style for the expression of his art from which he never really departed. His work at this period included drawings of theatrical characters and scenes, and decorations for chap-books and broadsides, which were published under the title Flying Fame (1913). Judged by their imaginative quality, these latter designs are perhaps the most important which he achieved. On the outbreak of the European War in 1914 Fraser joined the army, and in 1916 was invalided home from Flanders. In 1919 he held the first representative exhibition of his work, and established his reputation. In the next year his designs for the settings and costumes of As You Like It and The Beggar’s Opera, produced at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith, brought him unusual fame, and from this time onwards he produced innumerable designs for the theatre. He made a close study also of the various approaches to process-reproduction in colour, and this resulted in a prolific output by him of booklets, rhyme sheets, end papers, trade cards, and similar matter. He had realized early the importance of visualizing design and type together as an inseparable whole; and the methods which he came to employ in his printed and published work exercised a considerable influence. Among the later books which he decorated, Poems from the Works of Charles Cotton (1922) and The Luck of the Bean-Rows by Charles Nodier (1921) are notable examples. He made designs for other theatrical productions, such as La Serva Padrona, Lord Dunsany’s If, two ballets for Madame Tamar Karsavina, and Gustav Holst’s Savitri.
​Fraser’s inspiration was gathered from the past rather than from contemporary life, and especially from the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. His work stands for a gay, brightly coloured romanticism. His personality was attractive; he enjoyed many friendships, and he was devoted to his family. He married in 1917 Grace Inez, daughter of Theron Clark Crawford, journalist and author, a citizen of the United States, and had one daughter. He died at Sandgate 18 June 1921, and was buried at Buntingford.
[Haldane Macfall, The Book of Lovat Claud Fraser, 1923; John Drinkwater and Albert Rutherston, Claud Lovat Fraser, 1923; private information; personal knowledge.]
A. D. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Allen, Robert Calder

​ALLEN, ROBERT CALDER (1812–1903), captain R.N., born on 8 Aug. 1812, was son of William Allen, a master in the navy and presumably a follower of Admiral Sir Robert Calder [q. v.]. He entered the navy as a second-class volunteer in July 1827. In that grade and as second master he served with credit, principally on the west coast of Africa and in China. In 1841 he was advanced to be master, and in 1842-4 was master of the Dido, with (Sir) Henry Keppel [q. v. Suppl. II], in her celebrated cruises against the Malay pirates of Borneo. In 1850-1 he was master of the Resolute in the Arctic, under Captain Austin, whom he followed from the Blenheim, and had charge of the magnetic observations. In 1854-5 he was master of the Hogue blockship in the Baltic, and rendered efficient service by his survey, often under fire, of the approaches to Bomarsund. In 1863 he was promoted to the then new rank of staff-commander, and in 1867 to that of staff-captain. In 1866-7 he was master-attendant and harbour -master at Malta; and in 1867 was appointed in the same capacity to Devonport, whence he was transferred to Deptford. When that dockyard was closed in October 1870, he retired with the rank of captain. He was a silent, thoughtful man, singularly modest and retiring. The subordinate position in which so much of his service was passed prevented his name from coming prominently before the public ; but in the navy his reputation as a sound and skilful navigator and pilot stood very high, and was officially recognised in his nomination to a C.B. in 1877. He died in London on 28 Jan. 1903.
Allen was twice married. His first wife brought him a daughter and four sons, who all entered the public service, navy, army, or marines. The second wife survived him.
[Royal Navy Lists; The Times, 31 Jan. 1903; Keppel, Expedition of H.M.S. Dido to Borneo for the Suppression of Piracy, 1846; Markham, Life of Sir Leopold McClintock, 1909; private information.]
J. K. L.