OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moncton

See also Moncton on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MONCTON, a city and port of entry in Westmoreland county, New Brunswick, Canada, 89 m. by rail N.E. of St John, at the head of navigation on the Petitcodiac river, the seat of the workshops and general offices of the Inter-Colonial railway and the eastern terminus of the new Grand Trunk Pacific railway. Pop. (1901), 9026. It has large stove factories, engine and boiler works, and is a flourishing manufacturing town. The workshops of the railway and great part of the town were swept away by fire in February 1906, but have been rebuilt on a larger and more modern scale.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Monday

See also Monday on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MONDAY (in O.E. Monandaég, the moon’s day, a translation of the Late Lat. Lunae dies, from which the French lundi is taken), the second day of the week (see Calendar). The day has been humorously canonized as St Monday, the festival of cobblers, who seldom work on Mondays, and were supposed not to know exactly on which day St Crispin’s (their patron saint) festival fell, save that it should be a Monday, and thus celebrated each Monday in the year as a holiday so as to be certain to honour the day. In some parts of Yorkshire any holiday is called Cobblers’ Monday. Collop Monday, in the north of England, is the Monday before Shrove Tuesday, so called in allusion to the dish of fried eggs and bacon, and slices of salted, dried meat, called collops, taken on that day preparatory to the Lenten fast. Plough Monday in England is the Monday after Twelfth Day, the first Monday after Epiphany, in allusion to the fact that in medieval times the ploughmen had their fête-day and went around the villages begging plough-money. The lord mayor of London holds a Grand Court of Wardmote at the Guildhall on Plough Monday of each year, to receive returns from the wards of the election of common councilmen and to hear petitions against such returns.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Monet, Claude

See also Claude Monet on Wikipedia; the 1922 update; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MONET, CLAUDE (1840-), French painter, was born in Paris on the 14th of November 1840. His youth was passed at Hâvre, where his father had settled in 1845. Until he was fifteen years old he led a somewhat irregular life, learning little at school, and spending all his time in decorating his books with drawings and caricatures which gave him notoriety in Hâvre. At the same time he became acquainted with Boudin, a clever sea-painter, under whose guidance he learned to love and to understand nature. At the age of twenty he became a soldier, and spent two years of his military time with the regiment of the Chasseurs d'Afrique in the desert. Falling ill with fever, he was sent home, and entered the studio of Gleyre. This classical painter tried in vain to keep him to conventional art and away from truth and nature, and Monet left his studio, where he had become acquainted with two other “impressionistic” painters—Sisley and Renoir. At that time he also knew Manet (q.v.), and in 1869 he joined the group of Cézanne, Degas, Duranty, Sisley, and became a plein air painter. During the war of 1870 he withdrew to England, and on his return was introduced by Daubigny to a dealer, M. Durand-Ruel, in whose galleries almost all his works have been exhibited. In 1872 he exhibited views of Argenteuil, near Paris; in 1874 a series entitled “Cathedrals,” showing the cathedral of Rouen under different lights. He afterwards painted views of Vétheuil (1875, see Plate), Pourville and cliffs of Etretat (1881), of Bordighera (1886), of the Creuse (1889), Le Meules (1891), and some further views of cathedrals (1894). In December 1900 he exhibited some pictures called “Le Bassin des Nymphéas,” and was engaged at the beginning of 1901 in painting views of London. Several of Monet’s paintings, bequeathed by M. Caillebotte, are in the Luxembourg Museum, Paris. (See Impressionism.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mond, Ludwig

See also Ludwig Mond on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MOND, LUDWIG (1839–1909), British chemist, was born at Cassel in Germany on the 7th of March 1839. After studying at Marburg under Hermann Kolbe and at Heidelberg under Robert Bunsen, he came to England in 1862 and obtained a position in a chemical works at Widnes, where he elaborated the practical application of a method he had devised for recovering the sulphur lost as calcium sulphide in the black ash waste of the Leblanc alkali process. He became a naturalized British subject in 1867. In 1873 he entered into partnership with Sir John Tomlinson Brunner (b. 1842–), whom he had met when he was at Widnes, and thus founded the great chemical manufacturing firm of Brunner, Mond & Co. They began to make alkali by the ammonia-soda process, under licence from the Belgian chemist, Ernest Solvay, but at first the venture threatened to prove a failure. Gradually, however, the technical difficulties were overcome and success assured, largely as a result of improved methods worked out by Mond for the recovery of the ammonia. About 1879 he began experiments in the economical utilization of fuel, and his efforts led him to the system of making producer-gas, known by his name (see Gas: II. For Fuel and Power). Later, while attempting to utilize the gas for the production of electricity by means of a Grove gas battery, he noticed that the carbon monoxide contained in it combined with nickel. The resulting compound, nickel carbonyl, which was described to the Chemical Society in 1890, is both formed and decomposed within a very moderate range of temperature, and on this fact he based a successful process for the extraction of nickel from its ores. A liberal contributor to the purposes of scientific research, Mond founded in 1896 the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory in connexion with the Royal Institution. On his death, which occurred in London on the 11th of December 1909, he bequeathed a large part of his collection of pictures to the nation.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Molinet, Jean

See also Jean Molinet on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MOLINET, JEAN (1433–1507), French poet and chronicler, was born at Desvres (Pas de Calais). In 1475 he succeeded Georges Chastellain as historiographer of the house of Burgundy, and Margaret of Austria, governor of the Low Countries, made him her librarian. His continuation of Chastellain’s chronicle, which covers the years from 1474 to 1504, remained unpublished until 1828 when it was edited (Paris, 5 vols.) by J. A. Buchon. It is far from possessing the historical value of his predecessor’s work. A selection from his voluminous poetical Works was published at Paris in 1531, Les Faictz et Dictz de feu . . . Jehan Molinet. . . . He also translated the Roman de la rose into prose (pr. Lyons, 1503). He became, in 1501, canon of the church of Notre-Dame at Valenciennes, where he died on the 23rd of August 1507. He is noteworthy as the head of the vicious Burgundian school of poetry known as the rhétoriqueurs, characterized by the excessive use of puns and of puerile metrical devices. His chief disciple was his nephew, Guillaume Crétin (d. 1525), ridiculed by Rabelais as Raminagrobis, and Jean Lemaire des Belges was his friend.
See A. Wauters in the Biographie nationale de Belgique (vol. xv., 1899).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moleskin

See also Moleskin on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MOLESKIN, a term employed not only for the skin of a mole but also, from a real or fancied resemblance, for a stout heavy cotton fabric of leathery consistence woven as a satin twill on a strong warp. It is shorn before being dyed or bleached. Being of an exceedingly durable and economical texture, it has been much worn by working-men, especially outdoor labourers. It is also used for gun-cases, carriage-covers, and several purposes in which a fabric capable of resisting rough usage is desirable.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Molfetta

See also Molfetta on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MOLFETTA, a seaport and episcopal see of Apulia, Italy, in the province of Bari, from which it is 16 m. N.N.W. by rail. Pop. (1901), 42,363. The old cathedral of S. Conrad is a Romanesque structure. The old town is surrounded by walls, and has medieval houses; the new town is more spacious, and is an active seaport. The origin of Molfetta is uncertain, though there was a neolithic settlement here. The town was given by Charles V. to the duke of Termoli in 1522, and during his lordship it was sacked by the French under Lautrec. In 1631 Cesare Gonzaga took the title of duke of Guastalla and prince of Molfetta; but in 1640 the fief was sold to the Spinola family, and in 1798 incorporated with the royal domain. The bishopric is directly subject to the papal see.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Molesworth, Mary Louisa

See also Mary Louisa Molesworth on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MOLESWORTH, MARY LOUISA (1839–), Scottish writer, daughter of Major-General Stewart, of Strath, N.B., was born in Rotterdam on the 29th of May 1839, and was educated in Great Britain and abroad. In. 1861 Miss Stewart married Major R. Molesworth. Her first novels, Lover and Husband (1869) to Cicely (1874), appeared under the pseudonym of “Ennis Graham.” Mrs Molesworth is best known as a writer of books for the young, such as Tell Me a Story (1875), Carrots (1876), and The Cuckoo Clock (1877).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Molesworth, Sir William

See also Sir William Molesworth, 8th Baronet on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MOLESWORTH, SIR WILLIAM, Bart. (1810–1855), English politician, son of the 7th baronet, was born in London on the 23rd of May 1810, and in 1823 succeeded to the baronetcy. At Cambridge he fought a duel with his tutor, and for some time studied abroad. On the passing of the Reform Act of 1832 he was returned to parliament for the eastern division of Cornwall, to support the ministry of Lord Grey. Through Charles Buller he made the acquaintance of Grote and James Mill, and in April 1835 he founded, in conjunction with Roebuck, the London Review, as an organ of the “Philosophic Radicals.” After the publication of two volumes he purchased the Westminster Review, and for some time the united magazines were edited by him and J. S. Mill. From 1837 to 1841 Sir William Molesworth sat for Leeds, and acquired considerable influence in the House of Commons by his speeches and by his tact in presiding over the select committee on transportation. But his Radicalism made little impression either on the house or on his constituency. From 1841 to 1845 he had no seat in parliament, occupying his leisure time in editing the works in Latin and English of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, a recreation which cost him no less than £6000. In 1845 he was returned for Southwark, and retained that seat until his death. On his return to parliament he devoted special attention to the condition of the colonies, and was the ardent champion of their self-government. In January 1853 Lord Aberdeen included him in the cabinet as first commissioner of works, the chief work by which his name was brought into prominence at this time being the construction of the new Westminster Bridge; he also was the first to open Kew Gardens on Sundays. In July 1855 he was made colonial secretary, but he died on the 22nd of October. Molesworth was for many years a great friend of Mr and Mrs Grote, and Mrs Grote’s privately printed work on The Philosophical Radicals (1866) contains an account of his life. He married in 1844, but had no children, and the baronetcy passed to a cousin. His sister (d. 1910) married Richard Ford, famous for his Handbook of Spain.
A Life by Mrs Fawcett was published in 1903. A full pedigree of the Molesworth family is printed in Sir John Maclean’s Trigg Minor, vol. i.; the titles of his speeches and works may be found in the Bibl. Cornubiensis, vol. i. and iii.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moline

See also Moline, Illinois on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MOLINE, a city of Rock Island county, Illinois, U.S.A., in the north-west part of the state, on the Mississippi river, adjoining the city of Rock Island and opposite the upper end of Rock Island. Pop. (1900), 17,248, of whom 5699 were foreign-born, principally Swedes and Belgians; (1910 census), 24,199. It is served by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and the Davenport, Rock Island & North-Western railways. A channel in the Mississippi river here, 250 ft. wide and 4 ft. deep at low water, projected in 1905, was completed in 1908; and in 1907 a lock was finished which affords a draught of 6 ft. and is a part of the 6 ft. channel improvement of Rock Island Rapids. The city has large and varied manufacturing industries; water-power is derived from a dam maintained by the Moline Water-Power Company; and there is a large electric-power plant. The most important industry is the manufacture of agricultural implements (particularly steel ploughs, which seem to have been made here first in the United States, and corn-planters). Among the other manufactures are boilers and gasolene engines, wagons and carriages, automobiles, and pianos and organs. The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railway has a 900-acre yard and machine shop east of the city limits, and there is a large U.S. arsenal on Rock Island. Moline was settled in 1832, laid out as a town in 1842, and was chartered as a city in 1855 and rechartered in 1872.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Molesworth, Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount

See also Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount Molesworth on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MOLESWORTH, ROBERT MOLESWORTH, 1st Viscount (1656–1725), came of an old Northamptonshire family. His father Robert (d. 1656) was a Cromwellian who made a fortune in Dublin, and he himself supported William of Orange and in 1695 became a prominent member of the Irish privy council. In 1716 he was created a viscount. He was succeeded by his two sons, John, 2nd viscount (1679–1726), and Richard 3rd viscount (1680–1758), the latter of whom saved Marlborough’s life at the battle of Ramillies and rose to be a field-marshal. The 3rd viscount’s son Richard Nassau (1748–1793) succeeded to the title, which has descended accordingly.
A great-grandson of the 1st viscount, John Edward Nassau Molesworth (1790–1877), vicar of Rochdale, was a well-known High Churchman and controversialist; and two of his sons became prominent men—William Nassau Molesworth (1816–1890), author of History of England 1830–1871 (1871–1873), History of the Reform Bill (1865), and History of the Church of ​England (1882); and Sir Guilford Molesworth (b. 1828), an eminent engineer and economist.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neunkirchen

See also Neunkirchen, Saarland on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​NEUNKIRCHEN, or Ober-Neunkirchen, a town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine province, on the Blies, 12 m. N.W. of Saarbrücken by rail. Pop. (1905) 32,358, consisting almost equally of Protestants and Roman Catholics. It contains two Gothic Evangelical and a Romanesque Roman Catholic church, several schools, and a monument to Freiherr von Stumm (d. 1901), a former owner of the iron-works here. The principal industrial establishment is a huge iron-foundry, employing upwards of 4800 hands, and producing about 320,000 tons of pig-iron per annum; and there are also boiler-works, saw-mills, soap manufactories and a brewery. Around the town are important coal mines from which about 21/2 million tons of coal are raised annually. The castle built in 1570 was destroyed in 1797, and is now a ruin. The town is first mentioned in 1280, and became important industrially during the 18th century.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neumayr, Melchior

See also Melchior Neumayr on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​NEUMAYR, MELCHIOR (1845–1890), German palaeontologist, was born at Munich on the 24th of October 1845, the son of Max von Neumayr, a Bavarian Minister of State. He was educated in the University of Munich, and completed his studies at Heidelberg, where he graduated Ph.D. After some experience in field-geology under C. W. von Gümbel he joined the Austrian geological survey in 1868. Four years later he returned to Heidelberg, but in 1873 he was appointed professor of palaeontology in Vienna, and occupied this post until his death on the 29th of January 1890. His more detailed researches related to the Jurassic and Cretaceous Ammonites and to the Tertiary freshwater mollusca; and in these studies he sought to trace the descent of the species. He dealt also with the zones of climate during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and endeavoured to show that the equatorial marine fauna differed from that of the two temperate zones, and the latter from that of the arctic zone, much as the faunas of similar zones differ from each other in the present day; see his “Über klimatische Zonen während der Jura und Kreidezeit” (Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1883); he was author also of Erdgeschichte (2 vols, 1887); and Die Stämme des Thierreiches (vol. 1 only, 1889).
Obituary by Dr W. T. Blanford in Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (1890).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neuilly-sur-Seine

See also Neuilly-sur-Seine on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE, a town of northern France, in the department of Seine, 31/2 m. N.W. of the centre of Paris, of which it is a suburb, between the fortifications and the Seine. Pop. (1906) 39,222. A castle at Neuilly, built by the count of Argenson in the 18th century, ultimately became the property and favourite residence of the duke of Orleans (Louis Philippe), the birthplace of nearly all his children, and the scene of the offer of the crown in 1830. The buildings were pillaged and burned by the mob in 1848. The park, which extended from the fortifications to the river, as well as the neighbouring park of Villiers (also belonging to the princes of Orleans), was broken up into building lots, and is occupied by many small middle-class houses and a few fine villas. Within the line of the fortifications, but on Neuilly soil, stands the chapel of St Ferdinand, on the spot where the duke of Orleans died in 1842 from the results of a carriage accident. The stained-glass windows were made at Sevres after designs by Ingres; the ducal cenotaph, designed by Ary Scheffer, was sculptured by de Triqueti; and the chapel also contains a “Descent from the Cross,” by the last-named artist, and an angel executed in Carrara marble by the princess Marie d’Orleans, sister of the duke. The fine bridge, designed in the 18th century by Perronet, is noteworthy as the first level bridge constructed in France. The Galignani Institution, founded by the brothers Galignani for aged booksellers, printers and others, has accommodation for 100 residents. The manufactures ​include perfumery, chocolate, colours, varnish, automobiles, carpets, &c.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neuhof, Theodore Stephen, Baron von

See also Theodore of Corsica on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​NEUHOF, THEODORE STEPHEN, Baron von (c. 1690–1756), German adventurer and for a short time nominal king of Corsica, was a son of a Westphalian nobleman and was born at Metz. Educated at the court of France, he served first in the French army and then in that of Sweden. Baron de Goertz, minister to Charles XII., realizing Neuhof’s capacity for intrigue, sent him to England and Spain to negotiate with Cardinal Alberoni. Having failed in this mission he returned to Sweden and then went to Spain, where he was made colonel and married one of the queen’s ladies-in-waiting. Deserting his wife soon afterwards he repaired to France and became mixed up in Law’s financial affairs, then he wandered about Portugal, Holland and Italy, and at Genoa he made the acquaintance of some Corsican prisoners and exiles, whom he persuaded that he could free their country from Genoese tyranny if they made him king of the island. With their help and that of the bey of Tunis he landed in Corsica in March 1736, where the islanders, believing his statement that he had the support of several of the great powers, proclaimed him king. He assumed the style of Theodore I., issued edicts, instituted an order of knighthood, and waged war on the Genoese, at first with some success. But he was eventually defeated, and civil broils soon broke out in the island; the Genoese having put a price on his head and published an account of his antecedents, he left Corsica in November 1736, ostensibly to seek foreign assistance. After trying in vain to induce the grand duke of Tuscany to recognize him, he started off on his wanderings once more until he was arrested for debt in Amsterdam. On regaining his freedom he sent his nephew to Corsica with a supply of arms; he himself returned to the island in 1738, 1739 and 1743, but the combined Genoesé and French forces and the growing strength of the party opposed to him again drove him to wandering about Europe. Arrested for debt in London he regained his freedom by mortgaging his “kingdom” of Corsica, and subsisted on the charity of Horace Walpole and some other friends until his death in London on the 11th of December 1756. His only son, Frederick (c. 1725–1797), served in the army of Frederick the Great and afterwards acted as agent in London for the grand-duke of Württemberg.
Frederick wrote an account of his father’s life, Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire de la Corse, and also an English translation, both published in London in 1768. In 1795 he published a new edition on Description of Corsica with an account of its union to the crown of Great Britain. See also Fitzgerald, King Theodore of Corsica (London, 1890).