OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard

Edition of 1905. See also Bernhard Riemann on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RIEMANN, rē'mȧn, Georg Friedrich Bernhard (1826-66). One of the foremost German mathematicians of the nineteenth century, particularly in the field of geometry. He was born at Breselenz, near Dannenberg, in Hanover. He studied mathematics at Göttingen and Berlin, and received his doctor's degree at the former university in 1851, his thesis being a well-known contribution to the theory of functions, Grundlagen für allgemeine Theorie der Funktionen einer veränderlichen complexen Grösse. Three years later he was made privat-docent at Göttingen, then (1857) adjunct professor, and finally (1859), on the death of Dirichlet, full professor. His introduction of the notion of geometric order into the theory of Abelian functions, and his invention of the surfaces which bear his name, led to great and rapid advance in the function theory. To him, also, is due (1854) a new system of non-Euclidean geometry, ranking with that of Lobatchevsky and Bolyai (see Geometry), a system which he made known in his thesis, Ueber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen (published posthumously, Leipzig, 1867). Riemann's writings, besides those already mentioned, are: Vorlesungen über Schwere, Elektrizität und Magnetismus (1876; 2d ed. 1880, both posthumous); Partielle Differentialgleichungen (1869; 4th ed. 1900-01, both posthumous); Mechanik des Ohres; Elliptische Functionen, Vorlesungen mit Zusätzen (1899); and his Gesammelte mathematische Werke und wissenschaftlicher Nachlass, edited by H. Weber and Dedekind (1876; 2d ed. 1892; French trans., 1898). He also contributed several memoirs on surfaces, which were published in the Annalen and in Crelle's Journal. For the life of Riemann, consult his Gesammelte Werke; Schering, Bernhard Riemann, zum Gedächtniss. For an elementary explanation of Riemann's surfaces, consult: Durège, Theory of Functions (Eng. trans., Philadelphia, 1896); Holzmüller, Einführung in die Theorie der isogonalen Verwandtschaften und der Conformal-Abbildungen (Leipzig, 1882).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Richmond (Australia)

Edition of 1905. See also Richmond, Victoria on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RICH′MOND. A city of Bourke County, Victoria, Australia, constituting a suburb of Melbourne (q.v.). Population, in 1889, 37,550; in 1901, 37,722.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Richmond (Indiana)

Edition of 1905. See also Richmond, Indiana on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RICHMOND. A city and the county-seat of Wayne County, Ind., 60 miles east of Indianapolis, on the Whitewater River, here crossed by iron bridges, and on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis, the Grand Rapids and Indiana, and the Cincinnati, Richmond and Muncie railroads (Map: Indiana, E 3). It is the seat of Earlham College (Orthodox Friends), opened in 1847, and has the Morrison-Reeves Library (public) with 27,000 volumes, and the Richmond Law Library. The Eastern Indiana Hospital for the Insane is here, also Saint Stephen's Hospital, and homes for orphans and for women. There are fine public school buildings, including a large high school, and among other public edifices of note are the city hall and the county court-house. Glen Miller Park comprises about 135 acres. The yearly meeting of the Orthodox Friends of Indiana is held in Richmond. The city is the commercial centre of a fertile agricultural section, and is important also for its manufactures, which, in the census year of 1900, represented capital to the amount of $5,175,000, and had an output valued at $5,282,000. The chief products include threshing machines, traction engines, grain drills, lawn mowers, carriages and wagons, steam engines and boilers, church furniture, desks, pianos, brick, paper, paper bags, flour, sawed lumber, etc. Laid out in 1816, Richmond was incorporated two years later as a town, and in 1840 received a city charter. It is situated on the old National Road. Population, in 1890, 16,608; in 1900, 18,226.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Richmond (Kentucky)

Edition of 1905. See also Richmond, Kentucky on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RICHMOND. A city and the county-seat of Madison County, Ky., 50 miles southeast of Frankfort, on the Louisville and Nashville and other railroads (Map: Kentucky, G 3). It is the seat of the Madison Female Institute. Farming and the breeding of horses constitute the principal industries. Population, in 1890, 5073; in 1900, 4653.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ricord, John

Edition of 1905. See also John Ricord on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RICORD, rḗ-kōr′, or RICARD, John. An American lawyer, said to have been a native of New York State, who went to Hawaii in October, 1843, and the next year was appointed Attorney-General of the island kingdom. In 1845 the Hawaiian Legislature authorized him to draft a series of acts organizing the five executive departments of the Government: Interior, Foreign Affairs, Finance, Public Instruction, and Attorney-General. It also adopted changes in the Constitution of 1840 affecting the Privy Council and the judiciary, which he proposed. In 1846 and 1847 it accepted the statute laws that he drew up, and these continued until the revolution to be the basis of Hawaii's civil code. His services in shaping Hawaiian institutions during their formative period were very valuable. He left the islands in 1847.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ricord, Philippe

Edition of 1905. See also Philippe Ricord on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RICORD, Philippe (1800-89). A French surgeon, born at Baltimore. He went in 1820 to Paris, where he was attached in succession to the Hôtel-Dieu under Dupuytren, and to the Pitié under Lisfranc. He graduated in medicine in 1826, and after practicing in the provinces, in 1828 he returned to Paris, where he delivered two annual courses of lectures at the Pitié on surgical operations, and was appointed surgeon-in-chief to the hospital for venereal diseases. This post he held with brilliant success till his retirement in October, 1860. He won a world-wide reputation in his specialty. In 1831 he became surgeon-in-chief of the Hospital du Midi in Paris. For his suggestions on the cure of varicocele and on the operation of urethro-plasty he received in 1842 one of the Montyon prizes. In 1862 he was appointed physician in ordinary to Napeoleon III., and in 1869 consulting surgeon to the Emperor, having already on August 12, 1860, been raised to the distinction of commander of the Legion of Honor. In 1871 he was made, for his services in the ambulance corps during the siege of Paris, grand officer of the Legion of Honor. His works are numerous, the more important of them being: De l'emploi du speculum (1833); Traité des maladies vénériennes (1838); Lettres sur la syphilis (1851).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Richmond (Missouri)

Edition of 1905. See also Richmond, Missouri on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RICHMOND. A city and the county-seat of Ray County, Mo., 40 miles east by north of Kansas City, on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad (Map: Missouri, B 2). It is situated in a region engaged in agriculture, cattle-raising, and coal-mining, and manufactures flour and lumber products. The Woodson Institute is here. Population, in 1890, 2895; in 1900, 3478.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Richter, Aemilius Ludwig

Edition of 1905. See also Aemilius Ludwig Richter on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RICHTER, rĭK′tẽr, Aemilius Ludwig (1808-64). A German jurist, born at Stolpen, Saxony, and educated at Leipzig. His Corpus Juris Canonici (1833-39) led to his being appointed professor of law in Leipzig, and he held subsequently similar positions at the universities of Marburg and Berlin. He also served as councilor-in-chief of the consistory and Privy Councilor of the Government. Richter is considered the founder of a new school of Church law—the so-called ‘Berliner Kanonisten-Schule.’ His publications include: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Quellen des canonischen Rechts (1834); Canones et Decreta Concilio Tridentini (1853); and Lehrhnch des katholischen und evangelischen Kirchenrechts (1842-86), which is considered a most important contribution to Church law literature.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Domestic Art

See also Family and consumer science on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Domestic Art, a subject of study to which the attention of teachers has been directed principally during the last decade, is usually held to include the various household industries and such art-work as may be applied in the home. There, however, is no reason in the nature of the term, why all the branches of domestic economy, including cooking, hygiene, nursing, etc., should not be included under domestic art. At present it is customary to speak of the latter group of studies as domestic science, an unfortunate distinction of terms. Let us first consider domestic art in its narrowest conventional meaning. Its field is large still, including, as it does, the place of the household-arts in the development of society with reference not only to their present but to their primitive conditions and the process of their evolution. Domestic art takes into account the place of the work of women in society and the artistic and scientific preparation which is desirable for the due fulfilment of that work. A college-course in domestic-art may include such technical subjects as braiding, netting, basketry, weaving and sewing, with the attendant dyeing and cleansing of textiles, drafting, pattern-modeling, dress-making, millinery and embroidery. It may also include the development of household-manufactures, such as textiles, with their cultural and economic effects; household-art, economics, organization and management; and art-work, for the purpose of cultivating taste and skill in designing for these crafts. This list is taken from the course in domestic art at Teachers’ College, New York, where fundamental courses in educational psychology, history and principles and allied courses in domestic science, English, geography, history, manual training and mathematics are also offered to students of domestic art.
Domestic science, which may be regarded as essentially one subject with domestic art, includes certain scientific studies in biology, physiology, hygiene and household chemistry; technical studies in the nature, production, manufacture and manipulation of foods; household-mechanics and sanitation, laundering, home-nursing and emergencies; and social and economic studies in history and household-art and economics. These studies should not obscure practical efficiency, but assist it. It is felt that domestic art and domestic science, as taught in elementary and secondary schools, may do much to improve social conditions and especially to educate foreigners into American habits and modes of life. For this reason it is apt to be one of the principal features of settlement-work; but its value is also widely recognized in elementary and grammar schools, secondary schools, normal schools and colleges.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Domitian, Titus Flavius Domitianus

See also Domitian on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Domitian (dṓ-mĭsh′ ĭ-an), Titus Flavius Domitianus, the third of the Flavian emperors of Rome, was born at Rome in 51 A. D. When his father, Vespasian, was declared emperor, Domitian was given the administration of Italy by the soldiers until his father’s return from the east; but he so abused the power, that, when his father returned, he excluded Domitian from all share in public affairs; and during the rule of Titus, his brother, he still abjured public life and gave himself up to pleasure. On the death of Titus he was declared emperor by the soldiers, and began his rule by attempting a reform in morals and by passing many good laws. In war he was not successful, and was defeated by the Dacians. He became jealous of the better success of his general, Agricola, in Britain, and in consequence summoned him to Rome and probably had him killed by poison. In 93 a revolt of his soldiers on the upper Rhine caused him to become suspicious of everyone, and from that time he became very cruel, great numbers of prominent men being put to death. He was murdered at Rome in 96. It perhaps was in his reign that John the Apostle was banished to Patmos.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Donatello

See also Donatello on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Donatello (dōn′ ȧ-tĕl′ lṓ) or Donate, a distinguished Italian sculptor, was born at Florence in 1386. He learned the goldsmith’s trade, which then included all kinds of work in bronze, such as the making of statues, but later he became a sculptor and also a painter. One of his first achievements in sculpture was the statue of St. Mark at the Church of St. Michele in Florence, and it also is one of his best. Others of his great works are The Baptist, David, Judith and St. George. The chief man in Florence, Cosmo dei Medici, was his friend and patron. Donatello was a hard worker; 40 examples of his art now exist, there being many more thought to be his, but not certainly known to be so. He died at Florence in 1466. The name also is that of the hero of Hawthorne’s Marble Faun.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Domesday Book

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Domesday (or Doomsday) Book, the name given to an old record which contains a description of all the lands of England in the time of William the Conqueror. Commissioners were sent out by William, and were met wherever they went by representatives of the people, who told them the name of each estate or manor and the name of its owner; the amount of land, how much was wooded, how much was pasture, and how much meadow; how many mills and how many fishponds belonged to it; and the value of the whole in the time of Edward the Confessor as well as of William. The number of tenants on the land was also given, and the amount of their cattle and live stock, as well as the number of serfs. The king thus obtained a complete account of the wealth of the kingdom and of the military strength of each county in case of war. A record was also made of the lands the possession of which was in dispute. Domesday Book, thus, is now a valuable record for the study of the history of ancient England.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dominicans

See also Dominican Order on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Domin′icans, the name by which the disciples of St. Dominic became known. The order was founded in 1216. Its members took a vow to eat no meat, to wear no linen clothes, to fast and to preach continually. They also took the vow of absolute poverty and of obedience to their head; and went about preaching and teaching, begging their living as they went, and thus were often called the Begging Friars or Brothers. In England they were called the Black Friars on account of the black cloak they wore. They soon spread through Europe, and many of the greatest teachers and preachers of the middle ages belonged to the order. See Life of St. Dominic by Archbishop Alemany and The Coming of the Friars by Dr. Jessopp.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Domingo, St.

See also Hispaniola on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Domingo, St. See Haiti and San Domingo.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dominic, St.

See also Saint Dominic on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Dominic, St., founder of the Dominican order of monks, was born at Colahorra, a village of old Castile, in 1170. At 15 he proceeded to the university at Palencio. The story is told that, while there, he sold his clothes to feed the poor in a time of famine. In 1204 Dominic first became prominent. He then went with the bishop of Osma on a journey to Denmark, and on the way came in contact with the Albigenses of southern France. The legates, whom the pope had sent for their conversion, failed, and were on their way back to Rome, when Dominic met them and with a few followers began the work which the legates had given up. The pope sent a crusading army into the country, and Dominic seems to have gone with it. After the crusade against the Albigenses Dominic formed a society of monks (see Dominicans), and in the course of five years the society spread all over Europe. Dominic died at Bologna in 1221.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Don

See also Don River (Russia) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Don, a large river in European Russia. It rises in Lake Ivan and flows generally in a southerly direction until it empties into the Sea of Azov, 1,325 miles distant. In some places the river has a width of 1,800 feet. Navigation is bad, except during May and April, when the water is high; and the river is usually closed with ice from November or December to March or April. It is visited in the lower part by two floods each year—one called the cold water, being caused by the melting of the snow along the lower half of its course; the other called the warm water, being caused by the melting of the snow near the upper part of the river. A canal connects the Don with the Volga.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Domenichino

See also Domenico Zampieri on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Domenichino (dṓ-mĕn′ ḗ-kē′ nṓ) or Domenico Zampieri, a celebrated Italian painter, was born at Bologna in 1581, the son of a shoemaker. He studied under several masters; and was known as a quiet, studious scholar, who never went into society except to study the faces of people in order that he might paint better. In Rome he painted for some of the prominent men of the time and gained a great reputation, but he excited so much jealous opposition among other painters that he left Rome for a time. He was recalled by Pope Gregory XV, who appointed him principal painter and architect to the papal palace. After 1631 he was in Naples where he opened a school; but he was persecuted by the painters of Naples who had formed the so-called cabal of Naples, to keep out all other painters. Their persecution is supposed to have caused his death, which occurred at Naples in 1641.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Domestic Science

See also Family and consumer science on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Domestic Science. The same principles that led to the introduction of manual training into the American public schools for boys led to the institution of domestic-science departments for girls. We are at last learning the lesson that the common work of life may be done both scientifically and artistically and that thus the plane of our living may be greatly elevated.
In the manual-training high-schools of our larger cities domestic science (including domestic art) usually constitutes an important department. Some of the main branches taught under this heading are sewing, dressmaking, millinery, history of costume, drawing, household-design, cooking, dietetics, purchase of commodities, house-sanitation, laundry-work, general household-economics and the care of young children. Emphasis is placed upon a mastery of the underlying principles rather than upon the acquirement of mere skill in the practice of the art.
The opportunities in this line at the present time are very promising. Schools and colleges in many parts of the country are opening new departments of domestic science and calling for well-equipped teachers. There also is a growing demand for experts in dietetics in our hospitals and philanthropic institutions. A normal-school course in domestic science lasts three years, and includes educational subjects, such as psychology and the history of education, in addition to the regular technical work.
Many institutions in our large cities are now offering excellent courses in domestic science. A few of the most noteworthy are the Teachers’ College, the Manhattan Trade-School for Girls and the Girls’ Technical High-School in New York; Pratt Institute, Brooklyn; the Manual-Training High-School of Kansas City; Downer College, Milwaukee; the State College of Agriculture at Ames, Iowa; and the Minnesota Agricultural College.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Toast

Edition of 1905. See also Toast (honor) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TOAST (OF. toste, from ML. tosta, toast, Lat. fem. sing. of p.p. of torrere, to dry; connected with Gk. τερέσθαι, teresthai, to become dry, Skt. tarṣ, to thirst, and ultimately with Eng. thirst) . Originally the name given to bread dried or scorched before the fire. As early as the sixteenth century toast formed a favorite addition to English drinks, especially sack and punch. The application of the word to a lady whose health is drunk, and thence to any sentiment mentioned with honor before drinking, is said to have originated from an incident described in The Rambler (No. 24), as having happened at Bath in the eighteenth century, when it was the fashion for ladies to bathe publicly, in elegant dresses made for the purpose. “It happened that on a public day a celebrated beauty of these times was in the Cross Bath, and one of the crowd of her admirers took a glass of the water in which the fair one stood, and drank her health to the company. There was in the place a gay fellow, half fuddled, who offered to jump in, and swore, though he liked not the liquor, he would have the toast” (meaning the lady). In the later sense, the word has been adopted both in French and German.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tobacco-Box Skate

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ TOBACCO-BOX SKATE. The common small American skate (Raja erinacea). See Plate of Rays and Skates.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tobacco-Heart

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ TOBACCO-HEART. A name used of the cardiac condition occurring in many persons who use tobacco to excess. Irregularity of action and debility are the chief symptoms. See Tobacco.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tobago

Edition of 1905. See also Tobago on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TOBA′GO or TABAGO. An island of the British West Indies, belonging to the colony of Trinidad, and situated 22 miles northeast of the island of that name (Map: West Indies, R 9). Area, 114 square miles. It is of volcanic origin and is mountainous, with peaks rising about 2000 feet above the sea. The climate is warm, and the rainfall on the windward side amounts to 66 inches. Sugar and coffee have been the staple products, but cotton, tobacco, and cacao are now receiving more attention, and a large number of rubber trees have been planted. The volume of trade amounts to about $150,000 annually. Population, in 1901, 18,750, chiefly negroes. The chief town, Scarborough, has about 1000 inhabitants. The island was discovered by Columbus in 1498, and became a British possession in 1763.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Toadstool

Edition of 1905. See also Mushroom on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TOADSTOOL. A fungus of the group Basidiomycetes (q.v.), whose fructification is usually a stalk bearing a cap. See Fungi, Edible and Poisonous; Mushroom.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Toberentz, Robert

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Toberentz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TOBERENTZ, tō′be-rĕnts, Robert (1849—). A German sculptor, born in Berlin, where he frequented the Academy in 1867-69. He then studied under Schilling in Dresden and from 1872 to 1875 in Rome. After his return to Berlin he became a follower of Begas, in whose manner he executed, among other works, the bronze figure of a “Shepherd Resting” (1878, National Gallery). In 1879 he was appointed director of a master studio for sculptors connected with the Breslau Museum, resigned in 1884, and after living in America in 1885-89, returned to Berlin in 1890 and became professor in 1895. He completed the “Luther Monument” of Paul Otto, in Berlin, modeled the equestrian statue of Frederick Barbarossa for the Kaiserhaus at Goslar, and made the statue of Frederick the Great for the Royal Palace in Berlin. He also fashioned several masterly life-size nude figures, such as an “Ancient Greek Maiden Sculptor” and “Girl Asleep on a Couch.”