OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Natchez, Miss.

See also Natchez, Mississippi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Natch′ez, Miss., an old-settled city, capital of Adams County, on the Mississippi, in the rich cotton-belt, 90 miles southwest of Jackson and 280 northwest of New Orleans. It is served by the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley and New Orleans and Northeastern railroads, and is an important steamboat point. The lower city lies on the banks of the river, but the more important part, including the public buildings, is situated on a bluff above. It is an important cotton market, has cotton mills, factories, machine-shops and other industries. Fort Rosalie was built by Bienville in 1716 within the present limits of Natchez. Although two hundred or more feet above the river the French garrison was surprised and massacred by Natchez Indians in 1729. Population 11,791.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Narragansetts

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Narragansetts, a tribe of Indians belonging to the great Algonquin family. When New England was settled, they lived in what now is Rhode Island. They then numbered 7,000 or 8,000, but were more civilized and less warlike than other of the New England tribes. In 1621 Canonicus, their sachem, sent a bundle of arrows tied with snakeskin to Plymouth, signifying hostility. Governor Bradford changed their purpose by promptly returning the skin filled with bullets and powder. Roger Williams went to them when exiled from Massachusetts, and had influence in their councils, persuading them to peace in 1636, when they again were hostile to the whites. In King Philip's War, more than 30 years afterward, they were believed to be aiding the enemy, and the English, with the Mohegans and Pequots, burned their fort. They retaliated and a large force was sent to punish the hostile Narragansetts, and they were nearly exterminated. The few who remained became civilized, lived in peace with the whites, and lost their native language. There are now only about 150 Narragansetts.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Narcotics

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Narcot'ics. See Poisons.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Narragansett Bay

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Nar′ragan′sett Bay, in Rhode Island, is about 28 miles in length, reaching north from the Atlantic into the state and being from 3 to 12 miles wide. It divides Rhode Island into two unequal parts, of which the western part is much the larger. It contains several islands, of which Aquidneck and Prudence are the largest. The Pawtuxet and Pawtucket empty into it.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Narvaez, Pánfilo de

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Narvaez (när-vä′ ā́th), Pánfilo de, Spanish adventurer and soldier, was born at Valladolid about 1478. He was the principal lieutenant of Velasquez in his conquest of Cuba, and was sent by him at the head of a force of 900 men to conquer and supersede Cortez in Mexico. He landed at Vera Cruz in April, 1520, and on May 28 was surprised and taken prisoner by his abler and more active fellow-countryman. He was well-treated, however, by Cortez and soon released. He returned to Spain, and in 1526 obtained from Charles V a grant of Florida over which he was made governor. He sailed the following year with five ships and about 600 men, and landed probably near Tampa Bay in April, 1528. He marched inland, but, after losing half his men in encounters with the Indians, was obliged to return to the coast. Unable to find his ships, he built some rude boats in which the much reduced company sailed for Mexico in September, 1528. The vessel which carried Narvaez was driven to sea by a storm and he and his men perished near the mouth of the Mississippi, except Cabeza de Vaca, his lieutenant, and three men, who reached land and made their way across Texas to the Gulf of California, reaching Mexico only after years of wandering.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nast, Thomas

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Nast, Thomas, an American caricaturist, was born in 1840 at Landau, Bavaria, and was brought to this country in 1846. At 14 he studied drawing for six months with an instructor, and a year later was employed as draughtsman on Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper. Five years later, as special artist of this periodical, he was sent to England, and went thence to Italy, sketching the history made by Garibaldi, for the illustrated papers of New York, Paris and London. In 1861 he returned to New York and began his war sketches and political cartoons for Harper's Weekly, which were immensely popular. In 1871-3 his caricatures of Tammany, by him first depicted as a tiger, and of Tweed contributed largely to the redemption of New York City from ring-rule. Later he delivered lectures and illustrated several books. He was appointed U. S. consul-general at Guayaquil, Ecuador, in 1902, where he died on Dec. 7th.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Banister, Henry Charles

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​BAN′ISTER, Henry Charles (1831—). An English pianist and composer, born in London. He studied at the Royal Academy of Music, became assistant professor of harmony and composition there in 1851, professor in 1853, and in 1880 was also appointed professor in the Guildhall School of Music. His published works include symphonies in D (1847), in E flat (1848), in A minor (1850), and in A (1853); two quartets for strings (1848; 1850); an Andante and Rondo for pianoforte and orchestra (1852); and cantatas, songs, and pianoforte compositions. His Text-Book of Music (1872) has been a popular manual for students.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Banjaluka

Edition of 1905. See also Banja Luka on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BANJALUKA, bän′yȧ-lo͞o′kȧ, or BANIALUKA. A town of Bosnia, the capital of the district of the same name, situated on the navigable river Verbas, and connected by railway with Agram (Map: Austria, E 4). It contains a number of mosques, and in its vicinity are situated some hot springs. It has a powder-mill, and carries on a trade in grain, animals, and tobacco. The population is about 15,000, including about 7000 Mohammedans, 2000 Catholics, and over 300 Jews. Banjaluka was, in 1878, the scene of an engagement between the Austro-Hungarians and the Bosniaks.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Banjo

Edition of 1905. See also Banjo on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BAN′JO (a corruption, in negro-slave pronunciation, of banjore, banjer; cf. bandore, Portug. bandurru, Russ. bandura, all from Gk. πανδοῦρα, pandoura, a musical instrument with three strings). An instrument of the guitar kind, with or without frets, played with the fingers. It has a long neck, with a body resembling a tambourine or drum-head, formed of parchment stretched tightly upon a hoop. Banjos have from five to nine strings, usually of catgut, the lowest in pitch, however, being often covered with wire. The melody-string, or thumb-string, is placed outside the lowest bass-string, and is played by the thumb of the right hand: the turning-peg for it is inserted half-way up the neck. The thumb-string from nut to bridge measures 16 inches, the other strings 24. The five-stringed banjo is tuned either
the last note being the thumb-string, or in G, a note lower. The pitch of the banjo is an octave lower than the notation. The banjo is a favorite instrument with the negro. Thomas Jefferson (Notes on Virginia, page 47) speaks of it as an instrument “proper to the blacks, which they brought hither from Africa, and which is the original of the guitar, the chords being precisely the four lower chords of the guitar.” In Africa the instrument is known under the name bania.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bank

Edition of 1905. See also Ocean bank on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BANK (same as banc, bench, elevation). An elevation of the bottom of the sea. When tolerably smooth at the top, banks constitute shallows, shoals, and flats, but when rocky they become reefs, ridges, keys, etc. Pilots and captains of ships are required to be intimately acquainted with the banks along their route; and a chart, if properly prepared, always defines them by means of small dots, if sandy, and small crosses, if rocky. The Newfoundland and the Bahama banks are well-known examples of this kind of sea bottom. In war time, small vessels often escape capture by running into shallows, where larger vessels dare not follow them. The fauna of the banks differs from that of the surrounding deeper waters and often supports important fisheries, as those of the cod and other fish on the Newfoundland banks.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bankban

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​BANKBAN, bäṉk′ bän′ (properly BENEDICT BOR), called also Bancbanus. A Hungarian military governor of the Thirteenth Century. There is a story, almost certainly legendary, to the effect that, his wife having been wronged by the Queen's brother, he stormed the royal castle and cut the Queen to pieces. On this are founded two dramas, one in Hungarian by Katona (1827), and the other Grillparzer's Ein treuer Diener seines Herrn (1830).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Banjumas

Edition of 1905. See also Banjumas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BANJUMAS. See Banyumas.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Banjuwangis

Edition of 1905. See also Banyuwangi Regency on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BANJUWANGIS, bän′yo͞o-wäṉ′gē̇s (‘fragrant water’). A seaport town on the eastern coast of Java, the chief town of the district of that name (Map: East Indies, D 6). It has an estimated population of 10,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Banjarmassin

Edition of 1905. See also Banjarmasin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BANJARMASSIN, bän′yär-mäs′sē̇n. A city and district in southeastern Borneo, held by the Dutch since 1787, and incorporated in their possessions since 1860. Watered by the Banjar River and inhabited chiefly by Dyaks, the region produces gold, diamonds, coal, spices, gum, wax, rattan, etc. Forest and jungle in the hilly interior, and rice-fields in the flat valleys and along the sea-coast are the features of the landscape. The town of Banjarmassin, built mostly on piles, has a population of 30,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alcinous

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Alcinous (al-cĭn' o-us), a mythical king of the island of Scheria described in the Odyssey. Being separated from other people, he and his people lived in unbroken peace and prosperity. The description of the king's palace with its fine furnishings, and its wonderful court containing the orchard of everbearing trees and vines is well known and is quite remarkable. The chief employment of the people was navigation. It was said that the ships were intelligent, and without helm or pilot could find any coast or harbor. King Alcinous received Ulysses near the close of the latter's long period of wandering. He entertained him hospitably and furnished him with a ship to carry him to Ithaca. Upon its return to Scheria this ship and its sailors were transformed to stone by Neptune as a mark of his wrath for the favor shown to Ulysses.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Albino

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Albino (ăl-bē' nō), a person or animal whose skin and hair are perfectly white. The white negroes of West Africa were first called by this name by the Portuguese, but it is now applied to persons of any race who have this peculiarity, though it is most common among dark races. Animals also have the same peculiarity, as the white elephant, white hare and white mice. The whiteness is caused by the absence of coloring matter in the outside layer of the skin. The eyes of albinoes are red, and are weak in the daytime but strong at night.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alchemy

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Al'chemy, the art of making gold and silver and of preparing a universal medicine. In ancient times it seems to have been cultivated to some extent by the Greeks and Chinese, and was learned by the Arabs in their invasions. In the middle ages it was looked upon as a science, and was earnestly studied among the nations of Europe. A university of alchemy was founded at Prague, and princes for a time kept their private alchemists.
The alchemists believed in the existence of a certain solid red preparation called the philosopher's stone or the grand elixir, which, when placed on common metals, such as lead, and melted to a liquid, would change them into gold. It would also cure all diseases, while a similar white preparation changed all metals to silver. In the study of this art many scientific truths were discovered, and so alchemy became the forerunner of chemistry.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Albuquerque

See also Albuquerque, New Mexico on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Albuquerque (äl-bōō-kār' kā), the county seat of Bernadillo County, New Mexico. It is 56 miles southwest from Santa Fe, and its elevation is 4930 feet. The territorial University of New Mexico is situated in this city. Among the chief industries of the city are the trade in wool and hides and manufactures of lumber, sash, doors, boxes, etc. There are mines of gold, silver, copper and iron in the vicinity. The Rio Grande, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe and the Atlantic and Pacific railroads pass through Albuquerque. Albuquerque is growing very rapidly; the population in 1910, is 11,020.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alcamenes

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Alcamenes (al-kam' ē-nēz), a famous Athenian sculptor, a pupil of Phidias. He flourished from about 448 to 400 B. C. He is said to have once competed with his master in chiseling a statue of Minerva. Alcamenes's statue was beautiful in finish, but he had forgotten that it was to be placed on a high column; and so placed his work would not bear comparison with that of his great master. His masterpiece was his statue of Venus Urania, in the temple of Venus at Athens.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alboni, Marietta

See also Marietta Alboni on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alboni, Marietta, a celebrated (contralto) opera singer, born in the Romagna, Italy, in 1823, and died at Paris, June 23, 1894. She studied under Rossini and made her début at Bologna, achieving a phenomenal success. She afterward sang in all the chief Continental and English cities, and also appeared in the United States. She married Count Pepoli, a Bolognese, after whose death, in 1863, she retired from the stage.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Albumen

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Albu'men, a substance familiarly known in the white of eggs, which exists abundantly in all animals and in the juices, seeds, grains and other parts of plants. It is one of a class of substances called proteids, which form an important part of food, since they build up the tissues of the body. Albumen is naturally a fluid, but when heated to a high temperature it is changed into a firm, white solid. White of egg is used to clear liquids, as coffee, because when boiled it collects all the impurities in flakes and rises to the surface as scum, or sinks to the bottom, according to the weight of the liquid holding it.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alcestis

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Alcestis (al-ses' tēs). In classic mythology, the daughter of Pelias and wife of Admetus, king of Thessaly. She is said to have sacrificed herself that her husband's life, then in danger, might be spared, as Apollo had promised her. She was brought back from Hades by Hercules. The story of her wifely devotion is the theme of a tragedy, or rather of a melodrama, by Euripides.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alcibiades

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Alcibiades (ăl-sĭ-bī' ȧ-dēz), one of the most brilliant of the Athenians. He was born at Athens about 450 B. C., and boasted that he was descended from the hero Ajax, and through him from Jupiter himself. He was brought up by Pericles, his guardian, and was a favorite pupil of Socrates. He was beautiful in person, had splendid abilities and energies and great ambition, but was without self-restraint and utterly selfish. Entering public life at the time of the contest with Sparta he became the leader of the war party, and persuaded the Athenians to undertake an expedition against Sicily. The night before he set out as one of the generals all the images of the god Hermes or Mercury were thrown down, and he was charged with a share in the sacrilege. No sooner had he reached Sicily than he was recalled to stand trial, but fled to Sparta and devoted all his energies to defeating his own countrymen. Soon the Spartans grew jealous of his power and influence and he was compelled to flee to the Persians. Anxious to return to his native Athens, he promised the Athenians the help of the Persians. He was recalled and made general, and won several brilliant victories, but was banished again at his first defeat. After the fall of Athens, on his way to the Persian court to seek help for his country, he was assassinated, 404 B. C.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Albigenses

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Albigenses (ăl-bĭ-jěn' sēz), a French religious sect, so named from the town of Alby, where a council was held in 1176 which condemned their doctrines. They taught the doctrines of the Manichæans that there are two opposing principles, one good and the other evil. They also rejected the Old Testament. The sect practically died out about 1227.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Morgan, Lewis Henry

Edition of 1905. See also Lewis H. Morgan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MORGAN, Lewis Henry (1818-81). An American ethnologist, born near Aurora, N. Y., November 21, 1818. He was graduated from Union College, New York, in 1840, and after a course in law, completed in 1844, he formed a successful partnership with his classmate, afterwards Judge George F. Danforth, in the city of Rochester. No sooner had he left college than he organized a society of young men in Aurora to be styled ‘The Grand Order of the Iroquois.’ The limits of the Grand Order were to be the territory anciently occupied by the Iroquois, and branch societies were to be established wherever an Iroquois tribe was known to have lived, with chapters standing for the Indian gentes. To show his profound interest in the organization, young Morgan went and lived among the existing tribes, in order to master their social organizations and forms of government. Morgan's scientific interests assumed a more substantial form in the now celebrated work, The League of the Iroquois (1851), in which the author, unconscious of the immense diffusion of the system, traced the social organization, government, daily occupations, and customs of this wonderful league. During this early period Morgan also studied and described the Iroquois art products and implements of daily life in the cabinet of natural history in Albany.
In 1856 Morgan made the acquaintance of Henry and Agassiz, who warmly urged him to continue his studies. In 1858, during a visit to Marquette on business, Morgan discovered, in visiting a camp of Ojibwa, that their system of kinship, list of gentes, and gentile organization were essentially the same as among the Iroquois. This was the revelation that determined Morgan's enduring fame. In 1869 the Smithsonian Institution published the result of eight years' uninterrupted research, travel, and correspondence, his System of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, a work essential to all studies on primitive sociology. His Ancient Society (1877) was a comprehensive and philosophical work, the result of twenty years' pursuit of a unique and engrossing inquiry. The author in this work divides on certain classific concepts
the progress of culture into seven stages — Lower Savagery, Middle Savagery, Upper Savagery, Lower Barbarism, Middle Barbarism, Upper Barbarism, and Civilization.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Morgan, John Hunt

Edition of 1905. See also John Hunt Morgan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MORGAN, John Hunt (1825-64). An American soldier, prominent on the Confederate side in the Civil War. He was born at Huntsville, Ala. About five years later his father removed to a farm near Lexington, Ky. During the
Mexican War Morgan became first lieutenant of Colonel Marshall's Kentucky regiment of cavalry, but saw little active service. Though he had a prosperous manufacturing business, in 1861 he abandoned it and escaped to the Confederate lines with about two hundred men and the guns of the militia company of which he was captain. At first he did irregular duty, chietly scouting, but was later made captain and placed in command of three companies of cavalry called Morgan's Squadron. With these he did duty in Kentucky and Tennessee, and to some extent in Alabama. He organized the Second Cavalry at Chattanooga, in April, 1862, becoming colonel. During the summer he served with General Bragg in Tennessee, and captured Lexington, Ky. His success in daring and unexpected raids was so great that he was placed in charge of a cavalry brigade, and after promotion to brigadier-general made the ‘Christmas Raid’ into Kentucky, for which he was thanked by the Confederate Congress. In June, 1863, he was ordered to attempt to draw off Rosecrans from Tennessee by an expedition into Kentucky. He exceeded his orders, and with about 2,500 men crossed the Ohio River into Indiana and swept around Cincinnati, closely pursued by Generals Hobson and Shackelford, and opposed everywhere by the militia. A sudden rise in the Ohio River allowed gunboats to reach Bullington Island and prevented him from recrossing the river. Here about 700 of his men were taken prisoners, two companies succeeded in crossing the river, and he with the remainder set out toward the Pennsylvania border to join General Lee. After an exciting chase he was captured, and was afterwards confined in the Ohio State Prison at Columbus. On November 27th, with a few companions, he escaped, and reached the Confederate lines in safety. In January, 1864, he was authorized to reorganize his cavalry, and was assigned to the Department of Southwest Virginia. When relieved he resumed his independent command, and captured Mount Sterling and Cynthiana in Kentucky in June, but was badly defeated by General Burbridge. On September 4th, in Greenville, Tenn., he was betrayed by an inmate of the house in which he was sleeping, and was shot while attempting to escape. General Morgan cared little for formal military tactics; but in ability to strike silently and unexpectedly and escape before an alarm could be raised, he has been excelled by few leaders of cavalry. While he destroyed public property, burned bridges, and usually took the best horses in the country, the outrages committed by him have been much exaggerated. Consult: Duke, History of Morgan's Cavalry (Cincinnati, 1867), and Johnson and Buel (eds.), The Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York, 1887).