OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# United States v. Google/Findings of Fact/Section 3B

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    B. Branding
130. The fact that “Google is used extremely highly across the world . . . contribute[s] to brand formation.” Tr. at 672:20-21 (Rangel); id. at 7780:23-24 (Pichai) (“Our brand gets validated by being present as a default in iPhones.”). Google also built brand loyalty and recognition by offering a high quality product. Id. at 5921:22–5922:5 (Whinston); id. at 8397:2122 (Israel) (“Google is building a brand reputation by how well it provides searches.”).
131. Google has long recognized that “the affinity of the Google brand was something that was valued by users[.]” Id. at 361:17-18 (Barton); see UPX93 at 904 (“Several factors are believed to affect the choice [of a GSE], including . . . brand strength[.]”) (2007); UPX171 at 186 ​(“Our brand is in good standing among iPhone users” based on “[k]ey satisfaction and brand affinity metrics[.]”) (2015).
132. Perhaps the best example of Google’s brand is that the public uses the term “Google” interchangeably with internet search. “[T]o search is to Google. Google is a verb.” Tr. at 623:20-21 (Rangel); see also id. at 672:14-23 (Rangel) (same); id. at 4769:10-16 (Whinston). Moreover, a search for “google.com” is one of the most frequently entered search queries on Bing. Id. at 2745:21-25 (Parakhin).
133. Google’s strong brand also benefits its partners. See id. at 7780:21-23 (Pichai) (“Apple benefits and sells more iPhones by having their brand associated with the quality . . . [of] Google Search.”).
# United States v. Google/Findings of Fact/Section 4B

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    B. Social Media Platforms
159. Users go to social media platforms primarily to interact with others and view photos and videos. Id. at 5392:19-24 (Jerath); cf. id. at 6943:19-21 (Amaldoss) (“I can say people go to social media for entertainment and Twitter for entertainment. They’re not going there to collect ​information.”). People tend to engage with social media properties for longer sessions than with GSEs. See id. at 1408:3-20 (Dischler).
160. Examples of social media platforms are Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, LinkedIn, Pinterest, and TikTok. Id. at 3928:2-14 (Lowcock); id. at 4840:23-25 (Lim).
161. Industry participants do not consider social media sites to be GSEs. See, e.g., id. at 5243:6-8 (Dijk) (TikTok); id. at 183:13-18 (Varian) (Facebook).
162. On TikTok, users do not have to enter a query to view content. Id. at 7419:16-18 (Raghavan). Instead, they “scroll through a video feed that’s based on an algorithm of their engagement with past videos[.]” Id. at 7419:23–7420:1 (Raghavan). TikTok does have a search functionality, but if users enter a query on TikTok, the results page only displays content already on TikTok and does not contain links or information from the open web. Id. at 7420:22–7421:7, 7421:22-25 (Raghavan). As compared to Google, the user experience on TikTok is “quite different, that’s clear.” Id. at 7424:17-18 (Raghavan).
163. Google’s internal studies suggest that younger users may be increasingly using social media for search-related needs. Id. at 8202:24–8203:5 (Reid); DX241 at .010 (“63% of daily TikTok users aged 18 to 24 stated that they use TikTok as a search engine in the last week.”). The majority of Google users are not in that narrow age range. Tr. at 8261:15–8362:20 (Reid).
164. Still, Google views social media sites like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok as competitive threats. See id. at 7386:23–7387:13 (Raghavan); see also id. at 1412:23-25 (Dischler) (Instagram’s ad revenue growth is “seen as a competitive threat” by Google); UPX8085 at 854 (“We face formidable competition in every aspect of our business, including, among others, from . . . social networks, which users may rely on for product or service referrals, rather than seeking information through traditional search engines[.]”). For example, Google’s Senior Vice President ​of Knowledge and Information Products, Dr. Prabhakar Raghavan, explained that TikTok is growing more rapidly than Google, in part due to “an extremely compelling product, especially for a younger demographic.” Tr. at 7393:2-15 (Raghavan); see also id. at 7401:9-11 (Raghavan) (describing “TikTok’s rise” as “mercurial,” and stating that he “expect[s] it to grow again at the expense of some of the others”).
165. The evidence does not show, however, that increased use of social media corresponds to a decrease in use of Google. In fact, a 2009 Google study showed that users who increase their use of Facebook tend to use Google more often, not less. UPX902 at 020.
# The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley (ed. Hutchinson, 1914)/Epithalamium

EPITHALAMIUM
ANOTHER VERSION OF THE PRECEDING
[Published by Medwin, Life of Shelley, 1847.]
# Epithalamium

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Epithalamium."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* "Epithalamium", a poem by Annie Lanman Angier
* "Epithalamium", a poem by Anna Laetitia Barbauld
* "Epithalamium", a poem by Jane Elizabeth Roscoe Hornblower
* "Epithalamium", a poem by Alfred Edward Housman
* "Epithalamium", a poem by William James Roe
* "Epithalamium", a poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley
* "Epithalamium," in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed., 1911)
# United States v. Google/Findings of Fact/Section 5

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​V. THE DIGITAL ADVERTISING INDUSTRY
166. The digital advertising industry has grown rapidly in the last decade and a half. See Tr. at 1393:8-18 (Dischler) (describing “hundreds” of digital advertisers, such as “Meta, with their Facebook and Instagram properties; Amazon; Microsoft; Apple; Snap; various display networks. Netflix has now created an ad platform which is growing very quickly”); id. at 1394:212 (Dischler) (discussing DX3243); id. at 8553:4–8554:14 (Israel) (discussing DXD29 at 120) (digital advertising revenue has grown from about $20 billion in 2008 to over $200 billion in 2021, more than a ten-fold increase).
# United States v. Google/Findings of Fact/Section 5C

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    C. Social Media Ads
206. Social media advertisements are essentially display ads that are integrated into a social media feed. See id. at 5392:3–5393:9 (Jerath); id. at 3839:23–3840:2 (Lowcock); van der Kooi Dep. Tr. at 260:21–261:2.
207. One of the largest providers of social media ads is Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram. The bulk of Facebook’s social media ads are not considered search ads, although “a very small percentage” do qualify. Tr. at 8772:13-16 (Israel); id. at 458:4-5 (Varian). Facebook has roughly twice as many advertisers as Google. Id. at 1407:4-11 (Dischler). Other social media channels include TikTok, LinkedIn, Snapchat, and Pinterest. Id. at 4840:23-25, 4860:6-13 (Lim).
208. Social media users spend a significant amount of time engaging with the platform, which can provide a greater opportunity for advertisers to engage with potential customers. Id. at 1407:23–1408:20 (Dischler). Advertisers use social ads “[m]ainly [for] awareness, engagement, ​and, in some instances, acquisition” where possible. Id. at 4841:9-10, 4860:15-22 (Lim). Social media ads have “a distinctly different role . . . than paid search” ads. Id. at 4841:11-12 (Lim); see also infra Section V.D.
209. Because social media ads are not displayed in response to a query, social media platforms rely on various other signals of a user’s intent to determine which ads to display. Tr. at 1369:18–1370:1 (Dischler) (noting that Facebook’s ads do not use keywords). Those include accounts or channels the user follows, the length of engagement, user clicks on products shown on the feed, etc. Id. at 1418:4-7 (Dischler).
210. Social media is a growing destination for advertisers. Meta has been wildly successful in selling social ads on Facebook and Instagram. Between 2018 and 2021, for example, Meta’s ad revenue grew by about 150%. See UPX1019 at 530. And while TikTok’s growth as an ad platform is in its infancy, evidence suggests that it may be particularly well-suited for targeting younger demographics. DX241 at .010 (“Nearly 50% of Gen Z say they use TikTok, IG for shopping, compared to just 15% of older users.”).
211. Google responded to the dramatic growth in social media ad spend with a new advertising product called “Discovery Ads,” or Demand Gen ads. Discovery ads are placed within a user’s feed on YouTube or Gmail. Tr. at 1196:15–1197:5 (Dischler); UPX33 at 117. Discovery ads were partially modeled after social media ads on Instagram and Facebook to compete with Meta’s offerings. Tr. at 1197:3-8 (Dischler); UPX29 at 541 (“Google has no direct competitor to Facebook’s ad offering[.]”). Discovery ads are not sold on SERPs. Tr. at 1196:22-24 (Dischler).
# United States v. Google/Findings of Fact/Section 6

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​VI. THE RELEVANT CONTRACTS
289. Google has entered into search distribution contracts with two major browser developers (Apple and Mozilla); all major OEMs of Android devices (Samsung, Motorola, and Sony); and the major wireless carriers (AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile) in the United States. In 2021, Google paid out a total of $26.3 billion in revenue share under these contracts, an expense listed in its financial statements as “traffic acquisition costs,” or TAC. UPX7002.A; Tr. at 7577:2,7577:20-24 (Raghavan) (discussing DXD21 at 2). TAC was Google’s greatest expense in 2021, almost four times more than all other search-related costs combined. See Tr. at 7577:2,7577:20-24 (Raghavan) (discussing DXD21 at 2); UPX7002.A.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Skinner, Charles Rufus

​SKINNER, Charles Rufus, educationist, was born at Union Square, Oswego county, N.Y., Aug. 4, 1844: son of Avery and Charlotte Prior (Stebbins) Skinner. His father, a native of New Hampshire, settled in Watertown, N.Y., in 1816, and in Oswego county in 1826. The son attended Clinton Liberal institute and was graduated from the Mexico academy, N.Y., 1866, meanwhile teaching in the schools which he attended. He was assistant postmaster at Watertown, 1866–67; in charge of the New York house of the Walter A. Wood Mowing and Reaping Machine Company, 1867–70; part owner, business manager and city editor of the Watertown Daily Times, 1870–74. He was married, Oct. 16, 1873 , to Elizabeth Baldwin of Watertown, N.Y, He was a member of the board of education of Watertown, 1875–84, of the New York assembly, 1876–80, and a representative in the 47th and 48th congresses, 1881–85, where he was instrumental in securing the reduction of letter postage from three to two cents, and was the author of the bill providing for the special delivery system. He was deputy state superintendent of public instruction. 1886–92; supervisor of teachers' institutes and training classes, 1893–96, and state superintendent of public instruction from April 7, 1895. He was elected president of the National Educational association in 1896; was a life member of the New York State Press association, a trustee of St. Lawrence university, and of the Albany Home School for the Deaf. He received the degrees: A.M from Hamilton, 1889, LL.D. from Colgate, 1895, and Litt.D. from Tufts, 1901. He is the author of: Commercial Advantages of Watertown, N.Y. (1876); New York Question Book (1890); Arbor Day Manual (1891); Manual of Patriotism for the Schools of New York (1900).
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Skinner, Henrietta Channing Dana

​SKINNER, Henrietta Channing Dana, author, was born in Cambridge, Mass., youngest daughter of Richard Henry, Jr. (q.v.) and Sarah (Watson) Dana. She attended private schools in Boston and Paris; was a special student at Radcliffe college, Cambridge, for two years, 1886–87; and began to contribute articles to Scribner's and other magazines as early as 1878. She was married, June 25, 1892, to Henry Whipple Skinner of Detroit, Mich., where she subsequently made her home. She is the author of: Espiritu Santo, a novel (1899); Heart and Soul, a novel: (1901), and contributions to the Atlantic Monthly, the Catholic World, and Harper's Magazine.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Skinner, Otis Ainsworth

​SKINNER, Otis Ainsworth, author, was born in Royalton, Vt., July 3, 1807. He joined the ministry of the Universalist society in 1826, and was pastor at Baltimore, 1831–36; Haverhill, 1836–37; Boston, 1836–46, and New York city, 1846–49. He returned to Boston in 1849, and in 1857 removed to Elgin, Ill. He was president of Lombard university, Galesburg, Ill., 1857–59; and pastor at Joliet, Ill., 1859–61. Lombard conferred upon him the honorary degree of D.D., 1858. He edited the Southeast Pioneer. 1831–36; the Gospel Sun, 1836–37, and the Universalist Miscellany, 1844–49; and is the author of: Universalism Illustrated and Defended (1839); Miller's Theory Exploded (1840); Letters on Revivals (1842); Prayer Book for Family Worship (1843); Letters on Moral Duties of Parents (1844); Lessons from the Death of the Young (1844); Reply to Hatfield (1847); Death of Daniel Webster (1852). He died in Napierville. Ill., Sept. 18, 1861.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Volume 9

* v. 01
* v. 02
* v. 03
* v. 04
* v. 05
* v. 06
* v. 07
* v. 08
* v. 09
* v. 10
Indices for The Biographical Dictionary of America
| | Volume 9 | Volume 9 |
| Quackenbos–Stearns | | |
| [Missing entries] Skinner, Charles Montgomery Skinner, Charles Rufus Skinner, Henrietta Channing Dana Skinner, Otis Ainsworth [Missing entries] |
# Jersey Journal/1881/A Theatre Closed

* related portals: Theatre Comique, Charles Frederick Lindauer.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Charles Frederick Lindauer I (1836-1921) in the The Jersey Journal on December 6, 1881.
Not Comic For The Comique.
The Theatre Comique, opposite the City Hall, on Newark Avenue, was yesterday placed in the hands of a receiver by Chancellor Runyon on the application of Charles F. Lindauer the proprietor and manager. When the theater was opened about two years ago, it was named "Butler's Theater Comique," and was managed by Robert W. Butler, formerly of No. 444 Broadway, and more recently of the old Globe Theatre, New York City. A few weeks ago Butler's name was taken from the bills and posters, and soon afterward Butler obtained from Chancellor Runyon an injunction restraining Charles F. Lindauer, who continued the management, from paying out any of the money received for admission to the place. Consequently the performers and attaches of the place have received no money for the past three weeks. Yesterday Lindauer through his counsel, Norman L. Rowe applied to Chancellor Runyon for the appointment of a receiver, and Dr. Hoffman, the owner of the building, was appointed. Last night the receiver posted a card on the doors of the theater announcing that it would be closed until further notice, and the place was locked up. The performers who in the morning had rehearsed their characters in the place, expecting to go on in the evening, were unable last night to obtain the music or or their wardrobes. Mr. Butler refitted the theater last fall and took Lindauer in as a partner or something. The latter had full charge concerning the hiring of talent, etc., and has lost money. Mr. Butler became dissatisfied and offered to sell out his interest. Lindauer would neither buy nor sell, hence the rupture. The theater will probably be reopened under a new management.
This work was published in 1879 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 144 years or less since publication.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The First Six Books of the Elements of Euclid in which coloured diagrams and symbols are used instead of letters for the greater ease of learners/BOOK I/AXIOMS

III.
If equals be taken away from equals the remainders will be equal.
IV.
If equals be added to unequals the sums will be unequal.
V.
If equals be taken away from unequals the remainders will be unequal.
VI.
The doubles of the same or equal magnitudes are equal.
VII.
The halves of the same or equal magnitudes are equal.
VIII.
Magnitudes which coincide with one another, or exactly fill the same space, are equal.
IX.
The whole is greater than its part.
X.
Two straight lines cannot include a space.
XI.
All right angles are equal.
XII.
If two straight lines meet a third straight line so as to make the two interior angles ( and ) on the same side less than two right angles, these two straight lines will meet if they be produced on that side on which the angles are less than two right angles.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Atlantic Monthly/Volume 2/Number 7/The Skater

Featured in Vol 2., No.7 of The Atlantic Monthly.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
The Skater.
The skater lightly laughs and glides, Unknowing that beneath the ice Whereon he carves his fair device A stiffened corpse in silence slides.
It glareth upward at his play; Its cold, blue, rigid fingers steal Beneath the trendings of his heel; It floats along and floats away.
He has not seen its horror pass; His heart is blithe; the village hears His distant laughter; he careers In festive waltz athwart the glass.—
We are the skaters, we who skim The surface of Life's solemn flood, And drive, with gladness in our blood, A daring dance from brim to brim.
Our feet are swift, our faces burn, Our hopes aspire like soaring birds; The world takes courage from our words, And sees the golden time return.
But ever near us, silent, cold, Float those who bounded from the bank With eager hearts, like us, and sank Because their feet were overbold.
They sank through breathing-holes of vice, Through treacherous sheens of unbelief; They know not their despair and grief: Their hearts and minds are turned to ice.
# The First Six Books of the Elements of Euclid in which coloured diagrams and symbols are used instead of letters for the greater ease of learners/SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS.
∴ expresses the word therefore.
∵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . because.
= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . equal. This sign of equality may be read equal to, or is equal to, or are equal to; but any discrepancy in regard to the introduction of the auxiliary verbs is, are, &c. cannot affect the geometrical rigour.
≠ means the same as if the words 'not equal' were written.
> signifies greater than.
< . . . . . . less than.
≯ . . . . . . not greater than.
≮ . . . . . . not less than.
+ is read plus (more), the sign of addition; when interposed between two or more magnitudes, signifies their sum.
− is read minus (less), signifies subtraction; and when placed between two quantities denotes that the latter is to be taken from the former.
× this sign expresses the product of two or more numbers when placed between them in arithmetic and algebra; but in geometry it is generally used to express a rectangle, when placed between "two straight lines which contain one of its right angles." A rectangle may also be represented by placing a point between two of its conterminous sides.
: :: : expresses an analogy or proportion; thus, if A, B, C and D, represent four magnitudes, and A has to B the same ratio that C has to D, the proposition is thus briefly written,
$A:B::C:D$,
$A:B=C:D,$
or ${\frac {A}{B}}={\frac {C}{D}}$.
This equality or sameness of ratio is read,
as A is to B, so is C to D;
or A is to B, as C is to D.
∥ signifies parallel to.
$\perp$ . . . . . . perpendicular to.
$\angle$ . . . . . . angle.
. . . . . right angle.
. . . two right angles.
or briefly designates a point.
>, =, or < signifies greater, equal, or less than.
The square described on a line is concisely written thus, ——— $^2$.
In the same manner twice the square of, is expressed by 2 . ——— $^2$.
def. signifies definition.
pos. . . . . . . postulate.
ax. . . . . . . . axiom.
hyp. . . . . . . hypothesis. It may be necessary here to remark, that the hypothesis is the condition assumed or taken for granted. Thus, the hypothesis of the proposition given in the Introduction, is that the triangle is isosceles, or that its legs are equal.
const. . . . . construction. The construction is the change made in the original figure, by drawing lines, making angles, describing circles, &c. in order to adapt it to the argument of the demonstration or the solution of the problem. The conditions under which these changes are made, are as indisputable as those contained in the hypothesis. For instance, if we make an angle equal to a given angle, these two angles are equal by construction.
Q.E.D. . . . . Quod erat demonstrandum.
Which was to be demonstrated.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Heart of the World

This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* "The Heart of the World", a poem by William Prescott Foster
* Heart of the World (1895), a novel by H. Rider Haggard
* Hearts of the World (1918), a silent film directed by D. W. Griffith

## See also

* Heart
* World
# Century Magazine/Volume 48/Issue 1/The Heart of the World

The great world’s heart is old and sad, ‘Tis long, long since the world was glad,  For death falls fast and love must part, And wrong and sorrow drive men mad,  And salt tears grieve the old world’s heart.
And yet, dear soul, for whom alway My life has waited, as the May  All April waits to bloom and bear, If we might meet and love some day,  How glad a heart the world would wear!
# The First Six Books of the Elements of Euclid in which coloured diagrams and symbols are used instead of letters for the greater ease of learners/CORRIGENDA

Faults to be corrected before reading this Volume.
Page 13, line 9, for def. 7 read def. 10.
45, last line, for pr. 19 read pr. 29.
54, line 4 from the bottom, for black and red line read blue and red line.
59, line 4, for add black line squared read add blue line squared.
60, line 17, for red line multiplied by red and yellow line read red line multiplied by red, blue, and yellow line.
76, line 11, for def. 7 read def. 10.
81, line 10, for take black line read take blue line.
105, line 11, for yellow black angle add blue angle equal red angle read yellow black angle add blue angle add red angle.
129, last line, for circle read triangle.
141, line 1, for Draw black line read Draw blue line.
196, line 3, before the yellow magnitude insert M.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The First Six Books of the Elements of Euclid in which coloured diagrams and symbols are used instead of letters for the greater ease of learners/BOOK I/PROPOSITION I. PROBLEM

Euclid.
BOOK I.
PROPOSITION I. PROBLEM.
N a given finite straight line to describe an equilateral triangle.
Describe and (postulate 3.); draw and (post. 1.). then will be equilateral.
For = (def. 15.);
and = (def. 15.),
∴ = (axiom. 1.);
and therefore is the equilateral triangle required.
Q.E.D
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse