OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rowbotham, Thomas Charles Leeson

​ROWBOTHAM, THOMAS CHARLES LEESON (1823–1875), landscape painter in watercolours, son of Thomas Leeson Rowbotham (1783–1853), professor of drawing at the Royal Naval School, New Cross, was born in Dublin on 21 May 1823. He was instructed in art by his father, a master of perspective, whose skill at the same time as a delineator of marine subjects inspired his son with his taste for river and coast scenery. His first serious work in art was done in 1847 on a sketching tour in Wales, which was followed in succeeding years by visits to Scotland, Germany, and Normandy. In 1848 he was elected an associate of the New Society (now the Royal Institute) of Painters in Water-colours, of which in 1851 he became a full member, and he contributed to its exhibitions no less than 464 works. He succeeded his father as professor of drawing at the Royal Naval School, collaborated with him in ‘The Art of Painting in Water-colours,’ and illustrated his book of ‘The Art of Sketching from Nature.’ He was a skilful artist, apt at catching the salient beauties of picturesque or romantic scenery, and fond of introducing figures, generally large enough to form a prominent part of the composition. He was not, however, a good painter of figures, and these in his later drawings were often the work of his eldest son, Charles. In his later years his love for sunny effects led him to restrict himself to Italian subjects, especially those of sea or lake, although he had never been in Italy. He was also a good musician and chess-player. His health was never strong, and he died at Percy Lodge, Campden Hill, Kensington, on 30 June 1875, leaving a widow and eight children almost entirely unprovided for. He was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. His remaining works were sold by auction by Messrs. Christie, Manson, & Woods on 21 April 1876, together with a number of sketches and drawings contributed by his professional friends to the fund raised for the benefit of his family. There are four drawings by him in the South Kensington Museum—‘Lake Scenery,’ ‘St. Godard, Rouen,’ ‘The Wrecked Boat,’ and ‘Rouen from the Heights ​of St. Catharine.’ Ruskin praised his work, and in 1858 said he had the making of a good landscape-painter, in spite of his ‘artificialness’ (Ruskin, Notes on the Royal Academy, &c., 1858 p. 48, 1859, p. 47).
Rowbotham published in 1875 small volumes of ‘English Lake Scenery’ and ‘Picturesque Scottish Scenery,’ and a series of chromolithographic ‘Views of Wicklow and Killarney,’ with descriptive text by the Rev. W. J. Loftie. He also contributed illustrations to Cassell's ‘Picturesque Europe.’ He published many other chromolithographs; a series entitled ‘T. L. Rowbotham's Sketch Book’ was issued after his death.
[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists, 1878; Bryan's Dictionary, ed. Graves and Armstrong, 1886–9, ii. 420; Algernon Graves's Dictionary of Artists, 1895; Academy, 1875, ii. 101; Art Journal, 1875, p. 280; Catalogues of the Institute of Painters in Water-colours, 1849–75; information from Claude H. Rowbotham, esq.]
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Row, Thomas

​ROW, THOMAS (1786–1864), hymn-writer, born in 1786, was educated for the baptist ministry. He lived first at Hadleigh, Suffolk, and became known to all the Calvinistic baptist congregations in East Anglia as a travelling preacher. Before 1838 he was settled as minister of a baptist church at Little Gransden, Cambridgeshire, and contributing regularly to the ‘Gospel Herald.’ His writings, chiefly hymns and religious papers, were first signed ‘A Labourer.’ He died on 3 Jan. 1864 at Little Gransden.
He published two volumes of hymns, without much poetical merit, many of which have passed into well-known collections. They are ‘Concise Spiritual Poems,’ &c., London, 1817, 12mo, containing 529 hymns and ‘Original and Evangelical Hymns … for private and public worship,’ London, 1822, 12mo, containing 543 hymns.
C. F. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Row, William

​ROW, WILLIAM (1563–1634), Scottish presbyterian divine, born in 1563, was second son of John Row (1525?–1580) [q. v.], minister of Perth. He studied at the university of St. Andrews, where he graduated in 1587. Two or three years afterwards he was appointed minister at Forgandenny, in succession to one of his own name, probably a relative, and on 6 March 1589, by act of privy council, he was one of five charged with the maintenance of the true religion throughout the bounds of Perth, Stormont, and Dunkeld (Masson, Reg. P. C. Scotl. iv. 466). On occasion of the ‘Gowrie conspiracy’ Row was one of the ministers who refused to give thanks publicly for the king's delivery until the fact of the conspiracy should be proven, and he was consequently cited to appear at Stirling before the king and council. On the plea that his life was in danger, an effort was made to deter him from obeying the summons. Nevertheless, he went to Stirling and boldly defended himself, arguing that Andrew Henderson, the Earl of Gowrie's chamberlain, and alleged would-be assassin of the king, had been not punished but rewarded. He was a member of the assembly held in 1602, and also joined in the protest against the proposed restoration of episcopacy, which was presented at the first session of the parliament which met at Perth on 1 July 1606. In 1607 he was moderator of the synod held at Perth, to which James VI sent the captain of his guards, Lord Scone, to compel the acceptance of a permanent moderator. Scone threatened Row that if he opposed the scheme ten or twelve of his guards would discharge their culverins at him. Row, nothing daunted, preached from ten till two, bitterly inveighing against the proposed appointment. Scone did not understand Latin, but, on being informed of Row's meaning, severely rebuked him. He was ultimately put to the horn, and summoned before the privy council. Failing to appear, in June 1607 he was arrested and imprisoned in Blackness Castle (ib. vii. 349n., 350n., 385–91, 522, viii. 7, 421, 434, ix. 258). On the petition of the assembly he was released in June 1614, and in 1624, through the favour of Alexander Lindsay, bishop of Dunkeld, patron of the ​parish, and an old fellow-student of Row, his son William was appointed his assistant and successor. It is said that he refused, even under these circumstances, to recognise the ecclesiastical supremacy of his old friend, placing their former regent, John Malcolm, now minister of Perth, at the head of his table, instead of the bishop. Row died in October 1634.
W. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rowan, Charles

​ROWAN, Sir CHARLES (1782?–1852), chief commissioner of police, born about 1782, was fifth son of Robert Rowan (1754–1832) of Mullans, co. Antrim, and of North Lodge, Carrickfergus, by Eliza, daughter of Hill Wilson. His brother, Sir William Rowan, and his niece, Frederica Maclean Rowan, are separately noticed. Charles entered the army as an ensign in the 52nd foot in 1797, was appointed its paymaster on 8 Nov. 1798, and a lieutenant on 15 March 1799, serving with that regiment in the expedition to Ferrol in 1800. After becoming captain on 25 June 1803, he saw service in ​Sicily in 1806–7, and with Sir John Moore's expedition to Sweden in 1808. He joined the army in Portugal two days after the battle of Vimiera, and served from that time with the reserve forces of Sir John Moore, and in the battle of Coruña. In 1809 he was appointed brigade-major to the light brigade taken out by Major-general Robert Craufurd [q. v.] to join the army in Portugal, and he was present with the light division in several affairs near Almeida and at the battle of Busaco. On 9 May 1811 he became major of the 52nd regiment, was appointed assistant adjutant-general to the light division, and was present at the battle of Fuentes d'Onoro, the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo and at Badajoz, where he was wounded in the assault. He was promoted to the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel on 27 April 1812, and was afterwards present at the battle of Salamanca. He served in the campaign of 1815, and commanded a wing of the 52nd at Waterloo, when he was again wounded. On 4 June 1815 he was appointed a companion of the Bath; he also received a medal with two clasps for Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajoz, and Salamanca; and the silver war medal with three clasps for Coruña, Busaco, and Fuentes d'Onoro. His portrait occurs in the well-known pictures ‘Waterloo Heroes’ and ‘The Waterloo Banquet.’
On the institution of the metropolitan police force in 1829, he was appointed the chief commissioner, an office which he filled with great credit and ability. To his skilful guidance were mainly owing the speedy removal of the initial prejudices against the new police and the lasting success of the measure. On 26 Dec. 1848 he was advanced to be a K.C.B., and retired from the public service in 1850. He died at Norfolk Street, Park Lane, London, on 8 May 1852.
[Gent. Mag. July 1852, p. 91; Burke's Landed Gentry, 1895, ii. 1750; Royal Military Calendar, 1820, iv. 414; Dod's Peerage, 1852, p. 433; Illustr. London News, 22 May 1852, p. 403.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rowe, George Robert

​ROWE, GEORGE ROBERT (1792–1861), physician, was born in 1792, and pursued his medical studies at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. He was admitted a member of the London College of Surgeons on 12 March 1812, and he subsequently entered the army, where he served as surgeon during the later years of the Peninsular war. He at length settled at Chigwell in Essex, and there practised for many years. He was admitted a member of the Royal College of Physicians in 1840, and in 1846 he moved into Golden Square, though he still continued to practise in Essex. He relinquished his country work about 1848, when he took the house in Cavendish Square in which he died on 25 Jan. 1861. He was an honorary physician to the Royal Dramatic College and a member of the London Medical Society. He wrote:
* ‘A Practical Treatise on the Nervous Diseases which are denominated Hypochondriasis,’ 2nd edit. 1841; 16th edit. 1860.
* ‘On some Important Diseases of Females,’ London, 1844 (2nd edit. 1857). This work reached a second edition.
He also contributed to the ‘Lancet’ ‘Observations on Cancer cured by Calcium Chloride’ (1813, p. 687) and ‘The Abernethian Oration delivered as President of the Abernethian Society’ (1849, p. 390).
[Obituary notices in the Lancet and Medical Times and Gazette for 1861.]
D’A. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Patten, William (d.1486)

​PATTEN or PATTYN, WILLIAM (d. 1486), bishop of Winchester. [See Waynflete.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pattenson, Matthew

​PATTENSON, MATTHEW (fl. 1623), catholic controversialist, was a medical practitioner in the reign of James I, and was appointed physician in ordinary to Charles I. He wrote ‘The Image of Bothe Churches, Hiervsalem and Babel, Vnitie and Confusion, Obedienc [sic] and Sedition. By P. D. M.,’ Tournay (Adrian Quinque), 1623, 8vo, pp. 461; London, 1653, 12mo, pp. 643. Dedicated to Charles, prince of Wales. Gee, in his ‘Foot out of the Snare,’ 1624, mentions the work as by ‘M. Pateson, now in London, a bitter and seditious book.’ The authorship is also ascribed to Pattenson in the preface to Foulis's ‘History of the Romish Treasons and Usurpations,’ 1671; and by Wood, who states that the contents of the work were ‘mostly collected from the answers of Anti-Cotton, and John Brierley, Priest’ (Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iv. 139). Charles Butler highly commends the work, remarking that ‘in a short compass it comprises much useful information, and many excellent observations, arranged ​methodically, in a style always perspicuous, and generally elegant’ (Hist. Memoirs of the English Catholics, 3rd edit. iv. 453).
[Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 427; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. iii. 407, 469, 3rd ser. ix. 38.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Patterson, John Brown

​PATTERSON, JOHN BROWN (1804–1835), divine, born at Alnwick, Northumberland, on 29 Jan. 1804, was son of Robert Patterson of Croft House, Alnwick, who died while John was a child. His education devolved therefore upon his mother, a daughter of John Brown of Haddington (1722–1787) [q. v.], editor of the ‘Self-Interpreting Bible.’ Mrs. Patterson was with her children in Edinburgh from 1810 to 1814, and her son attended a classical academy there. From 1815 to 1818 they lived in Haddington, Patterson making rapid progress in scholarship. Then they returned to Edinburgh, and for a year he was at the high school, under James Pillans [q. v.], achieving singular distinction.
From 1820 to 1824 Patterson studied in the arts classes of Edinburgh University, excelling both in the class-rooms and the debating society, and displaying an unusual facility in composing Greek and Latin hexameters, and creditable English verse. Completing at Edinburgh his course for the ministry of the church of Scotland, he secured in 1827 the prize of one hundred guineas offered by the commissioners for visiting the universities and colleges of Scotland for an essay ‘On the National Character of the Athenians and the Causes of those Peculiarities by which it was distinguished.’ This essay, which is marked by learning and considerable literary merit, was published in 1828.
In the spring of that year Patterson became tutor to Lord Cranstoun, whom he accompanied to Oxford. His diary and letters of this time exhibit an earnestness and wisdom remarkable in so young a man. At the Christmas recess of 1828–9 he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Kirkcudbright; in 1829 he was presented to the vacant parish of Falkirk, and he was ordained to his charge by the presbytery of Linlithgow on 26 Feb. 1830. Here he proved himself an able, faithful, and zealous pastor. He died of overwork at his mother's house in Edinburgh on 29 June 1835, and was buried in the vestibule of Falkirk parish church. He was survived by his widow—a daughter of George Atkin of Morpeth, Northumberland—and an infant son.
Contributions which Patterson made to periodicals while he was between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four displayed true literary instinct and vigour of intellect. In 1824–5 he provided classical translations for Williams's ‘Views in Greece;’ he contributed the memoir of Dr. John Brown to a Glasgow edition of the ‘Self-Interpreting Bible;’ he edited ‘Beauties of Jeremy Taylor,’ with introductory essay, in 1835, and he furnished notes to the ‘Self-Interpreting Bible’ of 1836. His main literary achievement is the university prize essay on the Athenians, which was reissued, with a memoir, in 1860. Patterson's discourses, with prefatory biography, were published in two volumes in 1837. A volume of ‘Lectures on St. John xiv.–xvi.’ appeared in 1840, 2nd edit. 1859.
[Memoirs as in text; information from Patterson's son, Mr. R. J. B. Patterson, Langside, Glasgow.]
T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Patten, Robert

​PATTEN, ROBERT (fl. 1715), historian of the Jacobite rebellion of 1715, was at one time curate at Penrith, Cumberland, but when the rising of 1715 took place was in a similar capacity at Allendale in Northumberland. He led thence a party of keelmen to join the insurgents, and in crossing Rothbury Common met a number of Scotsmen on their way home to enlist for ‘King James,’ i.e. the Old Pretender [see James Francis Edward Stuart]. He persuaded them to accompany him. On his arrival at Wooler he was warmly welcomed by General Thomas Forster [q. v.] and James Ratcliffe, third earl of Derwentwater [q. v.], and was forthwith appointed the general's own chaplain. Marching with the expedition to Kelso, where the main body of the Jacobites joined them, he preached to the whole army a sermon, specially intended to inspirit them for their enterprise, from Deut. xxi. 17: ‘The right of the first-born is his.’
Besides officiating as chaplain to the Jacobite forces, he took an active part in military service. When the expedition reached Penrith, he was, on account of his local knowledge, engaged in an attempt to intercept William Nicolson [q. v.], bishop of Carlisle, at his residence, Rose Castle. He also acted at times as a spy. At Preston in Lancashire, where on 13 Nov. 1715 the insurgents were defeated, Patten had his horse shot under him. He was there made prisoner, and carried under a close guard to London. In the leisure of his confinement he made up his mind to turn king's evidence, and his offer was accepted (cf. Doran, Jacobite London, i. 118). It was in gratitude for his preservation that in the interests of King George he wrote his history. It was published in two editions in the same year (1717), the second being enlarged. It is entitled ‘A History of the late Rebellion, with Original Papers and the Characters of the principal Noblemen and Gentlemen concerned in it; by the Rev. Mr. Robert Patten, formerly Chaplain to Mr. Forster.’ Two subsequent editions, the third and fourth, were published in 1745. Patten figures as ‘Creeping Bob’ in Sir Walter Besant's ‘Dorothy Forster,’ an historical novel of the Northumbrian share in the rising.
H. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Patten, Thomas

​PATTEN, THOMAS (1714–1790), divine, the son of Thomas Patten, a grocer in Manchester, was born on 5 Oct. 1714, and educated at the Manchester grammar school, afterwards at Brasenose and Corpus Christi Colleges, Oxford. He graduated B.A. in 1733, M.A. on 17 Feb. 1736–7, B.D. in 1744, and D.D. in 1754; was for a time fellow and tutor of Corpus, and afterwards rector of Childrey, Berkshire. He was a friend of Dr. Johnson and of Thomas Wilson of Clitheroe, and was probably the means of the latter dedicating his ‘Archæological Dictionary’ to Johnson. He was esteemed as ‘a sound and excellent churchman,’ a poet and scholar, and an exemplary parish priest. He was married at Rostherne, Cheshire, on 25 April 1765, to Elizabeth, daughter of Peter Brooke of Mere, high sheriff of Cheshire, and died at Childrey on 20 Feb. 1790.
He published: 1. ‘The Christian Apology: a Sermon preached before the University of Oxford,’ 1755. To this a reply was published by the Rev. Ralph Heathcote [q. v.] 2. ‘The Sufficiency of the External Evidence farther supported against the Reply of the Rev. Mr. Heathcote,’ 1756. 3. ‘The Opposition between the Gospel of Jesus Christ and what is called the Religion of Nature: a Sermon,’ Oxford, 1759. 4. ‘King David vindicated from a late Misrepresentation of his Character,’ 1762 [see Porteus, Beilby]. 5. ‘A Letter to Lord North concerning Subscription to the XXXIX Articles,’ 1773.
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Patten, George

​PATTEN, GEORGE (1801–1865), portrait and historical painter, born on 29 June 1801, was son of William Patten, a miniature-painter, whose works were exhibited at the Royal Academy between 1791 and 1844, and who died on 22 Aug. 1843. He received his early training in art from his father, and in 1816 became a student in the Royal Academy, where he first exhibited a miniature of his father in 1819. In 1828 he took the unusual course of again entering the schools of the academy, in order that he might make himself proficient in oil-painting, the practice of which he adopted in 1830, in preference to that of miniature-painting. In 1837 he went to Italy, visiting Rome, Venice, and Parma; and on his return to England he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy. Early in 1840 he went to Germany to paint a portrait of Prince Albert, which was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and engraved by Charles Eden Wagstaff. He was afterwards appointed portrait-painter in ordinary to the Prince Consort, and obtained a considerable amount of patronage in the painting of presentation portraits, many of which appeared in the exhibitions of the Royal Academy. Among these were portraits of Richard Cobden, Lord Francis Egerton (afterwards Earl of Ellesmere), Dr. Hugh M'Neile, the Hon. and Rev. Baptist W. Noel, and Paganini the violinist, exhibited in 1833, and remarkable as having been the only portrait ever painted of the famous musician. He exhibited his own portrait in 1858. He painted also a number of mythological and fancy, and a few scriptural, subjects, among which were ‘A Nymph and Child,’ exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1831; ‘A Bacchante’ in 1833; ‘Maternal Affection’ and ‘Cymon and Iphigenia’ in 1834; ‘Bacchus and Ino’ in 1836; ‘The Passions,’ suggested by the well-known ode by Collins, in 1838; ‘Hymen burning the Arrows of Cupid’ and ‘Eve’ in 1842; ‘Dante's Descent with Virgil to the Inferno’ in 1843; ‘The Madness of Hercules’ in 1844; ‘The Mouse's Petition’ in 1845; ‘Pandora’ in 1846; ‘Cupid taught by the Graces’ and ‘Flora and Zephyrus’ in 1848; ‘The Destruction of Idolatry in England’ in 1849; ‘Susannah and the Elders’ and ‘Bacchus discovering the use of the Grape’ in 1850; ‘Love defending Beauty from the Assaults of Time’ in 1851; ‘Apollo and Clytie’ in 1857; ‘The Bower of Bliss’ in 1858; ‘The Prophet Isaiah’ in 1860; and ‘The Youthful Apollo preparing to en​gage in a musical contest with Paris,’ the last of his exhibited works, in 1864. Several of these appeared also at the British Institution, together with ‘Returning Home,’ in 1833; ‘A Bacchante’ in 1834; ‘Venus caressing her favourite Dove’ in 1836; a ‘Wood-Nymph’ in 1838; ‘The Graces’ in 1840; and ‘Bacchus consoling Ariadne for the Loss of Theseus’ in 1841. They were painted with a good deal of spirit, but his later works did not fulfil his earlier promise.
During the latter part of his life Patten resided at Goodrich Cross, Ross, Herefordshire, but before his death he returned to Winchmore Hill, Middlesex, and died suddenly at Hill House, his residence there, on 11 March 1865, aged sixty-three.
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Patrick (d.1084)

​PATRICK (d. 1084), bishop of Dublin, also known as Gillapattraicc, was an ostman of good family, who became a priest. In 1074 the clergy and people of Dublin chose him to fill the see of that city, vacant by the death of Donatus. He received consecration at St. Paul's Church, London, from Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, to whom he made a vow of spiritual obedience. It was part of William I's Irish policy to bring the Irish church under the control of the archbishop of Canterbury. For many years after Patrick's time the bishops of Dublin were consecrated by archbishops of Canterbury. Lanfranc mentioned Patrick with commendation as his fellow bishop in letters addressed to Godred and Tirdelvac, whom he styled kings of Ireland. Patrick was drowned in October 1084, on a voyage to England. In a letter from Dublin to Lanfranc, Patrick, after his decease, was referred to as a good and pious pastor.
J. T. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ray

​RAY. [See also Rae.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ray, Martha

​RAY, MARTHA (d. 1779), mistress of John Montagu, fourth earl of Sandwich. [See under Hackman, James.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rayman, Jacob

​RAYMAN, JACOB (fl. 1620–1650), violin-maker, is said to have been a Tyrolese by birth, and to have come to London in 1620; but this conjecture is not confirmed by Rayman's work, which bears no trace of foreign influence, and he may have been connected with the Rayman family settled in Sussex (cf. Berry, Sussex Genealogies). In 1641 Rayman was living in Blackman Street, Southwark; he then removed to Bell Yard, Southwark, where he remained till 1648. He is regarded as the founder of violin-making in England, no previous English maker being known; ‘his instruments, albeit rough, have plenty of character, well-cut scrolls, and superb varnish’ (The Strad, iii. 77); but, according to Fleming, his violins are inferior to his violoncellos, his work on which has not been surpassed.
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Raymond le Gros

​RAYMOND le Gros (d. 1182), invader of Ireland. [See Fitzgerald, Raymond.]