OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Morgan, John Pierpont

Edition of 1905. See also J. P. Morgan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MORGAN, John Pierpont (1837—). An American banker and financier, the son of J. S. Morgan (q.v.), a well-known banker. He was born at Hartford, Conn., and was educated at the English High School, Boston, and at the University of Göttingen, Germany. In 1857 he returned to America, and entered the banking house of Duncan, Sherman & Co., in New York City. In 1860 he became an American agent for George Peabody & Co., of London, and in 1864 became a partner in the firm of Dabney, Morgan & Co., dealers in investment securities. In 1871 he
entered as a partner the banking firm of Drexel, Morgan & Co., which later was changed to the firm of J. P. Morgan & Co. Shortly after the organization of the Peabody Educational Fund he was chosen treasurer and financial adviser of the trustees. As a financier he signalized himself particularly in the line of reorganization and combination. The United States Steel Corporation, the Northern Securities Company, and the Atlantic shipping combination are examples of his genius in that direction. In 1895 he organized the syndicate that took up the United States bonds issued to increase the gold reserve. He made munificent gifts to hospitals and other institutions in New York City, and to the Harvard Medical School.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Morgan, John Tyler

Edition of 1905. See also John Tyler Morgan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MORGAN, John Tyler (1824—). An American politician, born at Athens, Tenn. He was educated in Alabama, whither he removed with his parents in 1833. There be studied law, and in 1845 was admitted to the bar. He early won wide repute as a lawyer and campaign speaker, and in 1861 was a delegate from Dallas County to the Alabama State Convention which passed the ordinance of secession, and in May of the same year he enlisted as a private in the Fifth Alabama Infantry, of which he ultimately became lieutenant-colonel. In 1862 he recruited the Fifty-first Alabama Regiment and became its colonel. In the next year he was promoted to be brigadier-general, and in this capacity served with considerable distinction. After the war he resumed his law practice at Selma, Ala., and again entered politics in 1876 as an elector-at-large on the Tilden ticket. In 1877 he was elected to the United States Senate, of which body he remained a member, receiving his fifth reëlection in November, 1900. For many years one of the leaders of the Democratic Party in the debates in the Upper House of Congress, he showed himself particularly interested in foreign relations, and served for some time as chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs. He was a vigorous and persistent advocate of the Nicaraguan canal route in preference to the route across Panama.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Morgan, Junius Spenser

Edition of 1905. See also Junius Spencer Morgan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MORGAN, Junius Spenser (1813-90). An American financier, born at Holyoke, Mass.; father of John Pierpont Morgan. After some years in the dry-goods business he became, in 1854, a partner in the English firm of George Peabody & Co. Ten years later he succeeded Peabody as head of the firm, and changed its name to J. S. Morgan & Co. Under his direction it became one of the leading banking houses of the world. Morgan left a fortune of nearly $10,000,000. He was a munificent church member, and donated largely to Trinity College.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Morgan, Lady

Edition of 1905. See also Sydney, Lady Morgan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MORGAN, Lady (Sydney Owenson) (?1783-1859). A novelist, daughter of Robert Owenson, a theatrical manager, and of his wife, Jane Mill. She was born in Dublin, on Christmas Day, 1781, if we are to believe her. Croker mischievously alleged that she was born on the Dublin packet in 1775. For a while she mingled with theatrical people, or with the variegated society frequented by her father in Dublin. Her father's affairs becoming involved, the clever girl resolved to support the family, first as governess and then as author. In 1812 she married Thomas Charles Morgan, a distinguished surgeon, who was knighted on the
occasion. Though the Morgans lived for the most part in Dublin, they made two Continental tours, and often visited London, where they settled in 1839. For her services to literature a Government pension was granted to Lady Morgan in 1837. She died April 14, 1859. Throughout her life Lady Morgan was widely known in society for her wit and her affectations. Her works, comprising novels, comic operas, travels, and biographies, were savagely attacked by the reviewers, but they brought her about £25,000. They were indeed ephemeral. Among her novels are: Saint Clair, or the Heiress of Desmond (1804), a sorry imitation of Goethe's Sorrows of Werther; The Wild Irish Girl, a silly rhapsodical book not without descriptive power (1806); Florence M'Carthy (1816); and The O'Briens and the O'Flaherties (1827). Of her travels, France (1817) was much read and criticised. Her main right to consideration is that she wrote English words for Irish melodies, an example soon followed to their great advantage by Thomas Moore and Stevenson. Consult: Fitzpatrick, Lady Morgan (London, 1860), and Memoirs of Lady Morgan (an autobiography), edited by Dixon (London, 1862).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Morgan, the Fay

Edition of 1905. See also Morgan le Fay on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MOR'GAN, the Fay. An important figure in mediæval romance, whose origin is probably to be traced to Celtic mythology. In the Vita Merlini, ascribed to Geoffrey of Monmouth, she is mentioned as the eldest of nine sisters who inhabit the fortunate ‘Insula Pomorum.’ She is said to be very learned in the art of healing, and to be endowed besides with the mysterious powers of changing shape and of flying like a bird. To her, according to the same account, the wounded Arthur was borne after the battle of Camlan. Morgan played a similar part in romances of other cycles. Thus, in the story of “Ogier le Danois,” she receives the aged Ogier in the island of Avalon and restores him to youth; and in the “Orlando Innamorato” of Boiardo there is a long account of her splendid abode at the bottom of a lake. In Italy, her name has been popularly applied to a form of
mirage. (See Fata Morgana.) In the Celtic romances she is said to be a sister of King Arthur. The origin of her name and character is uncertain. It has been proposed to identify the nine sisters of the ‘Insula Pomorum’ with the nine priestesses of Sena described in the ancient account of Poniponius Mela. From a different point of view Morgan has been connected with the Irish Muirgen, better known by the name Liban. Morgan, like Muirgen, may mean ‘sea-born,’ and both persons have something to do with the world beneath the waves. But this theory (proposed by Professor Rhys) will not account for all the features of the story. The whole subject has recently been investigated in an elaborate study by Dr. L. A. Paton, who holds that Morgan's name and part, at least, of her characteristics are derived from the Irish Morrigu, a kind of battle-goddess. Consult Miss Paton's dissertation, Studies in the Fairy Mythology of Arthurian Romance, a Radcliffe College monograph (Boston, 1903). For Rhys's view consult his Arthurian Legend (London, 1887).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Moray

Edition of 1905. See also Moray eel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MORAY, mō'rắ. Any of a large group (suborder Calocephali, of order Apodes) of eel-like fishes, especially one of the family Murænidæ and genus Muræna. They are degenerate, aberrant eels, distinguished by their small round gill openings and the absence of pectoral fins. They inhabit warm and especially tropical seas, particularly about coral reefs. They are brightly colored, often of large size, and always voracious and pugnacious. Ten or twelve genera are known, embracing about 120 species, among which the true morays (genus Muræna) are characterized by the presence of two pairs of nasal barbules. The muræna of the Romans, or ‘murry’ (Muræna Belena), abounds in the
Mediterranean, and is sometimes of large size, four feet or more in length, golden yellow in front and purple toward the tail, beautifully banded and mottled. Its flesh is white and highly esteemed. It prefers salt water, but can accommodate itself to a fresh-water pond. The ancient Romans kept and fed it in vivaria. The story of Vedius Pollio feeding his murænas with offending slaves is well known. Two species of this genus are found in American waters. The common spotted moray or ‘hamlet,’ the most numerous eel in the West Indies, is Lycodontis moringa, and is yellowish in color, thickly spotted and marbled with dark markings. A larger one (five to six feet) is the greenish-black moray or ‘morena verde’ (Lycodontis funebris), the biggest and most ferocious of the eels of the American tropics (both coasts), and one well known about the Florida reefs. The so-called ‘conger eel’ of California (Lycodontis mordax) is a food fish of some local importance. See Plate of Eels, Congers, and Morays.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Moritz, Karl Philipp

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Philipp Moritz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MORITZ, mō'rĭts, Karl Philipp (1756-93). A German author, prominent in the Sturm-und-Drang period. He was born at Hameln, of poor parents. He taught for a short time at Dessau (1777), then at a military orphanage at Potsdam (1778), and soon after in Berlin. In 1786 he went to Italy, and in Rome became acquainted with Goethe, who reeommended him to Duke Karl August, by whose influence Moritz was elected to the Berlin Academy, and in 1789 became professor of antiquities in the Academy of Art in Berlin. His adventurous life can to a great degree be reconstructed from the semi-biographical novels, Anton Reiser (1785-90) and Andreas Hartknopf (1786). He wrote, besides: Versuch einer deutschen Prosodie (1780); Ueber die bildende Nachahmung des Schönen (1788); Götterlehre (1791); Reisen eines Deutschen in England (1783); and Reisen eines Deutschen in Italien (1792-93). Consult Dessoir, Moritz als Aesthetiker (Berlin, 1889).
# The New International Encyclopædia/New Mexico, University of

Edition of 1905. See also University of New Mexico on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEW MEXICO, University of. A coeducational institution of higher learning at Albuquerque, New Mexico, incorporated by an act of the Territorial Legislature in 1889, and indicated by statute as the future State university. The collegiate, normal, and preparatory departments were opened in 1892. Science, music, art, ​and commercial schools were afterwards added. The degrees of bachelor of arts and pedagogy, of master of arts and sciences, and of doctor of philosophy are conferred. The Hadley Climatological Laboratory is an organization for research especially with reference to the influence of the climate of the arid and plateau region of the United States upon disease. The students in 1902 numbered 150 and the faculty twelve. The library contained about 5000 volumes. The campus contains the Administration Hall, Hadley Science Hall, the gymnasium, and the Ladies' Cottage. The total value of property under control of the college in 1902 was $75,000. Its endowment consisted of 243,000 acres of public land and 150,000 acres of saline land, and the income was 15,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/New Iberia

Edition of 1905. See also New Iberia, Louisiana on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEW IBE′RIA. A town and the parish seat of Iberia Parish, La., 12.5 miles west of New Orleans, at the head of navigation on the Bayou Teche, and on the Southern Pacific Railroad (Map: Louisiana, D 3). This section has many natural features of interest, and is the scene of part of Longfellow's Evangeline. Avery's Island is famous for its deposits of rock salt. A Federal Government post-office is (1903) in course of construction, and the city has a public high school library, a fine city hall, and a public market. New Iberia is the centre of a productive agricultural section devoted to the cultivation of sugar-cane, cotton, rice, corn, potatoes, small fruits, and vegetables. It is also of considerable importance as an industrial centre, its establishments including shipyards, foundries and machine shops, a knitting mill, and manufactories of cypress lumber, shingles, sash, doors, and blinds, cypress cisterns and tanks, cotton-seed products, soap, tabasco sauce, pressed ​and common brick, wagons, and carts. The water-works and electric-light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 3447; in 1900, 6815.
# The New International Encyclopædia/New Inn Hall

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ NEW INN HALL. See Oxford University.
# The New International Encyclopædia/New Ireland

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ NEW IRELAND. See New Mecklenburg.
# The New International Encyclopædia/New Jersey Tea

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ NEW JERSEY TEA. An American shrub. See Ceanothus; and Plate of Mint, etc.
# The New International Encyclopædia/New Mecklenburg

Edition of 1905. See also New Ireland (island) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEW MECK′LENBURG (formerly New Ireland). The second largest of the Bismarck Archipelago (q.v.), situated in the Pacific Ocean, 350 miles northeast of New Guinea, and separated from New Pomerania, the largest of the group, by Saint George Channel (Map: Australasia, H 3). It is elongated, has an area of 4920 square miles, and consists for the most part of mountains covered with forests of large trees. Little is known of the interior of the island, but the coast lands are very fertile. Colonization of the island has been unsuccessful; there is a trading station on the north coast, but in 1897 there were only nine European inhabitants, the bulk of the population, whose number is unknown, being savage Melanesians.
# The New International Encyclopædia/New Jersey, College of

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ NEW JERSEY, College of. See Princeton University.
# The New International Encyclopædia/New Jerusalem Church

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH. See Swedenborgians.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Special Assessment

See also Special assessment tax on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SPECIAL ASSESSMENT. A compulsory contribution levied in proportion to the special benefits derived from a public improvement, and designed to cover, entirely or in part, the cost of that improvement. A special assessment is levied most frequently in connection with the opening or improvement of streets or highways. It differs from a tax in that it is levied in proportion to the benefit directly derived from the uses to which the contribution is put. (See Tax.) Charges of the nature of special assessments were imposed in France as early as 1672. In 1807 a general law was passed authorizing such levies, but it has rarely been invoked. In Prussia, since 1875, the expenses of certain street improvements have been partially defrayed in this manner. In England contributions of the nature of special assessments were imposed in 1427 and in 1667. The Public Health Act of 1875 permits urban authorities, under certain contingencies, to recover the cost of improvements from property-owners, in proportion to the frontage of their premises. In England, however, no general policy of covering the costs of improvements by special assessments exists.
The principle of special assessments first appeared in America in a law of the Province of New York of 1691. By that law. however, all houses in the city of New York might be assessed in proportion to benefits derived from public improvements. By a law of 1787, assessments were limited to the owners of property which was intended to be benefited. In other States this form of revenue appeared about 1830. After the Civil War the principle became far more extended, and is now throughout the United States a recognized principle of local finance. In a typical case, when a street is graded or paved, after the improvement has been made a board of assessors is appointed, who apportion the cost in proportion to benefits received. Such assessments are usually subject to legal limitation as to amount. Consult Rosewater, Special Assessments (New York, 1893).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Spavin, Bone

See also Bone spavin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SPAVIN, Bone. An inflammation of and bony deposit on the flat bones of the lower and inner part of the hock-joint of the horse. At first there is tenderness, local heat, swelling, and lameness, but as the inflammatory stage passes the lameness is less perceptible, although the horse still continues to go stiffly. If the lameness is only slight it usually disappears after a little exercise. The animal should be given rest.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Spawn-eater

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​SPAWN-EATER. The spotted-tailed minnow (Notropis Hudsonius). See Minnow.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Speaking Trumpet

See also Megaphone on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SPEAKING TRUMPET. An instrument for concentrating the waves of sound originated by the articulation of the human voice, and thereby enabling the sound to be conveyed to a greater distance. It was used on shipboard in enabling the officers to convey orders during windy weather from one part of the deck to another, or to the rigging, and in its more modern form, the megaphone (q.v.) is extensively employed. The invention is ascribed to Sir Samuel Morland (1625-1695) in 1670, though Athanasius Kircher laid claim to it. Morland's trumpet was shaped like a truncated cone, with an outward curve or lip at the opening.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Spasm

See also Spasm on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SPASM (Lat. spasmus, from Gk. σπασμός, spasmos, σπασμα, spasma, spasm, from σπᾶν, span, to draw, rend). Involuntary and sudden muscular contraction, due to central nerve disturbance, to peripheral irritation, or to reflex conditions from irritation of other parts. There are two kinds of spasm: tonic and clonic. Tonic spasm is a prolonged involuntary rigidity of a muscle or a group of muscles. Such spasm occurs at the beginning of an epileptic attack, during hysteria major, tetanus, angina pectoris, and meningitis. It also occurs in the muscles of the calves of the legs in swimmers, attended with pain, when it is called cramp (q.v.). Clonic spasm is an involuntary contracting and relaxing of groups of muscles, causing twitching, jerking, and rolling movements and contortions. It is the common convulsion, or fit. Such a spasm occurs in epilepsy, hysteria major, uræmia, chorea, hydrophobia, and in some cases of indigestion and worms. In asthma (q.v.) there is spasm of the muscles controlling the bronchial tubes, as also in whooping cough (q.v.), together with hyperæsthesia. Spasm occurs also in colic.
The treatment of spasm consists of the use of antispasmodics such as asafœtida, galbanum, musk, sumbul, valerian, belladonna, cannabis indica, opium, the bromides, and stramonium, and the administration by inhalation of choloroform or amyl nitrite, or by outward application of heat in a prolonged hot bath.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Spavin, Bog

See also Bog spavin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SPAVIN, Bog (OF. esparvain, esparvent, Fr. éparvin, spavin; possibly from Goth, sparwa, OHG. sparo, sparwe, AS. spearwa, spearewa, Eng. sparrow; in allusion to the hopping gait of a spavined animal). A lesion of the true hock-joint of the horse, consisting in distention of the capsule inclosing the joint. It usually arises suddenly from a sprain in action, from overwork, or wounds.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Spearmint

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​SPEARMINT. See Mint.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Spears, John Randolph

See also John Randolph Spears on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SPEARS, John Randolph (1850—). An American author and journalist, born at Van Wirt, Ohio. In 1875 he became editor of the East Aurora Advertiser, and the next year he founded the Silver Creek Local. He was a reporter on the Buffalo Express from 1880 until 1882, when he joined the staff of the New York Sun. His publications include: The Gold Diggings of Cape Horn (1895); The Port of Missing Ships and Other Stories of the Sea (1896); The History of Our Navy (1897); Our Navy in the War with Spain (1898); The Fugitive (1899); and History of the American Slave Trade (1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Special Proceeding

See also Legal proceeding and Civil procedure in the United States on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SPECIAL PROCEEDING. Under modern codes of procedure, any civil proceeding which is not an action (q.v.). Under the New York Code of Civil Procedure, the following have been held to be special proceedings: an application for admission to the bar; supplementary proceedings; a proceeding to vacate an assessment; proceedings for contempt; proceedings for condemnation of land; habeas corpus. See Action and consult Fiero, Special Proceedings (2d ed., New York, 1899).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Peter the Hermit

See also Peter the Hermit on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pe′ter the Her′mit, the apostle of the first crusade for the recovery of Jerusalem from the Mohammedans,was born at Amiens, France, about 1050. After serving as a soldier he became a monk, and is said to have made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land before 1094, when he began the preaching that started so many thousands on the famous march to Jerusalem. A portion of the first army was led by Peter himself, but at the siege of Antioch he attempted to desert, and, when several miles on his way home, was brought back by the soldiers of Tancred to receive a public reprimand. When Jerusalem was taken by the crusaders in 1099, Peter preached a sermon on the Mount of Olives. At the end of the crusade he returned to Europe and founded a monastery at Huy in Belgium, where he died on July 11, 1115.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Phidias

See also Phidias on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Phidias (fid′i-as) or Pheidias, the greatest sculptor of ancient Greece, was born about 500 B. C. To Phidias came such an opportunity as comes only to few artists. Pericles, having risen to the head of affairs, resolved to adorn Athens with public buildings, and he therefore not only gave Phidias a commission to execute the more splendid statues to be erected, but made him superintendent of all public works planned. He constructed the Propylæa and the Parthenon, the sculptured ornaments of which were executed under his direct superintendence, while the statue of Athené, in ivory and gold, was the work of Phidias himself. He also executed a colossal gold and ivory statue of Zeus for the Olympian temple in Elis; this is considered his masterpiece. In his later years Phidias was accused of appropriating a portion of the gold designed for the robe of Athené and of impiety in having placed his own likeness and that of Pericles upon the shield of the goddess, and was thrown into prison, where he died about 430 B. C.