OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Risk

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​RISK hazard, chance of danger or loss, especially the chance of loss to property or goods which an insurance company undertakes to make good to the insurer in return for the recurrent payment of a sum called the premium (see Insurance). The word appears late in English, and in the 17th century in the Fr. form risque or It. risco or risgo, for risico, risigo; cf. Sp. riesgo. The Med. Lat. riscus, rischium, and risicum are found, according to Du Cange (Gloss., qq.v.), as early as the 13th century. Skeat (Etym. Dict., 1910) accepts Diez's suggestion that the word is originally a sailor's term, and is to be referred to Sp. risco, a steep rock, from Lat. resecare, to cut back, shut off; thus Sp. arriesgar, to run into danger, means literally “to go against a rock.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rist, Johann von

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​RIST, JOHANN VON (1607-1667), German poet, was born at Ottensen in Holstein on the 8th of March 1607; the son of the Lutheran pastor of that place. He received his early training in Hamburg and Bremen; after studying theology at Rinteln and Rostock, he became in 1633 private tutor in a family of Heide, and two years later (1635) was appointed pastor of the village of Wedel on the Elbe, where he laboured until his death on the 31st of August 1667. Rist first made his name known to the literary world by a drama, Perseus (1634), which he wrote while at Heide, and in the next succeeding years he produced a number of dramatic works of which the allegory Das friedewünschende Teutschland (1647) and Das friedejauchzends Teutschland (1653) (new ed. of both by H. M. Schletterer, 1864) are the most interesting. Rist soon became the central figure in a school of minor poets, and honours were showered upon him from every side. The emperor Ferdinand III. crowned him laureate in 1644, ennobled him in 1653, and invested him with the dignity of a Count Palatine, an honour which enabled him to crown, and to gain numerous poets for the Elbschwanen order, a literary and poetical society which he founded in 1656. He had already, in 1645, been admitted, under the name “Daphnis aus Cimbrien,” to the literary order of Pegnitz, and in 1647 he became, as “Der Rüstige,” a member of the Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft. It is, however, as a writer of church hymns (see Hymns) that Rist is best known to fame. Among these several are still retained in the evangelical hymn book: e.g. O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort and Ermunt're dich, mein schwacher Geist. Collections of his poems appeared under the titles Musa Teutonica (1634) and Himmlische Lieder (1643).
Selections of Rist's writings have been published by W. Müller in vol. viii. of his Bibliothek deutscher Dichter des 17. Jahrh. (1822-1838), and by K. Goedeke and E. Goeze (1885). See T. Hansen, Johann Rist und seine Zeit (1872); K. T. Gaedertz, J. Rist als niederdeutscher Dramatiker (Jahrb. f. niederdeutsche Sprache, vol. vii., 1881); and M. von Waldberg's article in the Allg. deutsche Biographie.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Riouw

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​RIOUW, Rhiouw or Bintang, an archipelago of the Dutch East Indies, E. of Sumatra, and separated from the Malay Peninsula by the Straits of Singapore. With the Lingga, Karimon, Tambelan, Anambas and Natuna Islands, to the N.E., E. and S., and the territory of Indragiri in Sumatra, it forms the Dutch residency of, Riouw and dependencies. The seat of government is at Tanjong Pinang, a small port of 4000 inhabitants (including 160 Europeans and about 2000 Chinese), on the S.W. coast of the chief island, Bintang or Riouw. The total area of the residency is about 17,550 sq. m., and its population (1905) 112,216, of whom considerably over a quarter are Chinese. These cultivate gambier and pepper successfully in Bintang, and there is a considerable trade in wood. Bintang has an area of about 440 sq m., and is surrounded by many rocks and small islands, making navigation dangerous. The soil is not fertile, and much of it is swampy. There is an assistant residency of Lingga, to which belongs the island of Singkep, where extensive tin-deposits are worked. Geologically the Riouw and Lingga Islands are appendages of the Malay Peninsula, not of Sumatra. Bintang is mentioned by Marco Polo under the name of Pentam, which is not far from the genuine Malay name Bentdn, said to mean a half-moon. After the Portuguese conquest of Malacca (1511), the expelled Mahommedan dynasty took up its residence on Bintang, where it long fostered piracy.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ripley

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​RIPLEY, a market town in the Ilkeston parliamentary division of Derbyshire, England, 10 m. N. by E. of Derby, on a branch of the Midland railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 10,111. It lies on high ground between the valleys of the Derwent and the Erewash. In the neighbourhood there are extensive collieries, and coke is largely manufactured. Besides iron foundries, blast furnaces and boiler works, the town possesses silk and cotton mills. The charter for the market was granted by Henry III. The district has a large industrial population. To the west of Ripley lies the township of Heage (pop. 2889).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ripley, George

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RIPLEY, GEORGE (1802-1880), American critic and man of letters, was born at Greenfield, Massachusetts, on the 3rd of October 1802. He graduated first in his class at Harvard in 1823. From 1826 to 1840 he was pastor of a Unitarian church in Boston, subsequently retiring from the active ministry altogether. It was during those years that there grew up in New England that form of thought or philosophy known as Transcendentalism. Ripley was prominent, if not the leader, in all practical manifestations of the movement; and it was largely by his earnestness and practical energy that certain of its more tangible results were brought about. The first meeting of the Transcendental Club was held at his house in September 1836. He was a founder and a chief supporter of the magazine, the Dial, which was the organ of the school from 1841 to 1844. Most
important of all, however, he was the originator of “The Brook Farm Institute of Education and Agriculture.” Until the abandonment of this experiment in 1847, Ripley was its leader, cheerfully taking upon himself all kinds of tasks, teaching mathematics and philosophy in the school, milking cows and attending to other bucolic duties, and after June 1845 editing the weekly Harbinger, an organ of “association,” which he continued to edit in New York from 1847 until it was discontinued in 1849. The failure of Brook Farm (q.v.) left Ripley poor and feeling keenly the defeat of his project; but the event forced him at last to devote himself to that career of literary labour in which the real success of his life was achieved. In 1849 he joined the staff of the New York Tribune, and in a short time became its literary editor. This position, which, through his steadiness, scholarly conservatism and freedom from caprice as a critic, soon became one of great influence, he held until his death in New York City on the 4th of July 1880.
During the greater part of the time of his connexion with the Tribune, Ripley was also an adviser of a prominent publishing house, an occasional contributor to the magazines, and a coöperator in several literary undertakings. The chief of these was the American Cyclopaedia, which as the New American Cyclopaedia — so named to distinguish it from Francis Lieber's Encyclopaedia Americana — was issued, under the editorship of Ripley and Charles A. Dana, in 1857-63, a revised edition, with the word “new” dropped from the title, being issued under the same editorship in 1873-76. He also issued, in translation, a series of Specimens of Foreign Standard Literature (14 vols., 1838-42). Ripley was twice married, first in 1827 to Miss Sophia Willard Dana (d. 1861), a daughter of Francis Dana and a conspicuous figure at Brook Farm; and second, in 1865, to a young German widow, Mrs Augusta Schlossberger, who survived him and subsequently married Alphonse Pinede.
A biography of Ripley (Boston, 1882), written by the Rev. O. B. Frothingham, forms one of the volumes of the “American Men of Letters” series.
(E. L. B.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ten Kate, Jan Jacob Lodewijk

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​TEN KATE, JAN JACOB LODEWIJK (1819–1889), Dutch divine, prose writer and poet, was born at The Hague on the 23rd of December 1819. He started in life as a lawyer’s clerk. It was his friend, Dr Heldring, pastor at Hemmen, in Gelderland, who, discovering in Ten Kate the germs of poetical genius, enabled him to study theology at the university of Utrecht (1838–43). Having completed his studies, Ten Kate became pastor at Middelburg, Amsterdam, and other places, meanwhile developing well-nigh ceaseless activity, both in prose and lyric poetry. Among his prose works may be mentioned the travel papers (Rhine, 1861; Italy, 1857–62), Christelijke Overdenkingen (“Thoughts of a Christian,” 1849–52), and other religious studies. His early poetry was in the main original. The best known of his poems were—Ahasverus op de Grimsel (“Ahasuerus on the Grimsel,” 1840); Zangen des Tijds (“Songs of the Times,” 1841); Legenden en Mengelpoëzie (“Legends and Detached Poems,” 1846); In den Bloemhof (“In the Flower Garden,” 1851); De Schepping (“The Creation,” 1866); De Planeten (“The Planets,” 1869); De Jaargetijden (“The Seasons,” 1871); De Psalmen (“The Psalms,” 1874); De Vrouw in het Nederlandsch Lied (“Woman in Dutch Song,” 1882); Palmtakken en Dichtbloemen (“Palm-branches and Flowers of Poesy,” 1884). Ten Kate reached the pinnacle of his poetic fame in The Creation, The Planets, and The Seasons. These poems certainly show a masterly grasp of his mother tongue and a wonderful facility of expression, coupled with graceful vigour and fertile fancy. These qualities he also plentifully displayed in the innumerable translations he made of many of the masterpieces of foreign poetry in nearly every European language. He had not only an extraordinary aptitude for learning alien idioms, hut also the gift of translating foreign lyrics into clear, fluent and beautiful Dutch verse. Ten Kate’s versatility in this respect has never been equalled; it extended from Tasso and Andersen to Dante, Schiller, Victor Hugo, Milton, Tennyson and Longfellow. Ten Kate died at Amsterdam on the 24th of December 1889.
His complete Poetic Works were published after his death in 12 volumes (Leiden, 1891).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tenasserim

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​TENASSERIM, a division of Lower Burma, bordering on Siam. Area, 36,076 sq. m. Pop. (1901) 1,159,558, including 38,269 Christians, the great majority of whom are Karens. The headquarters of the commissioner are at Moulmein. It is divided into six districts: Toungoo, Salween, Thatôn, Amherst, Tavoy and Mergui. It formed the tract south of Pegu conquered from Burma in 1826, which was for many years known as the Tenasserim province. The southern extremity of the division approaches the insular region of Malaysia, and it is fringed along its entire western coast by a number of islands, forming in the north the Moscos and in the south the Mergui Archipelago. The eastern frontier is formed by a mountain range 5000 ft. high, which acts as a water-parting between the Tenasserim and the Siamese river systems.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Temryuk

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​TEMRYUK, a seaport of Russia, in northern Caucasia, and in the government of Kuban, on the Sea of Azov, 81 m. W.N.W. of Ekaterinodar. Pop. (1897) 14,476. Here was a Turkish fortress, Abas, till 1774. The place is now a growing seaport for the export of grain, and has many flour-mills.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Temple (Texas)

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​TEMPLE, a city of Bell county, Texas, U.S.A., about 35 m. S.S.W. of Waco. Pop. (1890) 4047; (1900) 7065 (1423 being negroes and 360 foreign-born): (1910) 10,993. It is served by the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fé, and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railways (the former has repair shops here), and is connected with Belton (pop. in 1910, 4164), the county seat, about 10 m. W., by an electric railway. In the city are a Carnegie library, a King's Daughters' Hospital, the Temple Sanitarium, and a hospital of the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fé railway. Temple is situated in a rich farming country; cotton is ginned and baled here, and there are various manufactures. The city owns the water supply. Temple was founded in 1881–82 by the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fé railway, and was chartered as a city in 1884.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Temple Bar

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​TEMPLE BAR, an historic site in London, England. In more than one of the main roads converging upon the city of London a bar or chain marked the extra-mural jurisdiction of the Corporation. Temple Bar stood at the junction of the present Strand and Fleet Street, over against the Law Courts. A bar is first mentioned here in 1301, but the name is most familiar in its application to the gateway designed by Sir Christopher Wren, which replaced an older structure on this spot in 1672. This was removed in 1878, and set up in 1888 at the entrance to Theobalds Park near Cheshunt, Hertfordshire. A pedestal surmounted by a dragon or “griffin” marks the old site. When the sovereign is about to enter the city in state, whether by Temple Bar or elsewhere, the Lord Mayor, in accordance with ancient custom, presents the sword of the city to him, and he at once returns it. Formerly the bar or gate was closed against the sovereign until this ceremony was carried out.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tenbury

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​TENBURY, a market town in the Bewdley parliamentary division of Worcestershire, England, on the Kidderminster-Wooferton branch of the Great Western railway, 153 m. W.N.W. of London. Pop. (1901) 2080. It is pleasantly situated on the right bank of the Teme, here the boundary with Shropshire. The town has a spa, whose waters are efficacious in rheumatic affections and diseases of the skin. The church of St Mary the Virgin has Norman remains in the tower and chancel. The district produces hops and fruit, and there is trade in cider. The Teme abounds in trout and grayling, and Tenbury is in favour with anglers. At Old Wood, 2 m. S.W. of Tenbury, are St Michael's church and college (1858), founded and partially endowed by the Rev. Sir Frederick Gore Ouseley, in which the ordinary preparatory education of boys is combined with a school for choristers and instruction in ecclesiastical music.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tenant

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​TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold), one who holds real property by some form of title from a landlord. For the forms of tenancy, &c., see Landlord and Tenant.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tenant-right

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​TENANT-RIGHT, in law, a term expressing the right which a tenant has, either by custom or by law, against his landlord for compensation for improvements at the determination of his tenancy. In England it is governed for the most part by the Agricultural Holdings Acts and the Allotments and Small Holdings Acts (see Landlord and Tenant). In Ireland, tenant-right was a custom, prevailing particularly in Ulster, by which the tenant acquired a right not to have his rent raised arbitrarily at the expiration of his term. This resulted in Ulster in considerable fixity of tenure and, in case of a desire on the part of the tenant to sell his farm, made the tenant-right of considerable capital value, amounting often to many years rent.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ten Brink, Bernhard Egidius Konrad

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​TEN BRINK, BERNHARD EGIDIUS KONRAD (1841–1892), German philologist, of Dutch origin, was born at Amsterdam on the 12th of January 1841, but was sent to school at Düsseldorf, and afterwards studied at Münster, and later under Diez and Delius at Bonn. In 1866 he began to lecture at the Münster Academy on the philology of the English and Romance languages. In 1870 he became professor of modern languages at Marburg, and after the reconstitution of Strassburg University was appointed professor of English there in 1873. In 1874 he began to edit, in conjunction with W. Scherer, E. Martin and E. Schmidt, Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprache und Kulturgeschichte der germanischen Völker. He devoted himself for many years to the study of Chaucer. In 1877 he published Chaucer: Studien zur Geschichte seiner Entwickelung und zur Chronologie seiner Schriften; in 1884, Chaucers Sprache und Verskunst. He also published critical editions of the Prologue and the Compleynte to Pité. Ten Brink’s work in this direction stimulated a revival of Chaucer study in the United Kingdom as well as in Germany, and to him was indirectly due the foundation of the English Chaucer Society. His Beowulf-Untersuchungen (1888) proved a hardly less valuable contribution to the study of Early English literature. His best known work is his Geschichte der englischen Literatur (1889–93), (English by H. Kennedy in Bohn’s Standard Library), which was unfortunately never completed, and broke off just before the Elizabethan period. It was his intense admiration of Shakespeare that first attracted him to the study of English, and five lectures on Shakespeare delivered at Frankfort were published after his death (1893). Ten Brink died at Strassburg on the 29th of January 1892. He was a great teacher as well as an accurate and brilliant writer, and from many countries students flocked to his lecture-room.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rewa

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​REWA, or Riwa, a native state of Central India in the Bagelkhand agency. It is the only large state in Bagelkhand, and the second largest in Central India, having an area of about 13,000 sq. m. It is bounded N. by the United Provinces, E. by Bengal and S. by the Central. Provinces. On the W. it meets other petty states of Bagelkhand. Rewa is divided into two well-defined portions. The northern and smaller division is the plateau lying between the Kaimur range of hills and that portion of the Vindhyas known as Binjh, which overlook the valley of the Ganges. This plateau is for the most part cultivated and well peopled; rich harvests both of kharif and rabi crops are generally obtained. Water is plentiful, and the country is full of large tanks and reservoirs, which, however, are not used for irrigation purposes; the only system of wet cultivation which has any favour with the villagers is that of bunds, or mounds of earth raised at the lower ends of sloping fields to retain the rain water for some time after the monsoon rains cease. The country to the S. of the Kaimur hills comprises by far the largest portion of the state; but here cultivation is restricted to the valley between the hills and the Sone river, and to a few isolated patches in scattered parts of the forest wastes. The principal river is the Sone, which flows through the state in a N.E. direction into Mirzapur district. Another important river is the Tons, but neither is navigable. The annual rainfall averages about 41 in. The population in 1901 was 1,327,385, showing a decrease of 12% in the decade. Many of the inhabitants of the hilly tracts are Gonds and Kols. Estimated revenue, £200,000. The staple crops are rice, millets and wheat; but more than one-third of the area is covered with forests, yielding timber and lac.
The S. of the state is crossed by the branch of the Bengal-Napur railway from Bilaspur to Katni, which taps the Umaria coal-field. The state suffered from famine in 1896-97, and again to a less ​extent in 1899–1900; but on both occasions adequate measures of relief were provided.
The state first came under British influence in 1812. The chief, Venkat Raman Singh, was born in 1876, succeeded in 1880 and was created G.C.S.I. in 1897. During his minority the administration was reformed. He is Rajput of the Baghela branch of the Solanki race, and is descended from the founder of the Anhilwara Patan dynasty in Gujarat.
The town of Rewa is 131 m. S. of Allahabad. Pop. (1901) 24,608. It has a high school, also the Victoria and zenana hospitals and a model gaol. The political agent for Bagelkhand resides at Satna, on the East Indian railway: pop. (1901) 7471.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Reybaud, Marie Roch Louis

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​REYBAUD, MARIE ROCH LOUIS (1799–1879), French writer, economist and politician, was born at Marseilles on the 15th of August 1799. After travelling in the Levant and in India, he settled in Paris in 1829. Besides writing for the Radical press, he edited the Histoire scientifique et militaire de l'expédition française en Egypte in ten volumes (1830–36) and Dumont d'Urville's Voyage autour du monde (1833). In 1840 he published Études sur les reformateurs ou socialist es modernes (see Socialism) which gained him the Montyon prize (1841) and a place in the Académie des sciences morales et politiques (1850). In 1843 he published Jérôme Paturot à la recherche d'un position sociale, a clever social satire that had a prodigious success. In 1846 he abandoned his democratic views, and was elected liberal deputy for Marseilles. His Jérôme Paturot à la recherche de la meilleure des républiques (1848) was a satire on the new Republican ideas. After the coup d'état of 1849 he ceased to take part in public life, and devoted himself entirely to the study of political economy. To this period belong his La Vie de l'employe (1855); L'Industrie en Europe (1856); and Études sur le régime de dos manufactures (1859). He died in Paris on the 28th of October 1879.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rewari

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​REWARI, a town of British India, in Gurgaon district of the Punjab, 32 m. S.W. of Gurgaon, on the Rajputana-Malwa railway. Pop. (1901) 27,295. It is an important centre of trade, being the junction for the Rewari-Bhatinda branch of the Rajputana railway. The chief manufacture is that of brass-ware for cooking utensils.