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# The Elements of Style

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The Elements of Style is an American English writing style guide. It is one of the most influential and best-known prescriptive treatments of English grammar and usage in the United States. It originally detailed eight elementary rules of usage, ten elementary principles of composition, "a few matters of form," and a list of commonly misused words and expressions. Updated editions of the paperback book are often required reading for American high school and college composition classes.Warning: template has been deprecated.

## Brief contents

* Introductory
* Elementary Rules of Usage
* Elementary Principles of Composition
* A Few Matters of Form
* Words and Expressions Commonly Misused
* Words Commonly Misspelled

## Contents

* Introductory
* Elementary Rules of Usage
** 1. Form the possessive singular of nouns with 's.
** 2. In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last.
** 3. Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas.
** 4. Place a comma before and or but introducing an independent clause.
** 5. Do not join independent clauses by a comma.
** 6. Do not break sentences in two.
** 7. A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the grammatical subject.
** 8. Divide words at line-ends, in accordance with their formation and pronunciation.
* Elementary Principles of Composition
** 9. Make the paragraph the unit of composition: one paragraph to each topic.
** 10. As a rule, begin each paragraph with a topic sentence; end it in conformity with the beginning.
** 11. Use the active voice.
** 12. Put statements in positive form.
** 13. Omit needless words.
** 14. Avoid a succession of loose sentences.
** 15. Express co-ordinate ideas in similar form.
** 16. Keep related words together.
** 17. In summaries, keep to one tense.
** 18. Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end.
* A Few Matters of Form
* Words and Expressions Commonly Misused
* Words Commonly Misspelled
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1946, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 77 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# All Nature Has a Feeling

Erin Lafford; Valerie Pedlar et al. (13 July 2014). John Clare Society Journal 33 (2014): John Clare Society Journal. John Clare Society. pp. 80–. ISBN 978-0-9564113-5-8.
All nature has a feeling woods fields brooks Are life eternal—& in silence they Speak happiness—beyond the reach of books There's nothing mortal in them—their decay Is the green life of change to pass away & come again in blooms revivified Its birth was heaven eternal is its stay & with the sun & moon shall still abide Beneath their night & day & heave[n] wide
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Myths and Legends of Our Own Land

* Volume I
** The Hudson and its Hills
** The Isle of Manhattoes and Nearby
** On and Near the Delaware
** Tales of Puritan Land
* Volume II
** Tales of Puritan Land (Continued)
** Lights and Shadows of the South
** The Central States and Great Lakes
** Along the Rocky Range
** On the Pacific Slope
** As to Buried Riches
** Storied Waters, Cliffs, and Mountains
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Alamo

Written in 1926 and sent in a letter to his friend Tevis Clyde Smith.
For days they ringed us with the flame For days their swarming soldiers came The battle wrack was gory We perished in the smoke and flame, To give the world their traitor shame And our undying glory
This work is from the United States and in the public domain because it was not legally published with the permission of the copyright holder before January 1, 2003 and the author died more than 70 years ago. This is a posthumous work and its copyright in certain countries and areas may depend on years since posthumous publication, rather than years since the author's death. Translations or editions published later may be copyrighted.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# A Ballad of Insanity

From a letter to Tevis Clyde Smith, ca. November 1928
A Ballad of Insanity
Adam was my ball-and-chain,
A tall short mule,
A walking red olay tennis court
In Eden’s judgment pool.
He tore the dubious petticoat
From Eve’s sequestered hips,
Oh, Adam was my elephant
Upon the sea in ships.
This work is from the United States and in the public domain because it was not legally published with the permission of the copyright holder before January 1, 2003 and the author died 88 years ago. This is a posthumous work and its copyright in certain countries and areas may depend on years since posthumous publication, rather than years since the author's death. Translations or editions published later may be copyrighted.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1936, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 87 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Bombing of Gon Fanfew

From a letter to Tevis Clyde Smith, February 25, 1925 (“Salaam, sahib: / Chapter XIX”); parody of “The Shooting of Dan McGrew” by Robert W. Service
The Bombing of Gon Fanfew
A gang of the Reds were hanging a Jew
In the Murderer’s Rest Saloon
And the girl at the accordion
Was whanging, “The Devil’s Own Tune”;
Over by the Hangman’s Counter
Sat Anarchist Gon Fanfew
Notching the ears of his light-o’-love,
A murderess known as Lou.
When out of the night where the bullets hummed,
Into the smoking dive
A stranger shot his way within,
Waving a forty-five.
He came with a run as he pulled his gun
And he fired shot three or four
And then he gathered the bodies up
And hove them out the door.
He cut the throat of the music-girl
And sat down on the stool
And if that fellow couldn’t play,
Well, I’m a Royal fool.
He played such tunes as the “Cutthroat’s League”
And “The Murderer’s March” and then
He swung into a tune of his own,
’Twas much like “The Devil’s Den”.
He played of the far-famed “good-old-days”
Sweethearts and lover’s moon,
And as he played we seemed to see
A snug and cozy saloon.
And the rush of the Royal troops,
He shifted the accordion screws,
“No work, no pay!” it seemed to say,
And we shrieked our lust for booze.
And then the stranger wheeled about
And he pulled out his gun,
“And boys,” said he, “you don’t know me
But you will before I’m done.”
“I’ve got some word I wish to say
And they are but a few
But one of you is a bourgeoisie
And that one is Gon Fanfew!”
I ducked and somebody set off a fuse
Two bombs blazed in the dark
Somebody started throwing knives
And guns began to bark.
Somebody blew the roof clear off
And the Northern Lights streamed in
Somebody set the saloon on fire
And splashed the walls with gin.
Pitched on his head and widely spread
Lay Anarchist Gon Fanfew
And there with the stranger’s head in her hand
Lay the woman known as Lou.
This work is from the United States and in the public domain because it was not legally published with the permission of the copyright holder before January 1, 2003 and the author died 88 years ago. This is a posthumous work and its copyright in certain countries and areas may depend on years since posthumous publication, rather than years since the author's death. Translations or editions published later may be copyrighted.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1936, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 87 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# But The Hills Were Ancient Then

Now is a summer come out of the sea,  And the hills that were bare are green. They shower the petals and the bee  On the valleys that laze between.
So it was in the dreaming past,  And life is a shifting maze, Summer on summer fading fast,  In a mist of yesterdays.
Out of the East, the tang of smoke,  The flight of the startled deer, A ringing axe the silence broke,  The tread of the pioneer.
Saxon eyes in a weathered face,  Cabins where trees had been, Hard on the heels of a fading race,  But the hills were ancient then.
Up from the South a haze of dust,  The pack mules' steady pace, Armor tarnished and red with rust,  Stern eyes in a sun-bronzed face.
The mesquite mocked the flag of Spain,  That the wind flung out again, The grass bent under the pack mule train—  But the hills were ancient then.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was legally published within the United States (or the United Nations Headquarters in New York subject to Section 7 of the United States Headquarters Agreement) before 1964, and copyright was not renewed.
* For Class A renewal records (books only) published between 1923 and 1963, check the Stanford University Copyright Renewal Database.
* For other renewal records of publications between 1922–1950, see the University of Pennsylvania copyright records.
* For all records since 1978, search the U.S. Copyright Office records.
Works could have had their copyright renewed between January 1st of the 27th year after publication or registration and December 31st of the 28th year. As this work's copyright was not renewed, it entered the public domain on January 1st of the 29th year.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1936, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 87 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
It is imperative that contributors ascertain that there is no evidence of a copyright renewal before using this license. Failure to do so will result in the deletion of the work as a copyright violation.
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# Babel (Howard)

Now in the gloom the pulsing drums repeat,  And all the night is filled with evil sound; I hear the throbbing on inhuman feet  On marble stairs that silence locks around.
I see black temples loom against the night,  With tentacles like serpents writhed afar, And waving in a dusky dragon light  Great moths whose wings unholy tapers char. Red memory on memory, tier on tier,  Builds up a tower, time and space to span; Through world on world I rise, and sphere on sphere, To star-shot gulfs of lunacy and fear—  Black screaming ages never dreamed by man.
Was this your plan, foul spawn of cosmic mire, To freeze my soul to stone and icy fire, To carve me in the moon that all mankind May know its race is futile, weak and blind— A horror-blasted statue in the sky,  That does not live and nevermore can die?
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was legally published within the United States (or the United Nations Headquarters in New York subject to Section 7 of the United States Headquarters Agreement) before 1964, and copyright was not renewed.
* For Class A renewal records (books only) published between 1923 and 1963, check the Stanford University Copyright Renewal Database.
* For other renewal records of publications between 1922–1950, see the University of Pennsylvania copyright records.
* For all records since 1978, search the U.S. Copyright Office records.
Works published in 1935 could have had their copyright renewed in 1962 or 1963, i.e. between January 1st of the 27th year after publication or registration and December 31st of the 28th year. As this work's copyright was not renewed, it entered the public domain on January 1st, 1964.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1936, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 87 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
It is imperative that contributors ascertain that there is no evidence of a copyright renewal before using this license. Failure to do so will result in the deletion of the work as a copyright violation.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Chinese Gong

From a letter to Tevis Clyde Smith, ca. March 1928
The Chinese Gong
StrumaSTRUM, struma strum struma strum strum strum!
Roaring out the rally o’er the rumble of the drum!
Talking down the cannon with its boomaloomaboom!
Catchee plentee killee on the river plentee soon!
Shouting down to Canton with the Yellow River scum
Shaking coral buttons in a Holy City room.
Stroomabooma stroomabooma boom boom boom!
Daring decent devils like demoniacal doom.
Soom plentee plunder ‘long the Yellow River’s junks!
Hoomalooma hoomalooma strum stroom strum!
Streaming from the mountains are a million yellow monks.
Sellee loot to Melican and catchee plentee rum.
Yellow feet a-clatter on the clumpy cobbled street
Shouting of the shikars where the shore and river meet.
Roaring at the rumor of a raiding rider seen.
Lanterns in pagodas with a glimmer blue and green.
Sellee loot to Melican, chatchee Hong Kong.
—Yelling tinkling tales to a terrible tong.
Struma strooma strumastrooma kongalongbong!
Listen to the clatter of the Chinese gong.
This work is from the United States and in the public domain because it was not legally published with the permission of the copyright holder before January 1, 2003 and the author died 88 years ago. This is a posthumous work and its copyright in certain countries and areas may depend on years since posthumous publication, rather than years since the author's death. Translations or editions published later may be copyrighted.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1936, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 87 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# United States Statutes at Large/Volume 6/11th Congress/2nd Session/Chapter 4

Chap. IV.—An Act for the relief of William and Elias Rector.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the accounting officers of the treasury be authorized to settle the claim of William and Elias Rector, at a sum not exceeding three dollars per mile, for the lines which bound each survey, whether separate or adjoining other claims, for each survey which they have made, or may hereafter make, under the authority of the United States, of the private claims in the Kaskaskia district, or Illinois territory, claimed by virtue of French or British grants, legally and fully made and executed, or by virtue of grants issued under the authority of former acts of Congress, by either of the governors of North West, (now Ohio) or Indiana territories, and which had already been surveyed by a person authorized to execute such survey.
Approved, December 28, 1809.
# United States Statutes at Large/Volume 6/11th Congress/2nd Session/Chapter 6

Chap. VI.—An Act to extend certain privileges therein mentioned to Joshua Dyster.
Act of April 17, 1800, ch. 25.Be it enacted, &c., That two years' residence, as required by an act, entitled “An act to extend the privilege of obtaining patents for useful discoveries and inventions, to certain persons therein mentioned, and to enlarge and define the penalties for violating the right of patentees,” shall not be required of Joseph Joshua Dyster, to enable him to obtain a patent for any discovery he has made in constructing iron bridges, and applicable to other architectural purposes; but he shall obtain a patent therefor on his conforming to the other requisitions of said act.
Approved, February 5, 1810.
# United States Statutes at Large/Volume 6/11th Congress/2nd Session/Chapter 7

Chap. VII.—An Act for the relief of Harry Caldwell and Amasa Jackson, Jeremiah Reynolds, and Levin Jones.
Be it enacted, &c., That the brig Joseph Ricketson, owned by Harry Caldwell and Amasa Jackson, which on or about the twenty-fifth day ​Relief in the cases of Calwell, Jackson, Reynolds and Jones.of July last, at Kingston, in the island of Jamaica, took on board three refugees from the island of Cuba, with their domestic slaves, six in number, and landed them at New Orleans; and that the schooner Victory, owned by Jeremiah Reynolds, who, about the latter end of September last, at Curaçoa, took on board a number of French emigrangts from the said island of Cuba, with their domestic slaves, six in number, and landed them also at New Orleans, which said vessels were seized, together with their effects, and libelled, for a violation of an act, entitledAct of March 2, 1807, ch. 22. “An act to prohibit the importation of slaved into any port or place of the United States, from and after the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eight,” be, and they are hereby severally released from the seizures aforesaid. And that the schooner Wolfe, of Baltimore, owned and commanded by Levin Jones, which vessel was seized some time in October last, at Norfolk, in Virginia, on account of having brought from Charleston, in South Carolina, to that place, certain French slaves, nineteen in number, without previously complying with the requisites enjoined by the ninth and tenth sections of the act aforesaid, be, and he is hereby also released from the seizure.
Remission of all penalties and forfeitures in these cases.Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That all penalties and forfeitures, which may have been incurred by the captains or owners of said vessels, in consequence of the violation of any of the provisions of the act referred to in the first section, be, and the same are hereby remitted.
Apporved, February 5, 1810.
# United States Statutes at Large/Volume 6/11th Congress/2nd Session/Chapter 9

Chap. IX.—An Act for the relief of John N. Stout.
Account to be settled.Be it enacted, &c., That the proper accounting officers of the treasury be, and they are hereby authorized and directed to settle the account of John N. Stout, keeper of the jail in Fleming county, in the State of Kentucky, and allow him the legal fees for maintaining George Barnaby, while in his custody, as a prisoner committed to the jail of said county, by virtue of an execution issued from the court of the United States for the district of Kentucky, and that they pay the sum which may be found due to the said John N. Stout, out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.
Apporved, February 14, 1810.
# United States Statutes at Large/Volume 6/11th Congress/2nd Session/Chapter 10

Chap. X.—An Act authorizing the discharge of William Hawkins from his imprisonment.
To be discharged from imprisonment.Be it enacted, &c., That the marshal for the district of Maine be, and he is hereby authorized and directed to discharged William Hawkins from his imprisonment, upon an execution issued against him in behalf of the United States: Provided, That the said William Hawkins shall pay and satisfy all the costs that have arisen on the part of the United States in the said prosecution, and shall assign and convey all the estate, real and personal, which he may own, or be entitled to, to some person for the use and benefit of the United States, under the direction of the secretary of the treasury: And provided also, That any estate, real or personal, which the said William Hawkins may hereafter acquire, shall be liable to be taken and sold, in the same manner as if he had never been imprisoned and discharged as aforesaid.
Apporved, February 20, 1810.
# United States Statutes at Large/Volume 6/11th Congress/2nd Session/Chapter 22

Chap. XXII.—An Act for the relief of Tristram Hussey.
Certain duties to be refunded.Be it enacted, &c., That there be refunded and paid to Tristram Hussey, out of any money in the treasury, not otherwise appropriated, ​the sum of three hundred and ninety-five dollars and forty cents, it being the amount of duties paid by the said Tristram Hussey, to the collector of New York, on thirty-five casks of spermaceti oil, sent to New York in American vessels from the Cape de Verd islands by the said Tristram Hussey, in the years one thousand eight hundred and one, and one thousand eight hundred and two: Provided, That the same has not been exported with benefit of drawback.
Approved, April 11, 1810.
# United States Statutes at Large/Volume 6/11th Congress/2nd Session/Chapter 24

Chap. XXIV.—An Act authorizing the discharge of John Kerr from his imprisonment.
To be discharged from imprisonment.Be it enacted, &c., That the marshal for the district of North Carolina, be, and he is hereby authorized and directed to discharge John Kerr from his imprisonment, upon an execution issued against him in behalf of the United States: Provided, That he shall assign and convey all the estate, real and personal, which he may own or be entitled to, to some person for the benefit of the United States, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury: And provided also, That any estate, real or personal, which the said John Kerr may hereafter acquire, shall be liable to be taken and sold, in the same manner as if he had never been imprisoned and discharged as aforesaid: Provided, nevertheless, That if any person entitled to any part of the said judgment under the laws of the United States, shall object to the discharge of the said John Kerr, he shall be detained in prison at the cost and expense of the person so objecting, who shall pay weekly in advance, the amount of the jail fees and subsistence of the said John Kerr, and in case of failure to make any such payments in advance, the said John Kerr [shall] be immediately discharged, upon the conditions herein before expressed.
Approved, April 20, 1810.
# United States Statutes at Large/Volume 6/11th Congress/2nd Session/Chapter 25

Chap. XXV.—An Act for the relief of William Baynham.
Interest to be paid to him.Be it enacted, &c., That the Secretary of the Treasury cause to be paid to William Baynham, out of moneys appropriated for the payment of the interest of the public debt, the interest accrued form the first of October, one thousand eight hundred and nine, to the thirty-first of December, of the same year, on two certificates of exchanged six per cent. stock, the principal whereof amounted to ten thousand six hundred and thirteen dollars and ninety-seven cents; which certificates having been erroneously numbered by the late commissioner of loans of Virginia, though advertised for reimbursement by their real permanent numbers on the first day of October last, were not, by reason of the error aforesaid, reimbursed until the first day of January.
Approved, April 20, 1810.