OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ch'ao Ts'o

​204 Ch'ao Ts'o 鼂錯 or 晁錯. Died B.C. 155. A native of ​Ying-ch'uan in Anhui, who rose under the Emperor Wên Ti of the Han dynasty to be chief tutor to the Heir Apparent, in which capacity he gained for himself the sobriquet of 智囊 the Wisdom-Bag. Upon the accession of his young master as the Emperor Ching Ti, he was made a Privy Councillor, and proceeded to advise the new monarch to get rid of the feudal Princes, whose animosities and treacheries threatened the stability of the empire. Ch'ao Ts'o's father, hearing of this, hurried up from Ying-ch'uan to the capital, and begged his son to withdraw from such a dangerous enterprise. Ch'ao Ts'o explained that his measure was intended to secure peace for the House of Liu; to which his father replied that it would secure anything but peace for the House of Ch'ao. And as the old man felt unable to face the coming crisis, he took poison and died. Ten days later, seven of the feudal States revolted; and as Tou Ying, secretly backed by Yüan Yang, laid the whole blame upon Ch'ao Ts'o and his unpopular measures, the Emperor gave orders for the latter to be dressed in full official robes and thus to be led forth to execution.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ch'ao Tuan-yen

​205 Ch'ao Tuan-yen 晁端彥 (T. 叔美). Born A.D. 1035. The descendant of a long line of statesmen and writers, and father of Ch'ao Pu-chih. He was born on the same day as Chang Tun; their names were published as graduates on the same list, and they both received their appointments at the same time. Hence they came to be called the 三同 Three Sames. Later on, the political conduct of Chang Tun was such that Ch'ao was forced to impeach him. "We are no longer the Three Sames," he said, "but rather the Hundred Differents." He gained some reputation as a poet, and rose to be sub-Librarian in the Imperial Library.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ch'ao Kung-wu

​202 Ch'ao Kung-wu 晁公武 (T. 子止. H. 君齊). 12th cent A.D. Elder brother to Ch'ao Kung-so. From 1165 he was Prefect at Hsing-yüan in Shensi, and so endeared himself to the people that he received the sobriquet of 昭德先生.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ch'ao Pu-chih

​203 Ch'ao Pu-chih 鼂補之 (T. 無咎. H. 景遷). A.D. 1053—1110. A native of 鉅野 Chü-yeh in Shantung, and son of Ch'ao Tuan-yen. An official and poet of the Sung dynasty, who when quite a boy attracted the notice of Wang An-kuo. At the age of 17 he accompanied his father to Hangchow, where the great Su Shih was stationed. There he produced such an exquisite poem on the beauties of Ch'ien-t'ang that Su Shih said: "I may now lay down my pen!" Graduating first on the list of chin shih, he entered upon a public career, in which he rose to high office. On one occasion he was degraded for a mistake in the biography of the Emperor Shên Tsung. He built himself a residence which he called, from T'ao Yüan-ming's famous poem, "Home Again!" and gave himself the sobriquet of 歸來子. Author of the 雞肋篇. Regarded as one of the Four Great Scholars of the empire (see Chang Lei).
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ch'i Wang

​Ch'i Wang. See Shih Ch'ung-kuei.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ch'ou Luan

​431 Ch'ou Luan 仇鸞. Died A.D. 1552. One of the most worthless Ministers of the Ming dynasty. Very studious as a boy and a clever writer, he proved proud and haughty when placed in office. In 1529 he went as Governor to Canton, and only escaped disgrace for cruelty and extortion by retiring ill. In 1537 he was sent to 寧夏 Ning-hsia in Kansuh, and took command against Anda, Prince of 順義 Shun-i, who was ravaging the border. By promising to open trading stations, he tried to induce the enemy to retire; but Anda raided up to Peking, and being attacked at 古北口 Ku-pei-k'ou while retreating, defeated his pursuers. However, by falsely reporting a victory and presenting some eighty heads of peaceful villagers, Ch'ou obtained rewards and honours. In the following year the Tartars crowded inside the Wall on the pretext of trading. He shirked an engagement; and at the instigation of Yen Sung, whom he had displaced as first favourite, he was recalled. He died the day before his secret dealing with the enemy was discovered. His corpse was beheaded, his family exterminated, and his ill-gotten possessions confiscated.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ch'u Sui-liang

​494 Ch'u Sui-liang 褚遂良 (T. 登善). A.D. 596-658. An official who rose to high office under the first Emperor of the T'ang dynasty. Appointed Guardian of the Heir Apparent, he continued to enjoy the favour of the young Emperor, who ennobled him as Duke. In A.D. 655 he strenuously opposed the elevation of the Empress Wu Hou, to the great dissatisfaction of the Emperor. The climax was reached when in full Court dress he flung himself at the foot of the throne, and beat his head in obeisance upon the ground until the blood flowed freely. He was dismissed to a provincial post and finally banished to Korea where he died, his two sons being shortly afterwards put to death. In later years he took up with Buddhism, and is said to have sat in a niche with an image of Maitrêya Buddha. He was famous as a calligraphist, and is regarded as a disciple of Wang Hsi-chih.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ch'ê Yün

​206 Ch'ê Yün 車胤 (T. 武子). Died A.D. 397. A native of ​南平 Nan-p'ing in Fuhkien, who flourished as a high official at the close of the 4th cent. A.D. In his youth he was too poor to afford a lamp, and studied by the light of a bag of fireflies. Yet he rose to be President of the Board of Civil Office. He entered the service of Huan Wên, and his wit and beauty made him a great favourite at Court. On one occasion he was present when Hsieh An and his brother were expounding the Filial Piety to the Emperor Hsiso Wu. He whispered to 袁羊 Yüan Yang that there were several points about which he would like to be enlightened, but that he feared to weary and annoy the two sages. "Fear not!" replied Yüan Yang. "Did you ever see a bright mirror wearied with reflecting, or a clear stream annoyed by a genial breeze?" About A.D. 385 he retired in ill-health, with the title of Marquis.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pomade

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​ POMADE, or Pomatum, a scented ointment, used formerly for softening and beautifying the skin, as a lip-salve, &c., but now principally applied to the hair. It was made originally from the juice of apples (Lat. pomum), whence the name.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pomander

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​ POMANDER (from Fr. pomme d'ambre, i.e. apple of amber), a ball made of perfumes, such as ambergris (whence the name), musk, civet, &c., and formerly worn or carried in a case, also known by the same name, as a protection against infection in times of pestilence or merely as a useful article to modify bad smells. The globular cases which contained the “pomanders” were hung from a neck-chain or attached to the girdle, and were usually perforated and made of gold or silver. Sometimes they contained several partitions, in each of which was placed a different perfume. There is an early Spanish pomander set with emeralds, and a fine 16th-century one, dredged from the Thames, in the British Museum.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pomeroy

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POMEROY, a village and the county-seat of Meigs county, Ohio, U.S.A., on the Ohio river, about 85 m. S.S.E. of Columbus. Pop. (1890) 4726; (1900) 4639, including 453 foreign-born and 280 negroes; (1910) 4023. Pomeroy is served by the Hocking Valley and (across the river) Baltimore & Ohio railways, by inter-urban electric railway, and by passenger and freight boats to the leading river ports. It occupies a strip of ground between the river and a range of steep hills. Bituminous coal and salt abound in the district, and there are deposits of building stone, fireclay and glass sand. The first settlement here was established in 1816, coal mining was begun three years later, and in 1827 a town was laid out and named Nyesville. There was little progress, however, until 1833, when Samuel W. Pomeroy (in whose honour the present name was adopted) formed a company, which began mining coal on a large scale. Pomeroy was incorporated as a village and was made the county-seat in 1841. In 1850 the first of several salt wells, from 1000 to 1200 ft. in depth, was operated.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Polypus

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​ POLYPUS, a term signifying a tumour which is attached by a narrow neck to the walls of a cavity lined with mucous membrane. A polypus or polypoid tumour may belong to any variety of tumour, either simple or malignant. The most common variety is a polypus of the nose of simple character and easily removed. Polypi are also met with in the ear, larynx, uterus, bladder, vagina, and rectum. (See Tumour.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Polyxena

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​POLYXENA, in Greek legend, daughter of Priam, king of Troy, and Hecuba. She had been betrothed to Achilles, who was slain by Paris in the temple of Apollo Thymbraeus, where the marriage was to have been celebrated (Hyginus, Fab. 110). The shade of Achilles afterwards appeared to the returning Greeks in the Thracian Chersonese and demanded the sacrifice of Polyxena, who was put to death by Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, on his father’s grave (Ovid, Metam. xiii. 440 sqq.). The tragic story is the subject of the Hecuba of Euripides, the Troades of Seneca and the Polyxena of Sophocles, of which only a few fragments remain. According to Philostratus (Heroica, 20, 18), Polyxena fled to the Greeks after the murder of Achilles and committed suicide on his tomb.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stolp

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​STOLP, or Stolpe, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Pomerania, on the Stolpe, 10 m. from the Baltic Sea and 64 m. W. of Danzig on the railway to Stargard, and with branches to Stolpmiinde and Neustettin. Pop. (1905), 31,154. The large church of St Mary, with a lofty tower, dating from the 14th century, the Renaissance castle of the 16th century, now used as a prison, and one of the ancient town-gates restored in 1872 are memorials of the time when Stolp was a prosperous member of the Hanseatic League. It has also the church of St John, built in the 13th century, a new town hall, and a statue of Bismarck. The manufacture of machinery, amber articles, tobacco and cigars, and bricks, with some iron-founding, linen-weaving, and salmon-fishing in the Stolpe, are the chief industrial occupations of the inhabitants, who also carry on trade in grain, cattle, spirits, timber, fish and geese. Stolpmiinde, a fishing-village and summer resort, at the mouth of the river, is the port of Stolp.
Stolp, mentioned in the 11th century, received town rights in 1273. From the 14th to the 16th century it was a member of the Hanseatic League. Until 1637, when it passed to Brandenburg, the town was generally in the possession of the dukes of Pomerania.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stolberg

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​STOLBERG, a town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine Province, situated on the Vichtbach, 7 m. E. of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the main line of railway to Cologne. Pop. (1905), 14,963. It contains two Protestant and two Roman Catholic churches, a castle occupying the site of one said to have been used by Charlemagne as a hunting seat. It is the centre of a very active and varied industry, exporting its produce to all parts of the world. The leading branch is metal-working, which is here carried on in important zinc, brass, and iron foundries, smelting-works of various kinds, puddling and rolling works, and manufactories of needles, pins and other metal goods. The ore is mostly found in the mines around the town, but some is imported from a considerable distance. In or near the town there are also large chemical works, glass-works, a mirror-factory and various minor establishments. Extensive coal-mines in the neighbourhood provide the enormous supply of fuel demanded by the various industries. The industrial prosperity of the town was founded in the middle of the 17th century by French religious refugees, who introduced the art of brass-founding.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stoliczka, Ferdinand

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​STOLICZKA, FERDINAND (1838-1874), Austrian palaeonto- logist, was born at Hochwald, in Moravia, in May 1838. He was educated at Prague and at the university of Vienna where he graduated Ph.D. He was encouraged to work at geology and palaeontology by Professor E. Suess and Dr M. Hoernes; and as early as 1859 he communicated to the Vienna Academy a description of some freshwater mollusca from the Cretaceous rocks of the north-eastern Alps. In 1861 he joined the Austrian Geological Survey, and in the following year he was appointed palaeontologist to the Geological Survey of India. In Calcutta the description of the Cretaceous fossils of Southern India was placed in his hands, and the publication of this great work which formed part of the Palaeontologia indica, was commenced with the assistance of H. F. Blanford in 1863 and completed in 1873. During the last ten years of his life he published geological memoirs on the western Himalayas and Tibet, and numerous papers on all branches of Indian zoology, from mammals to insects and corals. In 1873 he was selected as naturalist and geologist to accompany a mission despatched by the Indian government to Yarkund and Kashgar under Mr (afterwards Sir Douglas) Forsyth. His health, which had been severely affected by his previous field work in India, proved unequal to the strain, and he died on the 19th of June 1874, at Shayok, in Ladak, while " returning loaded with the spoils and notes of nearly a year's research in one of the least-known parts of Central Asia." Memoir (with bibliography) by V. Ball, appended to Scientific Results of the second Yarkand Mission, 1886; Obituary by W. T. Blanford, Nature, July 9, 1 874.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stone, Charles Pomeroy

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​STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887), American soldier, was born in Greenfield, Massachusetts, on the 30th of September 1824. He graduated at West Point in 1845, and in the Mexican War earned two brevets for distinguished conduct. In 1856 he resigned from the army; and in 1857-1861 he led a scientific expedition in the state of Sonora, Mexico. He re-entered the service in 1861, and became a brigadier-general, United States Volunteers, but the defeat of a detachment at Ball's Bluff (Oct. 2i, 1861) was attributed to him, and he was imprisoned for six months, being then released without any charge being brought against him. After serving for short periods in the latter stages of the war, he resigned his commission (Sept. 1864). He was engineer and superintendent of a mining company in Virginia from 1865 to 1870, when he entered the military service of the khedive of Egypt, whose chief of staff and general aide-de-camp he became, with the rank of lieutenant-general and the title of " Ferik Pasha." He returned to the United States in 1883, and resumed his engineering work. He died in New York City on the 24th of January 1887.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Dillon, Wentworth, Earl of Roscommon

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​Dillon, Wentworth, Earl of Roscommon, poet and writer (belonging to a branch of the descendants of Sir Henry Dillon, different from preceding, whose honours are now dormant), was born in Ireland about 1633. He was the son of James, 3rd Earl of Roscommon, and of Elizabeth Wentworth, sister of the Earl of Strafford; his father was converted to Protestantism through the influence of Archbishop Ussher, He was educated principally in Yorkshire, and at Caen in Normandy. Travelling in Italy he acquired an almost perfect knowledge of the language, and according to Johnson, "amused himself with its antiquities, and particularly with medals, in which he acquired uncommon skill." After the Restoration he returned to England, and plunged into gaming and other excesses. For a time he was Captain of the Guards in Ireland, but resigned his commission to a poor gentleman who had saved his life in a brawl, and returned to London, where he became Master of the Horse to the Duchess of York, and married Lady Frances, daughter of the Earl of Burlington. The latter part of his life was entirely devoted to literary pursuits. With his friend Dryden he contemplated the formation of a society for refining the English language, and fixing its standard. Johnson says of his writings: "We must allow of Roscommon . . that he is perhaps the only correct writer of verse before Addison; and that if there are not so many or so great beauties in his composition as in those of some cotemporaries, there are at least fewer faults. Nor is this his highest praise; for Mr. Pope has celebrated him as the only moral writer of King Charles's reign. . . His great work, his Essay on Translated Verse, . . though generally excellent, is not without its faults. . Among his smaller works, the Eclogues of Virgil and the Dies Irœ are well translated, though the best line in the Dies Irœ is borrowed from Dryden. . . He is elegant, but not great; he never labours after exquisite beauties, and he seldom falls into gross faults. His versification is smooth, but rarely vigorous, and his rhymes are remarkably exact. He improved taste, if he did not enlarge knowledge, and may be numbered among the benefactors to English literature." On the point of retiring to live in Rome, he was carried off rather suddenly by an attack of gout in the stomach, 17th January 1684. Johnson says: "At the moment in which he expired, he uttered, with an energy of voice that expressed the most fervent devotion, two lines of his own version of Dies Irœ:
He was buried with great pomp in Westminster Abbey. Both Dryden and Pope have perpetuated his name in their poems.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Canice, Cainneach, or Kenny, St.

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​Canice, Cainneach, or Kenny, St., patron of Kilkenny (with which locality the events of his life are slightly, if at all, connected), the son of Laidec, a poet, and Mella, was born at Glengiven, in Ulster, in 514. In his fourteenth year he was sent to Wales, where he studied under St. Docus. Ordained priest, he is said to have proceeded to Rome, and on his return he exerted himself to extirpate the remains of paganism in Ireland. He was intimate with SS. Comgall and Columcille. The Martyrology of Donegal says of him: "Achadh-bo [Aghaboe in the Queen's County] was his principal church … A very ancient old vellum book states that Cainneach was, in his habits and life, like unto Philip the Apostle. And I find no characterizing whatever of the Cainneach of which it gives this account; and if this be not he, I ask forgiveness of the real saint of whom it was given, if I am acting ignorantly respecting his identity. Columcille frequently speaks of Cainneach in his Life … Eighty-four years was his age when he sent his spirit to heaven, A.D. 598." His festival is the 11th of October.
* ↑ Ecclesiastical History of Ireland: Rev. John Lanigan. 4 vols. Dublin, 1822.
* ↑ Martyrology of Donegal: Edited by J. H. Todd, D.D., and William Reeves, D.D. (I.A.S.) Dublin, 1864.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Callan, Nicholas

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​Callan, Nicholas, D.D., Professor of Natural Philosophy in Maynooth College, was born at Dromiskin, in the County of Louth, in 1799. He entered college in 1817, and remained there till his death, a period of forty-seven years. Much of his leisure was devoted to the translation into English of works of piety, particularly those of St. Liguori, Remarkable for his unassuming manners, he endeared himself to all, especially to the students of the college, who entertained towards him the most affectionate reverence. He died at Maynooth in 1864, aged about 65.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Campion, Maria, (Mrs. Pope)

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​Campion, Maria, (Mrs. Pope) an actress, was born in Waterford in 1777. She early evinced a partiality for the stage, and made her first appearance in Dublin, as "Monimia," in The Orphan, 17th February 1790, when it is related that she swooned both in the green-room and on the stage. She first appeared in London, in the same character, at Covent-Garden Theatre, on 13th October 1797, and shortly afterwards (24th January 1798) married Alexander Pope, the distinguished actor. She is stated to have been the authoress of two novels. Charles Mathews, who saw her perform in Dublin, where she was for some time the heroine of the stage, wrote: "There are few such actresses to be met with. She possesses a very beautiful face, extremely elegant figure, and delightful voice, added to every advantage of nature in mental qualifications, and every accomplishment of education." She died of apoplexy, in London, 18th July 1803, aged 26, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.(1798)
* ↑ Actors, Representative: W. Clark Russell. London, 1875.
* ↑ Gentleman's Magazine. London, 1731–1868
* ↑ Walker's Hibernian Magazine. Dublin, 1771–1811. Walker, Joseph C., see Nos. 20, 108.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Callaghan

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​Callaghan or Kellachan, King of Cashel, reigned some ten years, dying in 952. He is worthy of notice from the interesting account Keating gives of his capture and imprisonment by Sitric, Scandinavian King of Dublin. Sitric lured him to Dublin with promises of the hand of his sister. There he was seized and sent in chains to Armagh. Cennedigh, son of Lorcan, a powerful prince, immediately mustered both land and sea forces to proceed to his release. A fierce encounter ensued at Dundalk, and Callaghan, found bound on one of Sitric's ships in the bay, was released. On Cennedigh and Callaghan's return to Munster, they wreaked vengeance upon the Ard-Righ and other Irish princes who had connived at, and indeed advised, Callaghan's capture. According to another account, it was by Muircheartach, King of Aileach, that Callaghan was imprisoned for a time with other Irish kings. As Keating says, "He returned to Aileach, carrying these kings with him, and they were for nine months feasting there."