# Notes on lipu pu

A brief overview of difference, changes and modifications from Toki Pona: The Language of Good (known as pu in Toki Pona).
​Notes on lipu pu
Seven years have passed since the first official book was published. As Toki Pona is a living language, Toki Pona: The Language of Good must also be a living document. Let me share some clarifications, corrections and critiques.
p. 17 In the book, words are taught using parts of speech and example translations that are familiar to English-speaking learners, e.g. nouns, adjectives, verbs. A deeper analysis of Toki Pona grammar reveals that a model with content words and particles (among others) may be more appropriate or ​accurate. For one example, search for “Toki Pona Analysis: Parts of Speech” by u/pisceyo (kala kala) on Reddit.
p. 31–33 A few people form a yes-or-no question using intonation alone, without adding anu seme or using the ala method. Although this can occur spontaneously in some situations, I ​would not recommend it as the main way to form a yes-or-no question, especially in writing.
In addition to the verb repetition method to answer ‘yes’, it is also very common to hear ‘lon’ with the meaning of ‘yes, that’s true’.
p. 34 In early years, kepeken served as both a preposition (without e) and as a transitive verb (with e). Later, an effort was made to consolidate kepeken as only a preposition, i.e. without e. Today, some people use kepeken e, although the majority use kepeken only as a preposition. There may be benefits to either style.
o kepeken ala ilo ike. or o kepeken ilo ike ala.
Transitive verb style:
o kepeken ala e ilo ike. or o kepeken e ilo ike ala.
| mi sona ala e tan. | I don't know the reason. |
| mi toki e lon. | I say the truth. |
p. 35 I personally use the preposition lon with a very wide meaning. The example mi toki lon toki pona could also be expressed as mi toki kepeken toki pona, and many Toki Pona ​speakers prefer this way. I also personally use lon when talking ‘about’ something: mi toki lon kili. I'm talking about turnips.
p. 38 For ‘Chinese lady’ (meli Sonko), many people find it clearer to say meli pi ma Sonko or meli tan ma Sonko or meli pi kulupu Sonko. This avoids misunderstanding it as ‘a woman named Sonko’, because the primary interpretation of ‘[noun] [Name]’ is ‘a [noun] named [Name]’.
p. 38 Correction: jan Epawan Linkan li tan ma Mewika.
p. 43–45 Although the particle pi is glossed as ‘of’, it is more accurate to say that pi regroups modifiers. As the examples in lipu pu show, it does not behave exactly the same way as the English word ‘of’. It may be helpful to compare the function of pi to the hyphen in English. For example, compare:
| pali jan wan | one personal project |
| pali pi jan wan | one-person project |
| waso kule tu | two colourful birds |
| waso pi kule tu | two-coloured bird |
Also, a completely different way to use pi exists in the structure A pi B en C. This is a very old way to use pi, which ​continues to be used by some people; however, many people dislike using it. For example, linja pi ma en sewi is one way to say horizon, and musi pi kiwen walo en kiwen pimeja is one way to say chess.
p. 45 The proverbial scholar of Toki Pona also listens to the usage of the community.
p. 46–47 For those who yearn for a more sophisticated and robust number system, I personally endorse the kijetesantakalu-based system, innovated by soweli nata in alignment with the values system of Toki Pona. See near the end of this book.
p. 48–50 Other examples of pre-verbs in usage include alasa, open, pini and tawa:
| o alasa lukin e lipu. | Try to read the document. |
| mi open seli e pan. | I started cooking rice. |
| sina pini moku e kili. | You finished eating the kumquat. |
| mi tawa moku e kala. | I'll go eat seafood. |
p. 52 In my opinion, whether to use a comma before la, after la, or to not use a comma at all is a personal stylistic choice.
p. 54 The pu book introduces an oddity with how noka has traditionally been used. It is much more common to use noka as ‘leg, foot’ and anpa as ‘area below or under’.
p. 56 In pu style, the particle li can introduce a new verb for a third person subject, but in the case of mi or sina, one starts a new sentence. This reflects li’s origins as a third person marker. Many people have expanded the use of li to introduce a new verb, even when the subject is mi or sina.
pu style:
| jan li toki li moku. | The person speaks and eats. |
| mi toki. mi moku. | I speak and eat. |
Expanded li style:
| jan li toki li moku. | The person speaks and eats. |
| mi toki li moku. | I speak and eat. |
p. 58 jan Melani li kama tawa tomo mi. We can also say: jan Melani li kama lon tomo mi.
p. 62 This page contains by far the most important message in lipu pu.
p. 65 Correction: 2. kulupu pi toki pona li pana e ijo mute.
p. 73 Non-ableist language: A sage is a strange person.
p. 76 Non-ableist language: Women will make men impulsive. (Of course, not all men experience opposite-sex attraction in this way.)
p. 92–103 Signed Toki Pona (toki pona luka) was presented as a game to battle Lojbanists. A new and very pona project, luka pona, has since been designed by jan Olipija to be usable as a naturalistic sign language alongside Toki Pona. I recommend learning luka pona.
p. 104–111 The community has developed sitelen pona glyphs for many non-pu words. For example, two great font projects include linja sike by lipamanka and linja suwi by jan Ana.
p. 112–123 These were presented as suggestions and still serve as useful defaults to fall back on. If the community of Toki Pona speakers, especially those with a connection to the place or language in question, agree on a way they would prefer to be called in Toki Pona, please use that form. In Toki Pona, there is a preference for endonyms. Also there is an effort to re-use the same word for the country, the language and the ethnic group. See nimi.tokipona.org
p. 116 Is the example of ma Sawusi an error or an indication that Toki Pona phonotactics are less strict when transcribing foreign words?
p. 125–134 In an effort to minimize the vocabulary for learners, some words were presented as merged: a and kin, sin and namako, lukin and oko. In reality, the community of Toki Pona speakers, both before and after publication of the first book, uses these words with different meanings. See the dictionary part of this book for definitions.
akesi li suwi!
p. 125 Correction:
akesi
NOUN reptile, amphibian
p. 130 Non-ableist language:
nasa
ADJ unusual, strange; silly; drunk, intoxicated
p. 131 The examples given for seli are in fact nouns.
This work is released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which allows free use, distribution, and creation of derivatives, so long as the license is unchanged and clearly noted, and the original author is attributed.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse