OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ramberg, Arthur

Edition of 1905. See also Arthur von Ramberg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RAMBERG, räm′bĕrk, Arthur, Baron (1819-75). A German genre painter and illustrator, born in Vienna, son of Georg Heinrich von Ramberg (1786-1855, a distinguished general), and grand-nephew of Johann Heinrich Ramberg (1763-1840, Court painter at Hanover, illustrator, and etcher, whose drawings, of which the Leipzig Museum preserves an extensive collection, were exceedingly popular in his day). Ramberg received his first training at the School of Art in Prague from Franz Kadlik and others, then studied in Dresden (1844) under Julius Hübner, and passed through a subsequent formative stage under the influence of Schwind, whose romantic trend is apparent in the "Wedding Song" (after Goethe) and other works. His great coloristic talent was, however, most successfully displayed in some characteristic scenes from rural life, such as "Women of Dachau on Sunday" (1853), "Morning Devotion in the Mountains" (1855, New Pinakothek), "Walk with the Tutor" (1856), in little humorous episodes like "Hide and Seek," "After the Masked Ball" (1858), and in the idyllic "Meeting on the Lake" (1876), and "Invitation to Boating" (1879), all breathing an atmosphere of ideal beauty. The same refined sentiment and a rare delicacy of technique suggestive of the artist's thorough study of the Dutch masters, characterize the "Reading from Wieland" and the concertino in Terborch's manner "After Dinner" (1873, New Pinakothek). In 1860 Ramberg was appointed professor at the School of Art in Weimar, where he executed the historical painting "Court of Emperor Frederick II. at Palermo" (1866, Maximilianeum, Munich), collaborated with Pauwels in the decoration of the Luther room at the Wartburg, and painted the "Fairy Tale of the Frog King" (Weimar Museum). It was, however, as an illustrator of the German classics that he earned his greatest fame, notably with the drawings for Cotta's jubilee edition of Schiller's poems, those for the "Schiller and Goethe Galleries" (with Pecht), but above all with the cycles of grisailles to Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea and to Voss's Luise. In 1866 Ramberg became professor at the Munich Academy. Consult: Pecht, Deutsche Künstler, etc., iv. (Nördlingen, 1885), and Rosenberg, Geschichte der modernen Kunst, iii. (Leipzig, 1889).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Badman, The Life and Death of Mr.

Edition of 1905. See also The Life and Death of Mr Badman on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BAD′MAN, The Life and Death of Mr. An allegorical tale by John Bunyan, in 1680. It is the story of a petty villain of the middle classes. As a realistic picture of the masses during Charles II.'s reign, it is quite as vivid as anything of Defoe's or Pepys's.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Badminton (estate)

Edition of 1905. See also Badminton House on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BADMINTON. The estate of the Duke of Beaufort, in Gloucestershire, England. The name was also applied to a drink of sweetened claret, and since the Duke was a supporter of pugilism, it came in sporting circles to signify blood shed in the ring.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bakunin, Mikhail

Edition of 1905. See also Mikhail Bakunin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BAKUNIN, bȧ-ko͞on′yē̇n, Mikhail (1814-76). A Russian agitator and writer. He was a member of an aristocratic family, and after serving in the army from 1832 to 1838, traveled in Germany, where he devoted himself to the study of philosophy. His liberal tendencies had become marked even before he left Russia. In 1841 he was in close association with the leaders of the Young-German movement at Berlin, and in 1843 he appears as fraternizing with the Polish exiles in Paris. He passed a number of years in Switzerland, where he became prominent in communistic circles. In 1847 the Russian Government demanded his return to Russia, and, upon his refusal, confiscated his property. In the same year he was expelled from Paris upon the demand of the Russian authorities as the result of a violent speech in which he called upon the Poles and Russians to unite for the overthrow of the absolute monarchy. During the two years following he was plunged into the vortex of the revolutionary movement which was then convulsing all Europe. We find him at Berlin shortly after the outbreak of the March Revolution in 1848; in June of the same year he took part in the Pan-Slavic Congress at Prague and in the disturbances which followed, and in May, 1849, he was one of the leaders of the insurrection at Dresden, and became a member of the Revolutionary Government there. He was taken prisoner at Chemnitz, and was condemned to death in May, 1850, but the sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life. After passing through the hands of the Austrian authorities, Bakunin was handed over to the Russian officials, and was sent to Eastern Siberia in 1855. In 1860 he received permission to remove to the Amur region, whence he succeeded in making his escape on an American ship to Japan. Proceeding to London by way of the United States, he threw himself into the Socialistic movement, which was then making rapid progress under the leadership of Marx and Engels. In 1869 he founded the Social Democratic Alliance, which soon joined the International Workingmen's Association. By this time, however, he had become a believer in militant anarchism, and he attempted to impose his doctrines upon the association, whose policy was one of peaceful agitation. This led to his expulsion in 1872. In 1873 Bakunin retired from active life and spent the remainder of his days in Switzerland. He died at Bern July 1, 1876. A list of his writings, comprising mainly articles in newspapers and periodicals, covers ten printed pages in Nettlau's Bibliographie de l'anarchie (Paris, 1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Balaton, Lake

Edition of 1905. See also Lake Balaton on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BALATON, bŏ'lŏ-tṓn, Lake (Hung. for Ger. Plattensee). A lake, the largest in Hungary, about 55 miles southwest of Budapest (Map: Hungary, E 3). Its extreme length is 48 miles, with a breadth of from 3 to 10 miles, and an estimated area, including its frequently submerged marshes, of 420 square miles. Its greatest depth is 40 feet. It is fed by numerous streams and springs, and discharges its superfluous waters through the Sió, the Kapos River, and the Kapos Canal into the Danube. The southern bank is low, while the northern is bounded by vine-clad hills. The lake abounds in fish.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Baker, Frank

Edition of 1905. See also Frank Baker (physician) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BAKER, Frank (1841—). An American zoölogist and anthropologist, born at Pulaski, N. Y. He graduated at the Columbian University in 1880 (M. D.), took his master's degree at Georgetown University in 1883, and Ph.D, at the same institution in 1890. He became assistant superintendent of the Life-saving Service in 1889, and superintendent of the National Zoölogical Park at Washington in 1890. In 1883 he was appointed professor of anatomy in the Medical School of Georgetown University, and was elected vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1890.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Badius, Jodocus

Edition of 1905. See also Jodocus Badius on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BADIUS, bä′dē̇-ụs, Jodocus, or Josse (1462-1535). An eminent French printer and author. He was born at Asche, near Brussels, and for this reason is sometimes called Ascensianus. He studied at Brussels and Ferrara, and for several years taught Greek at Lyons. About 1500 he settled in Paris, where he founded a printing establishment, and published, with his own notes, a large collection of the classics; also produced a Life of Thomas à Kempis, and a satire on the follies of women, called Navicula Stultarum Mulierum. His printer's stamp is the oldest known reproduction of a printing-press.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Badminton (game)

Edition of 1905. See also Badminton on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BAD′MINTON (from Badminton, England, the seat of the Duke of Beaufort). A game which somewhat resembles lawn tennis. It can be played either in or out of doors, on a marked-out space 40 feet long by 20 feet wide, divided into 4 courts, 2 at each end, with a centre space, across which a net is fixed, 5 or 5½ feet in height. It is played with shuttlecocks, 5 inches high, and weighing 1 ounce, which are driven by rackets or battledores over the net, backward and forward, until one of the players fails, under certain technical regulations applicable to the game, to return it.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Balatka, Hans

Edition of 1905. See also Hans Balatka on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BALATKA, bä'lȧt-kȧ, Hans (1828—). A musician, born in Hoffnungsthal, Moravia. He studied music in Vienna, and afterwards came to America, and settled in Milwaukee, where in 1851 he founded the Musikverein, which he conducted until 1860. He then became conductor of the Philharmonic Society of Chicago, ​where he organized the Liederkranz Society and the Mozart Club, and in 1888 became conductor of the Chicago Symphony Society. His compositions are chiefly songs and choruses.
# The Overland Monthly/Volume 1/Issue 1

* A Breeze from the Woods
* Longing
* By Rail through France
* Art Beginnings on the Pacific
* Portland-On-Wallamet
* In the Sierras
* The Diamond Maker of Sacramento
* Family Resemblances and Differences
* San Francisco
* Favoring Female Conventualism
* Dos Reales
* Eight Days at Thebes
* A Leaf from a Chinese Novel
* Etc.
* Current Literature
# The New Student's Reference Work/Warren, Pa.

See also Warren, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Warren, Pa., a borough, county-seat of Warren County, on the Alleghany River and on the Dunkirk, Alleghany Valley, Pennsylvania and Western New York railroads, 60 miles southeast of Erie. Besides a theater and a public library it has the state asylum for the insane. Settled about 1795, it was incorporated in 1832. Its industries embrace iron and steel works, machinery-works, oil-refineries, lumber-mills, furniture-factories and establishments for the manufacture of glue, barrels, wood-alcohol and pianos. Population 11,080.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Warner, Charles Dudley

See also Charles Dudley Warner on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
War′ner, Charles Dudley, an American writer, was born at Plainfield, Mass., Sept.
[Image: CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER]
12, 1829. He was a graduate of Hamilton College, practiced surveying in Missouri, studied law in the University of Pennsylvania, and practiced in Chicago until 1860. He was editor of the Press and Courant at Hartford, Conn., and of a department in Harper's Magazine. Among his many writings are My Winter on the Nile, A Round-about Journey, Their Pilgrimage, My Summer in a Garden, Baddeck and that Sort of Thing and Backlog Studies. He also edited the series of American Men of Letters and Library of Literature. He died on Oct. 19, 1900.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Warner, Susan

See also Susan Warner on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Warner, Susan, an American author, was born at New York City in 1819. Her stories for girls have been very popular, especially the Wide, Wide World, which has had the largest circulation of any American novel except Uncle Tom's Cabin. Other writings are Queechy, The Hills of the Shatemuc, The Old Helmet, Ellen Montgomery's Book-Shelf etc. She was best known by her pen-name, of Elizabeth Wetherell; she died at Highland Falls, N. Y., March 17, 1885.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Warren, Samuel

See also Samuel Warren (English lawyer) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Warren, Samuel, an English novelist, was born in Wales in 1807, and died at London, July 29, 1877. He was a lawyer and edited an edition of Blackstone's Commentaries; but is best known by his novels, which appeared in Blackwood's Magazine, entitled Ten Thousand a Year and Passages from the Diary of a Late Physician. His other works are Now and Then and The City and the Bee.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Warsaw

See also Warsaw on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
War′saw, the former capital of Poland and the third city of the Russian Empire, is on the Vistula River, about 395 miles east of Berlin. It stands partly on a plain and partly on rising ground, and is connected with one of its beautiful suburbs by two fine bridges. There are about 160 palaces in Warsaw and 180 churches, among them the Cathedral of St. John, which dates from 1250; several theaters, one of them in a garden laid out in the old bed of the Vistula; fine squares and public gardens, with monuments to Sobieski, Copernicus etc. The university, founded in 1816 and closed by the Russians in 1832, was opened again in 1864. It has a library of 350,000 volumes, a fine observatory and 1,114 students. The leading industries of the place are plated silverware, musical instruments, carpets, boots and shoes, carriages, woolen cloth and beer. Warsaw is first mentioned in history in 1224. It belonged to the dukes of Mazovia until 1526, when the land of the Mazurs was annexed to Poland. It was fought over continually by the Swedes, Russians, Brandenburgers and Austrians. In 1795 it was given to Prussia; in 1806 Napoleon's troops occupied it; in 1809 the Austrians; and the Russians finally obtained possession in 1813. Two unsuccessful rebellions against Russia occurred, one in 1834 and the last in 1863. The Russian government, determined to crush out utterly the spirit of independence, took severe measures, executing or banishing to Siberia the nobles and clergy and confiscating their property, carrying off in large bodies the tradesmen, closing the university, schools, monasteries and convents, and placing Russian officials in all places of power. The use of the Russian language was commanded, and even the name Poland was cut out of all legal documents. Population 764,054.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Warren, Joseph

See also Joseph Warren on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Warren, Joseph, an American patriot, was born at Roxbury, Mass., June 11, 1741. He graduated at Harvard College, and began the practice of medicine at Boston. He twice delivered an address on anniversaries of the Boston Massacre. In 1774 he was president of the Massachusetts Congress, and was by it made a major-general. At the battle of Bunker Hill he appeared unattended, and, declining to take the command which was offered him, fought as a volunteer. As he was leaving the field, being one of the last to retire, his name was called by a British officer, who, commanding his men to stop firing, urged Warren to surrender. But as he turned his head at the sound of a voice, he was instantly killed by a ball striking him in the forehead, June 17, 1775. His statue at Bunker Hill was unveiled on June 17, 1857. See Life by Frothingham and that by Everett in Sparks' American Biography.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Warren, O.

See also Warren, Ohio on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
War′ren, O., county-seat of Trumbull County, on Mahoning River and the Pennsylvania, Erie and Baltimore and Ohio railroads, 52 miles southeast of Cleveland. Settled at the beginning of the 19th century, it was incorporated a generation later. It is situated in a good farming-region, through which electric tramways connect its chief towns. Its buildings include a public library, an hospital, opera-house, churches, schools and municipal offices. Its industries embrace a rolling-mill, tube-works, electrical apparatus and supply establishments, besides manufactories of automobiles, bath-tubs, stoves, ranges, tank-cars, shovels and fire-extinguishers. Population 11,081.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Warren, Gouverneur Kemble

See also Gouverneur K. Warren on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Warren, Gouverneur Kemble, American soldier, was born at Cold Spring, N. Y., on Jan. 8, 1830. Studying for the army at West Point, he graduated in 1850, after which he acted as chief topographical engineer in the Sioux expedition of 1855. Returning to West Point, he for two years was assistant-professor of mathematics, but in 1861 accepted the lieutenant-colonelcy of the Fifth New York Volunteers, and took part in the battle of Big Bethel and was promoted to be brigadier-general for gallantry at Gaines' Mill. He subsequently distinguished himself at Malvern Hill, Manassas and Fredericksburg. In 1863 he acted as chief of topographical engineers under Hooker, and later as chief engineer in the Army of the Potomac. He also was at Gettysburg, and for his distinguished services there and in the field gained a brevet-colonelcy in the regular army and a step in rank, that of major-general of volunteers. Still later he took part in the battles of the Wilderness, and served professionally at the siege of Petersburg and in the Richmond campaign. In the battle of Five Forks he had some disagreement with General Sheridan, who relieved him of his command, though the result of a court of inquiry into the matter between them relieved Warren of personal blame. Reinstated, he was given command at Petersburg and was later in charge of the Department of the Mississippi. In 1865 he resigned his commission in the volunteers and was brevetted major-general in the regular army, and subsequently rendered approved service on surveys and in the improvement of harbors. He died at Newport, R. I., on Aug. 8, 1882.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wartburg

See also Wartburg on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wartburg (värt′bōōrg), an old German castle, near Eisenach, in Saxe-Weimar. The Wartburg War is the name given to a contest of the principal minnesinger of Germany, which was held at the castle about 1206. The castle also is the scene of the legend of St. Elizabeth of Hungary, who was the wife of one of the landgraves of Thuringia, to whom it belongs. It is best known, however, as the place where Luther was hid after the Diet of Worms and where he translated the Bible into German. In 1817 the German students celebrated here the three hundredth anniversary of the Reformation. The castle was built in 1070.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mason Bee

Edition of 1905. See also Mason bee on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MASON BEE. A bee of the sub-family Osmiinæ of the family Megachilidæ; especially in the United States one of the genus Osmia, and in Europe one of the genus Chalicodoma. The name is derived from the manner in which these bees construct small earthen cells, sometimes mixed with sand, pebbles, and wood-scrapings, glued together so firmly that they are smooth inside. Ten to twenty of the cells are usually found together, and each one contains a store of honey and pollen for the larvæ, only one of which is found in each of the cells. These bees show a high order of intelligence in the manner in which they adapt themselves to circumstances, and this accounts for the very great diversity seen in the situations in which the cells are placed. Ceratosmia lignivora is a true wood-borer. Certain species excavate the pith of brambles, alternately widening and contracting the burrow to correspond with the proposed cells and the intervals between them. Others use the hollows of reeds and straws; two European species utilize the empty shells of several species of Helix, compactly filling each shell with their cells, which are placed in different relative positions according to the exigencies of the case, and then carefully closing the entrance with pellets of clay, sticks, and pebbles; others again plaster their cells thickly upon the under side of a flat stone which is slightly raised from the ground; and still another species places its cells in comparatively unprotected situations at the roots of grass. The Chalicodomas make very perfect mason work in the walls of their cells.
The food stored up in the cells is composed of a mixture of honey and pollen, Réaumur and Fabre experimented with the young bees to find whether they were able to overcome additional difficulties in making their way out of the cell. When the mouth of the cell is covered with earth and pith or brown paper put in contact with the covering of the cells, the bees make their way out without any great apparent difficulty, but when some space intervenes between the mouth of the cell and the new barrier, the bees are unable to gain their freedom. The Osmiinæ are of comparatively small size, and are usually of dark metallic colors. The eggs are white, oblong, and about the size and shape of a caraway seed. They hatch in about eight days. Development of the larvæ is rapid; they spin delicate cocoons and winter as pupæ.
Consult: Fabre, Insect Life, translated from the French (London, 1901); Howard, Standard
Natural History, vol. ii. (Boston, 1884); Howard, The Insect Book (New York, 1901). See Plate of Wild Bees.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maryland Historical Society

Edition of 1905. See also Maryland Historical Society on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. An association founded in 1844 for the purpose of collecting and arranging material relating to the history of Maryland. It now owns the Athenæum Building, on Saratoga Street, Baltimore, in which it has gathered a priceless collection of manuscripts, documentary records, books, and pamphlets. There are also three galleries of historic curios, portraits, and valuable paintings. The society has done great service in rescuing, editing, and printing historical data. Its series of Fund Publications (37 in number) contains many valuable reprints and monographs.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Masque

Edition of 1905. See also Masque on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MASQUE (Fr., mask), or MASK. A species of dramatic entertainment much in vogue in England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, so named from the masks (q.v.) which were originally worn in it. It was introduced during the reign of Henry VIII. in imitation of some of the Italian allegorical pageants of the period, and was at the same time a development of the festive processions of the city of London and of the royal progresses. Around the acted pageantry of the mythological and allegorical personages in these there grew up regular dramatic performances in which music and dancing were prominent and which were comparable to the ballets of the French Court. (See Ballet.) Masques were in their time the favorite form of private theatricals, though the elaborate and expensive style in which they were usually given limited them for the most part to the homes of the nobility and the Court. They were at their best in James I.'s day. Ben Jonson, above all, made the masque a thing of literary beauty, in which his classic learning and graceful fancy united to furnish royal amusement. As spectacles, masques were largely an affair of costume and of scenic design, to which the architect Inigo Jones lent his aid. The taste for this style of entertainment died away under Charles I.; yet to his time belongs Milton's Comus. In this, however, though it was made to be acted, the masque has become a literary form practically independent of actual presentation, and as such it has survived to our day. Consult: Evans, English Masques (London, 1897); Greg, A List of Masques, Pageants, etc., supplementary to a list of English Plays (London, 1902); Soergel, Die englischen Maskenspiele (Halle, 1882); Brotanek, Die englischen Maskenspiele (Vienna and Leipzig, 1902); Symonds, Shakespere's Predecessors in the English Drama (London, 1884); Ward, English Dramatic Literature (London, 1875).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maryborough (Victoria)

Edition of 1905. See also Maryborough, Victoria on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MARYBOROUGH. A municipality of Talbot County, Victoria, Australia, 10 miles north of Ballarat by rail. It has agricultural and important quartz and alluvial gold mining industries. Population, in 1891, 5329; in 1901, 5623.