# Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1665-1886)/Volume 2/Number 31

Contents:
* Contents
* New Experiment: Concerning the Relation between Light and Air (in Shining Wood in Fish); made the Honourable Robert Boyle, and by him addressed from Oxford to the Publisher, and so communicated to the Royal Society.
* An Account of two Books.
** I. Parthologiæ Cerebri & Nervosi Generis Specimen: In quo agitur de Morbis Convulsivis & Scorbuto, studio Thomæ Willis, M.D.
** II. Alphabetum Naturæ, 1667. Authore F.M.B.V. Helmont.
Numb. 30.
PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTIONS.
Monday, January. 6. 166⅞.
The Contents.
New Experiment:
Sir,
Experiment I.
To try whether or no a piece of Shining Wood, being put into a Receiver of our Pneumatick Engine, would, upon the withdrawing and readmitting of the Air, suffer such changes, as I have often observed a Live Coal, placed there, to do; having at length procured a piece of such Wood, about the bigness of a Groat or less, that gave a vivid Light (for rotten Wood), we put it into a middle-sized Receiver, so as it was kept from touching the Cement; and the Pump being set a work, we observed not, during the five or six first Exsuctions of the Air, that the splendour of the included Wood was manifestly lessened (though it never was at all increased); but about the seventh suck, it seemed to grow a little more dim, and afterwards answered our expectation, by losing of its Light more and more, as the Air was still further pumped out; till at length about the tenth Exsuction (though by the removal of the Candles out of the Room, and by black Cloaths and Hats we made the place as dark as we could, yet) we could not perceive any Light at all to proceed from the Wood.
Experiment II.
Wherefore we let in the outward Air by degrees, and had the pleasure to lee the seemingly extinguisht Light revive so fat and perfectly, that it look to us all almost like a little flash of Lightning, and the splendour of the Wood seemed ​rather greater, than at all less, than before it was put into the Receiver. But partly for greater certainty, and partly to enjoy so delightful a spectacle, we repeated the Experiment with the like success as at first. Wherefore being desirous to see how soon these Changes might be produced, we included the Wood in a very small Receiver of clear Glass, and found, That in this the Light would begin to grow faint at the second, or at least at the third Exsuction of the Air, and at the sixth or seventh would quite disappear. And we found by a Minute-Watch, that the sending the Candles out of the Room, the pumping out the Air 'till the Wood would shine no more, the readmitting of the Air (upon which it would in a trice recover its Light) and the sending in for the Candles to consult the Watch, did in all take up but six Minutes.
Experiment III.
The forementioned Experiment, without taking, notice how long it lasted, being reiterated twice in this new Receiver, we had a desire to see, whether this luminousness of our Wood would more resemble a Coal, or the Life of a perfect Animal, in being totally and finally extinguisht, in case the Air were kept from it a few minutes, or else the Life of Insects, which in our exhausted Receiver I had observed to lose all appearance of its continuing, and that for a much longer time than a few minutes, and yet afterwards, upon the restitution of Air, to recover presently, and shew manifest signs of Life? Wherefore having exhausted the Receiver, 'till the Wood quite disappeared; we stayed somewhat above a quarter of an hour in the dark, without perceiving that the Wood had regained any thing of Light, though about the end of this time we made the place about it as dark as we could; and then it being too late at night to protract the Experiment, we let in the Air, upon whose admission the Wood presently recovered Light enough to be conspicuous at at distance, though it seemed to me somewhat less vivid than before, which yet may be either a weakness in my sight, or an effect of the steams of the Cement; unfriendly perhaps to the Luminousness of the Wood.
Experiment IV.
There is an Experiment of affinity with the former, which we thought it not altogether impertinent to try: For having observed on 'another occasion, That sometimes the Operation, which the withdrawing the Air hath upon a Body included in the Receiver, proves more considerable some minutes after we have ceased pumping, than immediately after the exercise is left off, I imagined, that even in such cases, where the Light is not made wholly to disappear (though it be made almost quite to do so) by the emptying of the Pneumatical Glass, the suffering the Body to remain a while there, though without any pumping (unless now and then a very little to remove the Air, that might have stollen in in the mean time) the remaining Light of the Body might probably be further impaired, if not reduced quite to vanish. To examine this conjecture, we put in a Bod that was not Wood, which had some parts much more luminous than the ​rest; and having drawn out the Air, all the others disappeared, and even the formerly brighter ones shone but faintly, when the Pneumatical Glass seemed to be exhausted. But keeping the included Body a while in that unfriendly place, we perceived the parts, that had retained light, to grow more and more dim, some of them disappearing, and that, which was formerly the most conspicuous, being now but just visible to an attentive Eye, and that scarce without dispute; for if we had not known beforehand, that a shining matter had been included in the Receiver, perhaps we should not have found it out. And he that had the youngest Eyes in the company could not at all discern it, (the Air being let in, the Body began to shine again.) But this being a single Trial, which the lateness of the night hinder'd us from reiterating, is to be further prosecuted, and in differing substances, before much be built upon it.
Experiment V.
The Rarefaction or Expansion of the Air having so notable an operation upon our shining Wood, I thought it would not be amiss to try, what the Compression of the Air would do to it. For which purpose we included a piece of it in such a little Instrument to compress, which you may remember to have been devised and proposed by Mr. Hook. But though we impell'd the Air forcibly enough into the Glass, yet by reason of the thickness requisite in such Glasses, and the opacity thence arising, we were not able then to determine, whether or no any change was made in the luminousness of the Wood.
Which I thought the less strange, because by some Experiments purposely devised (at one of which I remember you were present) I had long since observed, That even a great pressure from a fluid Body, which presseth more uniformly against all the parts, it toucheth of the consistent Body, does work a far less manifest change even on soft or tender substances, than one would expect from the force wherewith it compresseth.
And were it nor, that one contrary oftentimes minds us of another, I might have forgot, that I had divers thoughts about finding some good ways of Trying, whether any such change of Texture might be discover'd to be made in the shining Wood by ​the absence and return of the ambient Air, as might with any probability have the loss or recovery of the Woods splendour attributed to it. For I had formerly (if I were not mistaken) found by several circumstances, which I shall not now stay to name, That a flight (so it be an appropriated) variation of the Texture of this Wood, and which may seem mainly to respect the Pores (which perhaps ought to be of a determinate shape and size, and filled with a determinate matter) will have a great operation upon its splendour. And I formerly found by other Trials, that even consistent Bodies, if soft ones, may have their Pores enlarged and vitiated, and their bulk, and consequently their texture (at least as to their Pores) manifestly enough alter'd, by having the Air withdrawn From about them (whereby the Aerial Particles within them were enabled to expand themselves) and let in again, whereby, as to sense, they seemed pretty well restored to their former state. But the success of my endeavours either with Microscopes (through which a vivid piece of Wood will shine by its own light) or otherwise, was not considerable enough to deserve a particular account, especially in this Paper, where I am not to venture at matter of Theory.
Experiment VI.
Thinking fit to try, Whether a small quantity of Air, with out being ventilated or renewed, might not suffice to maintain this cold Eire, though it will not that of a Live Coal, or a piece of Match, we caused a piece of shining Wood to be Hermetically sealed up in a pipe of clear and thin Glass; but though ca-trying it into the dark, we found it had quite lost its light, yet imagining that that might proceed from its having been overheated (being sealed up in a Pipe not long enough to afford it a due distance from the flame of the Lamp we employ'd to seal it) we caused two -or three pieces of fresh Wood, amounting all of them to the length of about two inches, to be seal'd up in a slender pipe between four or five inches in length; which being warily done, the Wood retained its light very well, when the Operation was over; and afterwards laying it by my bed-side, when the Candles were carried away out of the Room, I ​considered it a while before I went to sleep, and found it to shine vividly.
The next morning when I awaked, though the Sun was risen, yet forbearing to draw open the Curtains of my Bed 'till I had looked upon the sealed Glass, which I had fenced with a piece of Cloth held between it and the Window, my Eyes having not yet been exposed to the day-light since the darkness they had been accustomed to during the night, made me think the Wood shined brighter than ever. And this night, after ten of the Clock, looking on it in a dark place, it appeared luminous all its length, though not so much so as in the morning.
The morning after, and the night after that, the same Wood did likewise manifestly, though not vigorously shine, especially one piece, whose light was much more vivid than the rest. And, for ought I know, I might have observed them to shine longer, if one of the sealed ends of the Glass had not been accidentally broken.
Experiment VII.
Whilst the former Trials were making, I was wishing for a good Bolonian Stone, to try what effect the withdrawing of the Air would have upon it. For though I knew it might be objected, that the Experiments of Light performable in our Engine, must be made in the night, whereas the Bolonian Stone gains its light by being exposed to the Sun-beams, yet that Objection did not hinder my wish, since the better fort of Bolonian Stones may be indued with a luminousness by the flame of Fire, or of large Candles.
I also wished for such a shining Diamond, as is now in the hands that best deserve such a Rarity, our Royal Founder's. For you may remember, that in the Observations I made of that Stone, and annexed to the conclusion of the Book of Colours, I shew how it may several ways be brought to shine; so that by one or other of those ways, especially that of external Heat, I thought it very likely I should be able to make the light continue four or five minutes, which would be long enough to try in a very small Receiver, exhaustible at a Suck or two, whether the withdrawing and reflooring the Air would have any visible Operation on it?
​I also wisht for some of the Glow-worms, with which I formerly made other Trials. For though I forgot not what operation the withdrawing of the Air by our Engine is wont to have upon living Creatures; yet that made me not forbear my wish, not only because of the different effect I have found the Engine to have on Insects in respect of other Animals, but because I am not of the opinion of those modern Writers, who will have the Light of Glow-worms depend altogether upon their Life, and end with it, But being not likely by my wishes to procure any new subject to make trials on, I thought fit at least to do what was in my power, and accordingly (to gratifie them, who, I presumed, would, if present, propose such a Trial) caused a piece of Iron to be forged, whose top was of the bigness of a Nutmeg; the rest being a stem, of an inch, or an inch and a half long, for which we provided a little Candlestick of Tobaccopipe-clay, which would not yield any smoak to fill and darken the Receiver. Then having heated the Iron red-hot, and placed it in this Clay, so that the round part was clearly protuberant, we convey'd it into the Receiver of white Glass, which was so placed, as to keep the sides at as good a distance as we could from the Iron, lest the excessive heat should (as we much feared it would) break the Glass. Then sending away the Candles, and making the Room dark, we hastily pumped out the Air, but could not perceive the withdrawing of it had any operation on the glowing Iron. And though it continued shining long enough to give us opportunity to pump out and let in the Air three several times, yet we could not observe, that the Air had any manifest operation one way or other. For though upon the withdrawing of the Air the Iron grew dimmer and dimmer, yet that I attributed to the cooling of it; and the rather, because having (to examine the conjecture) let in two or three times the Air, when the Receiver had been exhausted, there appeared no manifest increase of Light upon sudden admission of it.
Experiment VIII.
Having formerly in our Physico-Mechanical Experiments, about the Spring of the Air, observed, That the Air is thus far a Vehicle of Sound, that a Body but faintly sounding, being ​placed in our Receiver, gave a yet weaker found when the Air was withdrawn from about it, than when the Receiver was full of Air: I presumed, some curious persons would, if they had been present, desire to have a trial made, whether or no a small piece of Shining Wood being so included in the Receiver, as that the pumping out of the Air should have no injurious operation upon the body of it, its Light would upon the withdrawing of the Air be manifestly diminish'd. And this I was the less backward to try, because (not to mention the Relation, which the former Experiments shew there may be in some cases between Light and Air) it did not readily occur to my memory, that by any manifest Experiment (for I know, there are probable Reasons to prove it) it appeared, that a Body more thin than Air will or can transmit Light, as well as other diaphanous mediums. And those modern Atomists, that think, there is in our exhausted Receiver very many times more Vacuum than Body, would, I presumed, be glad to be supplied with an Argument against the Peripateticks, to shew, That at the motion of Bodies, viz. the Corpuscles of Light, may be freely made in Vacuo, and proceed without the assistance of a Vehicle.
Wherefore having Hermetically sealed up a small piece of Shining Wood in a slender Pipe, and placed it in a small Receiver that was likewise made of clear Glass, we exhausted it of Air, and afterwards let in again that which we had excluded. But neither of the Operations could we perceive any sensible decrement or encrease of the Light of the Wood, though by that very Observation it appeared, that the Glass had been well sealed, since otherwise the included Air would have got out of the Pipe into the Receiver, and have left the Wood without Light.
Experiment IX.
I had also a mind to try, both what degree of Rarefaction of the Air would deprive the Wood of its splendour in such and such measures, and whether or no the self-same Air, which, when rarified, would not suffer the Wood to shine, would, when reduced to its former density, allow it to shine as much as before.
This I proposed to do, by putting some Shining Wood into a ​clear and conveniently shaped Glass, that the long Stem or Pipe being so far filled with Quicksilver, as that there might be about half a spoonful of Air left at the enclosed end where the Wood was placed, it might be inverted into a little Glass of Stagnant Quicksilver, and therewith conveyed into a slender Receiver, out of which, as the Air should come to be pumped, that included in the Glass, which held the Wood, might be rarified, and afterwards upon the admission of the outward Air (which must impell up the Quicksilver to its former height) might be restored to its former state: But when we came to make trial of this, we had no Receiver conveniently shaped that was so clear and thin, as that we could see the Wood shine through both the Glasses. And though we would for an Expedient have substituted a fine thin Bladder wherein the Wood was to be put, and a convenient quantity of Air strongly tied up with it, yet for want of a Bladder fine enough for our turn, that Expedient also proved useless to us. But being desirous to make what trial we could by the least unfit means we had in our power, we got an old, but thin Glass, sealed at one end, whose shape was pretty Cylindrical, and whole bore was about the bigness of a man's little finger, and whole length was about a foot or more. Into this Pipe, near the seal'd end, we put a piece of Shining Wood, wedged in with a piece of Cork to keep it from falling; and having inverted the nose of it into another slender Glass, but not Cylindrical, wherein was pretty store of Quicksilver, we put them both into a long Receiver, shaped almost like a Glass Churn, and having pumped a while, that the Air included in the Pipe expanding it self, might depress the Quicksilver, and so make escapes into the Receiver as long as we thought fit; we then let in the outward Air, that the stagnant Quicksilver might be impelled into the cavity of the Pipe now freed from much of the Air, to the height requisite for our purpose.
This done, we plied the Pump again, and observed, That as the Air in the Pipe did by its own Spring expand it self more and more, and grow thinner and thinner, the Shining Wood grew dimmer and dimmer, till at length it ceased to shine, the internal Air being then got a good way lower, than the surface of the external Quicksilver; whereupon opening the commerce between the cavity of the Receiver, and the Atmosphere, the ​Quicksilver was driven up again, and consequently, the Air above it was restored to its former density; upon which, the rotten Wood also recover'd its light. What the greatest Expansion of this Air was, we could not certainly determine, because the Expansion raised the external Quicksilver so high, as to hinder us to see and measure it. But we guessed, that the Air reached to about a foot or more from the top of the Pipe to the surface of the Quicksilver near the bottom of it. But when that ratified Air was impell'd into its former dimensions, we measured it, and found, that' the upper part of the Tube, unpossest by the Quicksilver, was about three inches; and the Wood being about an inch long, there remained two inches or somewhat better for the Air. But this Experiment is to be repeated, when exacter Instruments can be procured.
Experiment X.
Thinking it fit to try, as well, Whether stinking Fish that shines be of the same nature, as to Luminousness, with rotten Wood that shines too; as, whether the withdrawing of the Air will extinguish or eclipse the Light of a considerable bulk of luminous matter, as in the Experiments hitherto made, we found it would do to a small one: We took a Fish that we had kept, and caused to be watched 'till 't was almost all over Luminous, though much more in the Belly, and some parts of the Head, than elsewhere: And having suspended him in a conveniently shaped Receiver, we found him to give so great a light, that we suspected beforehand, that the withdrawing of the Air would. hardly have its full operation upon a Body, whole bulk was considerable, as well as its light very vivid, and which had many luminous parts retired to a pretty distance from the Air. Accordingly having exhausted the Receiver as much as we were wont, it appeared indeed, especially towards the latter end of the operation, that the absence of the Air did considerably lessen, and in some places eclipse the light of those parts that shone less strongly. But the Belly appeared not much less luminous than before: Wherefore supposing, that upon the turning of the Stop-cock, the Air coming in much more hastily than it could be drawn out, we should have the bell advantage to discern, what interest it had in the ​Luminousness of the Fish, we readmitted it, and upon its rushing in, perceived the Light to be as it were revived and encreased; those parts of the Fish that were scarce visible before, or shone but dimly, receiving presently their former splendour.
And not to leave unprosecuted the remaining part of the Experiment, which was to try, Whether it was the Kind of the Luminous Body, or only the greatness of the Bulk, and the vividness of Light, and, if I may so speak, the Tenacity of the substance it resided in; that made the difference between the Fish and the Wood; we put part of the Fish of another kind, that shone much more faintly than that hitherto spoken of, and but in some places; and by the withdrawing the Air, we made some of the luminous parts disappear, and the others so dim, as scarce to be discerned, and yet both the one and the other regained their former light upon the return of the Air.
And to pursue the Experiment a little further, we put in such a piece of the first Fish as though it were bright, was yet but thin, and not considerably great, and upon pumping out the Air, we found it, according to our expectation, quite eclipsed, though it recovered its Light upon the Air's re-entry.
These, Sir, are the Experiments I have lately made about Shining Bodies in our Engine. More I would have tried, notwithstanding the trouble we found in managing the Engine in the dark, if rotten Wood had not failed us, and if I were not in a place, where Glass-men's Shops are not near so well furnish'd as the Stationers.
POSTSCRIPT
Sent by the same Noble Author from the same place,
December 6. 1667.
My condition in point of health being not much improved since I writ to you in October last, when I shall have added, that I have not these five or six weeks been able to procure any Shining Wood (except one single piece, which, though large, was so ill condition'd, that it afforded me but one Trial) you will not, I hope, expect, that I should add much to the Experiments I formerly sent you, about the Relation 'twixt Light and Air. But however, since the Subject is new and noble, and since your curiosity about other matters has been so welcome and useful to the Virtuosi, I shall not decline even on this occasion to comply with it, and the rather, because I half promised you some Additionals a good while since, and because too, that though, what I shall acquaint you with, may seem to be but a Confirmation of two or three of the former Experiments; yet, besides that 'tis of them which most needed a Confirmation, these Trials will also afford some Circumstances that will not, I think, be unwelcom.
Experiment XI.
To examine then the Conjecture mentioned in the last Experiment, That the durableness of the Light in the Shining Fish, in spight of the withdrawing the Air, might proceed in great part from the vividness of it, and the beauty of the matter it resided in, rather than from the Extent of the Luminous Body, in comparison of the small pieces of Shining Wood, I hitherto had made my Trials with; I put in the above-mentioned piece of Wood, whose luminous Superficies might be perhaps ten or twelve times as great as that which the Eye saw at once of ​the surface of such fragments of Shining Wood, as I was wont to employ: And though some parts of this large Superficies shined vividly (for the light was usually enough for rotten Wood, inferiour to that of our Fish) yet this great piece being put into a convenient Receiver, was, upon the withdrawing of the Air, deprived of Light, as the smaller ones had been formerly; the returning Air restoring its Light to the one, as it had done to the other.
Experiment XII.
But this is not the chief thing I intended to acquaint you with, That being the success of some Trials, which we made in prosecution of these two neighbouring Experiments.
In the first of these I told you, I had been able to try but for half an hour or a little more, that a shining piece of Wood, deprived in our Engine of Light, would yet retain a disposition to be as it were rekindled upon the fresh access of the Air. Wherefore, though I could have wished to have made a further Trial with the same kind of Bodies, yet being able to procure none, I substituted in their room small pieces of rotten Fish, that shone some of them more faintly, and some of them more vividly, in reference to one another, but none as strongly as some that I could have employed; and having in a very small and clear Receiver so far drawn off the Air, as to make the included Body disappear, we so ordered the matter, that we kept out the Air for about 24 hours; and then allowing the Air to re-enter in a dark place, and late at night, upon its first admittance the Fish regain'd its Light.
Experiment XIII.
This, compar'd with some of my former Observations about Putrefaction, put me upon a Trial, which, though it miscarried, I shall here make mention of, that in case you, who are better furnish'd with Glasses, think it worth while, you may get reiterated by the Society's Operator; considering then, how great an interest Putrefaction hath in the shining of Fishes, and Air in the Phænomena of Putrefaction, I thought it might be somewhat to the purpose, to take a Fish that was, according to the ​common course I had observed in Animals, not far from the state, at which it would begin to shine; and having cut out a piece of it, I caused the rest to be hung up again in a Cellar, and the exsected piece to be put into a small and transparent Receiver, that we might observe, if a day or two, or more, after the Fish in the Celler should begin to shine, that in the exhausted Receiver would either also shine, or (because that seemed not likely) would, notwithstanding the check, which the absence of the Air might be presumed to give the Putrefaction, be found to shine too, either immediately upon the admission of the Air, or not long after it.
But this Experiment, as I lately intimated, was only design'd and attempted, not compleated; the Receiver being so thin, that upon the exhaustion of the internal Air, the weight of the external broke it; and we could ill spare another of that kind from Trials, we were more concerned to make: Notwithstanding which, we made one Trial more, which succeeded no better than the former, but miscarried upon at quite differing account, viz. because neither the included piece of Fish, nor the remaining, though it were of the same sort with the Fishes I usually employed, would shine at all, though kept a pretty while beyond the usual time, at which such Fishes were wont to grow luminous.
If this Experiment had succeeded, I had some others to try in prosecution of it, which I shall not now trouble you with the mention of. But that this Paragraff may not be useless to you, I'le take this occasion to give you a couple of Advertisements, that may relate not only to this Experiment, but also more generally to those, whether precedent or subsequent, where shining Fish are employed.
Advertisement I.
In the first place then, I will not undertake, that all the Experiments you shall make with rotten Fish, shall have just the same success with these I have related. For, as I elsewhere observed, (in a Discourse written purposely on that Subject) that the event of divers other Experiments is not always certain, so I have had occasion to observe the like about Shining of Fishes. And, besides what I lately took notice of at the close of the tenth Experiment, I remember, that having ​once designed to make Observations about the Light of rotten Fishes, and having in order thereunto caused a competent number of them to be bought, not one of them all would shine, though they were bought by the same person I was wont to employ, and hung up in the same place where I use to have them put, and kept not only 'till they began to putrifie, but beyond the time that others used to continue to shine; although a parcel of the same kind of Fishes, bought the week before, and another the same kind, bought not many days after, shined according to expectation. What the reason of this disappointment was, I could not determine; only I remember, that at the time, it happen'd, the weather was variable, and not without some days of Frost and Snow. Nor is this the oddest Observation I could relate to you about the uncertain shining of Fishes, if I thought it necessary to add it in this place.
Advertisement II.
Notice must also be taken in making Experiments with shining Fish, that their luminousness is not wont to continue very many days. Which Advertisement may be therefore useful, because without it we not be apt sometimes to make Trials, that cannot be soon enough brought to an issue; and so we may mistake the loss of Light in the Fish to be a deprivation it caused by the Experiment, which indeed is but a cessation according to the usual course of Nature.
Experiment XIV.
I know nor whether you will think it worth while to be told of a Trial that we made, to save those Criticks a labour, that else might perhaps demand, why 'twas not made. We put therefore a piece of Shining Fish into a wide-mouth'd Glass, about half filled with fair Water, and having placed this Glass in a Receiver, we exhausted the Air for a good while, to observe, Whether, when the pressure of the Air was removed, and yet (by reason of the Wager that did before keep the Air from immediately touching the Fish) the Exhaustion of the Receiver did nor deprive the Fish of that contact of Air, which it had lost before: Whether, I say, in this case the absence of the Air would have the same influence on the shining Body, as in the former Experiments: And ​here, as far as the numerous bubbles excited in the Water would give us leave to discern it (for they did, though not unexpectedly somewhat disturb the Experiment, which inconvenience we might have prevented, if we had thought it worth while) we could not perceive, that either the absence or return of the Air had any great operation upon the Light of the immersed Body; which yet did not keep me from intending to make a somewhat like Trial with Shining Wood (when I can get any) fastened to the lower part of a clear Glass, and covered over, but not very deep, with Quicksilver. Of which practice I shall not now stay to give you the Reasons, having elsewhere fully enough expressed them.
And that this Section may acquaint you with something besides the (seemingly) insignificant Experiment related in it, I shall here inform you (since I perceive, I did not in the first Papers I sent you) that though, when I formerly put together some Notes about Luminous Bodies, I confined not my Observations to one or two sorts of Fishes, yet the Experiments, sent you since October last, were all of them (except a Collateral one or two) made with Whitings, which, among the Fishes, I have had occasion to take notice of, is (except one sort that I cannot procure) the fittest for such Trials, and consequently fit to be named to you, to facilitate your future ones, in case you think it requisite to make any upon such subjects.
Experiment XV.
The other of the two neighbouring Experiments I lately mention'd (viz. the ninth) I told you, when I sent it you, needed a reiteration to confirm it, since we had but once tried it (and that without all the convenience we desired) that a shining Body, which upon the first withdrawing the Air loseth much, but not all its Light, may be deprived of the rest by continuing in that unfriendly place, though the Air be no further exhausted. To prosecute, therefore both the Experiments in one Trial, we took somewhat late at night a piece of rotten Fish, which we judged to shine too strongly, to be quickly deprived of all its Light, and having put it into a small and clear Receiver, we found (as we had foreseen) that the Light was much impaired, but nothing near ​suppressed by the withdrawing of the Air. Wherefore having removed the Receiver into a convenient place, I caused it to be brought to me about midnight (after I was in Bed) and having by close drawing the Curtains, and other means, made the place pretty dark, I perceived the included Body to continue to shine more vividly than one would have expected, (and, if I mistake not, I saw it shining in the morning, whilst it was dark;) but the night after, coming to look upon it again, its light appeared no more: notwithstanding which, I made a shift to keep out the Air about 24 hours longer, and so after 48 hours in all, we opened the Receiver in a dark place, and presently upon the ingress of the Air were pleadingly saluted with so vivid an Apparition of Light, that the included Body continued to shine, when carried into a Room, where there was both Fire and Candle, if it were but by a Hat screen'd from the beams.
Being encouraged, as Well as pleased with this success, we forthwith exhausted the Air once more out of the same Receiver, and having kept it about 4 hours longer, we lookt upon it again in a dark place, and finding no appearance of Light, let the Air in upon it, whereby it was made to shine again, and that vigorously enough, so that had caused the Receiver to be exhausted once more, but that it being Sunday night, I was unwilling to scandalize any, by putting my Servants upon a laborious, and not necessary work.
The suddenness, with which the included Body appeared to be, as 'twere, rekindled upon the first contact of the Air, revived in me some suspicions I have had about the possible causes of these short-liv'd Apparitions of Light (for I speak not now of real Lamps, found in Tombs, for a reason to be told you another time) which disclosing themselves upon mens coming in, and consequently letting in fresh Air into Vaults, that had been very long close, did soon after vanish. These thoughts, as I was saying, occurr'd to me upon what I had been relating, by reason of the sudden operation of the fresh Air upon a Body, that but a minute before disclosed no light. For though the Lights reported to have been seen in Caves, quickly disappeared, which that of our Fish did not; yet that difference might possibly proceed from the Tenacity, or some other disposition of the matter, ​wherein the luminousness of the Fish resides: For I remembered that I had more than once observed a certain glimmering and small Light to be produced in a sort of Bodies upon putting them out of their former Rest, and taking them into the Air, which sparks would vanish themselves sometimes within one minute, sometimes within a few minutes. But as these thoughts were but transient conjectures, so I shall not entertain you any longer about them, but rather contenting my self with the hint already given, take notice of what may be more certainly deduced from our Experiment, which is, That the Air may have a much greater interest in divers odd Phænomena of Nature, than we are hitherto aware of.
And for confirmation of our Experiment, I shall add, that having in another Receiver eclipsed a piece of Fish, that shone when 'twas put in more languidly than divers others that we had tried, I kept it about three days and three nights in a Receiver, which (Receiver) being somewhat like another, at first suggested to me, when I came to take it, some scruple, but afterwards, upon further examination, concluded it to be the same; wherefore I opened it in the dark, and upon letting in the Air on this Body, that shined but faintly at first, it immediately recovered its so long suppressed Light; and having included another piece that was yet more faint than this, when it was put into the Receiver, I thought fit to try at once the Experiment hitherto confirmed, and the Converse of it. And therefore having kept this piece also three days and three nights in the exhausted Glass, I let in the Air upon it, and notwithstanding the darkness of the place nothing of Life was thereupon revived. But this being little other than I expected from a Body, that shined so faintly when 'twas put into the Receiver, and had been kept there so long, I resolved to exercise my patience a while as well as my curiosity, and try, Whether the Appulse and Contact of the Air would have that operation after some time, that it had not at first; and accordingly, after having waited a while, I observed the Fish to disclose a Light, which though but dim, was manifest enough; but having considered it for some time, I had not leisure to watch, whether 'twould increase, or how long 'twould continue.
If know not, Sir, whether you are weary with reading, but I am sure I am quite tired with making sp many Experiments upon one ​Subject; and therefore I shall here conclude this Paper, as soon as l have added this Confimation, as well of what I last related, as of something that I observed before, That having included in small Receiver: two pieces of rotten Whitings, whereof the one, before it was put in, scarce shone so vividly, as did the other after the Receiver was exhausted; and having ordered the matter so, that we were able to keep out the Air for some days, at the end of about 48 hours, we found, that the more strongly shining Body retained yet a deal of Light; but afterwards looking upon them both in a dark place, we could not perceive in either any show of Light. Wherefore having let in the Air into that Receiver, where into the Body that at first shined the faintlier had been put, there did not ensue any glimmering of Light for a pretty while: nay, upon the rushing in of the Air into the other Glass (then also made accessible to the Atmosphere) the Body that at first shone so strongly, and that continued to shine so long, shewed no glimmering of Light. But being resolved to expect the issue a while longer, our patience was rewarded within less than a quarter of an hour with the sight of a manifest light in the Body last nam'd, and a while after the other also became visible, but by a Light very dim. The more luminous of these Bodies I observed to retain some Light 24 hours after; and the hitherto recited Experiment had this peculiar Circumstance in it, That at the two Receivers were uninterruptedly kept exhausted no less than 4 days, and as many nights*.*What method the noble Author of these Experiments used in keeping out the Air for so long a time will probably be made known e're long by himself.
An Account of two Books.
What this excellent Author formerly promised of the whole Pathology of Brain and Nerves, he gives in this Book a very considerable Specimen of. The knowledge of the Diseases which use to affect these parts, is esteemed very difficult and intricate, and particularly the true causes of Convulsions are of a very deep search. For the clearing them up, this Author ​Philosophiseth after this manner. He teacheth, that there are indeed Animal Spirits; that they constitute the Being of the Corporeal Soul, and are also the next and immediate Instruments of all Animal motions, producing them by a kind of Explosion or Shooting; upon which Elastick or Explosive Power, he establishes his whole Doctrine of Convulsions. To which, he annexes a Disquisition of the Scurvey, as being near of kin to the same Doctrine, and grounded upon the same Hypothesis.
The First Part consists of XII. Chapters.
* Of Convulsive Motions in general.
* Of the Epilepsy or Falling-sickness.
* Of the differences of the Epilepsy, and the Causes of some of the Symptoms thereof; together with a Draught of the method of curing this Disease.
* Of the other kinds of Convulsions, and particularly of those in Children.
* Of the Convulsive-fits in grown and aged persons, proceeding chiefly from the vitiated Origin of the Nerves.
* Of those Convulsive Motions, whole Cause lies about the Extremities of the Nerves, or within the Plexus nervei.
* Of those that are caused by Liquors, bedewing the nervous Bodies, and irritating the whole processes of them into Convulsions; where are considered the Cramps that arise from Poysons.
* Of the Universal Convulsions that are wont to be caused in malign, or ill-judged, and some anomalous Feavers; where are described the Epidemical and Malign Convulsive Distempers formerly reigning in some parts of Germany, as also that Epidemical Feaver which raged Ann. 1661, in England, and did principally afflict the Brain and Nerves.
* Of those that proceed from the Scorbutick Disposition of the Nervous Juice.
* Of Hysterick Passions, where he maketh the Womb plead Not guilty.
* Of those Passions that are vulgarly called Hypochondriacal, shewing, that they are chiefly Convulsive; where by the by he treateth of Chalybeat Remedies/
* Of Convulsive Coughs and Asthma's, and their Cure.
The Second Part contains XI. Chapters.
* A Description of the Scurvy; its internal and next Cause to be principally in the Blood, and sometimes in the depraved Juice of the Nerves.
* Of the remoter Causes of the Scurvey, and whence the Mass of the Blood, and consequently the Nervous Liquor, receive its depravation.
* Of the Differences of the Scurvy, its Signs and Symptoms, and chiefly such as arise from the Blood being tainted.
* Of those Accidents which happen in the Scurvy, by reason of the Brain and the Nervous Stock being vitiated.
* Of the Symptoms that arise from the conjoined Distempers of the Blood and the Nervous Juice.
* Of the Prognosticks of the Scurvy; where he takes notice, that a prevailing Scurvy at last ushers in a Dropsic or a Consumption.
* Of the Cure of the Scurvy; where, among other Remedies, he mentions several Specificks for this Disease.
* Of such Medicaments as respect the Scurvy, caused in a hot Constitution, and in a Sulphury-saline Distemper of the Blood.
* Of the Cure of the various and urging Symptoms of the Scurvy; as, difficult Respiration, Scorbutical Cholick, Fluxes, Giddiness, Hemorrhagies, loose and rotten Gums and Teeth, Pains in all the Limbs; besides the Scorbutick Gout, Convulsions, Palsies, Atrophy, Feaver; as also Rheumatisms, Dropsies, and the Noise in the Bones, which some are troubled with in this Disease.
* Of the Vital Indication, declaring by what Method and Medicines either the fainting Patient may be supported, or his decayed Forces restored, where he discourseth of Cardiacal Opiat Medicines, and of the Diet that is fit for Scorbutical persons.
* Some rare and very considerable Relations and Cases of Scorbutick Men and Women.
This small Tract (the Subject whereof seems to be new, not treated of hitherto by any we know of in Print) is publish'd both in the Latin and German Tongue, but came to our hands in the latter only; a Latin Copy, ​designed for us before, having miscarried at Sea, which we have not been able hitherto to get supply'd, because of the scarcity of the Copies of that Edition, as it was signified to us from Amsterdam.
It is divided into three parts: The First, in five Dialogues, treateth,
1. Of the motions and configurations of the Mouth of Man; and how a Man, born deaf, and consequently dumb, may come to understand, both them, and by them the mind of him that forms them; where 'tis observ'd, that a Man born deaf is not altogether destitute of all motion of his Tongue, and that he may be taught to understand others by the motions of the Mouth and Tongue, much after the manner as others are taught to read; but that this is much more easily practicable in those wide-mouth'd Languages, which do remarkably expose to the Eye the motions of the Tongue, Lips, Throat, &c. than in those that are narrow-mouth'd, and require but very slight motions of the Lips and the other Organs of Speech. To which is annexed, a method suitable to that Principle, of teaching deaf and dumb Men to speak; together with an Example of a Musician, who being altogether deaf, and weak-sighted withall, was by the Author brought so far in the space of three weeks, that he was able to answer to all that was spoken to him, provided it were done slowly, and with a well-open'd Mouth; who also afterwards by himself, as soon as he had by this very way learned to know the Letters, and to read, did, by confronting only the German and Hebrew Bibles, learn in a short time the Hebrew Tongue so well, that now he understands the whole Hebrew Bible.
2. Of the Proprieties of the Hebrew Tongue. How the Letters thereof are meet representations of the motions of the Mouth? How the Hebrew Alphabet may be described (as 'tis done here) by representing the Letters thereof in the mouths of so many pictured Mens heads? How this Alphabet is to be compared with other ways of Writing? To which is added, a disquisition concerning the true ancient manner of Writing, and the original of other ways, and how the true way may be found out, and how much the Names of the Letters conduce thereunto?
3. Of the Nature and Properties of the Tongue of Man. Where, first, is considered the Speech of young Children, how and in what order that is made; then, the requisiteness of the change of Tone to Speech; and how by the various openings of the Mouth and the Teeth, that change is caused. After which, the Author proceeds to the description of the Tongue, Wind-pipe, Larynx, Epiglottis; where he not only shews, how by a peculiar use of the Epiglottis one may come to speak inwardly, as do the Ventriloqui, by attracting the Breath, and without opening the Mouth; but annexeth also divers Rules concerning the Motions of the Tongue, observing especially the perpetual concord of the Mouth and Tongue in their motions, and the representation the Tongue's motion, requisite for every Letter, in the Image and Figure of such Letter.
​4. Of the Breath of Man, its quality, audits necessity » for the forming of the Voice. Where he shews, how by inspiring, the Breath is distributed through the Lungs (the nature of which he also describes), and how the same circulates through the whole Body.
5. Of the Animation of the Voice of Man by his Masculine and Generative Power. Where he discourses of the difficulty found in little Children, to pronounce certain Letters; and also of the weakness of the Voice in Children and Eunuchs. So much of the first Part.
The second Part, in one Dialogue, gives an account, How the Motions and Configurations of the Mouth, and the Framing of the Voice, are represented in the Hebrew Alphabet (for, to this Tongue the Author confines himself; but with what reason, the intelligent Reader of the Book it self may judge:) explaining the Sound of each Letter, the Motion of the Tongue accompanying the Sound, and the Figure of the Letter, resulting from thence; together with each Letters name, signification, and aptitude, to form the next following Letter. Which done, he proceeds to shew, how the Vowels are formed by the different Openings of the Mouth and Teeth; so that to every Vowel belongs a peculiar dimension of Wideness in the Mouth: And according to the shape of the outward Mouth, the Tongue and Breath are conformably moved within. To which are added, the Names of the Vowels, and their Figures; their absence in melt ancient Writings, and the several places in the Mouth for their formation. All which is concluded partly with a deduction of the Cause, why the Hebrew Tongue is Written from the Right hand to the Left? partly, with an Explanation of the method used to compose out of such Letters and Language a Grammar, viz. by comparing the Consonants with one another, and the Vowels as well with one another as with the Consonants; forasmuch as the nature of one being well considered with respect to the other, 'tis not difficult to judge, how they agree or disagree together: Whence Rules may be formed, how and why this or that Letter or Vowel is to be changed into another, &c.
The third Part treateth of the perfection of the Hebrew Tongue; wherein it consists, and how highly 'tis, to be valued: To which is subjoyn'd, first, a disquisition of Reason, why the Radical Words in the Hebrew Tongue can consist of no more than three Consonants? Secondly, a Discourse touching the Hebrew Accents, shewing, that 'tis a new Invention, and that the ancient Art of Musick being lost; and consequently to us unknown, the modern Hebrew Accents cannot reasonably be said to have been the Musical Notes of the Ancients, since especially all sorts of Hebrew Books and even their Chapters are marked therewith; though the Author acknowledges, that the newness deprives them not of the advantage of being useful.
In the Savoy,
Printed by T.N. for John Martyn, Printer to the Royal Society, and are to be sold at the Bell a little without Temple-Bar, 1667.