OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cincinnati Indianapolis Western Railway Company v. Connersville

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United States Supreme Court
218 U.S. 336
Cincinnati Indianapolis Western Railway Company v. Connersville
Argued: October 25, 1910. --- Decided: November 28, 1910
Messrs. John B. Elam, James W. Fesler, Harvey J. Elam, and Reuben Conner for plaintiff in error.
[Argument of Counsel from Pages 337-340 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Richard N. Elliott, Charles F. Jones, Hyatt L. Frost, and David W. McKee for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Harlan delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

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# Cincinnati Hamilton Dayton Railway Company v. Interstate Commerce Commission

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United States Supreme Court
206 U.S. 142
Cincinnati Hamilton Dayton Railway Company v. Interstate Commerce Commission
Argued: January 31, February 1, 1907. --- Decided: May 13, 1907
Messrs. Edward Colston and Lawrence Maxwell, Jr., for appellants.
Messrs. L. A. Shaver and P. J. Farrell for appellee.
Mr. Justice White delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Cincinnati Railway Company v. Kentucky

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United States Supreme Court
252 U.S. 408
Cincinnati Railway Company v. Kentucky
Argued: March 18 and 19, 1920. --- Decided: April 19, 1920
Mr. Alfred C. Cassatt, of Cincinnati, Ohio, for plaintiff in error.
Messrs. Stephens L. Blakely, of Covington, Ky., and Charles Harwood Morris, of Frankfort, Ky., for the Commonwealth of Kentucky.
Mr. Justice McKENNA delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Beatific Vision

From volume 2 of the work.
The immediate knowledge of God which the angelic spirits and the souls of the just enjoy in Heaven. It is called "vision" to distinguish it from the mediate knowledge of God which the human mind may attain in the present life. And since in beholding God face to face the created intelligence finds perfect happiness, the vision is termed "beatific". For further explanation of the subject, see HEAVEN.
E.A. PACE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Beaufort, Henry

Beaufort, Henry. See Plantagenet, Henry of, Vol. XII, p. 148.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Beaulieu Abbey

From volume 2 of the work.
(abbatia quae vocitatur Bellus Locus)
Beaulieu Abbey was a Cistercian house in Hampshire, one of the three monasteries founded by King John (c. 1204) and peopled by thirty monks from Cîteaux. The founder granted it a rich, if miscellaneous, endowment, including land in the New Forest, corn, money, one hundred and twenty cows, twelve bulls, a golden chalice, and an annual tun of wine. The buildings were dedicated in 1246, in the presence of King Henry III and his queen, Richard Earl of Cornwall, and many prelates and nobles. Pope Innocent III constituted Beaulieu an "exempt abbey", with the right of sanctuary; and this was sought in 1471 by Ann Neville, wife of Warwick the King-maker, the day before the battle of Barnet. Twenty-six years later Perkin Warbeck fled to Beaulieu from the pursuing armies of Henry VII. Shortly before the suppression of the monastery in 1539, the Visitors' report mentioned that "thirty-two sanctuary-men, who were here for debt, felony, or murder", were living within the monastic precincts with their wives and families.
The first Abbot of Beaulieu was Hugh, and the last Thomas Stephens, elected in 1535. In the following year the abbey, with its annual revenue of £326, was granted to Thomas Wriothesley, afterwards Earl of Southampton. It passed later through the Dukes of Montagu to the Dukes of Buccleuch; and Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, the Duke of Buccleuch's nephew, now (1907) owns it. He resides in the old gatehouse of the abbey, which has been carefully restored. Little else remains of the domestic buildings, except the fine early English refectory, used as the parish church. The cloisters are in ruins, but the guest-house dormitory still exists, and has been restored. Not a stone is left of the beautiful church, 335 feet long, with a nave of nine bays, transepts, tower, and double-aisled choir with circular apse, of a purely Continental type most unusual in England. The late Duke of Buccleuch had the foundations of the church, with every column and buttress, carefully traced out and marked in sand. Netley Abbey, on the other side of Southampton Water, was founded from Beaulieu in 1239, by Henry III.
Dugdale, Monast. Anglic., V, 680 sqq.; Registr. Cart. Mon. de Bello Loco (Cott. MSS., Brit. Mus., Nero, A, xii, 1); Tanner, Notitia Monastica (Hampshire, vi); Hampshire and the Isle of Wight (Victoria County Histories), II, 140-146.
D.O. HUNTER-BLAIR
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Beda Franciscus Dudik

From volume 5 of the work.
Moravian historian, b. at Kojetein near Kremsier, Moravia, 29 January, 1815; d. as abbot and titular bishop at the monastery of Raigern, 18 January, 1890. After studying at the philosophical school at Brünn he attended the University of Olmutz. In 1836 he entered the Benedictine Order and in 1840 was ordained priest at Raigem. From this latter date until 1854 he taught first the classical languages and then history at the gymnasium of Brünn. In 1855 he became Privatdozent for historical research at the University of Vienna; in 1859 he was appointed historiographer of Moravia, and in 1865 was made a member of the Academy of Sciences of Vienna. For purposes of historical research he went in 1851 to Sweden, in 1852 to Rome, in 1870 to France, Belgium, and Holland, in 1874 to Russia, a country which he later repeatedly visited. Between the years 1853 and 1859 he established at Vienna the main historical library of the Teutonic Order. Dudik was a prolific writer and diligent investigator; his works have a lasting value on account of the sources from which he drew. His chief works in chronological order are: "Geschichte des Benediktinerstiftes Raigern" (2 vols., Brünn, 1849; 2nd ed., Vienna, 1868); "Mährens Geschichts-quellen" (Brünn, 1850); "Forschungenin Schweden fur Mährens Geschichte" (Brünn, 1852); "Iter Romanum" (2 vols., Vienna, 1855); "Des Herzogtums Troppau ehemalige Stellung zur Markgrafschaft Mähren" (Vienna, 1857); "Waldsteins Korrespondenz" (Vienna, 1865-66); "Waldstein von seiner Enthebung bis zur abermaligen Uebernahme des Armeekommandos" (Vienna, 1858); "Des hohen Deutschen Ritterordens Münzsammlung in Wien" (Vienna, 1858, a special edition with 32 copper plates); "Kleinodien des Deutschen Ritterordens" (Vienna, 1866); "Archive im Konigreich Galizien und Lodomerien" (Vienna, 1867); "Erinnerungen aus dem Feldzug in Italien 1866" (Vienna, 1867); "Preussen in Mähren im Jahre 1742" (Vienna, 1869); "Schweden in Böhmen und Mähren 1640-1660" (Vienna, 1879); "Geschichtliche Entwickelung dor Buchdruckerkunst in Mähren von 1486 bis 1621" (Brünn, 1879).
Dudik's most important publication is: "Mährens allgemeine Geschichte" (12 vols., Brünn, 1860-89); it treats the history of Moravia up to 1350. Volumes VIII-X, which give an account of Moravia during the period of the Przemyslian dynasty, have been translated into Czech. He also published several papers in the transactions of the Academy of Sciences; in vol. LIV appeared: "Korrespondenz Ferdinands II. mit seinen Beichtvätern Becanus and Lamormain".
Revue benedictine, VII, 179.
PATRICIUS SCHLAGER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Beda Mayr

From volume 10 of the work.
A Bavarian Benedictine philosopher, apologist, and poet, b. 15 January, 1742 at Daiting near Augsburg; d. 28 April, 1794, in the monastery of Heillgenkreuz in Donauworth. After studying at Scheyern, Augsburg, Munich and Freiburg im Breisgau, he took vows in the Benedictine monastey of Heiligenkreuz on 29 September, 1762, studied theology at the common study-house of the Bavarian Benedictines in Benediktbeuern, was ordained priest on January, 1766, taught mathematics, philosophy, rhetoric, theology arld canon law at his monastery, where he was also librarian and, for some time, prior. The last 28 years of his life he spent in his monastery, with the exception of four years during which he was pastor of Mundling. He was an exemplary religious and a popular preacher, but, as a philosopher, he was imbued with the subjectivistic criticism of Kant and, as a theologian, he was irenic beyond measure. In a letter to Henry Braun, superintendent of the Bavarian schools, he sets forth the opinion that a unification of the Catholic and the Protestant religion is possible. Braun published this letter without the consent of the author under the title "Der erste Schritt zur künftigen Vereinigung der katholischen und evangelischen Kirche" (Munich, 1778). In consequence Mayr was censured by the Bishop of Augsburg and temporarily forbidden to teach theology. His chief work, "Vertheidigung der natürlichen, christlichen und katholischen Religion nach den Bedürfnissen unserer Zeiten" in three parts (Augsburg, 1787-90)) is equally irenic and permeated with the philosophy of Kant. It was placed on the Index in 1792 and ably refuted by the ex-Jesuit Hochbichler ex-Jesuit Hoehbichler (Augsburg, 1790). Lindner (infra) enumerates 58 literary productions of Mayr. They include 21 dramas, four volumes of sermons (Augsburg, 1777), numerous occasional poems, and various treatises on philosophical, theological, and mathematical subjects.
BAADER, Lexikon verstorbener baierischer Schriftsteller des 18 u .19 Jahrh., I, ii (Augsburg u. Leipzig, 1825) 12-16; LINDNER, Die Schriftsteller des Benediktiner Ordens im heutigen Konigreich Bayern seit 1750, II (Ratisbon, 1880), 137-41.
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Martin Schongauer

From volume 13 of the work.
(Also known as SCHON).
German painter and engraver, b. at Colmar between 1445 and 1450; d. probably in 1491, it is believed at Breisach. He was the son of Caspar Schongauer a goldsmith, who had come from Bavaria, and settled in Colmar about 1445, and who is known to have lived until about 1481. He had four brothers, Ludwig, a painter, Caspar, Georg, and Paul, goldsmiths. By some authors, Martin is said to have been the youngest son, by others, the eldest of the family. He matriculated at the University of Leipzig in 1465, purchased a house in 1477, and founded a Mass for his parents and himself in 1488. These are almost the only facts we know concerning him, and all other information about him is derived from dates on his drawings or engravings. His masterpiece is known as the "Virgin in the Garden of Roses", and is in the Church of St. Martin at Colmar. He has been described as a pupil of Rogier van der Weyden, on the authority of a letter written to Vasari, but although Rogier van der Weyden's influence is to be recognized in Schongauer's work, it seems very doubtful whether he ever entered that painter's studio. Several of his paintings are dated, but with the exception of the one in Colmar, we have no absolute evidence that any one of them is his work, and no documents have yet been discovered enabling us to verify his paintings. We are very much in the same position with regard to his engravings. They bear the signature of his initials, but there is nothing in the statements of his contemporaries to say with absolute certainty that the engravings signed M. S. are his work. There is, however, very tattle doubt in the matter, and they are always accepted as being his work. He is not to be regarded as a great artist or a perfect draughtsman, but in the actual technic of line engraving he is unsurpassed in his period, and is practically the equal of Dürer. About a hundred plates attributed to him are in existence, and there is an almost perfect collection of his prints in Berlin, a collection almost equal to it existing in London.
The standard work upon him is WALTZ, Bibliographie des Ouvrages et Articles concernant Martin Schongauer (Colmar, 1903); HENSLER in Neumann's Archives (1867), 129.
GEORGE CHARLES WILLIAMSON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Martin de Barcos

From volume 2 of the work.
French theologian of the Jansenist School, b. at Bayonne, 1600; d. at St. Cyran, 1678. He was a nephew of du Vergier de Hauranne, Abbot of St. Cyran, who sent him to Belgium to be taught by Jansen. When he returned to France he served for a time as tutor to the son of Arnauld d'Andilly and later, 1644, succeeded his uncle at the abbey of St. Cyran. He did much to improve the abbey; new buildings were erected, the library much increased, and the strictest rule enforced. Unlike many commendators of his day who scarcely ever saw the abbeys over which they held authority, Barcos became an active member of St. Cyran, was ordained priest 1647, and gave himself up to the rigid asceticism preached by his sect. His friendship with du Vergier and Arnauld and, through them, with Port-Royal soon brought him to the front in the debates of Jansenism. He collaborated with du Vergier in the "Petrus Aurelius" and with Arnauld in the book on "Frequent Communion".
Of his own treatises, some bear on authority in the Church and some on the then much-mooted questions of grace and predestination. To the first class belong (1) "De l'autorité de St. Pierre et de St. Paul" (1645), (2) "Grandeur de l'Eglise de Rome qui repose sur l'autorité de St. Pierre et de St. Paul" (1645). (3) "Eclaircissements sur quelques objections que l'on a formées contre la grandeur de l'Eglise de Rome" (1646). These three books were written in support of an assertion contained in the book "On Frequent Communion", namely: "St. Peter and St. Paul are the two heads of the Roman Church and the two are one". This theory of dual church authority, implying an equality of the two Apostles, was condemned as heretical by Pope Innocent X, in 1674 (Denzinger, Enchiridion, 965).
To the second class belong (1) A censure of Sirmond's "Praedestinatus" (1644). (2) "Quae sit Saneti Augustini et doctrinae eius auctoritas in ecclesia?" (1650). Barcos holds that a proposition clearly founded on St. Augustine can be absolutely accepted and taught, regardless of a papal Bull. That exaggeration of the African Doctor's authority was, from the beginning of the controversy, the main prop of the Jansenists who read in St. Augustine what they pleased and then claimed immunity from the authority of the Church. This new error was condemned by Pope Alexander VIII, 1690 (Cf. Denzinger, no. 1187). (3) "Exposition de la foy de Eglise romaine touchant la grâce et la prédestinatin" (1696). This book was written at the request of the Jansenist Bishop of Aleth, Pavillon, and may be looked upon as the official exposé of Jansenism. It was condemned by the Holy Office, 1697, and again, 1704, when it was published with the "Instructions sur la grâce" of Antoine Arnauld.
Hurter, Nomenclator, II (Innsbruck, 1893); Migne, Dict. de biog. Chret. (Paris, 1851); Jungmann in Kirchenlex., I, 1894; Beard, Port-Royal (London, 1861); Fuzet, Les Jansenistes (Paris, 1876); Sainte-Beuve, Port-Royal (Paris, 1878).
J.F. SOLLIER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Martin del Barco Centenera

From volume 2 of the work.
Born 1535, at Logroño, in the Diocese of Plasencia of Estremadura (Spain); died c. 1602. He became a secular priest and in 1572 accompanied, as chaplain, the expedition of Juan Ortiz de Zárate to the Rio de La Plata. For twenty-four years he followed the vicissitudes of Spanish exploration in the Argentine with undaunted courage, and was made archdeacon of the church of Paraguay. In 1582 he went to Lima and acted as secretary to the third council held in that city. He returned to Europe, where he finished his poetical work, known as "La Argentina", which he dedicated to the Viceroy of Portugal (for Philip III of Spain). It appeared in 1602. Soon after, del Barco died. The poetic merit of the "Argentina" is slender, like that of all the epics composed about this time on American subjects. It is a work of ponderous rhyme. But its historical value is considerable. He describes nearly a quarter of a century of Spanish efforts in the Argentine and adjacent countries, of which he was mostly an eyewitness, and thus fills a considerable blank in our knowledge of the history of that period, otherwise but little known. He also alludes to the English piracies committed by Drake and Cavendish, and to events of importance in Peru during the administration of the Viceroy Toledo. Several of the violent earthquakes of the time are also mentioned and described, though not always with correctness in regard to dates.
Leon y Pinelo, Epitome (1629-1738); Nicolas Antonio, Bib. Hisp. Nova (madrid, 1786); Barcia, Historiadores primitivos de Indias, 1749 (reprint of the Argentina; a later reprint appeared in De Angelis's collection); La Argentina, Conquista del Rio de la Plata y Tucuman (in 28 Cantos, Lisbon, 1602); Mendiburu, Diccionario historico biografico (Lima, 1876), II.
AD. F. BANDELIER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Martin Szentiványi

From volume 14 of the work.
Born at Szentivàn, 20 October, 1633; died at Nagy-Szombàt (Tyrnau), 5 March, 1708. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1653, and was professor of Scripture for five years at Vienna and Nagy-Szombàt, professor of mathematics and philosophy for nine years, and professor of canon law and theology for seven years. For seven years he filled the office of the chancellor of the University of Nagy-Szombàt, and in addition was for nine successive years governor of the Pasmaneum in Vienna and of the academy at Nagy-Szombàt. His numerous writings appeared in Hungarian, Latin, German, and Slovak, and some were translated in to French. The most important are: "Curiosiora et selectiora variarum scientiarum miscellanea in tres partes divisa" (Tyrnau, 1689); "Dissertationes septem, etc." (Tyrnau, 1689); "Rectus modus interpretandi scripturam sacram" (Tyrnau, 1696); "Summarium chronologiæ Hungariæ" (Tyrnau, 1697); "Hungaria in immaculatum conceptionem b. Mariæ Virginis magnæ dominæ suæ credens et iuvans" (Tyrnau, 1701); "Doctrinæ fidei christianæ" (Louvain, 1708); "Lutheranicum numquam et nusquam" (Tyrnau, 1702); "Relatio satatus futuro vitæ" (Tyrnau, 1699); "Dissertationes hæresiologico-polemicæ de hæresiarchis; hæresibus, et erroribus in fide dogmatibus, hoc sæculo nostro" (Tyrnau, 1701); "Solutiones catholicæ, etc." (Tyrnau, 1701); "Quinquaginta rationes et motiva cur in tanta varietate religionum et confessionum fidei in christianitate moderno tempore vigentium, sola religio Romano-catholica sit eligenda et omnibus aliis preferenda" (Tyrnau, 1701; German and Hungarian, Tyrnau, 1702).
SZINNYEI, Magyar irók (Hungarian Authors), XIII, 741-45, contains a complete list of his works and a bibliography.
A. ALDÁSY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Martin Van Cleef

From volume 4 of the work.
A Flemish painter, born at Antwerp in 1520; died in 1570; was the son of the painter William (the younger William) and was throughout his life closely associated with his brother Henry, who exerted great influence over his artistic career. Deschamps asserts that Martin and Joost were brothers, but the majority of writers on Flemish art agree that Joost was the son of the elder William. Martin studied under Franz Floris, "the incomparable Floris", and at first exhibited a strong predilection for landscape work. Later on, however, persuaded by Henry, devoted himself wholly to figure-painting. Historical subjects were his favourites, but he also achieved great success in genre painting. The latter has been stigmatized as vulgar and suggestive, but while coarse, and reflecting the peasant life of the Flemings, it differed but little in this respect from canvases of the great Dutchmen. After a few early attempts in large compositions after the Italian manner of Floris, he painted small pictures only, and these with great spirit and thorough technic. His work is delicate and refined in treatment, harmonious in colour, and excellent in draughtsmanship.
Martin van Cleef painted in the landscapes the figures of many eminent contemporaries, Gilles and Franz Floris among them, and he continually collaborated with his brother Henry in that way. Henry reciprocated and added to Martin's s figure-pieces landscape backgrounds charming in colour and design, and harmonizing well with the rest of the picture. On many of his works Martin painted, as a mark, a small ape — playing thus on his name — and in consequence is frequently called the "Master of the Ape". He was admitted to the Antwerp Academy, and in 1551 became a member of the St. Luke's Guild of Artists. He never travelled from his native Flanders, and died of gout at the age of fifty, leaving four sons — all of them painters.
LEIGH HUNT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Martin de Bervanger

From volume 2 of the work.
A French priest, founder of charitable institutions; b. at Sarrelouis, 15 May, 1795; d. at Paris, 1865. After being for some time assistant pastor in his native city, he took part, in 1822, in the foundation of the Association Royale de Saint-Joseph, and later of the Œuvre de Saint-Henri. These two institutions were destined to give to workingmen free instruction and professional training. To reach this end more effectively, he founded, in 1827, a boarding-school where, besides manual training, poor boys could receive intellectual, religious, and moral education. This is the Œuvre de Saint-Nicolas. In the beginning only seven children were in the establishment, but it soon developed and was transferred from its poor quarters in the Faubourg Saint-Marceau, to a better location in the Rue Vaugirard. At the time of the Revolution of 1830, the first two institutions disappeared, but the Institution Saint-Nicolas remained. It had many difficulties to overcome; the resources were insufficient; proper instructors could not always be found; suspicions of political intrigues were entertained by the Government, which led to various vexatious inquiries. De Bervanger succeeded in overcoming all obstacles, and the institution became more and more prosperous. Soon a branch establishment was founded at Issy. In 1859 De Bervanger turned over the institution to Cardinal Morlot, Archbishop of Paris, who gave the direction of it to the Christian Brothers. It has since been enlarged. De Bervanger wrote the "Règle de l'Œuvre de Saint Nicolas" (1853).
Dictionnaire de pédagogie (Paris, 1887), I, pt. I, 189. C. A. Dubray