OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wellhausen, Julius

Edition of 1905. See also Julius Wellhausen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WELLHAUSEN, vĕl'hou-zen, Julius (1844—). A German Oriental and biblical scholar. He was born at Hameln, and studied under Ewald at Göttingen. He became professor at Greifswald in 1872, but resigned because of theological disagreement with his conservative colleagues. He then became professor at Halle (1882), at Marburg (1885), and at Göttingen (1892). As an Old Testament scholar Wellhausen holds a unique position for his work in literary criticism and historical reconstruction. One of his earliest books, Pharisäer und Sadducäer (1874), is the classic treatise upon that subject. The most important of his other biblical writings are: Text der Bücher Samuels (1871); Geschichte Israels (1878), expanded into Prologomena zur Geschichte Israels (1883; 3d ed. 1886; Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1883, 1891); Israelitische und jüdische Geschichte (1894; 4th ed. 1901); Die Composition des Hexateuchs und der historischen Bücher des Alten Testaments (1885, 1889); Die
kleinen Propheten (1902), a remarkably fruitful critical brochure; The Book of Psalms (in Sacred Books of the Old Testament, Leipzig, 1895; Eng. trans., 1898). In his later career Wellhausen has devoted himself especially to early Arabic literature, where he has achieved fundamental results, most of which are contained in Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, including Reste des arabischen Heidenthums (last ed. 1897); Medina vor dem Islam (1889); Prolegomena zur ältesten Geschichte des Islams (1899); he has also published Muhammed in Medina (1882), a translation of Wakidi; Das arabische Reich und sein Sturz (1902). His latest work is in the New Testament field, Das Evangelium Marci (1903).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil

See also Alfred Richard Cecil Selwyn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Selwyn (sĕl′wĭn), Alfred Richard Cecil, was born in Kilmington, Somerset, July 28 1824, and educated partly in Switzerland. His pursuit of his favorite science began officially in 1845 when he was appointed assistant-geologist on the geological survey of Great Britain, a post he resigned in 1852 to accept that of director of the geological survey of Victoria. In 1869 he came to Canada as director of the Canadian geological survey, a post he held until 1895. He wrote the Canadian part of Stanford's Compendium of Geography, and was the editor of and an important contributor to the annual reports of the survey of Canada from 1869 to 1894. He died in 1904.
# The New Student's Reference Work/September

See also September on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Septem'ber, from the Latin word meaning seven, was the seventh month of the Roman calendar, but is the ninth according to our reckoning. The Anglo-Saxons called it gerst-monath or barley-month.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Selkirk Mountains

See also Selkirk Mountains on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Selkirk Mountains, an outlying range of the Rocky Mountains, in British Columbia, reaching southward almost to the United States boundary. The range contains enormous glaciers, and is the home of bears, big-horned sheep and Rocky Mountain sheep. See W. S. Green's Among the Selkirk Glaciers.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Selma, Ala.

See also Selma, Alabama on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sel′ma, Ala., city and county-seat of Dallas County, on Alabama River, 50 miles from Montgomery. The city is in a cotton-growing section, and has an extensive trade in cotton, coal, lumber and iron-products. It has cotton-factories, a cotton-warehouse, cottonseed-oil mill, car-wheel shops, ironworks and railroad machine shops. Selma has public and parochial schools, Dallas Academy, Selma University (Baptist), opened in 1878, for colored pupils, private business schools, the Y. M. C. A. library and reading-rooms. During the Civil War the city had a Confederate navy-yard, arsenal, powder-works and artillery-foundries. It was captured by the Union forces on April 2, 1865. Selma has the service of four railroads, and is at the head of steamboat navigation on the Alabama. Population 13,649.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sesostris

See also Sesostris on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Sesostris (sē̇-sŏs′trĭs), the Greek name of a celebrated Egyptian king. According to the Greek accounts, Sesostris at the head of a large army invaded Libya, Arabia, Asia, Europe, Thrace and Scythia, leaving a colony at Colchis on his way home. In the south he conquered Ethiopia, and by means of his fleet on the Red Sea got possession of the neighboring islands and widened his dominions to India itself. Captives in great numbers were put to work on temples, canals and mounds. Sesostris is said to have gone blind after a reign of 33 years, and to have taken his own life. Just who this great conqueror was is a puzzle. The most reasonable explanation is that his doings are the confused exploits of Sethos I and Rameses II.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Seven Sleepers

See also Seven Sleepers on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Sev′en Sleep′ers, the heroes of a celebrated tale. During the flight of the Christians from the persecution under Decius seven Christians of Ephesus took refuge in a cave near the city, where they were discovered by their pursuers, who walled the entrance to starve them to death. Instead they fell into a sleep which lasted from 250 or 251 to the reign of Theodosius (447). They imagined that their sleep had been but for a night. One of the seven went secretly into the city to buy food, and was thunderstuck to see the cross on churches and other buildings. Offering a coin of Decius at a bakery he was arrested, his startling story not being believed till he guided the citizens to the cave where he had left his comrades. The emperor heard enough from their lips to make him believe in the life beyond the grave, whereupon they sank again to sleep till the resurrection. The Roman church holds their festival on June 27. The story was adopted by Mohammed. A like story is told in Germany. See Rydberg's Teutonic Mythology.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Setter

See also Setter on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Set′ter, a breed of dog employed in shooting birds. There are three varieties — the English, the Gordon and the Irish setter. Dogs had been trained from the 16th century to scent game, but it was not until the beginning of the 19th century that a record of a distinct breed of setter was begun. The English setter generally is white with red markings or with black spots. The Gordon setter was bred by the duke of Gordon in 1800, by crossing the existing setter with the collie. This setter should be a rich and glossy black, marked with tan on the face, chest and legs. The origin of the Irish setter with its deep chestnut-red color is unknown. See Dog.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Selous, Frederick Courteney

See also Frederick Selous on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Selous′, Frederick Courteney, African explorer and hunter, was born in London, Dec. 31, 1851, and educated at Rugby and in Switzerland and Germany. He left England for South Africa in July, 1871, went to Matabeleland the year after, and supported himself for 19 years by elephant-hunting and collecting natural history specimens. In 1890 he guided the pioneer expedition to Mashonaland, and in 1892 took part in the first Matabele war. He has been awarded the Cuthbert Peek grant, the Back premium and the Founder's gold medal by the Royal Geographical Society, and is a corresponding member of the Zoölogical Society. His published works include A Hunter's Wanderings in Africa, Travel and Adventure in Southeast Africa, Sunshine and Storm in Rhodesia and Sport and Travel. He lives at Worplesdon, Surrey, England.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Semaphore

See also Flag semaphore on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sem′aphore. This is an apparatus for visible telegraphy by means of flags, lanterns or similar signals. It is employed in connection with the block-system (q. v.) on railroads and at sea by means of flags. Different combinations of the flags, lanterns or movements of signal-arms may serve to indicate the different letters of the alphabet. Sometimes they are used to indicate numbers. Semaphores are of importance not only to indicate the movements of trains and shipping; but in war-signaling, when special codes are employed.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Seton, Ernest Thompson

See also Ernest Thompson Seton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Se′ton, Ernest Thompson, lecturer, illustrator and author, was born in South Shields, England, in 1860; but spent his boyhood and youth (from 1866) in Canada and on the western plains. He was educated in Toronto, Canada, and London, England. In 1891 he became naturalist to the government of Manitoba; and wrote not only serious works upon the Birds of Manitoba and the Mammals of Manitoba, but clever and attractive tales for magazines, which purported to be based on actual observation of the ways of animal life. Mr. Seton contributed a number of illustrations to The Century Dictionary. He is the author and illustrator of Art Anatomy of Animals; Wild Animals I have Known; The Trail of the Sandhill Stag; The Biography of a Grizzly; Lobo, Rag and Vixen; Lives of the Hunted; Pictures of Wild Animals; Two Little Savages; and Krag and Johnny Bear.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Academy, The French

See also Académie française on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Academy, The French, founded in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, was the great authority in France in all matters of scholarship until it was disbanded during the French Revolution in 1793. Its members were forty of the first scholars of the country, who met three times a week. Its greatest work was the publication of its dictionary of the French language after fifty years of labor. The Academy was reconstructed in 1795, and in its original form it was restored by Louis XVIII in 1816.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Accordion

See also Accordion on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Accordion (ăk-kor′dĭ-ŭn), a musical instrument invented by Damian, at Vienna, about 1829. It is made on the principle of a bellows, the sound being produced by the action of wind on metallic reeds. Keys are ranged on each side, which are touched by the fingers as the instrument moves backward and forward. It is manufactured chiefly in Paris.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Abydos

See also Abydos, Hellespont on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Aby′dos (ab-ī′dos), an ancient city of Asia Minor, celebrated as the place where Xerxes crossed the Hellespont in his invasion of Greece, in 480 B. C. When his bridge of boats, nearly a mile in length, was swept away by a storm he punished the sea by inflicting three hundred lashes and casting chains into its waves. When the ​second double bridge was built, Xerxes poured an offering of wine on the waters and prayed to the sun; then throwing a cup and a Persian sword into the Hellespont he ascended his throne on the heights of Abydos. Here he watched for a whole week the ceaseless march of his army, perhaps a million in number, made up of forty-six different nations, each dressed in its national costume. Abydos is famous also as the scene of the story of Hero and Leander, which see.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Achaia

See also Achaea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Achaia (ä-kā′yā), one of the ancient divisions of the Peloponnesus, extending along the Gulf of Corinth. Its inhabitants were the most powerful of the Greeks at the time of the Trojan war. Under the Romans Achaia included the whole Peloponnesus as well as the country across the gulf as far as Thessaly. In modern Greece it is a small province.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Abt, Franz

See also Franz Wilhelm Abt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Abt (äpt), Franz, born at Eilenburg, in Saxony, Dec. 22, 1819, As his father, who was a clergyman, designed to educate him for his own profession he was placed in the St. Thomas school and in the University of Leipsic, where he had the advantage of good training in music as well as in the usual academic branches. He finally relinquished his theological studies for the more congenial musical studies. In 1841 he obtained the position of capellmeister at Zurich, and eleven years later obtained the same position at Brunswick. His death occurred at Wiesbaden, March 31, 1885.
Abt is best known as a composer of part-songs for men’s voices. His early residence at Zurich, where he conducted male singing societies, developed a facility in this class of composition that resulted in his great popularity. His songs for a single voice have had wide acceptance, notably the one entitled “When the Swallows Homeward Fly.” Besides songs he has written pieces for the pianoforte, which are regarded as inferior to his vocal compositions. In all, his works embrace more than four hundred numbers, none of which, however, entitles him to rank with the great German composers.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Achilles

See also Achilles on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Achilles (a-kĭl′lēz) was the bravest of the Greeks in the Trojan war, and the hero of the Iliad. His father, Peleus, was a descendant of Zeus, the king of the gods, and the ruler of the Myrmidons, the warlike people of Phthia, in Thessaly. His mother, Thetis, a sea goddess, is said to have dipped him by the heel into the river Styx to make him invulnerable, as she had been forewarned that he was doomed to an early death. For the same reason, after he had been trained in the arts of war and eloquence by Phœnix, and in the healing art by the centaur, Chiron (ki′ron), his mother had him brought up secretly as one of the daughters of the King of Scyros (si′ros). At the outbreak of the Trojan war an oracle declared that Troy could not be taken unless Achilles were present. So Ulysses, the wisest of the Greeks, came to Scyros disguised as a peddler, and spread out his wares before the daughters of the king. Ulysses sounded an alarm, and while the girls ran away the disguised Achilles betrayed himself by seizing a sword and spear from the peddler’s stock. Achilles went to war with fifty-seven ships, and during the first nine years he sacked twenty-three cities around Troy. He quarreled with Agamemnon over a maid, Briseis, whom he loved. When she was taken from him he sulked in his tent, while his countrymen were hard pressed because their bravest warrior, whom the Trojans dreaded, was not there. At last his friend Patroclus, wearing the armor of Achilles, drove the enemy before him, but was slain by Hector, the leader of the Trojans. Achilles, enraged at the death of his friend, went against the Trojans and drove them within their walls. In single combat he killed Hector, whom he dragged three times around the city at his chariot wheels. Here the Iliad ends, but the story is taken up by the Æthiopis, a poem by Arctinus, which tells of the combat of Achilles, first with the Amazon Penthesilea, and next with Memnon. When Memnon fell, Achilles drove back the Trojans to the Scæn gate, where he was killed by an arrow from the bow of Paris, which pierced his vulnerable heel.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Abyssinia

See also Ethiopia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Abyssinia (ăb′i-sin′ĭ-ä), a country of eastern Africa, southwest of the Red Sea. It is a tableland, from which rise flat-topped mountains, intersected by deep valleys and gorges. The royal house, which reigned for centuries, traced its lineage back to the Queen of Sheba. In 1850 Theodorus, a military adventurer, revolted and was crowned emperor. He first sent embassies to England and France and received a British consul at his court. It was his imprisonment of the consul and of an embassy sent to inquire into the matter that caused the English government to send Sir Robert Napier from Bombay with a relief expedition. The capital, Magdala, was stormed and captured, Theodorus shooting himself when told that the city gates had given way. This occurred in 1868, and for some time after the English forces withdrew lawlessness prevailed. In 1872 John II was crowned emperor. He was killed in battle in 1889 and was succeeded by his adversary, Menelek, the present king, who reigns under the title of Menelek II. In 1885 Italy occupied the port of Massowah, and sought to acquire territory inland, claiming, by treaty in 1889, a protectorate over Abyssinia. This led to a protracted war, and in 1896 the Italian army of invasion was beaten with great loss. As a result, Italy withdrew her claim to a protectorate over Abyssinia. In 1902 the boundary between Abyssinia and the British Sudan was adjusted by treaty. The area of Abyssinia is over 400,000 square miles, with an estimated population of five and a half millions. There are many small towns, few with a population exceeding 5,000. But little land is cultivated, the chief pursuit of the people being the herding of cattle, sheep and goats. A railway line connects Diré Dawa in southeastern Abyssinia with the port of Jibuti, 186 miles distant. Telegraph and telephone systems are in use. Barley, wheat, millet, hops and tobacco are produced in considerable quantities. The annual product of coffee is about 50,000 bags.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Acadia

See also Acadia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Aca′dia (a-kā′dĭ-a) or Acadie. It was in 1497, or thereabouts, that the Cabots visited, if they were not the discoverers of, Nova Scotia. French Colonists came here in 1604. They were driven out by settlers from Virginia who rested their claim on the right of discovery. The French gave the land the name of Acadie. In 1621 it was changed to Nova Scotia. In 1621 James I granted the peninsula to Sir William Alexander. In 1654 the French again established themselves in the colony. The country was ceded to them in 1667, but the English regained it in 1713.
The French Acadians now make one-tenth of the population of Nova Scotia. In only one county (Richmond) have they a majority. They are as one to four of the population of New Brunswick. Their settlements in New Brunswick are compact. One-seventh of the population of Prince Edward Island is Acadian. Their chief center in Prince Edward is at Tignish, on the west coast. There are 140,000 Acadians in the maritime provinces.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Acetylene

See also Acetylene on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Acetylene (a-sĕt′ĭ-lēn) (C$_2$ H$_2$), a gas, slightly lighter than air, which is extensively used for illumination. It burns with a brilliant, white flame, which is smoky, except when specially constructed burners are used. It is usually prepared by the action of water upon a calcium carbide, a material made by exposing a mixture of limestone and coke to a very high heat in the electric furnace. With air, acetylene gives explosive mixtures, and when under pressures of two or three atmospheres, or more, it is powerfully explosive by itself. The pure gas is said to be odorless and non-poisonous, but, as usually made, it contains small quantities of strong-smelling and somewhat poisonous gases. Acetylene gas is widely used in villages and country houses not served by ordinary gas systems, consumers installing necessary apparatus and generating their own gas.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Acheron

See also Acheron on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Acheron (ăk′er-ŏn), in ancient mythology, a river of the lower world around which hovered the shades of the departed, and across whose waters the ferryman, Charon (ka′ron), piloted those who were permitted to enter the realm of the dead. Acheron was also a general name for Hades.
# The Old Road to Paradise/Travel Prayer

PEOPLE
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bingen

See also Bingen am Rhein on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bingen (bĭng′en), a picturesque old town of Germany, on the Rhine, in the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt. Population of the commune, 8,187. Neighboring mountains, crowned with ruins, and an old bridge, dating back to the era of the Romans, increase the beauty of the place. Below the town is the famous Bingerloch or Bingen Hole, where the Rhine narrows into a strait between towering rocks. Above them, rises the Maüsethurm or Mouse-tower in the middle of the river, where, in the 10th century, Bishop Hatto, of Metz, collected toll from all passing vessels, and where he himself was finally eaten alive by mice attracted to the tower by the grain he had stored away in a time of famine. In popular legend it was near Bingen that the treasure of King Nibelung, which gave its name to the Nibelungen-Lied, was sunk in the Rhine.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Binghamton

See also Binghamton, New York on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bing′hamton, the county seat of Broome County, N. Y., lies on both sides of the Susquehanna River, at the mouth of the Chenango River, and both rivers are spanned by several bridges. It is an important railroad town, and has more than 700 manufacturing establishments, the leading ones being furniture, glass, gloves, scales, leather, boots, shoes and cigars. It takes third rank in the U. S. in the last named industry. Among its noted buildings are the U. S. government building, the state armory, the state insane asylum, two orphan asylums, etc. The use of anthracite coal has kept the city clean and free from smoke, earning it the title of the parlor city. Population, 48,443.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Birds-of-Paradise

See also Bird-of-paradise on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Birds-of-Paradise, the name given to an Australasian family of birds of very brilliant and varied plumage, no bird its rival in splendor. The history of the name is interesting. The early voyagers to the Moluccas were shown dried skins of these birds from which the feet and wings had been removed, and for several centuries thereafter, no perfect specimens were seen in Europe. About the year 1600, they came to be known as birds-of-Paradise. One writer of that period tells us that no one has seen these birds alive, for they live in the air, always turning toward the sun, and never alighting on the earth till they die, for they have neither feet nor wings. Even Linnaeus, in 1758, named the largest kind the footless Paradise-bird, as no perfect specimen had been seen in Europe. During 1854-62 Alfred Russel Wallace was in the Malay Archipelago and was the first naturalist to observe these birds in their native haunts. They are now very common in museums, and some kinds are used in triming ladies' hats, certain species having almost been exterminated owing to the milliners. Some are caught in snares, others are shot with blunt arrows by the natives.
There are twenty-five or thirty species of these Paradise-birds, including the great bird-of-Paradise, the largest kind, about eighteen inches from beak to tip of tail, the lesser bird-of-Paradise, etc. The males alone have brilliant and gorgeous plumage; the females are plain. Associated with the more brilliant kinds, in the same family, are the bower birds of Australia and New Guinea. They are all related to the crow-family and vary in size from that of the crow to that of the sparrow. The plumage is not only of great brilliance but also of the richest velvety appearance. In many species there are numerous long tufts of feathers that start from the shoulders and spread out and down in wondrous fashion. These are the prized bird-of-Paradise plumes used by the milliners. The various species show varied gorgeousness; the Paradise Minor is golden above with throat and top of head a metallic green, coppery red below, and with copper-red wings and tail, a great swirl of golden and white plumes completing its splendor; the King Bird is a glossy crimson above, divided by a band of metallic green about the throat from the white below, and has a fan of ashy plumes tipped with emerald. See Wallace: Malay Archipelago.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Big Black River

See also Big Black River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Big Black River, a river of Mississippi, is about 200 miles long and flows into the Mississippi. It is navigable for boats for fifty miles, and is bordered by rich cotton plantations for most of its length.