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# A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis/3. The Psychology of Errors—(Continued)

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THIRD LECTURE
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ERRORS—(Continued)
AT the last session we conceived the idea of considering the error, not in its relation to the intended act which it distorted, but by itself alone, and we received the impression that in isolated instances it seems to betray a meaning of its own. We declared that if this fact could be established on a larger scale, then the meaning of the error itself would soon come to interest us more than an investigation of the circumstances under which the error occurs.
Let us agree once more on what we understand by the “meaning” of a psychic process. A psychic process is nothing more than the purpose which it serves and the position which it holds in a psychic sequence. We can also substitute the word “purpose” or “intention” for “meaning” in most of our investigations. Was it then only a deceptive appearance or a poetic exaggeration of the importance of an error which made us believe that we recognized a purpose in it?
Let us adhere faithfully to the illustrative example of slips of the tongue and let us examine a larger number of such observations. We then find whole categories of cases in which the intention, the meaning of the slip itself, is clearly manifest. This is the case above all in those examples in which one says the opposite of what one intended. The president said, in his opening address, “I declare the meeting closed.” His intention is certainly not ambiguous. The meaning and purpose of his slip is that he wants to terminate the meeting. One might point the conclusion with the remark “he said so himself.” We have only taken him at his word. Do not interrupt me at this point by remarking that this is not possible, that we know he did not want to terminate the meeting but to open it, and that he himself, whom we have just recognized as the best judge of his intention, will affirm that he meant to open it. In so doing you forget that we have agreed to consider the error entirely by itself. Its rela​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/40 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/41 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/42 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/43 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/44 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/45 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/46 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/47 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/48 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/49 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/50 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/51 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/52 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/53 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/54 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/55 ​Page:Freud - A general introduction to psychoanalysis.djvu/56
# Folk-lore of the Holy Land/The Saragossan Purim

VIII
THE SARAGOSSAN PURIM
A few of the Jews resident at Jerusalem celebrate, beside the usual Jewish feasts of Passover, Pentecost, Tabernacles, etc., a yearly anniversary which they call “the Saragossan Purim,” in order to commemorate the deliverance of the Jews of Saragossa, the capital of the former kingdom of Arragon, from a great peril. The story of this escape, as recorded in certain small parchment scrolls or Megilloth written in the style and evident imitation of the Roll of Esther, is read in public at each celebration. I had heard of the custom a good many years ago, but on February 13, 1906, having been informed ​that the festival had been held two days before, I obtained the loan, through a friend, of a copy of the roll. It was, of course, in Hebrew, and on parchment. The narrative is, briefly, as follows:—
About the year 1420, in the reign of Alphonso V. of Arragon, there were in the city of Saragossa twelve handsome synagogues supported by as many congregations of prosperous and influential Jews, who were so well treated by the Government that, whenever the king came to Saragossa, all the rabbis went out in procession to honour him, each carrying, in its case, the Roll of the Law belonging to his synagogue. People objected that it was dishonour for the Sacred Rolls to be carried out to flatter the vanity of a Gentile; and so the rabbis, possibly glad of an excuse not to carry the heavy manuscripts, got in the habit of leaving the scrolls at the synagogues on such occasions, and going out with the empty cases.
Now a certain Jew, named Marcus of Damascus, turned Christian, and in his zeal as a new convert became the deadly enemy of his own race. When the king one day was praising the loyalty of his Jewish subjects, this renegade, who was among the courtiers, replied that his majesty was being grossly deceived. The loyalty of the Jews was a sham, he averred, like their carrying empty cases before the king when pretending to bear the rolls of their respective synagogues.
At this the king was angered against the Jews, but would not punish them until he had ascertained the truth of the charge. He set out at once (Shebat ​17th) for Saragossa, with Marcus in his train; and the latter was in high spirits, thinking he had ruined the Jews. But that night an aged man roused the servant of each synagogue, and told him how the king intended to surprise the rabbis. So when the noise of the king’s coming went abroad next morning, and they went out to meet him as usual, they were not unprepared. Alphonso did not return their greetings but, frowning, ordered the cases to be opened. His command was obeyed very cheerfully, and every case was found to contain its scroll of the Pentateuch. The king then turned his anger upon Marcus, who was hanged from the nearest tree.
To commemorate this event the Jews of Saragossa instituted an annual feast, observed even after subsequent persecutions had driven them from Spain, and still, as we have seen, celebrated by their descendants on the 17th of Shebat.
# Political fragments of Archytas and other ancient Pythagoreans

The Ethical fragments of Hierocles are nowadays assigned to the 2nd century Stoic philosopher Hierocles, not the 5th-century Pythagorean author Hierocles of Alexandria.
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Political and Ethical Fragments.
POLITICAL FRAGMENTS OF ARCHYTAS, CHARONDAS, ZALEUCUS, AND OTHER ANCIENT PYTHAGOREANS, PRESERVED BY STOBÆUS; AND ALSO, ETHICAL FRAGMENTS OF Hierocles, THE CELEBRATED COMMENTATOR ON THE GOLDEN PYTHAGORIC VERSES, PRESERVED BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK BY THOMAS TAYLOR.
Αβαπτιστος ειμι φελλος ως υπερ ερκος αλμας.
Pind. Ρyth. Od. 2.
Just like a cork unmerged I keep On the broad barrier of the deep.
Chiswick: PRINTED BY C. WHITTINGHAM, COLLEGE HOUSE; FOR THE TRANSLATOR, MANOR PLACE, WALWORTH.
1822.
Chapters (not listed in original)
This work was published before January 1, 1930, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# Criminal Procedure (Right of Reply) Act 1964

* related portals: Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
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Date of Commencement: 10 July 1964 (s. 2(2)) See this legislation with any revisons at legislation.gov.uk .
For corresponding provisions in Hong Kong law, see section 56(2) of Criminal Procedure Ordinance (Cap. 221).
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ELIZABETH II
1964 CHAPTER 34
An Act to amend the law relating to the prosecution’s right of reply at trials on indictment.
Be it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Right of reply at trials on indicment. 1.—(1) Upon the trial of any person on indictment—
    (a) the prosecution shall not be entitled to the right of reply on the ground only that the Attorney General or the Solicitor General appears for the Crown at the trial; and
    (b) the time at which the prosecution is entitled to exercise that right shall, notwithstanding anything in section 2 of the 28 & 29 Vict. c. 18.Criminal Procedure Act 1865, be after the close of the evidence for the defence and before the closing speech (if any) by or on behalf of the accused.
(2) In section 3 of the 61 & 62 Vict. c. 36.Criminal Evidence Act 1898 the words from the beginning to “for the defence” are hereby repealed.
Short title, commencement and extent. 2.—(1) This Act may be cited as the Criminal Procedure (Right of Reply) Act 1964.
(2) This Act shall come into operation at the time of expiration of a period of one month beginning with the day on which it was passed, but shall not apply to any trial at which the accused was arraigned before that time.
(3) This Act does not extend to Scotland or Northern Ireland.
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it is one of the following types of legislation in the United Kingdom or its predecessor states, and received Royal Assent or the approval of HM in Council (as applicable) before 1975:
* Act of Parliament
* Act of the Scottish Parliament
* Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
* Act of Senedd Cymru (formerly known as an Act of the National Assembly for Wales)
* Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
* Measure of the General Synod of the Church of England
See section 164 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended).
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# Documentary Evidence Act 1895

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Date of Commencement: 14 May 1895 See this legislation with any revisons at legislation.gov.uk .
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CHAPTER 9.
A.D. 1895. An Act to apply the Documentary Evidence Acts to the Board of Agriculture.[14th May 1895.]
BE it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:
Application of Documentary Evidence Acts to the Board of Agriculture. 31 & 32 Vict. c. 37. 45 & 46 Vict. c. 9. 1. The Documentary Evidence Act, 1868, as amended by the Documentary Evidence Act, 1882, shall apply to the Board of of Agriculture in like manner as if that Board were mentioned in the first column of the schedule to the first-mentioned Act, and President or any member of the Board, or the Secretary of the Board, or any person authorised by the President to act on behalf of the Secretary of the Board, were mentioned in the second column of that schedule, and as if the regulations referred to in those Acts included any document issued by the Board.
Short title. 2. This Act may be cited as the Documentary Evidence Act, 1895, and the Documentary Evidence Act, 1868, and the Documentary Evidence Act, 1882, and this Act may be cited collectively as the Documentary Evidence Acts, 1868 to 1895.
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it is one of the following types of legislation in the United Kingdom or its predecessor states, and received Royal Assent or the approval of HM in Council (as applicable) before 1975:
* Act of Parliament
* Act of the Scottish Parliament
* Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
* Act of Senedd Cymru (formerly known as an Act of the National Assembly for Wales)
* Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
* Measure of the General Synod of the Church of England
See section 164 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended).
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# Foreign Prison-made Goods Act 1897

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Date of Commencement: 6 August 1897 See this legislation with any revisons at legislation.gov.uk .
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CHAPTER 63.
An Act to prohibit the Importation of Foreign Prison-made Goods.[6th August 1897.]
BE it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:
Prohibition of importation of foreign prison-made goods. 39 & 40 Vict. c. 36. 1. There shall be added to the table of prohibitions and restrictions contained in section forty-two of the Customs Consolidation Act, 1876, the following, that is to say:
Short title. 2. This Act may be cited as the Foreign Prison-made Goods Act, 1897.
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it is one of the following types of legislation in the United Kingdom or its predecessor states, and received Royal Assent or the approval of HM in Council (as applicable) before 1975:
* Act of Parliament
* Act of the Scottish Parliament
* Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
* Act of Senedd Cymru (formerly known as an Act of the National Assembly for Wales)
* Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
* Measure of the General Synod of the Church of England
See section 164 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended).
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# Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925

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* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item
Date of Commencement: 7 August 1925 (s. 11) See this legislation with any revisons at legislation.gov.uk .
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CHAPTER 72
A.D. 1925. An Act for the prevention of abuses in connection with the Grant of Honours.[7th August 1925.]
BE it enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Punishment of abuses in connection with the grant of honours. 1.—(1) If any person accepts or obtains or agrees to accept or attempts to obtain from any person, for himself or for any other person, or for any purpose, any gift, money or valuable consideration as an inducement or reward for procuring or assisting or endeavouring to procure the grant of a dignity or title of honour to any person, or otherwise in connection with such a grant, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanour.
(2) If any person gives, or agrees or proposes to give, or offers to any person any gift, money or valuable consideration as an inducement or reward for procuring or assisting or endeavouring to procure the grant of a dignity or title of honour to any person, or otherwise in connection with such a grant, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanour.
(3) Any person guilty of a misdemeanour under this Act shall be liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to a fine not exceeding five hundred pounds, or to both ​such imprisonment and such fine, or on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or to a fine not exceeding fifty pounds, or to both such imprisonment and such fine, and where the person convicted (whether on indictment or summarily) received any such gift, money, or consideration as aforesaid which is capable of forfeiture, he shall in addition to any other punishment be liable to forfeit the same to His Majesty.
(4) The 22 & 23 Vict. c. 17.Vexatious Indictments Act, 1859, as amended by any subsequent enactment, shall apply to offences under this Act as if they were included among the offences mentioned in section one of that Act.
Short title. 2. This Act may be cited as the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act, 1925.
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it is one of the following types of legislation in the United Kingdom or its predecessor states, and received Royal Assent or the approval of HM in Council (as applicable) before 1975:
* Act of Parliament
* Act of the Scottish Parliament
* Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
* Act of Senedd Cymru (formerly known as an Act of the National Assembly for Wales)
* Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
* Measure of the General Synod of the Church of England
See section 164 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended).
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# Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918

Date of Commencement: 21 November 1918 See this legislation with any revisons at legislation.gov.uk .
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CHAPTER 47.
A.D. 1918. An Act to amend the Law with respect to the Capacity of Women to sit in Parliament.[21st November 1918.]
BE it enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:
Capacity of women to be members of Parliament. 1. A woman shall not be disqualified by sex or marriage for being elected to or sitting or voting as a Member of the Commons House of Parliament.
Short title. 2. This Act may be cited as the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act, 1918.
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it is one of the following types of legislation in the United Kingdom or its predecessor states, and received Royal Assent or the approval of HM in Council (as applicable) before 1975:
* Act of Parliament
* Act of the Scottish Parliament
* Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
* Act of Senedd Cymru (formerly known as an Act of the National Assembly for Wales)
* Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
* Measure of the General Synod of the Church of England
See section 164 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended).
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# Parliament Act 1949

* related portals: Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item
The Parliament Act 1949 altered the constitutional relationship between the House of Commons and the House of Lords, by reducing the period of time that legislation could be obstructed by the latter. See this legislation with any revisons at legislation.gov.uk .
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CHAPTER 103
An Act to amend the Parliament Act, 1911.
[16th December 1949.]
BE it enacted by the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, in accordance with the provisions of the Parliament Act, 1911, and by authority of the same, as follows:—
Substitution of references to two session and one year for references to three sessions and two years respectively 1 & 2 Geo c. 13.1. The Parliament Act, 1911, shall have effect, and shall be deemed to have had effect from the beginning of the session in which the Bill for this Act originated (save as regards that Bill itself), as if—
Provided that, if a Bill has been rejected for the second time by the House of Lords before the signification of the Royal Assent to the Bill for this Act, whether such rejection was in the same session as that in which the Royal Assent to the Bill for this Act was signified or in an earlier session, the requirement of the said section two that a Bill is to be presented to His Majesty ​on its rejection for the second time by the House of Lords shall have effect in relation to the Bill rejected as a requirement that it is to be presented to His Majesty as soon as the Royal Assent to the Bill for this Act has been signified, and, notwithstanding that such rejection was in an earlier session, the Royal Assent to the Bill rejected may be signified in the session in which the Royal Assent to the Bill for this Act was signified.
Short title, construction and citation.2.—(1) This Act may be cited as the Parliament Act, 1949.
(2) This Act and the Parliament Act, 1911, shall be construed as one and may be cited together as the Parliament Acts, 1911 and 1949, and accordingly subsection (1) of section four of the Parliament Act, 1911 (which specifies the words of enactment to be inserted in a Bill presented to His Majesty under that Act) shall have effect with the substitution of the words "the Parliament Acts, 1911 and 1949" for the words "the Parliament Act, 1911".
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it is one of the following types of legislation in the United Kingdom or its predecessor states, and received Royal Assent or the approval of HM in Council (as applicable) before 1975:
* Act of Parliament
* Act of the Scottish Parliament
* Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
* Act of Senedd Cymru (formerly known as an Act of the National Assembly for Wales)
* Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
* Measure of the General Synod of the Church of England
See section 164 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended).
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# Prevention of Crime Act 1953

* related portals: Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
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Date of Commencement: 6 June 1953 (s. 2(2)) See this legislation with any revisons at legislation.gov.uk .
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CHAPTER 14
An Act to prohibit the carrying of offensive weapons in public places without lawful authority or reasonable excuse.[6th May 1953.]
BE it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Prohibition of the carrying of offensive weapons without lawful authority or reasonable excuse. 1.—(1) Any person who without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, the proof whereof shall lie on him, has with him in any the public place any offensive weapon shall be guilty of an offence, and shall be liable—
    (a) on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or a fine not exceeding fifty pounds, or both;
    (b) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or a fine not exceeding one hundred pounds, or both.
(2) Where any person is convicted of an offence under subsection (1) of this section the court may make an order for the forfeiture or disposal of any weapon in respect of which the offence was committed.
(3) A constable may arrest without warrant any person whom he has reasonable cause to believe to be committing an offence under subsection (1) of this section, if the constable is not satisfied as to that person’s identity or place of residence, or has reasonable cause to believe that it is necessary to arrest him in order to prevent the commission by him of any other offence in the course of committing which an offensive weapon might be used.
​(4) In this section “public place” includes any highway and any other premises or place to which at the material time the public have or are permitted to have access, whether on payment or otherwise; and “offensive weapon” means any article made or adapted for use for causing injury to the person, or intended by the person having it with him for such use by him.
Short title, commencement and extent. 2.—(1) This Act may be cited as the Prevention of Crime Act, 1953.
(2) This Act shall come into operation on the expiration one month from the passing thereof.
(3) This Act shall not extend to Northern Ireland.
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it is one of the following types of legislation in the United Kingdom or its predecessor states, and received Royal Assent or the approval of HM in Council (as applicable) before 1975:
* Act of Parliament
* Act of the Scottish Parliament
* Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
* Act of Senedd Cymru (formerly known as an Act of the National Assembly for Wales)
* Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
* Measure of the General Synod of the Church of England
See section 164 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse