OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Adis

​ADIS or ADES ('A^is/Ahis: prob. Rkades),tL considerable city of Africa, on the Gulf of Tunis, in the Carthaginian territory, which Regulus besieged and took, and before which he defeated the Cartha- ginians, in the 10th year of the first Punic War, B. c. 255. (PoL i. 30.) As there is no subsequent mention of the place, it is supposed to have been supplanted, or at least reduced to insignificance, by the kter town of Maxula.[ P. S. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Adorsi

​ADORSI. [Aorsi.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Adu'le

​ADU'LE or ADU'LIS (Άδούλη, Ptol. iv. 7. § 8, viii. 16 § 11; Arrian. Peripl.; Eratosth. pp. 2, 3; Άδουλις, Steph. B. s. v.; Άδούλες, Joseph. Antiq. a. 5; Procop. B. Pers. i. 19; oppidum adoulition, Plin. H. N. vi. 29. s. 34: Eth. Άδουλίτης, Ptol. iv. 8; Adulita, Plin. l. c.: Adj. Άδουλιτικός), the principal haven and city of the Adulitae, a people of mixed origin in the regio Troglodytica, situated on a bay of the Red Sea called Adulicus Sinus (Άδουλικός κόλπος, Annesley Bay), Adule is the modern Thulla or Zulla, pronounced, according to Mr. Salt, Azoole, and stands in lat, 15° 35' N. Ruins are said to exist there. D'Anville, indeed, in his Map of the Red Sea, places Adule at Arkeeko on the same coast, about 22° N. of Thulla. According indeed to Cosmas, Adule was not immediately on the coast, but about two miles inland. It was founded by fugitive slaves from the neighbouring kingdom of Egypt, and under the Romans was the haven of Azume. Adule was an emporium for hides (river-horse and rhinoceros), ivory (elephant and rhinoceros tusks) and tortoise-shell. It had also a large slave-market, and was a caravan station for the trade of the interior of Africa. The apes which the Roman ladies of high birth kept as pets, and for which they often gave high prices, came principally from Adule. At Adule was the celebrated Monumentum Adulitamam, the inscription of which, in Greek letters, was, in the 6th century of the Christian era, copied by Cosmas the Indian merchant (Indicopleustes; see Dict. of Biog. art Cosmas) into the second book of his "Christian Topography". The monument is a throne of white marble, with a slab of some different stone behind it. Both throne and slab seem to have been covered with Greek characters. Cosmas appears to have put two inscriptions into one, and thereby occasioned no little perplexity to learned men. Mr. Salt's discovery of the inscription at Axume, and the contents of the Adulitan inscription itself, show that the latter was bipartite.
The first portion is in the third person, and records that Ptolemy Euergetes (B.C. 247 — 222) received from the Troglodyte Arabs and Aethiopians certain elephants which his father, the second king of the Macedonian dynasty, and himself, had taken in hunting in the region of Adule, and trained to war in their own kingdom. The second portion of the inscription is in the first person, and commemorates the conquests of an anonymous Aethiopian king in Arabia and Aethiopia, as far as the frontier of Egypt. Among other names, which we can identify with the extant appellations of African districts, occurs that of the most mountainous region in Abyssinia, the Semenae, or Samen, and that of a river which is evidently the Astaboras or Tacazzé, a main tributary of the Nile. The Adulitan inscription is printed in the works of Cosmas, in the Collect. Nov. Patr. et Script. Graec. by Montfaucon, pt. ii pp. 113—546; in Chisull's Antiq. Anal.; and in Fabrictus, Bibl. Graec. iv. p. 245. The best commentary upon it is by Buttmann, Mus. der Alterthumsw. ii. 1. p. 105. [ W. B. D. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Ae'dui

​AE'DUI, HE'DUI (Αἰδοῦοι, Strab. p. 186), a Celtic people, who were separated from the Sequani by the Arar (Saone), which formed a large part of their eastern boundary. On the W. they were separated from the Bituriges by the upper course of the Ligeris (Loire), as Caesar states (B. G. vii. 5). To the NE. were the Lingones, and to the S. the Segusiani. The Aedui Ambarri (B. G. i. 11), kinsmen of the Aedui, were on the borders of the Allobroges. The chief town of the Aedui in Caesar's time was Bibracte, and if we assume it to be on the site of the later town of Augustodunum (Autun), we obtain probably a fixed central position in the territory of the Aedui, in the old division of Bourgogne. The Aedui were one of the most powerful of the Celtic nations, but before Caesar's proconsulship of Gallia, they had been brought under the dominion of the Sequani, who had invited Germans from beyond the Rhine to assist them. The Aedui had been declared friends of the Roman people before this calamity befel them; and Divitiacus, an Aeduan, went to Rome to ask for the assistance of the senate, but he returned without accomplishing the object of his mission. Caesar, on his arrival in Gaul (B.C. 58), restored these Aedui to their former independence and power. There was among them a body of nobility and a senate, and they had a great number of clientes, as Caesar calls them, who appear to have been in the nature of vassals. The clientes of the Aedui are enumerated by Caesar (B. G. vii. 75). The Aedui joined in the great rebellion against the Romans, which is the subject of the seventh book of the Gallic war (B. G. vii. 42, &c.); but Caesar reduced them to subjection. In the reign of Tiberius A.D. 21, Julius Sacrovir, a Gaul, attempted an insurrection among the Aedui and seized Augustodunum, but the rising was soon put down by C. Silius. (Tac. Ann. iii. 43—46.) The head of the commonwealth of the Aedui in Caesar's time was called Vergobretus. He was elected by the priests, and held his office for one year. He had the power of life and death over his people, as Caesar says, by which expression he means probably that he was supreme judge. (B. C. i. 16, vii. 33.)
The clientes, or small communities dependent on the Aedui, were the Segusiani, already mentioned; the Ambivareti, who were apparently on the northern boundary of the Aedui trans Mosam, (B. G. iv. 9); and the Aulerci Brannovices [Aulerci]. The Ambarri, already mentioned as kinsmen of the Aedui, are not enumerated among the clientes (B. G. vii. 55). One of the pagi or divisions of the Aedui was called Insubres (Liv. v. 34). Caesar allowed a body of Boii, who had joined the Helvetii in their attempt to settle themselves in Gaul, to remain in the territory of the Aedui (B. G. i. 28). Their territory was between the Loire and the Allier, a branch of the Loire. They had a town, Gergovia (B. G. vii. 9), the site of which is uncertain; if the reading Gergovia is accepted in this passage of Caesar, the place must not be confounded with the Gergovia of the Arverni.[ G. L. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Ado'nis

​ADO'NIS (Aa«K«: Nahr el Ibrahim), a small river of Syria, which rising in Mount Libanus enters the Mediterranean a few miles to the S. of Byblu^ Maundrell records the fact which he himself wi? nessed, that after a sudden fall of rain, the river descending in floods is tinged of a deep red by the SOU of the hills in which it takes its rise, and imparts this colour to the sea for a considerable distance. Hence some have sought to explain the legend of the beautiful Adonis, who was killed by a wild boar on Mount Libanus (Strab. p. 755; Lucian, de Dea Syr. I; Plin. v. 20.; Nonn. Dionys. iiL 80, xx. ' 144.)' [ W. R. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Adoreus

​ADOREUS, the name of a mountain of Galatia, now Elmah Dagh, in the neighbourhood of Pessinus, in Asia. Livy (xxxviii. 18.) says that it contains the source of the river Sangarius.[ G. L. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Adraa

​ADRAA (AJprfa, Euseb. OnomasL : "A^pa. Ptol. v. 15. § 23: LXX. 'EZpativ, *E^paiv: Eng.'Vers. Edrei: and probably the *hlpaxrc6s of Hierocles, p. 273: Draa), a town in Palestine, near the sources
​of the river Hieromax, and deeply embayed in the spures of the mountain chain of Hermon. Before the conquest of Canan by Joshua, it was one of the chief cities of Og, king of Bashan After his defeat and death it was assigned to the half tribe of Manas?eh which settled on the eastern side of Jordan. It was the seat of a Christian bishop at an early time, and a bishop of Adna sat in the council of Selucia (A.D. 381, and of Chalcedon (A.D. 451). By the Greeks it was called Adna, and by the Crusaders Adra(illegible text) Its ruins cover a curcuit of about 2 miles, of which a a large rectangular buildingm, surrounded by a double covered colonade, and with a cistern in the middle (Numbers, xxi 33; Deutron. i 4 iii 10; Joshua xii. 4. xiii. 12, 31; Joseph. Antiq. iv. 5. § 42 : Buckingham. Travels, vol ii. p. 146: Buckhardt, id. p. 241) [ W. B. D. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Aduli'tae

​ADULI'TAE. [Adule.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Adyrma'chidae

​ADYRMA'CHIDAE (Άδυρμαχίδαι), a people of N. Africa, mentioned by Herodotus as the first Libyan people W. of Egypt. (Herod, iv. 168.) Their extent was from the frontier of Egypt (that is, according to Herodotus, from the Sinus Plinthinetes (ii. 6), but according to Scylax (p. 44, Hudson), from the Canopic mouth of the Nile), to the harbour of Plynos, near the Catabathmus Major. Herodotus distinguishes them from the other Libyan tribes in the E. of N. Africa, who were chiefly nomade (iv. 191), by saying that their manners and customs resembled those of the Egyptians (iv. 168). He also mentions some remarkable usages which prevailed amongst them (l. c.). At a later period they are found further to the S., in the interior of Marmarica. (Ptol.; Plin. v. 6; Sil. Ital. iii. 278, foll., ix. 223, foll.) [ P. S. ]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Aea

​AEA. [Colchis.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buchanan, Robert (1785-1873)

​BUCHANAN, ROBERT (1785–1873), professor of logic in the university of Glasgow, was a cadet of the clan Buchanan, a native of Callander, where he was born in ​ 1785. At the university of Glasgow he specially distinguished himself in the philosophy classes. After completing his divinity course, he was in 1812 licensed as a preacher of the church of Scotland by the presbytery of Haddington, and in 1813 was presented to the parish of Peebles. In 1824 he was appointed assistant and successor to Professor Jardine in the chair of logic in Glasgow University, and becoming sole professor in 1827, he held the office till 1864, when he retired to Ardfillayne, Dunoon. He died on 2 March 1873. He was the author of ‘Fragments of the Table Round,’ 1860; ‘Vow of Glentreuil, and other Poems,’ 1862; ‘Wallace, a Tragedy,’ 1856; and ‘Tragic Dramas from Scottish History,’ 1868, containing ‘The British Brothers,’ a tragic drama, ‘Gaston Phœbus,’ a tragic drama, ‘Edinburga,’ a tragic drama, and the tragedies of ‘Wallace’ and ‘King James the First.’ He also published anonymously, in 1868, ‘Canute's Birthday in Ireland, a Drama in Five Acts.’ His tragedy ‘Wallace’ was performed twice for a charitable object at the Prince's Theatre, Glasgow, in March 1862, the principal characters being personated by students of the divinity and art classes. Though averse to independent and original speculations, he had a thorough mastery of the Scottish philosophy, and his highly cultivated taste was manifested not only in his verse, but in the correct and chaste style of his lectures. In commemoration of his services while occupant of the logic chair for forty years, the Buchanan prizes were instituted in 1866, consisting of the interest of 314l. for students of the logic, moral philosophy, and English literature classes. By his will he bequeathed 10,000l. for the founding of Buchanan bursaries in connection with the arts classes of the university.
[Hew Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scot. i. 237; Glasgow Herald, 3 March 1873; Ralston Inglis's Dramatic Writers of Scotland, pp. 24, 25, 128; Glasgow University Calendar.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buchanan, William

​BUCHANAN, WILLIAM (1781–1863), Scotch advocate, born in 1781 at Montrose, was the son of David Buchanan, printer and publisher (1745–1812) [q. v.], and brother of David Buchanan, editor of the ‘Edinburgh Courant’ (1779–1848) [q. v.], and of George Buchanan, civil engineer (1790?–1852) [q. v.] He was educated at Edinburgh University; he studied law and was called to the bar in 1806. At the outset of his career he showed a strong leaning to whig principles but he never made politics a profession, and devoted himself simply to the bar. In 1813 he published ‘Reports of certain Remarkable Cases in the Court of Session and Trials in the High Court of Justiciary.’ These reports are marked by purity of diction and methodical arrangement. In 1856 he was appointed queen's advocate and solicitor of teinds, or tithes, on the death of Sir William Hamilton. He was now the oldest member of the Scottish bar, and peculiarly fitted for his office by his antiquarian bent. He published in November 1862 a ‘Treatise on the Law of Scotland on the subject of Teinds,’ immediately recognised by the whole profession as the standard authority on the subject. Towards the end of his career his infirmity compelled him to withdraw in a great measure from active work. In the autumn of 1863 his health began to give way, and he expired after a lingering illness on 18 Dec.
For the last forty years of his life he was one of the elders of the Glasite church. He married Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. James Gregory, minister of the parish of Banchory, by whom he had numerous children.
[Gent. Mag. new ser. 1864, xvi. 392; Edinburgh Courant; Buchanan's Remarkable Cases in the Court of Session; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
B. C. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buchanan, Robertson

​BUCHANAN, ROBERTSON (1770–1816), civil engineer of Glasgow, was the author of ‘Essays on the Economy of Fuel and Management of Heat,’ 8vo, 1810; ‘A Practical Treatise on Propelling Vessels by Steam,’ 8vo, Glasgow, 1816; and of ‘Practical Essays on Millwork and other Machinery, Mechanical and Descriptive,’ 3 vols. 8vo, published in 1814; edition by Tredgold, roy. 8vo, with atlas in folio, 1841; supplement to third edition by Rennie, roy. 8vo, 1842. He also contributed various papers to the ‘Philosophical Magazine’ and to the ‘Edinburgh Encyclopædia.’ He died, 22 July 1816, at the house of his uncle, Dr. Innes, of Creech St. Michael, near Taunton, in his forty-sixth year.
[Gent. Mag. vol. lxxxvi. pt. ii. p. 188.]
R. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buchanan, John Lanne

​BUCHANAN, JOHN LANNE (fl. 1780–1816), author, was a native of Menteith, Perthshire, and was educated at the grammar school of Callander and the university of Glasgow. For some years he was assistant to Robert Menzies, minister of Comrie, and on his death in 1760 he went as missionary of the church of Scotland to the Western Isles. He afterwards resided in London. He was the author of 'Travels in the Western Hebrides from 1783 to 1790,' 1793; 'A Defence of the Scots Highlanders in general, and some learned characters in particular,' 1794; and a 'General View of the Fishery of Great Britain,' 1794. Having entrusted his 'Travels in the Highlands 'to the editorial care of Dr. William Thomson, the latter without his knowledge inserted some severe criticisms of the Scotch clergy and others, which Buchanan in his 'General View of the Fishery of Great Britain' indignantly disclaimed.
[Biog. Dict. of Living Authors (1816), p. 44; Notes and Queries. 2nd series, i. 413-13.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buck, Charles

​BUCK, CHARLES (1771–1815), theological writer, minister of an independent congregation, first at Sheerness and afterwards in London, was author of a well-known work, of which many editions have appeared both in England and America, entitled ‘A Theological Dictionary, containing definitions of all theological and ecclesiastical terms; an impartial account of the several denominations that have subsisted in the religious world; remarkable transactions and events in ecclesiastical history, and a biographical sketch of writers in theological science.’ The first edition appeared in London in 2 vols. 8vo, 1802. Buck was also author of a ‘Collection of Anecdotes,’ 1799, which has gone through many editions, and of several other religious works, less known. He died 11 Aug. 1815.
W. G. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buck, John William

​BUCK, JOHN WILLIAM (d. 1821), a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, was admitted as student 7 July 1813. He reported the first forty-four pages of a volume of English reports of cases in bankruptcy decided by Lord Eldon, Sir Thomas Plumer, and Sir John Leach, from Michaelmas term 1816 to Michaelmas term 1820. The volume was published in Buck's name and entitled vol. i., although no other volume appeared under the same title. The last English edition was issued in 1820. Buck died on 23 Aug. 1821.
R. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buck, Zachariah

Zechariah in the ODNB.
​BUCK, ZACHARIAH (1798–1879), organist, was born at Norwich on 10 Sept. 1798. He was a chorister of the cathedral under Dr. Beckwith, to whose son he was subsequently apprenticed. While still young, Buck was a remarkably able teacher of the pianoforte; he was assistant organist of St. Peter Mancroft from 1818 to 1821, and in 1819 succeeded the younger Beckwith as organist of the cathedral and master of the choristers, which appointments he held until his resignation in 1877. The degree of Mus.Doc. was conferred on him by the archbishop of Canterbury in 1847. Buck died on 5 Aug. 1879, at the house of his son, Dr. Henry Buck, Newport, Essex, where he was buried on the 14th of the same month. His compositions include services, anthems, and chants, none of which are remarkable. His chief claim to be remembered is his excellence as a teacher, and particularly his success in training choristers.
W. B. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Audley, James de (d.1272)

​AUDLEY, ALDITHEL, or ALDITHELEY, JAMES de, knight (d. 1272), a royalist baron, was son and heir of Henry de Audley [q.v.], and, like him, a lord-marcher. In 1257 he accompanied Richard, king of the Romans, to his coronation at Aachen (Matt. Paris), sailing on 29 April (Rymer) and returning to England in the autumn to take part in the Welsh campaign (1257-1260). In the following year (1258) he was one of the royalist members of the council of fifteen nominated by the Provisions of Oxford, and witnessed, as 'James of Aldithel,' their confirmation by the king (18 Oct.). He also, with his brother-in-law, Peter de Montfort [see Montfort, Peter de], was appointed commissioner to treat with Llewelyn (18 Aug.), and two years later (44 Hen. III.) he acted as an itinerant justice. On Llewelyn of Wales attacking Mortimer, a royalist marcher, Audley joined Prince Edward at Hereford, 9 Jan. 1263 (Claus. 47 Hen. III. m. 5 dors.) to resist the invasion. But the barons, coming to Llewelyn's assistance, dispersed the royalist forces, and seized on his castles and estates. He is wrongly said by Dugdale and Foss to have been made 'justice of Ireland' in this year, but in December he was one of the royalist sureties in the appeal to Louis of France. At the time of the battle of Lewes (May 1264) he was in ​arms for the king on the Welsh marches (Matthew Paris), and he was one of the first to rise against the government of Simon de Montfort (Ypodigma Neustriæ). On Gloucester embracing the royal cause, early in 1265, Audley joined him with the other marchers, and took part in the campaign of Evesham and the overthrow of the baronial party. He appears to have gone on a pilgrimage to Galicia in 1268, and also, it is stated, to Palestine in 1270; but though his name occurs among the 'Crucesignati' of 21 May 1270, it is clear that he never went, for he was appointed justiciary of Ireland a few months later, his name first occurring in connection with that office 5 Sept. 1270 (Rot. Pat. 54 Hen. III. m. 4). During his tenure of the post he led several expeditions against 'the Irish rebels,' but died by 'breaking his neck' about 11 June 1272 (when he is last mentioned as justiciary), and was succeeded by his son James, who did homage 29 July 1272.
[Dugdale's Baronage (1675), i. 747; Foss's Judges (1848), ii. 212; Eyton's Shropshire (1858), vii. 185-8; Chancery Misc. Rolls, No. 28, Rot. 1, 2.]
J. H. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Augusta Sophia

​AUGUSTA SOPHIA (1768–1840), princess, daughter of George III and his sixth child, was born at Buckingham House, London, 8 Nov. 1768. The public reception on her birth took place on Sunday, 13 Nov., when two young girls, discovered carrying away the cups in which their caudle had been served, and secreting cake, were reprimanded on their knees (George III, his Court and Family, vol. i. p. 317). Princess Augusta is several times mentioned in Mme. d'Arblay's diary; she was sprightly enough in her manner to endure considerable banter from 'Mr. Turbulent' 1 March 1787, and to be called 'la Coquette corrigée' by him, on her supposed attachment to the Prince Royal of Denmark, then visiting at the castle (ibid. pp. 281 et seq.). She was partner to her brother, the Duke of York, in the historical country dance on the evening of the day, 1 June, 1789, when the duke had fought the duel with Colonel Lennox, and the Prince of Wales had resented the colonel's presence amongst his sisters by breaking up the ball (Annual Register, 1827, p. 438). She accompanied the king and queen later in the month to Weymouth, joining in the chorus of 'God save the King' at Lyndhurst (Diary of Royal Tour, 1789). In 1810 she was in attendance on her father, helping him to take exercise at Windsor, In 1816, 2 May, she was at Carlton House at the marriage of her niece, the Princess Charlotte. In May 1818 she gave 50l. to the National Society for the Education of the Poor. On 15 July 1819, she played and sang some of her own musical compositions to Mme. d'Arblay (Diary, vol. vii. p. 270). In 1820 she was again at Windsor attending to her father, whose death in that year was the occasion of her being supplied with residences of her own at Frogmore, and at Clarence House, St. James's. In this position of head of an establishment the princess showed the same pleasantness and patience she had shown in her parents' homes; and died at Clarence House 22 Sept. 1840 in her 72nd year (Annual Register, 1840, p. 176). She was buried at Windsor 2 Oct.
[Gent. Mag. lxxxvi. i. 462; lxxxvii. i. 559; IT. 270, 333, 334; lxxxviii. i. 462.]
J. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Audley, Lords

​AUDLEY, Lords. [See Tuchet.]