OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Argall, Samuel

Edition of 1905. See also Samuel Argall on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AR'GALL, Sir Samuel (c.1580-1626). An English navigator, and deputy governor of the Virginia colony, born about 1580 or 1585. In 1609 he was sent to Virginia in charge of a vessel, with orders to find a more direct route than that previously followed, and he succeeded in considerably shortening the time ordinarily occupied by the passage. After his arrival, in 1609, he was employed in surveying Chesapeake Bay and a large part of the coast northward to Cape Cod. Returning to Virginia, he took part in the fighting with the Indians, and in 1612 he conducted the negotiations with the chief of a Potomac tribe to whose care the women of the Powhatan tribe had been intrusted during hostilities, by which the English secured possession of Pocahontas, a favorite daughter of the chief, Powhatan, in exchange for a copper kettle. Her marriage to John Rolfe followed soon after, and the troubles with the natives were settled, leaving Argall free to go to sea again. In 1613 he was given command of a powerful war vessel, and instructed to keep all intruders out of the territory claimed for England. He sailed to Mount Desert Island, where he found a French Jesuit settlement, which he destroyed, carrying off the settlers to Jamestown as prisoners. French establishments at Port Royal and Saint Croix received the same treatment. At New Amsterdam (now New York) Argall found a Dutch colony, and forced the governor to haul down his flag and display the English colors in its place—a recognition of English supremacy which lasted so long as Argall was in the harbor. In 1617 Argall was promoted to be deputy governor and admiral of Virginia. He conducted affairs in a high-handed fashion, and was accused of engaging in illegal trade, especially with the Spanish settlements in the West Indies. He ignored several peremptory orders to return to England to answer the charges against him, but ​eventually went back to stand trial. No serious action, however, was taken, probably because of the protection afforded him by the Earl of Warwick, who is supposed to have participated in the profits of Argall's ventures. In 1620 Argall was captain in a fleet which attacked the Algerine pirates in the Mediterranean. A year later he was knighted. In 1625 he was appointed admiral of an Anglo-Dutch fleet of twenty-eight vessels, which took Spanish prizes valued at over £100,000, and later in the same year took part, as commander of the flagship, in Cecil's expedition against the Spaniards.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arbutus

Edition of 1905. See also Arbutus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ARBUTUS, är'bǜ-tŭs or är-bū'tŭs (Lat., the wild strawberry tree). A genus of plants of the order Ericaceæ. The species, which number about twenty, are mostly European and North American shrubs and small trees. In many species the leaves are evergreen and shining, the branches usually smooth and red. Such a species is Arbutus unedo, the Strawberry Tree, extensively planted as an ornament in parks. It is a native of the south of Europe, and is not hardy in the colder parts of the United States. It is highly valued in California. The flowers, which are white, are produced in great abundance; the fruit, which resembles a strawberry in size and color, is ripened the second year. In this way flowers and fruits occur together, and, with the bright green leaves, make the tree very attractive. The fruit is edible and often utilized, especially in Spain, where sugar and a spirit are manufactured from it. A second species, Arbutus Menziesii, is the madroña of California. It is fairly hardy, and as a tree often attains a height of eighty to one hundred feet. Arbutus Arizonica, a tree forty to fifty feet high, has the bark of the trunk white, of the branches red, which, together with the pale-green leaves, make a pleasing contrast. A few fossil forms have been described under the name Arbutites, from the Eocene of Europe.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arboriculture

Edition of 1905. See also Arboriculture on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
AR'BORICUL'TURE (Lat. arbor, tree + cultura, care, cultivation). A term referring to the scientific cultivation of trees. It embraces that part of horticulture which treats of the planting and cultivation of ornamental and fruit trees, and that part of forestry known as sylviculture. The horticultural growing of various trees is discussed under the corresponding special headings. Forest practices are described under Forestry.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arbuthnot, John

Edition of 1905. See also John Arbuthnot on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AR'BUTHNOT, John (1667-1735). A Scotch author and physician, the contemporary and friend of Pope and Swift. He was the son of an Episcopal clergyman, and was born at Arbuthnot, Kincardineshire. He studied medicine at Aberdeen, but took his degree at Saint Andrews. Arbuthnot's father lost his preferment at the outbreak of the Revolution. His sons' prospects being thus blighted in their own country, the family were compelled to go abroad to seek their fortune. John went soon after to London, and there supported himself by teaching mathematics. In 1697 he published an examination of Dr. Woodward's account of the Deluge, which brought him into notice as a person of unusual ability. Accident called him into attendance on Prince George of Denmark, who thenceforth patronized him. In 1709 he was appointed physician in ordinary to the Queen, and in 1710 was elected a member of the Royal College of Physicians. On the death of Queen Anne, in 1714, he lost his place at court, and his circumstances were never so prosperous afterward. In 1717, Arbuthnot, with Pope, helped Gay in a farce, entitled Three Hours After Marriage, which, however, proved a complete failure. In 1723 he was chosen second censor of the Royal College of Physicians, and in 1727 he pronounced the Harveian oration for the year. He died at Hampstead in 1735.
Arbuthnot's literary fame rests upon two humorous pieces. In 1712 he published the History of John Bull, one of the most amusing of political satires. After his death appeared (in Pope's Works, 1741) the Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus (q.v.), in which all kinds of pedantry is ridiculed. John Bull as a nickname for England has been traced back no farther than Arbuthnot, and Scriblerus is one of the important sources of Sterne's Tristram Shandy. Arbuthnot was one of the most amiable of men. To him Pope addressed his best Epistle, and Swift said that if there were a dozen Arbuthnots in the world he would burn his Travels. Consult G. A. Aitkin, Life and Works of Arbuthnot (London, 1892).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arbuthnot, Marriot

Edition of 1905. See also Mariot Arbuthnot on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ARBUTHNOT, Marriot (1711-94). A British admiral. He became a commander in 1746 and a captain in 1747; was commissioner of the navy at Halifax, N. S., from 1775 to 1778; became a rear-admiral in 1778, and in 1779 was appointed vice-admiral and placed in command of the North American Station. In conjunction with Sir Henry Clinton he captured Charleston, S. C., after a long siege, in 1780 (May 12), and in March, 1781, fought an indecisive engagement with a French fleet off Cape Henry. He surrendered his command to Rear-Admiral Graves in July, 1781, returned to England, and though he saw no more actual service, he became by seniority Admiral of the Blue in 1793. As a naval officer he was absurdly inefficient, being ignorant of even the rudiments of naval tactics, and as a man he seems to have been known to his contemporaries as a coarse and blustering bravo. Consult Ralfe, Naval Biography (London, 1820).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arents, Albert

Edition of 1905. See also Albert Arents on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ARENTS, ä'rents, Albert (1840—). A German-American metallurgist. He was born at Klausthal, Germany, and studied mining engineering there, and at Berlin. In 1865 he came to the United States and undertook to treat the lead ores in Hampden County, Mass. He was subsequently connected, as metallurgist and mining engineer, with a number of enterprises in the Western States, and patented many valuable industrial improvements.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arentzen, Kristian August Emil

Edition of 1905. See also Kristian Arentzen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ARENTZEN, a'rents-en, Kristian August Emil (1823-1900). A Danish poet. He was born at Copenhagen, and after extensive travels, he was appointed to the chair of aesthetics in the University of Copenhagen. He published two dramas, Gunlög Ormetunge (1852), and Knud den Hellige (1853), and a volume of Digte (1854, republished as Ny Digtsämling, 1867). He is chiefly known for his important critical work, Bagqesen og Ochlenschläger (eight volumes, 1870-78).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Catti

Edition of 1905. See also Chatti on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CAT′TI, or CHATTI, kăt′tī̇ (Lat., from Celtic, connected, probably as an original totem-name, with O. Ir. cat, Welsh cath, Corn. cath, cat). A German people, included by Cæsar under the name Suevi (q.v.), who inhabited a country included in the present Hesse and the Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau. The southwestern part of their territory, around Mattiacum, was conquered by the Romans under Drusus. The Catti took part in the general rising of the Germans under Arminius (Hermann). Tacitus praises them as excellent foot-soldiers. During the reign of Marcus Aurelius, in the end of the Second Century, they made incursions into Roman Germany and Rhætia. Caracalla failed in an expedition against them and the Alemanni in the Third Century. About the middle of that century their name began to give place to that of the Franks (q.v.), and is last mentioned by Claudian in the latter part of the Fourth Century.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Cattle, Chillingham

Edition of 1905. See also Chillingham cattle on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CATTLE, Chillingham. A breed of the so-called wild cattle of Great Britain (Bos taurus, var. scoticus), preserved in Chillingham Park, Northumberland, England. This park, the property of the Earl of Tookerville, is a remnant of one of the great forests of Great Britain. It was formerly believed that these cattle, other herds of which are found at Cadzon, near Chillingham, at Chartley (Staffordshire), Somerford and Lyme (Cheshire), and Kilmory (Argyllshire), were descended from the urus (q.v.) without contact with any domesticated breed, but it is now held that the remote ancestors of the existing animals must have been partially domesticated. The Chillingham cattle, which approach most nearly to the true primigenius type, number about sixty, and are described as of medium size, compact in body, and dingy-white in color, with black- tipped horns, brownish muzzle, and red ears. They are timorous, unless hard-pressed, and feed by night. The cows conceal the calves under tall ferns and undergrowth, and resist all approach to them. It is said that these cattle refuse to mingle with any other. This prevents degeneracy of breed, and the accepted characteristics are also maintained by destroying any calf that shows deviations of color. For illustration, see Plate of Wild Cattle.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Cattle-Guards

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ CATTLE-GUARDS. See Railways.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Cattermole, George

Edition of 1905. See also George Cattermole on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CATTERMOLE, George (1800-68). An English water-color painter, born at Dickleborough, Norfolk. He first exhibited at the Academy in 1819. His pictures, which embrace a wide range of subjects, are remarkable for their striking originality of conception, vigorous execution, and fine color and tone. One of his best-known and greatest pictures is “Luther at the Diet of Spires,” containing thirty-three portraits of the principal characters, copied from the authentic originals by the old masters. He also designed the engravings for his brother's History of the Civil Wars (1841-45), and illustrated many scenes in Scott's novels and in Shakespeare. His later works were chiefly oil paintings. Among his intimate friends were Thackeray, Dickens, Macready, Douglas Jerrold, Landseer, Browning, Macaulay, and Disraeli.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Cattell, William Cassidy

Edition of 1905. See also William Cassady Cattell on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CATTELL, William Cassidy (1827-98). An American Presbyterian divine and educator. He was born at Salem, N. J., August 30, 1827; graduated at Princeton College (1848) and at the theological seminary (1852); was professor of Latin and Greek in Lafayette College, Pa., 1855-60, and president from 1863 to 1883. His presidency evinced executive ability of a high order. He was secretary of the Board of Ministerial Relief of the Presbyterian Church from 1883 until his death, in Philadelphia, February 11, 1898.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Cauchy, Augustin Louis

See also Augustin-Louis Cauchy on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CAUCHY, kṓ'shḗ', Augustin Louis (1789-1857). A French mathematician. He was born in Paris, and was educated at the Ecole Polytechnique. In 1810 he went to Cherbourg, in the capacity of an engineer, but his health failing, he returned to Paris in 1813, renounced engineering, and chose pure science for his life work. His Mémoire sur la théorie des ondes was crowned by the Institute in 1815, and in 1816 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences. Later he became professor at the Polytechnic School. In 1830 he refused to take the oath required by Louis Philippe, and went into voluntary exile. During his stay abroad he held for a short time the chair of mathematics in Turin, and later (1834) went to Prague as tutor of the Comte de Chambord. He returned to France in 1837, but his political views were such as to bar him from the higher professorships until the advent of the Government of 1848. In that year Cauchy was made professor of mathematical astronomy at the Sorbonne, a chair which he held, with a brief interruption, until his death. In politics Cauchy was a Legitimist. He was known as a man of piety and was a defender of the Jesuits.
The works of Cauchy occupy a leading place in science. All parts of pure and applied mathematics, as geometry, algebra, the theory of numbers, integral calculus, mechanics, astronomy, and mathematical physics, are indebted to his discoveries. He verified the periodicity of elliptic functions, gave the first impetus to the general theory of functions, contributed to determinants (q.v.), and laid the foundation for the modern treatment of the convergence of infinite series (q.v.). He emphasized the imaginary as a fundamental, not subsidiary, quantity, perfected the method of integration of linear differential equations (see Calculus), advanced the theory of substitutions, invented the calculus of residues, and, in general, was one of the leaders of the Nineteenth Century in infusing vigor into analysis. The propagation of light and the theory of elasticity also received his attention.
Consult: Valson, La Vie et les travaux de Cauchy (Paris, 1868); Terquem, “Analyse des travaux de Cauchy,” in the Nouvelles annales de mathématiques (Paris, 1857). Les œvres completes d'Augustin Cauchy (Paris, 1882-1901) were published under the direction of the Academy of Sciences.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Cattell, James McKeen

Edition of 1905. See also James McKeen Cattell on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CATTELL′, James McKeen (1860—). An American psychologist, born at Easton, Pa. He graduated at Lafayette College in 1880, and at the University of Leipzig in 1886, and was a lecturer at the University of Cambridge in 1888. From 1888 to 1891 he was professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, from
1891 to 1896 professor of experimental psychology at Columbia University, and in 1896 was appointed professor of psychology in the latter institution. He is a member of many learned societies at home and abroad, and edits Science and The Popular Science Monthly.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Utah, University of

Edition of 1905. See also University of Utah on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ UTAH, University of. A state institution of learning for both sexes at Salt Lake City, Utah, founded in 1850 as the University of the State of Deseret. After one session it was discontinued until 1867, owing to lack of funds and patronage. A new charter was secured in 1894, when the present corporate title was assumed. In the same year the university received a grant of 60 acres on the Fort Douglas Reservation and the Legislature appropriated $300,000 for buildings on the new site. The departments are the School of Arts and Sciences; the State School of Mines, established by the State Legislature in 1901; the State Normal School; and a preparatory department. Students are admitted on examination or on certificate from accredited schools. In 1903 the attendance was 745, the teaching force numbered 30, and the library contained 21,300 volumes and 11,500 pamphlets. The value of the university property was estimated at $350,000 and the gross income at $85,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Van Bemmel, Eugene

Edition of 1905. See also Eugène Van Bemmel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VAN BEMMEL. vän bēm'ēl, Eugene, Baron (1824-80). A Belgian author and educator, born at Ghent. He studied law, but turned to literature, and in 1846 attracted considerable attention by his De la langue et de la poésie provençales. In 1849 he was called to the chair of French literature at the University of Brussels, where subsequently he lectured on modern political history, archæology, and comparative literature. He was secretary of the Society of Belgian Authors and first director of the Revue de Trimestrielle, which he founded in 1854 and which in 1864 became the Revue de Belgique. In 1871 he was made rector of the University. Besides the work mentioned above and many ​contributions to periodicals, Van Bemmel published: Voyage à travers champs: la province de Luxembourg (1849): L'harmonie des passions humaines (1854); La Belgique illustrée (1855); Etude sur les monuments druidiques (1857); Histoire de Saint Josse-ten-Noode (1869); L'Ourthe et l'Amblève pittoresques (1873); Patria Belgica (1871-75); Don Placide: mémoires du dernier moine de l'Abbaye de Villers (1876), a novel; Histoire de Belgique empruntée textuellement aux récits des écrivains contemporains (1880). He died in Brussels.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Value (music)

Edition of 1905. See also Note value on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
VALUE. In music, the time-value of a note or rest, in a general sense, is the length of its duration as compared with the whole note, which is the unit of time-measure. In a special sense, the value of a note or rest is the length of its duration as compared with the particular note adopted as the unit of measure for a particular composition. Thus, in ¾ time the unit of measure is the quarter note, in ⅜ time the eighth note, etc.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Van

Edition of 1905. See also Van on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VAN. vän. The capital of the Vilayet of Van, in Turkish Armenia, in a very fertile plain, two miles east of Lake Van (Map: Turkey in Asia, K 3). The town, surrounded by double walls and a moat, is poorly built, with narrow streets and flat-roofed mud houses. The most interesting archaeological feature of Van is the ancient castle, standing on a rock about 300 feet high. There are fragments of cuneiform inscriptions on the walls and a trilingual inscription of Xerxes on the southern side of the castle rock. There are a number of Christian schools in the town maintained by the American Mission. The population is estimated at 30,000, of whom the Armenians constitute about one-half.
Armenian historians give to Van the name of Shemiramagerd, or the 'City of Semiramis.' It is believed that Van occupies the site of Thospia, the capital of the Armenian Kingdom of Biainas, and its citadel and fortifications date probably from the eighth century B.C. The city was captured by Sapor 11. in the middle of the fourth century A.D. At the beginning of the tenth century it became the capital of the Armenian Province of Vasburagan. It was captured at the end of the fourteenth century by Timur, after whose death it passed to Persia, and in the sixteenth century to the Osmanlis.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Van, Lake

Edition of 1905. See also Lake Van on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VAN, Lake. The largest lake in Asiatic Turkey. It lies near the Persian and Russian boundaries, between Armenia and Kurdistan, and close to the sources of the Euphrates and Tigris, at an altitude of over 5000 feet (Map: Turkey in Asia, K 3). It is about 80 miles long and 10 to 50 miles wide, with an area of 1400 square miles. Its shores are very irregular, and the lake is surrounded by densely wooded mountains. It receives a few short streams, but has no outlet, its water being very salt. Near its eastern shore lies the town of Van.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Utah Lake

Edition of 1905. See also Utah Lake on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ UTAH LAKE. The largest fresh-water lake in Utah, situated 30 miles southeast of the Great Salt Lake, into which it discharges through the river Jordan (Map: Utah, B 1). It is about 25 miles long and eight miles wide, and lies on the extreme eastern border of the Great American Basin, at the western base of the Wasatch Range, and at an altitude of 4505 feet. It is surrounded by mountains on all sides, but receives its principal drainage from the east. The chief town on its shores is Provo City.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vallgren, Villé

Edition of 1905. See also Ville Vallgren on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
VALLGREN, vȧl'grĕn, Villé. (1855—). A Finnish sculptor, born in Borgå, and long resident in Paris, whither he went in 1878, after studying architecture in the Helsingfors Polytechnic. He entered the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, studied under Cavalier, and gained much popularity by his fresh and distinguished style. His mirrors, figurines, lamp stands, urns, and candelabra rank him as one of the foremost modern decorative artists. Of his statues and portraits, several are in New York City in the Vanderbilt collection, notably “Death and Resurrection” and “A Breton Girl.” His works in Finland include a “Mariatta,” in the Imperial Castle, and a “Head of Christ” in the National Museum at Helsingfors. The marble group “Maternity,” in the Museum of Arras, and a bronze statuette, “Youth,” in the Berlin National Gallery, should also be mentioned.