OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Philip, John Woodward

See also John Woodward Philip on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Philip, John Woodward, an American naval officer, was born at New York City, Aug. 26, 1840. In 1861 he graduated from the Naval Academy, and served as midshipman on board of various vessels blockading the Gulf harbors and in the James River fleet. He became a lieutenant in 1862; lieutenant-commander in 1866; commander in 1874, captain in 1889; and commodore in 1898. He was wounded at Stone River during the Civil War, During the years of peace he made a tour of the world in command of Woodruff Scientific Expedition (1877). He was in command of the Texas during the fight off Santiago Bay in the Spanish-American War; and his request of his men not to cheer over their dying foes excited widespread commendation. He was a very earnest Chrsistian soldier, and led his sailors and marines in prayer at the close of the fight above mentioned. He for a time was in command of the North Pacific squadron, and later assigned to the command of the Navy-Yard at Brooklyn, where he died, with the rank of rear-admiral, June 30, 1900.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Phi Beta Kappa

See also Phi Beta Kappa Society on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Phi Beta Kappa, a collegiate Greek-letter fraternity composed of the first third of the senior class in American colleges. This society was founded in 1776 in Raleigh Tavern at Williamsburgh, Virginia, by 44 undergraduates of William and Mary College, of whom John Marshall, afterward chief-justice of the United States, was one. Branches were established at Yale (1780) and Harvard (1781), and since then chapters have been formed in many universities and colleges, with an active membership in 1907 of close upon 13,000. Vassar was the first woman's college to receive a charter.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Philip V

See also Philip V of Spain on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Philip V, the first Bourbon king of Spain, was born at Versailles, Dec. 19, 1683, his father being the Dauphin Louis, son of Louis XIV of France. In 1700 the Spanish crown was bequeathed to him by Charles II. He entered in 1701, and after a long struggle with Archduke Charles of Austria was left in possession of his throne by the Peace of Utrecht in 1713. His queen dying next year, Philip soon married Elizabeth Farnese of Parma, the termagant (to use Carlyle's phrase) who for 30 years disturbed the peace of Europe. Her dearest wish was to drive the Hapsburgs out of Italy in the interests of her sons by a former marriage; but all her efforts resulted only in securing the two Sicilies. Spain joined the coalition against Maria Theresa of Austria (q. v.); and Elizabeth's younger son was at first successful in conquering the Milanese; but as soon as the Silesian War was closed by the Peace of Dresden, the Austrian queen sent her troops into Italy and drove out the Spaniards. At this crisis Philip, who had been in mental stupor for years, died at Madrid, July 9 1746.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Philemon and Baucis

See also Baucis and Philemon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Philemon (fī́ lē′mŭn) and Baucis (ba′sĭs), an old married couple in Phrygia, famed in antiquity for true love and splendid hospitality. Ovid, the Latin poet, tells how once Jupiter and Mercury wandering through Phrygia, both in human form, presented themselves at many a door as weary travelers seeking rest and shelter, and the inhospitable inhabitants would not receive them. At last they came to the small thatched cottage of Philemon and Baucis, and were received most hospitably. Philemon placed a seat and Baucis, bustling and attentive, spread a cloth upon it and begged the visitors to be seated. The fire was kindled and food prepared, and a beechen bowl was filled with warm water that the guests might wash. Wine was served with the food, and while the repast proceeded Philemon and Baucis were astonished that the wine, as fast as poured out, renewed itself in the pitcher. Thus they recognized their divine guests. They immediately fell upon their knees and begged forgiveness for their poor entertainment. Jupiter spoke of the inhospitable treatment that they had received from their neighbors, then led them to a nearby hill where they saw their own humble cottage turned into a magnificent temple while their neighbors were destroyed by a flood which Jupiter caused. Philemon and Baucis, in accordance with their own expressed wish, were made priests and guardians of the temple, where they served many years, and left this life at one and the same hour.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Philip

See also Metacomet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Philip, sachem of the Wampanoag tribe of Indians, was the second son of Massasoit (q. v.), who for nearly 30 years had been the stanch ally of the Pilgrim settlers. In 1661 Philip succeeded his elder brother and kept the treaties of his father for several years. But at length, goaded by the encroachments of the whites, he formed a confederation of tribes, amounting to nearly 10,000 warriors, and in 1675 King Philip's War broke out. The Indians surprised and murdered many colonists, but were eventually overcome, and in 1676 Philip himself was captured and slain in Rhode Island. Afterward his body was drawn and quartered and his head was exposed on a gibbet at Plymouth for a number of years. See Entertaining History of King Philip's War and Irving's Sketch-Book.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart

See also Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart (Mrs. Herbert D. Ward), an American author, was born at Andover, Mass., Aug. 31, 1844, her father being Professor Austin Phelps of Andover Theological Seminary and her mother the daughter of Professor Moses Stuart of the same institution. Besides lecturing, writing for magazines and engaging in various kinds of work for the advancement of women, she wrote a number of novels, including Gates Ajar (which passed through several editions in the year of its publication), Beyond the Gates, Hedged In, The Silent Partner and Doctor Zay (in which the question of professional life for women is considered). In 1888 she married and in connection with her husband published The Master of the Magicians and other works. Died Jan. 28, 1911.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hill, Octavia

Edition of 1905. See also Octavia Hill on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HILL, Octavia (c.1836—). An English social reformer, born in London. At an early age she began her efforts to improve the homes of the London poor. She first began this work under Frederick D. Maurice, and later, in 1864, was associated with John Ruskin. The latter advanced the money for undertaking the scheme of owning the houses and improving them or erecting new ones. She taught multitudes to help themselves, impressing upon them ideas of cleanliness, order, and self-respect. Her publications include: Homes of the London Poor (1875), and Our Common Land (1878).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hill, Robert Thomas

Edition of 1905. See also Robert T. Hill on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HILL, Robert Thomas (1858—). An American geologist, who became connected with the United States Geological Survey in 1886. He was born at Nashville, Tenn., and in 1886 graduated at Cornell University. During his explorations on the southern borders of the United States and Mexico, and in Central America and the West Indies, he demonstrated the existence of the Lower Cretaceous formations in the United States, and proved that artesian wells might be procured over a vast area of Texas. In addition to his chief work, Cuba and Puerto Rico, with Other Islands of the West Indies (1898), his publications include many papers on the original relations of the Antilles, contributed to the Proceedings of scientific societies of which he became a member. For two years he was professor of geology at the University of Texas.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hero of Alexandria

Edition of 1905. See also Hero of Alexandria on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HERO, or HERON, OF ALEXANDRIA. The leading Greek mathematician and physicist of his time. Not only are the dates of his birth and death unknown, but there is great uncertainty as to the century in which he lived. The most recent investigation of the evidence, by Schmidt (1899, work cited below, Bd. 1, p. ix.), leads to the conclusion that he may have lived in the first century A.D., but other writers, who, it must be said, have not considered the question so fully, have usually placed him in the first or even the second century B.C. There is much confusion concerning the works of Hero of Alexandria, there having been no less than eighteen Greek writers of this name. It is, however, fairly certain that he wrote at least thirteen books on mathematics and physics. He seems to have been an Egyptian, and it is certain that his style is not that of a Greek. He contributed little to pure mathematics, his chief work on this subject being the extension of the ancient mathematics so as to allow the consideration of the fourth power of lines. Thus, in his geodesy, γεωδαισία, contained in his Μετρικά, upon which subject he was the only Greek writer, he gives the well-known formula for finding the area of a triangle with sides, $a,b,c$, and semiperimeter $s$, ${\sqrt {s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}}$, a formula known by his name. (The proof is given, possibly an interpolation, in his Ηερὶ διόπτρας.) He seems also to have had some idea of trigonometry, and in his geometry is to be found the first definite use of a trigonometric formula. He asserts in substance, using modern symbols, that if $A$ represents the area of a regular $n$-gon of side $s$, and if $c$ be the numerical coefficient by which $s^{2}$ must be multiplied to produce $A$, i.e. so that $A=cs^{2}$ then must $c={\frac {n}{4}}\cot {\frac {180\deg }{n}}$. He proceeds to compute $c$ for the values $n=3,4,...12$, with considerable accuracy, but his method is unknown. He could also solve the complete quadratic equation $ax^{2}+bx=c$, where $a,b,c$, are positive, but not the general form. Hero is credited with a number of mechanical inventions, including a contrivance for utilizing the force of steam and a fountain which bears his name. Consult: Martin, “Recherches sur la vie et les ouvrages d'Héron d'Alexandrie,” in vol. iv. of Mémoires présentées par divers savants à l'Académie d'Inscriptions (Série I., Paris, 1854); Hultsch, Heronis Alexandrini Geometricorum et Stereometricorum Reliquiæ (Berlin, 1864); Schmidt, Heronis Alexandrini Opera quæ Supersunt Omnia (Leipzig, 1899—).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Herodians

Edition of 1905. See also Herodians on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HERODIANS (Gk. Ἡρωδιανοί, Hērōdianoi, adherents of Herod, from Ἡρώδης, Hērōdēs, Herod). A party among the Jews, twice mentioned in the New Testament, and both times in connection with the Pharisees: (1) Mark iii. 6, on the occasion of Jesus' healing of the man with the withered hand in the Capernaum synagogue; (2) Mark xii. 13 (cf. Matt. xxii. 16), on the occasion of placing before Jesus the question about tribute to Cæsar. They were evidently not a religious sect, as the Pharisees and the Sadducees; nor the mere Court and family followers of the Herods, but rather a political party, whose object was the reëstablishment of the Herodian kingdom in the spirit of its traditional policy — the union of Judaism with Hellenism. (See Herod.) Their connection with the Pharisees, consequently, was not due to any sympathy of ideas with them, but to the instinctive conviction that in the spiritual mission of Jesus lay a danger common to them both. They were not necessarily pro-Roman in their feelings; though, in the nature of things, they would be more kindly disposed to the spirit of the pagan government than to that of the old theocracy, as represented by the Pharisees, or of the new Messianism involved in the religion of Jesus. It is probable that they had more in common with the religiously indifferent Sadducees than with any other Jewish party. Upon such a supposition there may be some bearing in the significant interchange of ‘Sadducees’ and ‘Herod’ in Jesus' warnings to His disciples as given in the parallels, Mark viii. 15 and Matt. xvi. 6.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Herwegh, Georg

Edition of 1905. See also Georg Herwegh on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HERWEGH, hĕr'vắK, Georg (1817-75). A German poet. He was born at Stuttgart; was educated there and at Maulbronn, forsook theology, which he had begun to study, for literature, and returned to Stuttgart, where he coöperated in Lewald's Europa. In 1841 he was living in Switzerland and published Gedichte eines Lebendigen (last ed. 1896), political poetry full of the unrest, the dissatisfaction with the existing conditions, and the uncertainty as to what should take its place, that marked the period. These fervent effusions became immensely popular, so that when, after a short trip to Paris, Herwegh journeyed through Germany in 1842, he was greeted with enthusiasm everywhere. King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. gave him an audience, and assured him that he liked nothing better than an energetic opposition. But the young man overstepped all the bounds of conventionality in a letter to the King, and was hurried out of Prussia. At Zurich he found no pleasant reception, and he took up his abode in Paris, and wrote a second volume of Gedichte eines Lebendigen (1844). In this his republican tendencies were more plain than ever, but his inspiration seemed weaker. He translated all of Lamartine into German (1843-44). After the Revolution of February, 1848, Herwegh made several attempts to carry out his republican ideas by invading Baden at the head of a legion of German and French workingmen, but was defeated by the Württemberg troops, and escaped only through the bravery of his wife. Thereafter he lived in retirement in Paris, and later in Zürich and at Lichtenthal, near Baden-Baden. The most important work of his later years was the translation of many of Shakespeare's plays. Consult Marcel Herwegh, Briefe von und an Georg Herwegh (Zurich, 1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hill, James J.

Edition of 1905. See also James J. Hill on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HILL, James J. (1838—). An American railway promoter, born near Guelph, Ont. He was of Scotch-Irish descent, and left his father's farm for a business career in Minnesota. In 1870 he formed the Red River Transportation Company, which was the first to open communication between Saint Paul and Winnipeg. Eight years afterwards he helped to form the syndicate which, under another name, ultimately built the Canadian Pacific Railway. From 1883 to 1893 he interested himself in the building of the Great Northern Railway, extending from Lake Superior to Puget Sound, with northern and southern branches and a direct steamship connection with China and Japan. Mr. Hill gave $500,000 toward the establishment of a Roman Catholic theological seminary in Saint Paul, Minn.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hill, John Henry

Edition of 1905. See also John Henry Hill on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HILL, John Henry (1791-1882). An American educator, chiefly identified with teaching and missionary work in Greece. He was born in New York City, graduated at Columbia College, and was ordained a deacon in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1830. In the same year he went as a missionary to Greece, and at Athens he and his wife established a girls' school, afterwards a school for boys, and also a high school for the training of teachers. His work at first received little encouragement, but prospered after
pupils from prominent and wealthy Greek families began to attend the school. Dr. Hill was chaplain of the British Legation in Greece from 1845 to 1875, and continued his teaching during that time. On his death, at Athens, the Greek Government, in recognition of his educational work among the women of Athens, buried him with the honors of a taxiarch, and the Athenian municipality erected a monument to his memory. Honorary degrees were conferred on him by Harvard and Columbia.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Herwarth von Bittenfeld, Karl Eberhard

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HERWARTH VON BITTENFELD, hĕr'värt fṓn bĭt'ten-fĕlt, Karl Eberhard (1796-1884). A Prussian general. He was born at Grosswerther in Prussia, and entered the army in 1811. He gained his first laurels in the War of Liberation, especially in the battle of Leipzig. In 1848 he commanded the First Regiment of
the Guards. During the war with Denmark in 1864 he acquired fame through his daring crossing of the Sound and capture of the isle of Alsen. In the campaign of 1866 he was in command of the right wing of the army which advanced into Bohemia. He bore the brunt of the fighting at Hühnerwasser and Münchengrätz, and contributed materially to the victory of Sadowa. On the outhreak of the war of 1870 he was appointed governor of the Rhenish Provinces, and in the next year he was raised to the rank of general-field-marshal.
# The Old School Clock (Fanatic Heart)

'Twas a quaint old clock with a quaint old face,
    and great iron weights and chain.
It stopped when it liked, and before it struck
    it creaked as if 'twere in pain.
It had seen many years, and it seemed to say,
    'I'm one of the real old stock',
To the youthful fry, who with reverence looked
    on the face of the old school clock.
What a terrible frown did the old clock wear
    to the truant who timidly cast
An anxious eye on those merciless hands,
    that for him had been moving too fast!
But its frown soon changed, for it loved to smile
    on the thoughtless, noisy flock,
And it creaked and whirred, and struck with glee,
    Did that genial, good humoured old clock.
Well, years had passed, and my mind was filled
    with the world, its cares and ways,
When again I stood in that little school
    where I passed my boyhood days.
My old friend was gone! And there hung a thing
    that my sorrow seemed to mock,
As I gazed with a tear and a softened heart
    at a new-fashioned Yankee clock.
'Tis the way of the world. Old friends pass away
    and fresh faces arise in their stead.
But still 'mid the din and bustle of life
    we cherish fond thoughts of the dead.
Yes, dearly those memories cling round my heart,
    and bravely withstand Time's rude shock;
But not one is more dear or more hallowed to me
    than the face of that old school clock.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Old School Clock

* "The Old School Clock", in The Wild Goose (1867)
* "The Old School Clock", in Songs from the Southern Seas and Other Poems (1873)
* "The Old School Clock", in Songs, Legends, and Ballads (1878)
* "The Old School Clock", in Fanatic Heart (1997). Provenance unknown
# The Old Road to Paradise/Whistle-Fantasy

BEING YOUNG
# The Old Road to Paradise/Women

WOMENFOLK
# The Old Soldier

* "The Old Soldier", in Flower of youth, poems in war time (1915)
* "The Old Soldier", in A treasury of war poetry, British and American poems of the world war, 1914-1919 (1917)
# The New International Encyclopædia/Weber, Albrecht

Edition of 1905. See also Albrecht Weber on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WEBER, vā'bẽr, Albrecht (1825-1901). A German Orientalist. He was born at Breslau; studied at the universities of Breslau, Bonn, and Berlin, 1842-45, devoting himself especially to Sanskrit; visited England and France in connection with his studies, 1846; returned to Germany and was privat-docent at the University of Berlin, 1848-56. In 1856 he became professor of Indian languages and literature, holding this position until his death. Among his works the most important are his edition of the White Yajur Veda (1849-59); Indische Studien (1849-85); Akademische Vorlesungen über indische Litteraturgeschichte (2d ed. 1876, translated by Zachariae and Mann, London, 1878); Verzeichnis der Sanskrithandschriften der königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin (1853-92); a translation of Kalidasa's drama Mālarikā und Agnimitra (1856); an edition of Hala's Saptasataka (1881); Indische Streifen (1868-79); and numerous briefer contributions to Oriental periodicals. He also contributed much lexicographical material, especially from Vedic literature, to the Sanskrit-Wörterbuch of Böhtlingk (q.v.) and Roth (q.v.) (Saint Petersburg, 1852-75).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Way, Arthur S.

See also Arthur Way on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WAY, Arthur S. (1847—). An English translator, born at Dorking. He was educated at Kingsuood School, Bath, and at Queen's College, Melbourne (Australia), where he was afterwards fellow. In 1870-76 he was a lecturer at Queen's College, Taunton, in 1876-81 vice-master of Kingswood School. Bath, and from 1882 to 1892 head master of Wesley College, Melbourne. He published verse translations of the Odyssey (1880), of the Iliad (1880-89). of Euripides (1804-08), and of the Epodes of Horace (1898). They are among the most skillful examples of translation from the classics to be found in English. He also published in 1901 Apollomus Rhodius' Tale of the Argnnauls and Letters of Saint Paul to Seven Churches and Three Friends.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Weber, Ernst Heinrich

Edition of 1905. See also Ernst Heinrich Weber on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WEBER, Ernst Heinrich (1795-1878). A German physiologist and anatomist, born at Wittenberg, he studied medicine at Wittenberg and Leipzig, and was appointed professor of comparative anatomy at Leipzig in 1818, professor of human anatomy in 1821, and, in addition, professor of physiology in 1840. His principal works are Anatomia Comparata Nervi Sympathici (1817); De Aure et Auditu Hominis et Animalium (1820); Wellenlehre (with his brother Wilhelm, 1825); Zusätze zur Lehre vom Bau und von der Verrichtung der Geschlechtsorgane (1846); “Der Tastsinn und das Gemeingefühl,” in Wagner's Handwörterbuch der Physiologie (vol. iii., pt. ii., 1846; also published separately, 1851); and an important collection of shorter essays and monographs, entitled Annotationes Anatomicæ et Physiologicæ (1851). Weber is well known for his discoveries in anatomy, notably that of the existence of a rudimentary uterus in male mammals, but his greater fame rests upon his pioneer work in the exploration of the sense organs. His work upon the ear and upon the cutaneous senses — pressure, temperature, and what was then called the ‘space sense’ — gave the deciding impulse to the introduction of the experimental movement into psychology. The important generalization which bears his name (see Weber's Law) was the first valid generalization in psychophysics.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Webber, Charles Wilkins

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Wilkins Webber on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WEB'BER, Charles Wilkins (1819-56). An American journalist and explorer, born in Russellville, Ky. He was one of the Texan Rangers and saw much of the wild frontier life. Afterwards he studied medicine and then theology, but abandoned both professions and became connected with the New World, the Democratic Review, and the Sunday Despatch in New York City. He organized an expedition to the Colorado and Gila Rivers in 1849. In 1855 he went to Central America. He was killed in Nicaragua, while a member of Walker's filibustering party. He wrote Old Hicks, the Guide, or Adventures in the Comanche Country in Search of a Gold Mine (1848), The Gold Mines of the Gila (1849), Tales of the Southern Border (1852), and Shot in the Eye and Adventures with the Texan Rifle Rangers (1853).