OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hand-book of Volapük/Use of Conjunctions and Adverbs

THE USE OF CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVERBS.
Since many English words are used both as conjunctions and as adverbs, we group together the principal difficulties of both these parts of speech.
But, as a preposition, has been explained. But, as a conjunction, is ab or sod. Sod is only used after a negativ; it is not this, but (on the contrary) that. Even in this case ab may be used. “Not only —— but also ——,” is expressed by „noe —— soi.“
​And, e; before vowels ed is used, though not by all writers. For “both —— and ——” „ä —— ä ——“ is used.
As, like in the same manner as, äs; as, in the capacity of, as. The verb is generally omitted in the latter case. As, since, for the reason that, bi.
Before, as a preposition, has been explained. Before, as a conjunction, is büfo; look before you leap; before as in adverb of time, büfumo; you said that before.
That, as a pronoun, et, etos. That, as a conjunction, has two meanings expressed by dat and das. Dat means, in order that, for the purpose that. Das merely introduces a subordinate sentence as a member of a principal one, as, I said that he would come. The subordinate sentence “he would come” introduced by that, is the object; that shows it to be subordinate.
Though, conjunction, or although, do. Though, adverb, nevertheless, deno.
Also, i, or id before vowels.
Nor, ni. “Neither —— nor ——,” „ni —— ni ——.“
If, provided, if. If, whether, va.
Even if, ifi.
Until, till, conjunction, jüs; as preposition, jü al, jü in, etc.
After, conjunction, na; preposition, pos; adverb, poso.
Or, u, or ud before vowels. “Either —— or ——,” „uf —— ud ——.“
When, conjunction, ven, kü, kelüp; when? kiüp? kitim? when, whereupon, e täno.
Where, conjunction, kö, kelöp; where? kiöp? kiplad?
Yet, referring to time, nog; yet, nevertheless, yed.
There, when unemphatic, is frequently untranslatable, as in the phrases, there is, there are. There is, there are, have quite a different meaning, there being taken in the sense yonder.
EXERCISE 26.
PENED. 1887 balul 16id. O söl lestimlik! Egetob penedi olik de batul kilsebalid äyela e gälobok levemo das binol in saun gudik e das volapük mekom mostepi so gletik lomü ols. Tefü buks, kelis vilol das olemob, ogolob odelo ini glezif, ed osükob omis. Stadobs valiks gudiko e glidobs oli e famüli olik.
Dear Sir: I request that you will mail me your paper during one year, addressing it as is written below. I send [mail] you one dollar in payment and remain Your friend.
In volapük pladon ladyeki pos subsat, e kimifali pos velib.
In English one places the adjectiv before the noun. In German the accusativ is placed sometimes before the verb.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# Hand-book of Volapük/Order of Words

ORDER OF WORDS.
The exercises have given an idea of the usual order in which the words in a sentence are placed. Except that the adjectiv follows, instead of preceding the word which it qualifies, this order is about the same as in English.
The general principle is that the word which limits or describes follows that which is limited or described, or, to use Prof. Kerckhoffs' expression, the determinant follows the determined.
The predicate or verb follows the subject or kimfal.
The object or kimifal follows the verb, and the kimefal, being a more remote object, is placed still later.
The kimafal or possessiv follows the thing possessed. In English the possessor comes first if it is expressed by the possessiv case, but if expressed by of it comes after.
​The adverb follows the verb which it modifies, but if it modifies an adjectiv then the adverb precedes the adjectiv. This is an apparent exception to the general rule of position; the adverb may, however, be considered as forming a compound word with the adjectiv; the rule being, in compound words, the opposit to the rule of position, viz., that the determinant precedes the determined.
The negativ adverb no precedes the word which it denies on the same principle.
Although the regular order of words in a sentence is that just explained, yet it is not rigorously fixed. For the sake of emphasis or special effect words may be transposed, provided the sense be not obscured. The terminations often enable such transposition to take place without confusion.
This “the man loves the woman,” may be expressed in several ways:
1. Man löfom vomi. 2. Vomi löfom man. 3. Löfom man vomi. 4. Vomi man löfom. 5. Man vomi löfom.
We give these forms because they may occasionally be met with in reading; we recommend, however, that the regular form, No. 1, be habitually used.
Form No. 5, where the kimifal precedes the verb, is one which German writers of Volapük are fond of using in subordinate sentences, following the order of their own language. For example, they will say „If man vomi löfom,“ although without the „if“ they would follow the natural order „man löfom vomi.“ This is a German idiom and has nothing to recommend it in Volapük.
If we examin the English sentence “the man loves the woman” we see that no transposition can take place without destroying the sense, because we can only distinguish the subject from the object by position. If we had a different ending for the objectiv, like the kimifal, then we might transpose.
​EXERCISE 27. In this reading exercise the left-hand column contains a translation from the German, in which the words are, to a great extent arranged in the German order,—too much so, I think. The verb is placed at the end of the sentence or clause without any apparent reason for this position, except that in the German original it is at the end. In the right-hand column the same words are re-arranged with correction of some other Germanisms.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# Hand-book of Volapük/Idiomatic Expressions

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS.
In English there are certain peculiarities of expression, which we do not notice until our attention is called to them by the study of other languages. It is therefore dangerous to translate literally into Volapük unless we first reflect upon the English phrase and are sure that it means literally and exactly what it says. It is safest, in regard to Volapük, as well as other languages, to frame sentences on the model of those which have been composed by authors of known correctness.
​Correspondents of different nationalities may be or mutual assistance in pointing out phrases which are difficult to understand, and requesting a repetition of the idea in different words. This alteration will itself be a valuable exercise. The various Volapük periodicals give from time to time notices of societies in various cities an towns of Europe. By writing to the president of one of these societies a correspondent may be secured, probably interested in the same pursuits as the applicant.
A few cautions as to idiomatic expressions are given below:
1. The distinction between the verbs “have, be, do” etc., when used as principal verbs and as auxiliaries, must be carefully watched.
2. In such phrases as “there is, there are,” there, as already stated, is untranslatable. Yet it has a value; it shows that the verb to be has its meaning to exist, and that it is not a mere copula. For example:
There is a Volapük society in Constance; The Volapük Society in Constance is famous.
Is in the latter sentence is a copula, attributing the quality famous to the Society; in the former sentence the affirmation is that such a society exists. It is allowed by usage in Volapük to mark this distinction by placing the verb before the subject, as,
1. Binom Volapükaklub in Konstanz, or Volapükaklub sibinom in Konstanz. 2. Volapükaklub in Konstanz binom famik.
3. Besides the articles a, an, the, we use the words some and any as a kind of partitiv articles, and these are also omitted in Volapük, as they add nothing to the sense.
| Have you any money? or, have you money? | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ Li-labol moni? |
| I have some money, or I have money. | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ Labob moni. |
In the negativ we use no or not any.
| I have no money, or, I have not [any] money. | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | No labob moni, or, Labob moni nonik. |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# Hand-book of Volapük/Derivation of Words

​DERIVATION OF WORDS. The simplest ideas are represented by radicals of one syllable. There are also radicals of two syllables, expressing somewhat more complex ideas.
The radicals have been taken principally from the following languages: English, Latin, German and French. More material has been taken from the English than from any other language. The English words are, however, much modified in adapting them to Volapük.
1. The spelling is changed, the pronunciation being preserved or nearly so.
| Jip, sheep. Kipön, to keep. Kömön, to come. | Löf, love. Giv, give. Sin, sin. |
| Gudik, good. ||
2. Consonants are dropt or changed when there would be any difficulty of pronunciation.
| Vol, world. Tat, state. Täv, travel. | Pükön, to speak. Ted, trade. Tif, (thief) stealing. |
3. The letter r is specially avoided; l being frequently substituted.
| Glen, grain. Bil, beer. Blod, brother. | Glet, great. Telegaf, telegraph. Flen, friend. |
4. As radicals seldom begin or end in a vowel the consonants n or l are added, or the letters are transposed.
| Pel, pay. Love-, over-. Nelijik, English. | Lep, ape. Nidian, Indian. Nulik, new. |
From the radicals other words are formed by compounding, by prefixing and by suffixing.
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# Hand-book of Volapük/Compounds

​COMPOUND WORDS. In forming compound words the rule of word placing is exactly reversed, and the determinant precedes the determined.
A compound noun is formed by inserting the vowel a between the determining word and the principal word.
The first part of the compound may be considered as the kimafal, and usually the meaning of the compound may be expressed by placing it after the principal word either in the kimafal or in the adjectiv form; pük vola, mon potik, tidel pükas, pük flentik, dog yagik, yel nulik. But the meaning of the compound word is more specialized. Pük vola may mean a language of the world, any language of the world, while volapük means a language understood through the whole world.
In a few compounds instead of a the syllables as, i and o, are used as connectivs , tho' there seems to be no settled rule.
Sometimes three nouns are compounded together, but care must be taken not to produce too long words.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# Hand-book of Volapük/Prefixes

PREFIXES. Words formed by prefixing syllables are in reality a kind of compounds in which the first part is intimately blended with the second. For example, in glezif, a capital, composed of
prefix gle- + noun zif, greattown;
zif is the principal word and gle- the determinant.
​Gle- is a contraction of the adjectiv gletik or of its radical glet, greatness. Many other prefixes are similarly formed from nouns and adjectivs.
Other prefixes are simple prepositions, and most of them can be so used.
(See suffix -il for a list of augmentativs and diminutivs.)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# Hand-book of Volapük/Example of Derivation

EXAMPLE OF DERIVATION. (From Kerckhoff's Complete Course.)
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# Hand-book of Volapük/Votams fa Lasam Valemik Telid

EXERCISE 28. VOTAMS FA LASAM VALEMIK TELID. In jölul yela 1887 lasam valemik volapükelas äzitom in München, zif Deuta. Lasam at ämekom votamis anik in noms volapüka, e zesüdos sevön votamis at, dat kanon lilädön bukis pepüböl büf tim lasama. Buk obsik pepenom segun noms nulik pestaböls fa lasam. Ab in penäds vönik onoeton:
1. Das äbinoms foms tel tonaba h, $^c$ e h, müedik e düfik; nu labobs fomi te bal, h.
2. Das äbinom fom plütik, „ons,“ pla „ol,“ kel fom (ons) no sibinom nu.
3. Das nems lönik päpenoms segun ton, fonetigo; nu paipenoms segun lotogaf länas keles lönoms.
4. Das vökäds ä, ö, ü älaboms fomis patik, nen pünils.
5. Das ji- as bisilab älabom fetanamali (-).
6. Das ‚ji-‘ ämalom sotimo jimateli dunela e no jiduneli it; e das ‚of,‘ pla ‚ji,‘ ämalom jiduneli. a.s., ji-tidel, vöno, jimatel tidela; of-tidel, vom kel tidof, jitidel.
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# Hand-book of Volapük/Abraham e Bäledan

​Parable; translated by Schleyer. ABRAHAM E BÄLEDAN.
Abraham äsiedom vöno len yan teneda oma, valädöl (segun kösöm omik) foginelis al lotadön omis. Ädalogom bäledani blegöl oki su staf e kömöl al omi. Bäled e töbs ifenoms omi.
Abraham älasumom omi fleno; äbegom omi siadönok, ävatükom futis oma, ed äblinom flukis e vati flifik. Ab logöl das bäledan äfidom ed ädlinom nes sagön pleki, äsäkom ome kikod no äleplekom Godi süla. Bäledan ägepükom das äleplekom te Fili e das no äsevom godi votik.
Abraham äzunom sovemo demü gesag at das äjokom bäledani mofü tened.
Ven at igolom, God ävokom Abrahami ed äsäkom ome kiöp foginel äbinom. Ägesagom: „ejokob omi mofü tened, bi no leplekom oli.“ God äsagom täno ome: „esufob omi du yels tum do änestimom obi; ed ol no-li äkanol sufön omi du neit bal ven no ätupom oli?“
Na Abraham ililom vödis at, ägevokom bäledani, älinkipom omi lotado ed ägivom ome tidamis sapik.
Dunolöd id also e pomesedol fa God Abrahama.
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# Hand-book of Volapük/Spodam

​SPODAM.
1. New York, 1887, batul 18id. Söle Schleyer in Konstanz: O söl löfik! Vipöl vedön bonedel Volapükableda Zenodik, sedob ole in pened at tlati plo maks tel e fenigs mäls, suämi boneda yelsik, e begob das opotol bledi al ladet pepenöl diso. Dünan olik divodikün, John Smith, 365 Fifth Avenue.
2. Chicago, 1887, mälul 20id. Söle Müller und Schultze in Berlin: O söl pelestimöl! Pened at polovegivom oles fa flen obsik e bonedel söl Adolphus Snodgrass kel ovisitom Yulop kodü saun e keli kanobs komedön as man pekulivik e digik lotada keli klödobs das olofols ome.
Danöl biseo plo flenöf, blibobs, Dünans olsik divodikün, Brown & Jones.
​3. Paris, telul 15id, 1887. Söles Sotoff e Ko., spulals, in Kostroma: Söls: Penunob fa S. Alexandroff, spodel olsik in zif at, das nedols konodeli sevöl, plä jäfs patik tedadoma olsik, magavi e volapüki.
Labedob sevis pevipöl e sikodo dälob obe lofön oles dünis obik plo cäl vagik.
Ss. Gaudin e Langlois in zif obsik lä kels binob pecälöl, sis yels mödumik, okanoms givön oles nünis valik kelis odesidols tefü ob. Lemäno fösefob olis das osteifob melidön konfidi keli ugivols obe. Valadöl gepüki gönik olsik, blibob. D. O. Guérin.
4.
[Blufapened xama al getön dipedi as Spodal Volapükik de Volapükaklub Flentik, 1887.]
Paris, lulul 22id, 1887. Söle Nicolescu in Jassi: Potob ole atoso cänapenedis tel suköl: Fr. 5000, mälul balid su Stihi e Ko. — 2500, velul balselulid su Vladescu. Suam: Fr. 7500, su zif olik. Noelolös geti omas e kadolös omis klödatü kal obik. Falo pel panevilom, begob oli plotetön te cänapenedi su Vladescu.
Nunob oli otüpo das ecänapenedob adelo su ol: Fr. 6000 büdü Diamandi mul bal sis dät. Noetolös cänapenedi obik e lasumolös omi gudiko. Dünan olik divodikün, Fould.
​5. Boston, 1887, babul 15id. Labobs stimi nunön oles das eleblimobs in zif at fablüdi sobas, laböl fiami, James Robinson and Company. Begobs olis noetön disopenädis kopanalas e bestimön obis lesuno ko boneds olik, kelas pömetobs befulami kuldadik. James Robinson, Peter Wilkins.
6. [Blufapened xamas flentik, 1886.] Odessa, kilul 6id, 1886. Söles Lacour e Burdel, vinatedals, Bordeaux: Sedolsös obe dub medam Sölas Charlier e Ko., sedans in zif olsik, segun stips kösömik tedadoma olsik, sotis difik de vins e ligs kels sukoms:
Saint Julien, yel 1878,.. flads 300. Graves, vietik, yel 1855..otos 150. Vve. Cliquot,...flads lafik 200. Chartreuse, liköf balid,.liäts50.
Abinoböv vemo kotenik if äkanob-la getön bonedi obik büfü fin mula at.
Besäkolsös Söli Melnikoff in Marseilles, flen e kolänan obik, dö klödat keli tedadom obik melidom; söl at egivom obe völadalisedi olsik e ekomedom levemo vinis olsik.
Spelöl das sek jäfa at balid okodom suno bonedamis nulik, blibob dünan olsik divodikün, Gruzentzeff.
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# Hand-book of Volapük/Advertisement

· The · Office ·
A Practical Journal for
This periodical, the only one of its kind, is now in its fourth volume, and enjoys a remarkable success in its special field, which it announces as comprehending “everything that facilitates business or contributes to its record.” Appreciating the immense facilitation which will be attained by the introduction into the counting-room of a language expressly adapted to intercourse with foreign nations, and believing that a knowledge of it will be considered a necessary part of accomplished office-man's equipment, the management of The Office has established a department devoted to Volapük, and entitled
“VOLASPODEL.”
This department is conducted by the Author of the Hand-book. It serves as a medium of communication for students and proficients in the International Language; gives them all the interesting news of the movement publishes reading-matter, correspondence, queries and solutions. In the number for December, 1887, there was begun a new course of instructions, entitled
With special reference to Commercial Correspondence.
These lessons are written in a familiar and easy style, giving thorough and careful explanation at every step. The teachings of the Hand-book will be re-enforced and supplemented by an entirely different form of presentation. As a training in English, the lessons will be of great value to those who have not given much attention to language-study.
This department of The Office will embrace any and all other features which may be found of value.
The Office is published monthly at $1 a year in advance.
The Office Co., Publishers, 37 College Place, NEW YORK.
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# Poems (Welby)

POEMS.
BY
AMELIA.
SECOND EDITION, ENLARGED.
NEW-YORK:
D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 200 BROADWAY.
PHILADELPHIA:
GEO. S. APPLETON, 148 CHESNUT-STREET.
MDCCCXLVI.
TO
MY BELOVED FATHER
THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS DEDICATED
AS A SLIGHT TRIBUTE OF LOVE
by his
AFFECTIONATE DAUGHTER
AMELIA.
CONTENTS.
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# A new Herball/Part I

A new Her⹀ ball, wherin, are conteyned the names of Herbes in Greke, La⹀ tin, Englysh, Duch Frenche, and in the Potecaries and Herbari⹀ es Latin, with the properties degrees and naturall places of the same, gathered and made by Wylliam Turner, Phisicion vnto the Duke of So⹀ mersettes Grace.
IMPRINTED AT LONDON BY STEVEN MIERDMAN. ANNO 1551. Cum Priuilegio ad imprimendum solum.
And they are to be solde in Paules Churchyarde.
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# A new Herball

* Part I
* Part II
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# To the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty

Renowned empress, and Great Britain's queen, Most gracious mother of succeeding kings; Vouchsafe to view that which is seldom seen, A woman's writing of divinest things:  Read it fair queen, though it defective be,  Your excellence can grace both it and me.
Look in this mirror of a worthy mind, Where some of your fair virtues will appear; Though all it is impossible to find, Unless my glass were crystal, or yet more clear:  Which is dim steel, yet full of spotless truth,  And for one look from your fair eyes it su'th.
Here may your sacred majesty behold That mighty monarch both of heaven and earth, He that all nations of the world controlled, Yet took our flesh in base and meanest berth;  Whose days were spent in poverty and sorrow,  And yet all kings their wealth from him do borrow.
For he is crown and crowner of all kings, The hopeful haven of the meaner sort, It's he that all our joyful tidings brings Of happy reign within his royal court:  It's he that in extremity can give  Comfort to them that have no time to live.
And since my wealth within his region stands, And that his cross my chiefest comfort is, Yea in his kingdom only rests my lands, Of honor there I hope I shall not miss:  Though I on earth do live unfortunate,  Yet there I may attain a better state.
In the meantime, accept, most gracious queen This holy work virtue presents to you In poor apparel, shaming to be seen, Or once t'appear in your judicial view:  But that fair virtue, though in mean attire,  All prince of the world do most desire.
And she that is the pattern of all beauty, The very model of your majesty, Whose rarest parts enforceth love and duty, The perfect pattern of all piety:  O let my book by her fair eyes be blessed,  In whose pure thoughts all innocency rests.
Then shall I think my glass a glorious sky, When two such glitt'ring suns at once appear; The one replete with sovereign majesty, Both shining brighter than the clearest clear:  And both reflecting comfort to my spirits,  To find their grace so much above my merits.
Whose untuned voice the doleful notes doth sing Of sad affliction in a humble strain; Much like unto a bird that wants a wing, And cannot fly, but warbles forth her pain:  Or he that barred from the sun's bright light,  Wanting day's comfort, doth commend the night.
My weak distempered brain and feeble spirits, Which all unlearned have adventured this To write of Christ and of his sacred merits, Desiring that this book her hands my kiss:  And though I be unworthy of that grace,  Yet let her blessed thoughts this book embrace.
And pardon me (fair queen) though I presume, To do that which so many better can; Not that I learning to myself assume, Or that I would compare with any man:  But as they are scholars, and by art do write,  So nature yields my soul a sad delight.
So peerless princess humbly I desire, That your great wisdom would vouchsafe t'omit All faults; and pardon if my spirits retire, Leaving to aim at what they cannot hit:  To write your worth, which no pen can express,  Were but t'eclipse your fame, and make it less.