OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Effects of Civilisation on the People in European States/Section VI

SECTION VI.
THEIR MORAL AND SPIRITUAL INSTRUCTION NEGLECTED.
We have seen how manufactures tend to the utter exclusion of all rational improvement of the mind. We may further observe, that they generally tend to the prevention of moral and spiritual improvement. To speak, first, as to the latter; though, perhaps, it might be deemed presumptuous in me to say anything on that subject.
The proof of the Christian system is founded ​on historical facts; from thence are drawn the principal motives of credibility, as they are called. We give credit to facts recorded in history, when they are related by an historian of credit; when other historians agree with him; and from the concurrence of other circumstances. But what idea has a totally ignorant man of the weight of the concurrence of historians, or the coincidence of facts? or what knowledge of history at all? Certainly none. Hence, being deprived of the belief, he of course is deprived of all the other advantages of religion.
With respect to morals: Civilisation has a two-fold effect on the morals of the people; first, by depriving them of their original share of things, and reducing them to a state of both comparative and absolute poverty, it subjects them to more and much stronger temptations. Secondly, by their extreme ignorance, and little sense of religion in consequence of it, they are deprived of the strongest motives to resist them. Thus, all their temptations rendered stronger, their powers of resistance weaker, they could not be expected to be different from what we find them. ​
* ↑ Education has since been much extended.—Ed.
* ↑ To suffer the lower orders of the people to be ill-educated, to be totally inattentive to those wise regulations of State policy which might serve to guard and improve their morals, and then to punish them for crimes which originated from bad habits, has the appearance of a cruelty not less severe than any which is exercised under the most despotic government.—Treatise on Police, &c., by P. Colquhoun, LL.D.
# The Effects of Civilisation on the People in European States/Section II

SECTION II.
DIVISION OF THE PEOPLE INTO TWO ORDERS.
If a native of North America were to come to some European nation, he would probably, after having informed himself of the different states and conditions of the people in this society, be most struck with the great profusion and splendour of some among them, and the penury and obscurity of all the others; and, in this, it would appear to him, that this civilised people differed most from those of his own country, where the condition of all is the same. He would naturally, therefore, divide the people, whose situation he had so observed, into two orders, viz. the rich and the poor. We shall make the same division; and, as the different conditions of the people are among the greatest effects of civilisation, shall inquire into the situation of each of these orders separately.
We often hear of inquiries into the state of nations being made in legislative assemblies; but such inquiries are of a very confined nature. If made by a minister of state, nothing is understood further than the financial state of a kingdom, the supplies and expenditure: if by a secretary at War, the state of the army is the object of inquiry: ​if by a merchant, the state of trade and commerce. But it seems that there is a subject of much more importance than any of these to a nation, that never enters into the thoughts of any one to make inquiries about; namely, the state and condition of the great mass of the people: how they are fed; how they are clothed; what kind of houses they live in; how they are supplied with fuel; how they are instructed; in short, what advantages, corporeal, mental, and even spiritual, they enjoy or are deprived of. To know these particulars with regard to the poor, that is, the great mass of the people, is truly to know the state of a nation.
The people in a civilised state may be divided into many different orders; but, for the purpose of investigating the manner in which they enjoy or are deprived of the requisites to support the health of their bodies and minds, they need only be divided into two classes, viz., the rich and the poor, as we have before done: for, people in the same circumstances as to property enjoy the same advantages in those respects, whether the means of placing them in those circumstances are derived from landed estates, benefices of the church, the practice of the law, or any other profession or trade.
# The Effects of Civilisation on the People in European States/Section IV

SECTION IV.
THE EMPLOYMENTS OF THE POOR INJURIOUS TO HEALTH.
The employments of manufacturers are all injurious to the health, of the body, and the improvement of the mind. These pernicious effects arise from—
1st. The sedentary nature of them, by which the necessary action and exercise of the body are prevented.
2dly. From the forced and unnatural postures of the body required in many trades, by which the functions of the body necessary to life and health are impeded.
3dly. From these being carried on in confined, unwholesome atmospheres, rendered nauseous and putrid from the filth of the rooms, and from the exhalations of their own bodies; as well as from the effluvia of the substances they work on, as oils, sizes, mercury, lead, paint; damps and noxious air in mines, &c., all add hurtful qualities to the air. Under the same head may be placed the excessive heat in glass-houses, smelting-houses, foundries, &c.
From one or other of these disadvantages there ​is scarcely any trade exempt, and hardly any individual of any trade that is not more or less affected by them. The sedentary kind appears to be least prejudicial; but what a number of pale, languid, dropsical objects there are among women who make bone-lace, those are witnesses to, who have seen the many thousands of such in those places where it is manufactured.
The infinite number of trades into which these noxious employments branch out, may be seen in the back streets of great cities and manufacturing towns, as also may the many wretched objects there produced by them.
This general account will render it evident, to persons of reflection, what great devastations are made by the manufactures on the human species; it is therefore needless to enumerate the particular diseases they occasion. I cannot help, however, observing, that there is a great multiplicity of trades in which mercury is made use of: in some of these the workmen's lives are measured with great exactness; after suffering excruciating torments, they die, with great punctuality, in a year and a half.
Nor can I forget mentioning the poor chimney-boy, who, after suffering inconceivable hardships, dies frequently, at length, of a disease attended with the most acute of all pains—the cancer.
# The Effects of Civilisation on the People in European States/Section VII

SECTION VII.
CONDITION OF THE POOR NOT HAPPY.
​Physicans know that there is a great degree of sympathy existing between the body and the mind; that they mutually affect each other; that the stomach is the principal medium of their reciprocal feelings; that when the sensations of this organ are comfortable, the mind is in an easy and pleasant state. A poor watery vegetable diet has the effect of exciting contrary feelings in the stomach, which are communicated to the mind: hence, it is depressed and anxious; hence, poor men generally have recourse to tobacco, which, being of a narcotic nature, deadens the sensations, and relieves the uneasiness both of the stomach, and of the mind depending on it; for which reason we see they would rather go without their food than their tobacco. Numbers of them fly to the use of spirituous liquors, which is the remedy precisely adapted to their case; and it is to be wondered at that drunkenness is not more frequent among them than it is. But besides the uneasiness occasioned by those sensations, can they see with indifference their offspring perishing for the want of such things as they perceive around them, but which they cannot reach? Can they see without pain the luxurious abundance of the rich, and compare it ​with their own pinching poverty? To write or preach in this manner is adding insult to oppression.
I have now stated, briefly and generally, the situation of the poor in most European nations, with regard to the necessaries of life, their employments, and their moral and spiritual instruction; and I have avoided entering into the description of the particular hardships, diseases, and instances of mortality, which so much abound in it—these being too obvious and affecting to need a representation to people of any observation, and endued with any sensibility; and, besides, my intention is rather to find out the causes of, and, if possible, a remedy for, the evils, than to give a laboured description of them. I shall first endeavour to discover the cause of their want of a sufficient quantity of the necessaries of life.
* ↑ An old author says—Οὐδὲν πενίας βαρύτερόν ἐστιν φορτίον.
* ↑ A dejection of spirits will rob the poor husbandman of the ease and comfort which he should feel when the labour of the day is ended.—Heberden's Comment., p. 220.
* ↑ Ἀγορὰν ἰδεῖν εὔοψον εὐποροῦντι μὲν Ἥδιστον· ἂν δ’ ἀπορῇ τις, ἀθλιώτατον.
# The Grammar of Heraldry/Chapter 1

THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY.
By a study of the science of Heraldry is learned the proper method of arranging and explaining all that appertains to the bearing of coats of arms, badges, and other hereditary or conceded marks of honour, for which purpose it is necessary to acquire a knowledge of blazoning and marshaling. By the former is meant the displaying or describing of certain armorial insignia in proper heraldic terms, and by the latter the grouping of two or more coats of arms on one shield or escutcheon.
All the various figures and devices represented on a shield, whether by themselves or with other figures placed on them, are called charges, and the shield on which such figures are represented is said to be charged with them. Thus, in the royal arms of England, the shield is charged with three lions.
As the various heraldic insignia were formerly charged upon the shields of the owners, so they are universally represented at the present day. There is, however, no definite rule to be observed in regulating their form, except in the case of unmarried ladies and widows, who bear their arms on a lozenge (q. v.).
It must be remembered that the shield, when in actual use, was held by the warrior in front of him; the right-hand side, therefore, was towards the left hand of a person before him. Thus, in a representation of a coat of arms, the right side of a shield, as it ​appears to the spectator, is always called the sinister, and the left the dexter. The words right and left are never used in Heraldry.
For the sake of accurately determining the position of any charge upon an escutcheon, the different parts are distinguished as follows:—
| A Dexter Chief. B Chief. C Sinister Chief. D Honor Point. E Fess Point. | F Nombril Point. G Dexter Base. H Base. I Sinister Base. |
The Chief and Base are not absolutely restricted to the precise points indicated by B and H. If, for instance, a shield were blazoned with three escallop shells in chief, they would be severally placed at A, B, and C. In English heraldry, mention is seldom made of the Honor and Nombril points.
# The Grammar of Heraldry/Chapter 11

ACHIEVEMENTS OF ARMS.
Having described the various component parts of an achievement of arms, I subjoin for the guidance of the student, a shield with all its exterior ​ornaments, as would be borne by an. esquire or gentleman. Fig. 189.
Fig. 189.
The above diagram would be heraldically described as tricked; that is, simply sketched in outline. The shield in this example is correct in form, and far more becoming than those which I have used in
Fig. 190.
usance.
# The Grammar of English Grammars/Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PRELIMINARY MATTERS.
INTRODUCTION.
THE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH GRAMMARS.
PART I. ORTHOGRAPHY.
PART II. ETYMOLOGY.
PART III. SYNTAX.
PART IV. PROSODY.
KEY TO THE ORAL EXERCISES.
THE KEY.--PART I.--ORTHOGRAPHY.
THE KEY.--PART II--ETYMOLOGY.
THE KEY.--PART III.--SYNTAX.
THE KEY.--PART IV.--PROSODY.
THE FOUR APPENDIXES.
INDEX OF MATTERS.
FOOTNOTES.
# The Grammar of Heraldry/Chapter 10

ARMES PARLANTES, ETC.
By Armes Parlantes are meant armorial bearings which have some fanciful allusion to the name of the possessor. In the records of heraldry are to be found numerous instances of arms of this description. The following are a few examples of armes parlantes, or canting heraldry, as it is sometimes called.
The families of Salmon, Sturgeon, Lucy, Herring, Shelly, Talbot, Wolf, Rabbett, Arundel, and Falconer, bear respectively, salmons, sturgeon, lucies (pike), herrings, whelk-shells, talbots, wolves, rabbits, hirondelles (swallows), and falcons. The Cardingtons bear three wool-cards, and the Harrows, as many implements of that name. See also the arms of Tremayne, in the Appendix.
In the ‘Lay of the Last Minstrel’ we read:—
‘dancing in the sunny beam, He marked the crane on the baron’s crest.’
alluding to Baron Cranstoun, whose family crest was a crane holding a stone in his foot.
​In the same manner, the name of a family frequently gives rise to the motto. Thus the Vernons have for a motto, Ver non semper viret, which may be translated either, ‘The spring is not always green,’ or ‘Vernon always flourishes.’ The Neville family have, Ne vile velis, ‘Desire no evil thing,’ or ‘Desire Neville.’ The Ashburners, probably in allusion to the occupation of their ancestors, have, Quicquid crescit, in cinere perit. Festina lente, ‘Hasten slowly,’ or ‘On slow,’ is the motto of the Onslow family; and Doe no yll, quoth D’Oyle, that of Doyley. The family of Corbet inscribes, Deus pascit corvos, ‘God feeds the ravens’ (corbeaux, sometimes called in heraldry corbies). The motto of Fairfax is Fari fac. Forte scutum salus ducum is the well-known motto of the Fortescues, and may mean either, ‘A strong shield,’ or ‘Fortescue,’ ‘is the safeguard of the generals.’ Recipiunt fæminæ sustentacula a nobis, ‘Women receive support from us,’ is the motto of the Pattenmakers’ Company. The Scotch family Wightman bear for a crest, ‘a demi-savage holding over the dexter shoulder a club ppr.; with the motto, A wight man never wanted a weapon.’
Sometimes a motto seems to be chosen on account of the harmonious jingle of the words; thus, the Earl of Balcarras has, Astra castra, numen lumen; ‘The stars my canopy, providence my light.’ The Peytons have adopted Patior, potior.
# The Grammar of Heraldry

Full title: The Grammar of Heraldry: A Description of All the Principal Charges Used in Armory, the Signification of Heraldic Terms, and the Rules to be Observed in Blazoning and Marshalling: Together With the Armorial Bearings of All the Landed Gentry in England Prior to the Sixteenth Century. By John E. Cussans. Illustrated With One-Hundred-and-Ninety-Six Engravings.
THE
GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY:
CONTAINING
A DESCRIPTION OF ALL THE PRINCIPAL CHARGES USED IN ARMORY, THE SIGNIFICATION OF HERALDIC TERMS, AND THE RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN BLAZONING AND MARSHALLING;
TOGETHER WITH THE
ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF ALL THE LANDED GENTRY IN ENGLAND
PRIOR TO THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
BY JOHN E. CUSSANS.
ILLUSTRATED WITH ONE-HUNDRED-AND-NINETY-SIX ENGRAVINGS.
LONDON:
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
1866.
CONTENTS.
# The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, book by Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1911)
* "The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century," review of Chamberlain's book by Theodore Roosevelt (1911)
# The Founding of New England

* information about this edition.
* related portals: New England, Pulitzers.
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This 1921 work won the 1922 Pulitzer Prize
THE FOUNDING OF NEW ENGLAND
BY JAMES TRUSLOW ADAMS
Illustrated
THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY PRESS BOSTON
COPYRIGHT, 1921 By JAMES TRUSLOW ADAMS
First Impression, May, 1921 Second Impression, Nov. 1922
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
To
A. L. A.
One duty that was always incumbent on the historian has now become a duty of deeper significance and stronger obligation. Truth, and Truth only, is our aim. We are bound as historians to examine and record facts without favor or affection to our own nation or to any other.
Lord Bryce,  Presidential Address, at the
 International Congress of Historical Studies, 1913

## Contents

* Preface
* I. The American Background
* II. Staking Out Claims
* III. The Race for Empire
* IV. Some Aspects of Puritanism
* V. The First Permanent Settlement
* VI. New England and the Great Migration
* VII. An English Opposition Becomes a New England Oligarchy
* VIII. The Growth of a Frontier
* IX. Attempts to Unify New England
* X. Cross-Currents in the Confederacy
* XI. The Defeat of the Theocracy
* XII. The Theory of Empire
* XIII. The Reassertion of Imperial Control
* XIV. The Inevitable Conflict
* XV. Loss of the Massachusetts Charter
* XVI. An Experiment in Administration
* XVII. The New Order
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1949, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 74 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Elder Edda and the Younger Edda/Elder Edda/The Incantation of Groa

Son.
1. Wake up, Groa! wake up, good woman! at the gates of death I wake thee! if thou rememberest, that thou thy son badest to thy grave-mound to come.
Mother.
2. What now troubles my only son? With what affliction art thou burthened, that thou thy mother callest, who to dust is come, and from human homes departed?
Son.
3. A hateful game thou, crafty woman, didst set before me, whom my has father in his bosom cherished, when thou badest me go no one knows whither, Menglod to meet.
Mother.
4. Long is the journey, long are the ways, long are men's desires. If it so fall out, that thou thy will obtainest, the event must then be as it may.
Son.
5. Sing to me songs which are good. Mother! protect thy son. Dead on my way I fear to be. I sees too young in years.
Mother.
6. I will sing to thee first one that is thought most ​useful, which Rind sang to Ran; that from thy shoulders thou shouldst cast what to thee seems irksome: let thyself thyself direct.
7. A second I will sing to thee, as thou hast to wander joyless on thy ways. May Urd's protection hold thee on every side, where thou seest turpitude.
8. A third I will sing to thee. If the mighty rivers to thy life's peril fall, Horn and Rud, may they flow down to Hel, and for thee ever be diminished.
9. A fourth I will sing to thee. If foes assail thee ready on the dangerous road, their hearts shall fail them, and to thee be power, and their minds to peace be turned.
10. A fifth I will sing to thee. If bonds be cast on thy limbs, friendly spells I will let on thy joints be sung, and the lock from thy arms shall start, [and from thy feet the fetter].
11. A sixth I will sing to thee. If on the sea thou comest, more stormy than men have known it, air and water shall in a bag attend thee, and a tranquil course afford thee.
12. A seventh I will sing to thee. If on a mountain high frost should assail thee, deadly cold shall not thy carcase injure, nor draw thy body to thy limbs.
13. An eighth I will sing to thee. If night overtake thee, when out on the misty way, that the dead Christian woman no power may have to do thee harm.
14. A ninth I will sing to thee. If with a far-famed spear-armed Jotun thou words exchangest, of words and wit to thy mindful heart abundance shall be given.
15. Go now ever where calamity may be, and no ​harm shall obstruct thy wishes. On a stone fast in the earth I have stood within the door, while songs I sang to thee.
16. My son! bear hence thy mother's words, and in thy breast let them dwell; for happiness abundant shalt thou have in life, while of my words thou art mindful.
# The Elder Edda and the Younger Edda/Elder Edda/Sinfiotli's End

SINFIOTLI'S END.
Sigmund Volsung's son was a king in Frankland. Sinfiotli was the eldest of his sons, the second was Helgi, the third Hamund. Borghild, Sigmund's wife, had a brother named Gunnar; but Sinfiotli her stepson and Gunnar both courted one woman, on which account Sinfiotli slew Gunnar. When he came home, Borghild bade him go away, but Sigmund offered the blood-fine, which it was incumbent on her to accept. At the funeral feast Borghild presented the beer: she took a large horn full of poison, and offered it to Sinfiotli; who, when he looked into the horn, and saw that there was poison in it, said to Sigmund: "the drink ferments!" Sigmund took the horn and drank up the contents. It is said that Sigmund was so strong that no poison could hurt him, either outwardly or inwardly; but that all his sons could endure poison outwardly. Borghild bore another horn to Sinfiotli, and prayed him to drink, when all took place as before. Yet a third time she offered him the horn, using reproachful words on his refusing to drink. He said as before to Sigmund, but the latter answered: "Let it pass through thy lips, my son." Sinfiotli drank and instantly died. Sigmund bore him a long way in his arms, and came to a long and narrow firth, where there was a little vessel and one man in it. He offered Sigmund to convey him over the firth; but when Sigmund had borne ​the corpse into the vessel, the boat was full-laden. The man then said that Sigmund should go before through the firth. He then pushed off his boat and instantly departed.
King Sigmund sojourned long in Denmark, in Borghild's kingdom, after having espoused her. He then went south to Frankland, to the kingdom he there possessed. There he married Hiordis, the daughter of Eylimi. Sigurd was their son. King Sigmund fell in a battle with the sons of Hunding. Hiordis was afterwards married to Alf, son of King Hialprek, with whom Sigurd grew up in childhood. Sigmund and his sons exceeded all other men in strength, and stature, and courage, and all accomplishments, though Sigurd was foremost of all; and in old traditions he is mentioned as excelling all men, and as the most renowned of warlike kings.
# The Fourth Estate/1917/September 22/No Longer German

NO LONGER GERMAN
The Oregon Deutsche Zeitung of Portland, on September 20 changed its name to the Portland American.
Its editor, Max Lucke, who has been under investigation by the Government, and other German employees have been dismissed, according to A. M. Kern, its publisher and hereafter it will be printed wholly in English.
Kern said the changes were made because he had been notified the paper would be suppressed if it attempted to continue publication in German.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fastenrath, Johannes

Edition of 1920. See also Johannes Fastenrath on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FASTENRATH, Johannes, yō-hän'-nĕs fäs'ten-rat, German poet and story writer: b. Remscheid, 3 May 1839; d. 1908. A brief sojourn in Spain (1864) filled him with a permanent enthusiasm for its land and literature which inspired nearly all his life-work. He translated Juan Diana's comedy ‘Receipt Against Mothers-in-Law’; and compiled a series of volumes which are less translations than transcriptions in the spirit of the originals—‘A Wreath of Spanish Romances’; ‘Hesperian Blooms’; ‘The Book of My Spanish Friends’; ‘Voices of Christmas.’ He also published several works on the history of Spanish literature; and in Spanish, ‘Passion-Books of a German-Spaniard,’ a description of the
Oberammergau Passion Play; and ‘Walhalla and the Glories of Germany.’ A volume of war songs dedicated ‘To the German Heroes of 1870’ is likewise his.