OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Aufrere, Anthony

1904 Errata appended.
​AUFRERE, ANTHONY (1756–1833), antiquary, of Old Foulsham Hall, Norfolk, born in 1756, was the eldest son of Anthony Aufrere, of Hoveton Hall, Norfolk, who died in 1814. His mother was Anna, only daughter of John Norris, of Witton, in the same county, and sister to John Norris, founder of the Norrisian professorship at Cambridge. On 19 Feb. 1791 he married Matilda, youngest daughter of General James Lockhart, of Lee and Carnwath, by whom he had a son and daughter, the former marrying the youngest daughter of a Hamburg merchant, named Whertman, and the latter George Barclay, a merchant of New York. To Anthony Aufrere, who had a great taste for literature, the task of editing the 'Lockhart Letters' (1817, 2 vols. 4to) was entrusted by his brother-in-law, Charles Count Lockhart, three years before his death, which took place in August 1802. These letters contain much curious correspondence between the ancestors of the Lockhart family and the confidential supporters of the Pretender, previous to and during the rebellions of 1715 and 1745, the publication of which was delayed for more than half a century, in order that every one concerned in it might be dead before it became public property. In early life Anthony Aufrere showed a great aptitude for learning foreign languages, and among ​the works he translated was 'A Tribute to the Memory of Ulric von Hütten, from the German of Goethe,' 1789, in the preface to which he pays a graceful tribute to the memory of one who took, he says, 'so distinguished and so useful a part' in the reformation. In 1795 he published a translation of 'Travels through various Provinces of the Kingdom of Naples,' 1789, from the German of Salis; and in 1822 'A Narrative of an Expedition from Tripoli to the Western Frontier of Egypt,' from the Italian of Delia Cella. A small work which excited much attention was his 'Warning to Britons against French Perfidy and Cruelty; or a Short Account of the Treacherous and Inhuman Conduct of the French Officers and Soldiers towards the Peasants of Suabia, during the Invasion of Germany in 1796, selected from well-authenticated German publications, with an address to the people of Great Britain by the translator,' 1798. He was also a frequent contributor to the 'Gentleman's Magazine,' under the pseudonym of ‘Viator A.' He died at Pisa on 29 Nov. 1833, in his seventy-seventh year.
[Gent. Mag. 1816, Ixxxvi. 381, 1834, n, s. i. 555; Annual Register, 1834, lxxvi. 247; Brit. Mus. Cat.; the Lockhart Papers, 1817, Preface; Annual Biography and Obituary, 1835, xix. 386.]
T. F. T. D.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.11 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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| 255 | i | 3-7 | Aufrere, Anthony: for in the preface . . . . in the reformation read (The 'Tribute' was really by Herder, and appeared under the title of 'Denkmal Ulrichs von Hutten' in the 'Teutscher Merkur' for July 1776, being reprinted in a spurious edition of Goethe's works in 1779; see Herder's 'Werke,' ed. Hempl, xv. 355.) |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Aurelius, Abraham

​AURELIUS, ABRAHAM (1575–1632), pastor of the French protestant church in London, was a son of John Baptist Aurelius, also a protestant minister, probably in London, where Abraham was born. He studied at Leyden, in the Low Countries, and took his degree there in 1596. In 1613, on the occasion of the marriage of Frederick V, count palatine, and Elizabeth, daughter of James I, he published a Latin Epithalamium. He died in the beginning of 1632, whilst his Latin paraphrase on the Book of Job was in the press; the dedication of the work to Albert Joachim, Belgian ambassador at the Court of St. James, bears his signature, but the paraphrase itself is preceded by some Latin verses in praise of the deceased pastor.
H. v. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Audley, Hugh

1904 Errata appended.
​AUDLEY, HUGH (d. 1662), notorious moneylender, amassed a large fortune in the first half of the seventeenth century by frugal living and hard dealings. In 1605 he possessed only 200l., and died in November 1662 worth 400,000l. He held a very lucrative post in the court of wards, and is said to have lost not less than 100,000l. by the dis-establishment of the court at the time of the civil wars. At his elbow he usually had some devotional book, especially when he expected clients, and he was very regular in his attendance at church. The expensive habits of the clergy caused him some anxiety, and he would often sigh for the simplicity of living that prevailed in the days of his youth. He was always willing to advance money to improvident young gallants ; he was, indeed, a most heartless bloodsucker. Occasionally he met with checks and reverses, but his indomitable energy bore him through everything. In the lofty language of his biographer, he lived 'a life of intricacies and misteries, wherein he walked as in a maze, and went on as in a labyrinth with the clue of a resolved mind, which made plaine to him all the rough passages he met with ; he, with a round and solid mind, fashioned his own fate, fixed and unmoveable in the great tumults and stir of business, the hard rocke in the middest of the waves.' He is the subject of an article in D'Israeli's 'Curiosities of Literature.'
A. H. B.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.11 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 249 | i | 5 f.e. | Audley, Hugh: after money-lender insert admitted student of Inner Temple Nov. 1603, and called to the bar 1611 |
| | ii | 27 | after of Literature' insert Audley Street in west London, which runs through lands owned by him, was named after him. |
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Beatson, George Steward

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​BEATSON, GEORGE STEWARD ( ? –1874)
M.D. Glasgow, 1836: entered the Army Medical Department, 1838; served in Ceylon, 1839–51: in the Burmese war of 1852: the Crimea, Ionian Islands, Madras: Surgeon-General in India and P.M.O. of European troops, 1863–8, and again, 1871–4: was in charge of Netley Hospital 1868–71: Honorary Physician to the Queen: C.B. 1869: died at Simla, June 7, 1874.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Becher, John Reid

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​BECHER, JOHN REID (1819–1884)
General: son of Colonel John Becher, of the Bengal Cavalry: born 1819: educated at Bruce Castle, Tunbridge Wells, and Addiscombe: went to India in the Bengal Engineers in 1839: from Firozpur with Wild's Brigade, to relieve Ali Masjid in Jan. 1842, and on with General Pollock's advance to Kabul: in Satlaj campaign, at Sobraon, Feb. 10, 1846, severely wounded: engaged in Rajputana boundary settlements, 1847, and on land inquiries in the Panjab: Deputy Secretary to the Panjab Board of Administration: Deputy Commissioner of Hazara, 1853–9: C.B: in Sydney Cotton's expedition of 1858 against the Sitana fanatics: Commissioner of the Derajat, 1862: and of Peshawar, 1864: retired in 1866: died July 9, 1884: one of the distinguished group of officers employed in the Panjab under the Lawrences in the early days after its annexation in 1849: "of all prominent Panjab officials there was certainly none more loved and respected than Becher."
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Beatson, William Ferguson

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​BEATSON, WILLIAM FERGUSON (1804–1872)
General: son of Captain Robert Beatson, R.E: entered the Bengal Army in 1820: served, while on furlough, with the British Legion in Spain, 1835–6: at the capture of Jigni in Bundelkund, 1840: Chirgong, 1841: in the Sind compaign, 1844: served under Sir C. Napier, 1845, in the Bugti hills: commanded the Nizam's cavalry: took Rymow from the Rohillas in 1848: organised the Bashi-bazouks in the Crimean campaign, 1854–5: in the mutiny, raised two regiments of cavalry, named, "Beatson's Horse": commanded the Allahabad Division, 1866, and the Umbala Division, 1869: died Feb. 4, 1872.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Beale, Thomas William

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​BEALE, THOMAS WILLIAM ( ? –1875)
A clerk in the ofifice of the Board of Revenue, N.W.P.: a learned scholar, who assisted Sir H. M. Elliot in his work on the Muhammadans in India: he wrote the Miftah-ul-Tawarikh, and an Oriental Biographical Dictionary: died at a great age, at Agra, 1875.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Beames, John

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​BEAMES, JOHN (1837–1902)
I.C.S: born June 21, 1837: son of Rev. Thomas Beames: educated at Merchant Taylors' School and at Hailey-bury, 1856–7: went to India, 1858: served in the Panjab, 1859–61: afterwards,
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Beatson, Stuart Brownlow

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​BEATSON, STUART BROWNLOW (1854–)
Born July 11, 1854: son of Capt. W. S. Beatson, of the H.E.I.C.S: educated at Wellington: joined the Indian Army, 1873: served on N.W. Frontier, 1878, in Afghanistan, 1878–80: Egypt, 1882: N.W. Frontier, 1897–98: South Africa, 1901: Inspr-General of Imperial Service Troops: Colonel and C.B.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Becher, Richard

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​BECHER, RICHARD ( ? –1782)
Related to Anne Becher, mother of W. M. Thackeray the novelist: went out to Calcutta as a writer in the E. I. Co.'s service, 1743: in 1756 was Fourth in the Bengal Council and Chief of Dacca: when Calcutta was taken by Suraj-ud-daula, Becher with his family escaped from the city, with others: returning, 1757, when Calcutta was retaken by the English. In 1761 Becher was dismissed from the Company's service for having signed Clive's independent letter of remonstrance to the Directors two years before. Six years later, 1767, when Clive was Governor of Bengal, Becher was re-appointed to the Bengal Council, and in 1769 was made Resident at Murshidabad, with local
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Becher, Sir Arthur Mitford

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​BECHER, SIR ARTHUR MITFORD (1816–1887)
General: son of Colonel G. Becher: educated at Addiscombe: was in the Afghan war, 1839: at Ghazni: in the Satlaj campaign, 1845–6: at Mudki, Firozshahr, Sobraon: Brevet - Major: A.D.C. to the Governor-General: in the Panjab campaign, 1848–9: at the siege and capture of Multan, and at Gujarat: Q.M.G. in India, 1852–63: severely wounded at the siege of Delhi, 1857: C.B., 1858: Bengal Staff Corps: commanded the Sirhind Division, 1865–9: Maj-General, 1861: died Oct, 5. 1887.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Beadon, Sir Cecil

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​BEADON, SIR CECIL (1816–1880)
I.C.S.: son of Richard Beadon, grandson of Dr. Beadon, grandson of Dr.Beadon, Bishop of Bath and Wells: born in 1816: educated at Eton and Haileybury: went out to Bengal in 1836: Under Secretary to the Bengal Government in 1843: Secretary to the Board of Revenue, 1847: Member of the Commission on the Indian postal system: Secretary to the Government of Bengal, 1852: Home Secretary to the Government of India, 1854: Foreign Secretary, 1859: Member of the Supreme Council 1860–2, and Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, April, 1862, to April, 1867. During this period the mission, which met with insults, was sent to Bhutan in 1864: and the Orissa famine of 1866–7 occured: for the latter, Beadon was much blamed and, on an official inquiry, his famine administration was severely censured: always sanguine, he had failed to estimate adequately the signs of distress and the local conditions: and he suffered from ill-health: his general administration showed marked ability: K.C.S.I. in May, 1866: died July 18, 1880.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Beck, Theodore

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​BECK, THEODORE (1859–1899)
Of a Quaker family: educated at a Quaker school, at London University, Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge: President of the Union Debating Society: appointed Principal of the M.A.O. College, Alighar, when he was only 24: he reorganized the College, establishing order out of chaos, reformed the discipline, introduced improvements, adjusted the finances, was devoted to his work and in warm sympathy with the Muhammadans: working with Sir Syad Ahmad (q.v.) until his death, in 1898, and afterwards with the trustees of the institution: died at Simla, Sep. 2, 1899.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cartwright, Frances Dorothy

​CARTWRIGHT, FRANCES DOROTHY (1780–1863), poetess and biographer, youngest child of the Rev. Edmund Cartwright, D.D. [q. v.] inventor of the powerloom, &c., by his first wife, Alice, was born 28 Oct. 1780. She was adopted by her uncle. Major Cartwright [q. v.], the energetic politician, on her mother's death, while she was still an infant; and was sent to school at Richmond. In 1802 she began to write small poems, and in 1823, being much interested by the Spanish patriots received by her uncle, she learnt Spanish and translated a few of Riego's poems into English. On the death of her uncle in 1824 she prepared her first published work, 'The Life and Correspondence of Major Cartwright,' published in 1826. She retired with Major Cartwright's widow to Worthing, and published her poems there anonymously, in a little volume, 'Poems, chiefly Devotional,' dated 13 Nov. 1835. Her translations of Riego's poems appeared, with her initials, in the poet's 'Obras Póstumas Poéticas' (1844). She died at Brighton 13 Jan. 1863, aged 83.
[Frances Cartwright's Life of her uncle, i. 163, 405, 408-12, ii. 163, 243, 245, 279. 301: her Poems. 18, 21-6. 41, 47, 48. 50; El Romancero and Obras Póstumas Poéticas of E. A. del Riego y Nuñez and R. del Riogo y Nuñez, on coloured leaves, not paged; Brighton Examiner, 20 Jan. 1863.]
J. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Carthew, Thomas

​CARTHEW, THOMAS (1657–1704), serjeant-at-law, eldest son of Thomas Carthew of Cannaliggy, St. Issey in Cornwall, who married Mary Baker of Bodmin, was born on 6 April 1657. If the authority of Hals, the Cornish historian, can be trusted, he was for some time ‘in the inferior practice of the law under Mr. Tregenna, without being a perfect Latin grammarian, always using the English words for matters and things in his declarations where he understood not the Latin.’ He became a student at the Middle Temple on 21 May 1683, and on 14 June 1686 was called to the bar, Hals adding that he gained his advancement ‘by a mandamus from the lord keeper, North,’ with whom he was undoubtedly connected by marriage. He was admitted to the same position at the Inner Temple on 23 Nov. 1698, and was created a serjeant-at-law on 7 Nov. 1700, when he was raised to the bench of his inn. The same local historian prophesied his growth ‘into such great fame and reputation, that he is likely to make a considerable addition to his paternal estate,’ but on 4 July 1704 Narcissus Luttrell records in his diary, ‘'tis reported Serjeant Carthew is dead,’ and on 12 July he was buried in the Temple Church. John Colby of Banham in Norfolk married Ann, daughter and heiress of John Arthur of Wiggenhall St. Mary. At Colby's death his widow married Edward North of Benacre, Suffolk. Ann, one of Colby's two daughters and coheiresses, married a second Edward North, and the other daughter, Mary, married Serjeant Carthew. By her the serjeant had two sons, Thomas and John, both at the bar, and Thomas, the elder, inherited Cannaliggy from his father, and Benacre and Woodbridge from his maternal uncle, Edward North. The Cornish property he sold in 1720, and the Suffolk estates have long passed from the family, but a portrait of the serjeant is said to be preserved at Woodbridge Abbey. A volume of the serjeant's, ‘Reports of Cases adjudged in the Court of King's Bench from 3 Jac. II to 12 Will. III,’ was published by his son, Thomas Carthew, in 1728, and reprinted in an enlarged edition in 1741. A ‘Reading on the law of uses by Serjeant Carthew at New Inn in Michaelmas term, the third of William and Mary, when he was deputy reader for the Middle Temple,’ was included in a volume entitled ‘Collectanea Juridica’ (1791). The serjeant's reports are praised by Kenyon and Willes, but condemned by Thurlow.
[Benchers of Inner Temple (1883) p. 58; Woolrych's Serjeants, ii. 459–63; Suckling's Suffolk, ii. 123–4; Courtney and Boase's Bibl. Cornub. 64, 1116; Miscell. Geneal. et Herald. iii. 176; Parochial Hist. of Cornwall (1868), ii. 236–7, 241.]
W. P. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cartwright, George

​CARTWRIGHT, GEORGE (fl. 1661), dramatist, was the author of a solitary tragedy entitled ‘The Heroick Lover, or the Infanta of Spain,’ London, 1661, 8vo, dedicated to Charles II. It was presumably unacted. The scene is Poland, and the author speaks of it as ‘a poem consisting more of fatal truth than flying fancy.’ It is in rhymed verse, and is in all respects a poor production. Cartwright is unmentioned by Langbaine, Winstanley, and Phillips. The first reference to him occurs in Gildon's addition to Langbaine, 1699, where it is said that the author ‘has writ a play called “Heroick Love,”’ a mistake copied by succeeding writers, and that he ‘lived at Fulham.’
[Baker, Reed, and Jones's Biographia Dramatica; Genest's Account of the Stage; The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatic Poets, first begun by Mr. Langbaine, improved and continued down to this time by a careful hand, 1699.]
J. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cartwright, John (fl.1763-1808)

​CARTWRIGHT, JOHN (fl. 1763–1808), painter, was a member of the Free Society of Artists, and in 1763 signed the deed of enrolment of that society. He went to Rome to prosecute his artistic studies, and there became acquainted with Henry Fuseli. On his return to England he resided for several years at 100 St. Martin's Lane, and when Fuseli returned to England from Rome in 1779 he for some time shared part of Cartwright's house. Cartwright became a great personal friend of Fuseli, who gave him many hints, and occasionally assistance in his work. His historical pictures show much of Fuseli's influence, which was, however, unsuited to an artist of Cartwright's calibre. He exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1784 to 1808; his pictures were not confined to any one class of subject, but represented landscapes, historical and domestic subjects, and principally portraits.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists of the English School; Redgraves' Century of Painters, vol. i.; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1880; Pye's Patronage of British Art; Catalogues of the Exhibitions of the Royal Academy and the Free Society of Artists; Knowles's Life of Fuseli.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bland, John (d.1788)

​BLAND, JOHN (d. 1788), dramatist, is the author of a solitary dramatic production, the 'Song of Solomon,' in seven scenes, printed in 8vo in 1760. He is therein styled a gentleman, and is described as living in Portpool Lane, Gray's Inn Lane, where he is prepared to give lessons in the art of punctuation by the accent points in the Hebrew code. The 'Biographia Dramatica' asserts that he died at his house at Deptford about November 1788.
[Baker's Biog. Dramat.; Egerton's Theatrical Remembrancer, 1788; Gilliland's Dramatic Mirror, 1808.]
J. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Blanchard, William Isaac

​BLANCHARD, WILLIAM ISAAC (d. 1790). stenographer, was the grandson of a French refugee, who resided in England. He became a professional shorthand writer, and practised his art in Westminster Hall from 1767 till his death in 1796. His offices were at 4 Dean Street, Fetter Lane, and 10 Clifford's Inn. He was the inventor cf two separate and distinct systems of stenography, the first of which he published under the title of 'A Complete System of Shorthand, being an improvement upon all the authors whose systems have yet been made public; is easy to be attained, and may be read again at any distance of time with the greatest certainty; it being properly adapted to the Latin tongue, and all sorts of technical terms, will make it extremely useful for law, physic, or divinity,' Lond. 1779, 8vo, 16 pp. and two plates. This was followed by the explanation of a much more elaborate system in 'The Complete Instructor of Shorthand, upon principles applicable to the European languages; also to the technical terms used by anatomists, and more comprehensive and easy to write and to read than any system hitherto published,' Lond. 1786, 4to. The method of stenography described in this last work was never practised to any extent, and it certainly does not deserve the extravagant praise bestowed upon it by the author of the 'Historical Account of Shorthand,' which passes under the name of James Henry Lewis. Several trials taken in shorthand by Blanchard were published between 1775 and 1791, including the trials of Admiral Keppel and Horne Tooke.
[Zeibig's Geschichte und Literatur der Geschwindschreibkunst, 208; Rockwell's Teaching, Practice, and Lit. of Shorthand, 69; Phouotypic Journal, vi. 334; Lewis's Hist. of Shorthand, 158-63; Gent. Mag. lxv.(ii.) 881, lxvii. (i.) 435; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.; Biog. Dic. of Living Authors (1816), 30; Trial of the Dean of St. Asaph on the Prosecution of Wm. Jones (1783), 77; Shorthand (1883). ii. ll.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bland, John (d.1555)

​BLAND, JOHN (d. 1555), Marian martyr, was born at Sedbergh on the north-west border of Yorkshire, was educated by Dr. Lupton, provost of Eton, and took the degree of M.A. at Cambridge University. He was for some time a 'bringer-up of youth, perhaps in the school of Furness Abbey, one of his pupils being Edwin Sandys, afterwards ​archbishop of York. Eventually he entered the ministry and became rector of Adisham in Kent. On Mary's accession his church-warden, heading the papists in his parish, procured in December 1553 a priest from a neighbouring parish to say mass. Bland intefered before the celebration, and explained to the people the 'misuse of the sacrament in the mass.' He was immediately arrested, and in May 1554, having spent ten weeks in prison, was examined before Harpsfield, arch-deacon of Canterbury, and Collins, the commissary of Cardinal Pole. This examination and many others led to no result, and for some ten months Bland was kept in close confinement 'within the bar amongst the felons, and irons upon our arms.' His chief 'enemy was Thorneden, suffragan bishop of Dover, who superseded him in his living. Both Collins and Thorneden had turned with the times, and Bland was able to remind them both to their faces publicly how he had heard them make profession of the opinions they were now persecuting. After many and tedious examinations, in which Bland gallantly held his foes at bay, he finally, in June 1555, confessed his denial, firstly, of the corporal presence; secondly, of the legality of administration of the sacraments in an unknown tongue; and, thirdly, of the legality of administration of the eucharist in one kind; he was consequently condemned, and on 12 July 1555 burned at Canterbury, along with John Sheterden, vicar of Rolvenden, and two laymen, John Prankish and Humfrey Middleton.
[Foxe's Acts and Monuments; Strype's Memorials. iii. 211; Allen's History of Yorkshire, 357.]
R. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bland, Elizabeth

​BLAND, ELIZABETH (fl. 1681–1712), celebrated for her knowledge of Hebrew, was the daughter and heiress of Robert Fisher, of Long Acre, and was born about the time of the Restoration. Her Hebrew teacher is said to have been Francis van Helmont, commonly known as Baron van Helmont. She was married on 26 April 1681 at St. Mary-le-Savoy to Mr. Nathaniel Bland, then a merchant of London and freeman of the Glovers' Company, but who in 1692 succeeded his father, Richard Bland, as lord of the manor of Beeston, near Leeds, Yorkshire, where he thenceforward resided. Of their six children all but two, Joseph and Martha, died in infancy. It appears from Thoresby's 'Ducatus Leodiensis' that Mrs. Bland was alive in 1712. She is known only by a phylactery in Hebrew written at Thoresby's request for his 'Musæum Thoresbianum,' to which she also presented a 'Turkish Commission.' Dr. Nathaniel Grew describes the phylactery as a scroll of parchment ¼in. broad and 15 in. long, with four sentences of the law (Exod. xiii. 7-11, 13-17; Deut. vi. 3-10; and Deut. xi. 13-19) 'most curiously written upon it in Hebrew.' She taught Hebrew to her son and daughter.
R. H. B.