OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Serao, Matilda

See also Matilde Serao on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
SERAO, MATILDA (1856- ), Italian novelist, was born at Patras in Greece. Her father was an Italian, a political emigrant, and her mother a Greek. She began by becoming a schoolmistress at Naples, and afterwards she described those years of laborious poverty in the preface to a book of short stories called Leggende Napolitane (1881). But attention was first attracted to her name by her Novelle, published in a paper of Rocco de Zerbi's, and later by her first novel, Fantasia (1883), which definitely established her as a writer full of feeling and analytical subtlety. She spent the years between 1880 and 1886 in Rome, where she published her next five volumes of short stories and novels, all dealing with ordinary Italian, and especially Roman, life, and distinguished by great accuracy of observation and depth of insight: Cuore Inferno (1881), Fior di Passione (1883), La Conquista di Roma (1885), La Virtu di Checchina (1884), and Piccole Anime (1883). With her husband, Epoardo Scarfoglio, she founded Il Corriere di Roma, the first Italian attempt to model a daily journal on the lines of the Parisian press. The paper was short-lived, and when it was given up Matilda Serao established herself in Naples, where she edited Il Corriere de Napoli, and in 1891 founded Il Mattino, which became the most important and most widely read daily paper of southern Italy. But the stress of a journalistic career in no way limited her literary activity; between 1890 and 1902 she produced Paese di Cuccagna, Ventre di Napoli, Addio Amore, All' Erta Sentinella, Castigo, La Ballerina, Suor Giovanna della Croce, Paese di Gesu, novels in which the character of the people is rendered with minute sensitive power and sympathetic breadth of spirit. Most of these have been translated into English.
Matilda Serao's place as a contemporary Italian novelist is one apart: she is a naturalist, but her naturalism should be understood in a much wider sense than that which is generally given to it. She is a naturalist because her books reflect life with the utmost simplicity of means, sometimes with an utter neglect of means, and at the same time she is an idealist through her high sense of the beauty and nobility which humanity can attain, and to which her writings continually aspire. All her work is truly and profoundly Italian; it is the literature of a great mass of individuals, rather than of one peculiarly accentuated individual; the joy and pain of a whole class rather than the perplexities of a unique case or type pulsates through her pages. Matilda Serao's defects are always defects of style; her want of sufficient choice of detail often clogs the movement of her narrative and mars the artistic effect of her always animated pages. Like Fogazzaro's, her speech is too often the popular speech of her particular province, in description as well as in dialogue.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sequestration

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​ SEQUESTRATION, the act of removing, separating or seizing anything from the possession of its owner, particularly in law, of the taking possession of property under process of law for the benefit of creditors or the state. The Latin sequestrare, to set aside or surrender, a late use, is derived from sequester, a depositary or trustee, one in whose hands a thing in dispute was placed till the dispute was settled; this was a term of Roman jurisprudence (cf. Digest L. 16,115). By derivation it must be connected with sequi, to follow; possibly the development in meaning may be follower, attendant, intermediary, hence trustee. In English “sequestered” means merely secluded, withdrawn. In law, the term “sequestration” has many applications; thus it is applied to the act of a belligerent power which seizes the debts due from its own subject to the enemy power; to a writ directed to persons, “sequestrators,” to enter on the property of the defendant and seize the goods (see Execution); to the action of taking profits of a benefice to satisfy the creditors of the incumbent. As the goods of the Church cannot be touched by a lay hand, the writ is issued to the bishop, and he issues the sequestration order to the churchwardens who collect the profits and satisfy the demand. Similarly when a benefice is vacant the churchwardens take out sequestration under the seal of the Ordinary and manage the profits for the next incumbent. In the Scots law of bankruptcy the term “sequestration” is used of the taking of the bankrupt's estate by order of the court for the benefit of the creditors (see Bankruptcy, § Scottish Bankruptcy Legislation).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seraing

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​SERAING, a town of Belgium in the province of Liége, adjoining the city of that name. Pop. (1904) 39,843. It lies on the right bank of the Meuse above Liége, with which it is connected by rail and tramway. Seraing owes all its prosperity and importance to the firm founded by John Cockerill, an Englishman, in 1817, with the co-operation of King William I. of the Netherlands, who provided half the capital. The Cockerill family has long disappeared, and the enterprise is now known as “the John Cockerill Company.” It is one of the largest factories of engines and machinery—apart from war material—on the continent. Its headquarters occupy the old summer palace of the prince-bishops of Liége. In 1890 it established a branch at Hoboken on the Scheldt for the purpose of undertaking shipbuilding. The company employs 14,000 hands.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Serampur

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​SERAMPUR, a town of British India, in the Hugli district of Bengal, on the right bank of the river Hugli, opposite Barrackpore, on the East Indian railway, 12 m. from Howrah. Pop. (1901) 44,451. A Danish factory was established here about the middle of the 17th century, and called by them Frederiksnagar. With the rest of the Danish possessions in India, it was acquired by purchase by the English in 1845. Serampur was the home of the Baptist mission founded by Carey. The mission press has been transferred to Calcutta, but a training college is ​still maintained by the mission. There is a jute mill, and paper is manufactured.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sequeira, Domingo Antonio de

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SEQUEIRA, DOMINGO ANTONIO DE (1768-1837), Portuguese painter, was born at Lisbon in 1768, and studied art first at the academy of Lisbon, and subsequently under A. Cavallucci in Rome. By the age of thirteen he had evinced such marked talent that F. de Setubal employed him as assistant in his work for the Joao Ferreiras Palace. Sequeira sojourned in Rome from 1788 to 1794, when he was made honorary member of the Academy of St Luke. After another two years' travel and study in Italy, he returned to his native country preceded by so great a reputation that important commissions for churches and palaces were immediately entrusted to him — scriptural subjects, large historical compositions and cabinet pictures. In 1802 he was appointed first court painter, in which capacity he executed many works
for the prince regent, for Donna Maria Teresa, and for the members of the court. He designed the valuable silver service which was presented by the Portuguese nation to Wellington, and a monument that was erected in 1820 in the Rocio square at Lisbon. In 1823 he visited Paris, where he is known to have tried his skill in lithography and etching. The last years of his life he spent in Rome, devoting himself chiefly to devotional subjects and to his duties as head of the Portuguese Academy. He died in Rome in 1837. His best-known pictures are the “Last Moments of the Poet Camoens,” “Flight into Egypt,” “Ugolino,” the “St Bruno” at the Lisbon Academy, and the “Descent from the Cross.” Numerous paintings by Sequeira are in the royal palace at Mafra, the convent of Laveinas, the new palace of Ajuda, and in the principal palaces and churches of Lisbon.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sequin

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SEQUIN (the French form of Ital. zecchino, zecchino d'oro), the name of a Venetian gold coin, first minted about 1280, and in use until the fall of the Venetian Republic. It was worth about nine shillings. It bore on the obverse a figure of St Mark blessing the banner of the republic, held by a kneeling doge, and on the reverse a figure of Christ. Milan and Genoa also issued gold sequins. The word in Italian was formed from zecca, Span. zeca, a mint, an adaptation of Arabic sikka, a die for coins. In the sense of “newly-coined,” the Hindi or Persian sikka, anglicised sicca, was specifically used of a rupee, containing more silver than the East India Company's rupee, coined in 1793 by the Bengal government. The “sicca-rupee” ceased to be circulated after 1836. The term “sequin” is now used for small discs made of thin pieces of metal, tinfoil, celluloid or other composite material, highly glazed and brightly coloured, and applied as trimming for ladies' dresses.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Serajevo

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​SERAJEVO (pronounced Serájevo, “the city of palaces”; Turkish, Bosna Serai; Ger. Sarajewo; Ital. Seraglio), the capital of Bosnia, situated on the Miljačka, a small right-hand tributary of the Bosna and on the railway from Bosna–Brod, 167 m. N., to Ragusa. Pop. (1895) 37,713, chiefly Serbo-Croatians, with small colonies of gipsies and Jews. The city, frequently called the “Damascus of the North,” spreads over a narrow valley, closed on the east by a semicircle of rugged hills. Though still half oriental, and wholly beautiful, with its Turkish bazaar, its hundred mosques, wooden houses and cypress groves, it was largely rebuilt, after 1878, in western fashion. The river was also canalized, a telephone service introduced, and extensive drainage works carried out. Serajevo is the seat of the provincial government, of a Roman Catholic bishop, an Orthodox metropolitan, the highest Moslem ecclesiastical authority or Reis-el-ulema, and the supreme court. It is the centre of Bosnian education, containing the celebrated orphanage founded in 1869 by Miss Irby and Miss Mackenzie (afterwards Lady Sebright); the Scheriat-Schule, which derives its name from the Turkish code or scheri, and is maintained by the state for Moslem law-students; a gymnasium, a technical institute and a teachers' training-college. The Begova Djamia (Džamia), or mosque of Husref Bey, is only surpassed, among European mosques, by those of Adrianople and Constantinople. It was founded, in 1465, by Husref or Usref, pasha of Bosnia. The castle and barracks, occupied by an Austrian garrison, stand on a cliff commanding a fine view of the city. Other noteworthy buildings are the konak or governor's residence, the Roman Catholic and Orthodox cathedrals, the hospital, the townhall and the museum, with fine antiquarian and natural history collections. In the Sinan Tekke or Dervish monastery the ceremonies of the howling and dancing Dervishes may be witnessed. Turkish baths and cafés are numerous. The bazaar, or čaršija, is a labyrinth of dark lanes, lined with booths, where embroideries, rugs, embossed fire-arms, filagree-work in gold and silver, and other native wares are displayed. There are also large potteries, silk-mills, a brewery and a tobacco factory. At the mineral baths of Ilidze near the city, where many Roman remains have been found, a hydropathic establishment was opened in 1899. The whole neighbourhood is rich in prehistoric remains.
Founded, in 1262, by the Hungarian General Cotroman, under the name of Bosnavar or Vrhbosna, Serajevo was enlarged by Husref Bey two centuries later, and takes its name from the palace (Turkish, serai), which he founded. During the wars between Turkey and Austria, its ownership was often contested; and it fell before King Matthias I. of Hungary in 1480, and before Prince Eugene of Savoy in 1697. Destructive fires laid it waste in 1480, 1644, 1656, 1687 and 1789. It was chosen as the seat of Turkish government in 1850, instead of Travnik. In 1878 it was seized by the Austrians, under Baron Philippović.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Anne of Russia

Anne of Kyiv
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ANNE OF RUSSIA,
Daughter of Yaroslav, prince of Kiev, married to Henry the First of France, in 1044; after his death, she married Raoul, who was allied to her first husband; in consequence of which she was excommunicated, and at last repudiated, when she returned to Russia. Historians differ much in their accounts of the leading events in the life of tills princess.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Anne of Bohemia

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ANNE OF BOHEMIA,
Daughter of the emperor Charles the Fourth, was born about 1367, and was married to Richard the Second of England, when she was fifteen years of age. This was just after the insurrection of Wat Tyler; and the executions of the oppressed people who had taken part with him, had been bloody and barbarous beyond all precedent, even in that sanguinary age. At the young queen's earnest request, a general pardon was granted by the king; this mediation obtained for Richard's bride the title of "the good queen Anne." Never did she forfeit the appellation, or lose the love of her subjects.
She was the first of that illustrious band of princesses who were "the nursing mothers of the Reformation;" and by her influence the life of Wickliffe was saved, when in great danger at the council at Lambeth, in 1382. Anne died in 1394; she left no children; ​and from the time of her disease all good angels seem to have abandoned her always affectionate, but weak and unfortunate husband.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Anne of Dauphine

Anne of Viennois
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ANNE OF DAUPHINE,
Was the daughter of Guignes, the seventh or eighth dauphin of Viennois, of the second race. The date of her birth is not known, that of her marriage to Humbert, baron of La Tour diu Pin, is 1273. In the year 1281, on the death of her brother Jean, she succeeded to the Dauphinate of Vienne, and the county of Albon, in conjunction with her husband. This princess had several children, the eldest of whom, Jean, succeeded to the possessions, which were claimed by the duke of Burgundy, the date of her death is not recorded; she was buried in the Carthusian monastery of Salette, in the barony of La Tour, on the south bank of the Rhine, which monastery was founded by herself and her husband in the year 1299.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Anne of Warwick

Anne Neville
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ANNE OF WARWICK,
Was born at Warwick Castle, in 1454. She was almost entirely educated at Calais, though she was often brought to England with her sister, Isabel, and seems to have been a favourite companion, from her childhood, of the duke of Gloucester, afterwards Richard the Third, who was two years older than herself. In August, 1471 Anne was married, at Angers, France, to Edward of Lancaster, son of Henry the Sixth and Margaret of Anjou, and rightful heir to the English throne. She was very much attached to him, and when he was barbarously murdered after the fatal battle of Tewksbury, in 1471, she mourned him bitterly. She disguised herself as a cook-maid, in a mean house in London, to elude the search of Gloucester, who was much attached to her. She was, however, discovered by him, and, after a resolute resistance, forced to marry him in 1473. There are strong proofs that Anne never consented to this marriage. Her son Edward was born at Middleham Castle, 1474. By a series of crimes, Richard obtained the throne of England, and was crowned, with his consort, July 5th., 1483. In 1484, Anne's only son died, and from this time her health declined. There were rumours that the king intended to divorce her, but her death, in 1485, spared him that sin. She had suffered all her life from the crimes of others, and yet her sorrows and calamities seem to have been borne with great meekness, and, till the death of her son, with fortitude.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Anne of Denmark

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ANNE OF DENMARK,
As she is commonly termed, was the daughter of Frederick the Second of Denmark, born in 1574, and married by proxy to James the First of England, in August 1589. Being detained by adverse winds, the king set out to meet, and bring her home; he met his bride at Opsloe, in Norway, on the 22nd. of October, and was unable to return to Scotland for a considerable time, owing, as it was at the time believed, to the malign influence of certain witches, who were brought to trial, and punished. Anne has been accused of having been in secret a Roman Catholic, and of conspiring to make James embrace that religion, but proofs are wanting to substantiate this charge. She appears to have enjoyed the full confidence of her son Henry, whose aversion to the Romish church is well known. When it was proposed to place the young prince under the protection of the earl and countess of Mar, she evinced ​much spirit and resolution in resisting the project. She died professing the protestant faith, in a manner to set at rest all doubts about her creed. Anne was a woman of an accomplished mind, and she evinced towards her husband more affection than such a man could hare been expected to elicit That she had a smart wit an well as an affectionate heart, is evidenced by a collection of brief notes addressed to James in a pretty and legible Italian hand. The date of her death is 1618 or 1619.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Anne of Ferrara

Anna d'Este
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ANNE OF FERRARA,
Daughter of Hercules the Second, duke of Ferrara, married in 1549, Francis duke of Guise, and behaved with great spirit and courage during the wars of the League. She was imprisoned for some time at Blois.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Anne of Cleves

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ANNE OF CLEVES,
Daughter of John the Third, duke of Cleves, was the fourth wife of Henry the Eighth of England. He had fallen in love with her from her portrait painted by Holbein, but as the painter had flattered her, Henry soon became disgusted with her, and obtained a divorce. Anne yielded without a struggle, or without apparent concern. She passed nearly all the rest of her life in England as a private personage, and died 1557.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Anne of Cypress

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ANNE OF CYPRESS,
Daughter of Giano, king of Cypress, married in 1432, Louis, duke of Savoy, and shewed herself able, active, and discriminating, at the head of public affairs. She died in 1462, it is said of grief for the undutiful conduct of her fifth son, Philip, count of Brisse, who joined some rebellious barons against his father.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chên-chou

​24Chang Chên-chou 張鎭周. 7th cent. A.D. An official who, upon being appointed Governor of 舒 Shu-chou in Anhui — his native place — proceeded to his old home and spent ten days in feasting his relatives and friends. Then, calling them together, he gave to each a present of money and silk, and took leave of them with tears in his eyes, saying, "We have had this pleasant ​time together as old friends. Tomorrow I take up my appointment as Governor; after that, we can meet no more." The result was an impartial and successful administration.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chün-fang (張君房, 10th c.)

​44Chang Chün-fang 張君房. 10th and 11th cent. A.D. A native of 安陸 An-lu in Hupeh, who served under the Emperor Chên Tsung of the Sung dynasty. He was noted as a winebibber and a bibliophile.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Fan

​49Chang Fan 張範 (T. 公儀). A man of the 4th cent. A.D. whose son and nephew were captured by brigands. On his appealing for mercy, the brigands restored his son; but he said that his nephew was of tender years, and that they had better take the son instead. Thereupon the robbers restored both the captives.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chung

​45Chang Chung 張中 (T. 景華). 14th cent. A.D. A native of Lin-ch'uan in Kiangsi, who was fond of study in his youth, yet failed to take his degree. He then left his books and began roaming over the mountains, where he fell in with a magician who taught him the black art; after which he became eccentric in manner and took to wearing an iron ​cap, thereby earning the sobriquet of 鐵冠子 the Iron-Cap Philosopher.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chung-chien

​46Chang Chung-chien 張仲堅. 7th cent. A.D. A mysterious personage, who attached himself for some time to the fortunes of Li Ching, and was recognised by Hung Fu, his beautiful concubine, as her brother. He seems to have remained with Li Ching until the establishment of the T'ang dynasty, and then to have disappeared as mysteriously as he came. In 636 it was reported by the wild tribes of the south that an ocean-going vessel had come to the 扶餘 Fu-yü country, and that the leader of the expedition had killed the king and set himself on the throne. This man was recognised by Li Ching as being none other than Chang Chung-chien. From his large curly beard he was known as 虬髯公.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chün-fang (張君房, 7th c.)

​43Chang Chün-fang 張君房. 7th cent. A.D. A native of Nan-yang in Honan, who flourished as a poet under the reigns of the Emperors T'ai Tsung and Kao Tsung of the T'ang dynasty.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Fang-p'ing

​50Chang Fang-p'ing 張方平 (T. 安道. H. 樂全). A.D. 1007–1091. A native of Nanking, who when a boy had such a ​retentive memory that he could remember anything he had once read over. Being too poor to buy books, he borrowed the 三史 Three Histories from a friend; and within a hundred days, he had thoroughly mastered the contents of this voluminous work. Entering the public service, he rose by 1064 to be President of the Board of Rites. He strenuously opposed the advancement of Wang An-shih; and when the latter came into power, he openly denounced his "innovations," and then retired into private life. A prolific writer, he was never known to make a rough draft. Canonised as 文定.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chü-chêng

​41Chang Chü-chêng 張居正 (T. 叔大). Died A.D. 1582. A native of 江陵 Chiang-ling in Hupeh, who graduated as chin shih in 1547. He entered the Han-lin College, and won the trust and admiration of Hsü Chieh and his rival Yen Sung. He rose rapidly, until in 1567 he became a Grand Secretary under the Emperor Mu Tsung, whose Tutor he had been. Five years later the removal of Kao Kung, with whom he had fallen out, left him at the head of the government. He allied himself with the eunuch Fêng Pao; but he ruled well, impressing on the boy Emperor Shên Tsung a spirit of economy, love for his people, and fair treatment of his Ministers. He earned great opprobrium by checking the licence of Censor criticism, and he harried his opponents remorselessly. But his policy of exalting the Emperor and centralising the government proved most successful, peace and order being ​maintained throughout the empire. He is accused of levying bribes from the provincial officers, and of screening eunuch scamps. But he gradually crushed the faction of Fêng Pao, and his own nominees were really able men. In 1577 he lost his father; but to the disgust of his rivals, the Emperor insisted on his retaining his post, and even made him act as go-between on the occasion of his Majesty's second marriage in 1578. In the following year Chang presented a Memorial on the necessity of balancing revenue and expenditure, and in 1580 he remeasured the arable land, and so increased the land-tax receipts. He was loaded with honours by the Emperor, who nevertheless in 1584 took away all his titles, confiscated his property, and published to the empire that he was arrogant and too fond of engrossing power.