OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Weber, Georg

Edition of 1905. See also Georg Weber (historian) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WEBER, Georg (1808-88). A German historian, born at Bergzabern, in the Rhenish Palatinate. He studied at Erlangen, in 1839 became a teacher in the High School of Heidelberg, and from 1848 to 1872 was its director. Among Weber's historical publications may be mentioned Geschichte der englischen Reformation (1845-53); Weltgeschichte in übersichtlicher Darstellung (1866); Geschichte des Volkes Israel (with Holtzmann, 1867); and Allgemeine Weltgeschichte für die gebildeten Stände (1857-80).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Washita

Edition of 1905. See also Ouachita River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WASHITA, wŏsh′ĭ-tȧ, or OUACHITA. A river which rises in the highlands of western Arkansas and flows southeast and southward through that State and Louisiana, emptying into the Red River near the latter's confluence with the Mississippi (Map: Arkansas, C 4) . Its length is about 550 miles. In its lower course, where it is generally called the Black River, it is connected with the Mississippi by a large network of bayous, the most important of which is the Tensas. The river flows through a rich corn and cotton region, is navigable for large river steamers 300 miles to Camden, Ark., and for smaller steamers to Arkadelphia, 70 miles farther.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Webb, Sidney

Edition of 1905. See also Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield and Beatrice Webb on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WEBB, Sidney (1859—). An English author and barrister, born in London. He was educated in Switzerland, Germany, and at the City of London College. In 1878 he entered the English civil service, where he was employed in many capacities. He was called to the bar in 1885. He became a lecturer in the London School of Economics and Political Science and a member of the senate and the economic faculty of London University. His publications include: Socialism in England (1890); The London Programme (1891); The Eight Hours Day (1891), which he wrote in conjunction with Harold Cox; and Labor in the Longest Reign (1897). More important, however, are The History of Trade Unionism (1894), and Industrial Democracy (1897), written in collaboration with his wife. The History, which is based upon an extensive survey of original trade union records, is the most complete work extant on the progress of English labor organizations. Industrial Democracy aims to show the structure and spirit of the contemporary trade union world. His wife, Beatrice Potter Webb, became known for her minute knowledge of working class life obtained from a careful study of social conditions in Lancashire and East London, where she assisted Charles Booth in his great investigation of The Labor and Life of the People. In 1888 she gave her experiences in sweating dens to the House of Lords' Committee on Sweating. Besides collaborating with her husband, she published The Coöperative Movement in Great Britain (1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Weber, Karl Julius

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Julius Weber on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WEBER, Karl Julius (1767-1832). A German writer born at Langenburg, in Württemberg. He received his education at Erlangen and Göttingen, and after some time passed in Switzerland, became, in 1792, private secretary to the Count of Erbach-Schönberg, whom he left in 1799 to accept the post of Government councilor at König in Odenwald. Until 1804 he filled various administrative offices, retired then to private life, but from 1820 to 1824 was a member of the popular chamber of the Württemberg Estates. Weber is best known for his writings, in which he displays a fresh, original spirit, fine powers of observation, and a talent for witty satire. He was largely influenced by the humanistic teachings of the French literature and philosophy, but his reading was wider than France and his sympathies were cosmopolitan. The most celebrated of his works is Demokritos, oder hinterlassene Papiere eines lachenden Philosophen (1832-40), which is still very popular in Germany. He also wrote Möncherei (1818-20),
more clever than reliable; Das Ritterwesen (1822-24); and Deutschland, oder Briefe eines in Deutschland reisenden Deutschen (1826-28). His collected works were published at Stuttgart in 1834-45.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tuckerman, Samuel Parkman

Edition of 1905. See also Samuel Parkman Tuckerman on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TUCKERMAN, Samuel Parkman (1819-90). An American organist, church composer, and musical lecturer. He studied the organ in Boston under Zeuner and became organist and choirmaster of Saint Paul's Church of that city in 1840. Nine years later he went to England and studied cathedral and church music generally, and at the same time lectured on musical subjects. He returned to Boston and took up church work and lectured on early cathedral and church music. His compositions are principally services, hymns, and anthems for the Episcopal Church service. He also edited collections: The Episcopal Harp; National Lyre; Cathedral Chants (1858); Trinity Collection of Church Music (1864).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tucumá Palm

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ TUCUMÁ PALM. See Astrocaryum.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tuckerman, Joseph

Edition of 1905. See also Joseph Tuckerman on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TUCKERMAN, Joseph (1778-1840). An American clergyman and philanthropist. He was born in Boston; graduated at Harvard College, 1798; studied theology, and became a Unitarian pastor in Chelsea in 1801. In 1826 he was appointed by the American Unitarian Association minister at large, devoting himself to city mission work. He is best known as one of the founders of the first sailors' aid societies in the country, and as one of the pioneers in the scientific direction of philanthropy. He wrote much in behalf of his projects. Consult the collection of his writings under the caption On the Elevation of the Poor (Boston, 1874) and his Life by W. E. Channing (Boston, 1841), and by Miss May Carpenter (London, 1849).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tuco-Tuco

Edition of 1905. See also Tuco-tuco on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TUCO-TUCO. A small burrowing rat like rodent, a ‘spiny rat’ of the genus Ctenomys, several species of which are so called in imitation of their loud, treble call.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tucson

Edition of 1905. See also Tucson, Arizona on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TUC′SON. The largest city of Arizona, and the county seat of Pima County, 130 miles southeast of Phœnix; on the Santa Cruz River, and on the Southern Pacific Railroad (Map: Arizona, C 3). It is the seat of the University of Arizona, opened in 1891, and of Saint Joseph's Academy. The public library has about 3500 volumes. Cattle-raising and farming are the leading industries of the surrounding district, which also has considerable mineral wealth. The industrial establishments of the city are for the most part connected with the mining industry. The water-works are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 5150; in 1900, 7531.
Tucson was first permanently settled as a presidio by the Spaniards about 1776, though there had been previously a small Indian village, or rancheria (abandoned in 1763), under the control of the Spanish authorities. It lies within the territory obtained for the United States by the ‘Gadsden Purchase’ of 1853. It was the capital of Arizona Territory from 1867 to 1877, and was incorporated in 1877 and reincorporated in 1883. There seems to be no foundation for the belief that Tucson was founded by the Spaniards in 1560, and thus antedates Saint Augustine. Consult Bancroft, History of New Mexico and Arizona (San Francisco, 1880).
# The New International Encyclopædia/True, Charles Kittredge

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Kittredge True on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TRUE, Charles Kittredge (1809-79). A Methodist Episcopal clergyman. He was born in Portland, Maine; graduated at Harvard University, 1832, and entered the New England Conference, 1833. He was agent of the New England Education Society, 1834; principal of Amenia Seminary, 1835; entered the New York Conference, 1836; was transferred to the New England Conference, 1838; was professor of intellectual and moral science in Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., 1849-61: and financial agent of Wesleyan University, 1870-73. He published: The Elements of Logic (1840); Shawmut; or, the Settlement of Boston by the Puritan Pilgrims (1845); John Winthrop and the Great Colony (1875); The Life and Times of Sir Walter Raleigh (1877); The Life and Times of John Knox (1878); Memoirs of John Howard (1878); The Thirty Years' War (1878); Heroes of Holland (1882); Life of Captain John Smith (1882).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tschirnhausen, Ehrenfried Walter, Count

Edition of 1905. See also Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TSCHIRNHAUSEN, chḗrn′hou-zen, Ehrenfried Walter, Count (1651-1708). A German scientist and mathematician. He was born and educated at Leyden. He traveled considerably in France, Italy, and Switzerland, and served in the army of Holland (1672-73). Tschirnhausen erected large glass works in Saxony, where he constructed burning glasses of unusual perfection and carried on his experiments (1687-88). To him are due some valuable discoveries in the manufacture of porcelain. His Medicina Mentis (1687) testifies to the philosophic tendency of his thought. In mathematics Tschirnhausen is known as the founder of the theory of catacaustics, or caustics by reflection. The original articles appeared in the Acta Eruditorum from 1682 to 1698. These publications contain also his work on equations and quadratics. In connection with the latter he invented the quadratrix (see Quadrature) known by his name. Consult Weissenborn, Lebensbeschreibung des Tschirnhausen (Eisenach, 1866).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tschermak, Gustav

Edition of 1905. See also Gustav Tschermak von Seysenegg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TSCHERMAK, chĕr'mȧk, Gustav (1836—). An Austrian mineralogist. He was born at Littau, Moravia; was educated at the University of Vienna, and in 1868 was appointed a professor in the university and director of the Royal Mineralogical Cabinet. In 1877 he resigned the directorship. His contributions to the proceedings of the Vienna Academy are very numerous, and treat for the most part subjects of crystallography and petrography. He is also a prominent authority on meteorites. In 1871 he established at Vienna the Mineralogische Mitteilungen, published since 1878 as the Mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. His publications include: Die Porphyrgesteine Oesterreichs (1869); Die mikroskopische Beschaffenheit der Meteoriten (1883); and a Lehrbuch der Mineralogie (1884; 5th ed. 1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tuckerman, Henry Theodore

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Theodore Tuckerman on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TUCKERMAN, Henry Theodore (1813-71). An American critic and essayist, born in Boston and prominent in the literary life of New York City after 1845. The more important of his numerous publications were: The Italian Sketchbook (1835); Isabel, or Sicily: a Pilgrimage (1839)—each the outcome of a residence in Italy; two volumes of verse, Poems (1851) and A Sheaf of Verse (1864); Artist Life, or Sketches of American Painters (1847); Characteristics of Literature (1849, 2d series 1851); America and Her Commentators (1864); Thoughts on the Poets (1864); and Book of the Artists (1867), a study of the rise and progress of art in America. He wrote a Life of J. P. Kennedy (1871), and was a useful writer in his day.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tucumán (city)

Edition of 1905. See also San Miguel de Tucumán on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TUCUMÁN, or SAN MÍGUEL DE TUCUMÁN. A city of Argentina, capital of the Province of Tucuman, 690 miles northwest of Buenos Ayres, on a plateau to the right of the River Tala or Sali (Map: Argentina, D 9). It is a regularly built city, but with narrow streets. The cathedral is modern. The city was founded in 1565. Here, July 9, 1816, the representatives of the Plata Provinces signed the declaration of independence from Spain. The population in 1895 was 34,305; in 1901 (estimated), 50,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Weil, Henri

Edition of 1905. See also Henri Weil on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WEIL, Henri (1818—). A German-French classical scholar, born at Frankfort-on-the-Main. He studied at Bonn, Berlin, and Leipzig, and in 1847 was an associate professor at Strassburg, whence he was called two years later to Besançon. In 1870 he went to Paris as professor of Greek at the Ecole Normale Supérieure and the Ecole des Hautes-Etudes. Among his works are De l'ordre des mots dans les langues anciennes, comparées aux langues modernes (1844; 3d ed. 1879), his masterpiece; and editions of Æschylus, with a Latin commentary (2 vols., 1861-67; 2d ed. 1884); seven tragedies of Euripides, with a French commentary (1868; 2d ed. 1879); Les harangues de Démosthène (1873; 2d ed. 1881); Les plaidoyers politiques de Démosthène (1877-86); Etudes sur le drame antique (1897); and Etudes de littérature et de rhythmique grecques (1902).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Weimar

See also Weimar on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WEIMAR, vī′mär. The capital of the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, Germany, situated 50 miles west-southwest of Leipzig (Map: Germany, D 3). The quaint old town lies in agreeable surroundings on the Ilm. The Stadtkirche, dating from 1488, rises in the middle of Weimar. It contains Cranach the Elder's valuable “Crucifixion,” in which are to be discerned the faces of Luther and Melanchthon.
On the east side of the town looms the grand ducal palace, an interesting edifice, begun in 1790, and constructed under Goethe's supervision. Near the palace is the modern building completed in 1896, and devoted to the preservation of the precious and extensive Goethe and Schiller archives. South of the palace is the fine library, with over 200,000 volumes and more than 8000 maps. Southwest of the palace, in the market place, rises the striking Gothic town hall, with the remarkable house of the two Cranachs close at hand. Not far distant is the Schiller house, owned by the municipality since 1847. In front of the Court theatre, which bears such high repute, is the great bronze Goethe-Schiller monument, by Rietschel. It was unveiled in 1857. Toward the southern part of the town is the famous Goethe home, where the poet lived. It is open to the public as the Goethe National Museum. In the cemetery on the southern edge of Weimar are buried Goethe and Schiller. To the east lies the beautiful park through which the Ilm flows. Weimar has among its many public and special schools a good art school, dating from 1800. With it are connected several names prominent in the German art world. The valuable new museum is housed in a striking yellow and red stone Renaissance structure. The finest of the contents is the cycle of frescoes by Preller on subjects from the Odyssey. There are also a natural history museum, with ethnological and antiquarian collections, the Liszt museum, a geographical institute, large orphanages, etc. Weimar has manufactures of iron, wood, straw, cloth, leather, and stoves, and is an important seat of the book trade. The population in 1900 was 28,509, nearly all Protestants. Weimar dates from the ninth century. It passed to the Ernestine line of Saxony about 1500. Owing to the enlightened patronage of Duke Charles Augustus (q.v.), it is famous for literary associations pertaining to the classic epoch of German literature. Goethe resided here more than fifty years of his life; Schiller, Wieland, and Herder ​also lived liorc; and it wna for decades a pil- j!iiiiuij;c lowii for those famed or interested in letters.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Weil, Gustav

Edition of 1905. See also Gustav Weil on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WEIL, vīl, Gustav (1808-89). A German Semitic scholar. He was born at Sulzburg, Baden, studied at Heidelberg and Paris, and, after a five years' residence in the East, became connected with the library at Heidelberg. He was made professor of Oriental languages in the university in 1848. His more important publications include: Die poetische Litteratur der Araber (1837); the translation of the Thousand and One Nights (1837-41); Mohammed der Prophet (1843); Historisch-kritische Einleitung in den Koran (1844); Geschichte der Chalifen (1846-51); Geschichte des Abbassidenchalifats in Aegypten (1860-62); Das Leben Mohammeds nach Mohammed Ibn Ishak bearbeitet von Abd el Malik Ibn Hischam (1864); Geschichte der islamitischen Völker von Mohammed bis zur Zeit des Sultams Selim (1866).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Welcker, Friedrich Gottlieb

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WELCKER, vĕl'kẽr, Friedrich Gottlieb (1784-1868). A German classical archæologist and philologist. He was born at Grünberg, in Hesse-Darmstadt; studied at Giessen; was appointed teacher at the gymnasium there in 1803; and in the year 1806 went to Rome, where he remained two years as tutor in the family of Wilhelm von Humboldt, who became his warm friend. On his return from Italy, he was appointed to a professorship of ancient literature in Giessen. In 1814 he served in the War of Liberation. For political reasons he left Giessen, went the following year to Copenhagen, to edit the posthumous works of the Danish archæologist Zoëga, and accepted a chair at Göttingen in 1816. Thence he was called in 1819 to Bonn, where he remained until his death, though he resigned his chair in 1859. Welcker's studies covered a wide range, but his chief influence was exerted in the fields of Greek literature, art, and mythology. He belonged, like Böckh and his pupil K. O. Müller, to that school of German philologists who took as their aim the complete reconstruction of the ancient life, in distinction from the school of G. Hermann, who were disposed to limit the field to the language and text of the Greek and Roman writers. Welcker was thoroughly imbued with the harmony of the whole Greek conception, whether expressed in art, literature, or religion, and it was to the presentation of this as a complete whole that he devoted his efforts. Among his editions of Greek texts are the collection of the fragments of Hipponax (1817), Theognis (1826), Philostratus (1825), and the Theogony of Hesiod (1865). Of his other works may be mentioned Der epische Cyklus (1835, 1849; reprinted 1865, 1882); Die Eschyleische Trilogie Prometheus, und Nachtrag (1824, 1826); Die griechischen Tragödien mit Rücksicht auf den epischen Cyklus geordnet (1839-41); Griechische Götterlehre (1857-62). Shorter essays were collected in Alte Denkmäler (1849-64) and Kleine Schriften
(1844-67). Consult Kekulé, Das Leben Friedrich Gottlieb Welckers (Leipzig, 1880).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Weld

Edition of 1905. See also Reseda luteola on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WELD (Dutch wouw, Swed., Dan. vau, Ger. Wau, weld; of unknown etymology), Woold, Dyer's Rocket, Dyer's Weed, or Yellow Weed (Reseda Luteola). A plant of the natural order Resedaceæ and of the same genus as mignonette (q.v.), a native of waste places in many parts of Europe and introduced in some places in the Eastern United States. It is cultivated to some extent for dyeing. Good weld must have flowers of a beautiful yellow or greenish color, and abound in leaves; that which is small, thin-stemmed, and yellow is better than that which is large, thick-stemmed, and green; that which grows on dry, sandy soils is better than that produced on rich and moist soils. For the greatest production of coloring matter the plant should be cut before the fruits show much development, otherwise the pigment diminishes. Though in part supplanted by chemical dyes, weld is still a valuable dyestuff. It serves equally for linen, woolen, and silk, dyeing with proper management all shades of yellow, and producing a bright and beautiful color. Large quantities of weld are exported from France.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wellman, Walter

Edition of 1905. See also Walter Wellman on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WELLMAN, Walter (1858—). An American journalist and explorer, born in Mentor, Ohio. He received a common-school education. ln 1869 he founded the Cincinnati Evening Post, and after 1884 lie was the Washington correspondent successively of the Chicago Herald and the Chicago Times-Herald. In 1892 he attempted to locate the first landfall of Columbus, and built a monument on Watling Island, in the Bahamas, on the spot which he regarded as answering the description; and in 1804 he led an expedition to the Arctic regions and reached a point on the eighty-first degree of latitude, northeast of Spitzbergen. In 1898-90 he led another expedition to the Arctic regions, making Cape Tegetthoff in Franz Josef Land his base of operations, and spending the winter of 1898-99 there. He established an outpost at Cape Heller, near the eighty-first parallel, and from this place in the early spring of 1899 started on a 'dash for the pole,' but at the end of March, by which time the party had reached a point off the coast of Rudolf Land, near the eighty-second parallel, he was compelled by an accident to retreat. Later a party under Baldwin, a member of the expedition, first definitely marked the eastern limits of Franz Josef Land. Wellman also reported the discovery of some twenty new lands or islands. Accounts of the second polar expedition were published by Wellman in McClure's Magazine, vol. xiv. (New York, 1900), in the Century Magazine, vol. xxxv. (n. s.) (New York, 1899), and the National Geographical Magazine, vol. x. (Washington, 1899).
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wells

Edition of 1905. See also Well on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WELLS. See Well- Sinking; Water Supply: Artesian Wells.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Weitling, Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Wilhelm Weitling on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WEITLING, vīt′lĭng, Wilhelm (1808-71). A German socialist, born in Magdeburg. He was a tailor by trade, but traveled through his native country preaching communism and other radical doctrines. After taking part in the revolutionary movement of 1848 he settled in America, which he had previously visited, and formed a socialist society in New York City called the Arbeiterbund. He was identified with a socialistic colony in Wisconsin, but lived in New York, where he had a clerkship. The ideal society of Weitling was to be fashioned on the old ethnic lines, a federation of the families of the world, with leaders chosen by acclamation, who should divide the products of labor, giving to every one a fixed share. He wrote Die Menschheit wie sie ist und sein soll (1838), Garantien der Harmonie
und Freiheit (1842), and Das Evangelium eines armen Sünders.