OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maryland Yellowthroat

Edition of 1905. See also Common yellowthroat on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MARYLAND YELLOWTHROAT. A North American warbler (Geothlypis trichas), common in summer throughout the continent. It is about 5½ inches long, olive-green above and bright yellow below, with a conspicuous broad black band or ‘mask’ across the forehead (of the male), which includes the bill, extends back to a point on each side of the neck, and is bordered above by a white line; the female has only a dull white line above the eye. These warblers spend their time near the ground and make their nests there, usually beside a stream; and they utter a short, questioning song as characteristic as it is pretty. Several closely allied species, as the Kentucky warbler (q.v.), mourning, Connecticut, and McGillivray's warblers, belong to this genus, and visit the United States, while several others are found only in Mexico and Central America.
MARYLAND YELLOWTHROAT.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Marylebone

Edition of 1905. See also Marylebone on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MARYLEBONE, mā′rĭ-lē̇-bōn′, commonly mā′rĭl-bō̇n or măr′-ĭ-bŭn. A metropolitan and Parliamentary borough of London, in the northwestern part of the city. It is regularly laid out, with many handsome streets, and here are situated Regent's Park, the gardens of the Zoölogical and Botanic societies, the Colosseum, Middlesex and other hospitals, University College, and the terminal stations of the Midland, Great Western, and Great Northern railroads. Population, in 1891, 144,083; in 1901, 133,329.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jette, Sir Louis A.

See also the disclaimer.
Jette, Sir Louis A., was born at L’Assomption, Quebec, in 1836, and was called to the bar in 1857. He for some time was a journalist; was elected to the House of Commons for Montreal East in 1872; and was appointed judge of the Superior Court in 1878. He became professor of civil law at Laval and subsequently dean of the taculty. In 1903 he was appointed one of the Alaskan boundary commissioners. In 1898 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Johannesburg

See also Johannesburg on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Johan′nesburg, a town in Transvaal, South Africa, and the chief point in the Witwatersrand gold-fields. It is 35 miles south of Pretoria, the capital. The town has had a remarkable growth. Railroads connect it with Delagoa Bay, Durban, Port Elizabeth and Cape Town. The population recently numbered 237,220, consisting of (120,411) whites, (116,809) colored, aboriginal natives and other colored races. The town is well-equipped with churches, banks and mercantile houses, but the water supply is poor and sanitary arrangements are defective. Dust-storms are a feature, and fevers sometimes are epidemic. With the outbreak of the Boer War Johannesburg temporarily lost its British population, which hurriedly withdrew. The city was occupied by Lord Roberts on May 31, 1900.
# The New Student's Reference Work/John

See also John of England on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
John surnamed Lackland, king of England (1199–1216), was the youngest of the five sons of Henry II, and was born at Oxford on Dec. 24, 1167. John joined his brothers in their rebellion against his father, and knowledge of this ungrateful act hastened Henry’s death (1189). Richard I succeeded but died in 1199, choosing John as his successor. Arthur, the son of Geoffrey, was the rightful heir to the crown; but he was seized, imprisoned at Rouen, and soon put secretly to death. John proved an active king. He compelled William of Scotland to do him homage, put down a rebellion in Ireland, and subdued the independent prince of Wales. Not satisfied with these activities, he quarreled with the pope and confiscated the property of the church and clergy. The pope in return placed John’s kingdom under an interdict, and in 1212 deposed the king and Jave his subjects permission to revolt. John was compelled to submit to Rome and hold his kingdom as a dependent of the pope. The English barons were anxious to end the tyranny of John, and drew up a petition, which the king rejected. This was the signal for war. The army assembled at Stamford, and marched to London, led by the rebel barons. They met the king at Runnymede, and on June 15, 1215, he was forced to sign the Great Charter (Magna Charta), the basis of the English constitution. The pope soon refused to sanction the new charter, and war again broke out. The barons called upon the dauphin of France to be their leader, and Louis landed at Sandwich on May 21, 1216. In attempting to cross the Wash, John lost his regalia and treasures; was taken sick; and died at Newark Castle on Oct. 19, 1216, in the 49th year of his age. See the histories by Pearson, Green and Stubbs; The Early Plantagenets in the Epochs of Modern History Series; and Norgate’s England under the Angevin Kings.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jewett, Sarah Orne

See also Sarah Orne Jewett on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Jew′ett, Sarah Orne, an American author, was born at South Berwick, Me., Sept. 3, 1849, and was educated at Berwick Academy. She wrote many short stories and a number of novels, and was quite successful in the portrayal of rural and provincial life. Among her novels are Deephaven, Old Friends and New, A Marsh Island, The King of Folly Island, The Life of Nancy and The Tory Lover. She died June 24, 1909.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jewish Literature

See also Secular Jewish culture on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Jew′ish Lit′erature. See Literature.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jetty

See also Jetty on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Jet′ty, an embankment or pier extending into the water, built of earth, stone and wood. Jetties are built in rivers and harbors to increase the depth of the water by narrowing the channel and thus increasing the scouring action of the current. Jetties are particularly valuable where a river empties into a sea which is more or less tideless, as the Danube into the Black Sea and the Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico. In these cases the river is continually bringing down sediment, and this is deposited at the mouth, forming a delta. There is little or no scouring action due to the flow and ebb of the tide. The jetties at the mouth of the Danube were commenced in 1858, completed in 1861, and improved in 1868. The depth of water was increased from 9½ feet to 22 feet. The Mississippi jetties put in by James B. Eads in 1875–9 are notable among modern engineering achievements. They are embankments made by sinking mattresses of interwoven osiers and covering these with stones and concrete. These embankments prolonged a channel 1,000 feet in width for 2¼ miles seaward. The depth was increased from 8 feet to 30 feet by the scour of the river. As the deposit accumulates, it will be necessary to prolong the jetties seaward in order to scour away the fresh deposits. There are many smaller harbors and rivers in the United States which have been deepened and made safer by building jetties.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Joan of Arc

See also Joan of Arc on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Joan of Arc (jōn or jō-an of ärk) or in the French form Jeanne d’Arc (zhän d’ärk), the Maid of Orleans, the daughter of humble parents, was born at Domremy, France, Jan. 6, 1412. She was taught, like other young women of her station, to sew and spin, but not to read and write. She was more modest and pious than her companions, and, when about 13, she believed that she saw a flash of light and heard a heavenly voice bidding her be diligent in her religious and holy duties. When 15, she imagined that the heavenly voice bade her go and fight for the dauphin of France. She went and persuaded him of the truth of her heavenly mission. She put on male dress and warlike equipments, and, with sword and banner, put herself at the head of the French troops, whom her example and the knowledge of her heavenly mission inspired with new confidence. From April 29 to May 8, 1429, the army under her leadership gained many victories over the English at Orleans. The national courage was kindled by these successes, and Joan became the heroine of France and the dread of the English forces who had been routed by her. She conducted the young prince to Rheims, where he was crowned on July 17, 1429, and Joan, whose bravery made this possible, saluted her king with tears of joy. She wished now to return home, thinking her mission ended, but Charles persuaded her to remain with the army, and she at last consented. In a battle with the Burgundian torces in Compiegne the French troops were defeated, and Joan was taken prisoner and sold to the English for a sum equivalent to $3,200. At Rouen, the headquarters of the English, she was tried before the bishop of Beauvais as a sorceress and witch, and after a long, shameful and unjust trial she was condemned to be burned at the stake. She suffered this terrible fate on May 30, 1431. “We are lost,” said an English soldier; “we have burned a saint!” In 1456 her trial was declared unjust, and Joan, a heroine and martyr, has since had an honored and unique place in history. See Lives by Michelet, Parr, Tuckey and S. L. Clemens.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Joachim, Joseph

See also Joseph Joachim on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Joachim (yō′ ȧ-kḗm), Joseph, a celebrated Hungarian violinist and composer. He was born at Kitsee, Hungary, June 28, 1831. He played the violin at the age of five years, and was later taught by Szervacsinsky at Budapest. Later he was the pupil of Boehm, and still later he went to the Conservatorium at Leipsic under the direction of Mendelssohn. Here he studied under David until 1849, when he became leader of the orchestra at Weimar. In 1854 he was appointed conductor of concerts and solo violinist to the king of Hannover. In 1868 he was given charge of the musical school in the Academy of Arts at Berlin. Joachim was recognized as a master of technique. Of his compositions the most notable was his Hungarian Concert, op. II.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Evanston (Illinois)

Edition of 1905. See also Evanston, Illinois on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ EV′ANSTON. A city in Cook County, Ill., 12 miles north of Chicago, of which it is a popular suburb; on Lake Michigan, and on the Chicago and Northwestern and the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul railroads (Map: Illinois, E 1). It is beautifully situated on the lake, and is a well-known educational centre, the Northwestern University (q.v.) and the Garrett Biblical Institute being located here. Settled about 1835, Evanston was incorporated about 1890. Its government is administered by a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral city council. With the exception of the city treasurer and city clerk, who are chosen by popular election, all municipal officials are nominated by the mayor, with the consent of the council. The city owns and operates its water-works. Population in 1900, 19,259.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Evanston (Wyoming)

Edition of 1905. See also Evanston, Wyoming on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ EVANSTON. A city and the county-seat of Uinta County, Wyo., in the southwestern part of the State; on the Bear River, and on the Union Pacific Railroad (Map: Wyoming, D 5). It is the seat of the State Institution for the Insane. The city is an agricultural and stock-raising and coal-mining district, and has some industrial establishments, the principal of which are railroad repair-shops. Oil has been found in the vicinity. Population, in 1890, 1995; in 1900, 2110.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ewald, Georg Heinrich August von

Edition of 1905. See also Heinrich Ewald on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
EWALD, ā′vȧlt, Georg Heinrich August von (1803-75). A German Orientalist and theologian. He was born and educated at Göttingen, and in 1823 was appointed instructor in the gymnasium of Wolfenbüttel. In the following year he was made lecturer in the theological faculty of Göttingen, and three years later he became professor extraordinarius of Oriental languages. His full professorship was granted him in 1831. Having become involved, together with the brothers Grimm, Dahlmann, Gervinus, Albrecht, and Weber, in the protest against the abrogation of the Constitution which the King of Hanover had been obliged to grant in 1830, Ewald was removed from his professorship in 1837. He went in the following year to Tübingen as professor in the philosophical faculty, from which he changed in 1841 to the theological. Here, however, he became involved in controversies with the Catholics, Hegelians, and Pietists. He left Tübingen after having been ennobled by the King of Württemberg, and was reinstated in his old position at Göttingen in 1848. For many years, in addition to his professorial duties, Ewald was engaged in active support of the movement for Protestant reform in Germany. After Hanover was annexed to Prussia, in October, 1866, his loyalty to the dethroned dynasty caused him to refuse to take the oath of allegiance to the King of Prussia. As a result of this decision, and of certain expressions of opinion, he was removed from his position, and pensioned in 1868. Ewald represented repeatedly the city of Hanover as a member of the Guelph faction in the North German and German Diets.
Ewald wielded an immense influence as a scholar, and his learning was profound. His work was, however, marred by his dogmatic and controversial spirit. His writings, excepting his expressions on political subjects, which were merely temporary in their interest, were almost entirely on the Old and New Testaments and on Arabic. Among his important contributions to Hebrew philology and theology may be named
his Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (8th ed. 1870); Hebräische Sprachlehre für Anfänger (4th ed. 1874); Geschichte des Volkes Israel (7 vols., 3d ed., 1864-70); Die Altertümer des Volkes Israel (3d ed. 1866); and Die Lehre der Bibel von Gott oder Theologie des alten und neuen Bundes (4 vols., 1871-78). Of Ewald's treatises on other Semitic languages, the principal ones are: Grammatica Critica Linguæ Arabicæ (2 vols., 1831-33); Abhandlung über des äthiopischen Buches Henókh Entstehung (1854); Ueber die phönikischen Ansichten von der Weltschöpfung und den geschichtlichen Wert Sanchuniathons (1857). Of a more miscellaneous character are his Sprachwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen (3 parts, 1861-71); Verzeichniss der orientalischen Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek zu Tübingen (1839); Ueber einige ältere Sanskritmetra (1827). Ewald was also the founder (1837) and one of the editors of the Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes as well as of the Jahrbücher der biblischen Wissenschaft (1849-65).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Europa and the Bull

EUROPA AND THE BULL. A well-known painting by Titian (1562), representing the Phœnician damsel borne through the waters on the back of the metamorphosed Zeus, followed by three Cupids, one being seated on a dolphin's back. The painting is now in Cobham Hall, England.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Europa

Edition of 1905. See also Europa (mythology) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
EURO'PA (Lat., from Gk. Εὐρώπη, Europē, from Assyr. ērēbu, to set (of the sun), although the Greeks etymologized the word as broad-eyed, from εὐρύς, eurys, broad + ὤψ, ōps, eye). In Greek legend, a daughter of Agenor (q.v.), or Phœnix, King of Phœnicia. Her beauty attracted the attention of Zeus, who appeared in the
form of a white bull, and carried her to Crete, where she became the mother of Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon. Zeus presented her with the bronze man, Talos, a dog who never lost his prey, and a spear which never missed its mark, and later gave her to King Asterius of Crete, who adopted her sons. After her death she was worshiped under the surname Hellotia, or Hellotis. Modern mythologists are inclined to see in Europa a moon goddess, or else an earth goddess of fertility, like Demeter. See also Cadmus.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Eupolis

Edition of 1905. See also Eupolis on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
EU′POLIS (Lat., from Gk. Εὔπολις) (c.446–411 B.C.). An Athenian poel of the Old Comedy, ranking with Cratinus and Aristophanes. His first play was produced in B.C. 429, when he was but seventeen years old. He produced in all fourteen, or, according to Suidas, seventeen pieces, of which seven won the first prize. In the
early part of his career he was on terms of close friendship and collaborated with Aristophanes, but later the relation was changed so that each accused the other of plagiarizing from his dramas. Eupolis died apparently in B.C. 411 in a naval battle, in consequence of which misfortune it is said the Athenians thereafter exempted poets from military service. The fragments are collected in Meineke, Fragmenta Comicorum Græcorum, vols. i., ii. (Berlin, 1839–57); Kock, Comicorum Atticorum Fragmenta, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1880).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Evansville

Edition of 1905. See also Evansville, Indiana on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ EVANSVILLE. A city, port of entry, and county-seat of Vanderburg County, Ind., 180 miles southwest of Indianapolis; on the Ohio River, and on the Evansville and Terre Haute; the Louisville, Evansville and Saint Louis; the Louisville and Nashville, and other railroads (Map: Indiana, B 4). Coal abounds in the vicinity, and the city has a large trade in coal, timber, grain, pork, tobacco, and flour. The industrial plants include foundries and machine-shops, flouring-mills, furniture-factories, plow-works, and establishments for the manufacture of liquors, cotton and woolen goods, leather, etc. Among the more prominent buildings are the custom-house, court-house, city hall, United States Marine Hospital, State Hospital for the Insane, Evans (Temperance) Hall, and Willard Library. Other features of interest are Cooks, Mesker, and Garvin parks. The government is administered under a charter of 1893, which provides for a mayor, elected every four years, and a city council, the majority of the members of which are elected by wards, and the rest at large. All other officials, excepting the clerk of the city, who is chosen by the council, are appointed by the executive. The annual income of the city is about $940,000; annual expenditures, about $700,000. The principal items of expense are $50,000 for the police department, $55,000 for the fire department, and $170,000 for schools. The water-works are owned by the city, the yearly cost of operation being about $30,000. Evansville founded in 1816 by General Robert M. Evans, became the county-seat in 1819, and with a population of 4000 was incorporated as a city in 1847. Population in 1890, 50,750; in 1900, 59,007.
# The Perth gazette, and independent journal of politics and news/Volume 3

Issue numbers need to be listed for this volume, and the following date needs to be allocated to an issue number:
# The Perth gazette, and independent journal of politics and news/Volume 4

Issue numbers need to be listed for this volume, and the following date needs to be allocated to an issue number:
# The Perth gazette and Western Australian times/15 March 1867

Probably no event in the colony ever tickled the risible faculties of the public, than did the escape of the notorious convict Moondyne Joe on the afternoon of Thursday last week. Much of the amusement felt arose from remembrance of the theatrical exhibition made of Joe by the Acting Comptroller General when he was last captured — chaining him to a post in one of the yards, and Mr Hampton improving the occasion by addressing the assembled prisoners, and pointing out to them Joe's sad condition, as an example of what would befall them if they went and did likewise. Joe's ingenuity in making his escape from his apparently hopeless condition has gained him many sympathisers, who express an opinion that he has earned his freedom, more especially as Mr Hampton is said to have told him, when he saw him put into the cell which had been specially prepared for him, that if he managed to make his escape again, he would forgive him. That cell was made wonderfully strong, as much so as iron and wood could make it, and in it Joe was kept chained to a ring in the floor or wall, allowing a movement of about one yard, in heavy irons, with one hour's exercise daily in one of the yards. The Surgeon, however, reported that a greater amount of open air was necessary for the maintenance of health; consequently Mr Hampton selected a position in the angle of the wall at the back of the yard of the Superintendent's house, and there Joe was set to work at stone breaking under the eye of the sentry upon the prison walls, and the warder of the chain-gang working in the yards. How long he was so employed we know not, but on Thursday afternoon on being visited by the warder, the prisoner was gone and in his place was a neatly contrived dummy. It seems that the broken stone had been allowed to accumulate until it got to a considerable height, and together with that unbroken which Joe had been allowed to pile around him, concealed his person below his waist from the view of the sentry and the warder, and chance which Joe did not allow to escape. His plan must have taken some time to execute, for the first thing was to provide a means of getting through the wall, a work of considerable labour... The hole ready through the wall into Mr Lefroy's yard, Joe then prepared for his exit by sticking his hammer upright and with some umbrella wire he had got possession of, he formed a shape something of a man's shoulders and arms. Upon the top he placed his cap and having slit up the sleeves of his jacket and shirt, managed to slip out of them and leave them upon the frame he had constructed; then having got rid of his irons and divested himself of his trousers, got through his hole in the wall...
# The Perth gazette and Western Australian times/22 November 1867

CONVICT DISCIPLINE AT FREMANTLE — We take the following from the London Review of Sept. 7, 1867:
The convicts of Western Australia have presented a memorial to the Legislative Council, making certain disclosures of the treatment to which they have been subjected at Fremantle.... The convicts complain that the limits which the law has placed upon the punishments they have to undergo have been systematically disregarded. They assert that whilst corporeal punishment should not exceed 50 lashes, "the prisoner, in nearly every case, receives 100 lashes for frivolous disciplinary offences." That whilst imprisonment in dark cells on bread and water should not exceed beyond seven consecutive or twenty-eight alternate days, with at least an hour a day for exercise, the usual custom at Fremantle is to extend the punishment to twenty-eight consecutive days, and sometimes as far as thirty, forty, or fifty, without light, air or exercise... The truth of these complains should be inquired into, and if these lawless acts of tyranny we have detailed have been committed, the perpetration of them must not be permitted to go unpunished.
# The Perth gazette and WA times

Before 1865 this newspaper was known as The Perth gazette, and independent journal of politics and news; the name change recognises its absorption of its competitor The West Australian times.
* Volume 1 (1 October 1864 – 1865)
* Volume 2 (1865–6)
* Volume 3 (1866–7)
** No. 24
*** 15 March 1867
* Volume 4 (1867–8)
** No. 8
*** 22 November 1867
* Volume 5 (1868–9)
* Volume 6 (1869–70)
* Volume 7 (1870–1)
* Volume 8 (1871–2)
* Volume 9 (1872–3)
* Volume 10 (1873 – 26 June 1874)
From 1874, the title was changed to The Western Australian times.