OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Offenbach, Jacques

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ OFFENBACH, JACQUES, a French composer of opera bouffe; born of Jewish parents in Cologne, June 21, 1819. He went to Paris in 1833, and settled there, becoming orchestra leader in the Théâtre Français in 1848, and manager of the Bouffes Parisiennes in 1855. Offenbach composed a vast number of light, lively operettas, “Marriage by Lanterns”; “Elezondo's Daughter”; etc.; but the productions by which he is best known are a series of burlesque operas, in virtue of which he must be regarded as the inventor of the modern form of opera bouffe. Among the most notable are: “Orpheus in Hades” (1858); “La Belle Helene”; “Bluebeard”; “The Grand Duchess”; “Genevieve of Brabant”; and “King Garotte.” “Madame Favart” (1878) became almost as popular in England and the United States as in France. He died in Paris, France, Oct. 5, 1880.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ogden

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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ OGDEN, a city and county-seat of Weber co., Utah; at the junction of the Weber and Ogden rivers, and on the Oregon Short Line, the Southern Pacific, the Rio Grande Western, the Salt Lake and Ogden and the Union Pacific railroads, 37 miles N. of Salt Lake City. It is the seat of the Weber Stake Academy (Mormon), Sacred Heart Academy, the State Industrial School, the State School for the Blind, and the State School for the Deaf and Dumb. Here are street railroads, electric lights, National and private banks, parks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. The industries comprise mining, iron founding, flour and lumber milling, brewing, and the manufacture of boots and shoes, woolen goods, brooms, vinegar, and other commodities. In Ogden Canon are large powder works and also the city's electric light plant. The streets are wide and well kept, and the buildings substantial. Pop. (1910) 25,580; (1920) 32,804.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ochs, Adolph S.

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
OCHS, ADOLPH S., an American newspaper publisher, born in Cincinnati, O., 1858; educated in the public schools of Knoxville, Tenn., where, after finishing his schooling, he began his business career by selling newspapers. Later he apprenticed himself to a printer and became a compositor on a local newspaper. In 1878 he ventured into the newspaper publishing field himself, acquiring ownership of the Chattanooga “Times,” of which he is still the proprietor. In 1896 he purchased the New York “Times.” He was also a director of the Associated Press.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Offenbach

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ OFFENBACH, a manufacturing town of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the S. bank of the Main, 5 miles S. E. of Frankfort. Before the World War among its industrial products were chemicals, fancy leather goods, machines, and carriages. The schloss was a residence of the princely house of Isenburg-Birstein. Pop. about 80,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ogden, Robert Morris

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ OGDEN, ROBERT MORRIS, an American educator, born in Binghamton, N. Y., in 1877. Graduated from Cornell University in 1901 and afterward studied in Germany. He was associate professor of psychology in the University of Missouri in 1903-1905, and was associate professor and professor of psychology and philosophy at the University of Texas, from 1909 to 1914. In latter years he ​was appointed professor of psychology in the University of Kansas, serving till 1916, when he became professor of education of Cornell University. He is a member of many psychological and philosophical societies and wrote and translated many works on psychology.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Robert Pullus

From volume 13 of the work.
(PULLEN, PULLAN, PULLY.)
Cardinal, English philosopher and theologian, of the twelfth century, b. in England about 1080; d. 1147-50. He seems to have studied in Paris in the first decades of the twelfth century. In 1153 he began to teach at Oxford, being among the first of the celebrated teachers in the schools which were afterwards organized into the University of Oxford. After the death of Henry II he returned to Paris; thence he went to Rome, where he was appointed cardinal and Chancellor of the Apostolic See. His influence was always on the side of orthodoxy and against the encroachments of the rationalistic tendency represented by Abelard. This we know from the biography of St. Bernard written by William of St. Thierry, and from his letters. Robert wrote a compendium of theology, entitled "Sententiarum Theologicarum Libri Octo", which, for a time, held its place in the school of Western Europe as the official text book in theology. It was, however, supplanted by the "Libri Sententiarum" of Peter the Lombard, compared with whom Robert seems to have been more inclined to strict interpretation of ecclesiastical tradition than to yield to the growing demands of the dialectical method in theology and philosophy. The Lombard, however, finally gained recognition and decided the fate of scholastic theology in the thirteenth century. Robert's "Summa" was first published by the Benedictine Dom Mathoud (Paris, 1655). It is reprinted in Migne (P.L., CLXXXVI, 639 sqq.).
HAUREAU, Hist. de la phil. scol., I (Paris, 1872), 483 sqq.
WILLIAM TURNER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Robert Phillip

From volume 12 of the work.
Priest, d. at Paris, 4 Jan., 1647. He was descended from the Scottish family of Phillip of Sanquhar, but nothing is known of his early life. Ordained in Rome, he returned in 1612 to Scotland where he was betrayed by his father, seized while saying Mass, and tried at Edinburgh as a seminary priest, 14 Sept., 1613. The sentence of death was commuted to banishment, and he withdrew to France, where he joined the French Oratory recently founded by Cardinal de Bérulle. In 1628 he went to England as confessor to Queen Henrietta Maria, and at her request he besought the pope for financial aid against the king's enemies. The subsequent negotiations were discovered, and Phillip was impeached on the charge of being a papal spy and of having endeavoured to pervert Prince Charles, but proceedings dropped owing to the displeasure of Richelieu at the introduction of his own name into the matter. Later he was committed to the Tower for refusing to be sworn on the Anglican Bible on 2 Nov., 1641, when he had been summoned by the Lords' committee to be examined touching State matters. Released through the queen's influence, he accompanied her to The Hague in March, 1642, and remained with her in Paris till his death.
NALSON, Collection of Affairs of State, II (London, 1682-3); BERINGTON, Memoirs of Panzani (Birmingham, 1793); STOTHERT; Catholic Church in Scotland, ed. GORDON (Glasgow, 1869); FOLEY, Records of Eng. Jesuits, V (London, 1879); SECCOMBE in Dict. Nat. Biog., s.v. PHILIPS, ROBERT; GILLOW, Bible. Dict. Eng. Cath., s.v.
EDWIN BURTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Robert Plowden

From volume 12 of the work.
Elder brother of Charles, born 27 January, 1740; died at Wappenbury, 27 June, 1823. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1756, and was ordained in 1763. After some years spent at Hoogstraet in Belgium, as director of the Carmelite Nuns, he returned to England, and was stationed at Arlington, Devon, from 1777 to 1787. Appointed to Bristol, he had a wider field for his zeal and ability: at his coming, the Catholics had only one wretched room in a back alley for a chapel; Father Plowden's exertions resulted in the erection of St. Joseph's Church, together with a parochial residence and schools. His activity was extended to the mission of Swansea and South Wales District, of which he may be considered the principal founder. He remained at Bristol for nearly thirty years, beloved by his flock, and esteemed by all for his frank character, disinterested labours, and bounty to the poor. Removed from Bristol in 1815, he became chaplain to the Fitzherbert family at Swynnerton until 1820, when he retired to Wappendbury, where he died. He was a keen theologian, "a more solid divine than his brother Charles", according to Bishop Carroll — an unflinching defender of Catholic principles and practices, and a firm supporter of Bishop Milner in trying circumstances. The inscription on his tomb commemorates his candor, zeal, and learning. He translated from the French: "The Elevation of the Soul to God", which passed through several editions in England; American editions, Philadelphia, 1817, and New York, 1852.
Foley, Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus. IV, 554; Oliver Collections S.J.
E. I. Devitt.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Robert Mannyng of Brunne

* related authors: Robert Mannyng.
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From volume 9 of the work.
Poet. He came from Bourne in Lincolnshire, England. From his own account he entered the house of the Gilbertine Canons at Sempringham in 1288 and at some period in his life he was with Robert Bruce at Cambridge. In 1338 he was living in another priory of his order, but still in Lincolnshire. The date of his death is unknown. He was the author of two poems, both free translations from the French: (1) "Handlyng Synne", a very free rendering of the "Manuel des Peschiez" which had been written in poor French verse by an Englishrnan, William of Waddington, in the reign of Edward I. It consists chiefly of a series of stories illustrating the commandments, the seven deadly sins, the sin of sacrilege and the Sacraments. Mannyng is much more of a story-teller than a poet, he interpolates tales of his own and illustrates those of his original from the English life of his day. He is severe on all classes of society, but is yet sympathetic towards the poor. (2) A "Chronicle of England", the first part of which is a translation, with some additions, of Wace's version of Geoffrey of Monmouth, and the second is based on Peter de Langtoft's Anglo-Norman poem. When Mannyng comes to the reign of Edward I he inserts a good deal of matter which has some independent historical value. These poems are important because they illustrate a growing interest in "ignorant men who delight in listening to tales" but who cannot read French, because they foreshadow the love of storytelling which is to produce the "Canterbury Tales" at the end of the century and because they helped to make East-Midland English the literary dialect of English. F. J. Furnivall has edited the "Handlyng Synne" and the "Chronicle" with prefaces. The authorship of "Meditacyuns of the Soper of our Lord Jhesus" (edited for the Early English Text Society in 1875), has also been ascribed to Mannyng, but this is by no means ascertained beyond doubt.
Cf. Cambridge History of English Literature, vol. I, pp. 344-52; Dict. of Nat. Biography, s. v.
F. Urquhart.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Robert Isaac Wilberforce

From volume 15 of the work.
Born at Clapham, 19 December, 1802; died at Albano, near Rome, 3 Feb. 1857. He was the second son of William Wilberforce, and a younger brother of Samuel Wilberforce, Anglican Bishop of Oxford. Educated privately, he entered Oriel College, Oxford, in 1820, and after graduating with a double first, he was elected a fellow of Oriel in 1826, thus becoming a colleague of Newman, Pusey, Keble, and Hurrell Froude. In the same year he took Anglican orders, and on leaving Oxford in 1831 he became rector successively of East Farleigh, Kent, and Burton Agnes, Yorkshire. In 1832 he married Agnes Everilda Wrangham, who died in 1834, leaving him two children, and three years later he married Jane Legard, by whom he had no issue. In 1841 he was installed as canon of York Cathedral and Archdeacon of the East Riding. His wide theological reading made him an influential member of the Tractarian party, and it was a great loss to the High Churchmen when in October, 1854, he became a Catholic, being received at Paris on All Saints' Day. Being now a widower for the second time, he determined to study for the priesthood on the advice of Manning, whose intimate friend and confidential adviser he had been in their Anglican days. With this view he entered the Accademia in Rome, but within a year he died, having only received minor orders. Besides the "Life of William Wilberforce", which he wrote with his brother Samuel (5 vols., London, 1838), he published several historical and theological works.
MOZLEY, Letters of J. B. Mozley (London, 1885); IDEM, Letters and Correspondence of J. H. Newman (London, 1891); ASHWELL and WILBERFORCE, Life of Samuel Wilberforce (London, 1880-2); BROWNE, History of the Tractarian Movement (London, 1856); LIDDON, Life of E. B. Pusey (London, 1893-4); PURCELL, Life of Cardinal Manning (London, 1895); FOSTER, Alumni Oxonienses (Oxford, 1891); LEDGE in Dict. Nat. Biog., s.v.; GILLOW in Bibl. Eng. Cath., s.v.
EDWIN BURTON
# Cluett v. Claflin

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United States Supreme Court
140 U.S. 180
Cluett v. Claflin
'Its construction consists in preparing and fixing the two or more layers in place smoothly in relation t ea ch other, and then binding the edge with a folded strip of cloth like the bosom front, cut bias (or diagonally) or straight from the piece, so as to turn the curves of the bosom without tendency to gather on one side, and so as to suit round, square, or any other shaped bosom, this binding extending entirely around the bosom, (except at the neck and yoke,) and holding the parts firmly in place by a line of stitches before the bosom is inserted in or placed on or attached to the body of the shirt, and finally attaching the bosom so prepared to the shirt-body, in the manner hereinafter shown. The invention consists in the shirt-bosom or shirt and bosom, so constructed, and not in the bosom alone.'
His claims were as follows:
'(1) In combination with a shirt-body, a shirt-bosom bound on the outer edge with a folded and stitched binding, and attached to the shirt-body by a separate line of stitching through such binding.
'(2) The shirt-bosom, S, composed of two or more thicknesses of cloth, B, L, bound on the outer edge with the binding, B", and secured to the shirt-front, F, by the line of stitching, O.'
Upon the hearing in the circuit court the invention was held to be invalid for want of patentable novelty, and the bill was dismissed. 24 Blatchf. 412, and 30 Fed. Rep. 921. Plaintiffs thereupon appealed to this court.
Saml. A. Duncan and James A. Skilton, for appellants.
David Tim, for appellees.
Mr. Justice BROWN, after stating the facts as above, delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Clune v. United States

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United States Supreme Court
159 U.S. 590
Clune v. United States
Robert Christy, for plaintiffs in error.
Atty. Gen. Harmon, for the United States.
Mr. Justice BREWER delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cluett v. McNeany/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
140 U.S. 183
Cluett v. McNeany
As this case also turns upon the validity of the same patent, (Cluett v. Claflin, ante, 725,) the decree of the court below is affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Clumsy Hans

English-language translations of Klods-Hans include:
* "Blockhead Hans" in The Yellow Fairy Book (1894), edited by Andrew Lang, illustrated by H. J. Ford
* "Silly Hans" in Fairy Tales and Stories (1900), translated by H. L. Brækstad, illustrated by H. Tegner
* "Jack the Dullard" in Fairy Tales and Other Stories (1914), translated by W. A. Craigie and J. K. Craigie
# Clubs of America v. Clark

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## Dissenting Opinion

    Douglas
United States Supreme Court
389 U.S. 309
Clubs of America v. Clark
Argued: Dec. 11, 1967. --- Decided: Jan 22, 1968
See 390 U.S. 913, 88 S.Ct. 814.
William M. Kunstler, Arthur Kinoy, Melvin L. Wulf, David Rein, Monroe H. Freedman and Floyd McKissick, for appellants.
Acting Solicitor General Spritzer, Assistant Attorney General Yeagley, Kevin T. Maroney, George B. Searls and Lee B. Anderson, for appellees.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cluett v. McNeany

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
140 U.S. 183
Cluett v. McNeany
Saml. A. Duncan and James A. Skilton, for appellants.
David Tim, for appellees.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Coloured figures of English fungi or mushrooms/Volume 1/Tab. 11

TAB. XI.
HELVELLA RELHANI
The Rev. Mr. Relhan found three specimens of this plant growing at a little distance from each other on the north side of Gogmagog hills. The upper side of the pileus was silky, and the edges slightly fringed with the same silky membrace, like Agaricus araneosus.
There seems some affinity between this little fungus and Lycoperdon phalloides Dicks. Fasc. t. 24, figured by Mr. Woodward in the Phil. Trans. vol. 74, 423, t. 16. and in Dr. Smith's Spicilegium t. 12. See also Phallus conicus Flo. Dan. t. 1554.
# Coloured figures of English fungi or mushrooms/Volume 1/Tab. 13

TAB. XIII.
PEZIZA EPIDENDRA Bulliard t. 467.
This beautiful fungus was found at Camberwell among rotten sticks, sometimes protruding from a ​stick more than an inch deep in the bank. The out side is very woolly, attaching it to straws and other substances in its way. In drying it becomes toughist and leathery, and less vivid in colour.
# Coloured figures of English fungi or mushrooms/Volume 1/Tab. 15

TAB. XV.
HYDNUM Daviesii.
A rare species, hitherto I believe discovered only by the Rev. Mr. Hugh Davies, on a decaying apple-tree in Llysdulas garden Anglesea, 1790, from whom I have been favoured with excellent and well preserved specimens. It much resembles Boletus versicolor in colour and texture, and by the upper surface might be mistaken for that fungus.
# Coloured figures of English fungi or mushrooms/Volume 1/Preface

PREFACE.
Having undertaken the present Work, I feel great satisfaction in the encouragement it receives from the public, which I shall endeavour to continue to deserve.
The Twelfth Number contains the promised Index, in which are included some synonyms from different authors, many of them not quoted in the descriptions to the figures; nor could I, with confidence, have cited all of them at the time those descriptions were written, as I daily acquire a better knowledge of the species of Fungi; so that I flatter myself with being able in the end more prefectly to distinguish them than could at first have been expected. in this, Nature seems ready to lend her assistance; that very simplicity of structure which in many cases appears to have led authors into confusion, being, one would think, more likely to make this tribe of plants easily understood. Some of them are exactly a year in their progress to maturity; yet their changes in the course of that progress are very trifling, compared with those we see in (what are termed) perfect plants: such slight changes however have given rise to many supposed species. Much more frequently therefore have varieties been described as such, so that ​one species often happens to have been figured or described ten times over. It is indeed easier to describe or draw an individual variety, than to ascertain to what species it belongs, while it may be compared to so many in different authors. When they are more clearly ascertained, we shall possibly be able to cultivate the useful kinds; for only one, the common Mushroom, or Agaricus campestris, is at present cultivated. Some I am sure would be admired as ornaments; others are already made use of for culinary and œconomical purposes, more particularly in foreign countries. Some I am persuaded would assist in dyeing. Several of the Sphærias yield the finest black I ever met with. The Lycoperdons afford in their ripe state different browns very copiously, in a fine impalpable powder, fit for immediate drawing when mixed with a little gum arabic water. I intend when I figure some of the Lycoperdons to use their own powder to represent itself.
# Coloured figures of English fungi or mushrooms/Volume 1/Tab. 14

TAB. XIV.
AGARICUS CLYPEOLARIUS With. v. 3. 379.
This occurs frequently in woods and fir plantations in damp weather. It certainly includes the A. meleagris of Withering. The ring is occasionally wanting, nor can I call it permanent.
Many Agarics have, like this, a loose pith, but so tender it often slides along with the blade of the instrument used to divide the stalk.
# Coloured figures of English fungi or mushrooms

* Volume 1
* Volume 2
* Volume 3
# Coloured figures of English fungi or mushrooms/Volume 1/Tab. 1

TAB. I.
AGARICUS VOLVACEUS Bulliard t. 262.
Found in great plenty in the bark-beds of hothouses about London in the year 1785. The Rev. Mr. Relhan, so well known by his Flora Cantabrigiensis, discovered it in Dr. Harwood's bark-bed at Cambridge last year 1794, and, considering it as a great curiosity, very kindly favoured me with specimens. The same year I met with it growing in a lane at Peckham, inclining to the appearance of Bulliard's A. vaginatus. On the 21st of August 1795 I found in Earl Spencer's park at Wimbledon a specimen resembling that figure which is just disengaging itself from the volva, but four times as large, with a lighter coloured pileus, but gills corresponding in colour to these; it grew on a very rotten stump of a Lime-tree.