OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Gerste

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Gerste. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Gerste, feminine, ‘barley,’ from the equivalent Middle High German gërste, Old High German gërsta, feminine; akin to Dutch gerst; a specifically German word, unknown to the other dialects; Old Saxon and Anglo-Saxon grîst, English grist, are not connected with it, but with Old Teutonic grindan, ‘to grind’ (equivalent to Latin frendere, ‘to gnash’?). In the remaining Teutonic dialects the terms for Gerste are Gothic baris, Old Icelandic bygg (and barr), Anglo-Saxon bęre, English barley. Old High German gërsta, from pre-Teutonic ghérzdâ-, corresponds only to the equivalent Latin hordeum (from *horsdeum, primary form *ghṛzdéyo-); Greek κριθή, ‘barley,’ is scarcely a cognate. From an Aryan root ghrs, ‘to stiffen’ (Latin horrere for *horsere, Sanscrit hṛš, ‘to bristle up’), some have inferred Gerste to mean originally ‘the prickly plant’ (on account of the prickly ears).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Gerücht

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Gerücht. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Gerücht, neuter, ‘rumour, report, reputation,’ from Middle High German gerüofte (geruofte), neuter, ‘calling, cry’; cht instead of ft (see rufen) is due to Low German influence, as in sacht and berüchtigt.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hamen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hamen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hamen, masculine, ‘tunnel-net,’ from Middle High German and Middle Low German hame; akin probably to the equivalent Old Swedish haver, Modern Swedish håf, masculine, Old High German hamo, masculine, ‘tunnel-net.’ The latter word is considered identical with Old High German *hamo (in lîhhamo, ‘body,’ Old Saxon gûðhamo, feðarhamo; compare Leichnam, Hemd, and hämisch), originally ‘covering, dress.’ From the meaning ‘Tuch,’ in the restricted sense in which it is used by fishermen and huntsmen (i.e. ‘toils’), the signification ‘net’ might of course be developed; but that is not certain. Old High German hamo, Middle High German ham, hame, masculine, ‘fishing-rod, fishing-hook,’ and the modern dialectic Hamen, are not allied to the words mentioned above; they seem to be cognate with Latin hâmus, ‘fishing-hook, hook’; the h might be explained as in haben.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Handwerk

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Handwerk. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Handwerk, neuter, ‘handicraft, trade, guild,’ from Middle High German hantwerc, neuter, ‘manual labour,’ but in the Middle High German period confused with antwerc, neuter, ‘tool, machine,’ whence the meaning ‘any vocation requiring the use of tools’ was developed.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hang

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hang. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hang, masculine, ‘declivity, propensity, bias,’ from Middle High German hanc (-ges), masculine, ‘declivity, banging.’ See hangen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hanse

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hanse. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hanse, feminine, ‘Hanse,’ from Middle High German hans, hanse, feminine, ‘mercantile association with certain defined powers as knights, merchant's guild’; originally an Upper German word (probably signifying any corporation, association? Old High German and Gothic hansa, feminine, Anglo-Saxon hôs, ‘troop’), yet it soon became current in all German dialects, and has been preserved in its application to the towns of the great North German ​Hanseatic League, while the original sense ‘troop’ became obsolete even in Middle High German. The nominal verb hänseln is simply Modern High German ‘to admit any one into a corporation’ (not into the Hanse only).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hamster

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hamster. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hamster, masculine, from the equivalent Middle High German hamster, masculine, ‘German marmot’; Old High German hamastro, masculine, signifies only ‘curculio, weevil,’ so too Old Saxon hamstra, feminine, for *hamastra. The existing meaning is probably the earlier. In form the word stands quite alone; its occurrence in German only, perhaps supports the view that it was borrowed. A corresponding word has not yet been found in a neighbouring language.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hand

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hand. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hand, feminine, ‘hand,’ from the equivalent Middle High German and Old High German hant, feminine; compare Old Saxon and Dutch hand, Anglo-Saxon hand, feminine, English hand, Old Icelandic hǫnd, Gothic handus, feminine; a common Teutonic word for ‘hand,’ unknown to the other divisions of the Aryan group, most of the languages having special terms of their own. It is usually derived from Gothic hinþan, ‘to catch,’ frahunþans, masculine, ‘prisoner’ (compare the cognate English to hunt, Anglo-Saxon huntian), in the sense of ‘the grasping, seizing part,’ and to this there is no objection, as far as the sound and meaning are concerned. ​Yet the fact remains that the old names of parts of the body have no corresponding strong verbal stems; compare Herz, Ohr, Auge, Finger, Daumen. With regard to the form, it is to be observed that the word, according to Gothic handus, was originally a u-stem, but is declined even in Old High German like nouns in i, though traces of the u declension remain throughout Old High German and Middle High German; compare abhanden.
Hand, ‘kind, sort,’ is developed from the medial sense ‘side’; compare Middle High German ze beiden handen, ‘on both sides,’ aller hande, ‘of every kind,’ vier hande, ‘of four sorts.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hanf

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hanf. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hanf, masculine, ‘hemp,’ from Middle High German hanf, hanef, masculine, Old High German hanaf, hanof, masculine; a common Teutonic word for ‘hemp’ (Gothic *hanaps is by chance not recorded); compare Anglo-Saxon hœnep, English hemp, Old Icelandic hampr. The usual assumption that the word was borrowed from the South European Greek κάνναβις (Latin cannabis) is untenable. The Teutons were not influenced by Southern civilisation until the last century or so before our era; no word borrowed from Greek-Latin has been fully subject to the Old Teutonic substitution of consonants (see Finne (1), Pfad, and the earliest loan-words under Kaiser). But the substitution of consonants in Gothic *hanaps compared with Greek κἀνναβις proves that the word was naturalised among the Teutons even before 100 B.C. “The Greeks first became acquainted with hemp in the time of Herodotus; it was cultivated by the Scythians, and was probably obtained from Bactria and Sogdiana, the regions of the Caspian and the Aral, where it is said to grow luxuriantly even at the present time.” Thus we can all the more readily reject the assumption of South European influence; compare Leinen. Why should not the Teutons in their migration from Asia to Europe have become acquainted with the culture of hemp when passing through the south of Russia, where the plant grows wild, and indeed among the very people who directly or indirectly supplied the Greeks with the word κἀνναβις? (compare also Erbse). κἀνναβις itself is a borrowed term, and Gothic *hanaps corresponds in sound quite as well with Old Slovenian konoplja, Lithuanian kanápes, ‘hemp.’ The word is found even among the Persians (kanab). It does not seem to be genuinely Aryan.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hammel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hammel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hammel, masculine, from the equivalent Middle High German and Middle Low German hamel, Old High German hamal, masculine, ‘wether’ (Middle High German also ‘steep, rugged height; cliff, pole’); properly an adjective used as a substantive, Old High German hamal, ‘mutilated,’ which elucidates the Middle High German meanings; Old High German hamalôn, Middle High German hameln (and hamen), ‘to mutilate,’ Anglo-Saxon hamelian, English to hamble (‘mutilate, lame’); Old High German hamalscorro, masculine, ‘boulder,’ Old High German hamal-, hamalung-stat, feminine, ‘place of execution,’ Middle High German hamelstat, neuter and masculine, ‘indented coast,’ hamelstat, feminine, ‘rugged ground.’ Allied to Old High German ham (inflected hammêr), adjective, ‘mutilated, crippled’ (compare hemmen), just as French mouton to Latin mutilus.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hammer

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hammer. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hammer, masculine, ‘hammer, clapper,’ from the equivalent Middle High German hamer (plural hęmer), Old High German hamar (plural hamarâ), masculine; compare Old Saxon hamur, Anglo-Saxon hamor, masculine, English hammer, and its equivalent Old Icelandic hamarr, masculine (also ‘cliff, rock’); the common Teutonic word for ‘hammer,’ by chance not recorded in Gothic only. For the elucidation of its earlier history the subsidiary meanings in Scandinavian are important; the cognate term kamy in Old Slovenian signifies ‘stone.’ Hence it has been assumed that Hammer is literally ‘stone weapon.’ Whether Sanscrit açman, ‘rock, stone weapon, hammer, anvil,’ &c., and Greek ἄκμων, ‘anvil’ (Lithuanian aknmů, ‘stone’), are also allied is uncertain.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hampfel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hampfel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hampfel, feminine, from the equivalent Middle High German hant-vol, ‘a handful.’
# American Medical Biographies/Pepper, George

​Pepper, George (1841–1872)
George Pepper, obstetrician and gynecologist, eldest son of William Pepper (1810–1864) (q. v.), and elder brother, by two years, of William Pepper (1843–1898) (q. v.), was born in Philadelphia, April 1, 1841. His mother was Sarah, daughter of William Platt. He entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1858, graduated in July, 1862, and began the study of medicine with his father; but in two months he enlisted as a private in the Sixth Pennsylvania Cavalry (Rush's Lancers). His ability soon secured promotion to a lieutenancy; he saw hard fighting and was in the Battle of Fredericksburg. In the spring of 1863 a fall with his horse on the ice dislocated his left clavicle, and being disabled from active service, he was honorably discharged in May, 1863.
He returned to Philadelphia and at once took up his interrupted medical studies, and in October, 1863, entered the University of Pennsylvania as a medical student, graduating in March, 1865, with a thesis on "Typhus Fever." The same month he married Hitty Markoe, daughter of George Mifflin Wharton, noted lawyer of Philadelphia, and a trustee of the University.
George Pepper was physician to the Magdalen Home, and while an assistant physician to the Nurses' Home, gave clinical instruction there on diseases of women; he lectured on ​the same subject at the Jayne Street Medical Institute. He was assistant to J. Forsyth Meigs (q. v.) at the Pennsylvania Hospital, and in 1868 contributed to the Hospital Reports a paper on "Retroversion of the Womb, Complicated by a Large Fibroid." He was a manager of the Philadelphia "Lying-in and Nurse Charity" in 1866.
He was largely responsible for the founding of the Philadelphia Obstetrical Society (1868), was its first secretary and was elected annually until he resigned because of his long illness. Two papers contributed to the Transactions were: "Adipose Deposits in the Omentum and Abdominal Walls of Women as a Source of Error in Diagnosis" and "The Mechanical Treatment of Displacements of the Unpregnant Uterus."
"Had it not been for his untimely death. . . . He would have become as famous in obstetrics and gynecology as his brother, William Pepper, was in other lines, for he possessed the same remarkable executive and mental abilities and the same tireless industry that is called genius." (American Journal of Obstetrics, 1918, lxxviii, 602).
He had suffered from attacks of pleurisy and nephritis, and in the spring of 1871 had typhoid fever; in the autumn an inflammation of the left lung developed, and after being ill ten months, he died at Chestnut Hill, September 14, 1872, and was buried in Laurel Hill Cemetery.
George Wharton Pepper, distinguished lawyer of Philadelphia, was his son.
# American Medical Biographies/Pepper, William (1810–1864)

​Pepper, William (1810–1864)
William Pepper, writer and eminent teacher, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, January 21, 1810. When a lad of nine years he was sent to a boarding school at Holmesburg and from, there went to Princeton University, where he graduated with the highest honors in 1828. He began to study medicine under Thomas T. Hewson (q. v.), then entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1829, graduating M. D. in 1832, with a thesis on "Apoplexy."
In the summer of 1832 Asiatic cholera appeared in Philadelphia, and hospitals were established in different parts of the city; Pepper gave valuable service at the hospital at Bush Hill. In the autumn of 1832 he went to Europe, remaining there two years in study, in Paris under Louis and Dupuytren.
In 1834 he returned to Philadelphia and began to practise, as well as to take charge for three years of one of the districts of the Philadelphia Dispensary. In 1839 he became a physician to the Wills Eye Hospital, and in 1841 a physician to the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind. In 1842 he was elected a visiting physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital, resigning in 1858, because of ill health and of his other engagements. He became professor of the theory and practice of medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 1860, succeeding George B. Wood (q. v.). "As a didactic lecturer, he was clear, concise, and yet complete" . . . Thoroughly familiar with medical literature, he had also studied disease in the great book of nature, at the bedside in private practice and in the wards of the hospitals." (Kirkbride.)
He contributed largely to medical journals and Kirkbride says that his writings were "distinguished by brevity, clearness of expression, and an eminently practical character," naming among his important writings: "Chronic Hydrocephalus" (1850); "Scrofulous Inflammation of the Lungs and Pulmonary Condensation" (1852); "Poisonous Effects Produced by Pork"; "Cases of Diseased Gall-Bladder." Henry in his "Standard History of the Medical Profession in Philadelphia" (1897) calls attention to an article by Pepper on "Pleuritic Effusions" as "among the best contributions to this important subject that can be found in medical literature."
Pepper was a member of the Philadelphia Medical Society; the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences; and was a Fellow of the College of Physicians.
In 1840 he married Sarah, daughter of William Platt; they had seven children, two of whom were physicians, George (q. v.) and William (q. v.). Dr. Pepper had a slight cough for years and suffered also from attacks of dyspnea. An acute bronchitis followed what seemed to be improvement; hemorrhage occurred and he died on October 15, 1864.
# American Medical Biographies/Peters, John Charles

​Peters, John Charles (1819–1893)
This eminent homeopathic physician and author was born in New York City, July 6, 1819. His early education was at Nazareth Hall, Pa., and he began to study homeopathy in 1837, and five years later visited Europe, working under Schoenlein, Rokitansky and Skoda, at Berlin and Vienna, and devoting especial attention to pathology, at that time a subject but little familiar to the medical profession. On his return to New York he joined with Dr. A. S. Wotherspoon in publishing a translation of Rokitansky's Pathological Anatomy in 1849, and practised homeopathy while introducing innovations in the methods of practice then in vogue. A treatise on "Diseases of the Head" was published, 1850, and between 1853 and 1856: "Apoplexy," "Nervous Derangements and Mental Disorders," "Diseases of Married Females," and "Diseases of the Eye." With Dr. F. G. Snelling he issued a "Materia Medica," 1856–1860; he also edited the North American Journal of Homeopathy. Dr. Peters was one of the three original founders of the New York Pathological Society, and in 1859 he was president of the College of Medical Sciences and professor of materia medica and therapeutics in this institution. He was the physician and personal friend of Washington Irving. He was associated with Dr. Edmund C. Wendt in preparing a treatise on cholera, and in 1866 wrote Peters' "Notes on Asiatic Cholera." This was one of his favorite subjects, also the routes by which the diseases traveled from Asia to Europe. The Index Catalogue credits him with some ten works on this subject out of a ​total of twenty-seven titles. In 1873 he traveled through the South and Southwest to study this disease, and afterwards assisted in preparing a report, published by order of Congress. At one time he was president of the Medical Society of the County of New York, and he held a similar office in the New York Neurological Society in 1876–77.
He married Georgina, daughter of Andrew Snelling, May 16, 1849.
Paralysis carried him off, October 21, 1893, at his home on Long Island, at the age of seventy-four.
# American Medical Biographies/Perkins, Elisha

​Perkins, Elisha (1741–1799)
Elisha Perkins, son of Dr. Joseph Perkins, was born in Norwich, Connecticut, January 16, 1741. He was the apostle of one of those epochs of credulity which seize men from time to time when any exceedingly novel cure is proclaimed. The terms, "Perkinism," "Tractorism," were known both in America and abroad and the wonderful metallic rods which Perkins said and believed to be curative of almost every ill in men (and horses) certainly wrought psychotherapeutic wonders.
Perkins himself was a magnetic person, handsome, over six feet tall, of wonderful endurance and self-control. He was educated by his father. He had felt a curious magnetic power in himself in touching anyone and set about finding some combination of metals which might have the same effect in healing disease. These he found in 1796 and named "tractors," two small rods, about three inches long, one of brass, one of steel, which had to be drawn downward for twenty minutes over the affected parts. A patent was obtained; doctors and philosophers gravely approved, and professors of three American universities said they believed in Perkinism. The tractors came to be used in Copenhagen where twelve well-known physicians reported so favorably on them that the records were printed in an octavo volume. In 1803 Benjamin Perkins, the son, established the Perkinean Institution in London with the Right Hon. Lord Rivers as president and Sir William Barker as vice-president, and five thousand cases were treated. There is reason to think Elisha Perkins was self-deceived or really perceived the real efficacy to lie in the imagination and so kept up the outward therapeutic symbols. An imaginative, restless, inquiring man, he introduced another remedy for dysentery and low fever "consisting of the vegetable with the muriatic acid in the form of common vinegar saturated with muriate of soda." Believing this to be antiseptic in yellow fever he went to New York during the epidemic in 1799, and after four weeks' unremitting care of the sick he fell ill of the fever and died, aged fifty-nine, September 6.
It was owing to the exertions of one Dr. Haygarth of Bath, England, that the idea of any healing power resident in the tractors themselves was refuted, for he and a colleague effected many cures with tractors made of painted wood, and Dr. Fessenden, of London, dealt the idea a final blow in his "Terrible Tractoration" (1800) by "Christopher Caustic."
Thacher stoutly maintains that Perkins had no intention of deceiving, but perhaps the ​large fortune made through tractoration hurried on the following act duly registered in the "Archives of the Medical Society" of the state of Connecticut, 1800, "that Dr. Elisha Perkins be expelled from the society as a patentee and user of nostrums."
# American Medical Biographies/Penrose, Richard Alexander Fullerton

​Penrose, Richard Alexander Fullerton (1827–1908)
This Philadelphia obstetrician was the son of Charles Bingham and Valeria Fullerton Biddle Penrose, and was born March 24, 1827. He graduated from Dickinson College in 1846 and took his M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1849. For three years before he began to practise in Philadelphia he was resident physician at the Pennsylvania Hospital. In 1854, partly through his efforts, the wards of the Philadelphia Hospital were opened to medical instruction and he was soon after made consulting surgeon there. He was one of the founders of the Children's Hospital and of the Gynecean Hospital, and was elected professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children in 1863 in the University of Pennsylvania. He resigned in 1889 with the title of emeritus professor. Dickinson College gave him her LL. D. in 1875.
He retired from practice entirely in 1889 and died in 1908.
Penrose wrote very little. His greatest claim to distinction was his brilliant career as a didactic teacher. Before the days of the obstetric clinic and its inspiration to the teacher, Penrose, with his manikin, Mrs. O'Flaherty, of blessed memory to the classes of a quarter of a century ago, actually gave clinical instruction of the highest order, and enacted a drama of labor and its complications with the accomplishments of the trained actor and skilled orator. His dramatic conversations with his padded manikin, his wit, humor, and profound knowledge of human nature, especially as found in the lying-in chamber, his climaxes in oratory that sent a thrill and carried a pointed lesson in practical obstetrics to his student classes—who among those classes ever could forget them!