OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Taussig, Frank William

Edition of 1920. See also Frank William Taussig on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TAUSSIG, Frank William, American political economist: b. Saint Louis, Mo., 28 Dec. 1859. He was graduated at Harvard in 1879, and has been full professor of political economy there since 1892. He has written ‘Tariff History of the United States’ (1st ed., 1888; 6th ed., 1914); ‘Silver Situation in the United States’ (1802); ‘Wages and Capital’ (1896); ‘Principles of Economics’ (1911); ‘Some Aspects of the Tariff Question’ (1915); ‘Inventors and Moneymakers’ (1915), and has been editor-in-chief of The Quarterly Journal of Economics.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rines, George Edwin

Edition of 1920. See also George Edwin Rines on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RINES, George Edwin, American editor: b. Maitland, Hants County, Nova Scotia, Canada, 28 Dec. 1860. Coming to the United States when 11 years old, his early education was obtained in the public schools of Brooklyn, N. Y. For several years after graduation from the high school there he was engaged in mercantile life, but in 1887 resumed his studies at Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y. In 1890 he entered the full Hebrew and Greek course in theology and was graduated from the Hamilton Theological Seminary in 1893. He was for two
years pastor at Binghamton, N. Y., afterward accepting a call to the pastorate of the First Baptist Church of Ridgewood, N. J., where he remained for three years. He resigned from the ministry in 1899 to devote himself to literary work, and has been a frequent contributor to religious and other periodicals. In 1903 he was appointed managing editor of the ‘Encyclopedia Americana,’ to which he contributed many articles. Subsequently Mr. Rines was managing editor of the ‘United Editors’ Encyclopedia, and in 1910-11 was general editor of ‘The Foundation Library for Young People.’ In 1913-15 Mr. Rines was managing editor of ‘The German Classics,’ and after 1916 was editor-in-chief of the ‘Encyclopedia Americana’ (2d ed.). This second edition he planned with consummate care, adding many features hitherto foreign to works of reference. His particular care was to have an adequate treatment of every phase of American life and American government and informative articles describing the motives and actions of America in the Great War and the mighty forces loosed by her participation in that conflict.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ring

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
See Rings.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Robins, Raymond

Edition of 1920. See also Raymond Robins on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ROBINS, Raymond, American social economist: b. Staten Island, N. Y., 17 Sept. 1873. He was graduated at Columbian (now George Washington) University in 1896, and was engaged in settlement work in Chicago in 1902-05. He was a member of the Chicago board of education in 1906-09, and was social service expert for the Men and Religion Forward Movement in 1911-12, making a world tour in its interests in 1913. He was the Progressive candidate for United States senator from Illinois in 1914, and was leader of the National Christian Social Evangelistic campaign in 1915. He is an eloquent and forcible speaker and an advocate of organized labor and land value taxation.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Riley, Charles Valentine

Edition of 1920. See also Charles Valentine Riley on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RILEY, rī'lĭ, Charles Valentine, American entomologist: b. London, England, 18 Sept. 1843; d. Washington, D. C., 14 Sept. 1895. He was educated at Dieppe and at Bonn, and in 1860 came to the United States where he spent three years in studying practical agriculture. He then engaged in newspaper work and in 1864 went to the front in the Union army. In 1868 he was appointed State entomologist of Missouri and in that year assisted in founding the American Entomologist. He was president of the Academy of Science at Saint Louis
in 1876-77, chief of the United States entomological expedition to investigate the locust plague in 1877, and in 1878 became United States entomologist in the Department of Agriculture, an office which he occupied until 1894 with the exception of 1879-80 when conducting the cotton-worm investigation. In 1884 he was appointed curator of the National Museum and also became general secretary of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He invented the “cyclone” or eddy chamber in nozzles for spraying purposes and made numerous discoveries of methods to control insect pests. His publications include ‘Annual Reports on the Insects of Missouri’ (9 vols., 1868-77); ‘Annual Reports as Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture’; ‘Potato Pests’ (1876); ‘Locust Plague in the United States’ (1877); ‘The San Jose Scale’ (1895), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ring-Bone

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
RING-BONE, a bony excrescence on the pastern of a horse. It is a morbid growth, callus or exostosis, commonly due to inflammation, and in some cases extending to toe-joints with disabling effort. It is one of the more frequent ailments of horses and, although ordinarily affecting animals of inferior condition or injured by overwork, it sometimes appears in very young colts. While not always visibly impairing the serviceableness of a horse, ring-bone usually deprecates the market value of animals affected with it, and as cure is practically impossible it is a defect which calls for particular preventive methods in the care and breeding of horses and for cautious scrutiny in the purchase of them.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rikki Tikki Tac

Edition of 1920. See also Hendrik Conscience on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RIKKI TIKKI TAC. In spite of solid qualities, the popularity of ‘Rikki Tikki Tac,’ like that of many of the stories of Henri Conscience, is due in part to adventitious elements; for considered purely as a work of art it must stand on a lower plane than many another brief romance of its type. In construction of plot and the handling of incident its author here fails to show that deftness and sureness of touch which characterize the work of other masters, like Merimée or Turgenieff or Stevenson. Its appeal, as so often in the case of Conscience's work, is to sentiment. A life of hardship and suffering patiently borne and a love which triumphs through adversity provide a characteristic theme of life in Flanders in the days of Napoleon and after, and through it all, like sad, remembered music, runs the long, inexplicable, haunting refrain of the blacksmith's song. This with the description of the acrid smell of fires of sod, the shrilling of the cricket, the monotonous wide stretch of plain about Antwerp and the sense of tenderness, homesickness and loneliness, testify to the patriotic interest and homely, simple faith of its author.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Riley, (Isaac) Woodbridge

Edition of 1920. See also Woodbridge Riley on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RILEY, (Isaac) Woodbridge, American scholar: b. New York, 20 May 1869. He was graduated at Yale in 1892, and took the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. there in 1898 and 1902 respectively. He was Johnston research scholar at Johns Hopkins University in 1904-07, and in 1908 became professor of philosophy at Vassar College. Since 1903 he has been associate editor of the Psychological Bulletin, Author of ‘The Founder of Mormonism’ (1892); ‘American Philosophy’ (1907); ‘American Thought’ (1915).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rinehart, William Henry

Edition of 1920. See also William Henry Rinehart on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RINEHART, William Henry, American sculptor: b. Carroll County, Md., 13 Sept. 1825; d. Rome, Italy, 28 Oct. 1874. He apprenticed himself at 21 to a marble-worker of Baltimore, and 10 years later went to Italy where he remained two years. On his return to Baltimore he executed several busts and a fountain for the United States general post office. He did not stay long in the United States, though his success as a sculptor met with much appreciation here, but established himself in Rome in 1858. Among his best-known works are the reliefs ʿNightʾ and ʿMorningʾ; his highly poetic and well-wrought ʿClytieʾ and ʿLove Reconciles with Deathʾ; ʿLatona and her Childrenʾ; ʿAntigoneʾ; ʿAtlantaʾ and ʿEndymion.ʾ He finished the bronze doors for the national Capitol, a work bequeathed to him by Crawford.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Robins, Margaret Dreier

Edition of 1920. See also Margaret Dreier Robins on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ROBINS, Margaret Dreier, American social economist: b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 19th century. She was privately educated and was married to Raymond Robins (q.v.) 21 June 1905. She was a founder of the Women's Municipal League, New York; was president of the New York Women's Trade Union League in 1905, of the Chicago Women's Trade Union League in 1907-14, and has been president of the national organization since 1907. She has served on the executive board of the Chicago Federation of Labor since 1908, and in 1915 was appointed to the unemployment commission by the governor of Illinois.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Robins, Thomas

Edition of 1920. See also Conveyor belt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ROBINS, Thomas, American inventor and manufacturer: b. West Point, N. Y., 1 Sept. 1868. He was educated at Princeton University and in 1892 began a series of inventions which led to the perfection of his ‘belt conveyor’ used for carrying coal, ores and other products. The invention received the grand prize at the Paris Exposition in 1900, and first prizes at the Buffalo and Saint Louis Expositions. He is president of the Robins Conveying Belt Company and of the Robins New Conveyor Company. In 1915 he was appointed to the United States Naval Advisory Board.
# The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 9/Notes of Lectures and Classes/Remarks from Various Lectures

REMARKS FROM VARIOUS LECTURES
(New Discoveries, Vol. 6, pp. 209-10.)
[Mr. Frank Rhodehamel’s random lecture notes, most of which seem to pertain to chapter two of the Bhagavad-Gitâ]
"Spirituality can never be attained until materiality is gone." The first discourse in the Gita can be taken allegorically. "The Vedas only teach of things in nature, only teach of nature." We are always letting sentiment usurp the place of duty, and flattering ourselves that we are acting in response to true love. We must get beyond emotionalism if we would be able to renounce. Emotion belongs to the animals. They are creatures of emotion entirely. It is not sacrifice of a high order to die for one's young. The animals do that, and just as readily as any human mother ever did. It is no sign of real love to do that; merely blind emotion. We are forever trying to make our weakness look like strength, our sentiment like love, our cowardice like courage, etc. Say to your soul in regard to vanities, weaknesses, etc., "This does not befit thee. This does not befit thee".
# The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 9/Notes of Lectures and Classes/Note

NOTE
Swami Vivekananda delivered scores of lectures and classes during his relatively short ministry. Unfortunately the Swami was not always accompanied by a professional stenographer who could keep pace with the exceptional speed of his extempore deliveries. However, a few students managed to take notes of some lectures and classes, which are today the only available records of works that would otherwise have been lost to the world.
The original quotation marks of the note-takers have been reproduced.
— Publisher
# The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 9/Writings: Prose and Poems(Original and Translated)
## Writings: Prose and Poems(Original and Translated)

* The Ether
* Notes
* Lecture Notes
* Macrocosm and Microcosm
* Footnotes to The Imitation of Christ
* The Plague Manifesto
* One Circle More
* Facsimile of One Circle More
* An Untitled Poem on Shri Ramakrishna
* An Unfinished Poem
* Bhartrihari's Verses on Renunciation
# The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 9/Writings: Prose and Poems(Original and Translated)/An Unfinished Poem

AN UNFINISHED POEM
(New Discoveries, Vol. 3. p. 490. This undated poem is preserved in the archives of the Vedanta Centre, Cohasset, Massachusetts. Cf. “My Play is Done”, [6]Complete Works, VI.)
From life to life I am waiting here at the gates — they
open not.
My tongue is parched with ceaseless prayers and dim
my eyes have grown
With constant straining through the gloom to catch
one ray long sought;
My heart is seized with dark despair, all hope well-
nigh has flown.
And standing on life's narrow ridge, beneath the
chasm I see —
Strife and sorrow, darkness deep of whirling life and
death,
Of mad commotion, struggles vain, of folly roaming
free.
On one side this dark abyss — I shudder to see it even —
On the other this wall . . .
# The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 9/Writings: Prose and Poems(Original and Translated)/An Untitled Poem on Shri Ramakrishna

AN UNTITLED POEM ON SHRI RAMAKRISHNA
(Complete Works (Bengali edition), VI, p. 256.)
He who was praised by the Brâhmanas, those knowers of the Vedas who made the sky reverberate with the sacred sounds of the sacrifice and caused the darkness of delusion to vanish through well-performed rituals and the knowledge known as Vedanta — he whose greatness was sung in the sweet chants of the Sâma-Veda etc., with voices thundering like clouds (In Indian mythology clouds can cause both thunder and lightning.) — to that Shri Ramakrishna, I offer my eternal worship.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abauzit, Firmin

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
ABAUZIT, Firmin, ab-ō-zē, fēr-mań, French scholar of Arabian blood and Protestant parents: b. Uzès, 1679; d. Geneva, 1767. He lost his father when only two; in 1685, on the Revocation, the authorities tried to tutor him for a Catholic, but his mother contrived his flight with an elder brother to the Cevennes, where after two years as fugitives they gained Geneva, and the mother escaped from imprisonment and joined them. He early acquired great proficiency in languages, physics, and theology; traveled to Holland and made acquaintance with Bayle and others, and to England, where Newton admired him greatly, corrected through him an error in his “Principia,” and wrote to him, “You are well worthy to judge between Leibnitz and me.” William III wished him to settle in England, but he preferred to return to Geneva: assisted a society there in translating the New Testament into French, was offered but refused a chair in the university, but accepted a sinecure librarianship, and died very aged. He was of wonderful versatility and universality, seeming to have made everything a speciality; Rousseau, jealous of every one, yet eulogized him warmly; and Voltaire asked a flattering stranger who said he had come to see a genius, whether he had seen Abauzit. His heirs, through theological differences, destroyed his papers, so that little remains of his works; he wrote articles, however, for Rousseau's ‘Dictionary of Music’ and other works, and edited with valuable additions Spon's ‘History of Geneva.’ Collected works, Geneva, 1770; London, 1773. Translations by Dr. Harwood, 1770, 1774. For personal information, consult Senebier's ‘Histoire Littéraire de Genève’; Harwood's ‘Miscellanies’; Orme's ‘Bibliotheca Biblica’ (1834).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abba Mari

Edition of 1920. See also Abba Mari on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABBA MARI, mä′ri (correctly Abba Mari ben Moses ben Joseph don Astruc of Lunel), a French Hebrew who achieved fame as leader of the opposition to the growing rationalism of Maimonides, in the Montpellier controversy of 1306–06. He was born at Lunel near Montpellier, but the dates of his birth and death are unknown. His correspondence with Solomon ben Adret, rabbi of Barcelona, published under the title of ‘Minhat Kenaot – Jealousy Offering,’ accentuates the three cardinal doctrines of orthodox Judaism, and throws much light on the question of the relation of religion to the philosophy of the age.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abbadie, Antoine Thomson d’

Edition of 1920. See also Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABBADIE, Antoine Thomson and Arnaud Michel d’, dab-ad-ē, āń-twan toń-soń and ar-nō mē-shel, French brothers and explorers: b. Dublin, Ireland, 3 Jan. 1810: and 24 July 1815; d. 1897 and 1893, respectively. In 1837–48 whet explored Abyssinia and Upper Egypt, traveled up the White Nile, visited Darfur (regarded by the English in these places as French emissaries), and made a remarkably large collection of Ethiopic and Amharic manuscripts. Among other works Antoine published ‘Geodesy of Part of Upper Ethiopia’ (1860–73) and ‘Dictionary of the Amarin Language’ (1881); and Arnaud, ‘Twelve Years in Upper Ethiopia’ (1868).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abba Arika

Edition of 1920. See also Abba Arika on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABBA ARIKA, ȧ-rē′kȧ, also known as “Rab,” a Jewish scholar of Babylonia and the son of a distinguished family. He studied at Sepphoris, then went to Sura where he founded the academy of that name. He was one of the leaders of Jewish thought in Babylonia.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abbadides

Edition of 1920. See also Abbadid dynasty on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABBADIDES, a-bǎd′idz, a Mohammedan dynasty founded in Spain in 1023 by Abd-al-Kasim Mohammed and maintained by his son, Abbad, El Motaddid (1042–68) and his grandson, El Motamid (1068–91), all three men of remarkable personality. They were recognized as the leaders of the Moslems of Arabic or Spanish descent against the Berbers of Granada. They have been the subjects of many romances and even to-day they are the heroes of many legendary tales told among the Spanish peasants. After the capture of Toledo by Alphonso VI of Castile in 1085 El Motamid found himself in so desperate a position that he was obliged to call the Almoravides to his assistance. His duplicity soon caused a breach between himself and his allies, in 1901 Seville was captured and El Motamid was made a prisoner by the Spaniards, thus bringing the Abbadides dynasty to an end. In 1095 he died in prison.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abbas

Edition of 1920. See also Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABBAS (Ibn Abd il Muttalib, ′bn äbd il moo-tä′lîb), uncle of Mohammed; at first hostile to him, but ultimately – after the defeat at Bed'r (see Mohammed) – the chief promoter of his religion. He was the founder of the Abbasside (q. v.) caliphate at Bagdad.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abaza, Alexsander Agreievich

Edition of 1920. See also Alexander Abaza on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABAZA, Alexsander Agreievich, ä-grā-yā′vich, äbä′zä, Russian statesman: b. 1821; d. Nice, 1895. He was descended from a noble family of Moldavia, completed his education at the University of Petrograd and, in 1839, entered the military service in which he distinguished himself in the Caucasus, being wounded several times and being invested with the order of St. Vladimir. However he abandoned the service and joined the educational and humanitarian circles presided over by Grand Duchess Helena Pavlovna. He soon was appointed master of ceremonies at the court of the princess. In 1865 he was elected a member of the council in the Ministry of Finance in which capacity he rendered important service to the financial and economic department of his vast country. He retired from public life in 1892 and, until his death, traveled extensively through Europe. He was not in favor of the reforms of Alexander II (q. v.), which were passed before he had any substantial power in his hands to oppose them effectively. But as Minister of Finance he suddenly changed and became one of the most fervent supporters of the reforms.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abba

Edition of 1920. See also Ab (Semitic) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABBA (same as papa, etc.), Aramaic form of Hebrew for “father.” In the New Testament, used as an address to God; in the Talmud, a scholar's title of honor; also used as part of proper names; and at present the title of Syriac, Coptic, and Ethiopic bishops. See Pope.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abbadie, Jacques

Edition of 1920. See also Jakob Abbadie on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABBADIE, Jacques, ab-ad-ē, zhak, or James, French–English divine: b. Nay, Bern. c. 1654–57; d. London, 1727. A poor boy, educated by friends, he took a degree of doctor in theology at Sedan at 17, was minister of a French Protestant church in Berlin some years, then in 1688 accompanied Marshal Schomberg to London for the second English Revolution, and became minister of the French church in the Savoy. He was strongly attached to William's cause, wrote an elaborate defense of it, and a history of the conspiracy of 1696 from materials furnished by the government; and William made him dean of Killaloe, Ireland. A very able man and eloquent preacher, Abbadie is best known by his religious treatises in French, several of them translated into other languages: the most important are: ‘On the Truth of the Christian Religion,’ with its sequel ‘On the Divinity of Jesus Christ,’ and ‘The Art of Self-Knowledge.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Münsterberg, Hugo

See also the 1906 Encyclopedia Americana disclaimer.
Münsterberg, mün'ster-bĕrg, Hugo, German-American psychologist: b. Dantzic, Germany, 1 June 1863. He graduated at the Dantzic Gymnasium in 1882, and pursued post-graduate studies in physiology, philosophy, natural sciences and medicine until 1887. He received the degree of Ph.D. at Leipsic in 1885 and that of M.D. at Heidelberg in 1887. After this he was instructor and assistant professor of psychology in the University of Freiburg at Baden, Germany. In 1892 he came to America and accepted the professorship of experimental psychology at Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., where he has remained ever since. His studies in psychology have chiefly been devoted to its physiological aspects. He is a member of the Psychological Association and was elected its president in 1898; also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Most of his works are in the German language: 'Die Willenshandlung' (1888); 'Gedankenübertragung' (1889); 'Der Ursprung der Sittlichkeit' (1889); 'Beiträge zur Experimentellen Psychologie' (1889-93); 'Aufgaben und Methoden der Psychologie' (1891); 'Psychology and Life' (1899); 'Grundzüge der Psychologie' (1900); and 'American Traits' (1902). He has also been a large contributor of psychological and philosophical articles to the 'Psychological Review' and many other magazines and periodicals.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/A B C Club

Edition of 1920. See also Friends of the ABC on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
A B C CLUB (ä-bā-sā′): a name adopted by certain republican enthusiasts in Paris, professing to relieve the depressed–abaissés. Their insurrection of 5 June 1832 was suppressed with bloodshed. The event is described in Victor Hugo’s ‘Les Misérables’ (1862).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aachen

Edition of 1920. See also Aachen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AACHEN, ä′ʜen. See Aix-la-Chapelle.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aagesen, Andrew

Edition of 1920. See also Andreas Aagesen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
AAGESEN, Andrew, ä′gĕ-sĕn, Danish statesman and jurist: b. 1826; d. 1879. In early life he commanded a reserve battalion in the Schleswig war of 1848. He was appointed professor of jurisprudence in his alma mater, the University of Copenhagen in 1855, where he was distinguished by his learning and attractive personality. He was an expert in Roman law, in maritime and commercial legislation, and was the chief author of the navigational law of 1882. He was elected to Landsthing in 1879.