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# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 5

PART I
RIGHTEOUSNESS
SECTION i
THE LIFE OF THE HOUSEHOLDER
CHAPTER 5
FAMILY LIFE
41. The householder is the mainstay of all who follow the three other paths of life.
42. The householder is the friend of the orphan and the pauper and the helpless dead.
43. Five are the duties of the householder, namely, the offering of oblations to the dead, the performance of sacrifices to the Gods, the doing of hospitality, the rendering of help unto relations, and the looking after of one's own self.
44. Behold the man who feareth to do ill and doth charity before eating his meal : his seed decayeth never.
45. If love aboundeth in the home and righteousness doth prevail, the home is perfect and its end is all fulfilled.
​46. If a man fulfilleth aright the duties of the householder, where is the need for him to take up other duties ?
47. Among those that seek after salvation the greatest are they who lead a virtuous family life.
48. Behold the householder who helpeth others in the observance of their vows and who leadeth a virtuous life himself : he is holier than the austere ones themselves.
49. Righteousness belongeth especially to the married life: and a good name is its ornament.
50. The householder who liveth as he ought to live will be looked upon as a God among men.
* ↑ i.e. the student, the eremite, and the ascetic.
* ↑ friend of the dead because he performs their obsequies.
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 9

CHAPTER 9
HOSPITALITY
81. What for do the wise toil and set up homes ? It is to feed the guest and help the pilgrim.
82. Were it even the draught of immortality, it shall not be tasted alone when the guest is in the hall.
83. No evil befalleth the man who never faileth to honour the incoming guest.
84. Behold the man who receiveth the worthy guest with his best smile : Lakshmi delighteth to abide in his home.
85. Behold the man who feedeth his guest first and then only eateth what is left: standeth his land in need even of sowing?
​ 86. Behold the man who hath tended the out-going guest and waiteth for the incoming one: he is a welcome guest unto the Gods.
87. We cannot say of any hospitable act by itself, So much is the merit of this act: it is the worth of the guest that is the measure of the sacrifice.
88. Behold the man who performeth not the sacrifice of hospitality: he will say one day, I have toiled hard and laid me up a great treasure: but it is all in vain, for there is none to comfort me.
89. Not to honour the pilgrim is veritable indigence in the midst of wealth : such a thing is found only with fools.
90. The anitcha flower fadeth by smelling: but a look is enough to break the heart of the guest.
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 17

CHAPTER 17
NON-ENVYING
161. Guard thyself from envious thoughts: for freedom from envy is a part of virtuous conduct.
162. No blessing is so great as a nature that is free from all envy.
163. It is he that careth not for virtue or for wealth that envieth his neighbour's prosperity.
164. The wise injure not others through envy: for they know the evils that result therefrom.
165. Envy itself is scourge enough for the envious man : for, even if his enemies spare him, his own envy will work his ruin.
​166. Behold the man that beareth not to see gifts made to another : his family will beg for very food and clothing and perish.
167. Lakshmi cannot bear with the envious: she will abandon them to the care of her elder sister and quit their side.
168. Caitiff Envy bringeth on indigence and leadeth up to the gates of hell.
169. The affluence of the envious and the misery of the generous-minded are alike matter for wonder.
170. Never hath envy led to prosperity : nor a liberal heart to a fall therefrom.
* ↑ The Goddess of Fortune.
* ↑ The Genius of misery.
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 23

CHAPTER 23
CHARITY
221. Giving to the poor is alone charity : all other giving is of the nature of loan.
222. Though it lead unto heaven, receiving is bad : and though heaven should be denied to the giver, giving alms is a virtue.
223. It is only the high-born man that giveth without ever meanly saying, I have not.
224. The heart of the giver is not glad until he seeth the smile of content on the face of the suppliant.
225. The conquest of conquests to the conqueror over self is the conquest over hunger : but his conquest cometh only after the conquest of him who appeaseth that hunger.
​226. To fill the gnawing hunger of the poor: that is the way that the wealthy man should lay up riches for himself.
227. The evil disease called hunger toucheth not the man that divideth his bread with others.
228. The hard of heart who perish their wealth by hoarding it, have not they ever tasted the delight of giving unto others?
229. Bitterer verily than the beggar's bread is the hoarded meal of the miser eating alone.
230. Nothing is bitterer than death: but even death is sweet when one hath not the power to do charity.
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 27

CHAPTER 27
TAPAS
261. Patient endurance of suffering and non-injuring of life, in these is contained the whole of tapas.
262. Austerities are for the austere of heart: it is profitless for others to take them up.
263. Is it because there should be some people to tend and feed ascetics that all the rest have forgotten tapas ?
264. It thou wouldst destroy thy foes and exalt those that love thee, know that such a power belongeth unto tapas.
265. Tapas fulfilleth all desires even in the very manner that is desired: therefore is it that men endeavour after tapas in this world.
​266. It is the men that do tapas that look after their own interests : the rest are caught in the snares of desire and only do themselves harm.
267. The fiercer the fire in which it is melted the more brilliant becometh the lustre of the gold: even so the severer the sufferings endured by the austere, the purer their nature shineth.
268. Behold the man who hath attained mastery over himself: all other men worship him.
269. Behold the men that have acquired power by austerities: they can succeed even in conquering death.
270. If the needy are the many in the world, it is because those that do tapas are few, and those that do not, the larger number.
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 28

CHAPTER 28
IMPOSTURE
271. The five principles of his own body smile within themselves when they see the imposture of the hypocrite.
272. Of what avail is an imposing presence when evil is in the heart and the heart is conscious thereof?
273. Behold the ungodly man putting on the puissant look of the austere : he is like a cow that grazeth about wearing a tiger's skin.
274. Behold the man who taketh cover under a saintly garb and doth evil: he is like a fowler hiding in the bush and catching birds.
275. The hypocrite pretendeth unto sanctity and sayeth, I have vanquished my passions : but he will come to grief and cry, What have I done ? and what have I done ?
​276. Behold the man that hath not renounced in his heart, but walketh about like one that hath renounced, and cheateth men : there is none more hard of heart than he.
277. The kunri seed is fair on one side, but the other side of it is black : there are men who are like unto it: they are fair on the outside, but their inside is all black.
278. Many there be whose heart is impure but who bathe in holy streams and prowl about.
279. The arrow is straight and the lute hath a bend : judge thou therefore men by their acts and not by their appearance.
280. Neither matted hair thou wantest nor shaven head, if thou abstain from that which the world contemneth.
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 42

CHAPTER 42
LISTENING TO THE INSTRUCTION OF THE WISE
411. The most precious of treasures is the treasure of the ear: verily it is the crown of all kinds of wealth.
412. Even unto the stomach some food will be offered when there is no more food to be offered to the ear.
413. Behold the men who have listened to much instruction: they are very Gods on earth.
414. Let a man hear instruction even though he hath no learning : for it will be a stay unto him when he is encompassed by difficulty.
415. The counsel of the righteous is like unto a strong staff: for it keepeth those that listen to it from slipping.
​416. Listen to good words though they be but few : even those few will add to thee a proportionate dignity.
417. Behold the man that hath meditated much in himself and hath laid by a store of instruction by listening to the wise : he talketh not nonsense even when in error.
418. Deaf indeed though it heareth is the ear that hath not been drilled by words of instruction.
419. Humility of speech is hard to be attained by those who have not listened to the subtle words of the wise.
420. Behold the men that taste with the tongue but know not the taste of the ear: what doth it matter to the world whether they live or die?
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 44

CHAPTER 44
ESCHEWING OF FAULTS
431. Behold the man who is free from haughtiness and anger and the vulgar passion : there is a dignity about him that adorneth his prosperity.
432. Parsimony, over-confidence, and excessive amour propre are faults in the prince.
433. Behold the men who are jealous of their reputation : though their fault be small even like a millet seed, they look upon it as of the measure of a palmyra tree.
434. Guard thyself jealously against weaknesses : for they are the foes that will lead thee to ruin.
435. Behold the man who provideth not beforehand against surprise : he will be destroyed even like a stack of straw before a spark of fire.
​436. If the prince correcteth his own faults and then looketh into those of others, where is the ill that can approach him?
437. Behold the miser that spendeth not where he ought to spend : his wealth will come to an inglorious wreck.
438. Close-fisted parsimony is not a vice to be classed with other vices : it formeth a class apart.
439. Exult not at anything at any time : embark not on enterprises that would bring thee no good.
440. If thou canst keep from the knowledge of others the things in which thy heart taketh delight, the machinations of thy foes will be in vain.
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 48

CHAPTER 48
JUDGING OF STRENGTH
471. Weigh justly the difficulty of the enterprise, thy own strength and the strength of thy enemy, and the strength also of your allies; and then enter thou upon it.
472. Behold the prince who knoweth his own force and hath learned what he ought to learn, and who oversteppeth not the limits his force and information : his invasions will never fail.
473. Many there have been who in the sanguineness of their hearts over-estimated their strength and adventured, but were cut off in the middle.
474. Behold the men who know not to live in peace, who know not their own measure and who are full of self-conceit : they will have a swift end.
475. Put too many of them and even peacock's feathers would break the waggon's axle.
​476. Those that have climbed to the top of the tree will lose their lives if they attempt to climb still higher.
477. Keep thou in mind the extent of thy wealth and let thy gifts be commensurate therewith : that is the way to conserve and divide thy substance.
478. It mattereth not if the feeder channel is strait, provided that the draining channel is not wider.
479. Behold the man that taketh not account of his measure nor liveth within the bounds thereof : he may look like prospering, but he will perish leaving no trace behind.
480. Behold the man that measureth not his wealth and lavisheth it with an unsparing hand : his substance will quickly come to nought.
* ↑ Thy allies as well as those of thy enemy.
* ↑ i.e., even the most powerful king will succumb if he makes war with too many enemies at a time even if each of them should de despicable when alone.
* ↑ This is a warning to those princes who seek to embark on fresh enterprises after the utmost limit of their strength has been reached.
* ↑ Income.
* ↑ Expenditure.
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 51

CHAPTER 51
TESTING OF MEN FOR CONFIDENCE
501. Love of the right, gold, pleasure, and fear of life, these four are the tests of a man: give thy confidence therefore to men that satisfy all these tests.
502. Behold the man who is born of a good family, who is free from faults and who dreadeth disgrace : he is the man for thee.
503. Even men of rare learning and of pure hearts will not be found, when thou dost test them, to be absolutely exempt from all ignorance.
504. Weigh a man's good and weigh his evil : whichever is more, take that to be his nature.
505. Dost thou want to find out whether a man is noble or little-minded ? Know that conduct is the touchstone of character.
​506. Beware of trusting men that have no kindred : for their hearts will be without attachment and they will be callous to shame.
507. If thou choose a fool for thy confidential adviser because that thou lovest him, he will lead thee to endless follies.
508. Behold the man that trusteth another without trying him : he createth endless evils even unto his posterity.
509. Trust not a man without trying him : and after trying your men, give each of them the work for which he is fit.
510. To trust a man whom thou hast not tried and to suspect a man whom thou hast found worthy lead alike to endless ills.
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 61

CHAPTER 61
ABSTENTION FROM SLOTH
601. The perennial light called Family will be extinguished if it is invaded by the foul vapour of sloth.
602. Let them call sloth by its real name and avoid it, those who desire to establish their family on a solid foundation.
603. Behold the fool who huggeth assassin sloth unto his heart: his family will fall even before his day is ended.
604. Behold the men who are sunk in sloth and who turn not their hand to any noble undertakings: their family will go to ruin and their vices will grow apace.
605. Procrastination, forgetfulness, sloth, and sleep, these four are the cosy pleasure boats of those that are fated to perish.
​606. The slothful can never thrive in the world even though they have the favour of princes.
607. Behold the men who are slothful and who turn not their hand to any noble undertakings : they will listen to much reproof and contumely.
608. If sloth find a home in a family, the family will soon be in bondage to its foes.
609. The afflictions that may have befallen a man's family will cease to exist the moment he giveth up sloth.
610. Behold the prince that knoweth not sloth: he will bring within his sway all that hath been measured by the steps of Trivikrama.
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 62

CHAPTER 62
MANLY EXERTION
611. Shrink not from any work saying, It is impossible : for labour will give thee the strength to achieve everything.
612. Beware of leaving any work unfinished : for the world careth not for those that do not complete the work that they have once begun.
613. The proud pleasure of being able to serve all men belongeth only to the greatness that shrinketh not from any exertion.
614. Like unto a sword in the hands of a eunuch is the liberality of the indolent man: it will not endure.
615. The man who loveth not pleasure but loveth work is a pillar of strength unto his friends and will wipe away their tears of grief.
​616. Industry is the mother of Prosperity: but Indolence only bringeth forth Misery.
617. In sloth hath the Genius of Wretchedness her home : but the Lotus-born One resideth in the labour of him who yieldeth not to sloth.
618. It is no shame if fortune faileth a man but it is a disgrace if he abstain deliberately from exertion.
619. Even though the Gods be against, Industry is bound to pay the wages of labour.
620. They will snap their fingers even at Destiny who succumb not to it but labour unremittingly in despite of it.
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 76

CHAPTER 76
THE ACQUISITION OF WEALTH
751. There is nothing like wealth to lend so much consequence to men of no consequence.
752. The indigent are decried by all : but every one exalteth the man of substance.
753. The unflickering light called wealth lighteth up all dark places unto him that possesseth it.
754. Behold the substance that is acquired by means that are not evil : righteous-ness floweth therefrom and happiness also.
755. Affect not the substance that is divorced from mercy and kindliness, and touch it not with thy hands.
​756. Escheats and derelicts, customs duties, and prize acquired in war, all these contribute to build up the wealth of the prince.
757. Compassion which is the child of Love requireth for tending it the kindly nurse called Wealth.
758. Behold the wealthy man who taketh an enterprise on hand: he is like one who watcheth an elephant-fight from the top of a hill.
759. Amass wealth : for there is no sharper steel to cleave thy foeman's pride.
760. Behold the man that hath laid up for himself wealth in great profusion : both the other objects of life are within his reach.
* ↑ For he can go on with his enterprise without any fear or anxiety.
* ↑ i. e., righteousness and love.
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 81

CHAPTER 81
INTIMACY
801. That friendship is called intimacy which submitteth without resenting to all the freedoms taken by the beloved one.
802. To be free and easy with each other, that is the heart of true friendship : and it is the part of worthy men never to resent such familiarities.
803. Of what avail is friendship that is longstanding if it acquiesceth not in the liberties taken in its name?
804. When friends rely on their intimacy and do a thing without leave, the warm-hearted will think of their love and will take it in good part.
805. When friends do a thing that paineth thee, account thou it as much to their feeling of perfect oneness with thee as to their ignorance.
​806. The perfect friend giveth not up the friend of his heart even though he hath been the cause of his ruin.
807. Behold the man who hath loved dearly and long: he bateth not in his affection for his friend even though he cause him damage frequently.
808. Behold the men who refuse to listen to any imputations against the friend of their bosom: the day that he doth them an injury is a feast-day unto them.
809. Behold the man who loveth another with a deathless affection : the whole world will hold him dear.
810. Behold the men that alter not in their affection for their old friends : even enemies will look upon them with tenderness.
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 92

CHAPTER 92
PROSTITUTES
911. Behold the women that desire a man for the sake of his gold and not for the sake of love : their cajoleries will lead only to misery.
912. Behold the women who speak honeyed words, but whose thoughts are ever fixed on their own profit : consider their ways and keep them at a distance.
913. The prostitute pretendeth love when she embraceth her lover : but in her heart she feeleth even as one who hath touched a stranger dead body in a dark room.
914. Behold the men whose hearts are inclined to deeds of purity: they defile themselves not with the touch of harlots.
915. Behold the men who add deep study to a clear understanding: they defile themselves not with the touch of women whose charms are free to all.
​916. Behold the men that have a regard for their own good : they touch not the hand of wantons who put up their lewd charms for sale.
917. Behold the men who are light-minded: they will seek the women who embrace with the body while their heart is somewhere else.
918. Behold the men who have not a discriminating understanding : the embraces of wily women are to them even as the fascination of the siren of the solitudes.
919. The soft arms of the well-decked harlot are the filthy ditch wherein contemptible fools drown themselves.
920. Women of two hearts, drink, and the dice-table, these are the delights of men when fortune forsaketh them.
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 95

CHAPTER 95
MEDICINE
941. Every one of the three humours described by sages, beginning with the windy one, would cause disease whenever they go to either extreme.
942. The body requireth no medicine if new food is eaten only after the old food is fully digested.
943. Eat with moderation and after the food that thou hast taken is digested : that is the way to prolong thy days.
944. Wait till thy food is digested and thy appetite is keen: then eat moderately the food that agreeth with thee.
945. If thou eat abstemiously the food that doth not disagree with thee thou wilt have no troubles in the body.
​946. Even as Health seeketh the man who eateth only when his stomach is empty, even so doth Disease seek the man who eateth to excess.
947. Behold the man who glutteth himself foolishly beyond the measure of his internal heat : his diseases will exceed all measure.
948. Consider the disease and its origin and the means of curing it: and then set about the cure with every precaution.
949. Let the physician take the measure of the patient and the disease and the season that is: and then let him undertake the cure.
950. The patient, the physician, the medicine, and the apothecary, on these four doth all cure depend : and four again are the attributes of each of them.
HERE ENDETH SECTION ii OF PART II ENTITLED THE MEMBERS OF THE BODY POLITIC
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 101

CHAPTER 101
THE WEALTH THAT IS NOT PUT TO GOOD USE
1001. Behold the man who hath laid by in his home treasures in abundance but enjoyeth them not: he is as good as dead, for he maketh no use of them.
1002. Behold the miser that thinketh that wealth is all in all and hoardeth it without giving to any: he will be a demon in his next birth.
1003. Behold the men that are always after hoarding but care not for fame: their existence is a burden unto the earth.
1004. The man who careth not to earn the attachment of his neighbours, what doth he hope to leave behind him when he is dead ?
1005. Behold the men that neither give unto others nor enjoy their wealth themselves: even if they possess tens of millions they really possess nothing.
​1006. There is a man that enjoyeth not his wealth nor giveth freely to men of worth: he is a disease unto a great fortune.
1007. Behold the man that giveth not anything to the needy: the wealth in his hands is like a fair damsel that wasteth away her youth in loneliness.
1008. The fortune of the man that is not loved of men is like the fruiting of the poison tree in the midst of the village.
1009. The wealth that is made without any regard to love or righteousness, and by starving oneself, is hoarded only for the behoof of strangers.
1010. The distress of the man of wealth who hath emptied his resources by benefactions is only like the exhaustion of the rain-cloud : it will not continue for long.
# The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar/Chapter 103

CHAPTER 103
ADVANCING THE FAMILY
1021. Nothing advanceth a man's family so much as his determination never to weary in labouring with his hands.
1022. Manly exertion and a sound understanding: it is the fulness of these two that exalteth the family.
1023. When a man setteth out saying, I shall advance my house, the very Gods gird up their loins and march before him.
1024. Behold the men that remit not in their exertions to raise high their family: the work of their hands will prosper of itself even if they make no elaborate plans therefor.
1025. Behold the man that setteth his family on high without doing iniquity : the whole world will be as a kindred unto him.
​1026. That is the supreme manhood which bringeth to a high estate the family wherein one is born.
1027. Even as the brunt of an action falleth on the courageous on the battle-field, even so the burden of keeping up the family lieth only on the shoulders of those that can bear the burden.
1028. There is no season for them that desire the advancement of their family : if they take things easy or stand upon their dignity, their house will be brought low.
1029. Verily, is the body of the man that would protect his family against every ill a receptacle for toils and hardships alone ?
1030. Behold the family that hath no good man to prop it up: calamities will gnaw into its roots and it will fall to the ground.