OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Lentil

Edition of 1802.
​LENTIL, or Ervum Lens, L. an useful exotic vegetable of the pulse kind, that has long been cultivated in Britain.
It is propagated from seeds, which are either sown in the proportion of from one bushel and a half to two bushels broad-cast, or are drilled in rows one foot and a half a part, in order that the intermediate soil may be properly cleaned with the Dutch hoe. Sometimes, however, this vegetable is put in the ground together with oats or barley, at the rate of one bushel of the latter to two bushels of the former.
The lentil is an annual plant, growing to the height of about 18 inches, and producing pale purple flowers, which are succeeded by small flat pods, containing two or three round seeds. These are frequently used in soups, the flavour of which is thus much improved: the plant itself affords an excellent fodder for cattle.—When, however, lentils grow among oats or barley, they should be cut while in full sap; for, if well dried and preserved, they afford an inviting food, though of a heating and flatulent nature.—Nor is the fruit itself more wholesome to mankind; and Bechstein observes, that it ​is hurtful, nay, sometimes fatal to horses.
There is another kind of lentil cultivated in this country, under the name of French Lentil, or Tills. It is in every respect a plant twice as large as the preceding, and is supposed to be a distinct species. It is raised from seeds, which are sown in March, in a soil that bore corn in the preceding year, and has been once ploughed. Manure is not absolutely necessary, though it will greatly increase the crop; which is said to be very copious, and may be mown several times in one season.
The stalks and foliage of this kind of lentil, furnish an agreeable and wholesome food to horses, sheep, and particularly to cows: while they considerably increase the quantity, and improve the quality of their milk. Its long and numerous pods ripen late in autumn, and produce a new species of pulse, which may be dressed in the same manner as the common lentils: in a fresh state, they may also be used as an excellent ingredient in soup; and, when dry, they are eagerly eaten by poultry. The dried herb, likewise, furnishes a good winter fodder for cattle; and, as this vegetable thrives on the poorest land, it deserves to be more generally cultivated.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Lethargy

Edition of 1802.
​LETHARGY, or Lethargus, a species of apoplexy, which is manifested by an invincible drowsiness, or inclination to sleep, from which the patient is with difficulty awakened; and, if roused, he remains destitute both of sense and memory; so that he soon relapses into his former sleep. It is attended with an increased degree of heat; slow fever; full pulse; paleness; swelling of the eyes; and a coldness of the extremities.
Various circumstances concur to produce this affection: the more remarkable of these are, injuries of the brain, arising either from external or internal causes; congestions of blood in the head; terror, anger, or other depressing passions; to which may be added, sneezing medicines, and strong exhalations of flowers.
Many remedies have been employed to remove this growing drowsiness, with different degrees of success. In plethoric persons, blood-letting, blisters, and emetics, ​have often procured relief. Considerable benefit has also been derived from the sudden affusion of cold water upon the head; from the use of stimulant clysters; and the burning of feathers, or other fetid substances, held near the nostrils. The patient ought to avoid whatever is difficult of digestion, such as heavy salt meats, fish, milk, and cheese. His diet should be light, and taken in small quantities; while he must endeavour to resist and counteract the propensity to sleep, by frequenting chearful company, taking daily and moderate exercise in the open air, or similar exhilirating means.
Lethargy, in Farriery, a disorder to which horses are frequently liable. It is easily discovered, when the animal rests his head with his mouth in the manger; is often inclined to eat, but generally falls asleep with the food in his mouth, and frequently swallows hay or corn without chewing it.—In such case, emollient clysters are equally useful and necessary: it will also be advisable to take a little blood, if the horse be young and robust, but in old animals, diligent curry-combing, and moderate walking, or occasional bathing in the sea, or a river, will be more conducive to their cure. Volatile salts, and other pungent odours, are here likewise of service, and should be often applied to the nostrils.—The following alterative purge may be administered, and repeated, if there be a prospect of recovery: Take one ounce of socotrine aloes, half an ounce of myrrh, two drams of asafœtida, a similar quantity of gum ammoniac, and one dram of saffron. These ingredients are to be carefully mixed, and formed into a ball, with syrup.
Such remedies are generally attended with success, if the horse be not old, but in the possession of its vigour. Farther, it is a favourable symptom, if he have a tolerable appetite; drink freely, without the drivelling; lie down and rise carefully, though seldom. But, if the contrary circumstances occur, and the animal be altogether listless, taking no notice of whatever happens about him; if he dung and stale rarely, while he is sleeping and dozing; these appearances prognosticate a speedy dissolution, which cannot be prevented by art.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Life-Annuities

Edition of 1802.
​Life-Annuities. See Annuity.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/kit
### kit

* 結kit3761206
* To knit; to fasten; to set, as fruit; to tie; to bolt; to congeal; to fix; to bind by agreement.

#### kit bûeh;

    to knit stockings.

#### kit măng;

    to make netting.

#### mn̂g khang lâi kit;

    close and bolt the door.

#### khîeh mûeh khṳ̀ kit;

    take something and fasten it.

#### lṳ́ kâi cam kit pàng tĭ-kò̤?

    Where have you stuck your needle?

#### khui hue kit cí;

    blossom and bear fruit.

#### cí câng chīu kit ŭ jîeh cōi kúe-cí?

    How much fruit does this tree bear?

#### ŏi khui hue bŏi kit sît;

    it blossoms, but does not bear any fruit.

#### thóiⁿ ŭ sĭm-mih kit kúe;

    see what results.

#### kit-pài cò̤ hiaⁿ-tĭ;

    entered into a contract to become brothers.

#### i sĭ kio úa kit-pài cò̤ cí-mūe;

    she has bound herself to be my sister.

#### kit-hwt hu chi; cháu thâu kit hwt;

    a long married couple.

#### i íⁿ-kang tŏ̤ kuaⁿ mīn côiⁿ kŭ kit;

    he has already certified to it before a magistrate.

#### sía kit-cn̄g; tng-tn̂g sía kit-cn̄g;

    to write a certificate.

#### tîeh ŭ hieⁿ kuaⁿ kâi ìn kit, cîaⁿ hó̤ kîaⁿ;

    there must be a certificate from the village magistrate, then it may go on.

#### táng i cē chìn cū kit tōiⁿ;

    when it is cold it will stiffen and become hard.

#### chìn thiⁿ-sî cū kit tàng;

    in cold weather it becomes solid.

#### kit cang;

    fasten the coiffure.
* 吉kit391303
* Auspicious; felicitous; indicating success.

#### kit jît;

    a lucky day.

#### kit sî;

    an auspicious time.

#### ŭ kît jît īa tîeh ŭ kit sî lâi kah;

    having ​found a lucky day, one must have a lucky hour to go with it.

#### tăi kit lĭ chĭ;

    a good chance for a speculation.

#### hon̂g hiong hùe kit;

    it happened that the evil omens changed to good ones.

#### kit jîn cū ŭ thien sìang;

    prosperous people have the help of heaven.

#### tô̤h kit; phok kit;

    seek a lucky omen.

#### cia sǹg sĭ kit sîang kâi mûeh;

    this may be reckoned as a thing of good omen.

#### kit cheⁿ cìe lîam;

    a happy star shines upon it.

#### khai ciang tăi kit;

    may great prosperity attend the opening (of the shop, at New Year).

#### kit tī;

    a favored spot.

#### kit hŵt;

    a good place for a grave.

#### kit lói;

    felicitous offerings.
* 桔kit376756

#### kit-kéⁿ;

    a common medicine for coughs, the root of the Platycodon grandifolium$^*$.
* 𢵮kit4577512
* dwarf orange.

#### kim kit;

    the kumquat orange.

#### cía kit sĭ cip kaⁿ a m̆ sĭ?

    This dwarf orange is grafted on the large orange is it not?

#### tîam kit;

    small sweet oranges.

#### kit píaⁿ;

    pressed oranges.

#### sì-khùi kit;

    the nutmeg orange.

#### kit hông;

    dried orange peel.

#### kîam kit;

    pickled oranges.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/kiuh
### kiuh

* 射kiuh749417
* To squirt, to spurt.

#### kiuh cêk cho̤h cúi chut lâi;

    spurted out some water.

#### h́ia cúi kiuh kàu ho̤h hn̆g khṳ̀;

    the water spurts ever so far.

#### khṳt cúi kiuh kàu cêk sin;

    the water spurted all over him.

#### cúi kiuh;

    a water-squirt.

#### i kâi cúi sĭ lô̤h îeh kâi, hía mâk khṳt i cē kiuh tîeh cĭu cheⁿ-mê;

    the water is medicated, and if it spurts in one's eyes one becomes blind.

#### hía kīaⁿ-càng kâi, cē chǹg tîeh, i kâi hueh cĭu kiuh chut lâi;

    if you stab those who are robust, the blood spurts out.
* 激kiuh3958513
* A syringe; to syringe.

#### khîeh ki cúi-kiuh khṳ̀ kiuh;

    take a syringe and force the water from it.

#### hía cúi kiuh kâi cúi sĭ lô̤h îeh kâi;

    the fluid in the syringe is medicated.

#### tîeh cū cheⁿ-mêⁿ;

    if you get a spurt from it into your eyes, it will blind you.

#### cía tîeh ēng cúi-kiuh, lâi kiuh, cúi cìaⁿ ŭ lâk;

    we must take a syringe and spurt the fluid out from that, then it will enter with force.
* 膪kiuh11213012
* Fat; gross; stout.

#### pûi kàu kiuh-kiuh;

    stout to corpulence.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/kiok
### kiok

* 鞠kiok4571778
* To address.

#### kiok-kiong;

    to bow.

#### kiok-kiong kìⁿ lói;

    the etiquette of salutation.

#### i cē kìⁿ tîeh kiok-kiong kiok-kiong;

    as soon as he saw him he bowed repeatedly.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/kiong
### kiong

* 恭kiong462616
* The exhibition of respectful feeling; to treat with sedate courtesy; to revere; polite.

#### kiong-kiong kèng-kèng; reverently;

    very politely.

#### lói-sìo sĭm sĭ kiong-kèng;

    his courtesies are very respectful.

#### kiong hí;

    I wish you happy New Year.

#### kiong hō̤;

    respectful congratulations.

#### kiong hāu mĕng-lĕng;

    I respectfully await your orders.

#### kiong-kèng put jû chông mĕng;

    obedience is better than politeness.

#### kìⁿ tîeh nĕ kiong-kiong;

    very polite on meeting him.

#### sòi hĭⁿ kiong thiaⁿ;

    listen reverently.

#### mih sṳ̄ kiong sŭn;

    yields devout obedience in everything.

#### kiok-kiong chíaⁿ tăi kà;

    bow respectfully and ask instructions.

#### chut kiong;

    go to the privy.
* 躬kiong4611583
* The body; one's person; personally.

#### kiok-kiong;

    to make a bow.

#### tá kiong;

    to make a bow with the hands joined and then raised over the head.

#### khṳ̀ i mīn côiⁿ tá cêk ē kiong;

    go before him and make a very respectful bow.
* 拱kíong463646
* To place the hands before the breast so that the thumbs come together, as when making a bow.

#### hok cheⁿ lâi kíong cìe;

    may happy stars light your way.

#### níu jī ūi châi cheⁿ lâi kíong cìe;

    will you two give us the light of your presence.

#### kíong chíu;

    to bow with the hands raised as high the head.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/kih
### kih

* 砌kih9671124
* To lay, as tiles or bricks; to pave.

#### kih chîeⁿ;

    to lay up a wall.

#### kih cò̤ cheⁿ-eng kâi chieⁿ, a sĭ kih cò̤ hue-thô-kak kâi chîeⁿ?

    Is the wall built up with burnt bricks, or with unburnt bricks made from lime and clay.

#### kih cêk kâi hue-hôk lâi cèng hue;

    build up a mason-work basin, to plant flowers in.

#### kih cîeh lō;

    lay a stone pavement.

#### kih lâi cíam-côih căi;

    well laid up, with correct angles and vertical faces.

#### cang chek lâi kih cò̤ kâi hue-nâ;

    make a flower basket of unhusked rice.

#### cía sĭ kih sṳ̂ niap-khòng i kâi;

    this is heaping up false accusations against him
* 頰kih3561817
* The jaws.

#### kih-kau; kih-kau cô̤;

    the cheek.

#### i cang chíu khṳ̀ piang i kâi kih-kau;

    he slapped her on the cheek.

#### kih-kau-thâu;

    cheek bones.

#### buah kàu nŏ̤ pôiⁿ kih-kau âng-âng;

    smeared both cheeks till they were red.
* 囁嚅kîh-kṳ̂h632
* To stammer.

#### kîh-kṳ̂h-kìe, tàⁿ m̄ chut;

    stammered and hesitated, and could not utter it.

#### àiⁿ tàⁿ, m̄ káⁿ tàⁿ, kîh-kîh kṳ̂h-kṳ̂h;

    wanted to tell it, but dared not, and so stammered and stuttered.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Westcote, Thomas

​WESTCOTE, THOMAS (fl. 1624–1636), topographer, baptised at Shobrooke in Devonshire on 17 June 1567, was the third son of Philip Westcote of West Raddon in the parish of Shobrooke, by his wife Katharine, daughter of George Waltham of Brenton in the parish of Exminster, Devonshire. In his youth ‘he was a soldier, a traveller, and a courtier,’ but in middle age he ‘retired to a private country life,’ probably residing at West Raddon with his eldest brother, Robert. In 1624 he held a lease of Thorn Park in the neighbouring parish of Holcombe Burnell.
On retiring to the country Westcote began to interest himself in local antiquities, and his tastes were encouraged by his friendship with the topographers Sir William Pole (1561–1635) [q. v.] and Tristram Risdon [q. v.] He was desirous of undertaking a description of Devonshire, similar to that accomplished for Cornwall by Richard Carew (1555–1620) [q. v.] He was encouraged in his design by Edward Bourchier, earl of Bath, and compiled two collections, ‘A View of Devonshire,’ in which, after a general dissertation on the history of the county, he gave a topographical account of its condition about 1630, and the ‘Pedigrees of most of our Devonshire Families,’ a compilation containing much genealogical information, but impaired by ‘some egregious mistakes and errors.’ The two manuscripts were published at Exeter in 1845, under the editorship of George Oliver (1781–1861) [q. v.] and of Pitman Jones.
Westcote was buried at Shobrooke, but the date of his death is uncertain, as the register of burials between May 1639 and July 1644 is missing. He was married to Mary (d. 1666), eldest daughter and coheiress of Richard Roberts of Combe Martin, Devonshire. By her he had one son, Philip (d. 1641), and four surviving daughters.
[Memoir prefixed to the View of Devonshire, 1845; Prince's Worthies of Devon, 1701, p. 585; Vivian's Visitations of Devon, p. 778.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Westmacott, Richard (1799-1872)

​WESTMACOTT, RICHARD (1799–1872), sculptor, the eldest son of Sir Richard Westmacott [q. v.], by his marriage with Dorothy Margaret Wilkinson, was born in London in 1799. He originally desired to become a barrister, but yielded to his father's wish that he should enter his studio and be trained as a sculptor. In 1818 he was admitted to the school of the Royal Academy. In 1820 his father sent him to Italy, where he remained six years, studying ancient sculpture and its history. On his return he resided in his father's house, 14 South Audley Street, till 1830, when he removed to 21 Wilton Place. In 1827 he exhibited his first statue at the Royal Academy, ‘Girl with a Bird.’ This was followed in 1829 by six works, statues of ‘A Reaper’ and ‘Girl with a Fawn,’ and four portrait-busts. In 1830 he exhibited ‘The Guardian Angel;’ in 1831 ‘Venus carrying off Ascanius,’ for the Earl of Ellesmere, for whom he also executed ‘Venus instructing Cupid,’ exhibited in 1838, ‘The Bluebell,’ and ‘The Butterfly.’ In 1832 he exhibited ‘The Cymbal-player,’ purchased by the Duke of Devonshire; in 1833 ‘Narcissus;’ in 1834 ‘The Pilgrim’ and ‘Hope;’ in 1837 ‘Mercury presenting Pandora to Prometheus’ and ‘Wycliffe Preaching’ (for Lutterworth church); in 1838 ‘Paolo and Francesca’ for the Marquis of Lansdowne. In that year Westmacott was elected an associate of the Royal Academy, of which he became a full member in 1849. From 1840 onwards till 1855, when he retired from his profession and ceased to exhibit, he was engaged principally on portrait statues and busts and monumental sculpture. The more interesting of his busts were those of John Henry Newman, 1841; Lord John Russell, 1843; Sir Francis Burdett, 1845; Sir Roderick Murchison, 1848. Other subjects were ‘Ariel,’ ​1841; ‘The Soul enslaved by Sin,’ a relief, 1847; ‘Go and sin no more,’ 1850; ‘David,’ 1852. Westmacott exhibited in all eighty-two works at the Royal Academy, in addition to four at the British Institution.
Westmacott's only important public work in London was the sculpture in the pediment of the west front of the Royal Exchange, erected 1842–4. The recumbent statue of Archbishop Howley in the choir of Canterbury Cathedral, exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1850, is the most important of his monuments.
In 1857 he succeeded his father as professor of sculpture at the Royal Academy, and held that office till 1867. He was a fellow of the Royal Society, to which he was elected on 25 May 1837, and was well known as a writer and lecturer on art, contributing articles on sculpture to the ‘Encyclopædia Metropolitana,’ the ‘English Encyclopædia,’ and the ‘Penny Cyclopædia.’ He published ‘The Handbook of Ancient and Modern Sculpture’ in 1864, and several pamphlets. ‘Outlines to Illustrate a Moral Allegory, entitled “The Fighte of Freewille,”’ eight plates, engraved from Westmacott's designs, with descriptive text, appeared in 1839.
Westmacott retired from the Royal Academy about a year before his death, which took place at 1 Kensington Gate, Hyde Park, on 19 April 1872.
C. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Thomas (fl.1200?)

The ODNB treats as two authors, one of Horn and one of Tristan.
​THOMAS (fl. 1200?), romance-writer, is said by Wright to have lived in the reign of Richard I, but other authorities place him in the latter half of the thirteenth century. Nothing is known of him except that he produced versions of the romances of ‘King Horn’ and ‘Tristan.’ M. Pauline Paris considers it certain that he was an Englishman, though he lived among French-speaking people and himself wrote in French, imitating the style of his contemporary romancist, Adènes le Roi (Hist. Litt. de France, xxii. 551–68). Thomas has sometimes been credited with the original authorship of the romance of King Horn. There is, however, little doubt that in its original form—in which it is not now known to be extant—Horn was written in English, and possibly the ‘parchemin’ to which Thomas refers was written in that language. Thomas himself evidently expanded his original by inserting the long speeches of Rimel and ‘many courtly details of feast and tournament’ (Ward, Cat. Romances, i. 454), and by incorporating many purely French names. Thomas's version, in which his name frequently occurs, is extant in Douce MS. cxxxii. art. 1, Harleian MS. 527, and Cambridge Univ. MS. Ff. vi. 17. An analysis of the romance from the Cambridge manuscript was printed by Wright in the ‘Foreign Quarterly Review,’ xvi. 133–41, and it was edited in 1845 for the Bannatyne Club by M. Francisque Michel. English versions of the romance of ‘King Horn,’ expanded perhaps from the same original that Thomas followed, are extant in Cambridge Univ. MS. Gg. 4, xxvii. 2, in Bodleian MS. Laud 108, and in Harleian MS. 2253. The Harleian manuscript was very inaccurately printed by Ritson in vol. ii. of his ‘Early English Romances,’ 1802, and has been fully described in Ward's ‘Catalogue of Romances,’ i. 454 et sqq. The Cambridge manuscript was edited by J. R. Lumby for the Early English Text Society in 1866.
Thomas's other work, a version of the romance of ‘Tristan,’ was printed by M. Francisque Michel in 1835 from an imperfect manuscript belonging to Douce, which by a special clause in his will was not bequeathed to the Bodleian Library (Michel, pref. p. lvii). Wright (Biog. Brit. Lit. ii. 342) says vaguely that a fragment of another manuscript from a private collection had been printed but not published. Like Thomas's version of ‘King Horn,’ his ‘Tristan’ is written in French, but in ‘different measure and style.’ Thomas has been generally identified with the ‘Thomas von Britanie,’ whose French version of ‘Tristan’ Gottfried of Strasburg (fl. 1310) professes to have translated into German. Thomas's version, which does not appear to have been of any great length, is said to have been the basis of most of the later ‘Tristan’ romances (for the various English versions of ‘Tristan,’ which are not certainly known to have been connected with Thomas's works, see Ward, Cat. Romances, i. 356 et sqq. and Kolbing, Die nordische und die englische Version der Tristan-Sage, Heilbronn, 2 Theile, 1878–83, esp. vol. i. pp. cxlii et sqq.).
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Thomas ab Ieuan ap Rhys

Tomas ab Ieuan ap Rhys in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​THOMAS ab IEUAN ap RHYS (d. 1617?), Welsh bard, was, according to the traditional account, the son of Ieuan ap Rhys Brydydd of Glamorgan. In a stanza popularly attributed to him he makes the incredible statement that in January 1604 he ​will be a hundred and thirty years old, which would place his birth in 1474 and his age at his death at a hundred and forty-three years. As a boy he was employed at Margam Abbey, but became a zealous protestant, and it was perhaps for his faith he was imprisoned by Sir Mathew Cradock (1468–1531) in Kenfig Castle. He lived as a small farmer at Llangynwyd, Tythegston, and elsewhere in Glamorganshire, and died about 1617. His poems were of the ballad order. The only one printed, that in the ‘Cambrian Quarterly Magazine’ (v. 96–7), is predictive, Thomas having a great reputation as a prophet. It was perhaps his prophecies which won him the title of ‘Twm gelwydd teg,’ i.e. Tom the plausible liar.
J. E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Thomas of Ashborne

Thomas Ashbourne in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​THOMAS of Ashborne (fl. 1382), theological controversialist, was a native of Ashborne in Derbyshire, and became an Austin friar there. He went to Oxford and took the degree of master in theology. In 1374, at the council of Westminster, he argued against paying tribute to Gregory XI. In 1382, at the council of London, he helped to draft the twenty-four conclusions against Wyclif's doctrines on the sacrament. The titles are given by Bale of many controversial writings not known to be extant.
A contemporary Thomas Asheburne (fl. 1384), poet, was a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where his expenses for one year, 11l. 4s. 1d., were paid by Lord De La Warr to Dr. John Kyme or Kynne, who was master from 1379 to 1389. Subsequently he became a Carmelite of Northampton, and wrote a long English theological poem formerly in the Cottonian MS. Vitell. f. xiii. 1, which has been burnt. In Cott. App. vii. a version of Richard Rolle's ‘Pricke of Conscience’ is ascribed in a later hand to Asheburne. It is preceded by a short allegorical English poem, beginning
[Lyst you] all gret and smale  I shall yow tell a lytell tale,
which may be Asheburne's work (Tanner, Bibl. Brit.; Sir F. Madden's and other notes in Cott. App. vii.; Cambridge Antiq. Soc. Communications, xxxix. 401).
M. B.