OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/American Party, The

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
AMERICAN PARTY, THE, the name of three separate organizations which at different times held a prominent place in the political affairs of the United States. The first, organized about 1852, at a time when the Whig party was near its dissolution was, in fact, a secret society, and was better known in later years as the “Know Nothings,” from the assumed
ignorance of its members when questioned in regard to the objects and name of the order. Its principal doctrine was opposition to all foreigners and Roman Catholics, and its motto was “Americans must rule America.” The first National Convention of the party was held in February, 1856, at which resolutions were adopted, demanding a lengthening of the residence necessary to naturalization, and condemning President Pierce's administration for the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. A number of the members withdrew because of the refusal to consider a resolution regarding the restriction of slavery. Millard Fillmore, of New York, was nominated for President, and Andrew Jackson Donelson for Vice-President, which nominations were subsequently indorsed by the Whig Convention. Fillmore carried but one State, Maryland. The party was successful in carrying the State elections in Rhode Island and Maryland in 1857, but never gained any popularity in the Western States. A second party, bearing the same name, but directly adverse to the first in that it was founded in opposition to secret societies, was organized for political purposes by the National Christian Association. The organization was completed and the name adopted at a convention in Syracuse, N. Y., in 1874. At Pittsburgh, June 9, 1875, a platform was adopted in which were demanded recognition of the Sabbath, the introduction of the Bible into public schools, prohibition of the sale of liquors, the restriction of land monopolies, resumption of specie payment, etc. James B. Walker of Illinois was nominated for President. In 1880, the party again made nominations, and in 1884, S. C. Pomeroy was nominated, but withdrew in favor of John P. St. John, the Prohibition candidate. The third party to be called by the name of American party was organized at a convention held at Philadelphia, Sept. 16-17, 1887. Its principal aims, as set forth in its platform, were: To oppose the existing system of immigration and naturalization of foreigners; to demand its restriction and regulation so as to make a 14-years' residence a prerequisite of naturalization; to exclude from the benefits of citizenship all anarchists, socialists, and other dangerous characters, etc.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Connecticut Reserve

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CONNECTICUT RESERVE. See Western Reserve, The.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Connellsville

* related portals: Pennsylvania.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CONNELLSVILLE, a borough in Fayette co., Pa.; on the Youghiogheny river, and the Baltimore and Ohio, the Pennsylvania, the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie, and the Western Maryland railroads, 57 miles E. of Pittsburgh. It is the center of the most extensive coke burning region in the United States. Other important industries are machine shops, pump works, brick works, and coal mining. It is the seat of Cottage State Hospital; and has electric lights, electric railways connecting with South Connellsville and adjacent towns, several newspapers and National banks. Pop. (1910) 12,845; (1920) 13,804.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Conneaut

* related portals: Ohio.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CONNEAUT, a city of Ohio in Ashtabula co. It is on Conneaut creek and on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the New York, Chicago, and St. Louis, and the Bessemer and Lake Erie railroads. It is an important port for the shipping of iron ore and coal. It has a good harbor and excellent shipping facilities. There are railroad shops and manufactures of canned goods, bricks, shovels, lumber, etc. There are hospitals, a public library, and a park. Pop, (1910) 8,319; (1920) 9,343.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Connecticut College for Women

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CONNECTICUT COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, an institution for the higher education of women, founded in New London, Conn., in 1911. The college has received generous gifts for endowment, including $1,000,000 from Morton F. Plant. It was officially opened in September, 1915. In 1919 there were 42 teachers and 304 students. President, B. T. Marshall.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Connaught

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CONNAUGHT (kon′nât), the smallest of the four provinces of Ireland; between Leinster and the Atlantic; area, 4,392,086 acres. Its W. coast is much broken up by numerous bays and inlets, and is thickly studded with islands. A large proportion of the province is bog, and, generally, it is the least fertile of all the provinces. It is divided into five counties: Galway, Mayo, Roscommon, Leitrim, and Sligo. Pop. about 595,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Conkling, Roscoe

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CONKLING, ROSCOE, an American legislator; born in Albany, N. Y., Oct. 30, 1829; was admitted to the bar in 1850; sat in Congress as a Republican in 1858-1862 and 1864-1866, and was elected to the United States Senate in 1867, 1873, and 1879, He became an influential member of his party; in 1876 he received 93 votes for the Presidential nomination, and in 1880, by his support of Grant and his personal opposition to Blaine, divided the Republicans into two sections. In 1881 he and his colleague, Thomas C. Platt, suddenly resigned from the Senate, owing to a dispute with President Garfield on a question of patronage, and sought re-election; but after a warm canvass both were rejected, though vigorously supported by Vice-president Arthur. Conkling afterward practiced law in New York City. He died April 18, 1888.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Connecticut (river)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CONNECTICUT, a river of the United States, the W. branch of which forms by treaty the boundary between the United States and Canada to lat. 45° N. It rises on the N. border of New Hampshire; forms the boundary between Vermont and New Hampshire, passes through the W. part of Massachusetts and the central part of Connecticut, and falls into Long Island Sound. It is navigable for vessels drawing from 8 to 10 feet for about 300 miles from its mouth, subsidiary canals, however, being required above Hartford; total length, 450 miles. It is famed for its shad fisheries.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Connemara

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Connemara on Wikipedia.
​CONNEMARA (“the Bays of the Ocean”), a boggy and mountainous district occupying the W. portion of County Galway, Ireland; about 30 miles in length and 15 to 20 miles in breadth. Its coasts are very broken, and there are numerous small lakes. It is subdivided into Connemara Proper in the W., Jar-Connaught in the S., and Joyce's Country in the N.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Conjuring

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CONJURING, the production of effects apparently miraculous by natural means. The earlier professors of the art claimed bonâ fide supernatural powers; and in ages when the most elementary principles of physical science were unknown beyond a very limited circle, it was not difficult to gain credence for such a pretension. The modern conjurer makes no such claim, but tells the public frankly that his marvels are illusory, and rest either on personal dexterity or on some ingenious application of natural principles. Of the conjurers of remote antiquity we have few reliable records; though it is a tolerably safe conjecture that the prestige of the ancient mysteries rested in no small degree upon effects of natural magic. The founder of the modern school of conjuring was Robert Houdin (1805-1871), with whom a new era began in 1841. He was followed by Frikell, Hartz, Herrmann, Buatier de Kolta, Verbeck, Lynn, Bertram, etc., producing their magical results with the minimum of visible apparatus. There are, however, signs of a reaction in favor of more spectacular illusions in which the resources of optical and acoustic, as well as mechanical science, are laid under contribution in aid of conjuring proper.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Veit Arnpeck

From volume 1 of the work.
Bavarian historian, b. at Landshut in 1440; d. at the same place about the year 1505. He was educated at Amberg and at Vienna, was parish priest of St. Martin's Church in his native city, and chaplain to Bishop Sixtus. He is counted among the fathers of Bavarian history, and is praised by Aventin as one of his most important predecessors. He wrote a "Chronicon Austriacum", down to 1488 (Pez, Script. rer. Austr., I, 1165); "Liber de gestis episcoporum Frisingensium" (Deutinger, Beitr. z. Gesch. d. Erzbisth. Munch.-Fries., III); and the "Chronicon Baioariorum" (Pez, Thesaurus, III, ii, 19 sq.). This is far superior to his former writings, but is itself equally surpassed by the unpretentious narrative of the German version, which the compiler himself undertook, and carried ten years further.
Stamminger in Kirchenlex., s.v.; Wegele, Gesch. d. deutschen Historiographie (Munich, 1885), 156-160.
FRANCIS W. GREY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vasco Nuñez de Balboa

From volume 2 of the work.
​Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, discoverer of the Pacific Ocean from the west coast of Central America, b. in Spain, 1475, either at Badajoz or at Jerez de los Caballeros; d. at Darien, 1517. He went to Central America in 1500 with Rodrigo de Bastidas and thence, in secret, with Martín Fernández de Enciso to Cartagena. The story that he got aboard either in an empty barrel or wrapped up in a sail may be true. He soon assumed an important role among the participants of the expedition, and settled Darien in 1509. Then he proclaimed himself governor, and sent both Enciso and Nieuesa away. From Darien he undertook, with a few followers, the hazardous journey across the Isthmus that led to the discovery of the Pacific Ocean, 25 September, 1513, and established beyond all doubt the continental nature of America. The appointment in 1514 of Pedrarias Dávila (see Arias de Avila) as governor of the regions discovered and partly occupied by Balboa, and his appearance on the coast of Darien with a large armament, at once gave rise to trouble. Arias was an aged man of mediocre attainments, jealous, deceitful, and vindictive. Balboa was generous, careless, and over-confident in the merits of his achievements, and was no match for the intrigues that forthwith began against him. To mask his sinister designs Arias gave one of his daughters to Balboa in marriage. The latter was allowed to continue his explorations while Arias and the Licentiate Caspar de Espinosa were slowly tightening a net of true and false testimony around him, under cover of the inevitable Residencia, The Crown gave Balboa the title of Adelantado of the South Sea, Governor of Coyba and of what subsequently became the district of Panama, but Arias and his agents understood how to reduce these titles to empty honours. Quevedo, Bishop of Castilla del Oro, was Balboa's sincere friend and assisted him, but with Quevedo's departure for Spain the case was lost. Fearful lest the bishop's appeal for his friend might result against Arias and his party, the Residencia was at once converted into criminal proceedings, death sentence hastily pronounced, and Balboa beheaded for high treason in 1517 at Darien. One of the main pretexts for the sentence was Balboa's action towards Enciso and Nieuesa. Balboa has been credited by most authors with having been first to hear of Peru. This is incorrect. In his few attempts at exploring the coast of southern Panama he heard only of Indian tribes of northern or north-western Colombia.
Ad. F. Bandelier.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Veit Amerbach

From volume 1 of the work.
Born at Wembdinden in 1503; died at Ingolstadt, 13 Sept., 1557, humanist, convert from Lutheranism to the Catholic Church. Educated at Eichstaett and Wittenberg, he taught philosophy, law, Oriental languages, and Lutheran theology at the latter place, where he lived in daily intercourse with Luther, Melancthon, and other leaders of the new movement. It was here that he came to recognize the novelty and falsity of the Lutheran doctrines, and the truth of the Church's teaching. After much controversial correspondence with Melancthon, he left Wittenberg in 1543, and was received, with his wife and children, into the Catholic Church. The Prince Bishop, Maurice von Hutten, made him professor of rhetoric at Eichstätt. A year later, he went to Ingolstadt, as professor of philosophy, where he remained until his death. He is counted among the great humanists of his age, and wrote a large number of learned works, such as: "Commentaria on Cicero and Horace," the former of whom appears to be his favourite author; "Antiparadoxa," whence many details of his life and studies are derived, and "Tres Epistolae," concerning the ecclesiastical controversies of the period.
DOLLINGER, Die Reformation, ihre innere Entwickelung und Wirkungen (Ratisbon, 1846), I, 155-160; RAEZS, Die Convertiten Seit der Reformation (Freiburg, 1866), I, 233-235.
FRANCIS W. GREY
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bucentaur

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
BUCENTAUR, a mythical monster, half man and half ox. The splendid galley in which the Doge of Venice annually wedded the Adriatic bore this name, doubtless because of the figure of a bucentaur on her bow. Three ships were built for this ceremony, enjoined by Pope Alexander III., and all bore a bucentaur figure-head; and the last one was destroyed by the French in 1798.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bryan, William Jennings

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS, an American political leader, born in Salem, Ill., March 19, 1860. He was graduated at Illinois College in 1881, preparing subsequently for the bar at Union ​College, Chicago. In 1887 he removed to Lincoln, Neb., and was elected to Congress in 1890, and again in 1892. Four years later he was nominated for the Presidency of the United States by the Democratic National Convention at Chicago. He advocated the free and unlimited coinage of silver by the United States at a ratio of 16 to 1, regardless of the action of other nations. The Presidential campaign resulted in his defeat. During the war with Spain, he became Colonel of a regiment of volunteers, but saw no field service. In 1900, he again appeared as Democratic candidate for the Presidency upon a platform of free silver, opposition to trusts, and anti-imperialism, and was again defeated by William McKinley. He made a tour of the world in 1906. In 1908 he was defeated for the Presidency by William H. Taft. He was appointed Secretary of State by President Wilson, March 4, 1913, and resigned Jan. 9, 1915. While in office he negotiated treaties with 30 nations. After resigning, devoted himself to lecturing. He took no active part in politics until the Democratic Convention of 1920, when he fought for the insertion of a prohibition plank in the platform. In this he failed. Publications: “Under Other Flags” (1904); “The Old World and Its Ways” (1907).
WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bryaceæ

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BRYACEÆ, urn mosses, a natural order of muscals, distinguished by having the spore cases valveless, with an operculum without elaters. Lindley enumerated 44 genera, and, with a query, 1,100 species as belonging to the order. They are found in all humid climates, but abound in the temperate rather than in the polar regions. The word is also applied to a large group of acrocarpous mosses having a double row of teeth, the inner united at the base by a common plicate membrane. It constitutes part of the order bryaceæ.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bucer, Martin

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
BUCER, MARTIN (bü-sā' or bū'ser), a Protestant reformer, born in Alsace, in 1491; first united with Luther, but afterward inclined to Zwinglius, though he labored much to bring the two parties into a union. He went to England, in 1549, and was made Divinity Professor at Cambridge, where he died, Feb. 28, 1551. In the reign of Mary, his body was taken up and burned. His writings are very numerous.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Brutus, Lucius Junius

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BRUTUS, LUCIUS JUNIUS, an ancient Roman hero, son of Marcus Junius, by the daughter of the elder Tarquin. He saved his life from the persecutions of Tarquin the Proud by feigning himself insane, whence his name Brutus (stupid). On the suicide of Lucretia, however, he threw off the mask, and headed the revolt against the Tarquins. Having secured their banishment, he proposed to abolish the regal dignity and introduce a free government, with the result that he was elected to the consulship, in which capacity he condemned his own sons to death for conspiring to restore the monarchy. He fell in battle 509 B. C.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bryce, George

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BRYCE, GEORGE, a Canadian educator and clergyman, born in Mount Pleasant, Ontario, April 22, 1844. He was graduated at the University of Toronto in 1867, and was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1871. His great work was the foundation of Manitoba College and in assisting the foundation of Manitoba University. He has written “Manitoba,” and “A Short History of the Canadian People.”
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Browning, Robert

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
BROWNING, ROBERT, an English poet, born in Camberwell, May 7, 1812. His first dramatic poem, “Pauline,” which appeared anonymously in 1833, was followed two years later by “Paracelsus,” “Strafford” (1837); “Sordello”
(1840), and a series of plays and dramatic lyrics under the title of “Bells and Pomegranates” (1841-1846). In 1846 he married Elizabeth Barrett, and resided in Florence until her death in 1861,
when he returned to London. “The Ring and the Book” was published in 1869. His other works include “Christmas Eve and Easter Day” (1850); “Men and Women” (1855); “Dramatis Personæ” (1864); “Balaustion's Adventure” (1871); “Fifine at the Fair” (1872); “Red-Cotton Nightcap Country” (1873); “Dramatic Idylls” (1879-1880); “Jocoseria” (1883); “Ferishtah's Fancies” (1884); and “Parleyings with Certain People of Importance in their Day” (1887). He died in Venice, Dec. 12, 1889.
ROBERT BROWNING
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bryant, William Cullen

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BRYANT, WILLIAM CULLEN, an American poet, born in Cummington, Mass., Nov. 3, 1794. After two years in Williams College, he turned his attention to law. But in early youth he produced “Thanatopsis,” and some of his best lyrics—“To a Waterfowl,” “The Yellow Violet,” etc. In 1829 he became editor-in-chief of the New York “Evening Post.” His books include “Letters of a Traveler” (1855); “Letters from Spain” (1859); “Letters from the East” (1869); and a “Popular History of the United States,” with S. H. Gay (4 vols., 1878- 1882). His “Poems” appeared in New York in 1832. This was followed by “The Fountain and Other Poems” (1842), and “The White-Footed Deer and Other Poems” (1844). His first complete edition was issued in Philadelphia in 1846. In his old age Bryant began a translation of the “Iliad” and “Odyssey,” in blank verse; and his last great poem was “The Flood of Years,” a noble pendant to “Thanatopsis.” He died in New York, June 12, 1878.
WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Buchanan, James

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
BUCHANAN, JAMES, an American statesman, 15th President of the United States, born near Mercersburg, Fa., April 23, 1791; graduated at Dickinson College in 1809, admitted to the bar in 1812. He supported the War of 1812, although affiliated with the Federalist party. In 1820 he was elected to Congress, serving successive terms by re-election for 10 years, where he made some reputation in the advocacy of bills for reorganizing the courts and judiciary. In 1828 he supported Andrew Jackson
for the Presidency, who, in turn, appointed him Minister to Russia, where he distinguished himself by arranging an important commercial treaty. In 1834, he entered the United States Senate, serving there 12 years, where he defended the spoils system instituted by Jackson, and declared against the right or power of the Government to interfere with slavery in the States. He was appointed Secretary of State by President Polk, after which service he was in retirement for four years. Under President Pierce he was sent in 1853 as Minister to England, where his advocacy of the annexation of Cuba by the United States led to his nomination to the Presidency in 1856. His cabinet contained men who supported the secession of South Carolina, and eventually joined the Confederacy. While holding that the States had no right to secede, he announced in 1860 that the President had neither the right nor the constitutional power to prevent a State from seceding. This unwillingness to take decisive action enabled the seceding States to arm and prepare for war before the Government did anything to prevent. After he retired, however, he supported the Union cause. He died in Lancaster, Pa., June 1, 1868.
JAMES BUCHANAN
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Brutus, Marcus Junius

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​BRUTUS, MARCUS JUNIUS, an illustrious Roman, one of the murderers of Julius Cæsar. His mother was the sister of Cato. He at first sided with Pompey, but, being treated with great lenity after the battle of Pharsalia, he attached himself to Cæsar, by whom he was greatly caressed and trusted. But the stern Republican spirit of Brutus rendered it impossible for all Cæsar's kindness to him to reconcile him to Cæsar's ambition; and he at length conspired with Cassius and others, and slew him on the Ides of March 44 B. C. Antony succeeded in exciting the popular indignation against the murderers, who fled from Rome, and raised an army, of which Brutus and Cassius took the command; but being totally defeated at the battle of Philippi, where they encountered the army of Antony and Octavianus, Brutus escaped with only a few friends, and believing his cause ruined urged his friend Strato to kill him. This for a time the latter refused to do, but at last, presenting the sword as he turned away his face, the noble Roman fell on it and expired, 36 B. C., in the 43d year of his age.
MARCUS JUNIUS BRUTUS
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Nebraska Wesleyan University

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NEBRASKA WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, a coeducational institution in University Place, Neb.; founded in 1887 under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 45; students, 853; volumes in the library, 4,500; productive funds, $10,000; grounds and buildings valued at $150,000; benefactions, $1,579; income, $13,227; number of graduates, 895; president, I. B. Schreckengast, D. D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Nebuchadnezzar

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NEBUCHADNEZZAR, or NABOPOLASSAR, a king of Babylon, who reigned from 626 to 605 B. C. He united with Astyages in the conquest of Syria, and founded the second Syrio-Babylonian empire.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Neuwied

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NEUWIED (noi-wīd), a town of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine, 8 miles below Coblenz; formerly capital of the principality of Wied. The castle of the princes has a beautiful garden, in which are many Roman antiquities unearthed in the vicinity. The town contains an important institute of the Moravian Brethren, and there are some minor manufactures. Pop. about 20,000.