OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lake, Edward (1641-1704)

​LAKE, EDWARD (1641–1704), archdeacon of Exeter, born in Exeter on 10 Nov. 1641, was the son of a clergyman. In 1658 he entered Wadham College, Oxford, as a commoner, was elected a scholar in 1659, but removed to Cambridge before graduating. In early life he seems to have been connected with the Earl of Bath's family. About 1670 he became chaplain and tutor to the princesses Mary and Anne, daughters of James, duke of York. He was made prebendary of Exeter on 13 Dec. 1675 (Le Neve, Fasti, ed. Hardy, i. 425), and archdeacon of Exeter on 24 Oct. 1676 (ib. i. 396). In 1676 he was created D.D. at Cambridge by royal mandate (Cantabr. Graduati, 1787, p. 230). On 5 Jan. 1681 he was elected a brother of St. Katharine's Hospital, of which he was also a commissary. He resigned his patent for the last-named office on 10 Nov. 1698 (Ducarel's ‘Hosp. of St. Katharine,’ in Nichols, Bibl. Top. Brit. vol. ii. Appendix, pp. 90, 93). On 30 Nov. 1682 he was instituted to the rectory of St. Mary-at-Hill, to which was annexed in 1700 that of St. Andrew Hubbard, London (Newcourt, Repertorium, i. 451). His preaching was greatly admired. He died on 1 Feb. 1703–4, and was buried in St. Katharine, Tower Hill (Bibl. Top. Brit. Appendix, p. 8). The inscription on his monument shows that his friends shared his own opinion that he had been inadequately rewarded. By his wife Margaret (1638–1712) he had a ​daughter, Frances, married in 1695 to William Taswell, D.D., Mary, and Anne (will reg. in P. C. C. 44, Ash).
Lake wrote primarily for the use of his royal pupils a very popular manual entitled ‘Officium Eucharisticum. A preparatory service to a devout and worthy reception of the Lord's Supper,’ 12mo, London, 1673, which reached a thirtieth edition in 1753. In 1843 it was republished at Oxford with a preface by A. J. Christie. In the later editions the text underwent some material alterations; but these in all probability were made after the author's death. The ‘Meditation for every Day in the Week’ appended to the third (1677) and subsequent editions seems to have been written by another divine. The ‘Prayers before, at, and after the Holy Communion’ were reprinted in T. Dorrington's ‘Reform'd Devotions,’ 12mo, 1700, 1704, 1727.
Lake's ‘Diary in 1677–8’ was edited in 1846 by a descendant, G. P. Elliott, from the manuscript in his possession for vol. i. of the Camden Society's ‘Miscellany.’ Sixteen of his ‘Sermons preached upon Several Occasions’ (including a ‘Concio ad Clerum Londinensem,’ 1685) were published by his son-in-law, W. Taswell, 8vo, London, 1705. Prefixed is Lake's portrait engraved by M. Vandergucht, a copy of which, by G. Vandergucht, adorns some of the editions of the ‘Officium Eucharisticum.’
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 735–6; Elliott's Introduction to Lake's Diary (Camd. Soc.); Taswell-Langmead's Introduction to Sir E. Lake's Account (Camd. Soc.), p. x; Granger's Biog. Hist. of England, 2nd ed., iii. 266.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Laing, William

​LAING, WILLIAM (1764–1832), bookseller, born in Edinburgh on 20 July 1764, was educated at the grammar school in the Canongate. Leaving school in 1779 he was apprenticed to a printer, but left that employment in consequence of defective eyesight, and set up in 1785 as a bookseller in the Canongate. He subsequently removed lower down the street to Chessel's Buildings, where he remained until 1803, when he removed to South Bridge. From 1786 he began to issue annual catalogues, and his reputation as a collector of and authority on best editions and valuable books generally, both English and foreign, steadily increased. That as a collector he was not only indefatigable, but also intrepid, is shown by his visit to revolutionary Paris in 1793. Learning in 1799 that Christian VII of Denmark had been advised to dispose of the numerous duplicates in the Royal Library at Copenhagen, and being instigated by Niebuhr the historian, then a student at Edinburgh University, Laing promptly journeyed to Denmark and negotiated the purchase of the duplicates from the king's librarian, Dr. Moldenhawer. He made a rapid tour in search of book rarities in France and Holland during the breathing space afforded by the peace of Amiens. When the war recommenced he devoted his attention to the production in Edinburgh of a worthy edition of the Greek classics. He commenced this attempt in 1804 by the publication of ‘Thucydides, Græce et Latine; accedunt indices: ex editione Wassii et Dukeri,’ in 6 vols. sm. 8vo. This was followed by editions of Herodotus and Xenophon, to which Laing contemplated adding the works of Plato and Demosthenes, but was prevented by the difficulty of procuring competent editors. Towards the close of his life Laing, who had acquired considerable wealth, and whose shop had become a ‘veritable Herculaneum of the treasures of past ages,’ became one of the original directors of the Commercial Bank of Scotland. He died at his house, Ramsay Lodge, Lauriston, Edinburgh, on 10 April 1832, leaving a widow and nine children. His second son, David Laing the antiquary (1793–1878), is separately noticed.
[Chambers's Biog. Dict. of Eminent Scotsmen, ii. 459; Gent. Mag. 1832, ii. 278–9; Irving's Eminent Scotsmen, p. 261; Timperley's Cyclopædia, p. 920.]
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Laing, John (d.1483)

​LAING, JOHN (d. 1483), bishop of Glasgow and chancellor of Scotland, was a native of Edinburgh, and belonged to the family of the Laings of Reidhouse, Midlothian, whose last male representative was John Laing, Lord Reidhouse, lord of session under James VI. As he inherited a house in the High Street of Edinburgh, and his kinsmen held property within that city, his father was probably a wealthy burgess. The earliest notice of him in public documents is in a charter of 1463, in which he is described as secretary to Mary of Gueldres, queen-dowager of James II. At this time he probably held the office of rector of Tannadyce in Forfarshire. According to Crawfurd (Officers of State, p. 39), he was ‘preferred to the treasurer's place in 1465.’ The evidence on which this statement is founded is a charter dated 13 Oct. 1465, but Dr. Thomas Dickson has shown that the true date of this charter is 1472, and there is proof extant to show that the office of lord high treasurer was held by Sir David Guthrie [q. v.] of Kincaldrum in 1465 (Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer, Preface, p. xxx). On 12 Feb. 1470 Laing's name first appears as ‘Rector of Tannadyce, Treasurer.’ In several charters dated September 1470 he is described as ‘Vicar of Linlithgow, King's Treasurer,’ and he was at that time engaged in administering the affairs of the late queen. The rectories of Southwick and of Newlands were conferred upon him in 1472, at which date he was treasurer and clerk of the king's rolls and register. The oldest extant rolls of the treasury were written by Laing while he was in that post. He appears to have resigned his office of treasurer on 1 Dec. 1474, having then been promoted to the see of Glasgow. Crawfurd's theory that Laing was reappointed to the office of treasurer is not supported by documentary evidence, but he still took an active part in state affairs, and it is said that the reconciliation between James III and the Duke of Albany was effected principally through Laing's intercession. In 1476 he founded the Franciscan monastery or ‘Greyfriars’ of Glasgow, in conjunction with Thomas Forsyth, rector of Glasgow. So highly was he esteemed by the king that when the office of lord high chancellor became vacant at the close of 1482, through the resignation of Lord Evandale, Laing was chosen as his successor. He held office till his death on 11 Jan. 1483.
[Registrum Magni Sigilli; Origines Parochiales Scotiæ; J. F. S. Gordon's Scotichronicon, ii. 511.]
A. H. M.
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Paulinianus

Paulinianus, younger brother of Jerome. He was still young in 385 ("adolescens," Hieron. c. Rut. iii. 22) when he left Rome with his brother and their friend Vincentius, and he was under 30 when ordained in 394 (Hieron. adv. Joan. Hier. § 8). He shared his brother's journeys in Palestine and settled with him in Bethlehem, where he probably remained to the end of his life. He was modest, only desiring to help his brother in the monastery. But Epiphanius, coming to Jerusalem in 394, and finding (or rather promoting) a schism between the monasteries of Bethlehem and bp. John of Jerusalem, took him to the monastery which he had founded at Ad, and there, against the protests and even resistance of Paulinian, ordained him priest. (See in Hieron. Ep. li. 1, ed. Vall. the trans. of Epiphanius's explanatory letter to John of Jerusalem.) Paulinian may perhaps have acted as presbyter in the monasteries for a time, but he felt it prudent during the vehement controversy which sprang up between Jerome and bp. John of Jerusalem to go to Epiphanius in Cyprus. Jerome declares (contra Joannem § 41) that his brother was in Cyprus.
[W.H.F.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Patroclus, bp. of Arles

Patroclus (3), bp. of Arles, between SS. Heros and Honoratus (a.d. 412–426). In 412 the people of Arles drove out Heros and elected Patroclus, a creature of Constantius (Prosper Aquit. Chronicon, Migne, Patr. Lat. li. 590). As bishop he is said to have sold ecclesiastical offices (Prosper Tyro, Chronicon, in Bouquet i. 638) and hoarded up stores of ill-gotten wealth (cf. the funeral sermon of Hilary of Arles upon St. Honoratus, c. vi. Patr. Lat. l. 1265). He seems, however, to have commended himself to pope Zosimus, who conferred upon him unprecedented privileges of jurisdiction, and his history illustrates the relations of the French dioceses. On the ground that Arles was the fountain-head of Gallic Christianity, the pope confirmed to the see all parishes it had ever held, whether within the province or not, and gave Patroclus exclusive rights of ordination over the independent provinces of Vienne, Narbonensis Prima, and Narbonensis Secunda, and deposed Proculus, bp. of Marseilles, for infringing these privileges by ordaining in his own diocese. On the ground of Patroclus's personal merits, the pope, in a letter addressed to all the Gallic bishops, forbade any cleric of whatever rank to visit Rome without first obtaining literae formatae, or letters of identification and recommendation, from the bp. of Arles. See the pope's correspondence from Mar. 22, 417, to Feb. 5, 418, which is chiefly occupied with Arles, Epp. i. v. vi. vii. x. xi. Migne, Patr. Lat. xx. 643, 665, 666, 668, 673, 674. These privileges were productive of great dissatisfaction in the neighbouring provinces and, in the matter of the jurisdiction, Zosimus's orders were virtually rescinded by his successor, Bonifacius I., who, in a letter written Feb. 9, 422, asserted the right of Hilary, bp. of Narbonne, to consecrate the bp. of Lodève in his province, as against Patroclus, who had usurped it (Ep. iii. Patr. Lat. xx. 772–774). In 425 Patroclus was ordered by Theodosius to assemble for discussion the Gallic bishops who professed the Pelagian and Celestian heresies, the emperor decreeing exile for such as should not recant within 20 days. Patroclus was murdered in 426 by a barbarian officer (Chronicon, Patr. Lat. li. 593–594).
[S.A.B.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Paulina, daughter of Paula

Paulina (1), daughter of Paula the friend of Jerome, and wife of PAMMACHIUS. She married about the time when her mother and her sister Eustochium went with Jerome to Palestine in 385. Her children died at birth and she herself probably died in childbirth in 397. Her merits are described in consolatory letters to Pammachius from Jerome (Ep. 66, ed. Vall.) and Paulinus (Ep. 13, Migne's Patr. Lat. vol. 61).
[W.H.F.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Paschasius, deacon of Rome

Paschasius (3), deacon of Rome, called by Gregory the Great in his Dialogues, bk. iv. c. 40, "a man of great sanctity." He was a firm supporter of the antipope Laurentius to his death, and his adhesion was a great source of strength to the opponents of Symmachus (cf. Baronius, ann. 498). There is extant a work of his in two books, de Sancto Spiritu (Patr. Lat. lxii. 9–40), which Gregory (u.s.) calls "libri rectissimi ac luculenti." The date of his death was c. 512.
[G.W.D.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Pastor

Pastor (1). This name is connected with traditions of the Roman church, which, though accepted as historical by Baronius and other writers, including Cardinal Wiseman (Fabiola, p. 189), must be rejected as mythical. These traditions relate to the origin of two of the oldest of the Roman tituli, those of St. Pudentiana and St. Praxedis, which still give titles to cardinals, and the former of which claims to be the most ancient church in the world. The story is that Peter when at Rome dwelt in the house of the senator Pudens in the vicus Patricius, and there held divine service, his altar being then the only one at Rome. Pudens is evidently intended as the same who is mentioned II. Tim. iv. 21. His mother's name is said to have been Priscilla, and it is plainly intended to identify her with the lady who gave to an ancient cemetery at Rome its name. The story relates that Pudens, on the death of his wife, converted his house into a church and put it under the charge of the priest Pastor, from whom it was known us "titulus Pastoris." This titulus is named in more than one document, but in all the name may have been derived from the story. Thus in the Acts of Nemesius, pope Stephen is said to have held a baptism there (Baronius a.d. 257, n. 23). Our story relates that the baptistery had been placed there by pope Pius I., who often exercised the episcopal functions in this church. Here the two daughters of Pudens, Pudentiana and Praxedis, having given all their goods to the poor, dedicated themselves to the service of God. This church, under the name of Ecclesia Pudentiana, is mentioned in an inscription of a.d. 384, and there are epitaphs of priests tituli Pudentis of a.d. 489 and 528 (de Rossi, Bull. 1867, n. 60; 1883, p. 107). The original authority for the story appears to be a letter purporting to be written by Pastor to Timothy (see Boll AA. SS. May 19, iv. 299). He informs Timothy of the death of his brother Novatus, who, during his illness, had been visited by Praxedis, then the only surviving sisters. He obtains Timothy's consent to the application of the property of Novatus to religious uses according to the direction of Praxedis; and baths possessed by Novatus in the vicus Lateritius are converted into a second titulus, now known as of St. Praxedis. This titulus is mentioned in an epitaph of a.d. 491 (de Rossi, Bull. 1882, p. 65); and priests of both tituli sign in the Roman council of 499. On this letter are founded false letters of pope Pius I. to Justus of Vienna, given in Baronius (Ann. 166, i.), a forgery later than the Isodorian Decretals. Those who maintain the genuineness of the letter of Pastor are met by the chronological difficulty of connecting Pudens with both St. Paul and Pius I. It has been argued that such longevity is not impossible; and it has been suggested that Praxedis and Pudentiana were not grand-daughters of Pudens. But the spuriousness of the whole story has been abundantly shown by Tillemont (ii. 286, 615).
[G. S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Paula, daughter of Toxotius

Paula (3), granddaughter of foregoing, daughter of Toxotius, and of Laeta the daughter of Albinus, a heathen and a priest. Laeta embraced Christianity and wrote to consult Jerome as to Paula's education, who replied in Ep. 107, written in 401. He desires that she should lead the ascetic life and prepare to consecrate herself to Christ in virginity; and begs that, if she could not carry out at Rome the system of instruction in scriptural knowledge which he prescribed, she might be sent to Bethlehem. She was probably sent there while still a child, though not till after her grandmother's death. Several of Jerome's commentaries are dedicated to her with her aunt Eustochium, and she is mentioned by both Jerome and Augustine in their correspondence in 416 (Hieron. Epp. 134, 143, both to Augustine).
[W.H.F.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Patrocius, a martyr

Patrocius (2) (St. Parre), Jan. 21, a martyr supposed to have suffered under Aurelian, and commemorated by Greg. Turon. Glor. Mart. c. 64. His Acts are fully told by the Bollandists,
AA. SS Jan. ii. 342–349. A curious story told by Gregory (l.c.) shews how his Acts originated. Patroclus had a chapel in Gaul served by a solitary priest. The populace despised this chapel because it possessed no Acts of his passion, and a traveller came to the priest one day and shewed him a book which proved to be the Acts of his own saint. The priest sat up all night copying them, and then returned the book to the traveller, who went his way. The priest at once shewed his bishop the Acts. The prelate was suspicious, taxed him with forgery, and, according to the stern discipline of the Gallic church, flogged him on the spot. An army, however, shortly afterwards invaded Italy, and brought back an identical copy of the Acts, thus proving the good faith of the priest. The people thereupon built a splendid church in honour of Patroclus.
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hotham, Durant

​HOTHAM, DURANT (1617?–1691), biographer, was fifth son by his second marriage of Sir John Hotham [q. v.], of Scorborough, Yorkshire (Foster, Pedigrees of Yorkshire, vol. ii.) He was admitted to Christ's College, Cambridge, 7 May 1632, aged 15. He became involved in his father's disgrace, his letters and papers were seized (June 1643), and he was summoned to attend parliament. ​After being examined, he was soon discharged, and his property restored to him, though he received strict injunctions not to join his father (Commons' Journals, iii. 153, 158). For many years he lived at Lockington in Yorkshire, engaged in scientific pursuits. As justice of the peace he officiated at the marriage of his brother Charles at Wigan on 15 Sept. 1656. He died in the parish of St. James, Westminster, in 1691, and was buried in the church (letters of administration, P. C. C., granted on 2 Oct. 1691). On 23 Aug. 1645 he married Frances (1625–1693), daughter of Richard Remington of Lund, Yorkshire, and by her had seven sons and four daughters, all of whom died young. He wrote a ‘Life of Jacob Boehme,’ published in two different editions in 1654, interesting for its literary style. His translation of his brother Charles's ‘Ad Philosophiam Teutonicam Manuductio’ was issued in 1650 as ‘englished by D. F.’ (i.e. Durant Frater).
[Worthington's Diary (Chetham Soc.), pt. iii. pp. 291–3; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1652–3, p. 405; information kindly supplied by C. W. Sutton, esq., of Manchester; Dalton's Wrays of Glenworth, ii. 60.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hotham, Charles (1800-1855)

Date of birth 1806 in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​HOTHAM, Sir CHARLES (1800–1855), naval commander and colonial governor, born at Dennington, Suffolk, in 1800, was eldest son of Frederick Hotham, prebendary of Rochester, by Anne Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Thomas Hallett Hodges. He entered the navy on 6 Nov. 1818, and became lieutenant in September 1825, commander 13 Aug. 1828, and captain on 28 June 1833. In 1845 he took part in the Para expedition against Rosas, and for this and other services in South America was made a K.C.B. in 1846. In view of the troubles consequent on the gold discoveries, he was selected as lieutenant-governor for the young colony of Victoria, 2 June 1854, being made full governor on 22 May 1855. The condition of the colony was serious. Disorder reigned at the diggings, and disorganisation in the administration. He firmly repressed the former, which culminated in the outbreak at the Eureka stockade on 3 Dec. 1854, and reorganised the colonial finances and the method of dealing with the crown lands. The anxieties and labours of his office proved too much for his health, and he died at Melbourne on 31 Dec. 1855. Hotham married on 10 Dec. 1853, Jane Sarah, widow of Hugh Holbech, esq., and daughter of Samuel Hood, second Lord Bridport.
[Melbourne Argus; G. W. Rusden's Hist. of Australia.]
E. C. K. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hotham, William (1772-1848)

​HOTHAM, Sir WILLIAM (1772–1848), admiral, second son of General George Hotham, and nephew of William, first lord Hotham [q. v.], was born on 12 Feb. 1772, and was educated at Westminster School. He entered the navy in 1786, on board the Grampus, with Captain Edward Thompson, in which he made a voyage to the Guinea coast. He afterwards served at Portsmouth, in the West Indies, and in the Channel; in 1790 in the Princess Royal under his uncle's flag, and in October he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. During the years immediately following he was employed on the coast of North America and in the West Indies, and in January 1794 he joined the Victory, carrying Lord Hood's flag in the Mediterranean. In the following May he served on shore at the siege of Bastia, under the immediate orders of Nelson, on 12 Aug. was promoted to the command of the Éclair, and on 7 Oct. was advanced to post rank, and appointed to the Cyclops, which continued attached to the Mediterranean fleet till the beginning of 1796, when she was sent home with despatches and paid off. In January 1797 Hotham was appointed to the Adamant of 50 guns in the North Sea. When the mutiny broke out the Adamant was the only ship, besides the Venerable, which did not join in it, and for several weeks these two ships alone maintained the blockade of the Texel [see Duncan, Adam, Viscount Duncan]. After sharing in the glories of Camperdown on 11 Oct. 1797, the Adamant was attached to the squadron off Havre, under Sir Richard Strachan, and towards the end of 1798 was sent out to the Cape of Good Hope, where she was principally employed in the blockade of Mauritius, and on 12 Dec. 1799, in company with the Tremendous, drove ashore and destroyed the French frigate Preneuse. The Adamant continued on this service till September 1801, when she was sent home with convoy and was paid off. In March 1803 Hotham was appointed to the Raisonnable, employed to watch the enemy's flotilla at Boulogne. On this service his health gave way, and in 1804 he resigned his command, and retired for a while from active service. Subsequently he was for a short time in command of the Sea Fencibles of the Liverpool district, and of the Royal Sovereign yacht, till his promotion to flag rank on 4 Dec. 1813. For several years he was attached to the court as gentleman-in-waiting, and at his leisure drew up an in​teresting and gossipping volume of ‘Characters, principally Professional.’ The manuscript remains in the possession of the family, but through the kindness of Rear-admiral Charles F. Hotham, now (1890) commander-in-chief in the Pacific, the present writer has been permitted to consult a copy of it. In 1815 he was nominated a K.C.B; on 19 July 1821 became vice-admiral, and admiral on 10 Jan. 1837; on 4 July 1840 he was nominated a G.C.B., and died on 31 May 1848. He was twice married, and left issue.
[Ralfe's Naval Biog. iii. 336; Marshall's Royal Naval Biog. ii. (vol. i. pt. ii.) 580; O'Byrne's Naval Biog. Dict.; Journal of the Royal Geog. Soc. vol. xx. p. xxxiv.]
J. K. L.