OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Couvreur, (Adrienne le)

COUVREUR, (ADRIENNE LE) Daughter of a Hatter, at Fismes, in Champagne. Born 1695; died 1730, aged 33;
One of the most celebrated French actresses, had the taste to strike out a new road to excellence, by following simple nature in tragedy. After having acted some time at Paris, she went to Strasburgh, but returned in 1717. Expression and grace supplied what was wanting of beauty in her person. She is said to have had all the intelligence, art, and address of Mademoiselle Clairon, with more sensibility. She was attached to the Marshal de Saxe, and from youth till the time of her death lived with him. This famous hero wrote to her once from Courland, to enquire some means of borrowing money for him; and, without hesitation, she sold her plate and jewels, and sent him 40,000 livres.
With feeble health, and a taste for study and retirement, Madame le Couvreur found herself obliged to accept the invitations of people, who, as she complains, wanted to know her only from curiosity, and be presented to her because some people of distinction did her that honour; or pass for impertinent and conceited. "Not," adds she, in one of her letters, "that I want gratitude or a desire to please; but I find that the flattery of fools is not so gratifying as it is common, and that it becomes a burthen, when it must be bought by reiterated compliances."
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Cresilla

CRESILLA,
A female sculptor of early Greece, who having, in competition with others masters, to form seven Amazons ​to ornament the temple of Diana at Ephesus, carried away the third honour, the first being given to Policletus, and the second to Phidias.
Abecedario Pittorico.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Costa, (Mary Margaret)

COSTA, (MARY MARGARET) Native of Rome in the seventeenth Century,
A woman of vast erudition, who applied herself with success, to various branches of literature, particularly poetry.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Coudray, (M. de Lebourier du)

COUDRAY, (M. DE LEBOURIER DU)
Having practised midwifery in Paris for sixteen years, employed her pen upon the subject. She afterwards settled at Auvergne, where she acquired the highest reputation; and not only gave her advice to the poor gratis, but instructed those of her own profession, and opened a school for the reception of young pupils.
She wrote likewise another treatise, in which she has given farther proofs of her good sense, her humane and benevolent disposition, in advice to those mothers who are willing to become nurses to their own children; the title of her book is, Avis aux Meres qui Nourissent leur Enfans. "It is an error," says this sensible writer, "to imagine that a child which is put out to nurse, will love the parent with the same degree of tenderness, as if she had nursed it herself: and the means taken to wean the child, and make it forget its nurse, is the first lesson that is taught of indifference and ingratitude. The separation of children from their nurses is, to those of susceptible and tender dispositions, a most cruel affliction, and very often of ill consequence. If they are taken away a second time, they express but little uneasiness, having been already taught to disengage their affections. This proceeding makes children affable and unreserved in the world; but they love nobody: while those who are brought up always with the mother, continue their attachment during life."
Mrs. Thicknesse.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Cornelia

CORNELIA,
Of the family of the Scipios, and mother of the Gracchi, so excelled in knowledge and the study of the sciences, that she was generally praised by the most learned men, for her probity, wisdom, and philosophy, lectures on for which she read publicly in Rome. Quintilian says, "We are much bound to the mother Cornelia for the eloquence of the Gracchi, whose unparalleled learning, in her excellent epistles, ​she hath bequeathed to posterity." Cicero says, in his Rhetoric, "That if the name of woman had not distinguished Cornelia, she had deserved the first place among philosophers; because he never saw such grave sentences proceed from any mortal creature as were contained in her writings."
A statue was erected on her sepulchre, with this inscription:—"Here lieth interred the most learned Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi: she was both happy and fortunate in her disciples, whom she instructed, though unhappy in her children."
F. C. &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Cunitia

CUNITIA, or CUNITZ (MARIA), Daughter of a Doctor of Physic in Silesia; married, in 1630, Doctor Liewen, a very learned Man. She died 1664.
A most extraordinary woman, who learnt languages with wonderful facility, understanding the German, Polish, French, Italian, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew; was well versed in history, natural and political, painting, poetry, and music. But what she applied herself most to was mathematics and astronomy. In 1630, she published astronomical tables, under the title of Urania Propitia, which are held in high esteem; and her acquaintance was sought by the most learned astronomers, to many of whom she communicated memoirs of useful discoveries. She made verses with much facility.
F. C. Gen. Biog. Dict.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Cornuel, (Madame)

CORNUEL, (MADAME) a French Lady, of great Conversational Wit, in the seventeenth Century. Died 1693; aged 67.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Cruz, (Jeane-Ignes de la)

CRUZ (JEANE-IGNES DE LA), a Mexican Nun, and a Voluminous Writer,
Whose poems are of great repute in Spain. They are famous for their sublimity, force, and erudition, but are thought by good critics to be inferior to her works in prose. It is said, many Spanish poets surpass her in harmony, but none equal her in variety and extent of knowledge.
Father Feejoo.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Cornaro, (Helena Lucretia)

CORNARO, (HELENA LUCRETIA); born at Venice, 1646; died 1684;
Was the daughter of George Baptista Cornaro, and educated in a very singular manner: for she was taught languages ancient and modern, and sciences, as boys ​are, and went through the philosophy of the schools, thorny as it then was. After many years spent in study, she took her degrees at Padua, and was perhaps the first lady that ever was made a doctor. She was not excelled by any of the rabbies in her knowledge of Hebrew, and wrote Greek with great elegance, as her letters in those two languages preserved in the Venetian public library can evince. She was admitted of the university of Rome, where she had the title of Humble given her, as she had at Padua that of Unalterable. She deserved, they say, both, since all her learning had not inspired her with the least vanity, nor was any thing capable of disturbing that calmness of spirit, which she always employed in the deepest thinking. She made a vow of perpetual virginity; and though all means were used to persuade her to marry, and even a dispensation from her vow obtained of the pope, she yet remained inflexible. She fasted often, and spent her whole time in study and devotion, excepting those hours in which she was obliged to receive visits; often saying, when, in obedience to her father, she saw company, "this will be the death of me."
All persons of quality and distinction, who passed through Venice, were more solicitous to see her than the other curiosities of that superb city. The cardinals de Bouillon and d'Etrees, were ordered by the French king to call, in their way to Italy, upon Lucretia Cornaro, at Venice, to examine whether the report of her was true; and they found that her parts and learning were answerable to the high reputation she had acquired all over Europe. At length, her indefatigable application to her books, to those especially which were in Greek and Hebrew, impaired her constitution so much, that she fell into the illness of which she died.
​As soon as the news of her death reached Rome, the academicians, called Infecondi, who had formerly admitted her of their society, made odes in memory of her, and epitaphs without number. They celebrated likewise a funeral solemnity in her honour, in the college of the Barnabite fathers, where the academy usually assembled. This solemnity was conducted with the highest pomp and magnificence; and a description of it published at Paris in the year 1686, dedicated to the most serene republic of Venice. The whole city flocked together to see it; and one of the academicians made a funeral oration, in which, with all the pomp of Italian eloquence, he expatiated on the great and valuable qualities of the deceased; saying, that Helena Lucretia Cornaro had triumphed over three monsters, who were at perpetual war with her sex, viz. luxury, pride, and ignorance.
It does not appear that this lady was the author of any literary productions.
Female Worthies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Cornificia

CORNIFICIA, an Epigrammatist, Sister of the Poet Cornificius, in the Time of Augustus,
Delivered herself entirely to the study of poetry, because "science is the only thing which is not subject to the caprices of fortune."
F. C.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prie-dieu

See also Prie-dieu on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PRIE-DIEU, literally “pray God,” strictly a prayer desk, primarily intended for private use, but often found in churches of the European continent. It is a small ornamental wooden desk furnished with a sloping shelf for books, and a cushioned kneeling piece. It appears not to have received its present name until the early part of the 17th century. At that period in France a small room or oratory was sometimes known by the same name. A similar form of chair, in domestic furniture, is called prie-dieu by analogy.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Priene

See also Priene on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PRIENE (mod. Samsun kale), an ancient city of Ionia on the foot-hills of Mycale, about 6 m. N. of the Maeander. It was formerly on the sea coast, but now lies some miles inland. It is said to have been founded by Ionians under Aegyptus, a son of Neleus. Sacked by Ardys of Lydia, it revived and attained great prosperity under its “sage,” Bias, in the middle of the 6th century. Cyrus captured it in 545; but it was able to send twelve ships to join the Ionian revolt (500-494). Disputes with Samos, and the troubles after Alexander's death, brought Priene low, and Rome had to save it from the kings of Pergamum and Cappadocia in 155. Orophernes, the rebellious brother of the Cappadocian king, who had deposited a treasure there and recovered it by Roman intervention, restored the temple of Athena as a thankoffering. Under Roman and Byzantine dominion Priene had a prosperous history. It passed into Moslem hands late in the 13th century. The ruins, which lie on successive terraces, were the object of missions sent out by the English Society of Dilettanti in 1765 and 1868, and have been thoroughly laid open by Dr Th. Wiegand (1895-1899) for the Berlin Museum. The city, as rebuilt in the 4th and 3rd centuries, was laid out on a rectangular scheme. It faced south, its acropolis rising nearly 700 ft. behind it. The whole area was enclosed by a wall 7 ft. thick with towers at intervals and three principal gates. On the lower slopes of the acropolis was a shrine of Demeter. The town had six main streets, about 20 ft. wide, running east and west and fifteen streets about 10 ft. wide crossing at right angles, all being evenly spaced; and it was thus divided into about 80 insulae. Private houses were apportioned four to an insula. The systems of water-supply and drainage can easily be discerned. The houses present many analogies with the earliest Pompeian. In the western half of the city, on a high terrace north of the main street and approached by a fine stairway, was the temple of Athena Polias, a hexastyle peripterial Ionic structure built by Pythias, the architect of the Mausoleum. Under the basis of the statue of Athena were found in 1870 silver tetradrachms of Orophernes, and some jewelry, probably deposited at the time of the Cappadocian restoration. Fronting the main street is a series of halls, and on the other side is the fine market place. The municipal buildings, Roman gymnasium, and well preserved theatre lie to the north, but, like all the other public structures, in the centre of the plan. Temples of Isis and Asclepius have been laid bare. At the lowest point on the south, within the walls, was the large stadium, connected with a gymnasium of Hellenistic times.
See Society of Dilettanti, Ionian Antiquities (1821), vol. ii.; Th. Wiegand and H. Schrader, Priene (1904); on inscriptions (360) see Hiller von Gärtringen, Inschriften von Priene (Berlin, 1907), with collection of ancient references to the city.  (D. G. H.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prieur de la Marne

See also Pierre Louis Prieur on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PRIEUR DE LA MARNE [Pierre Louis Prieur] (1756-1827), French politician, was born at Sommesous (Marne) on the 1st of August 1756. He practised as a lawyer at Châlons-sur-Marne until 1789, when he was elected to the states-general. He became secretary to the Assembly, and the violence of his attacks on the ancien régime won him the nickname of “Crieur de la Marne.” In 1791 he became vice-president of the criminal tribunal of Paris. Re-elected to the Convention, he was sent to Normandy, where he directed bitter reprisals against the Federalists. He voted for the death of Louis XVI., and as a member of the committees of national defence and of public safety he was despatched in October 1793 to Brittany, where he established the Terror. In May 1794 he became president of the Convention. The counter-revolutionaries drove him into hiding from May 1795 until the amnesty proclaimed in the autumn of that year. He took no part in public affairs under the directory, the consulate or the empire, and in 1816 was banished as a regicide. He died in Brussels on the 31st of May 1827.
See Pierre Bliard, Le Conventionnel Prieur de la Marne en mission dans l'ouest 1793-1794 d'après des documents inédits (1906).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prieur, Pierre

See also Pierre Prieur on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PRIEUR, PIERRE (c. 1626-c. 1676), French enamel painter. He married Marie (1610-1677), sister of Jean Petitot, as her second husband. In 1669 he was in England, painting a miniature of Charles II. and another of Lady Castlemaine, both after Cooper, for the king of Denmark. In 1670 he was in Poland, painting for the Danish monarch a portrait of King Michael, and in the following year was in Denmark executing a remarkable series of portraits of the children of Frederick III. All these, with some beautiful enamel badges for the Order of the Elephant, are in the Danish royal collection. By Christian V. he is said to have been sent to Spain and Russia, where several examples of his work, dated 1676, are to be seen in the Hermitage. In the following year he died in Denmark. He was a Huguenot, and was said to possess secret colours in enamel, especially a blue, which were not known to his Petitot relations. His work in England is of great rarity, Lord Dartrey possessing the finest example, and there are two remarkable works in the Pierpont Morgan collection and one at Windsor Castle. Two in the Propert collection have been lost sight of. (G. C. W.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prieur-Duvernois, Claude Antoine, Comte

See also Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PRIEUR-DUVERNOIS, CLAUDE ANTOINE, Comte (1763-1832), French politician, was born at Auxonne on the 2nd of December 1763, and was commonly known as Prieur de la Côte d'Or, after his native department. As an officer of engineers he presented to the National Assembly in 1790 a Mémoire on the standardization of weights and measures. In 1791 he was returned by the Côte d'Or to the Legislative Assembly, and in 1792 to the Convention. After the revolution of the 10th of August 1792 he was sent on a mission to the army of the Rhine to announce the deposition of Louis XVI., for whose death he voted in the Convention. In 1793 he was employed in breaking up the Federalist movement in Normandy, but he was arrested by the Federalist authorities of Caen, and only released in July 1793 after the defeat of their forces at Vernon. On the 14th of August 1793 he became a member of the committee of public safety, where he allied himself closely with Lazare Carnot in the organization of national defence, being especially charged with the provision of the munitions of war. Under the Directory he sat in the Council of the Five Hundred, retiring after the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799). In 1808 he was created a count of the empire, and in 1811 he retired from the army with the grade of chef de brigade. He was one of the founders of the École Polytechnique, and shared in the establishment of the Institute of France; the adoption of the metric system and the foundation of the bureau of longitude were also due to his efforts. Prieur died at Dijon on the 11th of August 1832.
See J. Gros, Le Comité de salut public (1893); and E. Charavay, Correspondance de Carnot, vol. i., which includes some documents drawn up by Prieur.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prim, Juan

See also Juan Prim on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PRIM, JUAN, Marquis de los Castillejos, Count de Reus (1814-1870), Spanish soldier and statesman, was the son of Lieut.-Colonel Pablo Prim, and was born at Reus in Catalonia on the 12th of December 1814. He entered the free corps known as the volunteers of Isabella II. in 1834, and in the course of the Carlist War he rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and had two orders of knighthood conferred upon him. After the pacification of 1839, as a progressist opposed to the dictatorship of Espartero, he was sent into exile. However, in 1843 he was elected deputy for Tarragona, and after defeating Espartero at Bruch he entered Madrid in triumph with Serrano. The regent Maria Christina promoted him major-general, and made him count of Reus. Narvaez, the prime minister, failed to understand what constitutional freedom meant, and Prim, on showing signs of opposition, was sentenced to six years' imprisonment in the Philippine Islands. The sentence was not carried out, and Prim remained an exile in England and France until the amnesty of 1847. He then returned to Spain, and was first employed as captain-general of Porto Rico and afterwards as military representative with the sultan during the Crimean War. In 1854 he was elected to the cortes, and gave his support to O'Donnell, who promoted him lieutenant-general in 1856. In the war with Morocco he did such good service at Los Castillejos or Marabout, Cabo Negro, Guad al Gelu and Campamento in 1860 that he was made marquis de los Castillejos and a grandee of Spain. He commanded the Spanish army in Mexico when he refused to consent to the ambitious schemes of Napoleon III. On his return to Spain he joined the opposition, heading pronunciamentos in Catalonia against Narvaez and O'Donnell. All his attempts failed until the death of Narvaez in April 1868, after which Queen Isabella fell more and more under the influence of the Jesuits, and became increasingly tyrannical, until at last even Serrano was exiled. In September 1868 Serrano and Prim returned, and Admiral Topete, commanding the fleet, raised the standard of revolt at Cadiz (see Spain). In July 1869 Serrano was elected regent, and Prim became president of the council and was made a marshal. On the 16th of November 1870 Amadeo, duke of Aosta, was elected king of Spain, but Prim, on leaving the chamber of the cortes on the 28th of December, was shot by unknown assassins and died two days later. The cortes took his children as wards of the country; three days afterwards King Amadeo I. swore in the presence of the corpse to observe the new Spanish constitution.
Two biographies of Prim down to 1860 were published in that year by Gimenez y Guited and Gonzalez Llanos. See also L. Blairet, Le Général Prim et la situation actuelle de l'Espagne (Paris, 1867); Guillaumot, Juan Prim et l'Espagne (Paris, 1870); and Prim, by H. Leonardon (in French, 1901), which contains a useful bibliography.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prie, Jeanne Agnes Berthelot de Pléneuf, Marquise de

See also Prie, Jeanne Agnès Berthelot de Pléneuf, marquise de Prie on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PRIE, JEANNE AGNES BERTHELOT DE PLÉNEUF, Marquise de (1698-1727), French adventuress, was the daughter of a rich but unscrupulous father and an immoral mother. At the age of fifteen she was married to Louis, marquis de Prie, and went with him to the court of Savoy at Turin, where he was ambassador. She was twenty-one when she returned to France, and was soon the declared mistress of Louis Henri, duc de Bourbon. During his ministry (1723-1725) she was in several respects the real ruler of France, her most notable triumph being the marriage of Louis XV. to Marie Leszczynska instead of to Mlle de Vermandois. But when, in 1725, she sought to have Bourbon's rival Fleury exiled, her ascendancy came to an end. After Fleury's recall and the banishment of Bourbon to Chantilly Mme de Prie was exiled to Courbépine, where she committed suicide the next year.
See M. H. Thirion, Madame de Prie (Paris, 1905).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Priego de Cordoba

See also Priego de Córdoba on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PRIEGO DE CORDOBA, a town of southern Spain in the extreme S.E. of the province of Cordova, near the headwaters of the river Guadajoz, and on the northern slope of the Sierra de Priego. Pop. (1900), 16,902. The district abounds in cattle and mules and agricultural products, especially wine and oil. The local industries also include tanning and manufactures of esparto fabrics, rugs and cotton goods. The oldest church was built in the 13th century and subsequently restored; it has a fine chapel. There are ruins of an old castle—Priego having been a fortified city of the Moors which was captured by the Christians in 1226, lost again, and finally retaken in 1407.