OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Reinagle, George Philip

​REINAGLE, GEORGE PHILIP (1802–1835), marine painter, youngest son of Ramsay Richard Reinagle [q. v.], was born in 1802. He was a pupil of his father, but he gained much facility in the treatment of marine subjects by copying the works of the Dutch painters Bakhuisen and Willem van de Velde. He exhibited first at the Royal Academy in 1822, when he sent a portrait of a gentleman; but in 1824 he contributed a ‘Ship in a Storm firing a Signal of Distress,’ and a ‘Calm,’ and in 1825 ‘A Dutch Fleet of the Seventeenth Century coming to Anchor in a Breeze,’ and other naval subjects in the following years. In 1827 he was present on board the Mosquito at the battle of Navarino, and on his return he drew on stone, and published in 1828, ‘Illustrations of the Battle of Navarin,’ which was followed by ‘Illustrations of the Occurrences at the Entrance of the Bay of Patras between the English Squadron and Turkish Fleets, 1827.’ He also painted incidents of these engagements, which were exhibited in 1829, 1830, and 1831. He was present with the English fleet on the coast of Portugal in 1833, and his picture of ‘Admiral Napier's Glorious Triumph over the Miguelite Squadron’ was one of his contributions to the Royal Academy in 1834. Four naval subjects in 1835 were his last exhibited works. He worked both in oil and in watercolours, and gave much promise as a painter of shipping and marine pieces. His works appeared also at the British Institution, and occasionally at the Society of British Artists.
Reinagle died at 11 Great Randolph Street, Camden Town, London, on 6 Dec. 1835, aged 33.
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Reinagle, Joseph

Contains subarticle Alexander Robert Reinagle (1799–1877).
​REINAGLE, JOSEPH (1762–1836), music composer, the son of a German musician resident in England, was born at Portsmouth in 1762. He was at first intended for the navy, but became apprentice to a jeweller in Edinburgh. Then, adopting music as a profession, he studied the French horn and trumpet with his father, and soon appeared in public as a player of those instruments. Acting on medical advice, he abandoned the wind instruments, and studied the violoncello under Schetky (who married his sister), and the violin under Aragoni and Pinto. He succeeded so well that he was appointed leader of the Edinburgh Theatre band. After appearing as a 'cellist in London, he went in 1784 to Dublin, where he remained for two years. Returning to London, he took a prominent position in the chief orchestras, and was principal 'cello at the Salomon concerts under Haydn, who showed him much kindness. Engaged to play at the Oxford concerts, he was so well received that he settled in the city and died there in 1836. Reinagle was a very able violoncellist, and enjoyed a wide popularity. Nathaniel Gow [q. v.] was one of his Edinburgh pupils. He composed a good deal of music for violin, violoncello, and pianoforte, and wrote a ‘Concise Introduction to the Art of playing the Violoncello,’ London, 1835, which went through four editions. A younger ​brother, Hugh, was also a ’cellist of some note.
A son, Alexander Robert Reinagle (1799–1877), musician, born at Brighton on 21 Aug. 1799, was from 1823 to 1853 organist of St. Peter's-in-the-East, Oxford, and died at Kidlington, where he is buried, on 6 April 1877. He published ‘Psalm Tunes for the Voice and Pianoforte’ (circa 1830), in which appears the tune ‘St. Peter,’ now widely used, and included in most church collections (Parr, Church of Engl. Psalmody; Love, Scottish Church Music).
J. C. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Reinhold, Thomas

Contains subarticle Charles Frederick Reinhold (1737–1815). The forename may have been Theodore or Thomas.
​REINHOLD, THOMAS (1690?–1751), singer, reputed to be the son of the archbishop of Dresden, was born in Dresden about 1690. He early showed an aptitude for music, which his family apparently discouraged. But he secretly left Dresden to follow Handel, a friend of his reputed father, to London. There, through Handel's good offices, he came under the protection of Frederick, prince of Wales, who ultimately stood sponsor to his eldest son (see below). In 1731 Reinhold, described as Reynholds, was singing at the Haymarket Theatre. He sang in the first performance of Handel's ‘Arminio’ at Covent Garden on 12 Jan. 1737, and created principal parts in many of Handel's operas and oratorios (Grove, Dict. of Music and Musicians, iii. 103). Reinhold was one of the founders, in 1738, of the Royal Society of Musicians. When vocal music was added to the other attractions of Vauxhall Gardens in 1745, Reinhold was one of the first singers engaged. He died in Chapel Street, Soho, in 1751, and on 20 May Garrick lent his theatre for a benefit performance for his widow and children (cf. London Daily Advertiser).
His son, Charles Frederick Reinhold (1737–1815), bass singer, was born in London in 1737, and became a chorister at St. Paul's and the Chapel Royal. He was brought up by the Royal Society of Musicians, and made his first appearance on the stage as Oberon in Christopher Smith's opera ‘The Fairies’ in 1755. Four years later he began a long career as singer at Marylebone Gardens. He seems to have been an actor as well as a singer, for he appeared at the gardens on 30 Oct. 1769, as Giles in the ‘Maid of the Mill.’ He also sang at many of the Lent oratorios in 1784 and subsequent years, and in 1784 he was one of the principal basses at the Handel commemoration in Westminster Abbey. In the previous year he had been appointed organist of St. George-the-Martyr, Bloomsbury. He retired from public life in 1797, and died in Somers Town on 29 Sept. 1815. He is described as an admirable singer, but a parsimonious man.
R. H. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Relhan, Richard

​RELHAN, RICHARD (1754–1823), botanist and editor of Tacitus, son of Dr. Anthony Relhan [q. v.], was born at Dublin in 1754. He was elected a king's scholar at Westminster School in 1767, and was admitted a scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge, on 7 May 1773. He graduated B.A. in 1776 and M.A. in 1779, and, having taken holy orders, was chosen in 1781 fellow and conduct (or chaplain) of King's College, Cambridge. In 1783 Professor Thomas Martyn (1735–1825) [q. v.] gave Relhan all the manuscript notes he had made on Cambridge plants since the publication of his ‘Plantæ Cantabrigienses’ in 1763 (cf. Gorham, Memoirs of John and Thomas Martyn, pp. 124–5). With this assistance Relhan published his chief work, the ‘Flora Cantabrigiensis,’ in 1785, describing several new plants and including seven plates engraved by James Sowerby. It appears from his letters that he proposed to issue a ‘Flora Anglica,’ but did not meet with sufficient encouragement. He published supplements to the ‘Flora Cantabrigiensis’ in 1787, 1788, and 1793, and second and third editions of the whole in 1802 and 1820 (Cambridge, 8vo), the last edition being ​greatly amplified. In 1787 he printed ‘Heads of Lectures on Botany read in the University of Cambridge.’ Relhan was a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1788 became one of the original fellows of the Linnean Society. In 1791 he accepted the college rectory of Hemingby, Lincolnshire. Living in retirement there, he devoted himself to the study of Tacitus. In 1809 he published an edition of ‘Tacitus de Moribus Germanorum et de Vita Agricolæ’ (8vo; 2nd edit. 1818, 8vo; 3rd edit. 1829, 12mo); and in 1819 an edition of the ‘Historia’ (8vo). His annotations were largely based upon those of the French jesuit scholar, Gabriel Brotier. Relhan died on 28 March 1823.
As a botanist he showed most originality in dealing with the Cryptogamia. His name was commemorated by L'Héritier in a genus, Relhania, comprising a few species of South African Compositæ.
G. S. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Reinagle, Philip

​REINAGLE, PHILIP (1749–1833), animal and landscape painter, was born in 1749. He entered the schools of the Royal Academy in 1769, and afterwards became a pupil of Allan Ramsay (1713–1784) [q. v.], whom he assisted in the numerous portraits of George III and Queen Charlotte. He exhibited first at the Royal Academy in 1773, sending portraits almost exclusively until 1785, when the monotonous work of producing replicas of royal portraits appears to have given him a distaste for portraiture, and to have led him to abandon it for animal painting. He became very successful in his treatment of sporting dogs, especially spaniels, of birds, and of dead game. In 1787, however, he sent to the academy a ‘View taken from Brackendale Hill, Norfolk,’ and from that time his exhibited works were chiefly landscapes. He was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1787, but did not become an academician until 1812, when he presented as his diploma picture ‘An Eagle and a Vulture disputing with a Hyæna.’ He likewise exhibited frequently at the British Institution. Reinagle was also an accomplished copyist of the Dutch masters, and his reproductions of the cattle-pieces and landscapes of Paul Potter, Ruysdael, Hobbema, Berchem, Wouwerman, Adriaan van de Velde, Karel Du Jardin, and others have often been passed off as originals. He also made some of the drawings for Dr. Thornton's ‘New Illustration of the Sexual System of Linnæus,’ 1799–1807, and for his ‘Philosophy of Botany,’ 1809–10; but his best drawings for book illustration were those of dogs for Taplin's ‘Sportsman's Cabinet,’ 1803, which were admirably engraved by John Scott.
Reinagle died at 5 York Place, Chelsea, London, on 27 Nov. 1833, aged 84. His son, Ramsay Richard Reinagle [q. v.], is noticed separately. A drawing by him, ‘Fox-hunting—the Death,’ is in the South Kensington Museum.
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Reinbald

​REINBALD. [See Regenbald.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Relhan, Anthony

​RELHAN, ANTHONY, M.D. (1715–1776), physician, was born in Ireland in 1715, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he became a scholar in 1734, and B.A. in 1735. On 15 Oct. 1740 he began to study medicine at Leyden, and on 12 July 1743 graduated M.D. at Dublin. He became a fellow of the King and Queen's College of Physicians of Ireland in October 1747, and was elected president of the college in 1755. Three years later he left Dublin in consequence of disagreements with other fellows of the college as to the propriety of his prescribing the powder called after Robert James, M.D. [q. v.], a remedy of which the composition was kept secret by the proprietor. He settled as a physician at Brighton in 1759, and in 1761 published ‘A Short History of Brighthelmstone’ (London, 8vo), then a town of about two thousand inhabitants, of which the main purpose is to give an account of climate, mineral spring, and other advantages of the place as a residence for invalids. In 1763, having been incorporated M.D. at Cambridge, he became a candidate or member of the College of Physicians of London, and was elected a fellow on 25 June 1764. In the same year he published ‘Refutation of the Reflections [by D. Rust and others] against Inoculation.’ He delivered at the College of Physicians the Gulstonian lectures in 1765, and the Harveian oration on 18 Oct. 1770. The oration, which is altogether occupied with the praise of Linacre and the other benefactors of the college, dwells at some length on the friendship of Erasmus and Linacre. Relhan used to reside and practise at Brighton during the bathing season. He was twice married, and by his first wife had one son, Richard [q. v.], who is separately noticed, and a daughter. He died in October 1776, and was buried in the Marylebone graveyard in Paddington Street, London.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 257; Works.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/saⁿ
### saⁿsaⁿ

* 衫saⁿ7331453
* A garment for the body; a gown, tunic, coat, shirt, or jacket.

#### saⁿ khò;

    jacket and trowsers.

#### cò̤ hù saⁿ khò;

    make a suit of clothes.

#### sói saⁿ nâng;

    the washerman.

#### tn̂g saⁿ;

    a long gown.

#### saⁿ-thâu;

    a short jacket.

#### kín sin saⁿ; sin toi saⁿ;

    garments worn next the body; underclothing.

#### saⁿ-ńg;

    sleeves.

#### khuah ńg saⁿ;

    a wide-sleeved gown.

#### saⁿ kṳ;

    the flap, skirt or hem of a robe.

#### saⁿ tâng;

    a lapel.

#### saⁿ heng-côiⁿ;

    the front.

#### saⁿ kâi ka-ciah;

    the back.

#### thīⁿ saⁿ;

    make garments.

#### chēng saⁿ;

    wear or put on a tunic.

#### thǹg tīo saⁿ;

    to undress.

#### nê saⁿ;

    hang clothes out to dry.

#### hâng saⁿ;

    hang clothes by a fire.

#### ut saⁿ;

    to iron the clothes.

#### ūaⁿ saⁿ;

    to change the dress.

#### kū saⁿ;

    old clothes.

#### bōi kū saⁿ;

    sell second-hand clothing.

#### ka saⁿ;

    cut out garments.

#### ūaⁿ tīo kâi kîam saⁿ;

    take off a soiled tunic.

#### phùa saⁿ;

    a ragged jacket.

#### pó saⁿ;

    mend clothes.

#### kit saⁿ;

    darn a gown.

#### saⁿ cih hó̤;

    fold the tunic nicely.

#### a-noⁿ-kíaⁿ saⁿ;

    children's clothing.

#### cṳ-nîe saⁿ;

    women's clothes.

#### tûi saⁿ thûi;

    a clothes pounder.

#### saⁿ sin àiⁿ jîeh tn̂g?

    How long should the tunic be?

#### saⁿ kâi sùaⁿ-cūe;

    the seams of the tunic.

#### saⁿ kâi khui kṳ;

    the flaps.

#### i pōiⁿ cò̤ âng saⁿ cŭe;

    his crime is judged to be one of which the penalty is banishment.

#### i kâi saⁿ lâm-lú, i kâi saⁿ chiⁿ-khīa;

    the one has on ragged and dirty garments while the other has on fresh and clean ones.
* 三saⁿ72312
* Three, thrice.

#### tŏiⁿ saⁿ;

    the third.

#### i kâi nâng saⁿ ciah chíu;

    he is light fingered.

#### úa cài saⁿ kio i tàⁿ;

    I told him repeatedly.

#### saⁿ tng; sa; hûe; sa chṳ̀;

    three times.

#### saⁿ hùe phŏ̤ nŏ̤t;

    had two children in three years.

#### tōa sṳ̄ puⁿ kùe saⁿ, síe sṳ̄ put kùe ngó;

    important business must not be deferred more than three days, nor unimportant more than five.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/sak
### saksak

* 盪sak85910812
* To shove a boat over the mud.

#### cûn sak bûa khàm-kha;

    drag and push the boat over the mud-flats up to the bank.
* 虱sak7281422
* A louse; a parasitic insect.

#### thâu-sak;

    lice in the head.

#### sak-bó̤;

    a large louse.

#### sak hê;

    small lice.

#### sin tèng kâi sak;

    body lice.

#### bâk-sak;

    bed-bugs.

#### pìn tīo sak;

    comb out the lice.

#### sak-pìn;

    a fine comb.

#### sak-n̆ng;

    nits.

#### bâk-sak tìam;

    a trap for bed-bugs.

#### cí īe îeh ŏi pheh tīo bâk-sak;

    this preparation will drive away bugs.

#### suah sak;

    destroy lice.

#### seⁿ sak;

    breeds lice.
* 塞sak7283210
* To stop or fill up, to close, to obstruct; to spike, as a gun.

#### i kâi phīⁿ sak;

    his nose is stopped up.

#### jú thiaⁿ jú sak khìo;

    the more I hear the less I comprehend.

#### sak-cŭ;

    blocked up.

#### cang cun-thak lâi sak miⁿ;

    take a stopper and stop it tightly.

#### sak i kâi chùi;

    stop his mouth.

#### cúi-kau sak khṳ̀;

    the drain is obstructed.

#### tú-sak;

    to block up, as an approach.

#### thàng-sak;

    to stop up, as by passing a plug through a hole.

#### bô̤ hó̤ sak ceh;

    nothing wherewith to stop the censure.

#### khah sòi, sak m̄ kín;

    it is too small, it will not fill the orifice.

#### siaⁿ sak khṳ̀;

    his voice is husky.

#### sak kàu kín-kín, bŏi làng khùi;

    stopped up tightly with no crevice for ventilation.

#### hĭⁿ-khang sak cháu-cúa, màiⁿ thiaⁿ i;

    plug up your ears with brown paper, and do not listen to him. ​
* 薩sak72114018
* A Sanscrit syllable introduced by the Buddhists.

#### phû-sak;

    the third class of saints; used to denote idols which are the images of deceased worthies.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/sam
### sam

* 杉sam733753
* Deal, pine, fir timber.

#### sam thâu, sam búe;

    the large and the small end of a stick of timber.

#### theⁿ sam-pâi;

    to pole a raft of pine logs.

#### i tó̤ khui sam hâng;

    he keeps a lumber-yard.

#### sam-sāi;

    timber; lumber.

#### khîa sam;

    to shoulder a log.

#### tōa sam, sam kíaⁿ;

    large and small logs.

#### khṳ̀ sam;

    to saw logs.

#### cí ki sam àiⁿ kṳ̀ cò̤ kúi lō?

    How many cuts will you have made in this log?

#### cí ki sam cìeⁿ tn̂g cìeⁿ tît hó̤ cò̤ kî-kuaⁿ sam;

    this log is so long and so straight that it will do for a flag-staff.

#### ah sam phûe;

    bind np in bark splints.

#### tōa hō̤ sam, síe hō̤ sam;

    the best and the poorest kinds of fir.

#### sam mâk;

    a knot in fir.

#### kṳ̀ cò̤ sam tn̄g;

    saw it into lengths crosswise (as for coffins).

#### khṳ̀ chūe kò̤ sam-kíaⁿ búe lâi tú;

    get the smallest section of a small log and brace this up.

#### sam chieh;

    the girth of a log.
* 三sam72612
* Three; thrice; several times.

#### sam ngŵn kîp tĭ;

    the three highest graduates of each degree.

#### sam-kang-cheⁿ;

    a dark purple, or plum color.

#### cêk jît sam chang;

    three meals a day.
* 嚵sám143019
* To taste; to peck at; to sip.

#### sam-kháu;

    to take a taste of.

#### bói pàng kò̤, ē pùaⁿ ē hó̤ sám-kháu cē;

    buy and lay it aside to take a bite of now and then.

#### cía put kùe sĭ sám-kháu kâi mûeh-kĭaⁿ;

    this is something to peck at merely, it is not a thing to satisfy one's hunger upon.

#### cêk ē pùaⁿ ē sám-kháu cū hó̤, m̄ hó̤ cîah ke;

    take a taste of it once in a while, but do not eat much of it.
* 戲謔sám-pêh180
* To joke; to jest.

#### i tó̤ sám-pêh;

    she is joking.

#### i hàuⁿ tàⁿ sám-pêh;

    he is fond of raillery.
* 糝sám72311911
* To sprinkle with a powder.

#### cang îeh-bûah khṳ̀ sám;

    powder it with medicinal powder.

#### sám cho-khng;

    sprinkle it over with chaff.
* 𩭹sàm72319011
* Disheveled; long and bushy.

#### i kâi mô̤ⁿ sàm-sàm;

    its feathers are thick and rough.

#### cêk thâu-khak mô̤ⁿ sàm-sàm;

    his hair is all disheveled and unkempt.
* 𩁺sàm7341733
* A slight drizzling rain; to rain on.

#### hŏ sàm-sàm;

    fine, slow rain.

#### hía saⁿ m̄ cai siu khí, sàm hŏ, sàm kàu nĕ lok-lok;

    did not think to bring in the clothes, and the fine rain has wet them so that they are dripping wet.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/se
### se

* 些se79675
* A little.

#### se-su;

    a little.

#### kîaⁿ khui se-su;

    stand off a little.

#### cŏ̤ bûa se-su;

    sit a little nearer.

#### ke se-su-kíaⁿ;

    just a very little more.

#### hīn se-su-kíaⁿ;

    just a very little plainer.

#### se-se-kíaⁿ;

    just a trifle.

#### cá se-se;

    just a little earlier.
* 紗se7301204
* Gauze; gauzy; yarn.

#### jìo-se;

    crape.

#### pêh se;

    white gauze.

#### m̄ kù se bō̤;

    does not regard the gauze hat; does not care if he is turned out of office.

#### mîⁿ-se;

    mull.

#### se theng;

    gauze window.

#### se teng;

    gauze lanterns.

#### lĭang se;

    a coarse lacelike fabric.

#### ngŏ se lô̤;

    a fabric with five threads and an interstice alternating.

#### pháng se;

    to spin yarn.

#### tōa se;

    to warp yarn.

#### ú-se;

    camlet.

#### lâ-se;

    the caul.

#### i tó̤ cò̤ se-ūaⁿ-bùe kâi seng-lí;

    his business is that of exchanging cotton rolls for yarn.

#### kuah-se;

    a coarse sleazy fabric.

#### khṳt i pak kàu thong sin tn̆g tîo se-sùaⁿ;

    was stripped by him to the last thread on his back.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/seh
### seh

* 撒seh7216412
* To sprinkle salt.

#### seh îam;

    to salt.

#### tîeh seh îam cìaⁿ bŏi ien;

    must sprinkle salt over it, then it will not spoil.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/sap
### sap

* 㔍sap81814
* To cut up in fine particles; the noise of cutting.

#### sap chang cu;

    prepare onion-tops for the table.

#### i kâi to̤ lō sêk căi;

    he handles his knife with dexterity, cutting downward rapidly and incessantly.

#### thiaⁿ-kìⁿ sap-sap-kìe;

    heard the sound of slicing something soft and crisp.

#### màiⁿ sap tîeh chíu;

    do not cut your hand in slicing downward.
* 颯sap7221825

#### sue-sap;

    grown old; an appearance of neglect and poverty in the person; a falling off in personal strength and comeliness.

#### thóiⁿ tîeh kâi hêng-sîn sue-sap;

    appears unusually aged.
* 卅sap721242
* A contraction of saⁿ-câp, thirty.

#### sap gūa;

    over thirty.

#### sap-it;

    thirty one.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Saunders, William (1823-1895)

​SAUNDERS, WILLIAM (1823–1895), journalist and politician, born 20 Nov. 1823, at Russell Mill, Market Lavington, Wiltshire, was youngest son of Amram Edward Saunders. He was educated at a school in Devizes, and went to work at his father's flour-mills in Market Lavington and Bath. About 1844 he opened extensive quarries near the Box tunnel on the Great Western Railway, and on 27 April 1852 married Caroline, daughter of Dr. Spender of Bath. With the assistance of his father-in-law, he started the ‘Plymouth Western Morning News’ in 1860. Journalistic ventures in Newcastle followed, but his greatest success was at Hull, where he founded the ‘Eastern Morning News’ in 1864. He remained proprietor of this paper until within a few months of his death. He had meanwhile been experiencing great difficulty in obtaining news for his provincial papers, and in 1863 started the Central Press, the first news-distributing agency. In 1870 this became the Central News Agency, still under the direction of Saunders. One of his most memorable achievements in connection with this agency was to persuade the dean of St. Paul's to permit him to carry a special wire into St. Paul's gallery on the occasion of the thanksgiving service for the recovery of the Prince of Wales in 1872.
Saunders was a well-known personality in the politics of his day. He was one of the first English champions of the theories of land nationalisation as advocated by Mr. Henry George, and for the last ten years of his life was prominently connected with the agitation for nationalisation of land in England. He entered parliament in 1885 as liberal member for East Hull, but was defeated at the general election of the following year. Meanwhile he took an active part in London politics, particularly in connection with the attempts which the radical clubs made to keep Trafalgar Square open for public meetings in 1887. In 1889 he was elected by Walworth to the first London County Council, and the same constituency sent him to parliament in 1892. Latterly his views took too pronouncedly a socialistic complexion for his party. He died at Market Lavington on 1 May 1895.
In addition to numerous pamphlets chiefly on the land question, Saunders wrote: 1. ‘Through the Light Continent,’ London, 1879. 2. ‘The New Parliament, 1880,’ London, 1880. 3. ‘History of the First London County Council,’ London, 1892.
[Weekly Dispatch, 5 May 1895; Illustr. London News, 13 Feb. 1886; private information.]
J. R. M.