OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Myconius, Friedrich

See also Friedrich Myconius on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MYCONIUS, FRIEDRICH (1490–1546), Lutheran divine, was born on the 26th of December 1490, at Lichtenfels on the Main, of worthy and pious parents, whose family name, Mecum, gave rise to proud uses of the word as it appears in various places in the Vulgate, whereas Myconius, from the island Myconus, was a proverb for meanness. His schooling was in Lichtenfels and at Annaberg, where he had a memorable encounter with the Dominican, Tetzel, his point being that indulgences should be given pauperibus gratis. His teacher, Staffelstein, persuaded him to enter (July 14, 1510) the Franciscan cloister. That same night a pictorial dream turned his thoughts towards the religious standpoint which he subsequently reached as a Lutheran. From Annaberg he passed to Franciscan communities at Leipzig and Weimar, where he was ordained priest (1516); he had endeavoured to satisfy his mind with scholastic divinity, but next year his “eyes and ears were opened” by the theses of Luther, whom he met when Luther touched at Weimar on his way to Augsburg. For six years he preached his new gospel, under difficulties, in various seats of his order, lastly at Zwickau, whence he was called to Gotha (Aug. 1524) by Duke John at the general desire. Here he married Margaret Jäcken, a lady of good family. He was intimately connected with the general progress of the reforming movement, and was especially in the confidence of Luther. Twice he was entrusted (1528 and 1533) with the ordering of the churches and schools in Thuringia. In all the religious disputations and conferences of the time he took a leading part. At the Convention of Smalkald (1537) he signed the articles on his own behalf and that of his friend Justus Menius. In 1538 he was in England, as theologian to the embassy which hoped to induce Henry VIII. on the basis of the Augsburg Confession, to make common cause with the Lutheran reformation; a project which Myconius caustically observed might have prospered on condition that Henry was allowed to be pope. Next year he was employed in the cause of the Reformation in Leipzig. Not the least important part of his permanent work in Gotha was the founding and endowment of its gymnasium. In 1541 his health was failing, but he lived till the 7th of April 1546. He had nine children, four of whom were living in 1542.
Though he published a good many tracts and pamphlets, Myconius was not distinguished as a writer. His Historia reformationis, referring especially to Gotha, was not printed till 1715. See Melchior Adam, Vitae theologorum (1706); J. G. Bosseck, F. Myconii Memoriam . . . (1739); C. K. G. Lommatzsch, Narratio de F. Myconio (1825); K. F. Ledderhose, F. Myconius (1854); also in Allgemeine deutsche Biog. (1886); O. Schmidt and G. Kawerau in Hauck’s Realencyklopädie (1903).  (A. Go.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Myconius, Oswald

See also Oswald Myconius on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MYCONIUS, OSWALD (1488–1552), Zwinglian divine, was born at Lucerne in 1488. His family name was Geisshüsler; his father was a miller; hence he was also called Molitoris. The name Myconius seems to have been given him by Erasmus. From the school at Rottweil, on the Neckar, he went (1510) to the university of Basel, and became a good classic. From 1514 he obtained schoolmaster posts at Basel, where he married, and made the acquaintance of Erasmus and of Holbein, the painter. In 1516 he was called, as schoolmaster, to Zürich, where (1518) he attached himself to the reforming party of Zwingli. This led to his being transferred to Lucerne, and again (1523) reinstated at Zürich. On the death of Zwingli (1531) he migrated to Basel, and there held the office of town's preacher, and (till 1541) the chair of New Testament exegesis. His spirit was comprehensive; in confessional matters he was for a union of all Protestants; though a Zwinglian, his readiness to compromise with the advocates of consubstantiation gave him trouble with the Zwinglian stalwarts. He had, however, a distinguished follower in Theodore Bibliander. He died on the 14th of October 1552.
Among his several tractates, the most important is De H. Zwinglii vita et obitu (1536), translated into English by Henry Bennet (1561). See Melchior Adam, Vita theologorum (1620); M. Kirchhofer, O. Myconius (1813); K. R. Hagenbach, J. Oekolampad und O. Myconius (1859); F. M. Ledderhose, in Allgemeine deutsche Biog. (1886); B. Riggenbach and Egli, in Hauck’s Realencyklopädie (1903).  (A. Go.*)
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Meadows, John

​MEADOWS or MEADOWE, JOHN (1622–1697), ejected minister, second son of Daniel Meadowe (1577–1651) of Chattisham, near Ipswich, by his wife, Elizabeth (Smith, d circa 1678), was born at Chattisham on 7 April 1622. He altered his name to Meadows in later life. Sir Philip Meadows [q. v.] was his younger brother. On 26 Feb. 1639–40 he was admitted at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. in 1643. He removed to Christ's College on 23 Dec. 1644, having been put into one of the fellowships made vacant by the parliamentary commissioners; he graduated M.A. in 1646. Leaving Cambridge in 1653, he was presented by Humphrey Mosely to the rectory of Ousden, Suffolk (26 Aug. 1653); was ordained by three presbyters at Cheveley, Cambridgeshire, on 17 April 1657, and was approved by the ‘commissioners for approbation’ (triers) on 7 May 1658. By the uniformity act of 1662 he was ejected on 24 Aug., but retained the rectory and received the profits of the living till Michaelmas, when he removed to Ousden Hall. John Greene, his successor, was not inducted till 8 Aug. 1663. At Ousden Hall he remained till 21 Oct. 1670. In 1672, under the indulgence of that year, he took out licenses as a presbyterian teacher in his own house at Stowmarket, Suffolk, and that of Elizabeth Nelson there. He seems to have been called on to appear at three successive sessions in 1680 for his nonconformity. About 1688 he removed to Bury St. Edmunds, where he had often preached while at Stowmarket. He lived in close fellowship with Samuel Bury [q. v.] the presbyterian minister. Being a man of wealth, Meadows was able to do much for his nonconformist brethren in straitened circumstances, and his liberality had no sectarian bias; he was an occasional communicant at the established church. He died at Bury St. Edmunds in 1696–7 and was buried in the churchyard at Stowmarket on 1 March. His will (proved 7 April 1697) devised property in ten Suffolk parishes; he had also an estate at Wickhambrook, Suffolk, and owned the advowson of the rectory of Witnesham, Suffolk. His portrait as a youth at Cambridge, engraved by A. Fox, is prefixed to the memoir by Edgar Taylor, F.S.A., his descendant. He married, first, in 1653, Anne (d. about 1670), daughter of Roger Rant of Swaffham Prior, Cambridgeshire, who brought him an estate at Exning, Suffolk. He married, secondly, in 1675, Sarah (1654–1688), daughter of Benjamin Fairfax (d. 1708) of Halesworth, Suffolk, elder brother of John Fairfax (1623–1700) [q. v.] By his second marriage only had he issue—four sons and three daughters. The eldest son John Meadows (1676–1757), educated at Caius College, Cambridge; settled (21 Sept. 1701) as presbyterian minister at Needham Market, Suffolk; published ‘The Apostolic Rule of Ordination,’ &c., 1738, 8vo, and died at Needham on 10 April 1757. The third son, Philip (1679–1752), was mayor of Norwich, 1734.
[Calamy's Account, 1713, p. 641; Taylor's Suffolk Bartholomeans, 1840; Browne's Hist. Congr. Norfolk and Suffolk, 1877, pp. 491, 498, 533.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ogden, Jonathan Robert

​OGDEN, JONATHAN ROBERT (1806–1882), musical composer, son of Robert Ogden (d. 1816), was born at Leeds on 13 June 1806. His father while living at Leeds was in partnership with Thomas Bolton, a Liverpool merchant. Ogden was educated at iceds, partly under Joseph Hutton, LL.D., minister of Mill Hill Unitarian Chapel. He became a unitarian, though his parents were members of the church of England. For a short time he was placed in the office of Thomas Bolton at Liverpool, but had no taste for mercantile life, and showed an early bent for music. When very young he played the violoncello at a concert, but his instrument was the piano. To forward his musical education, his mother (whose maiden name was Glover) removed to London. Here Ogden became a pupil of Ignaz Moscheles, and later of August Kollman [q. v.] He studied for a year at Paris under Pixis, and for three years at Munich under Stuntz; in 1827 he visited Vienna. After his marriage (1834), he settled in the lake district, at Lakefield, Sawrey, Lancashire. Here he lived the life of a country gentleman; he was fond of angling, and developed a considerable talent for drawing. James Martineau, D.D., when compiling his 'Hymns for the Christian Church and Home,' 1840, invited Ogden to supply tunes of unusual metre. Ogden, after much persuasion, assented. The result was his 'Holy Songs and Musical Prayers,' published by Novello in 1842. A feature of the volume which evoked criticism was the adaptation as hymn tunes of pieces by Beethoven and others. From the seventh and much enlarged edition (1872) the adaptations are omitted. The style of Ogden's original music is not ecclesiastical, nor are his compositions well adapted for ordinary congregational use; but they possess great beauty, and their spirit is rightly indicated in the title of the volume.
Ogden, though a shy man in society, was beloved by his friends, and a most congenial host. He was methodical in his habits, and, as a J.P. for Lancashire, made an excellent magistrate. He had a keen sense of humour, and could 'stand an examination in Dickens.' He died at Lakefield on 26 March 1882, and was buried on 31 March in Hawkshead churchyard. He married in 1834 Frances, daughter of Thomas Bolton, who survives him; his son died before him, leaving a daughter.
[Inquirer, 1 April 1882 p. 207, 22 April pp. 261 seq. (memoir by William Thornely).]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pemble, William

​PEMBLE, WILLIAM (1592?–1623), puritan divine, son of a clergyman, was born at Egerton, Kent, about the beginning of 1592. His father was poor, and his education was provided for by John Barker of Mayfield, Sussex. In March 1610 he was admitted to Magdalen College, Oxford, where Richard Capel [q. v.] was his tutor. He matriculated on 18 June 1610 at the age of eighteen. Having graduated B.A. on 3 March 1614, he removed to Magdalen Hall, where he became reader and tutor. He proceeded M.A. on 9 June 1618, took orders, and was made divinity reader of Magdalen Hall, a post which he filled with great distinction, being an able exponent of Calvinism, and famous as a preacher. He was loyal to the Anglican church, though anxious that the terms of conformity should be made easier to his party. His acquirements in various branches of learning were very remarkable. It would seem that his labours and studies exhausted his strength and shortened his days. He went for change of air on a visit to Capel, his old tutor, at the rectory of Eastington, Gloucestershire, and while staying there was seized with a fever, of which he died on 14 April 1623. He was buried in Eastington churchyard.
Pemble's works were all posthumous, edited and published by his friends, as follows: 1. ‘Vindiciæ Fidei, or a Treatise of Justification,’ &c., Oxford, 1625, 4to (edited, with preface, by John Geree [q. v.] 2. ‘Vindiciæ Gratiæ: a Plea for Grace,’ &c., 1627. 4to; Oxford and London, 1629, 4to (this and the foregoing consist of lectures delivered at Magdalen Hall). 3. ‘Salomon's Recantation and Repentance,’ &c., 1627, 4to; 1628, 4to (a comment on Ecclesiastes). 4. ‘Five Godly and Profitable Sermons,’ &c., 1628, 4to; Oxford and London, 1629, 4to. 5. ‘An Introduction to the Worthy Receiving the Sacrament,’ &c., 1628, 4to (edited by Capel and dedicated to Barker); 1629, 4to; 1639, 8vo. 6. ‘Fruitful Sermons,’ &c., 1629, 4to (on 1 Cor. xv. 18–19). 7. ‘A Short and Sweete Exposition upon the first nine chapters of Zachary,’ &c., 1629, 4to. 8. ‘De Sensibus Internis. … Editio posthuma,’ &c., Oxford and London, 1629, 12mo; 1647, 12mo. 9. ‘De Formarum Origine. … Editio posthuma,’ &c., 1629, 12mo (dedicated to Accepted Frewen [q. v.]); Oxford, 1647, 12mo; Cambridge [1650?], 12mo (highly commended by Adriaan Heereboord of Leyden, who has utilised it in his ‘Meletemata Philosophica,’ Amsterdam, 1665, 4to). 10. ‘A Briefe Introduction to Geography,’ &c., Oxford, 1630, 4to; 1658, fol.; 5th edit. 1675, fol.; 1685, 4to. 11. ‘A Summe of Moral Philosophy,’ &c., Oxford, 1630, 4to; 1632, 4to. 12. ‘An Exposition of the … Fifth Chapter of St. John's Gospel,’ &c., 1631, 4to. 13. ‘The Period of the Persian Monarchie,’ &c., 1631, 4to (condensed from Rainolds, and enlarged by Capel). 14. ‘Tractatus de Providentia Dei. … Editio posthuma,’ &c., 1631, 12mo (ed. by Capel). 15. ‘Enchiridion Oratorium,’ &c., Oxford, 1633, 4to. The above, omitting No. 10, were collected as his ‘Workes,’ 3rd edit. 1635, fol. (three parts); 4th edit. Oxford, 1658–9, fol. John Wilkins, D.D. [q. v.], bishop of Chester, highly commends Pemble's sermons.
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hughes, Obadiah

​HUGHES, OBADIAH, D.D. (1695–1751), presbyterian minister, son of George Hughes (d. November 1719), minister at Canterbury, was born in 1695. His father was grandson of George Hughes (1603-1667) [q.v.], and son of Obadiah Hughes (d. 24 Jan. 1704, aged 64), who was ejected in 1662 from a studentship at Christ Church, Oxford, before taking his degree, received presbyterian ordination on 9 March 1670 at Plymouth, and ministered from April 1674 in London, and afterwards at Enfield (his portrait, by Dobson, engraved by J. Caldwall, is given in Palmer, Nonconformist's Memorial, 1775,i. 392; an inferior engraving is in the 2nd edit., 1802, ii. 62). Obadiah Hughes the younger was educated at a Scottish university (not Edinburgh). In 1728 King's College, Old Aberdeen, sent him the diploma of D.D. Having acted for some time as a domestic chaplain, he was ordained on 11 Jan. 1721 at the Old Jewry, being then assistant to Joshua Oldfield, D.D., at Maid Lane, Southwark. Though a non-subscriber at Salters' Hall in 1719, he was an evangelical preacher, With Lardner and others he established a Tuesday evening lecture at the Old Jewry; he belonged also, with Jeremiah Hunt [q.v.] and others,to a ministers' club which met at Chew's Coffee-house, Bow Lane. On Oldfield's death on 8 Nov. 1729 he became sole pastor at Maid Lane, and was at once elected Oldfield's ​successor as trustee of Dr. Daniel Williams's foundations. He took part in 1734 in the course of sermons against popery at Salters' Hall. From 1738 to 1750 he was secretary to the presbyterian board. In 1743 he succeeded Samuel Say at Long Ditch (now Princes Street), Westminster. He became one of the Salters' Hall lecturers in 1746. His health failed him while still in his prime, and he died on 10 Dec. 1751. Funeral sermons were preached by Samuel Lawrence, D.D., of Monkwell Street, and John Allen, M.D., of New Broad Street; that by the latter was published. Hughes married a sister of Sir John Fryer, bart., one of the presbyterian gentry, who was lord mayor of London in 1721. He adopted his wife's niece, Delicia Fryer, who married Joshua Iremonger, and died in December 1744.
Wilson gives a list of fourteen separate sermons by Hughes published between 1726 and 1749, eight of them being funeral sermons, including those for Oldfield and Say. To these may be added:
* 'A Sermon on the Anniversary of King George's Coronation,' &c., 1725, 8vo.
* 'The Salvation of God's People,' &c., 1745, 8vo. 3. 'Peace attended with Reformation,' &c., 1749, 4to.
A nephew, Obadiah Hughes, son of John Hughes, minister at Ware, Hertfordshire (d. 1729, brother of the foregoing), was a fellow-student with Doddridge at Kibworth, assisted his father at Ware, and was afterwards minister at Staplehurst, Kent.
[Funeral Sermon by Allen, 1752; Calamy's Account, 1713, p. 232; Calamy's Continuation, 1727, i. 257; Calamy's Own Life, 1830, ii. 514; Protestant Dissenter's Mag., 1799, p. 14; Wilson's Dissenting Churches of London, 1814, iv. 96 sq.; Jeremy's Presbyterian Fund, 1885, pp. 122, 130 sq.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Harris, William (1675?-1740)

​HARRIS, WILLIAM, D.D. (1675?–1740), presbyterian divine, was born about 1675, probably in Southwark, where his mother lived as a widow in 1692. Walter Wilson (following Josiah Thompson) thinks he was educated in the academy of Timothy Jollie [q. v.] at Attercliffe, near Sheffield (opened in 1689). The minutes of the presbyterian board show that in 1692–6 he studied successively in the academies of John Southwell at Newbury, Berkshire, and James Waters at Uxbridge, Middlesex. He began early to preach, and was some time assistant (unordained) to Henry Read at Gravel Lane, Southwark. On Read's death (1698) Harris was called to succeed Timothy Cruso [q. v.] at Crutched Friars, in spite of some opposition, and received presbyterian ordination. The accounts of his popularity are conflicting. There is no doubt that he was a leader of liberal dissent; his delivery was marred by hoarseness. For over thirty years (from 1708) he was one of the Friday evening lecturers at the Weighhouse, Eastcheap. He was one of the original trustees (1716) of Dr. Daniel Williams's foundations. At the Salters' Hall debates [see Bradbury, Thomas] in 1719, he sided with the non-subscribers. In 1723 he was one of the original distributors of the English regium donum. On 12 April 1727 he succeeded William Tong in the merchants' lecture at Salters' Hall. He received the degree of D.D. from Edinburgh, 8 Nov. 1728, and a similar honour from Aberdeen. Nathaniel Lardner [q. v.] was his colleague in his pastoral charge from 1729; an earlier colleague was John Billingsley the younger (1657–1722) [q. v.] He died, after a short illness, on 25 May 1740, and was buried (30 May) in Dr. Daniel Williams's vault, Bunhill Fields. Funeral sermons were preached by his intimate friend, Benjamin Grosvenor [q. v.] and by Lardner. To Dr. Williams's library he left nearly two thousand volumes; his portrait, now in the library, Gordon Square, London, was presented in 1768 by Lardner's executor; an engraving from it is given in Wilson's ‘Dissenting Churches.’
Harris published much, and, according to Wilson, ranked as ‘the greatest master of the English tongue among the dissenters.’ Among his works are:
* ‘Exposition of the Epistles to Philippians and Colossians,’ in the continuation of Matthew Henry's ‘Exposition,’ 1710, fol.
* ‘Practical Discourses on … Representations of the Messiah, throughout the Old Testament,’ &c., 1724, 8vo (intended as a reply to Anthony Collins).
* ‘Memoirs of … Thomas Manton, D.D.,’ &c., 1725, 8vo.
* ‘Funeral Discourses,’ &c., ​1736, 8vo.
* ‘Four Discourses upon … the Lord's Supper,’ &c., 1737, 8vo. Besides other writings, Wilson gives a list of thirty-eight single sermons, the earliest in 1702, including eleven funeral and three ordination sermons.
[Funeral sermons by Grosvenor, 1740, and Lardner, 1740; Protestant Dissenters' Magazine, 1799, p. 467; Wilson's Dissenting Churches of London, 1808 i. 66 sq., 1814 iv. 195; Calamy's Own Life, 1830, ii. 466; Cat. of Edinburgh Graduates, 1858, p. 239; Jeremy's Presbyterian Fund, 1885, pp. 113 sq.]
A. G.
# The Tales of Ensign Stål

The Tales of Ensign Stål (Swedish: Fänrik Ståls sägner) is an epic poem written in Swedish by the Finland-Swedish author Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1804–1877), the national poet of Finland. The poem was published in two collections, in 1848 and in 1860, and it describes the events of the Finnish War (1808–1809) in which Sweden lost its eastern territories to the Russian Empire.

## Clement B. Shaw's translation

This English translation of The Tales of Ensign Stål was translated by American writer and translator Clement B. Shawn (1858–1938) in 1925.

### Earlier collection (1848)

* Canto First: Our Land
* Canto Second: Ensign Stål
* Canto Third: The Cloud's Brother
* Canto Fourth: The Veteran
* Canto Fifth: Lieutenant Ziden
* Canto Sixth: The Cottage Maiden
* Canto Seventh: Sven Dufva
* Canto Eight: Von Konow and His Corporal
* Canto Ninth: The Dying Warrior
* Canto Tenth: Otto von Fieandt
* Canto Eleventh: Sandels
* Canto Twelfth: The Two Dragoons
* Canto Thirteenth: Old Man Hurtig
* Canto Fourteenth: Kulneff
* Canto Fifteenth: The King
* Canto Sixteenth: The Field Marshal
* Canto Seventeeth: Sveaborg
* Canto Eighteenth: Dobeln at Juutas

### Later collection (1860)

* Canto Nineteenth: The Soldier Boy
* Canto Twentieth: The March of the Men of Björneborg
* Canto Twenty-First: The Ensign at the Fair
* Canto Twenty-Second: Lotta Svärd
* Canto Twenty-Third: The Aged Lode
* Canto Twenty-Fourth: The Stranger's Vision
* Canto Twenty-Fifth: The Ensign's Greeting
* Canto Twenty-Sixth: Von Torne
* Canto Twenty-Seventh: The Fifth of July
* Canto Twenty-Eight: Munter
* Canto Twenty-Ninth: Von Essen
* Canto Thirtieth: The Baggage Driver
* Canto Thirty-First: Wilhelm von Schwerin
* Canto Thirty-Second: Stolt
* Canto Thirty-Third: The Brothers
* Canto Thirty-Fourth: The Governor
* Canto Thirty-Fifth: Adlercreutz
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.