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# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)

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* See also The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)
SCHOOL OF ATHENS
The fresco of “Philosophy” in the Camera della Segnatura, Vatican Palace, Rome. Height to arched top 16 feet; width 26 feet 8 inches
This splendid fresco was painted by Raphael in 1511 to represent the “Triumph of Science,” as a companion painting to the Dispute of the Sacrament, representing the “Triumph of Religion.” Philosophy, implying an encyclopedic knowledge of the whole sphere of scientific learning and intellectual culture, is here symbolised. A vast portico is pictured, the arches of which are pierced with statue-filled niches; the facing statues are Apollo and Minerva. The central figures are Plato and Aristotle. Grouped about them are all the philosophers, sages, and elders of antiquity discussing the problem of life. Diogenes is prone on the steps; Aristippus passes him talking to Protagoras; to the left, on the steps, Alcibiades, Xenophon and others are listening to Socrates. Below them are Pythagoras, with his wife Theano, his son Telauges, and his pupil Archytas; Anaxagoras is standing; Heraclitus sits alone, Democritus and Epicurus at the base of the pillar. To the right, on the steps are Pyrrho, Arcesilaus and others; below them Archimedes (a portrait of Bramante) teaches geometry, and Ptolemy and Zoroaster stand beside Raphael, Il Sodoma, and Perugino. Vasari says the fresco represents the union of Theology and Philosophy through Astronomy, and points out Saint Matthew as Pythagoras. It has also been said to represent Saint Paul preaching at Athena, and in 1560 Giorgio Mantovano engraved it as Saint Paul disputing with the Stoics and Epicureans.
Volumes
* Preface
* I: A - Annuals
* II: Annuity - Azzubeydi
* III: B - Bird's foot
* IV: Birds of Paradise - Bulfinch
* V: Bulgaria - Castaños
* VI: Caste - Civil law
* VII: Civil list - Coronium
* VIII: Corot - Deseronto
* IX: Desert - Egre
* X: Egusquiza - Falsetto
* XI: Falstaff - Francken
* XII: Franco - Goethals
* XIII: Goethe - Haw
* XIV: Hawaii - Index of refraction
* XV: India - Jeffers
* XVI: Jefferson - Latin
* XVII: Latin America - Lytton
* XVIII: M - Mexico
* XIX: Meyer - Naval Academy
* XX: Naval Observatory - Orleans
* XXI: Orley - Photoengraving
* XXII: Photography - Pumpkin
* XXIII: Pumps - Russellville
* XXIV: Russia - Silius
* XXV: Silk - Sulphovinic Acid
* XXVI: Sulphur - Tramways
* XXVII: Trance - Venial sin
* XXVIII: Venice - Wasmann
* XXIX: Wasps - Zymotic disease
* XXX: Classified Index
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/A B C Process

Edition of 1920. See also ABC process (purification) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
A B C PROCESS: a name given to a method of purifying sewage by sulphate of alumina, blood, charcoal, and clay.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/A cheval position

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
A CHEVAL POSITION. Military term signifying the position of an army astride a river or other obstacle preventing co-operation of the wings of the army.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Münzer, Thomas

See also the 1906 Encyclopedia Americana disclaimer.
Münzer, münt'sĕr, Thomas, German religious fanatic: b. Stolberg about 1490; d. Frankenhausen 15 May 1525. He preached at Zwickau in 1520, and at Prague in 1521, promulgated his doctrines at Allstedt in Thuringia in 1523, and excited the people to revolt against the authorities. In Mühlhausen (1524) he gained the unqualified support of the populace, deposed the city council and appointed a new one, suffered the monasteries and houses of the wealthy to be sacked, and proclaimed a community of goods. He was now joined by another fanatic named Pfeifer, with his troop of rapacious followers, and this circumstance with the news that 40,000 peasants had assembled in Franconia, and plundered and burned 150 castles of the nobles and 23 monasteries, inflamed his zeal, and he joined in what was termed the "Peasants' War," intending to exterminate "the godless princes and priests." Leaving Pfeifer governor in Mühlhausen, he proceeded to Frankenhausen, and rekindled the ardor of the townspeople. The dukes of Saxony, Philip, and Brunswick, and other rulers sent a force against the insurgents; Münzer was totally defeated after an obstinate struggle, was taken and executed. See Peasants' War.
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Current Topics (5)

Current Topics
* First American minister in Prague
* What the magazines say
* Sending money to Bohemia
* My Antonia
* Statement of the ownership, management, circulation, etc.
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Current Topics (8)

Current Topics
* Industrial commission visits America
* Commissionar Pergler leaves
* Relief activities
* Songs of the Slav
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Current Topics (4)

Current Topics
* Meetings of the American Czechoslovak Board
* First visitor from Prague
* Medical unit for Siberia
* Columbia gives courses in Bohemian
* The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/What the Uhro-Russins write
* The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Telling the American people who we are
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Czechoslovak Commercial Corporation

CZECHOSLOVAK COMMERCIAL CORPORATION.
American business men of Slovak birth and descent met in Cleveland on February 18th to discuss the problems of investments in Slovakia, so as to create more employment over there and increase commercial relations between the Czechoslovak Republic and the United States. More than a hundred representative business men attended the conference. The result of the deliberations was to establish a Czechoslovak Commercial Corporation of America with a capital of one million dollars, and those present subscribed at once the sum of $100,000.
Following persons were elected to organize the company; A. S. Ambrose of Bridgeport, chairman; Paul Kvorka of Chicago, vice-chairman; Michael Bosak of Scranton, treasurer; Ivan Bielek, of Pittsburgh, secretary; Clement Ihriský, Leo Zaruba, John Pankuch, Joseph Schromofský and John Hrivnák, members of the committee. It is the intention of the new corporation to buy the necessaries of life, farming implements, etc., in wholesale and to establish in Slovakia local depots for the sale of this merchandise to peasants at low rates. This undertaking has the support of the Slovak League of America and its president, Albert Mamatey.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Current Topics (7)

Current Topics
* Delegation to Siberia
* Visiting across the ocean
* Siberian invalids welcomed
* Some interesting items
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Current Topics (9)

Current Topics
* Osusky accredited to the Court of St. James
* Welcome to our volunteers
# The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 1/Synoptic table of North American Eurypterida

VII SYNOPTIC TABLE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN EURYPTERIDA
Those marked by an asterisk are found in New York State.
Class arachnida
Subclass merostomata (Dana) Woodward
Order eurypterida Burmeister
Family eurypteridae Burmeister
Genus dolichopterus Hall
* *Dolichopterus macrochirus Hall
* *D. frankfortensis nov.
* *D. latifrons nov.
* *D. otisius Clarke
* *D. siluriceps nov.
* *D. stylonuroides nov.
* *D. testudineus nov.
Genus echinognathus Walcott
| Type: | *Echinognathus clevelandi Walcott |
Genus eurypterus DeKay
* *Eurypterus remipes DeKay
* *E. approximatus Hall & Clarke
* *E. dekayi Hall
* *E. lacustris Hall
* *E. lacustris var. pachychirus Hall
* *E. maria Clarke
* *E. megalops nov.
* *E. microphthalmus Hall
* *E. pittsfordensis Sarle
* *E. pristinus nov.
* *E. prominens Hall & Clarke
* *E. pustulosus Hall
* E. ranilarva nov.
* *E. ?(Dolichopterus ?) stellatus nov.
Subgenus onychopterus
| Type: | E. kokomoensis Miller & Gurley |
Subgenus tylopterus
| Type: | E. boylei Whiteaves |
Subgenus anthraconectes
* E. mansfieldi C. E. Hall
* E. mazonensis Meek & Worthen
* E. pennsylvanicus C. E. Hall
* E. stylus Hall
* Doubtful species
* E. ? potens Hall
* E. ? pulicaris Salter
? Genus eurypterella Matthew
| Type: | ? E. ornata Matthew |
Genus eusarcus Grote & Pitt
* *E. scorpionis Grote & Pitt
* *E. ? cicerops Clarke
* *E. ? longiceps nov.
* E. newlini (Claypole)
* *E. triangulatus nov.
Genus megalograptus Miller
| Type: | Megalograptus welchi Miller |
Genus strabops Beecher
| Type: | Strabops thacheri Beecher |
Genus stylonurus Page
Subgenus ctenopterus nov.
* *S. cestrotus Clarke
* *S. multispinosus nov.
* * ? S. excelsior Hall
* *S. sp. α
* *S. sp. β
* *S. sp. γ
Subgenus drepanopterus Laurie
| Type: | Drepanopterus longicaudatus nov. |
Indeterminate species
* S. beecheri Hall
* *S. ? limbatus nov.
* *S. myops Clarke
* *S. sp. δ
Family pteryootidae nov.
Genus hughmilleria Sarle
* *H. socialis Sarle
* *H. socialis var. robusta Sarle
* *H. magna nov.
* *H. shawangunk Clarke
Genus pterygotus Agassiz
* Pterygotus atlanticus nov.
* *P. buffaloensis (Pohlman)
* *P. cobbi Hall
* *P. globiceps nov.
* *P. grandis (Pohlman)
* *P. macrophthalmus Hall
* *P. monroensis Sarle
* *P. nasutus nov.
* *P. prolificus nov.
# The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 2/Explanations of plates/Plate 1

EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES
PLATE 1
Strabops thacheri Beecher Page 152 See plate 4, figure 5; plate 13, figure 2
| 1 | Restoration of dorsal aspect. Natural size Horizon and locality. Potosi (Upper Cambric) limestone. St. François county, Mo. |
| Memoir 14. N.Y.State Museum. | Plate 1. |
| G.S.Barkentin del. | J.B.Lyon Co. State Printer. |
# The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 2/Explanations of plates/Plate 10

PLATE 10
Eurypterus lacustris Harlan Page 173 See plates 9, 11–13
| 1 | Ventral view of a female, showing well the ventral marginal shield of the cephalothorax, the three pairs of walking legs in their natural position, the balancing legs and swimming legs. The metastoma shows the cleft of the anterior margin indicating its origin from fusion of two plates. The first and second sternites are pushed together and the genital appendages broken off. The other sternites show the transverse middle line of scales and the median longitudinal suture. The last postabdominal segment exhibits the two longitudinal rows of scales of the dorsal side. Natural size Horizon and locality. Bertie waterlime. Buffalo Cement Company's quarry, Buffalo |
Photograph. Original in the State Museum
| Memoir 14. N.Y.State Museum. | Plate 10. |
| H.C.Wardell phot. | J.B.Lyon Co. State Printer. |
# The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 2

New York State Education Department
New York State Museum
John M. Clarke, Director
Memoir 14
THE EURYPTERIDA OF NEW YORK
by JOHN M. CLARKE and RUDOLF RUEDEMANN
VOLUME II PLATES
| | page |
| Explanations of plates | 441 |
| Index | 617 |
ALBANY NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 1912
STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Regents of the University With years when terms expire
| 1913 | Whitelaw Reid M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor | New York |
| 1917 | St Clair McKelway M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Vice Chancellor | Brooklyn |
| 1919 | Daniel Beach Ph.D. LL.D. | Watkins |
| 1914 | Pliny T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. | Palmyra |
| 1915 | Albert Vander Veer M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. | Albany |
| 1922 | Chester S. Lord M.A. LL.D. | New York |
| 1918 | William Nottingham M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. | Syracuse |
| 1920 | Eugene A. Philbin LL.B. LL.D. | New York |
| 1916 | Lucius N. Littauer B.A. | Gloversville |
| 1921 | Francis M. Carpenter | Mount Kisco |
| 1923 | Abram I. Elkus LL.B. | New York |
| 1924 | Adelbert Moot | Buffalo |
Commissioner of Education
* Andrew S. Draper LL.B. LL.D.
Assistant Commissioners
* Augustus S. Downing M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. First Assistant
* Charles F. Wheelock B.S. LL.D. Second Assistant
* Thomas E. Finegan M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. Third Assistant
Director of State Library
* James I. Wyer, Jr, M.L.S.
Director of Science and State Museum
* John M. Clarke Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D.
Chiefs of Divisions
* Administration, George M. Wiley M.A.
* Attendance, James D. Sullivan
* Educational Extension, William R. Eastman M.A. M.L.S.
* Examinations, Harlan H. Horner B.A.
* History, James A. Holden B.A.
* Inspections, Frank H. Wood M.A.
* Library School, Frank K. Walter M.A. B.L.S.
* Public Records, Thomas C. Quinn
* School Libraries, Sherman Williams Pd.D.
* Statistics, Hiram C. Case
* Visual Instructions, Alfred W. Abrams Ph.B.
* Vocational Schools, Arthur D. Dean B.S.
# The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 2/Explanations of plates/Plate 12

PLATE 12
Eurypterus lacustris Harlan Page 173 See plates 9–11, 13
| 1 | Chelicera. × 3 |
| 2 | Anterior portion of a female opercular appendage, showing the two tubular lateral appendages, the test of the operculum being broken away. × 2 |
Eurypterus lacustris var. pachychirus Hall Page 179 See plate 19, figure 1
| 3 | Hall's original in Palaeontology of N. Y., v. 3, pl. 82, fig. 1. The abdomen is somewhat distended and the sculpturing well shown. |
The figures are from photographs. All specimens are from the Bertie waterlime at Buffalo, Erie co., N. Y. The originals of figures 1 and 2 are in the museum of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, that of figure 3 in the State Museum
| Memoir 14. N.Y.State Museum. | Plate 12. |
| J.A.Glenn phot. | J.B.Lyon Co. State Printer. |
# The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 2/Explanations of plates/Plate 11

PLATE 11
Eurypterus lacustris Harlan Page 173 See plates 9, 10, 12, 13
| 1 | Young individual. Original of Hall's figure [Palaeontology of N. Y., v. 3, pl. 81, fig. 1] × 2. Shows well the outline of the carapace and the relatively large size of the compound eyes in the young. The preabdominal segments are shoved together, and the preabdomen appears therefore too short and wide and too abruptly contracted. The apparent posterior edges are partly fracture lines. The outline drawing of the specimen, inserted in the text, shows this condition more distinctly. |
| 2 | Ventral side of a specimen, showing the five sternites with their median sutures. The first four retain a certain amount of uniform convexity, the fourth is pushed inward and much arched, the fifth flattened and shows the relatively great length of these segments. The genital appendages of the first (opercular) and second sternites are broken out, leaving a cleft. Natural size |
| 3 | Operculum, original of Hall's figure, op. cit. pl. 81, fig. 8 [see diagram, text fig. 122]. The pentagonal pieces in front of the opercular appendage are seen. The principal median appendage is broken at b, its original extension indicated by an impressed line at с The paired tubular Text fig. 122 Diagram to pl. 11, fig. 3 appendages are recognized in outline at a, and the aperture seen at h. The posterior (e) and lateral (d) doublures, as well as fragments of the anterior connecting membrane, are also shown. Natural size |
| Memoir 14. N.Y.State Museum. | Plate 11. |
| J.A.Glenn phot. | J.B.Lyon Co. State Printer. |
| 4 | Text fig. 123 Diagram to pl. 11, fig. 4 Interior view of female opercular appendage. Original of Hall's figure, pl. 81, fig. 6 [see diagram, text fig. 123]. The outlines of the paired terminal appendages of the operculum (3 in diagram) and of the paired appendages of the second sternite (shaded in diagram, marked c) are seen; a, line along which the principal median appendage is broken, b, lateral flanges, × 2 |
| 5 | Appendages of a cephalothorax, showing their proportions. The chelicerae are not preserved. The walking legs are seen from the underside and exhibit the bases of the smaller spines. The balancing legs are mostly broken away, and only the coxae preserved of the swimming legs. Natural size |
All figures are from photographs. The originals are from the Bertie waterlime at Buffalo, Erie co , N. Y. Those of figures 1, 3 and 4 are in the American Museum of Natural History, that of figure 2 in the State Museum and of figure 5 in the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences
# The Fourteenth of July and Danton/Danton

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Original play was produced in Paris in 1900.
DANTON
A Play in Three Acts
[Danton was produced in Paris in 1900.]
To My Father
Cast of Characters
Act I
Act II
Act III
# The Fourteenth of July and Danton

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THE
FOURTEENTH OF JULY
AND
DANTON
TWO PLAYS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
BY
ROMAIN ROLLAND
AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION WITH A PREPACE BY BARRETT H. CLARK
NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1918
Copyright, 1918, by HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
THE QUINN & BODEN CO. PRESS RANWAY, N. J.
CONTENTS
PAGE
       (Le 14 Juillet)
       (Danton)
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The Fourteenth of July

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "The Fourteenth of July."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* The Fourteenth of July (Le Quatorze Juillet), a play by Romain Rolland
* "The Fourteenth of July", a poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne
# The Fourteenth of July and Danton/Danton/Cast of Characters

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CAST OF CHARACTERS:
    Robespierre
    Danton
    Camille Desmoulins
    Vadier
    Billaud-Varenne
    Saint-Just
    Herman
    Westermann
    Hérault de Séchelles
    Philippeaux
    Fabre d'Églantine
    Fouquier-Tinville
    Lucile Desmoulins
    Éléonore Duplay
    Madame Duplay
    The People, Jury, Gendarmes, etc.
          Scene: Paris, March and April, 1794.
| Act | I. | Desmoulins' home. |
| Act | II. | Robespierre's room. |
| Act | III. | The Revolutionary Tribunal. |
[M. Rolland has suggested lines and "business" for The People in footnotes throughout Act III, but as these are not an integral part of the play and are intended rather as an aid to the producer, I have not deemed it necessary to incorporate more than half a dozen lines into the text.—The Translator.]
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Günst, Johannes Werner

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​Günst, Johannes Werner, M.D., was born at Amsterdam, Holland, May 31st, 1825, and landed in Sydney, N.S.W., in May 1852. Shortly afterwards he commenced practice as an allopathic physician, and was appointed analytical chemist to the Government of New South Wales. In 1854 he visited New Caledonia, and claims to have been the first European who set foot there. His companions, nine in number were killed and eaten by the natives; and Dr. Günst only saved himself by hiding in the mountains till he was taken off by a passing vessel, after several, months of exposure, danger, and suffering. After practising his profession, combined with sugar growing on the Clarence and Richmond rivers in New South Wales, he went with an exploration party to Madagascar, and on his return through Paris was decorated with the cross of the Legion of Honour. Having abandoned allopathy, he has practised as a homoeopathic physician in Melbourne for upwards of twenty years.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Hadfield, Right Rev. Octavius

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​Hadfield, Right Rev. Octavius, Bishop of Wellington and Primate of New Zealand, son of Joseph Hadfield, of Bonchurch, Isle of Wight, was born in 1816, and matriculated at Pembroke College, Oxford, on Feb. 19th, 1832, but was obliged to leave the University because of ill-health. He proceeded to Australia, and while in deacon's orders accompanied the Bishop (Broughton) of Australia to New Zealand ​in 1838 in H.M.S. Pelorus. Upon the application of Rauparaha for a missionary to be sent to Otaki, in Cook Straits, Mr. Hadfield volunteered. He was accordingly admitted to priest's orders by the Bishop, and sailed with Rev. Henry Williams to Port Nicholson. Here he settled and laboured for many years. In 1843, after the slaughter of Captain Wakefield and others by Rauparaha, at Wairau, that chief roused his tribe to arms to prevent the enslaving of the Maori race, and had it not been for the intervention of Mr. Hadfield and Te Rangitake, the Ngatitoa would have descended upon the new settlement of Wellington. Later in 1859-60 he protested against the treatment of Te Rangitake by the Government over the Waitara affair, and in April 1860 sent a petition, signed at Otaki by the Maoris, praying for the removal of Governor Browne on account of the seizure of Waitara. This he was accused of having inspired, but was able to show that it was spontaneous on the part of the natives. Mr. Hadfield, who was appointed by Bishop Selwyn Archdeacon of Kapiti, remained at Otaki from 1839 to 1865. When the Hauhau fanaticism broke out, and the missionary Volkner was murdered, he stood to his post at the imminent risk of his life, declaring that he was ready to lay his bones where he had so long laboured. Archdeacon Hadfield was commissary to Bishop Selwyn for ten years, and was subsequently commissary to the first Bishop (Abraham) of Wellington. In Oct. 1870, upon the resignation of Bishop Abraham, he was appointed to succeed him, the election being by the colonial episcopate without the Queen's mandate. In 1889, when the Bishop (Harper) of Christchurch, who was also Primate of New Zealand, retired, Bishop Hadfield was elected to the primacy. As there was considerable doubt as to the proper constitution of the electing body, the validity of the election was disputed, and Bishop Suter, of Kelson, was nominated by the dissentient party. In the end, however, the claims of Bishop Hadfield were acknowledged.