OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Plattsburg

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See also Plattsburgh (town), New York and Plattsburgh (city), New York on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PLATTSBURG, a city, port of entry and the county-seat of Clinton county, New York, U.S.A., situated on the west shore of Lake Champlain, at the mouth of the Saranac river, 168 m. ​(by rail) N.N.E. of Albany. Pop. (1890), 7010; (1900), 8434, of whom 1053 were foreign-born; (1910, census), 11,138. It is served by the Delaware & Hudson railway, and has steamer connexions with lake ports. Its situation in the region of lakes and mountains and its delightful climate have made it a summer resort. Among its institutions are the Samuel F. Vilas Home (for aged and infirm women); the Home for the Friendless of Northern New York (1874), for the care of homeless children; the Plattsburg State Normal and Training School, the D'Youville Academy for girls (founded in 1860, chartered in 1871), under the direction of the Grey Nuns; the College St Pierre (Roman Catholic, 1903), and the Champlain Valley Hospital. The barracks, about a mile away, is an important military post. Cliff Haven, 2 m. south, is the seat of the Catholic summer school Plattsburg has a fine harbour and is the port of entry of the Champlain customs district; in 1909 its exports were valued at $15,169,502 and its imports at $8,167,527. Among the city's manufactures are lumber, wood pulp, paper, shirts, sewing-machines and automobiles. The total value of the factory products in 1905 was $1,056,702.
Plattsburg was incorporated as a village in 1795, and derived its name from Zephaniah Platt (1740–1807), who had led a colony of settlers to this place from Long Island; it became a city in 1902 About Valcour Island (5 m. south-east of Plattsburg), on the 11th of October 1776, a British fleet under Captain Thomas Pringle and an American flotilla under Benedict Arnold engaged in the first conflict between American and British fleets, the British being victorious. On the outbreak of the War of 1812 the village became the headquarters of the American army on the northern frontier. On the 11th of September 1814, in Plattsburg (or Cumberland) Bay, Captain George Downie, commanding a British flotilla, was defeated by an American flotilla commanded by Commodore Thomas Macdonough, losing his life in the engagement (see Champlain, Lake).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Plattsmouth

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​PLATTSMOUTH, a city and the county-seat of Cass county, Nebraska, U.S.A., situated in the valley and on the bluffs of the Missouri river near the mouth of the Platte. Pop. (1900), 4964 (979 foreign-born), (1910) 4287. It is served by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Missouri Pacific railway systems. There are railway car-shops, and a considerable trade is done in grain and cattle. A trading-post licensed by the United States government was opened here in 1853, and a town platted in 1854. Plattsmouth was first incorporated as a city in 1855, being one of the oldest settlements and cities of the state.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Platt, Thomas Collier

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​PLATT, THOMAS COLLIER (1833-1910), American politician, was born in Owego, Tioga county, New York, on the 15th of July 1833. He studied in 1849-1852 at Yale, from which he received the honorary degree of A.M. in 1876. He made money in lumbering out West, and returning to Owego became a banker and railway director. He helped to organize its Republican party in Tioga county, and in 1873-1877 was a representative in Congress. In 1877 he was chairman of the state Republican Convention at Rochester. On the 18th of January 1881 he was elected United States senator, but resigned, with his colleague, Roscoe Conkling, on the 16th of May following, chiefly because President Garfield, in spite of their protest, had appointed as collector of the port of New York, Judge William H. Robertson, a political opponent. Within ten years he became the acknowledged Republican “boss” of the state, and he again served in the United States Senate from 1897 to 1909. But his power waned steadily after about 1903. He died in New York City on the 6th of March 1910.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Platte

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​PLATTE (so named, from the French, because of its shallowness), or Nebraska, a river system of Colorado, Wyoming and Nebraska, tributary to the Missouri river, which it enters immediately north of Plattsmouth, Nebraska, 18 m. below Omaha, in about 41° 3' N. lat. Including the North Platte it is about 900 m. long from its headwaters, with a drainage basin for the entire system of 90,000 sq. m. The Platte proper is formed by the junction of the North Platte and the South Platte, sometimes called the North and South Forks of the Platte, immediately below the city of North Platte in Lincoln county, Nebraska. The North Platte and South Platte rise respectively in North Park and South Park in Colorado. The tributaries of the main stream all flow in from the north; the most important being the Loup, which empties immediately east of Columbus in Platte county, and the Elkhorn, which joins the Platte in Douglas county, due west of Omaha.
See J. C. Stevens, Surface Water Supply of Nebraska (Washington, 1909).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Plattner, Karl Friedrich

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​PLATTNER, KARL FRIEDRICH (1800-1858), German metallurgical chemist, was born at Kleinwaltersdorf, near Freiberg in Saxony, on the 2nd of January, 1800. His father, though only a poor working miner, found the means to have him educated first at the Bergschule and then at the Bergakademie of Freiberg, and after he had completed his courses there in 1820 he obtained employment, chiefly as assayer, in connexion with the royal mines and metal works. Having taken up the idea of quantitative mouth-blowpipe assaying, which was then almost unknown — except that E. Harkort (1797-1835) in 1827, while a student in Freiberg Academy, had worked out a blowpipe assay for silver — he succeeded in devising trustworthy methods for all the ordinary useful metals; in particular his modes of assaying for nickel and cobalt quickly found favour with metallurgists. He also devoted himself to the improvement of qualitative blowpipe analysis, and summed up his experience in a treatise Die Probierkunst mit dem Löthrohr (1835), which became a standard authority. In 1840 he was made chief of the royal department of assaying. Two years later he was deputed to complete a course of lectures on metallurgy at the Bergakademie in place of W. A. Lampadius (1772-1842), whom he subsequently succeeded as professor. He died at Freiberg on the 22nd of January 1858.
In addition to many memoirs on metallurgical subjects he also published Die metallurgischen Rostprocesse theoretisch betrachtet (1856), and posthumously Vorlesungen über allgemeine Hüttenkunde (1860).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Plauen

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​PLAUEN, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony, on the Weisse Elster, 60 m. south of Leipzig, on the railway to Hof and Munich and at the junction of lines to Eger and Gera. Pop. (1890), 47,007; (1900), 73,891; (1905), 105,383. It was formerly the capital of Vogtland, or Voigtland, a territory governed by the imperial vogt, or bailiff, and this name still clings in popular speech to the hilly district in which the town lies. Of its three Evangelical churches the most prominent is the fine Gothic church of St John, with twin spires, which was restored in 1886. Other buildings of note are the town hall, dating from about 1550, and the old castle of Hradschin, now used as a law court. Plauen is now the chief place in Germany for the manufacture of embroidered white goods of all kinds, for the finishing of woven cotton fabrics, known as Plauen goods, and for the making of lace.
Plauen was probably founded by the Slavs. First mentioned in 1122, it passed under the authority of Bohemia in 1327 and came to Saxony in 1466, remaining permanently united with the electorate since 1569. The manufacture of white goods was introduced by Swabian, or Swiss, immigrants about 1570. The advance in its material prosperity has been especially rapid since the incorporation of Saxony in the German Zollverein.
See Fiedler, Die Stadt Plauen im Vogtland (Plauen, 1874); and Beiträge zur Geschichte der Stadt Plauen (Plauen, 1876); Metzner, Führer durch Plauen (1903); and the publications of the Altertumsverein zu Plauen (1875 seq.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Play

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​PLAY, a word of which the primary meaning is that of free or active movement or exercise. The O. Eng. plegan or plegian, from which comes the substantive plega, play, is apparently cognate with Ger. pflegen, to take care or charge of, and Pflege, care, and the connexion in sense is to be found in the primary meaning, that of exercise or active movement. In its primary meaning “play” is used of the rapid changing movement of light and colour, and also figuratively of thought or fancy, and specifically of the free movement of parts of a mechanism on each other, of a joint or limb, &c. To play a musical instrument is to move the fingers upon it, and until the 18th century the verb was intransitive, and “ on ” or “ upon ” was always used with the name of the instrument. The very general use of the word for sport, game or amusement, is an early and easy development from the meaning of active movement or exercise as a recreation after work; that of a dramatic performance (see Drama) is very early; the New English Dictionary quotes from King Alfred's Orosius (c. 893).
The primitive play instinct or play impulse in man has been much discussed in recent years by psychologists in connexion with child study (see Child), and with the expression of the emotions (see J. Sully, On Laughter, 1902, &c; also Aesthetics). See generally Carl Groos, The Play of Animals (1898) and The Play of Man (1901); and Baldwin's Dict. of Philosophy, s.v.
# A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan/Part 3

PART III.
Survey of the present conditions and problems.
* Chapter I: Statistics
* Chapter II: Concentration of the Trade Unions
* Chapter III: Constitution, and the Yuai-kai
* Chapter IV: Legal Position of Trade Union
* Chapter V: International Relations
* Chapter VI: Communism and Trade Unions
# A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan/Part 2

PART II.
Recent development
1912–1921.
* Chapter I: „Yuai-kai“ and „Shinyu-kai“ (1912–1917)
* Chapter II: Prologue of the Social and Industrial Upheaval, and Unorganised Strikes (1917-1918)
* Chapter III: Amazing Growth of New Unions, a Series of Great Strikes. Sabotages (1919)
* Chapter IV: Toward Solidarity (1920–1921)
* Chapter V: Revival of Socialism, and the „Left Wing“
# A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan/Part 3/Chapter 1

CHAPTER I.
Statistics
1. The „Organisable“ Workers.
In order to understand the extent of the Japanese Trade Union Movement, it is necessary to bear in mind: (1) that agriculture and semi-agriculture occupy nearly 60 per cent. of the population (56.6 millions), (2) that the handicraft and small-scale industries greatly dominate, and (3) that there is an extraordinary number of woman labourers, chiefly employed in the textile industry (650,000 in factories and 700,009 small and home works) and other small-scale productions. (See the Appendix).
According to the latest official report (1918), we obtain the following figures in connection with a rough estimate of the so-called „organisable“ workers, with complete exclusion of wage-earners engaging in distributive, domestic, clerical, and other similar services, out-door (including building), and agriculture labourers.
| 1) | Factory workers | (factories employing over ten); |
| | | 1,680,000 (855,000 men & 825,000 women), |
| 2) | Transport workers | (railwaymen, seamen, dockers, & post-men), |
| | | 590,000 (560,000 men & 30,000 women), |
| 3) | Miners: | 465,000 (860,000 men & 105,000 women), |
| Total | Total | 2,735,000 (1,775,000 men & 960,000 women). |
The total figure shows that there are nearly three millions of the industrial workers. But, as the Trade Union movement among the ​woman workers is at present extremely of insignificance, it is better to omit this section from our estimate for a moment. Thus, we arrive at the conclusion—only hypothetical—that about two millions of the manual male workers constitute the fundamental „organisable“ basis of the Trade Union.
2. Trade Unions.
Under such a transitional phase and a frickle state, nobody can tell exactly, how many independent Unions exist in Japan and what membership they enlist. But if I do not make a mistake, from the statistics recently published in connection with all labour organisations which existed at the end of 1919, I hypothetically estimate that the total number of Trade Unions in the modern sense certainly exceeded 100 Unions and 80,000 members, and probably did not reach 150 Unions and 100,000 members. As the aggregate number of male „organisable“ workers was about two millions, the membership of Unions numbered between 4,5 and 5 per cent. of all. This estimation may be moderately applied to the present condition.
Of those Unions, however, only one third belong to, the proletarian fighting bodies.
| Industries. | Workers. | Organisations. | Members. | Per cent. |
| Textile | 713,620 | 90 | 61,643 | 8.6 |
| Metal | 222,366 | 82 | 40,125 | 18.0 |
| Scientific | 141,769 | 67 | 9,047 | 6.4 |
| Mining | 433,843 | 94 | 52,135 | 12,0 |
| Total | 1,511,598 | 333 | 162,950 | 10.8 |
| Labourers Carriers & other Out-door Workers, etc. | Labourers Carriers & other Out-door Workers, etc. | 8338 | 269,532 | |
This table shows the labour and semi-labour organisations of all kinds at the end of 1919. This figures of workers quoted here differ from those added in the Appendix. But this is not my fault.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhodochrosite

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​RHODOCHROSITE, a mineral species consisting of manganese carbonate, MnCO$_3$, crystallizing in the rhombohedral system and isomorphous with calcite. It usually occurs as cleavable, compact or botryoidal masses, distinct crystals being somewhat rare; these often have the form of the primitive rhombohedron, parallel to the faces of which there are perfect cleavages. When pure, the mineral contains 47·7% of manganese, but this is usually partly replaced by varying amounts of iron, and sometimes by calcium, magnesium, zinc, or rarely cobalt (cobalt-manganese-spar). With these variations in chemical composition the specific gravity varies from 3·45 to 3·60; the hardness is 4. The colour is usually rose-red, but may sometimes be grey to brown. The name rhodochrosite, from the Greek ῥοδό-χρως (rose-coloured), has reference to the characteristic colour of the mineral: manganese-spar and dialogite are synonyms. It is found in mineral veins with ores of silver, lead, copper, &c., or in deposits of manganese ore. Crystals have been met with in the mines at Kapnik-Bánya and Nagyág near Déva in Transylvania and at Diez in Nassau, but by far the best specimens are from Colorado. The mineral is used to a limited extent in the manufacture of spiegeleisen and ferromanganese.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhodes, James Ford

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​RHODES, JAMES FORD (1848-), American historian, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on the 1st of May 1848. He ​entered the university of New York as a special student in 1865, studied at the university of Chicago in 1866-67, and at the Collège de France in 1867-68, and in 1868 served as occasional Paris correspondent to the Chicago Times. He then took a course in metallurgy in the School of Mines, at Berlin; subsequently inspected iron and steel works in western Germany and in Great Britain; and in 1870 joined his father in the iron, steel and coal business in Cleveland, becoming a member of the firm in 1874. He retired from business with an ample fortune in 1885, and after two years devoted to general reading and travel he began his History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, which, closing the narrative with the year 1877, was published in seven volumes in 1893-1906. In recognition of the merit of his work he received honorary degrees from various American universities, was elected president of the American Historical Association in 1899, and received the Loubet prize of the Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1901. In 1909 he published a volume of Historical Essays.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhoxolani

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​RHOXOLANI, a Sarmatian tribe defeated in the Crimea by Diophantus, general of Mithradates, c. 100 B.C., and by the Romans on the lower Danube c. A.D. 60, and also under M. Aurelius. They seem to have finally succumbed to the Goths.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhoecus

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​RHOECUS, a Samian sculptor of the 6th century B.C. He and his son Theodorus were especially noted for their work in bronze. Herodotus says that Rhoecus built the temple of Hera at Samos. In the temple of Artemis at Ephesus was a marble figure of night by Rhoecus. His name has been found on a fragment of a vase which he dedicated to Aphrodite at Naucratis. His sons Theodorus and Telecles made a statue of the Pythian Apollo for the Samians.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhodonite

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​RHODONITE, a member of the pyroxene group of minerals, consisting of manganese metasilicate, MnSiO$_3$, and crystallizing in the anorthic system. It commonly occurs as cleanable to compact masses with a rose-red colour; hence the name, from the Greek ῥόδον (a rose). Crystals often have a thick tabular habit; there are perfect cleavages parallel to the prism faces with an angle of 87° 311/2′. The hardness is 51/2–61/2, and the specific gravity 3·4–3·68. The manganese is often partly replaced by iron and calcium, which may sometimes be present in considerable amounts; a greyish-brown variety containing as much as 20% of calcium oxide is called “bustamite”; “fowlerite” is a zinciferous variety containing 7% of zinc oxide. Rhodonite is a mineral liable to alteration, with the formation of manganese carbonate, hydrous silicate or oxides. The compact material, which is cut and polished for ornamental purposes, is often marked in a striking manner by veins and patches of these black alteration products. At Syedelnikova, near Ekaterinburg in the Urals, compact material of a good colour occurs in a clay-slate and is extensively quarried: boulders of similar material found at Cummington in Massachusetts (“cummingtonite”) have also been worked as an ornamental stone. In the iron and manganese mines at Pajsberg near Filipstadt and Långban in Vermland, Sweden, small brilliant and translucent crystals (“pajsbergite”) and cleavage masses occur. Fowlerite occurs as large, rough crystals, somewhat resembling pink felspar, with franklinite and zinc ores in granular limestone at Franklin Furnace in New Jersey.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pétis de la Croix, François

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​PÉTIS DE LA CROIX, FRANÇOIS (1653–1713), French Orientalist, was born in Paris in 1653. He was son of the Arabic interpreter of the French court, and inherited this office at his father’s death in 1695, afterwards transmitting it to his own son, Alexandre Louis Marie, who also distinguished himself in Oriental studies. At an early age he was sent by Colbert to the East; during the ten years he spent in Syria, Persia and Turkey he mastered Arabic, Persian and Turkish, and also collected rich materials for future writings. He served a short time as secretary to the French ambassador in Morocco, and accompanied as interpreter the French forces sent against Algiers, contributing to the satisfactory settlement of the treaty of peace, which was drawn up by himself in Turkish and ratified in 1684. He conducted the negotiations with Tunis and Tripoli ​in 1685, and those with Morocco in 1687, and the zeal, tact and linguistic knowledge he manifested in these and other transactions with Eastern courts were at last rewarded in 1692 by his appointment to the Arabic chair in the Collège Royal de France, which he filled until his death in 1713.
He published Contes turcs (Paris, 1707), and Les Mille et un jours (5 vols., Paris, 1710–1712), an Armenian Dictionary and an Account of Ethiopia. But the lasting monument of his literary fame is his excellent French version of Sharaf-uddīn ʽAli Yazdi’s Zafārnāma or History of Tīmūr (completed 828 A.H., A.D. 1425), which was given to the world nine years after his death (4 vols., Paris, 1722; Eng. trans. by J. Darby, London, 1723). This work, one of the rare specimens of a fairly critical history Persia can boast of, was compiled under the auspices of Mirzā Ibrāhīm Sultān, the son of Shāh Rukh and grandson of the great Tīmūr. The only error committed by Pétis de la Croix in his otherwise very correct translation is that he erroneously ascribed the important share which Ibrāhīm Sultān had in the Zafārnāma to Tīmūr himself.