OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ansell, Charles

​ANSELL, CHARLES, F.R.S., F.S.A (1794–1881), known for some years before his death as the father of the profession of actuaries, was born (probably in Essex) in 1794, entered the Atlas Fire and Life Assurance Company in 1808, and took a prominent position on the staff in 1810. In 1823 he was appointed actuary of the life branch of the company, and held the office down to 1864—a period of forty-one years —when he retired from active official life, but still remained the consulting actuary of the company. He also filled a similar post in the National Provident, the Friends' Provident, and the Clergy Mutual Life Offices, and was, likewise, the actuary of the Customs' Annuity and Benevolent Fund.
He was on several occasions called upon to advise on various schemes of national finance, notably on the government superannuation scheme, which ultimately fell through. He gave evidence before the select parliamentary committee (1841-43) to consider the law of joint-stock companies, and the select committee on assurance associations (1853).
His chief practice for many years was in connection with the actuarial problems involved in the working of friendly societies. He published a work upon that subject in 1835, which attracted much attention at the time, and remained a useful handbook for many years afterwards. It was, indeed, almost a first effort to treat friendly societies from a scientific standpoint. The work was published under the superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. He gave evidence before the select parliamentary committee on friendly societies in 1849, and before some of the later committees. Many years since he was instructed by the then Bishop of London (Dr. Blomfield) to make some calculations of this class, and he named as his fee 100 guineas. 'A hundred guineas, Mr. Ansell! Why, there are many curates in my diocese who don't get more than that for a year's services.' 'That may be,' was the quiet rejoinder; 'but actuaries are bishops.' The fee was paid.
Mr. Ansell resided during the later years of his life at Brighton, but he was only a few years before his death high sheriff of Merionethshire, where he had considerable landed property. He superintended the bonus investigation of the National Provident Association when close upon eighty years of age, and died at the close of 1881, at the age of 87. His personal estate was proved for 21,000l.
[For further and more technical details see Insurance Cyclopædia, vol. i.]
C. W.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Acestes

​ ACESTES (Ἀκέστης), a son of the Sicilian river-god Crimisus and of a Trojan woman of the name of Egesta or Segesta (Virg. Aen. i. 195, 550, v. 36, 711, &c.), who according to Servius was sent by her father Hippotes or Ipsostratus to Sicily, that she might not be devoured by the monsters, which infested the territory of Troy, and which had been sent into the land, because the Trojans had refused to reward Poseidon and Apollo for having built the walls of their city. When Egesta arrived in Sicily, the river-god Crimisus in the form of a bear or a dog begot by her a son Acestes, who was afterwards regarded as the hero who had founded the town of Segesta. (Comp. Schol. ad Lycophr. 951, 963.) The tradition of Acestes in Dionysius (i. 52), who calls him Aegestus (Αἴγεστος), is different, for according to him the grandfather of Aegestus quarrelled with Laomedon, who slew him and gave his daughters to some merchants to convey them to a distant land. A noble Trojan however embarked with them, and married one of them in Sicily, where she subsequently gave birth to a son, Aegestus. During the war against Troy Aegestus obtained permission from Priam to return and take part in the contest, and afterwards returned to Sicily, where Aeneas on his arrival was hospitably received by him and Elymus, and built for them the towns of Aegesta and Elyme. The account of Dionysius seems to be nothing but a rationalistic interpretation of the genuine legend. As to the inconsistencies in Virgil’s account of Acestes, see Heyne, Excurs. 1, on Aen. v. [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Acesius

​ ACE'SIUS (Ἀκέσιος), a surname of Apollo, under which he was worshipped in Elis, where he had a splendid temple in the agora. This surname, which has the same meaning as ἀκέστωρ and ἀλεξίκακος, characterised the god as the averter of evil. (Pans. vi. 24. § 5.)[L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Acestodorus

​ ACESTODO'RUS (Ἀκεστόδωρος), a Greek historical writer, who is cited by Plutarch (Them. 13), and whose work contained, as it appears, an account of the battle of Salamis among other things. The time at which he lived is unknown. Stephanus (s. v.Μεγάλη πόλις) speaks of an Acestodorus of Megidopolis, who wrote a work on cities (περὶ πόλεων), but whether this is the same as the above-mentioned writer is not clear.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Acestor 1.

​ ACESTOR (Ἀκέστωρ). A surname of Apollo which characterises him as the god of the healing art, or in general as the averter of evil, like ἀκέσιος. (Eurip. Androm. 901.)[L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Acestorides 1.

​ ACESTO'RIDES (Ἀκεστορίδης), a Corinthian, was made supreme commander by the Syracusans in b. c. 317, and banished Agathocles from the city. (Diod. xix. 5.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Acestor 2.

​ ACESTOR (Ἀκέστωρ), surnamed Sacas (Σάκας), on account of his foreign origin, was a tragic poet at Athens, and a contemporary of Aristophanes. He seems to have been either of Thracian or Mysian origin. (Aristoph. Aves, 31; Schol. ad loc.; Vespae, 1216; Schol. ad loc.; Phot. and Suid. s. v. Σάκας: Welcker, Die Griech. Tragöd. p. 1032.)[R. W.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Acestorides 2.

​ ACESTO'RIDES wrote four books of mythical stories relating to every city (τῶν κατὰ πόλιν μυθικῶν). In these he gave many real historical ​accounts, as well as those which were merely mythical, but he entitled them μυθικὰ to avoid calumny and to indicate the pleasant nature of the work. It was compiled from Conon, Apollodorus, Protagoras and others. (Phot. Bibl. cod. 189; Tzetz. Chil. vii. 144.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Acestor 3.

​ ACESTOR (Ἀκέστωρ), a sculptor mentioned by Pausanias (vi. 17. §2) as having executed a statue of Alexibius, a native of Heraea in Arcadia, who had gained a victory in the pentathlon at the Olympic games. He was born at Cnossus, or at any rate exercised his profession there for some time. (Paus. x. 15. §4.) He had a son named Amphion, who was also a sculptor, and had studied under Ptolichus of Corcyra (Paus. vi. 3. §2); so that Acestor must have been a contemporary of the latter, who flourished about Ol. 82. (b. c. 452.)[C.P. M.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Achaea

​ACHAEA (Ἀχαία), a surname of Demeter by which she was worshipped at Athens by the Gephyraeans who had emigrated thither from Boeotia. (Herod, v. 61; Plut. Is. et Osir. p. 378, d.)
2. A surname of Minerva worshipped at Luceria in Apulia where the donaria and the arms of Diomedes were preserved in her temple. ( Aristot. Mirab. Narrat. 117.)[L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Achaemenes

​ACHAE'MENES (Ἀχαιμένης). 1. The ancestor of the Persian kings, who founded the family of the Achaemenidae (Ἀχαιμενίδαι), which was the noblest family of the Pasargadae, the noblest of the Persian tribes. Achaemenes is said to have been brought up by an eagle. According to a genealogy given by Xerxes, the following waa the order of the descent: Achaemenes, Teïspes, Cambyses, Cyrus, Teïspes, Ariaramnes, Arsames, Ilystaspes, Darius, Xerxes. (Herod, i. 125, vii. 11; Aelian, Hist. Anim. xii. 21.) The original seat of this family was Achaemenia in Persis. (Steph. s.v. Ἀχαιμενία) The Roman poets use the adjective Achaemenius in the sense of Persian. (Hon Carm. iii. 1. 44, xiii. 8 ; Ov. Ar. Am. L 226, Met. iv. 212.)
2. The son of Darius I. was appointed by his brother Xerxes governor of Egypt, b. c. 484. Ho commanded the Egyptian fleet in the expedition of Xerxes against Greece, and strongly opposed tho prudent advice of Demaratus. When Egypt revolted under Inarus the Libyan in b. c. 460, Achaemenes was sent to subdue it, but was defeated and killed in battle by Inarus. (Herod, iii. 12, vii. 7, 97, 236 ; Diod. xi. 74.)
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Dimoeritae, followers of Apollinarius

Dimoeritae, another name for the followers of Apollinarius, probably to be explained by a passage in a letter of Gregory of Nazianzum to Nectarius of Constantinople (Ep. 202, al. Or. 46). Gregory says that Apollinarius's book affirmed that He Who had come down from above had no νοῦς, but that τὴν θεότητα τοῦ Μονογενοῦς τὴν τοῦ νοῦ φύσιν ἀναπληρώσασαν. Hence, as the Apollinarians maintained that our Lord assumed only (διμοιρία) two of the three parts (σῶμα, ψυχή, νοῦς) of which perfect humanity consists, they were called Dimoeritae by Epiphanius, who says (Haer. lxxvii.) that "some denied especially the perfect Incarnation of Christ; some asserted His body consubstantial with His divinity; some emphatically denied that He had ever taken a soul; others not less emphatically refused to Him a mind."
Among the leaders of the Dimoeritae was one Vitalius. Both Gregory of Nazianzum and Epiphanius came in contact with him; the former while Vitalius was, it would seem, a presbyter, the latter when he had been made a bishop of the sect. Epiphanius at Antioch, in a long discussion with Vitalius, put the crucial question: "You admit the Incarnation, do you also admit that Christ took a mind (νοῦν)?" "The answer was, "No." Epiphanius persisted: "In what sense then do you call Christ τέλειος?" The point was debated without results. Epiphanius urged that not only was nothing gained by excluding mind, as we understand it, from the nature of Christ; but also that by such exclusion much was lost which made His nature, character, and actions intelligible. Vitalius and his followers avoided Epiphanius's arguments by reverting to their favourite texts, e.g. "We have the mind of Christ" (I. Cor. ii. 16), etc.
The Dimoeritae probably existed, as a sect, for a few years only, either under that name or as Vitalians, Synusiasts, Polemians, Valentinians, after some favourite leader or opinion. Then they died out, or merged themselves into other bodies holding similar views, or were brought back to the church. The books, psalteries, and hymns composed and issued by Apollinarius and his principal followers were met, and their effects counteracted, by books and hymns such as have given to Gregory of Nazianzum a name among ecclesiastical song writers. Epiphanius, Panaria, iii. 11; Haer. lxxvii. (ed. Dindorf, iii. 1, p. 454); Oehler, Corpus Haereseolog. ii. 330, etc.; and the usual Church histories, e.g. Neander, Niedner, Hase, Robertson, s.v. "Apollinarianism," should be consulted.
[J.M.F.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Dionysia, martyr in Africa

Dionysia (3), St., a Christian martyr in the 5th cent. According to the narrative of Victor Vitensis, her contemporary, she was a lady of rare beauty in Africa, who preferred tortures, shameful indignities, and death to renouncing her faith; a victim of the persecution of the orthodox or Catholic Christians by Hunneric, king of the Vandals. The date assigned for her martyrdom is 484.
See Victor Vitensis, de Persecutione Africanâ, V. c. 1; ap. Migne, Patr. Lat. lvii.; Tillem., Mémoires, t. xvi. (Paris, 1701, 4to); Baronius, Annales Ecclesiastici, t. viii. p. 463 (Lucae, 1741, fol.).
[I.G.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Dionysia, martyr at Alexandria

Dionysia (2), at Alexandria, a.d. 251, mother of many children, who, loving her Lord more than her children, died by the sword, along with the venerable lady Mercuria, without being tried by torture, as the prefect had succeeded so ill with Ammonarion that he was ashamed to go on torturing and being defeated by women (Dion. Alex. ad Fab. ap. Eus. H. E. vi. 41).
[E.B.B.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Dionysia, virgin martyr at Lampsacus

Dionysia (1), virgin martyr at Lampsacus, a.d. 250. Seeing Nicomachus suddenly seized with madness and dying in horror, after having denied the faith under torture, and sacrificed to the heathen gods, Dionysia cried out, "Miserable and most wretched man! Why, for one hour's respite, didst thou take to thyself unceasing and indescribable punishment!" The proconsul Optimus hearing her, asked if she were a Christian. "Yes," she answered, "and that is why I weep for this unhappy man, who loses eternal rest by not being able to suffer a moment's pain." The proconsul dismissed her with a brutal order. Next day, having succeeded in maintaining her chastity, she escaped, and joined Andrew and Paul, two Christians who were being stoned to death. "I wish to die with you here," she said, "that I may live with you in heaven!" Optimus ordered her to be taken from Andrew and Paul, and beheaded, May 15, 250, the 2nd year of Decius. Ruinart, Act. Sinc. Mart. p. 159; Ceillier, ii. 118.
[W.M.S.]
# De Febio v. County School Board of Fairfax County

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
357 U.S. 218
De Febio v. County School Board of Fairfax County
Messrs. C. Douglas Adams, Jr. and Albert I. Kassabian, for appellants.
Messrs. A. S. Harrison, Jr., Atty.Gen. of Virginia, Kenneth C. Patty, R. D. McIlwaine, III, Asst.Attys.Gen., and John C. Wood, for appellees.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# De Ecclesia. The Church/Front matter

THE CHURCH
JOHN HUSS
—HIS LIFE, TEACHINGS, AND DEATH— AFTER FIVE HUNDRED YEARS
By DAVID S. SCHAFF, D.D.
Published by CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
$2.50 net
De Ecclesia
THE CHURCH
BY
JOHN HUSS
TRANSLATED, WITH NOTES AND INTRODUCTION
BY
DAVID S. SCHAFF, D.D.
PROFESSOR OF CHURCH HISTORY, THE WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
—John Huss, this treatise, p. 49.
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
1915
Copyright, 1915, by CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
Published June, 1915
​WYCLIF—
Vita et doctrina Christi sunt optimum speculum . . . cum manifestum sit quod omnis homo et solum talis qui est in vita et doctrina Christo contrarius est hereticus, et omnis christianus et solum talis qui est in vila et doctrina Christo conformis est ut sic ab heresi elongatus.—De Ecclesia, p. 41.
The life and teaching of Christ are the best mirror . . . for it is evident that every man who in life and teaching is contrary to Christ and only such a man is a heretic: and every Christian who in life and teaching is conformed to Christ and only such a Christian is removed from heresy.
HUSS—
Spero, ex Dei gratia, quod sum christianus ex integro, a fide non devians, et quod potius vellem pati diræ mortis supplicium, quam aliquid vellem præter fidem asserere, vel transgredi mandata Domini Jesu Christi.—Ad Palecz, Mon., 1: 325.
I hope, by God's grace, that I am truly a Christian, not deviating from the faith, and that I would rather suffer the penalty of a terrible death than wish to affirm anything outside of the faith or transgress the commandments of our Lord Jesus Christ.
LUTHER—
Verum qui, in agone mortis, Jesum filium Dei passum pro nobis, invocat et ob talem causam tanta fiducia ac constantia in ignem conjicit sese, si is non magnanimum et fortem Christi martyrem sese præbet, haud facile quisquam salvus erit—Preface to some of Huss's writings, 1527.
Truly he—Huss—who in the agony of death invoked Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who suffered for us, and for such a cause and with such faith and steadfastness threw himself into the fire, if he did not show himself a noble and brave martyr of Christ, then will scarcely any one be saved.
# De Elzaburu v. Chaves

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
239 U.S. 283
De Elzaburu v. Chaves
Argued: November 1, 1915. --- Decided: November 29, 1915
Mr. Jacinto Texidor for appellant.
No appearance for appellees.
Mr. Justice Pitney delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Arthur, Thomas (1593-1666?)

​ARTHUR, THOMAS, M.D. (1593–1666?), Irish catholic physician, was born of an ancient family settled at Limerick, many members of which had filled municipal offices in that city in early times. His father's name being William, he often styled himself Thomas Arthur Fitz-William. He was educated at Bordeaux, and afterwards studied medicine at Paris. In May 1619, having returned to his native country, he began a successful practice in Limerick, and soon gained the reputation of a skilful physician. In April 1624, on the invitation, as he himself tells us, of persons of influence, he opened practice in Dublin, where he spent the greater part of his time, but still attended patients in Limerick during occasional visits. In 1630, however, he moved his household to the capital. His manuscript entry-book (Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 31885) contains a complete list of his patients and fees from 1619 to 1666, the last date being probably the year of his death. Among the various cases which he treated the most important one, or at least the one in which he took most pride, was that of Archbishop Usher, ‘pseudo-primas Ardmachanus,’ whose complaint had baffled the English physicians. Arthur effected a cure in 1626, and received a fee of 51l. His success brought him the patronage of the lord deputy, Viscount Falkland. His entry-book also contains an exact record of his gradual accumulation of landed property, and also a few pieces in ponderous Latin verse. Among the latter is an ‘Anagramma physiognomicum in nomen Thomæ Wentworth, Proregis Hiberniæ, truculenti et nefarii hominis.’ But his greatest literary effort is a genealogical account, ‘Edylium genealogicum,’ of the family of Arthur, in Latin elegiacs, in which, besides the glory of his ancestors, he gives some particulars of his own life.
E. M. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Arundale, Francis

​ARUNDALE, FRANCIS (1807–1853), architect, born in London 9 Aug. 1807, was a pupil of Augustus Pugin; he accompanied his master to Normandy, and helped him with his ‘Architectural Antiquities of ​Normandy.' With Pugin he stayed seven years. In 1831 he went to Egypt, and in 1833 with Mr. Catherwood and Mr. Bonomi to Palestine. He was nine years in the East, and then travelled in Greece, Sicily, Italy, and France. In Rome he spent several winters. He never actually practised as an architect, but he painted some large pictures from his oriental studies, and published a number of books, amongst which may be mentioned the 'Edifices of Palladio' in folio, 1832; 'Illustrations of Jerusalem and Mount Sinai,' 4to, 1837; and, in conjunction with Mr. Bonomi, 'Selections from the Gallery of Antiquities in the British Museum,' 4to, 1842.
Arundale married a daughter of Mr. Pickersgill, R.A., and had six children. He died at Brighton on 9 Sept. 1853.
E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Arthur, Thomas (d.1532)

​ARTHUR, THOMAS (d. 1532), divine and dramatist, a native of Norfolk, was educated at Cambridge, probably in Trinity Hall, and imbibed protestant opinions from his fellow-countryman, Thomas Bilney. He was admitted a fellow of St. John's College in February 1517-8, being then a master of arts, and in 1518 he occurs as principal of St. Mary's Hostel. In 1526 he and Bilney were charged with heresy, and compelled to take an oath abjuring Luther's opinions. In November 1527 they were brought as relapsed heretics before Cardinal Wolsey and other bishops in the chapter-house at Westminster. Both of them recanted and did penance, though Bilney afterwards had the courage of his opinions and suffered for them at the stake. Arthur died at Walsingham in 1532.
He wrote: 1. ‘Microcosmus,’ a tragedy. 2. ‘Mundus plumbeus,’ a tragedy. 3. ‘In quosdam Psalmos.’ 4. ‘Homeliæ Christianæ.’ 5. A translation of Erasmus, ‘De Milite Christiano.’
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Artlett, Richard Austin

​ARTLETT, RICHARD AUSTIN (1807–1873), engraver, was born 9 Nov. 1807. He was a pupil of Robert Cooper, and afterwards of James Thomson. He engraved in the dotted manner a few figure-subjects, including ‘Boulogne in 1805’ and ‘Boulogne in 1855,’ after Absolon, and several portraits, among which are those of Lord Ashburton, after Sir Thomas Lawrence; Lord Lyndhurst, after A. E. Chalon; the Right Hon. Henry Goulburn and Sir James Emerson Tennent, after George Richmond; George Macdonald, after George Reid; Lady Clementina Villiers, after F. Winterhalter; and Mrs. Gladstone, after W. Say. He was, however, most distinguished as an engraver of sculpture, his plates of which in the ‘Art Journal’ are executed with great taste and delicacy. Among them may be mentioned ‘The Fawn,’ a statue by C. B. Birch; ‘The Virgin Mother,’ a group by Carrier-Belleuse; ‘The Leopard-Hunter,’ a statue by Jerichau; ‘The Day-Dream,’ a statue by P. MacDowell; ‘The Veiled Vestal,’ a statue by R. Monti; ‘Boadicea,’ a group by J. Thomas; the equestrian statue of Viscount Hardinge, and ‘Asia,’ one of the groups of the Albert Memorial, by J. H. Foley; ‘Christ giving sight to the Blind Man,' a group by J. D. Crittenden; and ‘Perdita and Florizel’ and ‘The Siren and the drowned Leander,’ groups by J. Durham, He died 1 Sept. 1873.
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Arundell, Blanche

1904 Errata appended.
​ARUNDELL, Lady BLANCHE (1583–1649), defender of Wardour Castle, was daughter of Edward, earl of Worcester, and Elizabeth, daughter of Francis Hastings, earl of Hungerford. She married Thomas, second Lord Arundell, of Wardour, Wilts. She is chiefly remembered for her gallant defence of Wardour Castle against Sir Edward Hungerford and Colonel Strode, commanders for the parliament. Though her husband was at Oxford, and she had but twenty-five men against thirteen hundred, she replied to the summons to surrender the castle that she had a command from her lord to keep it, and she would obey his command. Quarter being offered for; the women and children only, she refused it, and held out from Tuesday, 2 May 1648, till Wednesday of the next week. The battery of the besiegers played on the castle night and day, and the maidservants loaded the muskets for the garrison, who were worn out for want of sleep. Resistance ceased when two mines were sprung beneath the fortress, but honourable terms were obtained. All were admitted to quarter; but the stipulation against plunder was shamelessly broken. Outbuildings were burnt, deer killed, ponds cut, fish sold, fruit trees rooted up, and the leaden pipes, two miles long, supplying the castle with water, were sold at 6d. a yard. When to this was added the damage to choice pictures and books, the total loss was estimated at 100,000l. The castle was occupied by Ludlow, but recovered (after a siege from September to March 1644) by the son of Lady Blanche [see Arundell, Henry]. Lady Arundell, on leaving the castle, 'had not a bed to lie on, nor means to provide herself a house or furniture' (Hist. MSS. Comm. Report, v. 89). She went to Salisbury, where she was provided with a lodging by the charity of Lord Hertford. Thence she petitioned the parliament for protection. She died at Winchester 28 Oct. 1649, and was buried with her husband at Tisbury.
R. C. B.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.9 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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