OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Old World in the New/Chapter 3

CHAPTER III
the germans
MORE than 5,250,000 people have been contributed to our population by Germany in the last ninety years. Deducting the Poles from eastern Prussia, and counting Germans from Russia, Austria, Bohemia, and eastern Switzerland, we have, no doubt, received more than 7,000,000 whose mother-tongue was the speech of Luther and Goethe. It is probable that German blood has come to be at least a fourth part of the current in the veins of the white people of this country, so that this infusion alone equals the total volume of Spanish and Portuguese blood in South America.
From its rise in the thirties until after our Civil War, the stream of immigrants from Germany fluctuated with religious and political conditions on the other side of the Atlantic rather than with economic conditions on this side. Between 1839 and 1845 numerous Old Lutherans, resenting the attempt of their king to unite the Lutheran and the Reformed faiths, migrated hither from Pomerania and Brandenburg. The political reaction in the German states after the revolution of 1830, and again after the revolution of 1848, brought tens of thousands of ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/67 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/68 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/69 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/70 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/71 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/72 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/73 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/74 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/75 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/76 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/77 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/78 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/79 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/80 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/81 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/82 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/83 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/84 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/85 ​investigator. This is why, on the practical side, the German-American has most distinguished himself in work that calls for long and close observation, such as gardening, viticulture, breeding, forestry, brewing, and the chemical industries.
Thirty years ago there was an outcry that the Germans were introducing into this country the virus of anarchism and socialism. It is now clear that German socialism, instead of being a shattering type of thought, is in fact highly constructive. However bold and iconoclastic he may be in his thinking, the German, with his respect for authority, his slow reaction to wrong, and his love of order and system, is a conservative by nature. The children of revolutionary immigrants are milder than their fathers were; and the German-Americans are now very far from leading the van of radicalism.
Immigration from Germany, Netherlands, and Switzerland, 1826-1910
# The Old World in the New/Chapter 2

CHAPTER II
the celtic irish
FROM the outbreak of the Revolution until the fourth decade of the nineteenth century there was a lull in immigration. In a lifetime fewer aliens came than now debark in a couple of months. During these sixty years powerful forces of assimilation were rapidly molding a unified people out of the motley colonial population. In the fermenting West, the meeting-place of men from everywhere, elements of the greatest diversity were blending into a common American type which soon began to tinge the streams of life that ran distinct from one another in the seaboard States. Then came another epoch of vast immigration, which has largely neutralized the effect of the nationalizing forces, and has brought us into a state of heterogeneity like to that of the later colonial era.
the hibernian tide
After the great lull, the Celtic Irish were the first to come in great numbers. From 1820 to 1850 they were more than two-fifths of all immigrants, and during the fifties more than one-third. More than a seventh of our 30,000,000 immigrants have brought in their aching hearts memories of ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/45 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/46 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/47 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/48 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/49 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/50 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/51 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/52 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/53 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/54 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/55 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/56 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/58 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/59 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/60 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/61 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/62 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/63 ​Page:The Old World in the New (1914).djvu/64 ​have to wait until the fourth generation before we shall learn how the Hibernian stock compares in value with stocks that have had a happier social history.
Immigration from Ireland 1821-1910
# Miscellaneous Papers Relating to Anthropology

— 481 —
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS
RELATING TO
ANTHROPOLOGY.
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION
OF
PROF. OTIS T. MASON.
FROM THE SMITHSONIAN REPORT FOR 1881.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1883
Chapters (not listed in original)
* Aboriginal Works at the Mouth of the Klikitat River, Washington Territory
* Mounds Near Edwardsville, Wyandotte County, Kansas
* Antiquities of Mills County, Iowa
* Description of Mounds at Snake Den, Near Salem, Henry County, Iowa
* Mounds in Ralls County, Missouri
* Mounds in the Southern Part of Pike County, Missouri
* Ancient Rock Inscriptions in Johnson County, Arkansas
* Mounds and Other Remains in Independence County, Arkansas
* Mounds Near the National Home, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin
* Explorations in Mounds in Whitesides and La Salle Counties, Illinois
* Antiquities of Fox River Valley, La Salle County, Illinois
* Mounds in Henry and Stark Counties, Illinois
* Antiquities of Knox County, Illinois
* Description of a Group of Mounds in Bureau County, Illinois
* Mounds in Spoon River Valley
* Buried Flints in Cass County, Illinois
* Indian Remains in Cass County, Illinois
* Antiquities of Jackson County, Illinois
* A Stone Fort Near Makanda, Jackson County, Illinois
* Ancient Remains Near Cobden, Illinois
* Antiquities of Wayne County, Illinois
* Mounds and Earthworks in Vandenburg County, Indiana
* Exploration of a Mound Near Braceville, Trumbull County, Ohio
* Description of Mounds and Earthworks in Ash Land County, Ohio
* Earth-Works Near Jones' Station, In Butler County, Ohio
* Mounds in Boyle and Mercer Counties, Kentucky
* Mounds in Barren and Allen Counties, Kentucky
* Mounds on Flynn's Creek, Jackson County, Tennessee
* Antiquities and Aborigines of Texas
* Mounds, Workshops, and Stone-Heaps in Jefferson County, Alabama
* Aboriginal Soapstone Quarry and Shell-Heaps in Alabama
* Silver Crosses from an Indian Grave-Mound at Coosawattee Old Town, Murray County, Georgia
* The Great Mound on the Etowah River, Georgia
* New River Mounds, Berrien County, Georgia
* Ancient Canals in Florida
* Mounds in Alachua County, Florida
* Shell Deposits at the Mouth of Short Creek, West Virginia
* Antiquities of Southwestern Pennsylvania
* Rock-Carvings on the Susquehanna River
* Chautauqua County, New York
* Antiquities of Onondaga and Adjoining Counties in New York
* A Perforated Tablet of Stone from New York
* Antiquities of East Windsor, Connecticut
* Shell Heaps in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
* A Sculptured Stone Found in St. George, New Brunswick
* A Supposed Specimen of Aboriginal Art
* Antiquities of Nova Scotia
* The Aborigines of Florida
* Abstracts from Anthropological Correspondence
# Miscellaneous Papers Relating to Anthropology/Mounds Near Edwardsville, Wyandotte County, Kansas

MOUNDS NEAR EDWARDSVILLE, WYANDOTTE COUNTY, KANSAS.
By E. F. Serviss, of Wyandotte City, Kansas.
On the farm of William Kouns, of the Kansas Pacific Railroad, near Edwardsville, Wyandotte County, Kansas, 14 miles west of this city, there are four mounds that have never been explored. They are situated on the third terrace of the valley of the Kansas River, about one-half mile from it, near a small creek. There is a very large spring about 200 yards northeast, and a smaller one about 300 yards northwest. On approaching the mounds from the east we find them extending in a straight line in a due westerly direction. They are about 6 feet in height, 25 feet in diameter, about 50 feet from each other at the base, and of uniform size. They have been somewhat injured by cultivation, the ground having been plowed twice. The soil is a black loam. Before the clearing of the land the mounds were covered with a heavy growth of timber, principally oak, and the stumps now remaining would indicate great age, averaging from 3 to 4 feet in diameter. A large number of axes, celts, arrow-heads, and other implements have been found in the immediate vicinity of the mounds.
About two years ago I discovered on the farm of J. L. Stockton, 1 mile northwest of this city, remains of an aboriginal workshop or village. It is located on a small stream, called Jersey Creek, and near a large spring. It covers an area of about 2 acres. The soil is sandy, and to the depth of 2 feet is a complete mixture of flakes of flint, ashes, bones (both animal and human), fragments of ornamented pottery, broken and unfinished stone implements of nearly every description. The fragments of pottery are the most numerous; there are three kinds as to color; viz, black, brown, and red, composed of a mixture of clay, sand, and pounded shells. The variety of the combinations of lines and dots is inexhaustible. I have never found two pieces alike. Judging from the degrees of curvature of the fragments, the original vessels were mostly globular, and would hold from one-half pint to one quart. I found a very small vessel, containing powdered bone or lime; it was globular in shape, would hold about one gill, and was profusely ornamented. There are no deposits of flint and other stone valuable for arrow-making, &c., in this vicinity. The axes, celts, skin-dressers, and balls are all made of porphyry, and the arrow-heads of flint.
# Miscellaneous Papers Relating to Anthropology/Description of Mounds at Snake Den, Near Salem, Henry County, Iowa

DESCRIPTION OF MOUNDS AT SNAKE DEN, NEAR SALEM, HENRY COUNTY, IOWA.
By W. V. Banta and John Garretson, of Salem, Iowa.
There are many unexplored mounds in Henry County, Iowa. The group examined and here described are 3 miles west of Salem, in section 22, on land owned by Mr. Joel Jones, at a place known as the Snake Den.
1. The first one in the group is 8 feet high, and 20 feet in diameter. It was opened by the authors, but nothing of value was discovered within. A burr-oak 26 inches in diameter was growing on the summit. The land slopes gradually westward to Little Cedar Creek.
2. Sixty feet from No. 1 occurs a burial mound nearly level with the surrounding surface and 20 feet across. It is covered with flat rocks. (A large quantity of bones of all sizes were encountered, but none of them were whole, and some appear to have been burned.)
3. No. 3 is 60 feet from No. 2. It is 3 feet high. It was not very thoroughly opened. In it was found one body, lying at length, between flag-stones, the head toward the north. The bones were badly decayed.
4. This mound is the usual distance from the last mentioned. Indeed, to avoid repetition, it is a remarkable fact that each of the mounds in this row is just 60 feet from the preceding. This mound was 3 feet high and 20 feet in diameter. It was but partially opened, and three skeletons were found, badly decayed, lying at length, the heads to the north.
5. The fifth mound in the series is 5 feet high and 20 feet in diameter. The top was covered with smooth, flat rocks, arranged in the shape of an elongated hexagon or coffin lid, with stones set edgewise around the border. Five feet beneath the top, that is, on a level with the natural surface, two bodies were lying at full length, the heads toward the north.
6. The sixth mound was not opened. It is 30 feet in diameter and 5 feet high.
7. The next in order, No. 7, is also 5 feet high and 20 feet in diameter. It was only partially explored, revealing a few human bones. On the top there are two trees growing, one of them 2 feet in diameter.
8. No. 8 is 5 feet high and 30 feet in diameter. It had been opened ​previously to the visit of the authors. It is said to have contained a stone vault, in which were discovered human crania, &c. These were very badly decayed. A sandstone mortar and arrow-points were also found. The burial seems to have been in a sitting posture.
9. The first eight mounds are in a right line, but No. 9 is 60 feet east of No. 8. It was 5 feet high, and yielded nothing upon exploration.
# Miscellaneous Papers Relating to Anthropology/Mounds in Henry and Stark Counties, Illinois

MOUNDS IN HENRY AND STARK COUNTIES, ILLINOIS.
By T. M. Shallenberger, of Cambridge, Ill.
The locations of the mounds referred to in the title of this paper are indicated on the two accompanying plats. The first gives an outline of Henry and Stark Counties. The plat marked A is 1½ miles south-west of Cambridge, and is more fully illustrated in plat No. 2.
At B is a group of fourteen mounds, 1 mile east of Cambridge, still unexplored.
In Peoria County, at the location marked C, is a large conical mound on the river bottom, which was excavated by the writer, but nothing of value was found, inasmuch as it had been previously opened. No doubt a body had been interred in this mound, since the slab which had lain over it was still there, and the ground at the original surface was burned hard. Two other flat stones close by had been probably taken from the mound, there being no other stones in the mound which could have been used to support the slab before mentioned. There are no other mounds in the vicinity.
At D is a mound still unexplored. It is situated in West Jersey Township, and is yet 4 feet high, although it has been cultivated for several years.
The point marked E is a salt marsh, and would in all probability yield relics of prehistoric salt works and mastodon bones. Fragments of pottery have been discovered here already, but the exploration of this spot would be attended with considerable expense.
​In the corporation of Toulon, marked F, from a very low mound were taken two axes and some white flakes like enamel. Judging from the deposits, as well as from the mold, a body had been interred here.
In the northeast of Henry County, at a point marked G, are immense sand-hills and swamps. The mound-builders evidently made this a rendezvous for game and fish, the sand-banks abounding in all kinds of relics. This is the Winnebago swamp, and scattered through it are many evidences of ancient inhabitants.
plat no.1.
As mentioned above, Plat No. 2 is in enlargement of point A in Plat 1. The mounds will be described in the order of the numbers in the figure.
1. The mound was opened and a polished agate was found, about the size and shape of a hen's egg, but more pointed. Both this mound and No. 2 are still covered with timber.
plat no.2 1 mile square.
3. Nothing but ashes was found in the bottom of this mound.
4. At the bottom, the stump of a crab-apple tree was discovered, which had been felled by a blunt-edged tool. Another tree had grown on the surface of the mound, and the roots completely surrounded the ancient stump beneath. Another mound formerly located at this point has since been obliterated.
5, 6, 7. Permission to open these could not be obtained.
All the mounds mentioned in this paper are about the same size, 30 feet across, and 2½ feet high, and are built of material found on the spot. The last named are on the land of Peter H. Nilson.
# Miscellaneous Papers Relating to Anthropology/Description of a Group of Mounds in Bureau County, Illinois

DESCRIPTION OF A GROUP OF MOUNDS IN BUREAU COUNTY, ILLINOIS.
By A. S. Tiffany, of Davenport, Iowa.
The group of eight mounds described below and represented in the accompanying plan is situated near Bureau, in Bureau County, Illinois, on the bottom lands of the Illinois River and Bureau Creek. The land on which they are located has been farmed about forty years, and the smaller mounds have been considerably reduced. Numbers 1 to 3 are situated on a natural swell, and the diameters can be determined only approximately. These three were explored by the writer and Mr. Sale.
Dimensions and distances of the mounds.
| No. | Diameter. | Height. | Directions. | Distance. |
| | Feet. | Inches. | | Feet. |
| 1 | 50 | 30 | W. 20º No. to No. 2 | 90 |
| 2 | 50 | 30 | W. 20º No. to No. 3 | 100 |
| 3 | 50 | 30 | W. 45º No. to No. 4 | 120 |
| 4 | 70 | 36 | S. 40º W. to No. 5 | 185 |
| 5 | 80 | 48 | S. 25º W. to No. 6 | 210 |
| 6 | 70 | 42 | S. 25º W. to No. 7 | 240 |
| 7 | 90 | 66 | S. 25º W. to No. 8 | 210 |
| 8 | 80 | 48 | | |
A rectangular opening, 7 feet square, was made in mound No. 1. At a depth of 15 inches a bed of ashes several inches in thickness was reached, which extended in all directions beyond the opening. At a depth of 5 feet a few bones, much decomposed, were found. They were parts of two individuals. A small number of bone awls were lying near them.
A slight dip in the floor of the mound was observed in the northeast ​corner. The exploration was extended 9 feet further, making the entire length of the opening 16 feet. The remains of two individuals were found with their heads toward the north. Under the head of the individual lying upon the west side was discovered a porphyry crescent-shaped implement of rare beauty. It is polished on both sides, and all its edges are nicely wrought.
GROUP OF MOUNDS
The perforation does not extend through the stone, being only .55 inches in depth, but sufficient for mounting. A flint knife was deposited with the same individual, about where the right hand would naturally be.
At the northeast corner of this excavation, with some decomposed bones of the other individual, a bone awl or needle was recovered, about four inches in length, but a portion had been broken off. It was gracefully tapering and finely pointed.
A few pieces of pottery obtained were of the same character as that which occurs universally in this region. The crania were too fragile to ​be saved. A few unio shells and water-worn pebbles had been deposited in different parts of the mound.
In mound No. 2 the skeleton of a youth, much decomposed, was all that rewarded our labor.
In mound No. 3 no human remains or objects of interest occurred.
The second group of mounds surveyed are situated on the bluff at Bureau, Bureau County, Illinois. The measurements are given in the accompanying table:
# Miscellaneous Papers Relating to Anthropology/Mounds and Earthworks in Vandenburg County, Indiana

MOUNDS AND EARTHWORKS IN VANDENBURG COUNTY, INDIANA.
By Floyd Stinson, M. D., of Evansville, Ind.
On the 3d day of June, 1876, I visited Mathias Angel's farm, situated 6 miles southeast of Evansville, where I found six mounds, four distinct cemeteries, three lines of earthworks, one large stone cist, and one altar.
The first and most western mound is 15 feet high, 585 feet in circumference, truncated, and 100 feet across the top. The second mound, east-northeast of this, is 8 feet high and 150 feet in circumference. This had been dug into by Charles Artes, who found in it some human bones, burnt earth, charcoal, and ashes. Near this mound I found a stone cist, which was 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, 4 feet deep, walled with slate. In this were found several skeletons. Nearly north of this is a third mound, which is 20 feet high, 402 feet in circumference, truncated, and 60 feet across the top. On the top of this mound, just below the surface, was burnt earth. Forty yards from this I found a remarkable altar. The roof, which was sand rock, was plowed off; the sides and ends were slate, 4 inches thick; the floor the same as the roof rock. Inside it was 3 feet long, 2 feet wide, and 14 inches deep. The contents of this altar were first earth, then one-half peck of burnt and charred bones, charcoal, and ashes. Part of the bones were human, (the patella and head of the femur). Beneath this was burnt earth, and below that, earth. I have in my cabinet part of the contents of this altar.
East-southeast from the second mound is a fourth mound, which is 150 feet in circumference and 4 feet high. To the east of this is one of the most remarkable mounds I ever beheld. It is 100 yards long, 100 yards wide, and square; consequently it is 400 yards around. It is 45 feet high to a plateau, the width of which is 185 feet. Then at the southeast corner, on the top, there is an additional mound, 15 feet high, which would make a mound 60 feet high. Then at the west end there was an elevated platform 4 feet high, 150 yards long, 55 feet wide. I will designate this as the fifth mound. East and west of this great mound are burying-grounds. All of the graves in this section are walled with slate. East of this again is a sixth mound, which is 10 feet high, 30 yards in circumference. Around these six mounds is a line of earthwork, resting at either end on the river bank, and inside of this are two other short ones. The outer line is about 1 mile in length. The middle and inner lines are about 2½ feet high, and about every 40 yards there are mound-like widenings on the outer edges. One-half mile northeast of these mounds is a mound 50 feet high and 164 yards in circumference.
# Miscellaneous Papers Relating to Anthropology/Mounds in Barren and Allen Counties, Kentucky

MOUNDS IN BARREN AND ALLEN COUNTIES, KENTUCKY.
By R. B. Evans.
I. Mounds in Allen County.— The figures in the text refer to the accompanying map. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are mounds on Barren River, and near the mouth of Routon's Creek. They are inclosed in one corner of a cultivated field, though covered thickly with large trees. No. 5 was explored about fifty years ago, and some stone implements and a silver pipe were found. The author does not know what became of them. About two years ago he thoroughly examined No. 1, and discovered many large bones, which, however, were much decayed. The vault was 10 feet deep from the top of the mound, and 8 feet in diameter. It was round, and walled up with stones like a well. Every 2 feet was a layer of large flat rocks, and between these layers were human remains. The bottom was made of stones laid edgewise, and, being keyed in with small stones, was consequently very tight. Old farmers in the neighborhood say that Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 have never been excavated. No. 6 is a cluster of graves which were formed of stones placed edgewise. Some of the graves are long and others short, the longest being 8 feet and the shortest 2£ feet in extent. The author opened one and found some human bones in a very decayed state.
II. Mounds in Barren County.—Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are mounds on Barren River, at the mouth of Peter's Creek. From No. 3, the largest, a great many human bones and several stone implements have been taken. The author has one specimen of the latter. Nos. 1 and 2 are not so large, and have never been explored. They have been seen by Professor Putnam, of Cambridge. The mounds are bare of timber. No. 3 is now used as a graveyard by J. F. Jewell, the owner of the land.
III. Ancient town and cemetery in Barren County, Kentucky.—The accompanying diagram, Plan II, represents the location and details of an aboriginal town and burying-ground on the Barren River, in Barren County, Kentucky. The work occupies a bluff 60 feet high. The six teen circular figures are lodge sites, partly raised on the outer rim and deposed in the center. In the center of each, a foot beneath the surface, were found coals, the grain of the wood being easily distinguished as oak and poplar. The diameters of these rings average about 18 feet. The other figures represent mounds. These works are now in the virgin forest. One of the mounds was opened by the author, but a detailed account of the exploration will have to be deferred.
Plan 2.