OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Richard Hill

From volume 7 of the work.
English Martyr, executed at Durham, 27 May, 1590. Very little is known of him and his fellow-martrys, John Hogg and Richard Holiday, except that they were Yorkshiremen who arrived at the English College at Reims, Holiday on 6 September, 1584, Hill on 15 May, 1587, and Hogg on 15 October, 1587; that all three were ordained subdeacons at Soissons, 18 March, 1859, by Monsignor Jerome Hennequin, deacons 27 May and priests 23 September at Laon by Monsignor Valentine Douglas, O.S.B.; that they with their fellow martyr Edmund Duke were sent on the English mission on the following 22 March and were arrested in the north of England soon after landing; that they were arraigned, condemned, and executed at Durham under the statute 27 Eliz c. 2. With them suffered four felons who protested that they died in the same faith.
   Divers beholders, when these martyrs were offered their pardons if they would go to church, said boldly that they would rather die themselves than any of them should relent, one saying (he had seven children) "I would to God they might all go the same way in making such confession" . . . When their heads were cut off and holden up, as the manner is, not one would say "God save the Queen" except the catch-polls themselves and a minister or two.
Two Protestant spectators, Robert Maire and his wife Grace, were converted. The place at which they were executed was called Dryburn, and afterwards the legend sprung up that it was so called because the well out of which the water was drawn to boil their quarters suddenly dried up. The place however had this name before their deaths. Morris, The Troubles of Our Catholic Forefathers (London, 1872-7), III, 40; Mackenzie and Ross, Durham (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1834), II, 400; Gillow, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath., II, 142; III, 309, 323; Knox, Records Engl. Cath. (London, 1878), I, passim; Register of St. Oswald's, Durham (Durham, 1891), 34.
J. B. Wainewright.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Richard Langhorne

From volume 8 of the work.
English martyr, b. about 1635, d. at Tyburn, 14 July, 1679. He was the third son of William Langhorne of the Inner Temple, by Lettice, daughter of Eustace Needham of Little Wymondley, Herts. He was admitted to the Inner Temple in November, 1646, and called to the bar in 1654. He married a Protestant lady, Dorothy, daughter of Thomas Legatt of Havering, Essex, and lived at Shire Lane, to the right of Temple Bar. His chambers were in Middle Temple Lane. He was arrested on 15 June, 1667, in connection with the great fire. Arrested a second time on 7 October, 1678, and committed to Newgate without any previous examination, he was kept in solitary confinement for eight months. On 14 June, 1679, he was brought to the bar at the Old Bailey; Oates, Dugdale, Bedloe, and Prance gave evidence against him, and he was found guilty. He was offered a pardon, if he would confess his guilt and also make a disclosure of the property of the Jesuits with which he had become acquainted in his professional capacity. This last he did — probably with the consent of his fellow-prisoner, the provincial, Fr. Whitbread — but, as he persisted in declaring his ignorance of any conspiracy, he was executed. His last words were to the hangman: "I am desirous to be with my Jesus. I am ready and you need stay no longer for me."
COOPER in Dict. Nat. Biog. (London, 1908-9), s. v.; GILLOW, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath. (London and New York, 1885-1902), s. v.; Calendar State Papers Domestic 1667 (London, 1866), 209; CHALLONER, Missionary Priests, II, 388; INDERWICK, Calendar of the Inner Temple Records (London, 1896-1901), passim.
John B. Wainewright.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Richard Sergeant

From volume 13 of the work.
English martyr, executed at Tyburn, 20 April, 1586. He was probably a younger son of Thomas Sergeant of Stone, Gloucestershire, by Katherine, daughter of John Tyre of Hardwick. He took his degree at Oxford (20 Feb., 1570-1), and arrived at the English College, Reims, on 25 July, 1581. He was ordained subdeacon at Reims (4 April, 1582), deacon at Soissons (9 June, 1582), and priest at Laon (7 April, 1583). He said his first Mass on 21 April, and left for England on 10 September. He was indicted at the Old Bailey (17 April, 1586) as Richard lea alias Longe. With him was condemned and suffered Venerable William Thomson, a native of Blackburn, Lancashire, who arrived at the English College, Reims, on 28 May, 1583, and was ordained priest in the Reims cathedral (31 March, 1583-4). Thomson was arrested in the house of Roger Line, husband of the martyr Anne Line (q. v.) in Bishopsgate St. Without, while saying Mass. Both were executed merely for being priests and coming into the realm.
CHALLONER, Missionary priests, I (London, 1878), nos. 32, 33; KNOX, Douay Diaries (London, 1878); FOSTER, Alumni Oxonienses, (Oxford, 1892); Harleian Soc. Publ. xxi (London, 1885), 258; POLLEN, English Martyrs 1584-1603 in Cath. Rec. Soc. (London, 1908), 129; Cath. Rec. Soc. II (London, 1906), 249, 255, 271.
John B. Wainewright.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Richard White

From volume 15 of the work.
(Vere GWYN).
Martyr, born at Llanilloes, Montgomeryshire, about 1537; executed at Wrexham, Denbighshire, 15 October, 1584. After a brief stay at Oxford he studied at St. John's College, Cambridge, till about 1562, when he became a schoolmaster, first at Overton in Flintshire, then at Wrexham and other places, acquiring considerable reputation as a Welsh scholar. He had six children by his wife Catherine, three of whom survived him. For a time he conformed in religion, but was reconciled to the Catholic Church at the first coming of the seminary priests to Wales. Owing to his recusancy he was arrested more than once, and in 1579 he was a prisoner in Ruthin gaol, where he was offered liberty if he would conform. In 1580 he was transferred to Wrexham, where he suffered much persecution, being forcibly carried to the Protestant service, and being frequently brought to the bar at different assizes to undergo opprobrious treatment, but never obtaining his liberty. In May, 1583, he was removed to the Council of the Marches, and later in the year suffered torture at Bewdley and Bridgenorth before being sent back to Wrexham. There he lay a prisoner till the Autumn Assizes, when he was brought to trial on 9 October, and found guilty of treason and sentenced on the following day. Again his life was offered him on condition that he acknowledge the queen as supreme head of the Church. His wife consoled and encouraged him to the last. Five carols and a funeral ode composed by the martyr in Welsh have recently been discovered and published.
An English contemporary biography printed in the Rambler, N.S., III (London, 1860): BRIDGWATER, Concertatio Ecclesiae (Treves, 1588), giving a contemporary Latin account; CHALLONER, Memoirs of Missionary Priests (London, 1741-42); THOMAS in Dict. Nat. Biog., following the Rambler account; COOPER, Athenae Cantabrigienses; POLLEN, Acts of English Martyrs in Cath. Record Society, V, 90-99); WAINEWRIGHT in Lives of the English Martyrs, III (London, 1912).
Edwin Burton.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Ralph Ashley

From volume 1 of the work.
Martyr and Jesuit lay-brother; first heard of, it seems, as cook at Douay College, which he left 28 April, 1590, for the English College at Valladolid. Here he entered the Society of Jesus, but after a time returned to England because of ill-health. He fell in with Father Tesimond (Greenway), who eulogizes very highly the courage he had displayed among the Dutch heretics, by whom he had been captured during his journey. He landed in England 9 March, 1598, and was sent to serve Father Edward Oldcorne. Eight years later the two were arrested at Hindlip, near Worcester, and were committed to the Tower, together with Father Garnet, and Nicholas Owen, another laybrother, servant to Garnet. The two servants were terribly tortured, Owen dying of his torments, while the reticent answers and trembling signatures of Ashley's extant confessions bear eloquent testimony to his constancy. He was ultimately remanded with Oldcorne to Worcester, where they were tried, condemned and executed together, 7 April, 1606, giving an admirable example of heroically faithful service.
PATRICK RYAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Richard Leigh

From volume 9 of the work.
Leigh, Richard, Venerable, English martyr, b. in Cambridgeshire about 1561; d. at Tyburn, 30 August, 1588. Ordained priest at Rome in February, 1586-7, he came on the mission the same year, was arrested in London, and banished. Returning he was committed to the Tower in June 1588, and was condemned at the Old Bailey for being a priest. With him suffered four laymen and a lady, all of whom have been declared "Venerable". Edward Shelley of Warminghurst, Sussex, and East Smithfield, London (son of Edward Shelley, of Warminghurst, a Master of the Household of the sovereign, and the settlor in "Shelley's case", and Joan, daughter of Paul Eden, of Penshurst, Kent), aged 50 or 60, who was already in the Clink for his religion in April, 1584 was condemned for keeping a book called "My Lord Leicester's Commonwealth" and for having assisted the Venerable William Dean (q. v.). He was apparently uncle by marriage to Benjamin Norton, afterwards one of the seven vicars of Dr. Richard Smith. Richard Martin, of Shropshire, was condemned for being in the company of the Ven. Robert Morton and paying sixpence for his supper. Richard Lloyd, better known as Flower (alias Fludd, alias Graye), a native of the Diocese of Bangor (Wales), aged about 21, younger brother of Father Owen Lloyd, was condemned for entertaining a priest named William Horner, alias Forrest. John Roche (alias Neele), an Irish serving-man, and Margaret Ward, gentlewoman of Cheshire, were condemned for having assisted a priest named William Watson to escape from Bridewell.
Pollen, Acts of the English Martyrs, (London, 1891), 110, 118, 286-7, 300-7, 311-12; Catholic Record Society's Publications (London, privately printed, 1905, etc.), II, 235, 282, III, 28, V. passim; Gillow, Bibl. Dict. of the Eng. Cath. (London and New York, 1885-1902), IV, 194, 493; Challoner, Missionary Priests, I (Leamington and London, s. d.), 231-8; Berry, Sussex Genealogies (London, 1830), 63, 66; Dallaway and Cartwight, Sussex, II (London, 1819-30), ii, 257.
John B. Wainewright.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Pierre-Julien Eymard

From volume 5 of the work.
Eymard, Pierre-Julien, Venerable, founder of the Society of the Blessed Sacrament, and of the Servants of the Blessed Sacrament, b. at La Mure d'Isere, Diocese of Grenoble, France, February 4, 1811; d. there August 1, 1868. From early childhood he gave evidence of great holiness and most tender devotion to the Blessed Sacrament. In 1829, he entered the novitiate of the Oblates of Mary, but illness compelled him to return home. At the age of twenty he entered the grand seminary of Grenoble, and was ordained priest July 20, 1834. He returned to the Marist novitiate in 1839. In 1845 he was appointed Provincial of the Oblates of Mary. His entire spiritual life was centered round the Eucharist. It was the subject of his sermons and exhortations, the object of his worship and prayers. Those who fell under his spiritual direction were taught by his counsel to fix their attention on the Blessed Sacrament.
In January of 1851 Pere Eymard made a pilgrimage to the shrine of Our Lady of Fourvieres, and there promised Mary to devote his life to founding a congregation of priests whose principal duty should be to honor the Blessed Sacrament. Having obtained the necessary ecclesiastical permission, he procured a small house in Paris, in which he and his single companion took up their abode. Here, on January 6, 1857, the Blessed Sacrament was exposed, and the nascent community of two members commenced the adoration of the Blessed Sacrament as prescribed by their rule. Their founder received his first encouragement for the work in a laudatory Brief, blessing the work and its author, and signed by Pius IX, in 1857. Five years after, in 1862, Pere Eymard had enough spiritual sons to open a regular novitiate. From this date the congregation spread rapidly, until now its houses may be found in Rome, Belgium, Holland, Spain, Canada, the United States, and South America. The Servants of the Blessed Sacrament, a congregation of cloistered women who carry on perpetual adoration in their convents, were also founded by him in 1858. The Priests' Eucharistic League and the Archconfraternity of the Blessed Sacrament are evidences of his zeal among priests and the faithful. Pere Eymard's writings have been collected, and form four volumes: "The Real Presence", which has been translated into English; "Retreat at the Feet of Jesus Eucharistic", "La Sainte Communion", and "L'Eucharistie et la Perfection Chretienne". These writings have received the approbation of the Holy See. The author was declared Venerable, August 11, 1908, and the process for Pere Eymard's beatification is now in progress.
A. Letellier.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Ralph Crockett

From volume 12 of the work.
English martyr, b. at Barton, near Farndon, Cheshire; executed at Chichester, 1 October, 1588. Educated at Cambridge, and ordained at Reims in 1585, he was captured on board ship at Littlehampton, Sussex, 19 April, 1856, with three other priests, Thomas Bramston, George Potter, and his fellow martyr, Edward James (b. at Breaston, Derbyshire, about 1557), educated at Derby Grammar School, St. John's College, Oxford, and the English colleges at Reims and Rome; ordained by Bishop Goldwell of St. Asaph in October, 1583; all were sent up to London and committed to prison 27 April, 1586. After the failure of the Armada the Government determined to revenge itself on some of the priests in its custody. Crockett and James with two others, John Oven and Francis Edwardes, were selected for trial, which took place at Chichester on 30 September, 1588. All were condemned to death, under 27 Eliz. c. 2, for being priests and coming into the realm; but Oven on taking the oath of supremacy was respited. The other three were drawn on one hurdle to Broyle Heath, near Chichester, where Edwardes recanted, but the other two suffered with great constancy after absolving each other.
John B. Wainewright.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Ralph Milner

From volume 10 of the work.
Layman and martyr, born at Flacsted, Hants, England, early in the sixteenth century; suffered at Winchester, 7 July, 1591. The greater part of his life was probably passed in his native village, where, being practically illiterate, he supported his wife and eight children by manual labour. he was brought up an Anglican, but, struck by the contrast between the lives of Catholics and Protestants of his acquaintance, he determined to embrace the old religion, and, after the usual course of instruction, was received into the Church. On the very day of his first Communion, however, he was arrested for changing his religion and committed to Winchester jail. Here his good behaviour during the years of his imprisonment won him the jailer's confidence to such a degree that he was frequently allowed out on parole, and was even trusted with the keys of the prison. This leniency enabled him to render valuable service to the other Catholic prisoners and to introduce priests to administer the sacraments. Soon, extending the sphere of his charitable activity, he acted as escort first to Father Thomas Stanney, and later to his successor at Winchester, Father Roger Dicconson, conducting them to the different villages to minister to the spiritual needs of the scattered and persecuted flock. Finally seized with Father Dicconson, Milner was with him placed under close confinement in Winchester jail pending the approaching sessions. Probably moved with compassion for the aged man, the judge urged Milner to attend even once the Protestant church and thus escape the gallows. The latter refused, however, "to embrace a counsel so disagreeable to the maxims of the Gospel," and began immediately to prepare for death. Every effort was made to persuade him to change his purpose and renounce the Faith, and, when he was approaching the gallows with Father Dicconson, his children were conducted to him in the hope that he might even then relent. Unshaken in his resolution, Milner gave his children his last blessing, declared that "he could wish them no greater happiness than to die for the like cause," and then met his death with the utmost courage and calm.
THOMAS KENNEDY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ven. Philipp Jeningen

From volume 8 of the work.
Born at Eichstätt, Bavaria, 5 January, 1642;d, at Ellwangen, 8 February, 1704. Entering the Society of Jesus, 19 January, 1663, he became a most successful popular missionary at the shrine of Our Lady of Schönenberg, near Ellwangen in Swabia, made famous by the Jesuits, and to which Jeningen, through the renown of his holiness, drew pilgrims from near and far. For many years he went forth on missions in the entire neighbouring country, his burning zeal achieving wonderful results. He is yet remembered as the "Apostle of the Ries".
Pergmayer, Vita . . . Philippi Jeningen . . . (Ingolstadt and Munich, 1763); Hausen, Leben . . . Philipp Jeningen . . . (Dillingen, 1766; Ratisbon, 1873); Piscalar, Aus dem Lebendes ehrw. Philipp Jeningen . . . (Paderborn, 1859); Der ehrw. P. Philipp Jeningen . . . von einem Priesterder Dioz. von Rottenburg (Ellwangen, 1908); Beschreibung der laueretanischen Kapelle und Kirche auf dem Schönenberg (Ellwangen, 1870); a life in MS. at the Jesuit College at Feldkirch; a collection of letters in the archives of the German province.
ANTHONY HUONDER
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Menander 4.

​MENANDER, minor literary persons.
1. A rhetorician of Laodiceia, on the river Lycus, wrote a commentary on the τέχνη of Hermogenes, and on the προγυμνάσματα of Minucianus, and other works. (Suid. s. v.)
2. Of Ephesus, an historian, wrote the acts of kings among the Greeks and the barbarians (τὰς ἐφ᾽ ἑκάστου τῶν βασιλέων πράξεις παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησι καὶ βαρϐάροις γενομένας), founded on the native chronicles of the respective countries, as we learn from Josephus, who preserves a considerable fragment of the work respecting Hiram, king of Tyre. (Joseph, c. Apion. i. 18.) He is also quoted by other authors. (Vossius, de Hist. Graec. p. 467, ed. Westermann.)
Menander of Pergamus, who wrote on Phoenician history, appears to have been the same person, on account of the resemblance of the fragment quoted from him by Clement of Alexandria (Strom. i. p. 140) to that quoted by Josephus. (Comp. Tatian, adv. Graec. 58.) An historian of the same name, who wrote a work on Cyprus, is quoted in the Etymologicum Magnum, s. v. Σφηκεία. (Vossius, l. c.)
3. Protector (Προτίκτωρ, i. e. body-guard), the son of Euphratas of Byzantium, was a rhetorician and historical writer under the emperor Mauricius, whose reign began in A. D. 581. He has left us an account of his own literary pursuits, in a fragment preserved by Suidas (s. v). He continued the history of the Eastern Empire from the point where Agathias broke off, namely, the twenty-third year of Justinian, A. D. 558, down nearly to the death of Tiberius II. in A. D. 583. A considerable fragment of this history is preserved in the Eklogae of embassies, published by Hoeschel, Aug. Vindol. 1603. Menander is often quoted by Suidas, and is mentioned by Theophylact of Simocatta (Hist. Mauric. i. 3), who continued his history, and by Constantinus Porphyrogenitus (Them. i. 2). According to Niebuhr (Dexipp. p. 281), he may be trusted as an historian, but his style is a close imitation of Agathias, varied by occasional ridiculous attempts at fine writing. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. pp. 540, 541; Vossius, de Hist. Graec. p. 329, ed. Westermann.) There is one epigram by him in the Greek Anthology. (Jacobs, vol. xiii. p. 916.)
A few insignificant writers of the same name are mentioned by Fabricius (Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 454) and Meineke (Menand. et Philem. Reliq. pp. xxxvii.—xxxix.)
[P. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Menecrates (physician) 2.

​2. Tiberius Claudius Quirina (Κουίρεινα†) Menecrates, a physician mentioned in a Greek inscription (Gruter, Inscript. p. 581. § 9), is no doubt the same person who is frequently quoted by Galen. He lived in the former part of the first century after Christ, and was physician to some of the emperors, probably to Tiberius and Claudius. He enjoyed a great reputation, and composed more than 150 medical works, of which only a few fragments remain. He was the inventor of the well-known plaister called diachylon (i. e. διὰ χυλῶν), and his directions for preparing it were put into verse by Damocrates. (Galen, de Compos. Medicom. sec. Gen. vii. 9, 10, vol. xiii. pp. 995, &c.) In consequence of his having observed how easily the signs and contractions used in medical formulae were mistaken by careless transcribers, he wrote the quantities, &c. in his prescriptions at full length ; but Galen tells us (l. c.) that his carefulness did not much benefit posterity, as his works were afterwards written with the usual contractions. The Menecrates Zeophletensis (or native of Zeophleta ?) quoted by Caelius Aurelianus (De Morb. Chron. i. 4, p. 323) may be the same person as the preceding. [W. A. G.]
† That is, belonging to the Tribus Quirina.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Menas 1.

​MENAS (Μηνᾶς). 1. A Lacedaemonian, was one of the commissioners for ratifying the fifty years' truce between Athens and Sparta in B. C. 421, and also the separate treaty of alliance between these states in the same year. (Thuc. v. 19, 24.)
2. A Bithynian, whom Prusias II. (κυνηγός), sent to Rome in B. C. 149, to join with Nicomedes (son of Prusias) in an application to the senate to remit the remainder of the sum which they had compelled him to engage to pay to Attalus II. of Pergamus in B. C. 154. The counter-representations, however, of Andronicus, the envoy of Attalus, prevailed, and the senate decided against Prusias. In the event of failure, Menas had received a command from Prusias to put Nicomedes to death, in order to make way for his sons by a second wife; but he shrank from doing so, and entered into a conspiracy with Nicomedes and Andronicus against his master, inducing the 2000 soldiers whom Prusias had sent with him, to transfer their allegiance to Nicomedes. (App. Mithr. 4, 5; comp. Just, xxxiv. 4; Liv. Epit. 50; Polyb. xxxiii. 11, xxxvii. 2; Diod. xxxii. Eclog. iv. p. 523.)
[E. E.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Menecrates (physician) 1.

​MENE'CRATES (Μενεκράτης), a Syracusan physician at the court of Philip, king of Macedon, b. c. 359 — 336. He seems to have been a successful practitioner, but to have made himself ridiculous by calling himself "Jupiter," and assuming divine honours. (Suid. s. v. Μενεκράτης.) He once wrote a letter to Philip, beginning Μενεκράτης Ζεὺς Φιλίππῳ Χαίρειν, to which the king wrote back an answer in these words, Φίλιππος Μενεκράτει ὑγιαίνειν. (Athen. vii. p. 289 ; Aelian. Var. Hist. xii. 51.) He was invited one day by Philip to a magnificent entertainment, where the other guests were sumptuously fed, while he himself bad nothing but incense and libations, as not being subject to the human infirmity of hunger. He was at first pleased with his reception, but afterwards, perceiving the joke, and finding that no more substantial food was offered him, he left the party in disgust. (Athen, Aelian, l. c.)
According to Plutarch, it was Agesilaus from whom he got this answer to his letter. (Vita Ages. c. 21, vol. vi. p. 29, ed. Tauchn. ; Apophthegm. Reg. et Imper. vol. ii. p. 52, Apophthegm. Lacon. vol. ii. p. 109.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Menecrates (sculptor)

​MENE'CRATES, a sculptor, of whom we only know, what shows him, however, to have been a very eminent artist, that he was the teacher of Apollonius and Tauriscus, the sculptors of the celebrated group of the Farnese Bull. (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 5. s. 4. § 10.) [P. S.]