OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Gallienus P. Licinius, emperor

Gallienus P. Licinius, emperor, son of Valerian, appointed by the senate coadjutor to his father very shortly after Valerian's succession in Aug. 253. In 260 his father's captivity in Persia left him politically irresponsible.
One great act brings him into church history. On his father's fall, he was legally bound to put every clergyman to death wherever found, and to deal in almost as summary a fashion with all other Christians. [VALERIAN.] Gallienus had had three years' experience of the difficulty and wearisomeness of this task. The "Thirty Tyrants," moreover, were foes formidable enough to attract what little attention could be spared from pleasure. Accordingly, in 261 he issued a public edict, by which Christianity was for the first time put on a clearly legal footing as a religio licita. This edict is the most marked epoch in the history of the church's relation to the state since the rescript of Trajan to Pliny, which had made Christianity distinctly a religio illicita. The words in which Eusebius describes the edict (the text of which is lost) imply no more than that actual persecution was stopped (H. E. vii. 13), which might have been done without a legal recognition of Christianity; but Eusebius has preserved a copy of the encyclical rescript which the emperor addressed to the Christian bishops of the Egyptian province, which shews that the position of "the bishops" is perfectly recognized by the pagan government. The rescript informs the bishops that orders have been issued to the pagan officials to evacuate the consecrated places; the bishops' copies of the rescript will serve as a warrant against all interference in reoccupying. Thus formally, universally, and deliberately was done what Alexander Severus had done in an isolated case in a freak of generosity—i.e, the right of the Corpus Christianorum to hold property was fully recognized. If Christianity had not been explicitly made a religio licita, this would have been impossible. The great proof, however, of the footing gained by the church through Gallienus's edict lies in the action of his successor Aurelian in the matter of Paul of Samosata. Though Aurelian's bigoted sun-worship and hatred of the church were well known, and his death alone prevented a great rupture, the Catholics were so secure of their legal position as actually to appeal to the emperor in person to decide their dispute; and Aurelian, as the law then stood, not only recognized the right of the church to hold property, but also to decide internal disputes
(though they concerned property) according to her own methods.
[A.J.M.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Gallus (11), abbat and apostle of Switzerland

Gallus (11), abbat, the apostle of Switzerland. One primary authority is the Vita S.Galli, compiled by Walafrid Strabo, abbat of Reichenau (a.d. 842–849), and pub. by Surius (Vitae Sanct. Oct. 16, t. iv. 252 seq., Colon. 1617), by Mabillon (Acta SS. O.S.B. ii. 215 seq.), and Migne (Patr. Lat. cxiii. 975 seq.). Another Vita S. Galli, ex MS. St. Gall. 553, is published by Portz (Mon. Germ. Hist. ii. 189). The original documents are to be found in Wartmann's Nerkundenbuch der Abtei St. Gallen, vols. i.–iii. 1865–1882.
He undoubtedly was of Irish birth, and his original name was Cellach, Calech, or Caillech. Trained at Bangor, in the famous school of St. Comgall, he accompanied Columbanus into Gaul, a.d. 585, and in his exile from Luxeuil along the Rhine into Switzerland, and, apparently from his aptness at learning the languages, proved a most useful assistant in preaching to the Suevi, Helvetii, and neighbouring tribes. [COLUMBANUS.] When Columbanus in 612 left Switzerland to escape the persecution of the Burgundian court, Gallus was detained at Bregenz by a fever, but as soon as he could, returned to his friend the priest Willimar, at Arbona on the S. shore of the Lake of Constance, and devoted his remaining years to the conversion of the wild tribes inhabiting this eastern frontier of Austrasia. On the banks of the Steinaha or Steinach he built his cell and oratory, in the midst of a thick forest. Twelve others accompanied him. His collection of rude huts determined the site of the town and monastery of St. Gall. When the see of Constance became vacant in 616, the episcopate was urgently pressed upon him, and again in 625, but he declined, and was allowed to nominate his deacon John, a native of the place. The sermon he preached at John's consecration is extant in Latin—a wonderful specimen of Irish erudition, simple yet full of vigour, learned and devout, giving an abstract of the history of God's dealings from the creation, of the fall and redemption, of the mission of the apostles and calling of the Gentiles, and ending with a powerful appeal to Christian faith and life, which gives some idea of the state of the corrupt and barbarous society he was seeking to leaven. Beyond these few incidents we know little. He died Oct. 16, 645 or 646, at Arbona, aged 95, but some propose an earlier date.
The oratory of St. Gall gave rise to one of the most celebrated monasteries of the middle ages, and its library to this day stands unrivalled in the wealth and variety of its ancient manuscripts. (For an account of the school of St. Gall and its cultivation of the fine arts, see Hist. lit. de la France, iv. 243–246.)
[J.G.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Hippomedon 3.

​HIPPO'MEDON ('iTTTroMe'Swi/), a Pythagorean philosopher, a native of Aegae. He belonged to the sect called the dKovcr/u-aTLKoi, founded bv Hip- pasus. (lamblich. Vit. Fyth. c. 18. § 87, 36. § 267.) [C. P. M.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Hippolyte

​HIPPO′LYTE (Ἱππολύτη). 1. A daughter of Ares and Otrera, was queen of the Amazons, and a sister of Antiope and Melanippe. She wore, as an emblem of her dignity, a girdle given to her by her father; and when Heracles, by the command of Eurystheus, came to fetch this girdle, Hippolyte was slain by Heracles. (Heracles; Hygin. Fab. 30.) According to another tradition, Hippolyte, with an army of Amazons, marched into Attica, to take vengeance on Theseus for having carried off Antiope; but being conquered by Theseus, she fled to Megara, where she died of grief, and was buried. Her tomb, which was shown there in later times, had the form of an Amazon's shield. (Paus. i. 41. §7; Plut. Thes. 27; Apollod. ii. 5. §9; Apollon. Rhod. ii. 968.) In some accounts Hippolyte is said to have been married to Theseus instead of Antiope. Euripides, in his Hippolytus, makes her the mother of Hippolytus.
2. The wife of Acastus, according to Pindar (Nem. iv. 57, v. 26); but Apollodorus calls her Astydameia. [Acastus.]
[L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Hippomenes 2.

​HIPPO'MENES {'l-mrofi^v-ns). a descendant of Codrus, the fourth and last of the decennial ar- chons. Incensed at the barbarous punishment which he inflicted on his daughter and her para- mour, the Attic nobles rose against and deposed him, razing his house to the ground. The archon- ship after this was thrown open to the whole body of nobles. (Heracl. Pont, de Fol. i. ; Nicolaus Damasc. p. 42.) [C. P. M.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Hippomedon 2.

​HIPPO'MEDON ('iTnro/ie'Sa)!'), a Spartan, son of Agesilaus, the uncle of Agis IV. He must have been older than his cousin Agis, as he is said by Plutarch (^^s, 6) to have already distinguished himself on many occasions in war when the young king first began to engage in his constitutional reforms. Hippomedon entered warmly into the schemes of Agis, and was mainly instrumental in gaining over his father Agesilaus to their support. But the latter sought in fact only his own advan- tage, under the cloak of patriotism ; and during the absence of Agis, on his expedition to Corinth to support Aratus, he gave so much dissatisfaction by his administration at Sparta, that Leonidas was recalled by the opposite party, and Agesilaus was compelled to fly from the city. Hippomedon shared in the exile of his father, though he had not par- ticipated in his unpopularity. (Plut. Agis^ 6, 16.) At a subsequent period we find him mentioned as holding the office for Ptolemy, king of Egypt, of governor of the cities subject to that prince on the confines of Thrace. (Teles, ap. Stobaeum, F/or. vol. ii. p. 82. ed. Gaisf. ; comp. Niebuhr, Kl. Schrift. p. 461 ; Schom. Gesch. Grkch. p. 100.) We learn from Poly bins (iv. 35. § 13) that he was still living at the death of Cleomenes, in B. c. 220, when the crown would have devolved of right either to him or to one of his two grandchildren, the sons of Ar- chidamus V., who had married a daughter of Hip- pomedon ; but their claims were disregarded, and Lycurgus,a stranger to the royal family, was raised to the throne. [E. H. B.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Hippomenes 1.

​HIPPO'MENES ('iTrTTo/ieVrjj), a son of Mega- rous of Onchestus, and a great grandson of Posei- don. (Ov. Met. X. 605.) Apollodorus (iii. 15. § ) calls the son of Hippomenes Megareus. (Comp. Atalante, No. 2.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Hippocoon

HIPPO'COON（Ἱπποκόων), the eldest, but natural son of Oebalus and Bateia, and a stepbrother of Tyndareus, Icarius and Arene, at Sparta. After his father's death, Hippocoon expelled his brother Tyndareus, in order to secure the kingdom to himself; but Heracles led Tyndareus back, and slew Hippocoon and his sons. (Paus. iii. 1 § 4, 14. § 6, &c., 15.2, &c.; Apollod. ii. 7. § 3, iii. 10. § 4; Diod. iv. 33.) The number and names of Hippocoon's sons are different in the different writers: Apollodorus mentions twelve, Diodorus ten, and Pausanias only six. Ovid (Met. viii. 314) mentions the sons of Hippocoon among the Calydonian hunters.
There are four other mythical personages of the name of Hippocoon. (Hygin. Fab. 10, 173; Hom. Il. x. 518; Virg. Aen. v. 492, &c.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Hippolytus 1.

​HIPPO′LYTUS (Ἱππόλυτος). 1. One of the giants who was killed by Hermes. (Apollod. i. 6. §2.)
2. A son of Theseus by Hippolyte or Antiope. (Schol. ad Aristoph. Ran. 873; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 449, 1329, 1332; Eurip. Hippol.) After the death of the Amazon, Theseus married Phaedra, who fell desperately in love with Hippolytus; but as the passion was not responded to by the step-son, she brought accusations against him before Theseus, as if he had made improper proposals to her. Theseus thereupon cursed his son, and requested his father (Aegeus or Poseidon) to destroy him. (Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. 31, de Off. i. 10; Serv. ad Aen. vi. 445, vii. 761.) Once therefore, when Hippolytus was riding in his chariot along the sea-coast, Poseidon sent a bull forth from the water. The horses were frightened, upset the chariot, and dragged Hippolytus till he was dead. Theseus afterwards learned the innocence of his son, and Phaedra, in despair, made away with herself. Asclepius restored Hippolytus to life again, and, according to Italian traditions, Artemis placed him, under the name of Virbius, under the protection of the nymph Egeria, in the grove of Aricia, in Latium, where he was honoured with divine worship. (Hygin. Fab. 47, 49; Apollod. iii. 10. §3; Ov. Met. xv. 490, &c., Fast. iii. 265, vi. 737; Horat. Carm. iv. 7. 25; comp. Virbius.) There was a monument of his at Athens, in front of the temple of Themis. (Paus. i. 22. §1.) At Troezene, where a tomb of Hippolytus was shown, there was a different tradition about him. (Paus. i. 22. §2; comp. Eurip. Hippolytus.)
There are two other mythical personages of this name. (Apollod. ii. 1. §5 ; Diod. iv. 31.)
[L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Hippomedon 1.

​HIPPO'MEDON ('iTnrojueSwi'), a son of Aris- tomachus, or, according to Sophocles, of Talaus, was one of the Seven against Thebes, where he was slain during the siege by Hvperbius or Ismarus. (Aeschyl. Sept. 490; Soph. Oed. CoZ. 1318; Apol- lod. iii. 6. § 3.) [L. S.J ]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baird, William

​BAIRD, WILLIAM, M.D. (1803–1872), physician, was born at Eccles, and educated at the High School, Edinburgh. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, Dublin, and Paris, and entered the service of the East India Company as surgeon. He was a zoologist of considerable ability, and communicated several papers to the Zoological and Linnean Societies. In 1829 he helped to establish the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, which served to extend the pursuit of natural science. In 1860 his important work on the 'Natural History of British Entomostraca' was published by the Ray Society, and in 1858 he published a 'Cyclopædia of the Natural Sciences.' For some time he practised in London, but eventually accepted an appointment in the zoological department of the British Museum, which he held from 1841 to the time of his death on 27 Jan. 1872.
[Obituary Notice in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol. xx.]
R. E. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baker, Augustine

​BAKER, AUGUSTINE (1575–1641), Benedictine. [See Baker, David.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baker, Charles (1617-1679)

​BAKER, CHARLES (1617–1679), jesuit, whose real name was David Lewis, was the son of Morgan Lewis, master of the royal grammar school, Abergavenny. He was born in Monmouthshire in 1617, and studied in his father's, school. When about nineteen years old he was converted to the catholic faith, and sent by his uncle, a priest of the Society of Jesus, to the English college at Rome (1638). He was ordained priest in 1642, entered the ​Society of Jesus in 1644, and became a professed father in 1655. The South Wales district, of which he was twice superior, was the principal field of missionary labours. There he zealously toiled for twenty-eight years, visiting the persecuted catholics, chiefly by night, and always making his circuits on foot. A victim, to the Oates plot persecution, he was arrested 17 Nov. 1678, while preparing to say mass, was committed to Usk gaol, tried and condemned to death for the priesthood at the Monmouth assizes, 29 March and executed at Usk on 27 August following.
After his apprehension there appeared a pamphlet, by Dr. Herbert Croft, bishop of Hereford, entitled 'A Short Narrative of the Discovery of a College of Jesuits at a place called the Come, in the county of Hereford. To which is added a true relation of the knavery of Father Lewis, the pretended bishop of Llandaffe,' London, 1679, 4to. The charge brought by Dr. Croft against Baker was that he had extorted money from a poor woman under the pretence that he would liberate her father's soul from purgatory. Sir Robert Atkyns, the judge who tried Baker, declared that the pamphlet, which had been produced in court, was false and scandalous.
[Foley's Records, v. 912-931, vii. 456; Challoner's Memoirs of Missionary Priests (1803), ii. 225; Oliver's Collectanea S. J. 48; Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 321; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.; Cobbet's State Trials, vii. 250.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baird, John (1799-1861)

​BAIRD, JOHN (1799–1861), Scotch divine, the eldest son of the Rev. James Baird, who was successively minister of Legertwood, Eccles, and Swinton, all in Berwickshire, was born at Eccles 17 Feb. 1799, and educated in the grammar schools of Whitsome and Kelso. Later he proceeded to the university of Edinburgh, where, in 1823, he founded the Plinian Society for the study of natural history, and was its first president. Going to Ireland in 1825, he was for some time engaged by the Irish Evangelical Society as one of their preachers. In 1829 he was ordained minister of Yetholm, Roxburghshire, where he died 29 Nov. 1861. A colony of gipsies, who were little better than heathens, had long been settled at Kirk Yetholm, and Baird set himself resolutely to reclaim these people, and to make them christians and useful members of society. The work was done in connection with a society formed in Edinburgh for the 'Reformation of the Gipsies in Scotland,' and it met with a considerable amount of success. Baird wrote the 'Scottish Gipsies' Advocate,' Edinburgh, 1839, and contributed an 'Account of the Parish of Yetholm' to the 'New Statistical Account of Scotland.' A memoir of him, by W. Baird (London, 1862), contains a list of words used by the gipsies of Yetholm, compared with Grellman's list of the continental gipsy language, and the corresponding words in Hindustani.
[Memoir by Dr. W. Baird; Geo. Smith's I've been a Gipsying, 322, 330, 331.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baker, Alexander

​BAKER, ALEXANDER (1582–1638), jesuit, was born in Norfolk in 1582, entered the Society of Jesus about 1610, was professed of the four vows in 1627, twice visited India as a missionary, and died on 24 Aug. 1638 in London, where he had resided for many years. He reconciled the Rev. William Coke, a son of Sir Edward Coke, the famous lawyer, to the catholic church in 1615. Among the 'State Papers' (Domestic, James I, vol. clxxxix. No.25, under date 1625) is a manuscript by Father Baker in defence of the doctrine of regeneration by baptism as held by catholics, showing its difference from the opinion of protestants.
[Oliver's Jesuits, 48; Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 155; Foley's Records, i. 153, vii. 28; Rymer's Fœdera, xviii. 392; Cal. State Papers, Dom. James I (1623-25), 520.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baker, Anne Elizabeth

​BAKER, ANNE ELIZABETH (1786–1861), philologist, was born 16 June 1786. She was the sister of George Baker, the historian of Northamptonshire [q. v.], and to her his great work owes its geology and botany. Miss Baker was the companion of her brother's journeys, his amanuensis, and his fellow-labourer, especially in the natural history, and she made drawings and even engraved some of the plates for his great work. To the opportunities afforded her when she rode through the county by her brother's side we are indebted for the ‘Glossary of Northamptonshire Words and Phrases, to which are added the customs of the county,’ 2 vols., London, 1854, 8 vo, one of the best of our local lexicons. Miss Baker died at her house in Gold Street, Northampton 22 April 1861.
[Quarterly Review, ci. 6; Gent. Mag. ccxi. 208; Addit. MSS. 24864, f. 74.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baker, Anselm

​BAKER, ANSELM (1834–1885), artist, first acquired a knowledge of drawing and painting at Messrs. Hardman's studios in Birmingham. He became a Cistercian monk at Mount St. Bernard's Abbey, Leicestershire, in 1857, and died there on 11 Feb. 1885. As a heraldic artist he was unequalled in this country, and his work was eagerly sought for by those who appreciated the beauty of mediæval blazonry. About two-thirds of the coats-of-arms in Foster's 'Peerage' were drawn by him, and are signed 'F.A.' (Frater Anselm). He also executed the mural paintings in the chapel of St. Scholastica's Priory, Atherstone; in St. Winifred's, Sheepshed; in the Temple in Garendon Park, and in the Lady and Infirmary chapels at Mount St. Bernard's Abbey. The 'Hortus Animæ' and 'Horæ Diurnæ,' published at London, and several beautiful works brought out at Mechlin and Tournai, bear witness to his inventive genius. His 'Liber Vitæ', a record of the benefactors of St. Bernard's Abbey, is magnificently illustrated with pictures of the arms and patron saints of the benefactors. He also left unpublished 'The Armorial Bearings of English Cardinals' and The Arms of the Cistercian Houses of England.'
[Tablet, 21 Feb. 1885; Athenæum, 21 Feb. 1885; Academy, 21 Feb. 1885.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Beverley, Henry Roxby

​BEVERLEY, HENRY ROXBY (1790–1863), actor, was the son of an actor named Beverley, at one time of Covent Garden Theatre, and subsequently manager of the house in Tottenham Street, known among other names as the King's Concert Rooms, the Regency, the West London, the Queen's, and the Prince of Wales's theatre. At this house, then called the Regency, Henry Roxby Beverley first appeared. Full opportunities of practice were afforded him by his mother, and he acquired some reputation as a low comedian. In October 1838 he replaced John Reeve at the Adelphi, playing in November Newman Noggs in 'Nicholas Nickleby.' He subsequently appeared in 'Oliver Twist,' 'Jack Sheppard,' and other melodramas, and played the principal characters in 'The Dancing Barber and other farces. In September 1839 he took the management of the Victoria Theatre. After relinquishing the post, he played in the country theatres, and was for some time manager of the Sunderland theatre and other houses, principally in the north of England, where he was an established favourite. Harry Beverley, as he was generally called, had more unction than often characterises a low comedian, and was a humorous and a sound, though not a brilliant actor. He died on Sunday, 1 Feb. 1863, at 20 Russell Square, the house of his brother, Mr. William Beverley, the eminent scene painter.
[Theatrical Inquisitor; Era Almanack; Era newspaper, 8 Feb. 1863.]
J. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Beverley, Philip

​BEVERLEY or INGLEBERD, PHILIP (fl. 1290), Oxford benefactor, rector of Kayingham, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, is said to have been 'the most subtle Aristotelian in Oxford.' Having probably been a member of the society founded by William of Durham, now University College, he endowed it with certain lands in 1290, and again in 1319 he further granted to it other lands in Holderness and elsewhere for the maintenance of two fellows belonging to Beverley, Holderness, or places in the neighborhood.
[Wood's History and Antiquities of Oxford (Gutch), 42. 43, 227, 228.]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Beville, Robert

​BEVILLE, ROBERT (d. 1824), barrister-at-law. was called to the bar at the Inner Temple between 1795 and 1799, and practised on the Norfolk circuit and at the Ely assizes, as well as in London and Middlesex, until 1807, when he seems to have given up practice, as his name does not appear in the 'Law List' after that year until 1816 when he is described as of the Fen Office, 3 Tanfield Court, Temple. He had obtained in 1812 the post of registrar to the Bedford Level Corporation, which he held until his death in 1824. In 1813 a new edition of Dugdale's 'History of Imbanking and Drayning of divers Fens and Marshes' was announced in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' as in preparation by him. It did not, however, appear. Beville married in 1800 Miss Sauter, described as of Chancery Lane. His son Charles survived him. Beville was the author of a small treatise 'On the Law of Homicide and Larceny,' published in 1799, and terribly lacerated the same year by the 'London ​Monthly Review.' He does not appear to have written anything else.
[Gent. Mag. lxxi. 181, lxxxiii. (pt. ii.) 448, lxxxviii. (pt. 1.) 323; Wells's Bedford Level, i. 555, 658; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
J. M. R.