OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Malcolm I

​MALCOLM I (MacDonald) (d. 954), king of Scotland, son of Donald, succeeded to the crown in 943, when Constantine II [q. v.] became a monk at St. Andrews. He commenced his reign by an expedition beyond the Spey, by which he annexed Moray for the first time to the Scottish kingdom, and slew Cellach, probably a district king. In 944 Edmund, the West-Saxon king, brother and successor of Athelstan, subdued Northumbria, expelling the Danish kings Anlaf or Olafe Sitricson, and Reginald Godfrey's son, and in the following year ravaged Strathclyde, including the land still held by the Cymry, and called by the ‘Saxon Chronicle’ Cumberland. In 945 that chronicle records: ‘King Edmund harried over all Cumberland, and gave it all up to Malcolm, king of the Scots, on the condition that he should be his fellow-worker both by land and sea.’ Whether this word indicates a relation of vassalage or alliance is disputed (Freeman, Norman Conquest, i. 136; Robertson, Scotland under her Early Kings, i. 72). Though renewed with Eadred, the successor of Edmund, the pacific relation lasted only five years. In the seventh year of Malcolm (949–50), when Olaf Sitricson made a last attempt to restore the Danish power in Northumbria, the Scots made a foray to the Tees, carrying away captive many men, as well as cattle. Tradition varied whether Malcolm in person led this raid, or whether the old Constantine, whose cowl had not extinguished the warlike spirit, asked back the command ‘for a week, that he might visit the Angles.’ Freeman's suggestion that Malcolm was unwilling to break his treaty with the West-Saxon king is modern and improbable. The ‘Pictish Chronicle,’ abrupt and obscure as usual, seems to imply that Malcolm really commanded, but made the expedition at the instigation of Constantine, whose son-in-law Olaf was. But the united forces of the north were unable to stay the progress of the West-Saxons, and after a short term of supremacy of the Norsemen under Eric Bloody Axe, Eadred finally united Northumbria to his dominions in 954. In the same year Malcolm was slain. As he fell at a place called by the chronicle of St. Andrews, Fordoun, and by Wyntoun by the mysterious name of Ulrim, but by the Pictish Chronicle Fodresart, which Skene identifies with Fetteresso, in the parish of Fordoun, in the Mearns at the hands of the men of the Mearns (Kincardine), it would seem his own northern border was too disturbed to make him a useful vassal or ally of the West-Saxon kings, although it may have been worth their while to buy off a troublesome neighbour until they had settled accounts with the North Welsh or Cumbrians and the Danes of Ireland and Northumbria. ​Indulphus [q. v.], the son of Constantine II, succeeded Malcolm, on whose death, or retirement to a monastery, as Skene conjectures, Duff [q. v.], the son of Malcolm, came to the throne.
[Saxon and Pictish Chronicles; Skene's Celtic Scotland; Robertson's Scotland under her Early Kings.]
Æ. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Malachy of Ireland

​MALACHY of Ireland (fl. 1310), Franciscan, is said by Wadding to have been B.D. of Oxford, and to have rebuked king Edward II to his face in his sermons. A book in sixteen chapters, called ‘Libellus septem peccatorum mortalium,’ or ‘Tractatus de Veneno,’ was printed at Paris in 1518 under his name. Of eight manuscripts of this work, two are anonymous, five are ascribed to Grostete, and one only to Malachy; but the mention of St. Francis, and the frequent references to Irish history and affairs, prove it to have been written by an Irish Franciscan. The treatise was intended ‘for the instruction of simple men who have to teach the people,’ and is chiefly remarkable for its denunciation of the government of Ireland at the time.
[Wadding's Annales Minorum, vol. vi.; Sbaralea's Supplementum ad Scriptores, p. 507; Brit. Museum, MS. Cotton Vitell. c. xiv. f. 57–65; Bale, De Script. Brit.; Ware, De Script. Hibern. p. 65.]
A. G. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/James, William (fl.1760-1771)

​JAMES, WILLIAM (fl. 1760–1771), landscape-painter, practised in London, residing for some years in Maiden Lane, and later in May's Buildings, St. Martin's Lane. He exhibited with the Incorporated Society of Artists from 1761 to 1768, and at the Royal Academy from 1769 to 1771. He was an imitator of Canaletto, and painted views of London, chiefly on the river and in St. James's Park, but his works have only an antiquarian interest. They are hard and mechanical in execution, the ruler being largely used in the lines of the buildings, and the water conventionally treated. In 1768 James sent to the Society of Artists, and in the two following years to the Royal Academy, some views of Egyptian temples, but as he was never out of England these are presumed to have been copies. The date of his death is not recorded. Seven of his pictures are at Hampton Court.
[Edwards's Anecdotes of Painting; Redgrave's Century of Painters; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1880; Law's Catalogue of Pictures at Hampton Court.]
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/James, William Milbourne

​JAMES, Sir WILLIAM MILBOURNE (1807–1881), lord justice, son of Christopher James of Swansea, was born at Merthyr Tydvil, Glamorganshire, in 1807. He was educated at the university of Glasgow, where he graduated M.A., and afterwards became an honorary LL.D. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1831. He read in Fitzroy Kelly's chambers, and attended the Welsh sessions, but afterwards confined his work almost entirely to the court of chancery. Ill-health, which before his call had compelled a two years' residence in Italy, at first retarded his progress; but in time he acquired a very large junior practice, and he became junior counsel to the treasury in equity, junior counsel to the woods and forests department, the inland revenue, and the board of works, and eventually in 1853 a queen's counsel and Bethell's successor as vice-chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. He twice unsuccessfully contested Derby as a liberal, on the second occasion in 1859. Although not a brilliant speaker, he was a sound advocate, with a thorough knowledge of law. He was engaged in many well-known cases, such as those of Dr. Colenso against the Bishop of Cape Town, Mrs. Lyon v. Home, the spiritualist, the Baroda and Kirwee booty case, and Martin v. Mackonochie. In 1866 he was treasurer of Lincoln's Inn. In January 1869 he became a vice-chancellor of the court of chancery and a knight, and in 1870 a lord justice of appeal and a privy councillor. He was a most eminent judge, exceptionally learned, shrewd and strong, and gifted with a great power of terse and clear enunciation of principles. The court of appeal under him and Lord-justice Mellish was a very efficient court, and its decisions on the new and important questions arising under the Companies Acts and the Bankruptcy Act of 1869 were of the highest value. He was a member of the various commissions on equity procedure, of the Indian code commission and the army purchase commission, and as a member of the judicature commission was a strenuous reformer, and urged the total abolition of pleadings. On 7 June 1881 he died at his house, 47 Wimpole Street, London. He married in 1846 Maria (d. 1891), daughter of Dr. Otter, bishop of Chichester, and left two children: a son, Major W. C. James, of the 16th lancers; and a daughter, married to Colonel G. Salis Schwabe. He was a deep student of Indian history, and between 1864 and 1869 wrote a work, ‘The British in India,’ which was published by his daughter in 1882.
[Times, 9 June 1881; Solicitors' Journal, 11 June 1881; information kindly furnished by Mrs. Salis Schwabe; see also eulogium on James by Baron Bramwell, Times, 15 June 1881.]
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Turnham, Robert de

​TURNHAM, ROBERT de (d. 1211), baron, was younger son of Robert de Turnham, founder of Combwell Priory, Kent, and brother of Stephen de Turnham [q. v.] Like his brother, he took part in the third crusade, and in May 1191 was in command of one half of Richard’s fleet which sailed round Cyprus to capture hostile galleys (Rog. Hov. iii. 109). When Richard left for Acre, Robert de Turnham remained in Cyprus as co-justiciar with Richard de Camville. Camville died soon after, and Turnham, becoming sole justiciar, quelled a revolt of the natives (ib. iii. 111, 116). In April 1193 he returned to England ‘cum hernasio regis’ (ib. iii. 206; Chron de Melsa, i. 260). Richard rewarded Turnham for his services with the hand of Johanna, daughter and heiress of William Fossard, the last of the old lords of Mulgres (ib. i. 105, 231). This seems to have been about 1195, and in 1197 Turnham was in command of Richard’s forces in Anjou (ib. i. 290). At Richard’s death Turnham, as seneschal of Anjou, surrendered the castles of Chinon and Saumur, together with the royal treasure, to John, and at once became a faithful adherent of the new king (Rog. Hov. iv. 86). He was with John in France in June 1200 (Rot. Normanniæ, pp. 24, 26), and was present at Lincoln when the king of Scots did homage on 22 Nov. of that year (Rog.Hov. iv. 142). In 1201 John sent him to suppress the revolt in Poitou (ib. iv. 176), and for the next four years Turnham remained abroad as the king’s seneschal in Poitou and Gascony (Cal. Rot. Pat., Record ed. pp. 1, 32, 49). Turnham’s efforts could not prevent the conquest of Poitou by Philip Augustus, and at last, towards the end of 1204 or beginning of 1205, he was taken prisoner (ib. p. 49). He recovered his liberty about the end of the latter year, and in January 1206 was with the king in England (ib. p. 58). In 1208 and 1209 he was again serving in Gascony (ib. pp. 77, 79, 91).
Matthew Paris describes Robert de Turnham as one of John’s evil counsellors ii. 531). Turnham died in 1211 (ib. ii. 532), leaving by his wife Johanna an only daughter and heiress, Isabella, who was born after 1200, and subsequently to the death of her parents given in marriage to Peter de Mauley [q. v.], by whom she became the ancestress of the later barons De Mauley, lords of Mulgres (Chron. de Melsa, i. 105, 291).
C. L. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Turner, William (1653-1701)

1904 Errata appended.
​TURNER, WILLIAM (1653–1701), divine, son of William Turner of Marbury, Cheshire, was born there in 1653. After being taught by a private schoolmaster, he went to Broad Oak, Flint, as pupil to Philip Henry [q. v.] He matriculated from St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, on 26 March 1669, graduating B.A. 1672, M.A. 1675, and taking holy orders. In April 1680 he was appointed vicar of Walberton, Sussex, and in 1697 rector of Binstead in the same county. Turner died at Walberton, and was buried there on 6 Feb. 1700–1. By his wife Magdalen he had a son William, born on 6 June 1693.
Turner compiled an ingenious ‘History of all Religions,’ London, 1695, 8vo, and wrote ‘An Essay on the Works of Creation,’ published at the same place and date; the latter contains the ‘scheme’ of his principal work, the rare and curious ‘Compleat History of the most Remarkable Providences, Both of Judgment and Mercy, which have Hapned in this Present Age. … To which is added whatever is curious in the Works of Nature and Art,’ London, 1697, fol. This was set on foot, Turner says, thirty years earlier by Matthew Poole [q. v.], but completed by himself. It is dedicated to John Hall, bishop of Chichester. A fine copy is in the Grenville Library at the British Museum. It is in three parts and has seven separate paginations. John Dunton [q. v.], the bookseller, who was Turner's publisher, says he was ‘very generous, and would not receive a farthing for his copy till the success was assured.’
C. F. S.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.268 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 366 | i | 29 | Turner, William (1653-1701): for 1600 read 1680 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Turner, William (1789-1862)

​TURNER, WILLIAM (1789–1862), commonly called ‘Turner of Oxford,’ was born at Blackbourton, Oxfordshire, on 12 Nov. 1789. His parents died when he was very young, and he was brought up by an uncle, then of Burton, who in 1804 purchased the estate and manor-house of Shipton-on-Cherwell, near Woodstock. His uncle, observing his love of drawing, apprenticed him to John Varley [q. v.], of whom he was one of the earliest pupils. In January 1808 he joined the ‘Old Watercolour’ Society as associate, and became a full member in November. He also joined the Sketching Society, founded by the Chalons in that year. He settled at Oxford about 1811, where he spent the greater part of his life, chiefly employed in teaching. He sent drawings to the society's exhibitions every year till his death, contributing 455 works in all. He also exhibited at the Royal Academy, the British Institution, and Suffolk Street. He sometimes painted in oils. His subjects were taken from Oxford and its neighbourhood, and from various other places in England, Scotland, and Wales. He preferred wide prospects under broad atmospheric effects, which he treated with considerable skill, introducing sheep and cattle with good effect. He was a devoted student of nature, and had a distinct style of his own, marked by truth and simplicity rather than elegance and imagination. He died on 7 Aug. 1862 at 16 St. John's Street, Oxford, and was buried at Shipton-on-Cherwell. In 1824 he married Elizabeth Ilott at Shipton, but had no family. A loan exhibition of his works was held in the University Galleries, Oxford, in 1895.
C. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Turner, William (1792-1867)

​TURNER, WILLIAM (1792–1867), diplomatist and author, born at Yarmouth on 5 Sept. 1792, was the son of Richard Turner (1751–1835), lecturer, and afterwards perpetual curate of Great Yarmouth, by his second wife, Elizabeth (1761–1805), eldest daughter of Thomas Rede of Beccles. Sir George James Turner [q. v.] was his younger brother. The father, Richard Turner, was a friend of George Canning, who gave William a post in the foreign office. In 1811 he was attached to the embassy of Robert Liston, and accompanied him to Constantinople [see Liston, Sir Robert]. He remained in the east for five years, and during that time visited most parts of the Ottoman dominions, as well as the islands and mainland of Greece. While in Asia Minor he endeavoured to emu​late Leander and Lord Byron by swimming the Hellespont, and, failing in the attempt, palliated his ill-success by pointing out that he tried to swim from Asia to Europe, a far more difficult feat than Lord Byron's passage from Europe to Asia. Byron replied in a letter to Murray published at the time, and Turner, in a counter rejoinder, overwhelmed his adversary with quotations from ancient and modern topographers (Moore, Life of Byron, 1846, pp. 497, 663). He published the results of his wanderings in 1820 under the title ‘Journal of a Tour in the Levant,’ London, 8vo. His diary contains many sketches of eastern customs. He is somewhat discursive, dealing rather with local manners and customs than with the political or military institutions of Turkey.
In 1824 he returned to Constantinople as secretary to the English embassy. During the absence of an ambassador, due to the removal of Lord Strangford to St. Petersburg, Turner filled the office of minister plenipotentiary. On 22 Oct. 1829 he was appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the republic of Columbia, and after filling that post for nine years he retired from the service. He died at Leamington on 10 Jan. 1867, and was buried in the vault of the parish church of Birstall in Leicestershire. A brass was erected in his memory on the north wall of the chancel. On 10 April 1824, at St. George's, Hanover Square, he married Mary Anne (1797–1891), daughter and coheir of John Mansfield of Birstall. By her he had one surviving son—Mansfield—and a daughter, Mary Anne Elizabeth (1825–1894), who married Walter Stewart Broadwood.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Turnor, Edmund

​TURNOR, EDMUND (1755?–1829), antiquary, born in 1755 or 1756, was the eldest son of Edmund Turnor (d. 1805) of Stoke-Rochford and Panton in Lincolnshire, by his wife Mary, only daughter of John Disney of Lincoln. He was descended from Sir Edmund Turnor, brother of Sir Christopher Turnor [q. v.] He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, as a fellow commoner, graduating B.A. in 1777 and M.A. in 1781. On leaving the university he took a tour through France, Switzerland, and Italy. He early acquired a taste for antiquities, and in 1778 was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. In the following year he printed ‘Chronological Tables of the High Sheriffs of the County of Lincoln and of the Knights of the Shire, Citizens, and Burgesses, within the same’ (London, 4to), and soon after he furnished several contributions towards the account of Lincolnshire in Gough's ‘Magna Britannia.’ On 15 June 1786 Turnor was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and on 24 Dec. 1802 he was returned to parliament for Midhurst in Sussex, and retained his seat till the dissolution of 1806. He died at Stoke Park, near Grantham, on 19 March 1829, and was buried in the family vault at Stoke Rochford. He was twice married: first, to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Philip Broke of Nacton in Suffolk. She died on 21 June 1801, leaving one daughter, Elizabeth Edmunda, who married Frederick Manning. Turnor married, secondly, Dorothea, third daughter of Lieutenant-colonel Tucker, by whom he had seven surviving children: five sons—Christopher, Cecil, Algernon, Henry Martin, and Philip Broke—and two daughters, Charlotte and Harriet.
Besides the works mentioned Turnor was the author of:
* ‘London's Gratitude; or an Account of such pieces of Sculpture and Painting as have been placed in Guildhall at the expense of the City of London. To which is added a list of persons to whom the Freedom of the City has been presented since 1758,’ London, 1783, 8vo.
* ‘Description of an Ancient Castle at Rouen in Normandy,’ London, 1785, 4to; also printed in ‘Archæologia,’ vii. 232-5.
* ‘A Description of the Diet of King Charles when Duke of York,’ London, 1803, 4to.
* ‘Collections for the History of the Town and Soke of Grantham, containing Authentic Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton, from Lord Portsmouth's Manuscripts,’ London, 1806, 4to.
* ‘Remarks on the Military History of Bristol,’ Bristol, 1823, 4to; also printed in the ‘Archæologia,’ xiv. 119-31.
He edited from Clarendon ‘Characters of Eminent Men in the Reigns of Charles I and II,’ London, 1793, 4to. He contributed ‘Extracts from the Household Book of Thomas Cony of Bassingthorpe, co. Lincoln,’ to Archæologia, xi. 22-33, and ‘A Narrative of the Earthquake felt in Lincolnshire on 25 Feb. 1792’ to the ​‘Philosophical Transactions,’ lxxxii. 283–8, and wrote for the ‘Biographia Britannica’ the memoir of Sir Richard Fanshawe.
[Gent. Mag. 1829, i. 566; Nichols's Lit. Illustr. vi. 592–602.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Roebuck, Thomas

​ROEBUCK, THOMAS (1781–1819), orientalist, grandson of John Roebuck [q. v.] the inventor, was born in Linlithgowshire in 1781. He went to school at Alloa, and afterwards to the high school at Edinburgh. His uncle Benjamin Roebuck (d. 1809), of the Madras civil service, procured him an appointment with the East India Company, and early in 1801 he left England to enter the 17th regiment of native infantry as a cadet. He became lieutenant-captain 17 Sept. 1812, and captain 15 June 1815.
Roebuck soon acquired a complete command of Hindustani, and, on account of his proficiency, was frequently sent in advance when the regiment was on active service. His health suffering, he obtained leave in 1806–9, returned to England, and spent much time in Edinburgh assisting Dr. John Borthwick Gilchrist [q. v.] to prepare an English and Hindu dictionary, and two volumes of the ‘British-Indian Monitor,’ 1806–8. On the return voyage he compiled ‘An English and Hindustani Naval Dictionary,’ with a ​short grammar (Calcutta, 1811; 2nd edit. 1813; 4th 1848; 5th, re-edited and enlarged as a ‘Laskari Dictionary’ by George Small, M.A., London, 1882). In March 1811 Roebuck was attached to the college of Fort William, Madras, as assistant-secretary and examiner. Here he had leisure to pursue his oriental studies, to superintend the publication of a Hindustani version of Persian tales, and to edit, with notes in Persian, a Hindu-Persian dictionary (Calcutta, 1818). He died prematurely of fever at Calcutta on 8 Dec. 1819. Just before his death he completed ‘The Annals of the College of Fort William’ (Calcutta, 1819, 8vo) and ‘A Collection of Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases in the Persian and Hindustani Languages’ (Calcutta, 1824). His unpublished materials for a lexicon of the latter language, which he had long projected, became, after his death, the property of the government, and were deposited in the library of the college. Roebuck was a member of the Asiatic Society.
C. F. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Roettiers, James

​ROETTIERS, JAMES (1663–1698), medallist, the second son of John Roettiers [q. v.], the medallist, was born in London in 1663. From about 1680 he assisted his father at the English mint in making dies and puncheons (Cal. Treasury Papers, 1556–1696 pp. 108, 110, 513, 1697–1701–2 p. 195), and in 1690 was officially employed as an assistant engraver at the mint together with his brother Norbert. An annual salary of 325l. was divided between the brothers. In 1697 (before July) James Roettiers was removed from his office at the mint in consequence of the theft of dies from the Tower [see under Roettiers, John]. He was however allowed to retain his dies and puncheons for medals. He died in 1698 at Bromley in Kent.
His principal medals are: 1. ‘Battle of La Hogue,’ rev. ‘Nox nulla secuta est’ (probably by him), 1692. 2. ‘Death of Queen Mary,’ rev. inscription, 1694–5 (by James and Norbert Roettiers). 3. ‘Death of Mary,’ rev. Sun setting behind hill, 1694–5. 4. ‘Death of Mary,’ rev. Interior of chapel (signed I. R.), 1694–5. 5. ‘Medal of Charles I,’ rev. ‘Virtutem ex me,’ &c. (by James and Norbert Roettiers), 1694–5. 6. ‘Presentation of collar to the Lord Mayor of Dublin,’ signed ‘James R.’ (one of his best medals), 1697.
He was the father of James Roettiers (1698–1772), medallist, who was born in London in 1698, and held the office of engraver-general of the Low Countries from 31 Aug. 1733 till his death at Brussels on 15 July 1772.
W. W.