# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute/Volume 35

TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE
Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. XXXV.
WILLIAM THOMAS LOCKE TRAVERS.
See p. xviii.
TRANSACTIONS
AND
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE,
1902
VOL. XXXV.
(Eighteenth of New Series)
EDITED AND PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE INSTITUTE
By
SIR JAMES HECTOR, K.C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S.
Director
Issued July, 1903
WELLINGTON
JOHN MACKAY, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD, LONDON
CORRIGENDUM.
Page 92, line 14. For the dishes read tin dishes.
CONTENTS.
TRANSACTIONS.
I.—Miscellaneous. :
| | | | PAGES. |
| Art. | I. | The Bird as the Labourer of Man. By W. T. L. Travers, F.L.S. | 1–11 |
| | II. | The Cultivation and Treatment of the Kumara by the Primitive Maoris. By Archdeacon Walsh | 12–24 |
| | III. | Foot tracks of Captain Cook. By H. D. M. Haszard | 24–32 |
| | IV. | Following the Tracks of Captain Cook. By Russell Duncan | 32–45 |
| | V. | Food Products of Tuhoeland: being Notes on the Food-supplies of Non-agricultural Tribes of the Natives of New Zealand; together with some Account of various Customs, Supsrstitions, &c, pertaining to Foods. By Elsdon Best | 45–111 |
| | VI. | Notes on a Bone Pendant in the Form of a Lizard (?), found on the Sandhills at Wainui; and on some other Bone Objects. By A. Hamilton | 111–113 |
| | VII. | On a Stone Relic found at Orepuki, Southland. By A. Hamilton | 113–116 |
| | VIII. | Remarks on the Trade and Public Debt of New Zealand. By H. W. Segar, M.A., Professor of Mathematics, University College, Auckland | 117–122 |
| | IX. | The Flood of Gold. By Professor H. W. Segar | 122–139 |
| | X. | Nature's Efforts at Sanitation. By R. H. Makgill, M.D., D.P.H. | 139–152 |
| | XI. | Technical and Scientific Training. By H. Hill, B. A., F.G.S. | 153–168 |
| | XII. | The Maoris To-day and To-morrow. By H. Hill | 169–186 |
| | XIII. | An Account of the Fiji Fire-walking Ceremony, or Vilavilairevo, with a Probable Explanation of the Mystery. By Robert Fulton, M.B., C.M., Edin. | 187–201 |
| | XIV. | The Adjustment of Triangulation by Least Squares. By C. E. Adams, B.Sc. (Honours), A.I.A., late Engineering Entrance Scholar and Engineering Exhibitioner, Canterbury College; late Senior Scholar in Physical Science, New Zealand University | 201–208 |
| | XV. | The Travelled Goat: a Great Lexicographer, a Celebrated Painter, and a Distinguished Botanist. By Taylor White | 209–210 |
| | XVI. | The Horse: a Study in Philology. By Taylor White | 211–219 |
| | XVII. | The Fight against Tuberculosis in the Australian Colonies and New Zealand. By John P. D. Leahy, M.B., D.P.H. | 220–225 |
| | XVIII. | Malaria and Mosquitos. By Ernest Roberton, M.D. | 225–239 |
| | XIX. | Chips from an Ancient Maori Workshop. By Captain G. Mair, N.Z.C. | 240–242 ​ |
| II.—Zoology. ||||
| | XX. | On some New Species of Macro-lepidoptera. By G. V. Hudson, F.E.S. | 243–245 |
| | XXI. | On some New Species of Lepidoptera (Moons) from Southland. By Alfred Philpott | 246–249 |
| | XXII. | On Charagia virescens, Dbld. By Ambrose Quail, F.E.S. | 249–255 |
| | XXIII. | A Fly and a Spider (Pompilidæ, Salius monachus, Sm.; and Porrhothele antipodiana). By Ambrose Quail | 256–258 |
| | XXIV. | On the Anatomy of Paryphanta busbyi, Gray. By R. Murdoch | 258–262 |
| | XXV. | On the Occurrence of Paludicella in New Zealand. By A. Hamilton | 262–264 |
| | XXVI. | Short Notes on various Insects. By F. W. Hilgendorf, M.A., B.Sc. | 264–267 |
| | XXVII. | The Rotifera of New Zealand: a Revised and Expanded List. By F. W. Hilgendorf | 267–271 |
| | XXVIII. | On a New Species of Odontria. By J. H. Lewis, F.E.S. | 272 |
| | XXIX. | On a New Species of Earthworm from Norfolk Island. By W. Blaxland Benham, Professor of Biology, University of Otago | 273–274 |
| | XXX. | On an Earthworm from the Auckland Islands—Notiodrilus aucklandicus. By W. Blaxland Benham | 275–277 |
| | XXXI. | On the Old and some New Species of Earthworms belonging to tbe Genus Plagiochæta. By W. Blaxland Benham | 277–290 |
| | XXXII. | A List of the Hymenoptera of New Zealand. By P. Cameron. Communicated by Captain Hutton | 290–299 |
| | XXXIII. | On the Marine Mollusca of Totaranui Bay, Nelson. By Professor James Park, F.G.S., Otago University School of Mines | 299–304 |
| | XXXIV. | On a New Species of Psyllidæ. By George R. Marriner, Assistant, Biological Laboratory, Canterbury College | 305–309 |
| | XXXV. | Notes on the Whitebait of New Zealand. By A. J. MacKenzie, Curator, Kanieri Lake Fish-hatchery, Westland. Communicated by Sir J. Hector | 309–310 |
| | XXXVI. | Notes on the New Zealand Whitebait. By E. Gibson. Communicated by Sir J. Hector | 311 |
| | XXXVII. | Notes on the New Zealand Whitebait. By Sir J. Hector | 312–319 |
| | XXXVIII. | Notes on Fish found in the Piako River. By Captain G. Mair, N.Z.C. | 319–320 |
| III.—Botany. ||||
| | XXXIX. | On the Pollination of Rhabdothamnus solandri, A. Cunn. By D. Petrie, M.A. | 321–323 |
| | XL. | On the Musci of the Calcareous Districts of New Zealand, with Descriptions of New Species. By Robert Brown | 323–342 |
| | XLI. | Structure of Leaf of certain Species of Coprosma. By Miss N. A. R. Greensill, M.A. | 342–355 |
| | XLII. | On some Recent Changes in the Nomenclature of the New Zealand Myrsinaceæ. By L. Cockayne | 355–359 |
| | XLIII. | The Stem-structure of some Leafless Plants of New Zealand, with Especial Reference to their Assimilatory Tissue. By Miss A. C. Finlayson, M.A. Communicated by Dr. Chilton | 360–372 ​ |
| | XLIV. | Note on Hybrid Ferns. By H. C. Field | 372–373 |
| | XLV. | An Account of the Plants growing at "The Gums," Taita, in Addition to List published in 1896. By T. Mason | 374–377 |
| | XLVI. | On New Species of Grasses from New Zealand. By Professor E. Hackel. Communicated by T. F. Cheeseman, F.L.S. | 377–385 |
| IV.—Geology. ||||
| | XLVII. | The Kingston Moraine. By Dr. P. Marshall | 388–391 |
| | XLVIII. | On the Geology of the Rock-phosphate Deposits of Clarendon, Otago. By Professor James Park, F.G.S., Director, Otago University School of Mines | 391–402 |
| | XLIX. | Notes on the Occurrence of Native Lead at Parapara, Collingwood. By Professor James Park | 403–404 |
| V.—Chemistry and Physics. ||||
| | L. | Notes on the Aurora in the Southern Hemisphere. By Henry Skey | 405–408 |
| | LI. | On the Construction of a Table of Natural Sines by Means of a New Relation between the Leading Differences. By C. E. Adams, B.Sc. (Honours), A.I.A., late Engineering Entrance Scholar and Engineering Exhibitioner, Canterbury College; late Senior Scholar in Physical Science, New Zealand University; Lecturer on Applied Mathematics and Surveying, Lincoln College, and Geology, Victoria College | 408–413 |
| | LII. | Two Spherical Harmonic Relations. By C. Coleridge Farr, D.Sc. | 414–415 |
| | LIII. | On the Interpretation of Milne Earthquake Diagram. By C. Coleridge Farr | 415–419 |
| | LIV. | On the Use of the Standard Functions in Interpolation. By E. G. Brown | 420–427 |
| | LV. | On New Zealand Mean Time, and on the Longitude of the Colonial Observatory, Wellington; with a Note on the Universal Time Question. By Thomas King, Transit Observer, Colonial Observatory | 428–451 |
| | LVI. | The Molecular Complexity of the Fatty Acids and their Derivatives in Phenol Solution. By P. W. Robertson, Sir George Grey Scholar, Victoria College | 452–465 |
| | LVII. | The Exhibition of a Maximum or Minimum in the Properties of certain Series of Organic Compounds. By P. W. Robertson | 465–476 |
| | LVIII. | A Contribution to the Chemistry of Colophony. By T. H. Easterfield and G. Bagley | 476–482 |
| I.—Miscellaneous—continued. ||||
| | LIX. | On a Supposed Magnetic Sense of Direction in Bees. By F. W. Hilgendorf, M.A., B.Sc. | 483–489 |
| | LX. | List of Papers on the Geology of New Zealand. By A. Hamilton | 489–546 ​ |
| NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE. ||||
| Thirty-fourth Annual Report | Thirty-fourth Annual Report | Thirty-fourth Annual Report | 549–551 |
| Accounts for 1901–2 | Accounts for 1901–2 | Accounts for 1901–2 | 551 |
| PROCEEDINGS. ||||
| WELLINGTON PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. ||||
| Note on Somateria mollissima. By Sir W. Buller, K.C.M.G., F.R.S. | Note on Somateria mollissima. By Sir W. Buller, K.C.M.G., F.R.S. | Note on Somateria mollissima. By Sir W. Buller, K.C.M.G., F.R.S. | 555 |
| Remarks on Opossums. By Sir J. Hector | Remarks on Opossums. By Sir J. Hector | Remarks on Opossums. By Sir J. Hector | 555–556 |
| Note on the Carunculated Shag | Note on the Carunculated Shag | Note on the Carunculated Shag | 556 |
| Remarks on Wairaki Clay. By W. T. L. Travers, F.L.S. | Remarks on Wairaki Clay. By W. T. L. Travers, F.L.S. | Remarks on Wairaki Clay. By W. T. L. Travers, F.L.S. | 556 |
| Remarks on Infusorial Earth. By T. Hustwick | Remarks on Infusorial Earth. By T. Hustwick | Remarks on Infusorial Earth. By T. Hustwick | 557 |
| Abstract of Annual Report | Abstract of Annual Report | Abstract of Annual Report | 557 |
| Election of Officers for 1903 | Election of Officers for 1903 | Election of Officers for 1903 | 557 |
| Address by the President (W. T. L. Travers, F.L.S.) | Address by the President (W. T. L. Travers, F.L.S.) | Address by the President (W. T. L. Travers, F.L.S.) | 558 |
| AUCKLAND INSTITUTE. ||||
| A Visit to Tahiti and the Society Islands. By Josiah Martin | A Visit to Tahiti and the Society Islands. By Josiah Martin | A Visit to Tahiti and the Society Islands. By Josiah Martin | 559 |
| Japanese Mediævalism. By the Rev. W. G. Dixon | Japanese Mediævalism. By the Rev. W. G. Dixon | Japanese Mediævalism. By the Rev. W. G. Dixon | 560 |
| Tennyson. By Professor Egerton | Tennyson. By Professor Egerton | Tennyson. By Professor Egerton | 560 |
| Universal Equal Suffrage. By E. E. Vaile | Universal Equal Suffrage. By E. E. Vaile | Universal Equal Suffrage. By E. E. Vaile | 560 |
| Abstract of Annual Report | Abstract of Annual Report | Abstract of Annual Report | 560–561 |
| Election of Officers for 1903 | Election of Officers for 1903 | Election of Officers for 1903 | 561 |
| PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE OF CANTERBURY. ||||
| Penguins and Petrels. By Captain F. W. Hutton, F.R.S. | Penguins and Petrels. By Captain F. W. Hutton, F.R.S. | Penguins and Petrels. By Captain F. W. Hutton, F.R.S. | 562 |
| The Production of Colour by Absorption. By Dr. W. P. Evans | The Production of Colour by Absorption. By Dr. W. P. Evans | The Production of Colour by Absorption. By Dr. W. P. Evans | 562 |
| The Present State of our Knowledge of the Electrical Conditions of the Atmosphere. By C. Coleridge Farr, D.Sc. | The Present State of our Knowledge of the Electrical Conditions of the Atmosphere. By C. Coleridge Farr, D.Sc. | The Present State of our Knowledge of the Electrical Conditions of the Atmosphere. By C. Coleridge Farr, D.Sc. | 563 |
| The Provençal Troubadours. By Professor T. G. R. Blunt | The Provençal Troubadours. By Professor T. G. R. Blunt | The Provençal Troubadours. By Professor T. G. R. Blunt | 564 |
| The Strength and Elasticity of some Australian and New Zealand Timbers. By Professor R. J. Scott | The Strength and Elasticity of some Australian and New Zealand Timbers. By Professor R. J. Scott | The Strength and Elasticity of some Australian and New Zealand Timbers. By Professor R. J. Scott | 564 |
| Note on a Fresh-water Isopod (Phreatoicus). By H. B. Kirk | Note on a Fresh-water Isopod (Phreatoicus). By H. B. Kirk | Note on a Fresh-water Isopod (Phreatoicus). By H. B. Kirk | 564 |
| Abstract of Annual Report | Abstract of Annual Report | Abstract of Annual Report | 565 |
| Election of Officers for 1903 | Election of Officers for 1903 | Election of Officers for 1903 | 565 |
| OTAGO INSTITUTE. ||||
| Resolution regarding the Mount Cook Reserve | Resolution regarding the Mount Cook Reserve | Resolution regarding the Mount Cook Reserve | 566 |
| Impressions of Florence. By Miss M. E. Marchant | Impressions of Florence. By Miss M. E. Marchant | Impressions of Florence. By Miss M. E. Marchant | 566 |
| Report on the Marine Fish-hatchery at Portobello | Report on the Marine Fish-hatchery at Portobello | Report on the Marine Fish-hatchery at Portobello | 567 |
| Remarks on Fossil Cetacean Teeth. By A. Hamilton | Remarks on Fossil Cetacean Teeth. By A. Hamilton | Remarks on Fossil Cetacean Teeth. By A. Hamilton | 567 |
| Protection and Reclamation of Sea-coasts by planting. By Dr. Truby King | Protection and Reclamation of Sea-coasts by planting. By Dr. Truby King | Protection and Reclamation of Sea-coasts by planting. By Dr. Truby King | 567 |
| On Tænia echinococcus and Hydatid Disease. By Dr. Barnett | On Tænia echinococcus and Hydatid Disease. By Dr. Barnett | On Tænia echinococcus and Hydatid Disease. By Dr. Barnett | 568 |
| On the Wanganui Gravels. By Dr. P. Marshall | On the Wanganui Gravels. By Dr. P. Marshall | On the Wanganui Gravels. By Dr. P. Marshall | 568 |
| Exhibits by Professor Benham | Exhibits by Professor Benham | Exhibits by Professor Benham | 569 |
| Abstract of Annual Report | Abstract of Annual Report | Abstract of Annual Report | 569–571 |
| Election of Officers for 1903 | Election of Officers for 1903 | Election of Officers for 1903 | 571 |
| WESTLAND INSTITUTE. ||||
| Abstract of Annual Report | Abstract of Annual Report | Abstract of Annual Report | 589 |
| Election of Officers for 1903 | Election of Officers for 1903 | Election of Officers for 1903 | 572 ​ |
| HAWKE'S BAY PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE. ||||
| The Birth and Development of Architecture. By R. N. Anderson | The Birth and Development of Architecture. By R. N. Anderson | The Birth and Development of Architecture. By R. N. Anderson | 573 |
| The Honey-bee as seen through the Microscope. By Dr. Kennedy, M.A. | The Honey-bee as seen through the Microscope. By Dr. Kennedy, M.A. | The Honey-bee as seen through the Microscope. By Dr. Kennedy, M.A. | 573 |
| Wagner. By H. Large | Wagner. By H. Large | Wagner. By H. Large | 573 |
| Abstract of Annual Report | Abstract of Annual Report | Abstract of Annual Report | 574 |
| Election of Officers for 1903 | Election of Officers for 1903 | Election of Officers for 1903 | 574 |
| NELSON INSTITUTE. ||||
| Abstract of Annual Report | Abstract of Annual Report | Abstract of Annual Report | 575 |
| Election of Officers for 1903 | Election of Officers for 1903 | Election of Officers for 1903 | 575 |
| APPENDIX. ||||
| Meteorology of New Zealand— ||||
| Comparative Abstract for 1902 and Previous Years | Comparative Abstract for 1902 and Previous Years | Comparative Abstract for 1902 and Previous Years | 579 |
| Average Temperature of Seasons compared with those of the Previous Year | Average Temperature of Seasons compared with those of the Previous Year | Average Temperature of Seasons compared with those of the Previous Year | 579 |
| Remarks on the Weather during 1902 | Remarks on the Weather during 1902 | Remarks on the Weather during 1902 | 580 |
| Earthquakes reported in New Zealand during 1902 | Earthquakes reported in New Zealand during 1902 | Earthquakes reported in New Zealand during 1902 | 581 |
| Records of Milne Seismograph No. 20 at Wellington, 1902 | Records of Milne Seismograph No. 20 at Wellington, 1902 | Records of Milne Seismograph No. 20 at Wellington, 1902 | 582–592 |
| Records of Milne Seismograph No. 16 at Christchurch, 1902 | Records of Milne Seismograph No. 16 at Christchurch, 1902 | Records of Milne Seismograph No. 16 at Christchurch, 1902 | 593–597 |
| New Zealand Institute, Honorary Members | New Zealand Institute, Honorary Members | New Zealand Institute, Honorary Members | 598–599 |
| New Zealand Institute, Ordinary Members | New Zealand Institute, Ordinary Members | New Zealand Institute, Ordinary Members | 599–607 |
| List of Institutions and Persons to whom this Volume is presented by the Governors of the New Zealand Institute | List of Institutions and Persons to whom this Volume is presented by the Governors of the New Zealand Institute | List of Institutions and Persons to whom this Volume is presented by the Governors of the New Zealand Institute | 608–613 |
| Index | Index | Index | 615–619 |
| Corrigenda | Corrigenda | Back of title. | Back of title. |
| Contents | Contents | Contents | v.–ix. |
| List of Plates | List of Plates | List of Plates | ix.–x. |
| Board of Governors and Officers of the New Zealand Institute | Board of Governors and Officers of the New Zealand Institute | Board of Governors and Officers of the New Zealand Institute | xi. |
| Abstract of Rules and Statutes of the New Zealand Institute | Abstract of Rules and Statutes of the New Zealand Institute | Abstract of Rules and Statutes of the New Zealand Institute | xi.–xiii. |
| Roll of Incorporated Societies | Roll of Incorporated Societies | Roll of Incorporated Societies | xiv. |
| Officers of Incorporated Societies, and Extracts from the Rules | Officers of Incorporated Societies, and Extracts from the Rules | Officers of Incorporated Societies, and Extracts from the Rules | xiv.–xvii. |
| In Memoriam—William Thomas Locke Travers | In Memoriam—William Thomas Locke Travers | In Memoriam—William Thomas Locke Travers | xviii.–xix. |
| In Memoriam—Thomas Mason | In Memoriam—Thomas Mason | In Memoriam—Thomas Mason | xx. |
LIST OF PLATES.
| Portrait of the late William Thomas Locke Travers | Portrait of the late William Thomas Locke Travers | Frontispiece. |
| Portrait of the late Thomas Mason | Portrait of the late Thomas Mason | {{{1}}}„ |
| [Note.—These are placed together at the end of the volume.] |||
| Plate | | To illustrate Article |
| I. | Haszard.—Site of Captain Cook's Transit Observatory, Mercury Bay | III. |
| II. | {{{1}}}„Ditto | III. |
| III. | {{{1}}}„Map of Mercury Bay | III. |
| IV. | Duncan.—Ship Cove, Queen Charlotte Sound | IV. |
| V. | {{{1}}}„Cook's First Landing-place | IV. ​ |
| VI. | Duncan.—Grass Cove, Queen Charlotte Sound | IV. |
| VII. | {{{1}}}„Cook's Cove, Tolago Bay | IV. |
| VIII. | Hamilton.—Bone Relics of the Maori | VI. |
| IX. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | VI. |
| X. | {{{1}}}„Stone Relic | VII. |
| XI. | Segar.—Diagram of Trade of New Zealand | VIII. |
| XII. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | VIII. |
| XIII. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | VIII. |
| XIV. | {{{1}}}„Diagram of Public Debt of New Zealand | VIII. |
| XV. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„Supply of Gold, 1850–1900 | IX. |
| XVI. | Fulton.—To illustrate Fijian Fire-walking Ceremony | XIII. |
| XVII. | {{{1}}}„Ditto | XIII. |
| XVIII. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XIII. |
| XIX. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XIII. |
| XX. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XIII. |
| XXI. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XIII. |
| XXII. | Benham.—Earthworms | XXIX.—XXXI. |
| XXIII. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XXIX.—XXXI. |
| XXIV. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XXIX.—XXXI. |
| XXV. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XXIX.—XXXI. |
| XXVI. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XXIX.—XXXI. |
| XXVII. | Murdoch.—Anatomy of Paryphanta busbyi | XXIV. |
| XXVIII. | Quail.—Charagia virescens | XXII. |
| XXIX. | {{{1}}}„Porrhothele antipodiana and Salius monachus | XXIII. |
| XXX. | Hudson.—New Species of Macro-lepidoptera | XX. |
| XXXI. | Lewis.—Odontria epomeas, n.s. | XXVIII. |
| XXXII. | Philpott.—New Species of Lepidoptera | XXI. |
| XXXIII. | Marriner.—Trioza alexina, n.s. | XXXIV. |
| XXXIV. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XXXIV. |
| XXXV. | R. Brown.—New Zealand Mosses | XL. |
| XXXVI. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XL. |
| XXXVII. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XL. |
| XXXVIII. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XL. |
| XXXIX. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XL. |
| XL. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XL. |
| XLI. | Greensill.—Leaf-structure of Coprosma sp. | XLI. |
| XLII. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XLI. |
| XLIII. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XLI. |
| XLIV. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XLI. |
| XLV. | Finlayson.—Stem-structure of Leafless Plants | XLIII. |
| XLVI. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XLIII. |
| XLVII. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XLIII. |
| XLVIII. | Robertson.—Molecular Complexity of Fatty Acids | LVI. |
| XLIX. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | LVI. |
| L. | Farr.—Artificial Seismograms | LIII. |
| LI. | Mair.—Ancient Maori Ornaments and Implements | XIX. |
| LII. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | XIX. |
| LIII. | Hogben.—Records of Milne Seismograph No. 20 | See p. 582 |
| LIV. | {{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„ | {{{1}}}„p. 582 |