OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lüttringhausen

Edition of 1920. See also Lüttringhausen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LÜTTRINGHAUSEN, lůt'rĭng-hou'zĕn, Germany, town in the government district Düsseldorf, on the Barmen-Rittershausen-Marienheide State Railway and five miles from Elberfeld. It is really a group of settlements numbering no less than 110, having municipal rights since 1856. There are large gas and water meter, gas oven, bathing apparatus, boiler, hardware factories, etc. Its population in 1910 was 13,560, mostly Evangelical.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Brueis d'Aigaïlliers, François Paul

Edition of 1920. See also François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BRUEIS, broo-ē's, or BRUYS D'AIGAÏLLIERS, François Paul, French admiral: b. Uzès, 11 Feb. 1753; d. 1 Aug. 1798. He entered the navy at an early age and gradually rose in the service. In 1798 he was employed to convey Bonaparte and his army, who were to effect the conquest of Egypt and the East, and having managed to elude the vigilance of Nelson, who had been long watching for him, reached the Bay of Abukir, and disembarked the troops in safety. Brueis moored his fleet in a position naturally so strong that he deemed it impregnable; but by the heroic daring of Nelson, he found the precautions which he had taken turned to his disadvantage. In the battle which ensued, he fell fighting boldly, a little before his ship, the Orient, of 100 guns, was destroyed. See Abukir.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bruhns, Karl Christian

Edition of 1920. See also Karl Christian Bruhns on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BRUHNS, bröns, Karl Christian, German astronomer: b. Plön, Holstein, 22 Nov. 1830; d. Leipzig, 25 July 1881. He was the son of a locksmith; going in 1851 as locksmith and mechanic to Borsig, and then to Berlin with Siemens and Halske, he attracted the attention of Encke by his remarkable powers as a computer, and was appointed in 1852 as assistant, and in 1854 as observer, in the Berlin Observatory, and in 1859 as instructor in the university. In 1860 he was called to Leipzig as professor of astronomy and director of the new observatory to be constructed there, which, under his skilful direction, grew into one of the finest structures of its kind in Europe. He is known as the discoverer of five comets, an able computer of cometary and planetary orbits, and for his
important work in geodesy in connection with the European triangulation.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bruner, Lawrence

Edition of 1920. See also Lawrence Bruner on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BRUNER, Lawrence, American entomologist: b. Catasaqua, Pa., 2 March 1856. A graduate of the University of Nebraska, he received an appointment as assistant on the United States Entomological Commission in 1880, and as field agent for the United States Department of Agriculture at the University of Nebraska in 1888, where he became instructor in entomology
in 1890 and professor in 1895. In 1897-98 he traveled in Argentina as field agent again for the United States Department of Agriculture. His published writings include ‘The Destructive Locust of Argentina’ (2 reports 1898 and 1900); ‘Locusts of Paraguay’ (1906); ‘South American Tetrigidæ’ (1912), and in co-authorship a ‘New Elementary Agriculture’ (9th ed., 1911).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Brues, Charles Thomas

Edition of 1920. See also Charles Thomas Brues on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BRUES, brooz, Charles Thomas, American entomologist: b. Wheeling, W. Va., 1879. He studied at the University of Texas and at Columbia University; was appointed field agent of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture 1904-05; curator of invertebrate zoology in the Milwaukee Public Museum 1905-09, and then became instructor in economic entomology at Harvard University. His contributions on embryology and the habits of insects, notably the Hymenoptera — ants, bees, etc., and Diptera — mosquitoes, flies, fleas, etc., are highly instructive. He was editor of the Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society 1907-09; and in 1910 was appointed editor of Psyche, a journal of entomology.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Brugg

Edition of 1920. See also Brugg on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BRUGG, a town in the Swiss canton of Aargau, on the right bank of the Aar, and near the mouth of the Reuss, 36 miles cast-southeast of Basel by rail. Among the industries are silk mills, machine shops, chemical works and a power-house. Near it is the site of Vindonissa, the chief Roman station in Helvetia; and it was also the cradle of the house of Hapsburg, whose ruined castle, founded in 1020, crowns a wooded height two miles distant. Nearer is the abbey of Königsfelden (1310; converted in 1872 into an asylum) in the vaults beneath which are interred many of the members of the Austrian royal family. Zimmerman, the philosopher, was born here in 1728. Pop. about 3,000.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Brugsch, Heinrich Karl

Edition of 1920. See also Heinrich Karl Brugsch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BRUGSCH, Heinrich Karl, German Egyptologist: b. Berlin, 18 Feb. 1827; d. Charlottenburg, 9 Sept. 1894. A work entitled ‘Scriptura Ægyptiorum Demotica,’ published in 1848, gained him the favor of Alexander von Humboldt and Frederick William IV, the latter of whom enabled him to complete his studies by visiting the museums of Paris, London, Turin and Leyden. In 1853 he made his first visit to Egypt and assisted Mariette in his researches, being appointed on his return in the following year assistant in the Berlin Egyptian Museum. He accompanied the Prussian embassy to Persia in 1860, and four years later became consul at Cairo. Returning in 1868, he was appointed to the chair of Egyptology at Göttingen, but soon resigned in order to take charge of the Cairo school of Egyptology. He was soon raised to the rank of bey, and some time afterward to that of pasha. In 1876 he came to the United States as Egyptian commissioner to the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1883 he traveled in Egypt, Syria, Greece and Italy, with Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia, and in 1885-86 he twice visited Persia, partly on official business. He was again in Egypt in 1891, and in the following year he made a journey to the Libyan Desert. Brugsch's chief work is the ‘Hieroglyphisch-demotisches Wörterbuch’ (1867-82). His other writings include ‘Reiseberichte aus Ägypten’ (1855); ‘Grammaire Demotique’ (1855); ‘Monuments de l'Egypte’ (1857); ‘Geographische Inschriften altägyptischer Denkmäler’ (1857-60); ‘Histoire d'Egypte’ (1859); ‘Recueil des Monuments Egyptiens’ (1862-85); ‘Reise der königlich Preussischer Gesandtschaft nach Persien’ (1862-63);
‘Hieroglyphische Grammatik’ (1872); ‘Geschichte Ägyptens unter den Pharaonen’ (1877); ‘Dictionaire Géographique de l'ancienne Egypte’ (1877-80); ‘Religion und Mythologie der alten Ägypter, nach den Denkmälern’ (1888); ‘Thesaurus Inscriptionum Ægyptiacarum’ (1883-91); ‘Die Ägyptologie’ (1890); ‘Aus dem Morgenlande, Altes und Neues’ (1893), etc. His ‘History of Egypt from the Monuments’ has appeared in English. In 1894 his autobiography appeared under the title ‘Mein Leben und Wandern.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bruckner, Anton

Edition of 1920. See also Anton Bruckner on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BRUCKNER, brook'nėr, Anton, Austrian organist and composer: b. Ansfelden, 4 Sept. 1824; d. 11 Oct. 1896. He was mostly self-educated, but after serving as organist in the cathedral at Linz he studied for a time in Vienna under Simon Sechter, whom he succeeded as court organist. He later became professor at the Vienna Conservatory and lecturer on music at the university. Bruckner is to some extent an imitator of Wagner; his best-known compositions are his symphonies; he has written also some religious music, including a Te Deum and several masses.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Brugmann, Friedrich Karl

Edition of 1920. See also Karl Brugmann on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BRUGMANN, broog-mạn, Friedrich Karl, German philologist: b. Wiesbaden, 10 March 1849. He was educated at Halle and Leipzig; was instructor in the gymnasium at Wiesbaden and at Leipzig; and in 1872-77 was assistant at the Russian Institute of Classical Philology at the latter place. In 1877 he was lecturer at the University of Leipzig, and in 1882 became professor of comparative philology there; in 1884 he took the same position at the University of Freiburg, but returned to Leipzig in 1887 as successor to Curtius. He is one of the chief representatives of the new school of philologists and his researches have done much to revolutionize the study of philology. This school, known as that of the “Neo-grammarians,” followed Leskien, especially in urging the inviolability of laws of sound changes, and in emphasizing the working of analogy as an important linguistic factor, as well as in laying stress on the observation of phonetic laws and their operation in modern languages. As joint editor with Curtius of ‘The Studies in Greek and Latin Grammar,’ he wrote an article for this work on ‘Nasilis Sonans,’ in which he defended theories so radical that Curtius afterward disclaimed them. His conclusions are now generally accepted. His most important work, summarizing his conclusions, is ‘Outline of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages’ (translated into English); he also wrote ‘Morphological Researches in the Indo-Germanic Languages’ (with Osthoff); ‘A Problem of Homeric Textual Criticism’ (1870); ‘Lithuanian Folk Songs and Tales’ (1882); ‘The Present Position of Philology’; ‘Greek Grammar’; and ‘Short Comparative Grammar’ (1902). Brugmann was knighted by the King of Saxony, and in 1896 he was invited, with other distinguished scholars, to attend the jubilee of Princeton University, where he received the degree of doctor of laws.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Insecticides and Fungicides

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
See Agricultural Chemistry.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Insect Powder

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
INSECT POWDER, See Insecticides and Fungicides.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Institutes of Oratory, The

Edition of 1920. See also Institutio Oratoria on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
INSTITUTES OF ORATORY, The (‘De institutione oratoria’), of Quintilian, composed after his retirement from active life, took more than two years to write (89-91), but was withheld for a few years until the urging of his friends compelled its publication, the circumstances of which are given in a foreword addressed to his publisher, the bookseller Trypho. The work itself, consisting of 12 books and dealing with the whole education of the future orator, was dedicated to Vitorius Marcellus (the same to whom Statius addressed the fourth book of his ‘Silvae’), whose son Geta showed talent. Quintilian probably also had in mind his own elder son. He repeatedly attacks
the ordinary handbooks of rhetoric, while his own theory is based on his own experience and the best views of different authorities, especially Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Cæcillus, Chrysippus, Cicero (upon whom his exposition is mainly founded and from whom he seldom differs and then only with reluctance), Cornuficius and Celsus. Quintilian insists that the orator must be of good moral character as well as versed in rhetorical accomplishments. His illustrations are drawn mainly from the classical writers and he attacks the style of his own day, at the same time warning the pupils also against the early writers. Especially interesting is the 10th book, which treats of literary criticism as regards the Latin and Greek prose writers and poets useful to the orator. The chief manuscripts of the ‘Institutiones’ date from the 10th and 11th centuries. A large and annotated edition is that of G. L. Spalding (Vols. I-IV, Leipzig 1798-1816), C. G. Zumpt (Vol. V, 1829) and E. Bonnell (Vol. VI, containing lexicon and indices, 1834), but the principal edition is that of C. Halm (Leipzig 1868), revised by F. Meister (Prague 1886-87). Book X has been separately edited by J. E. B. Mayor (pt. I, London 1872), E. Bonnell and F. Meister (5th ed., Berlin 1882), G. T. A. Krüger and G. Krüger (3d ed., Leipzig 1888) and W. Peterson (Oxford 1891). The ‘Institutiones’ have been translated several times into several of the continental languages and an English translation by J. S. Watson (2 vols., London 1902-03), with notes based on Spalding, appears in the ‘Bohn Classical Library’.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Insecta

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
INSECTA. See Insects.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Woods, Rev. Julian E. Tenison

Layout 2
​Woods, Rev. Julian E. Tenison, F.G.S., F.L.S., son of J. D. Woods, Q.C., F.S.A., of the Inner Temple, for many years one of the sub-editors of the London Times, was born in 1832 near London. He was educated at Newington Grammar School and under the tutorship of the late Canon Oakley at Balliol College, Oxford, where, however, he did not graduate through becoming a convert to the Roman Catholic Church in his student days. After passing through a course of theology in the south of France, he was ordained a priest in 1856, and went to Australia as a travelling missionary in the following year. Here he laboured in the little-known country on the borders of South Australia and Victoria, and ultimately became Vicar-General of the diocese of Adelaide, where he established a Catholic school and organised a teaching Order of Sisters of St. Joseph, which has spread over the other colonies. He early took a deep interest in the study of geology, and became proficient in all branches of natural history. He was the author of ​"Geological Observations in South Australia," "History of the Discovery and Exploration of Australia," "Geology of Portland," "Not quite so old as the Hills," "North Australia and its Physical Geography," "A Geography for Catholic Schools," "A Grammar for Catholic Schools," "Australian Essays," and "Australian Bibliography." Mr. Woods, who latterly resided in Sydney, was for some time the editor of two Roman Catholic publications, the Southern Cross and the Chaplet. His contributions to the pages of scientific journals and the proceedings of learned societies were very numerous and valuable. He furnished geological plans and sections to the Government engineers of South Australia for the railway to Victoria, when first projected. He was President of the Linnæan Society of New South Wales, and died on Oct. 7th, 1889.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Wright, Francis Augustus

Layout 2
​Wright, Francis Augustus, M.L.A., formerly represented Redfern in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, and was Postmaster-General in the Stuart Ministry from Jan. to May 1883, and Secretary for Public Works from that date till Oct. 1885, when he joined Mr. Dibbs, and held office as Minister for Public Instruction, under that gentleman's premiership, till the following December. He was elected for Glen Innes at the General Election in 1889, and again in 1891.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Wright, George Speller

Find main topic
Layout 2
​Wright, George Speller, J.P., was clerk in various departments of the South Australian Government service from Sept. 1863 to July 1864, when he was appointed Secretary to the Marine Board; chief clerk Chief Secretary's Office in Jan. 1877; acting Under-Secretary and Government Statist in Sept. 1880; Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands in March 1882. Mr. Wright has also been Inspector-General of Credit Lands since 1884.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Wynyard, General Edward Buckley

Layout 2
​Wynyard, General Edward Buckley, C.B., son of Lieut.-General William Wynyard, was born at Kensington Palace on Dec. 28rd, 1788. He entered the 1st Foot Guards in 1803, and was actively employed and severely wounded. On Nov. 23rd, 1841, he was made Major-General and in 1847 appointed to the command of the troops in New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land and New Zealand. He became Colonel 58th Regiment, and died in London on Nov. 24th, 1864.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Woolley, Rev. John

Layout 2
​Woolley, Rev. John, D.C.L. Oxon., was the son of George Woolley, M.D., of London, and Charlotte his wife, daughter of W. Gall, of Lewes, Sussex. He was born at Petersfield, Hampshire, on Feb. 28th, 1816, and entered the London University in 1830, after completing his school studies. Here he passed through the curriculum with extraordinary success, and won a first prize in logic. Proceeding to Oxford in 1832, he gained an open scholarship at Exeter College, and wrote a small work on logic. At Oxford he became the friend of Dean Stanley, who was a contemporary Fellow of University College. In 1842 he was appointed head-master of King Edward VI.'s Grammar School at Hereford, and in July 1842 he married Mary Margaret, daughter of Major Turner, of the 13th Light Dragoons. He was afterwards elected head-master of the Northern Church of England School at Rossall, Lancashire; and in 1846 he was appointed head of the University at Corfu. The Greek priests petitioning against the appointment of an English clergyman, he resigned, and was succeeded by Sir George Bowen. In 1849 he was head-master of Norwich Grammar School, and in Jan. 1852 he was appointed principal of the Sydney University. Arriving in the colony in June 1852, he discharged the additional duties of Professor of Classics and Logic in the University until 1865, when he visited England. Whilst on his return passage he was lost in the London, which foundered in the Bay of Biscay, meeting death with calmness and courage. On Jan. 11th, 1866, £2000 was raised by subscription as a tribute of respect to his memory, and presented to his widow. Dr. Woolley delivered the inaugural oration at the opening of the Sydney University in August 1852, and was one of the original masters of the Sydney Grammar School, to the organisation of which he devoted much time and labour. He was also the first to propound a scheme, which since his death has been developed for connecting the primary schools of the colony with the University.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Wrensfordsley, Sir Henry Thomas

Also known as Henry Thomas Wrenfordsley
Layout 2
​Wrensfordsley, Sir Henry Thomas, late Acting Chief Justice, Western Australia, is the son of Joseph H. Wrensfordsley, of Dublin, and was educated in France and at Trinity College, Dublin. He entered at the Middle Temple on June 1st, 1860, and was called to the Bar on April 30th, 1863. He was a member of the old Norfolk Circuit, and was successively deputy county court judge for the metropolitan districts of Marylebone, Brompton, and Brentford, 1876; second Puisne Judge, Mauritius, Nov. 1877; Procureur and Advocate-General, June 1878; Chief Justice of Western Australia, 1880. In this capacity he represented the colony at the Intercolonial Conference of the Australian colonies, held at Sydney in 1881; he was Chief Justice of Fiji and Chief Judicial Commissioner of the Western Pacific from Oct 1882 to 1883; administered the government of Western Australia from Feb. to June 1883; and acted for some time as judge of the Supreme Court of Tasmania; and as puisne judge of Victoria in 1888. Sir Henry unsuccessfully contested Peterborough in the Conservative interest in 1868 and 1874. He was knighted by patent on June 16th, 1883, and was appointed Acting Chief Justice of Western Australia in 1890. In 1891 he became Chief Justice of the Leeward Islands.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Woolls, Rev. William

Layout 2
​Woolls, Rev. William, Ph.D., F.L.S., the nineteenth child of Edward Woolls, merchant,of Winchester, Hampshire, England, was born in that city in March 1814. He was educated at the Grammar School, Bishop's Waltham, and, having failed to obtain a cadetship in the East India Company's service, he decided, in 1831, to emigrate to Australia. Prior to this he had published some occasional verses, and on his voyage be composed a poem on "The Voyage to New South Wales." Landing in Sydney, he obtained an appointment at the King's School, Parramatta, in 1832, and later on published a poem called "Australia," and a volume of "Miscellanies." He afterwards became classical master at the old Sydney College, under Mr. Cape. After leaving the college, he established a school of his own at Parramatta, which he carried on until 1865. In the meantime he contributed voluminously to the local press, devoting himself latterly to the study of botany, his main work—"A Contribution to the Flora of Australia"—becoming well known in the scientific world. His paper on "Introduced Plants," communicated to the Linnæan Society, was well received, and won him the fellowship of that learned body. His "Species Plantarum Parramattensium," was reprinted by the authorities of the University of Gottingen, who conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and Master of Liberal Arts. He wrote a short "Life and Character of Samuel Marsden." In 1873 Dr. Woolls took orders in the Church of England, and was appointed to the incumbency of Richmond, and subsequently became rural dean.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Wragge, Clement Lindley

Layout 2
​Wragge, Clement Lindley, F.R.G.S, ​F.R.Met.S., the son of a solicitor, was born at Stourbridge, Worcestershire, on Sept. 18th, 1852, and educated at Uttoxeter Grammar School, Staffordshire. In early life he visited Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and North America; and in 1876 arrived in Adelaide and surveyed the Flinders Ranges and Murray Scrub, as a clerk in the Surveyor-General's department, forming a collection of native weapons, which he presented to the town of Stafford. In England Mr. Wragge studied meteorology and climature, and established three observatories in the Churnet Valley and Moorlands of North Staffordshire, a fourth on the summit of Ben Nevis (4406 feet high), and a fifth in connection therewith at Fort William; the two last under the auspices of the Scottish Meteorological Society. Returning to Australia in Jan. 1884, he established the Torrens Observatory at Walkerville, near Adelaide, and one at Mount Lofty, S.A., in October of the same year. Mr. Wragge was appointed Meteorological Observer for Queensland in Jan. 1887. He was elected F.R.G.S. in 1875, and is also a Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society, the Society of Arts, the Royal Societies of Queensland and South Australia, and honorary corresponding member of the Scottish Geographical Society.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Wright, Hon. John Arthur

Layout 2
​Wright, Hon. John Arthur, M.L.C., M.Inst.C.E., son of John Wright, was born at Dover, England, and was articled to the late Joseph Cubitt, Vice-President Institute Civil Engineers. After a varied engineering experience in England, Spain, Russia, and France, Mr. Wright was Director of Public Works, Engineer-in-Chief, and Commissioner of Railways in Western Australia, with a seat in the Legislative and Executive Councils, from 1885 to 1889, when he retired from the public service to become manager of the Western Australian Land Company. Mr. Wright has since acted as Consulting Engineer to the Government. He was nominated to the Upper House after responsible government was conceded at the end of 1890, and was one of the representatives of Western Australia at the Sydney Federation Convention in March 1891. He has received the royal warrant to bear the title of "Honourable" within the colony of Western Australia. Mr. Wright married in Jan. ​1870 Katherine, second daughter of Peter Whitington, M.D., of Tuxford, Nottingham, England.