OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Prinzip, Gabrilo

Edition of 1920. See also Gavrilo Princip on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PRINZIP, Gabrilo, Serbian assassin: b. Serajevo, Bosnia, about 1893; d. a prisoner in an Austrian fortress near Prague, 30 April 1918. Though an Orthodox Serb and a member of the Greater Serbian party, he was an Austrian subject, the son of a small innkeeper of Serajevo. It was he who fired the three shots from a Browning pistol which killed the Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria and his morganatic wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, in Serajevo on 28 June 1914. At the time a mere schoolboy and a printer's “devil,” Prinzip may be credited with having precipitated the European War by furnishing the Austrian government with a suitable pretext for war against Serbia. He was immediately arrested after firing the shots and subsequently sentenced to imprisonment for life. Prinzip confessed, on 2 July 1914, that he had previously informed the Pan-Serbian Union of his intention to murder the Archduke.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Prionidæ

Edition of 1920. See also Prioninae on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PRIONIDÆ, a family or subfamily of longicorn beetles distinguished from its allies by the margined and usually toothed thorax. They are mostly insects of large size and robust form. Their larvæ are large, soft grubs with small heads but powerful jaws, which bore in wood and are very destructive. They rest in a nearly straight position, not bent or doubled. A number of conspicuous species are found in the United States, several of the most common belonging to the genus Prionus, in which the thorax bears three marginal teeth on each side, the joints of the long antennæ fit into one another in an intricate fashion and number from 12 to 27. These insects are nocturnal, and the males are said to fight fiercely for possession of the females. One of the larest species is P. brevicornis, a common black beetle, which flies about in a heedless fashion at dusk. The huge larvæ, as large as a man's finger, live for three years; and are very injurious to the roots of poplar and other trees. A smaller and more slender beetle is Orthosoma unicolor which bores passages through the roots of grape vines.
Other species are less destructive, confining their attacks chiefly to the dead wood of stumps and decaying tree trunks. Consult Fabicius, ‘System Eleutheratorum’; Olivier, ‘Entomologia ou Histoire Naturelle des Insects’; Gyllenhal, ‘Insects Suecica’; Dejean, ‘Species Général des Coléoptères.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Problematische Naturen

Edition of 1920. See also Problematische Naturen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PROBLEMATISCHE NATUREN (‘Problematical Natures’). Like Freytag and Paul Heyse, Friedrich Spielhagen was chiefly concerned, in his novels, with defining the warring elements of German character and the opposing springs of German action in the period before and after the revolution of 1848. Like Freytag and Heyse, Spielhagen saw clearly the dangers that threatened the country, politically,
religiously and morally from a reactionary aristocracy; like Heyse and unlike Freytag he saw the hope of the nation in the spread of an enlightened democracy rather than in a spiritual renascence of the ruling classes. Oswald Stein, the hero of his most famous novel, ‘Problematische Naturen,’ is the mouthpiece for Spielhagen's revolutionary social theories. He is modelled after those characters of whom Goethe wrote “There are problematical natures that do not fit into any situation and who remain always unsatisfied. For them there arises a terrible conflict that consumes life without enjoyment.” For Spielhagen the conflict itself, even though it ends in defeat, is victory; the mere struggle against the domination of dead ideas is progress. For such a philosophy there could be no better historical background than the Germany of 1848 and after, and ‘Problematische Naturen’ with its sequel ‘Durch Nacht zum Licht,’ although it squanders material for half a dozen novels, idealizes Teutonic morbidity, and forsakes art for tendency, tells with remarkable vividness, the story of the men and women who lived and thought and fought for freedom in Germany's day of hope. A notable description of the literature of this period is to be found in Julian Schmidt's ‘Geschichte der Deutschen Literatur.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Procter, John Robert

Edition of 1920. See also John Robert Procter on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PROCTER, John Robert, American civil service reformer: b. Mason County, Ky., 16
March 1844; d. Washington, D. C., 12 Dec. 1903. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, but left there to join the Confederate army in 1863 and served until the end of the war. In 1873 he became assistant in the Kentucky geological survey, and in 1880 State geologist. In this office he was brought into contact with the spoils system, to which his opposition was so uncompromising that he finally lost his position in 1893. In the same year, however, he was appointed president of the Civil Service Commission, a post which he held till his death. His criticism of the spoils system was based not only on its evil moral and social effects, but also on its absurdity as a method of conducting business and this view he constantly presented most effectively. His work as president of the commission was the means of increasing the effectiveness of the civil service, and of gaining for it recognition in political life. He served as a member of the Jury of Awards at the Chicago World's Fair and was a frequent contributor to magazines and journals on geologic, economic and political subjects.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pulitzer, Joseph

Edition of 1920. See also Joseph Pulitzer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PULITZER, pū'lĭt-sėr, Joseph, American journalist: b. Budapest, Hungary, 10 April 1847; d. Charleston, S. C., 29 Oct. 1911. He came to the United States in 1864 and joined a Federal cavalry regiment, serving till the end of the Civil War; then became a reporter on the ‘Westliche Post,’ which Carl Schurz had made the leading German newspaper in Saint Louis. Beginning upon the lowest round of a journalist's career, and at first enduring considerable hardship, he rapidly won recognition and rose to the position of managing editor and chief proprietor of the paper. In the meantime he had acquired a knowledge of law, had been admitted to practice and been active in politics in the Republican ranks. He was elected to the Missouri legislature in 1869, was a delegate to the convention of the Liberal Republican party at Cincinnati, which nominated Horace Greeley for President, then became a Democrat and in 1874 was a member of the Missouri State constitutional convention. In 1876-77 he was Washington correspondent for the New York Sun, and in 1878 bought the Saint Louis Dispatch and united it with the Evening Post as the Post-Dispatch. In 1883 he purchased the New York World, soon building up a large circulation. He was elected to Congress in New York in 1885-87 but resigned after a few months. In 1887 his health was broken, due to overwork, and was followed by a steady loss of eyesight until he became totally blind. Mr. Pulitzer's career as an editor was marked by great ability and genius. In August, 1903, announcement was made of the endowment of a College of Journalism by him at Columbia University. He also endowed several scholarships at Columbia College and gave largely to other educational and charitable causes.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Proboscis or Nose Monkey

Edition of 1920. See also Proboscis Monkey on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PROBOSCIS or NOSE MONKEY, a rare Bornean monkey (Nasalis larvatus), called “Kahau” by the natives, and characterized by a greatly elongated nose, giving a peculiarly ludicrous appearance to the face. The general body-color is a sandy red; the tail is dark above, but light yellow beneath. These monkeys are arboreal in habits, and appear to frequent the neighborhood of streams and rivers, congregating in troops. They are closely allied to the apes of the genus Semnopithecus.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pulszky, Franz Aurelius

Edition of 1920. See also Ferenc Pulszky on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PULSZKY, půl'skē, Franz Aurelius, Hungarian archæologist and publicist: b. Eperies, 1814; d. Budapest, 1897. When only 22 he was nominated to membership in the Archæological Institute of Rome. Joining the Liberal party under Kossuth he was elected a deputy
to the Hungarian Diet in 1840 and later under-secretary to the Hungarian Prince Esterhazy, Minister of Foreign Affairs in Vienna. He followed Kossuth to England and after the catastrophe of Villagos accompanied the ex-dictator to America. His impressions of this country were embodied in a book entitled ‘White, Red, and Black.’ Condemned to death by his country for treason, he lived in Italy and joined cause with the Garibaldians. The sentence was removed in 1866; in 1873 he became inspector-general of museums and public libraries. He wrote ‘Philosophy of Hungarian History’ (1882); ‘My Life and Times’; and ‘The Jacobins in Hungary’ (1887).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pulte, Joseph Hippolyt

Edition of 1920. See also Joseph Hippolyt Pulte on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PULTE, půlt'ĕ, Joseph Hippolyt, American physician: b. Meschede, Westphalia, Germany, 6 Oct. 1811; d. Cincinnati, Ohio, 24 Feb. 1884. He took his M.D. at the University of Hamburg and in 1834 came to the United States where he engaged in practice at Cherrytown, Pa. He then adopted homœopathy and later established himself in practice at Cincinnati. With others he founded the American Institute of Homœopathy in New York in 1844; and in 1872 he was instrumental in establishing a homœopathic college in Cincinnati, where he held the chair of clinical medicine. He also held that chair at the Homœopathic College at Cleveland in 1852 and of obstetrics in 1853-55. He edited the American Magazine of Homœopathy and Hydropathy in 1852-54 and the Quarterly Homœopathic Magazine in 1854. Author of ‘The Homœopathic Domestic Physician’ (1850); ‘A Reply to Dr. Metcalf’ (1851); ‘The Science of Medicine’ (1852), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Purdue University

Edition of 1920. See also Purdue University on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PURDUE UNIVERSITY, the Indiana State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, is located at Lafayette, Ind. It was established under the land grant act of Congress in 1862 and in 1869 was named for John Purdue, who gave $150,000 and 100 acres of land to the State for the institution. It was first opened to students in 1874. Its present organization includes seven schools: (1) the School of Mechanical Engineering; (2) the School of Civil Engineering; (3) the School of Electrical Engineering; (4) the School of Chemical Engineering; (5) School of Agriculture; (6) the School of Science; (7) the School of Pharmacy. All of these offer regular courses extending over four years and leading to the bachelor's degree. The School of Pharmacy also offers a two years' course and the School of Agriculture a special short winter course. The degree of bachelor of science is conferred in all departments. Graduate work is provided for leading to the degrees of master of science, master of science in agriculture, mechanical engineer, civil engineer, electrical engineer and chemical engineer. Under the Federal law establishing the institution, instruction in military science and tactics is required of all male students during the first two years. The institution is coeducational, women enrolling in the schools of science, pharmacy and agriculture. The institution owns about 1,000 acres of land, of which 600 are adjacent to its buildings and used for campus and experimental farm purposes. There are 24 principal buildings, including a library, erected in 1913, and the university auditorium, a gift of Eliza Fowler. An important feature of the institution is its series of laboratories, all well equipped with modern scientific appliances. The engineering plant is particularly complete, including a locomotive testing plant, the first of its kind to be installed. The library contains about 60,000 volumes and pamphlets, mostly of scientific and technical character. Tuition is free for residents of the State. The income of the university is derived from the land grant fund of 1862, from subsequent Federal appropriations, from the State mileage tax, from student fees, etc. The total income of the institution for all purposes for the year ending 30 June 1916 was $972,233. Its property, buildings and equipment has an estimated value of $2,400,000. The number of students enrolled for the year ending June 1916 was 2,398, of which over 1,900 were in college classes in courses leading to degrees. Co-ordinated with the departments of instruction are the Agricultural Experiment Station and the Department of Agricultural Extension, maintained by Federal and State appropriations, the former concerned with agricultural research and the latter with the diffusion of knowledge on agricultural subjects to the people of the State. The university ranks high among schools of technology and holds an influential place in the educational system of the State.
# The Drama of Three Hundred and Sixty Five Days/"Why Shouldn't They, Since They Were Englishmen?"

​"WHY SHOULDN'T THEY, SINCE THEY WERE ENGLISHMEN?" The next flash as of lightning that revealed to us the progress of the drama of the past 365 days came at the end of the first month of the war with the terrible story of Mons. That touched us yet more closely than the tragedy of Belgium, for it seemed at first to be our own tragedy. Between the departure of an army and the first news of victory or defeat there is always a time of exhausting suspense. At what moment our first Expeditionary Force had left England no one quite knew, but after we learned that it had landed in France we waited with anxious hearts and listened with strained ears.
We heard the tramp of the gigantic German army, pouring through the streets of Brussels, fully equipped down to its kitchens, its smoking coffee-wagons, its corps of gravediggers, and, of course, its cuirassiers in burnished helmets that were shining in the autumn sun. The huge, interminable, apparently irresistible multitude! Regiment after regiment, battalion after battalion, going on and on for hours, and even days——the mighty legions of the nation that a few days before had "never so much as dreamt" of war!
At last we had news of our men. Against overwhelming odds they had fought like heroes—why shouldn't they, since they were Englishmen?— ​but had been compelled to fall back at length, and were now retreating rapidly, some reports said flying in confusion, broken and done. What? Was it possible? Our army thrown back in disorder? Our first army, too, the flower of the fighting men of the world? It was too monstrous, too awful!
The news was cruelly, and even wickedly, exaggerated, but nevertheless it did us good. He knows the British character very imperfectly who does not see that the qualities in which it is unsurpassed among the races of mankind are those with which it meets adversity and confronts the darkest night. Within a few days of the report that our soldiers were falling back from Mons, the old cry "Your King and country need you" went through the land with a new thrill, and hundreds of thousands of free men leapt to the relief of the flag.
There has been nothing like it in the history of any nation. And it is hard to say which is the more moving manifestation of that moment in the great drama of the war—the spontaneous response of the poor who sprang forward to defend their country, though they had no more material property in it than the right to as much of its soil as would make their graves, or the splendid reply of the rich whose lands were an age-long possession, and often the foundation of their titles and honours.
# The Drama of Three Hundred and Sixty Five Days/A Conversation With Lord Roberts

​A CONVERSATION WITH LORD ROBERTS Meantime what had been happening among ourselves? The far-off murmur of the approaching wind had been heard by all of us, but as none can hope to describe the effect on the whole ​Empire, perhaps each may be allowed to indicate the character of the warning as it came to his own ears. It was at Naples, not long after the event, that I heard how the late King had felt about his last visit to Berlin. I was then on my way home from Egypt, where I had spent some days at Mena, while Lord Roberts was staying there on his way back from the Soudan. He seemed restless and anxious. On two successive mornings I sat with him for a long hour in the shade of the terraces which overlook the Pyramids discussing the "German danger." After the great soldier had left for Cairo he wrote asking me to regard our conversations as confidential; and down to this moment I have always done so, but I see no harm now (quite the reverse of harm) in repeating the substance of what he said so many years ago on a matter of such infinite momentousness.
"Do you really attach importance to this scare of a German invasion?" I asked.
"I'm afraid I do," said Lord Roberts.
"You think an enemy army could be landed on our shores?"
"As things are now, yes, I think it could."
"Do you think you could land an army on the East Coast of England and march on to London?"
"Yes, I do."
"In a thick fog, of course?"
"Without a fog," said Lord Roberts. ​After that he described in detail the measures we ought to take to make such an attack impossible and I hasten to add that, so far as I can see and know, the precautionary measures he recommended have all been taken since the outbreak of the war.
# The Drama of Three Hundred and Sixty Five Days/A German High Priest of Peace

​A GERMAN HIGH PRIEST OF PEACE Nor did the theologians, publicists, and authors of Germany show a more sensitive conscience than her statesmen. One of the theologians ​was Adolf Harnack, professor of Church History in Berlin and intimate acquaintance of the Kaiser. Not long before the war he published a book entitled "What is Christianity?" which began with the words, "John Stuart Mill used to say humanity could not be too often reminded that there was once a man named Socrates. That is true, but still more important it is to remind mankind that a man of the name of Jesus Christ once lived among them." On this text the book proceeded to enforce the practical application of Christ's teaching to the modern world, and particularly to propound his doctrine of the wickedness and futility of violence, which led the author to the conclusion that it was "not necessary for justice to use force in order to remain justice."
Somewhat later Professor Harnack came to this country to attend, if I remember rightly, a World Missionary Conference at Edinburgh, and the memory of him which abides in our northern capital is that of a high priest and prophet of the new golden age that was dawning on the world—the age of universal brotherhood and peace. But no sooner had war come within the zone of Germany than this man signed (if he did not write) a manifesto of German theologians which told "evangelical Christians abroad" that the German "sword was bright and keen," that Germany was taking up arms to establish the justice of her cause and that ever through the storm and horror of the coming conflict the ​German people, with a calm conscience, would kneel and pray:
    "Hallowed be Thy name,
    Thy kingdom come,
    Thy will be done on earth as it is in Heaven."
# The Drama of Three Hundred and Sixty Five Days/A Province Without a Soul

​A PROVINCE WITHOUT A SOUL But little as Nature has done to cheer the spirits of the Poles, who live under Austrian rule, what man has done is less. It is nothing at all, or worse than nothing. Thickly sown on the eastern frontier are many densely populated manufacturing towns, ugly and squat, and giving the effect of standing barefoot on the damp earth. As you walk through them they look like interminable lines of featureless streets, full of those sweating, screaming, squabbling masses of ​humanity that take away all your pride in the dignity of man's estate. The prevailing colour is yellow, the dominant odour is noxious, the thoroughfares are narrow, and often unpaved. In the busier quarters the shops are sometimes spacious, but more frequently they are mere slits in the monotonous facades. When closed, as on Sunday, these slits give the appearance of a row of prison cells. When open they present crude pictures on the inner faces of their doors—pictures of boots, caps, trousers, stockings or corsets, a typology which seems to be more necessary than words to inhabitants who have not, as a whole, been taught to read.
And then the people themselves! Perhaps there is not in all the world a more hopeless-looking race, with their lagging lower lips, their dull grey eyes, their dosy, helpless, exanimate expression, suggesting that the body is half-asleep and the spirit no more than half-awake. To see them slouching along the streets, or sitting in stupefied groups at the doors of brandy-shops, passing a single bottle from mouth to mouth, is to realize how low humanity may fall in its own esteem under the rule of an alien government. To watch them at prayer in their little Catholic churches is to feel that they have been made to think of themselves as the least of God's creatures, unworthy to come to His footstool—always ready to kiss the earth, and never daring ​to lift their eyes to heaven, having no right, and hardly any hope.
Such are the poorer and more degraded of the Poles in the Austrian crownland of Galicia, which has lately been swept by war (along the banks of the Vistula, the Dniester, and the Bug), and is now perishing of hunger, and being devastated by disease. And when I ask myself what has been the root-cause of a degradation so deep in a people who once laboured for the humanities of the world and upheld the traditions of Culture, I find only one answer—the suppression of nationality! In that fact lies the moral of Galicia's martyrdom. Let Belgium's nationality be suppressed as Germany is now trying to suppress it, and her condition will soon be like that of Austrian Poland. You cannot expect to keep the body of a nation alive while you are doing your best to destroy its soul.