OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Constitution, The

Edition of 1905. See also USS Constitution on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​CONSTITUTION, The. A forty-four-gun frigate, the most famous vessel in the history of the United Stales Navy, sometimes called ‘Old Ironsides,’ from the hardness of her planking and timbers. She was launched on October 21, 1797, but was not completed and equipped until the following year, when she put to sea under Captain Nicholson for service against the French. During the war with Tripoli, 1801-05 (see Barbary Powers, Wars with), she was Preble's flagship, and in 1805 took part in three of the five bombardments of the port of Tripoli. In July, 1812, in command of Isaac Hull (q.v.), she escaped from a British squadron off the New Jersey coast, after a spirited chase of three days, and on August 10, off Cape Race, fought her famous battle with the Guerrière, Captain Dacres, a somewhat weaker English frigate, which she left a total wreck after an engagement of thirty minutes, the English losing 79 of their crew, the Americans 14. On December 29, under the command of Captain Bainbridge, she captured off Bahia, Brazil, the Java (38 guns, Captain Lambert, after a two hours' engagement, in which the British lost 300 in killed and wounded, the Americans 34. On February 14, 1814, under Captain Stewart, she captured the Picton, 16 guns, and a convoy, in the West Indies; and on February 20, 1815, she took the Cyane, 34 guns, and the Levant, 18 guns, after a fierce engagement—remarkable for the seamanship of the Americans and the gallantry of the English—between the Madeira Islands and Gibraltar. The English lost 19 killed and 42 wounded out of 320; the Americans, 6 killed and 9 wounded out of 451. Soon afterwards the Constitution was closely pursued by a strong British squadron, which recaptured the Levant. Reported unseaworthy between 1828 and 1830, she was ordered to be dismantled, but was retained in deference to the popular sentiment aroused by Holmes's poem “Old Ironsides,” and in 1833 was rebuilt. She went out of commission in 1855 at Portsmouth, N. H., was subsequently used occasionally as a training ship, was again partially rebuilt in 1877, crossed the Atlantic for the last time in 1878, and was stored at the Boston Navy Yard in 1897. Consult: Hollis, The Frigate Constitution (Boston, 1900); and Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812 (New York, 1882).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Constitution of Matter

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​CONSTITUTION OF MATTER. See Matter, Properties of.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Constitutional Union Party

Edition of 1905. See also Constitutional Union Party (United States) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​CONSTITUTIONAL UNION PARTY. A party, formed chiefly out of the remnants of the Know-Nothing and Whig parties, which met in convention at Baltimore in May, 1860, and nominated John Bell (q.v.) and Edward Everett (q.v.), for President and Vice-President, respectively, on a platform which declared simply for “the Constitution of the country, the union of the States, and the enforcement of the laws.” The party carried Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and cast a popular vote of about 600,000, and an electoral vote of 39, in the ensuing election. After this campaign the party virtually went out of existence. It was also known as the ‘Bell-Everett party.’
# The New International Encyclopædia/Constitutions, Apostolical

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​CONSTITUTIONS, Apostolical. See Apostolic Constitutions and Canons.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Constitutions of Clarendon

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​CONSTITUTIONS OF CLARENDON. See Clarendon, Constitutions of.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Construction

Edition of 1905. See also Compass-and-straightedge construction on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​CONSTRUCTION (Lat. constructio, from construere, to construct, from com-, together + struere, to heap). In geometry, the process of drawing a figure so as to satisfy the conditions of the given problem. Thus, to construct an equilateral triangle of side a: with each end of a as a centre and with a as a radius, describe a circle; connect either intersection with the ends of a. Here the construction is not unique, since two triangles satisfy the condition. In solving problems a valuable method is to assume the construction and investigate the properties of the figure. Thus, to draw a line through a given point parallel to a given line: assuming the construction and a transversal of the parallels through the given point, it appears that the alternate angles are equal; hence, to construct the figure, draw a line through the point cutting the given line and construct the alternate angle.
Another fruitful method is that of the intersection of loci; e.g. if it is known that a point is on each of two intersecting straight lines, it is uniquely determined at their point of intersection; but if it is on a straight line and a circumference which the line intersects, it may be either of the two points of intersection.
The best works upon the constructions of elementary geometry are Petersen, Methods and Theories (Copenhagen and London, 1879); Rouché and de Comberousse, Traité de géométrie (Paris, 1900); and Alexandroff, Problèmes de géométrie élémentaire, translated into French by Aitoff (Paris, 1899). Consult also Beman and Smith, New Plane and Solid Geometry (Boston, 1899).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Constitution, Chemical

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​CONSTITUTION, Chemical. See Chemistry: Carbon Compounds; Stereochemistry.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hays, Charles M.

See also Charles Melville Hays on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hays, Charles M., CHARLES M. HAYS was born at Rock Island, Illinois, 1856. He entered railway service in 1873 as a clerk in the passenger department of the Atlantic and Pacific Railway. He was general manager of the Grand ​Trunk Railway from 1896 to 1901, and became vice-president. He is president of the Central Vermont Railway, the Canadian Express Company, the St. Clair Tunnel Company and the International Bridge Company. He is now associated in the work of constructing another transcontinental railway, the Grand Trunk Pacific (q. v.).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hazel

See also Hazel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ha′zel, species of Corylus, a genus belonging to the birch family. The genus contains about seven species distributed throughout the northern hemisphere, three of which occur in the United States. The ordinary hazel, which often makes extensive thickets and produces the common wild hazelnut, is C. Americana. The beaked hazelnut (C. rostrata) is a fruit from a shrub extending from the northern part of North America south along the mountains. The third species occurs in California.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Head

See also Pseudanthium on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Head (in plants), an inflorescence in which the flowers are brought together in a compact head-like cluster, as in the buttonbush, dandelion, sunflower etc. It is the typical flower-cluster of the great composite family. See Inflorescence.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Headley, Joel Tyler

See also Joel T. Headley on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Head′ley, Joel Tyler, an American author, was born at Walton, N. Y., Dec. 30, 1813. He graduated from Union College in 1839, studied theology at Auburn Theological Seminary, and became pastor of a church at Stockbridge, Mass. But ill-health soon compelled him to abandon pastoral work. He became well-known by such historical and popular works as Napoleon and his Marshals and Washington and his Generals. He died on Jan. 16, 1897.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hazen, William Babcock

See also William Babcock Hazen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ha′zen, William Babcock, an American soldier, was born at West Hartford, Vt., Sept. 27, 1830; and died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 16, 1887. He graduated from West Point in 1855, and entered the service against the Indians in California, Oregon and Texas. He raised the Forty-first Ohio volunteers in 1861, and took part in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth and Stone River, where, for bravery, he was made brigadier-general, and at the end of the war was breveted major-general. In December, 1880, he was appointed chief signal-officer. While acting as such, the United States became indebted to him for the present system of weather-signals.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hazleton, Pa.

See also Hazleton, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ha′zleton, Pa., a city in Luzerne County, in an anthracite-mining district, southwest of Wilkes-Barre and 100 miles northwest of Philadelphia. It occupies an elevated position in an attractive section of the country, on the Lehigh Valley and Pennsylvania railroads. It has trolley connection with outlying villages, that within a ten-mile radius give a population of 30,000, and a third-rail electric road establishing hourly communication with Wilkes-Barre. The chief industry of the section is coal, though the town has a number of manufactories of various kinds and has a large local trade. There are a miners' hospital and a state hospital. Several new and modern school-buildings have been erected, and plans for a public library have just been projected. Population 25,452.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hearing

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​Hear′ing. See Ear.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hazard, Miss Caroline

See also Caroline Hazard on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Haz′ard, Miss Caroline, president of Wellesley College, was born at Peace Dale, Rhode Island, in 1856. Her education was private, and was in part received in Europe from private tutors. Prior to her election to the presidency of Wellesley in 1899, Miss Hazard was known chiefly as the author of Narragansett Ballads and The Narragansett Friends’ Meeting. She had published memoirs of J. L. Diman and of Thos. Hazard, edited the works of R. G. Hazard and written minor essays and verses. She has received the degrees of A. M. from Michigan and of Litt. D. from Brown.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hearst, William Randolph

See also William Randolph Hearst on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hearst, William Randolph, was born in San Francisco, April 29, 1863. He studied at Harvard, but did not graduate. In 1886 he gained possession of The Examiner of San Francisco, a paper that then was on WILLIAM R. HEARST the verge of failure, and quickly made it a financial success and a widely read newspaper. In 1895 he became proprietor of The Journal (now The American) and The Evening Journal, of New York City. He later established The Chicago American and The Examiner, and now has a chain of eight daily newspapers extending from the Pacific coast to New England. He represented the 11th New York Congressional district in the 58th and 59th Congresses. In 1895 he was nominated for the mayoralty of New York, but was defeated. In 1896 he was nominated by the Independence League for governor of New York, and his candidacy was endorsed by the Democratic party, but he failed of election. Under his leadership, in 1908, a convention of the Independence League was held in Chicago, and Thomas L. Hisgen was nominated as its candidate for the presidency.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Washington, William Augustine

Edition of 1905. See also William Washington on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WASHINGTON, William Augustine (1752-1810). An American soldier, a kinsman of George Washington, born in Stafford County, Va. He was educated for the ministry, but on the outbreak of the Revolutionary War entered the patriot army as a captain under Colonel Hugh Mercer. He was wounded in the battles of Long Island and Trenton; fought at Princeton; and later became a major in Colonel Baylor's corps of cavalry. In 1779 he joined General Lincoln's army in the South; became a lieutenant-colonel in March, 1780; and in many conflicts greatly distinguished himself as a leader of light cavalry. At the battle of Cowpens he made a charge upon Tarleton's troops that decided the day, and in the pursuit he had a personal encounter with the British leader. He assisted in covering the rear of Greene's army in the famous retreat before Cornwallis, and fought with great distinction at Guilford Court House and Hobkirk's Hill. At Eutaw Springs his horse was shot under him; he received a bayonet wound, was taken prisoner, and was not released until the close of the war. He then married a Charleston lady, settled in that city, and became a member of the South Carolina Legislature. When war with France became imminent in 1798, he was, upon the recommendation of General Washington, made a brigadier-general.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Washington (Iowa)

Edition of 1905. See also Washington, Iowa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WASHINGTON. The county-seat of Washington County, Ia., 66 miles southwest of Davenport, on the Chicago. Rock Island and Pacific, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul railroads (Map: Iowa, F 3). It is in a fertile farming section, which also has important horse-breeding and stock-raising interests, and manufactures flour, carriages, mittens, and gloves. There is a public library with more than 5200 volumes. The water-works and electric light plant are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 3235; in 1900, 4255.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Washington (North Carolina)

Edition of 1905. See also Washington, North Carolina on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WASHINGTON. The county-seat of Beaufort County, N. C., 127 miles east by south of Raleigh, on the Pamlico River, and on the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (Map: North Carolina, E 2). It is favorably situated for commerce, and carries on a considerable trade in cotton, corn, rice, farm produce, lumber, and naval stores. Oyster-fishing and ship-building are important industries; and there are also steam gins, planing mills, etc. Population, in 1890, 3545; in 1900, 4842.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Washington (Georgia)

Edition of 1905. See also Washington, Georgia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WASHINGTON. The county-seat of Wilkes County, Ga., 75 miles northwest of Augusta, on the Central of Georgia Railroad (Map: Georgia, D 2). It has Saint Joseph's Academy and the Mary Willis Library. The village is the commercial centre of a district producing cotton, grain, and lumber, and has cotton mills, carriage factories, foundries and machine shops, and manufactories of fertilizers, cottonseed oil, engines, furniture, etc. The water-works and the electric light plant are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 2631; in 1900, 3300.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Washington (Indiana)

Edition of 1905. See also Washington, Indiana on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WASHINGTON. The county-seat of Daviess County, Ind., 85 miles southwest of Indianapolis, on the Evansville and Terre Haute and the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern railroads (Map: Indiana, B 4). It is the commercial centre of a farming and stock-raising region, especially noted for its deposits of coal, kaolin, and fire clay, and manufactures lumber, flour, brick, tiling, underwear, and veneering. The Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad also maintains repair and construction shops here. There is a public library. The city owns the electric light plant. Population, in 1890, 6064; in 1900, 8551.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Washington, Mount

Edition of 1905. See also Mount Washington (New Hampshire) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WASHINGTON, Mount. The highest peak of the White Mountains in New Hampshire, and, with the exception of a number of peaks in North Carolina and Tennessee, the highest point in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains (Map: New Hampshire, J 4). It rises from the Presidential Range near the centre of the White Mountain group, east of the Crawford Notch, and has an altitude of 6293 feet. It is composed chiefly of granite; its western slope is steep, and on the north and east it is broken by deep gorges. The lower slopes are covered with forest, but the summit is bare and rocky. A carriage-road and a rack-and-pinion railroad, the latter completed in 1869, ascend to the summit, which commands a magnificent view, and on which a hotel and a United States meteorological station are situated.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Washington, University of

Edition of 1905. See also University of Washington on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WASHINGTON, University of. A coeducational State institution at Seattle, Wash., founded in 1861. For several years the work of the university did not rank greatly above that of an academy. The first class was graduated in 1876. In 1903 the university had an attendance of 631 in the College of liberal Arts, College of Engineering, the Schools of Mines, Pharmacy, and Law, and the Graduate School. Of these 363 were pursuing the course in liberal arts. In the same year it had a faculty of 37, a library of 16,000 volumes and 12,000 pamphlets, property estimated at $2,000,000, grounds and buildings valued at $300,000, and an income of $275,000. The university grounds cover 355 acres within the city limits.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Jackson, William

Edition of 1905. See also Jackson of Exeter on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ JACKSON, William (1730-1803). An English composer, born at Exeter. He was placed by his father under the care of the organist of Exeter Cathedral, and in 1748 went to London, where he studied under John Travers, organist of King's Chapel. Upon his return to Exeter he became a teacher and composer, and in 1777 organist and master of the choristers of the cathedral. He left two operas, The Lord of the Manor (1780) and The Metamorphosis (1783), besides many songs, sacred compositions, and concerted pieces, which were much admired in England. The Lord of the Manor was exceedingly popular for more than fifty years, and of his Church music the Service in F is still occasionally given. His Six Elegies for Three Voices Dr. Burney considered the best of his works. He published Thirty Letters on Various Subjects (1782), and The Four Ages, Together with Essays on Various Subjects (1798). He was also a landscape painter, and exhibited at the Royal Academy.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Jackson (Tennessee)

Edition of 1905. See also Jackson, Tennessee on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JACKSON. A city and the county-seat of Madison County, Tenn., 85 miles northeast of Memphis; on the south fork of the Forked Deer River, and on the Illinois Central, the Mobile and Ohio, and the Nashville, Chattanooga and Saint Louis railroads (Map: Tennessee, C 5). The Southwestern Baptist University, Lane University, and the Memphis Conference Female Institute are situated here, and there are public and collegiate libraries. Highland Park is a place of scenic interest and a summer amusement resort. The city carries on an extensive cotton trade, marketing annually 50,000 bales; and among its industrial establishments are cotton and cotton-seed oil mills, boiler and engine works, furniture, heading, spoke, skewer, plow, sewing-machine, and carriage factories, grain-mills, woolen-mills, and a trousers factory. The cultivation of fruits and vegetables is largely carried on in this vicinity. Settled in 1810, Jackson was incorporated in 1854. The charter of that year, with subsequent amendments, provides for a government by a mayor, elected biennially, and a council which controls appointments to all subordinate administrative offices, excepting those of recorder and tax collector. The city owns and operates its water-works and electric street-lighting plant. Population, in 1890, 10,039; in 1900, 14,511.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Jacksonville (Florida)

Edition of 1905. See also Jacksonville, Florida on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ JACK′SONVILLE. A city and the county-seat of Duval County, Fla., 14 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, and 30 miles southwest of Fernandina; on the Saint Johns River, and on the Seaboard Air Line, the Plant System, the Southern, the Florida East Coast, and other railroads (Map: Florida, G 1). It is connected with New York, Charleston, and other Atlantic coast ports by steamship, and since the completion of the improvements in the river has become an important shipping-point for lumber, shingles, cross-ties, cotton, phosphates, kaolin and clay, oranges, garden produce, naval stores, etc. The city has also a considerable wholesale and retail trade. Prominent among the industrial establishments are cigar factories, lumber and planing mills, mattress and palmetto-fibre factories, carriage works, iron-foundries, brick-yards, ship-yards, and ​steam-engineering works. Jacksonville has long been a popular winter resort. It has several public parks, and is well paved, many of its streets with macadam and vitrified brick. Among the more notable buildings are the United States Government Building, city building, county court-house, armory, Union Depot, Saint Luke's Hospital, United States Marine Hospital, Confederate Soldiers' Home, Daniel Memorial and Saint Mary's orphan homes, Windsor Hotel, and the Central Grammar School. Saint James Park contains a Confederate monument. The water-works and electric-light plant are owned by the municipality. Jacksonville, named in honor of Gen. Andrew Jackson, Florida's first Territorial Governor, was founded in 1822. On May 3, 1901, a fire swept over 148 blocks of the city (450 acres), destroying the buildings thereon and causing a loss of over $10,000,000. Population, in 1860, 2118; in 1880, 7650; in 1890, 17,201; in 1900, 28,429.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Jackson, James (soldier)

Edition of 1905. See also James Jackson (Georgia politician) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JACKSON, James (1757-1806). An American soldier and political leader, born in Devonshire, England. He went to Georgia in 1772 and began the study of law. He joined the “Liberty Boys;” took part in the defense of Savannah in 1776; was made brigade-major of the Georgia militia in 1778, and again engaged in the defense of Savannah. After its surrender he went to South Carolina, served with Sumter, Pickens, and Morgan, and was publicly thanked by the last named after the battle of Cowpens. He participated in the siege of Augusta, and was left in command after the capture in 1781. Later he organized a partisan legion, which he commanded. When Savannah was recaptured the Legislature voted him the forfeited house of a Tory. In 1788 he was elected Governor, but declined on account of youth and inexperience. He sat in the First Federal Congress and was elected United States Senator in 1793. This office he resigned in 1795, and was elected to the State Senate in order to force the revocation of the Yazoo land grants. He was an influential member of the Constitutional Convention of 1798, and was elected Governor the same year. In 1801 he returned to the United States Senate, and sat until his death. He was a follower of Jefferson in politics.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Jackson, William Lawies

Edition of 1905. See also William Jackson, 1st Baron Allerton on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ JACKSON, William Lawies (1840—). An English politician. He was born in Yorkshire. was educated privately and at a school conducted by the Moravians, and entered upon a business career. In 1876 he sought election to the House of Commons as member for Leeds in the Conservative interest, but was defeated. In 1880 he was successful in North Leeds, and was returned for that constituency on four subsequent occasions. His abilities were recognized in 1885 in his appointment as Financial Secretary to the Treasury in Lord Salisbury's first Administration, and he held the same office in the second Administration of that statesman, formed in 1886. In 1890 he was appointed Privy Councilor, and in 1891-92 served as Chief Secretary for Ireland. While engaged in politics he maintained his connection with business enterprises, and was for some time chairman of the Great Northern Railway Company.