OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bed-room

Edition of 1802.
​BED-ROOM, an apartment, or chamber, devoted to the enjoyment of nightly repose, after the usual labour and fatigue of the day. Those happy few who, from their respective situations in life, are enabled to choose a spacious and lofty room for breathing in, at least, one-third of their existence, may consider themselves peculiarly fortunate. It must, however, be confessed, that little attention is generally paid to this important object, even by such persons as might, in this respect, equally consult their health and convenience.
A bed-chamber ought never to be on a ground-floor, or have a northern aspect. Although, on account of a cooler air, many prefer this situation in summer, yet it cannot fail to be unwholesome, as it is most exposed to the influence of a damp atmosphere in the morning, and during the night. Hence we are of opinion, that an eastern front is more conducive to health; because it receives the first rays of the sun, that beneficent luminary, who, more regularly than a time-piece, awakens the man of a sound body and mind, while he animates, invigorates, and incites him to rise, after having refreshed himself by repose. Besides, a moderate degree of heat, thus naturally imparted, may be more easily endured, and modified, if necessary, by various means, than a moist and pernicious atmosphere, which even the dry air of summer cannot easily correct.
For similar reasons, small closets and concealed beds are extremely injurious, especially to young people and invalids. When persons are from necessity obliged to sleep in them, it will be advisable every morning, immediately after rising, to displace all the bed-clothes; if the sky be serene, to open the door and windows in order to purify the stagnant air of so confined a resting place: but we think it, on the whole, a dangerous practice to sleep with open windows, whether at night, or in the day-time; though a very small aperture, without admitting a current of air to pass through the room, may occasionally be useful. Nor should the ​bedstead be placed near a wall; or soiled linen be suffered to remain in an apartment where the purity of the air is of the first importance. A bed, or couch, ought to stand free on all its sides, and, if possible, in the middle of the chamber: which is farther of consequence to timid individuals, who tremble during the prevalence of a tempest, or thunder-storm. We know from experience, that a flash of lightning, should it unfortunately strike a building, or enter through any of the windows, uniformly takes its direction along the walls, without injuring the furniture in the centre of a room.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bed-time

Edition of 1802.
​BED-TIME, or that period of the evening or night, when we retire to enjoy the necessary repose.
Although it would be difficult, in the present irregular state of society, to lay down rules for the proper time of resorting to that place which suspends and makes us forget our daily troubles and cares; yet, when we consider the subject, with regard to its influence, as well on the health as the moral character of man, it is deserving of the most serious discussion. Much, indeed, depends on the arrangement of the day, and the different pursuits of the individual. Those persons who spend the greater part of their time in useful labour, and have sufficient muscular exercise, would better consult their health, by retiring to repose at least two or three hours before midnight; which, according to the oldest and most accurate observers, are nearly as refreshing ​as double that portion in the morning. Those, however, who lead an idle and luxurious life, are too much the slaves of fashion, habit, and caprice, to adopt any useful changes, which might abridge their amusements or imaginary comforts.
On the other hand, the studious, and especially speculative persons, cannot comply with what are generally called "regular hours;" because their pursuits are better adapted to the solemn stillness of night, while they indulge in reflections which require a connected series of thought, and reasoning, uninterrupted by the noise of day. Yet, even literati and artists, ought to pay due attention to this important circumstance, that the atmosphere of the night is always more vitiated, and consequently less fit for respiration, than that of a serene day; and as we respire a greater portion of air while awake, than in a sleeping state, it follows that the system must be more injured in the former than in the latter case.
Nor would it be proper to retire to rest immediately after a full meal, or in an agitated state of mind. Hence, two hours after a light supper ought to elapse, in order to prepare ourselves for an invigorating repose, and banish all gloomy or depressing ideas and thoughts which require mental exertion. For the same reason, we should remove from our sight every object which may irritate the nerves, and never adopt that pernicious practice of reading, till we fall asleep—an imprudence of which many young and thoughtless persons are guilty. Instead of such a dangerous expedient, it would be more salutary to walk up and down the room for a few minutes, or to take any other gentle exercise.
Lastly, we are of opinion, that such individuals as breakfast at nine, dine at two, and drink tea at six; or, instead of this, eat a light supper between seven and eight o'clock, might with the greatest benefit to their health, retire to bed at ten, and rise at five or six o'clock in the morning, or earlier, according to the degree of exercise they have taken on the preceding day.—See farther—Sleep; Sleeping, and Waking.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bed

Edition of 1802.
​BED, a convenience for ease, or sleep. It was the general practice in the first ages, for mankind to sleep upon the skins of beasts; and the Ancient Britons, before the first Roman invasion, slept on skins spread on the floors of their apartments. Rushes and heath were afterwards substituted by the Britons, instead of skins; but they reposed upon straw, on the introduction of agriculture by the Romans.
Straw was used as a couch, even in the royal chambers of England, at the close of the thirteenth century; and in the present age, the day-labourers in some parts of England, and the peasantry of Scotland, sleep on chaff-beds.
​The most elastic straw is that of barley, which may be easily shaken and spread, when inclosed in ticking. Various unsuccessful attempts have been made to substitute the dry leaves of trees, moss, and other soft materials, instead of barley straw, which, however, is more eligible; or the leaves of Turkey corn, or maize, are still better.
A mattress filled with horse-hair is preferable to a feather-bed, which heats and relaxes the body, and disposes it to pulmonary and hectic complaints. The bolster should be stuffed with horse-hair, and covered with a small pillow filled with feathers. The bedding might consist either of sheets, with blankets and a counterpane, or a single cover, thinly quilted with cotton wool: the latter might be easily washed, and will last for several years. In very cold seasons, a counterpane quilted with a few pounds of soft feathers, might be substituted for the former; but it should not be used in summer.
Bed, in masonry, a course of stones or bricks: the joint of the bed, is the mortar or cement placed between each range.
Bed, in gardening, a division of the mould raised above the level of the adjacent ground, for the cultivation ofplants or roots.—See Hot-bed.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Beech-mast Oil

Edition of 1802.
​BEECH-MAST OIL, is expressed from the mast, after it has been shelled and pounded. It is used in many parts of France and Silesia instead of butter; according to some accounts, it is little inferior to oil of olives. After the oily part has been extracted, the remainder of the mast, when dried, is said to be sweeter and more palatable than before, and may be easily converted into flour, of a similar taste and colour to that of wheat.
In order to obtain pure oil, the following circumstances must be attended to: 1. The fruit must be carefully selected, and all musty, rotten, or tainted nuts, particularly, those of the former year, should be rejected.
2. The shell of the nut should be taken off, which is necessary not only for increasing the quantity, but also for improving the quality of the oil, because the husk communicates a particular flavour.
3. The film which surrounds the kernel, should then be removed, an operation which is essential to the perfection of the oil and the flour; for the film, though small in quantity, has an astringent disagreeable taste, which is plainly perceptible in both the oil and the flour, where its removal has been neglected. It may be separated by putting the kernels into hot water, as is practised in blanching almonds.
4. After the nuts are gathered, they should be preserved for two or three months in a dry place, so thinly spread out as not to allow them to heat, and often turned, to keep them sweet; then bruised like apples in a cyder mill. In this state, the mass should be put into bags of strong thin canvas, and pressed cold. The oil must be extracted by three degrees of pressure: the first moderate, which gives the purest and finest oil; the second harder, which yields it of an inferior quality; and the third as forcibly as the materials will bear, from which an oil of an indifferent quality is obtained. After each separate pressure, the bag should be turned, and the mast, after being well shaken, may be preserved for use.
It has been asserted, that the mast, though three times pressed, is more nutritive than in its natural state. It may, therefore, not only be given as a wholesome food to poultry, swine, and oxen, but also be manufactured into hair-powder.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Westphal, Philip

​WESTPHAL, PHILIP (1782–1880), admiral, born in 1782, was the elder son of George Westphal, of a noble Hanoverian family, whose uncle was tutor to the Duke of Kent. Sir George Augustus Westphal [q. v.] was his younger brother. He entered the navy in 1794 on board the Oiseau on the North American station. In 1796 he was successively in the Albatross and the Shannon on the home station, and from 1797 to 1800 in the Asia on the coast of North America. In 1801 he was in the Blanche, one of the frigates with Nelson at Copenhagen on 2 April. For his share in this action Westphal was promoted on 5 April to be lieutenant of the Defiance. In May 1802 he was appointed to the Amazon [see ​Parker, Sir William, (1781–1866)] with Nelson off Toulon, and in his cruise to the West Indies in the spring of 1805, and in 1806 with Sir John Borlase Warren [q. v.], when the French frigate Belle Poule struck actually to the Amazon. The first lieutenant of the Amazon having been killed in the action, Warren gave Westphal an acting order as captain of the Belle Poule, which he refitted and took to England. The admiralty, however, refused to confirm the acting order, and Westphal continued lieutenant of the Amazon till she was paid off in 1812. He was then appointed to the Junon, a 38-gun frigate, in which he saw much sharp service on the coast of North America. In January 1815 he was moved by Sir George Cockburn (1772–1853) [q. v.] into his flagship, and on 13 June was at last promoted to be commander. In November 1828 he was appointed to the Warspite, again with Parker; but as Parker was very shortly afterwards appointed to the royal yacht, Westphal was moved to the Kent, from which, on 22 July 1830, he was advanced to post rank. In 1847 he was retired on a Greenwich Hospital pension, becoming rear-admiral 27 Sept. 1855, vice-admiral 4 Oct. 1862, and admiral 2 April 1866. He died at Ryde 16 March 1880.
[O'Byrne's Nav. Biogr. Dict.; Times, 19 March 1880.]
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wetwang, John

Joseph Wetwang in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​WETWANG, Sir JOHN (d. 1684), captain in the navy, had possibly been with Prince Rupert or the French privateers during the Commonwealth (cf. Gardiner, First Dutch War, i. 21). The first mention of him is in 1665, when he was appointed captain of the Norwich, a fifth-rate attached to the red squadron in the action off Lowestoft on 3 June. In 1666 he was captain of the Tiger, in 1668 of the Dunkirk, a third-rate. In 1672 he commanded the 70-gun ship Edgar, one of the blue squadron, in the battle of Solebay; in 1673 he was flag-captain to Prince Rupert in the Sovereign. In November he was appointed to the Newcastle, in which, in March 1674, he captured a large Dutch East Indiaman ‘of very great value.’ At the end of the war he took the Newcastle out to the Mediterranean, whence he brought home the ‘trade’ in the spring of 1676. In 1678 he commanded the Royal James as flag-captain to Sir Thomas Allin [q. v.]; in 1679 he was captain of the Northumberland, in 1680 of the Woolwich. On 20 Nov. 1680 he was knighted. In October 1683 he was appointed captain of the East India Company's ship Royal James, with a double commission from the king and the company to command the fleet in the East Indies for reinstating the king of Bantam and re-establishing the trade there. With him was Sir Thomas Grantham [q. v.], who had a commission to command in his absence. Wetwang died at Fort St. George, Madras, within a few weeks of his arrival in 1684. His will (in Somerset House: Cann, 50)—signed 18 Oct. 1683, proved 8 April 1685—constitutes his ‘dear and well-beloved wife Isabel’ sole executrix, and leaves everything to her during her natural life; after her death, which happened in 1691, to be equally divided among his four sons—Robert, John, Samuel, and Joseph. A brother Joseph, a captain in the navy, is mentioned by Charnock (ii. 58).
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wetherset, Richard

Richard of Wetheringsett in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​WETHERSET, RICHARD (fl. 1350), theological writer, was a native of Wetheringsett, Suffolk, and became chancellor of the university of Cambridge in 1349–50 (Le Neve, Fasti, iii. 598). He wrote: 1. A ‘Summa’ or ‘Speculum Ecclesiæ,’ in which William de Monte [see William] is largely used. It is copied in the Digby MS. 103 without indication of the author's name, in the Cambridge University Library, Ii. iv. 12, and Addit. MS. 3471 (formerly Phillipps 22339 and 7402), and in the New College MS. 145. This is the work which Boston of Bury names under the title ‘De Vitiis et Virtutibus et de Sacramentis’ (Tanner, p. xxxvii). 2. In MS. ccclvi. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, is a ‘Tractatus qui dicitur Numerale’ by him, probably taken from William de Monte's ‘Numerale,’ which is largely quoted in the ‘Summa.’ 3. The jesuit manuscripts of Louvain contain, besides the above, ‘Sermones de Sanctis,’ under the name of Ric. Wedringler (Sanderus, Bibl. Belg. MSS. p. 327). Wetherset also appears to ​have written against the power of the mendicants to hear confessions, for Adam Wodham or Godham replied to him (Little, Grey Friars at Oxford, p. 173 n.)
M. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wetherell, Nathaniel Thomas

​WETHERELL, NATHANIEL THOMAS (1800–1875), geologist, was born at the Grove, Highgate, on 6 Sept. 1800, where his father, William Roundell Wetherell, was in practice as a surgeon. His mother's maiden name was Anne Maria Gibson. He was educated first at private schools, then at the Middlesex Hospital, and, after passing the examinations of the Royal College of Surgeons, settled at Highgate.
Wetherell's attention was early turned to geology, and to this all his spare time was given. He was an active member of the London Clay Club [see Bowerbank, James Scott], and a zealous searcher after the fossils of that formation. Sundry deep excavations, like that at Highgate Archway, afforded him good opportunities for forming an unusually fine collection, which was ultimately purchased by the British Museum authorities and is now at South Kensington. He also acquired a large series of interesting specimens from the glacial drift of Muswell Hill, Finchley, &c., which is preserved in the Jermyn Street Museum; and he paid especial attention to the banded structure of flints. He was elected F.G.S. in 1863, but resigned, owing to increasing deafness, in December 1869. He died at Highgate on 22 Dec. 1875, having spent his whole life at the Grove, which had been the home of his father and grandfather, also members of the same profession. He married, on 20 March 1837, Louisa Mary Capon of Highgate. She, with four sons and three daughters, survived him.
Most of the time which Wetherell could spare from professional duties was taken up in forming and arranging his collections. He was the author of thirteen papers, some of which appeared in the publications of the Geological Society, and of a few short notes.
T. G. B.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/ko̤h
### ko̤hko̤h

* 異ko̤h2811026
* Strange; diverse; different.

#### ko̤h īeⁿ căi;

    most extraordinary.

#### úa thóiⁿ tîeh ko̤h īeⁿ;

    to me it appears odd.

#### i kio i sǹg sĭ ko̤h sèⁿ;

    he is of a different surname from him.

#### i kâi nâng seⁿ lâi ko̤h īeⁿ;

    he is different from other people.

#### i kâi sèⁿ-chêng ko̤h īeⁿ;

    he has a queer disposition.
* 嗆ko̤h9703010
* To irritate the throat.

#### píaⁿ ŏi ko̤h âu;

    the biscuit rasps my throat.

#### cí khí ko̤ cîah tîeh khah ko̤h âu;

    this sort of jam makes the throat tingle too much as it goes down.

#### màiⁿ khṳt in ko̤h tîeh;

    do not get strangled by the smoke.

#### tó̤ hwt hue: kîaⁿ khui cē, màiⁿ khṳt i ko̤h tîeh;

    he is slaking lime: go farther off so as not to be choked.

#### khoi-sua-pà ngŏ̤ tîeh thàu huang cĭu ŏi ko̤h tîeh nâng;

    the sand of the river bottom, if there happens to be a wind, may choke one. ​
* 閣ko̤h4261696
* A porch; an anteroom; a corridor; female apartments; a council-chamber or the officers assembled in it.

#### lâi ko̤h;

    the Inner Council.

#### lăi ko̤h tong-su;

    the clerk of the Inner Council.

#### pôih jîp lăi ko̤h;

    become a member of the Inner Council.

#### tang ko̤h tăi hâk-sṳ̆;

    the Premier.

#### sì kâi cái-sìang, nŏ̤ kái cheng tōiⁿ, nŏ̤ kâi cheng ko̤h;

    of the four ministers, two are called chamberlains, and two councilors.

#### ko̤h chîn;

    councilors.

#### ko̤h láu;

    cabinet ministers.

#### móng sî jîp ko̤h;

    at that time entered the cabinet.

#### ko̤h ĕ kùi seⁿ;

    Your Excellency.

#### khí kŭa lîang têng cúi ko̤h;

    build summer houses and balconies.

#### lăi ko̤h chau chut sĭang jŭ;

    the cabinet ministers copy the imperial edicts.

#### lṳ́-kâi choiⁿ-kim cêng chut ko̤h a būe?

    Has your daughter yet issued from the inner apartments? Is she yet married?

#### lâu ko̤h;

    a look-out; a balcony; a summer house.
* 胳ko̤h4271306
* The armpit.

#### ko̤h-tháng-ĕ;

    the part of the body covered by the arm.

#### nio i kâi ko̤h-ĕ;

    hugged under his arm.

#### chah i kâi ko̤h ĕ;

    support him by lifting at his armpit.
* 擱ko̤h4266414
* To hinder, to obstruct.

#### ko̤h-cŭ;

    to impede, to put a stop to.

#### tam-ko̤h;

    to delay, to put difficulties in the way.

#### màiⁿ tam-ko̤h khah kú;

    do not procrastinate too long.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/koih

add

### koihkoih

* 夾koih356374
* Lined; double; to pick up between two prongs.

#### sĭ toaⁿ kâi a sĭ koih kâi?

    Is it of a single thickness, or is it lined?

#### àiⁿ koih sĭm-mih lí?

    What sort of lining will you put in?

#### koih hîuⁿ;

    a lined sleeveless jacket.

#### koih bûeh;

    lined stockings.

#### koih khò-thàu;

    double trowsers.

#### koih phàu-thàu;

    a double-gown.

#### ēng tṳ̄ koih;

    take up with chopsticks.

#### koih m̄ khí;

    I cannot nip it up.

#### cía tîeh khîa thih-kîⁿ khṳ̀ koih;

    you must pick it up with tongs.

#### koih mûeh phùe;

    pick up the condiments.

#### cía m̄ ēng tṳ̄ koih, tîeh ēng sî íe;

    this is not to be taken up with chopsticks, but is to be dipped up with a spoon.
* 挾kôih356647
* To press between two boards; boards for pressing; to clasp or carry under the arm.

#### kôih póiⁿ;

    boards for pressing the sides of a thing.

#### cṳ-cheh kôih;

    board covers for books.

#### sieⁿ kôih;

    boards used to support the sides of trunks.

#### kôih kín cē;

    press it somewhat tighter between the two.

#### kôih kín-kín;

    squeezed very tightly between two.

#### kôih bih;

    flatten by pressing.

#### kôih kàu cap lâu-lâu;

    squeezed so that the juice runs out.

#### nâng cōi, sie cìⁿ sie kôih;

    there was a great crowd of people, crowding and pressing upon each other.

#### kôih kha, kôih chíu;

    to torture by pressing the ankles and wrists between boards.

#### khṳt i kôih tîeh;

    got nipped by it.

#### hŭ-jîn hùe siu cang kâi cang-kôih;

    the splints used by women to hold the coiffure in place.

#### kôih tŏ̤ cṳ-cheh tói;

    pressed in a book.

#### pài thiap tói kôih cêk tieⁿ lói-mûeh toaⁿ;

    a complimentary token folded within the folds of a visiting card.

#### kôih tŏ̤ ko̤h-tháng-ĕ;

    put it under his arm.

#### kôih pńg cṳ-cheh;

    carrying a book under his arm.

#### kôih cêk ki phoiⁿ-taⁿ;

    carrying a bearing-pole under his arm.

#### ciah chíu kôih, ciah chíu khîeh;

    some under one arm, and some in the other.

#### kàu kâi, kôih lâi;

    take it whole, and bring it along.

#### phiaⁿ-lî-kut khṳt i kôih cîh;

    squeezed him under his arm so hard as to break his ribs.
* 㖏kôih633307
* To mimic tones; to modulate the voice.

#### kôih kàu ki siaⁿ sòi-sòi, cū sĭ cṳ-niê siaⁿ;

    modulated his voice to a squeak, like the voice of a woman.

#### i kâi siaⁿ m̄ cai cò̤-nî nîap, cò̤-nî kôih, put tăng chìe khek kâi siaⁿ kio cṳ-nîe cêk īeⁿ, cū sĭ tîaⁿ-pêh kâi ūe, īa cū sĭ kâi cṳ-nîe-kíaⁿ kâi siaⁿ-sueh;

    I do not know how he modulates his voice, but in singing ballads his voice is just like a woman’s, it is in a conversational style, and is also the voice of a young girl.

#### kôih siaⁿ jîn;

    an apt mimic of female voices.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Corn-flower

Edition of 1802.
​Corn-flower. See Blue-bottle.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Corn-rose

Edition of 1802.
​Corn-rose. See Red Poppy.