OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Newcomen, Elias

​NEWCOMEN, ELIAS (1550?–1614), schoolmaster, descended from the Newcomens of Saltfleetby, Lincolnshire, was younger son of Charles Newcomen of Bourne, Lincolnshire. Matthew Newcomen [q. v.] was his second cousin. He matriculated as a pensioner of Clare Hall, Cambridge, on 12 May 1565, but migrated to Magdalene College in that university, where he graduated B.A. in 1568–9, and commenced M.A. in 1572 (Cooper, Athenæ Cantabr. iii. 17). He was elected to a fellowship in his college; but Dr. Kelke, the master, ejected him from it, on the ground of his not having been duly admitted. Soon afterwards Newcomen set up a grammar school in his own house near London, having usually twenty or thirty scholars, the children of well-to-do parents. In 1586 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the head-mastership of Merchant Taylors' School. He was warmly recommended by Lord Chancellor Bromley and Sir Edward Osborne, alderman of London. Lord Cheyne was another liberal patron. He was still engaged in tuition on 2 July 1592, when he wrote a letter to Mrs. Maynard, assuring her that he would take great care of the education of her son (Lansdowne MS. 72, f. 180). In 1600 he was presented to the living of Stoke-Fleming, Devonshire. He died and was buried there in 1614. A brass to his memory is in the church (Worthy, Devonshire Parishes, 1887, i. 371). He married in 1579 Prothesa Shobridge of Shoreditch. His great-grandson, Thomas Newcomen the inventor, is separately noticed.
He published ‘A Defence and true Declaration of the Thinges lately done in the Lowe Countrey, whereby may easily be seen to whom all the Beginning and Cause of the late Troubles and Calamities is to be im- ​disputed. And therewith also the Schlaunders wherewith the Aduersaries do burden the Churches of the Lowe Countrey are plainly confuted,’ black letter, London (John Daye) [1575?], 12mo. This is a translation of a work which had appeared in Dutch and Latin, and it is dedicated by Newcomen to his ‘singular good lord and patron, the Lord Cheyne.’ The printing of the book is erroneously ascribed by Ames to William Middleton. A letter from him to Sir Francis Walsingham, written in October 1588, is in the Record Office (State Papers, Dom., Eliz. ccxvii. art. 78).
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Newdegate, Charles Newdigate

​NEWDEGATE, CHARLES NEWDIGATE (1816–1887), politician, born 14 July 1816, was only son of Charles Newdigate Newdegate of Harefield Place, Middlesex, who died 23 April 1833, by Maria, daughter of Ayscoghe Boucherett [see under Newdigate, Sir Roger]. He was educated at Eton from 1829 to 1834, and on 15 May in that year matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, graduating B.A. 1849, M.A. 1859, and was created D.C.L. 9 June 1863. On 10 March 1843, at a by-election, he became member for North Warwickshire in the conservative interest; was returned at the head of the poll on eight succeeding elections, and sat till his retirement, through failing health, ​in 1885. The best part of his life was spent in parliamentary service. A conservative of the old school, he was very widely known by his pronounced enmity to the Roman church. He was a frequent speaker on the Church Rates Commutation Bill, 1857–61; on the Monastic and Conventual Institution Bill, 1873–4; and on the bill for the establishment of a Roman-catholic university in Ireland, 1867–8. In 1880 he assumed a strongly hostile attitude to the entry to parliament of Charles Bradlaugh, who had declined to take the customary oath on admission. On 6 Feb. 1886 he was sworn of the privy council, and was subsequently presented by his Warwickshire constituents with an illuminated address and 547l. in recognition of his long services. He was a kind and considerate landlord, a fine horseman, and an intense lover of the chase. While hunting with the Atherstone hounds in 1882 he was seized with a fit and fell off his horse, but, on recovering, he again mounted and followed the hounds. He died at Arbury Hall, Warwickshire, 9 April 1887, and was buried in Harefield Church on 15 April. He published between 1849 and 1851 many letters on ‘The Balance of Trade ascertained from the Market Value of all Articles imported,’ four addressed to Henry Labouchere [q. v.], and one to J. W. Henley [q. v.] He was also author of ‘A Collection of the Customs Tariffs of all Nations, based upon a translation of the work of M. Hübner, brought down to 1854,’ 1855.
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fielding, Nathan Theodore

1904 Errata appended.
​FIELDING, NATHAN THEODORE (fl. 1775–1814), painter, was a native of Yorkshire, and resided near Halifax. He had a considerable local reputation, and was especially noted for his portraits of aged people. These he painted in Denner's well-known style, giving rigid attention to the natural display of every wrinkle of the skin, the glassy expression of the eyes, and other peculiarities. He subsequently came to London, and occasionally exhibited at the exhibitions of the Society of Artists and the British Institution. To the latter he sent in 1812 ‘The Botanist, with a Nondescript Fern,’ and ‘A Moonlight Seacoast.’ In 1814 he exhibited for the last time, sending ‘A Landscape—Morning.’ In 1801 he published a print of St. George's Church, Doncaster, which was aquatinted by his son Theodore. He occasionally etched, notably a portrait of Elias Hoyle of Sowerby in Yorkshire, at the age of 113, in 1793. Fielding had five sons, all artists, of whom four, Theodore Henry Adolphus, Antony Vandyke Copley, Thales, and Newton Smith, are separately noticed.
L. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.122 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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| 425 | ii | 27 | Fielding, Nathan Theodore: for Fielding's four sons read Fielding had five sons, all artists, of whom four |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Field, Thomas

​FIELD, THOMAS (1546?–1625), jesuit, son of William Field, a medical practitioner of Limerick, by his wife Janet Creagh, was born in Limerick in 1546 or 1549. He studied humanity at Paris and Douay, and philosophy at Louvain, where he took the degree of M.A. He entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus in Rome, 6 Oct. 1574, and was made a spiritual coadjutor. Proceeding to Brazil he spent many years with Joseph Anchietta, the apostle of that country. Thence he was ordered into Paraguay. In 1586 he was captured by English pirates, and put into an open boat, without rudder or oars, in which he drifted to Buenos Ayres. He died at the Assumption Settlement in 1625.
[Hogan's Ibernia Ignatiana, i. 33*, 60–6, 108; Hogan's Cat. of the Irish Province S. J., p. 5; Oliver's Jesuit Collections, p. 245; Foley's Records, vii. 253; Cordara, Hist. Collegii Germanici, pt. vi. lib. xi. p. 93.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fielding, Henry Borron

​FIELDING, HENRY BORRON (d. 1851), botanist, was the fifth child and only son of Henry Fielding of Myerscough House, near Garstang, Lancashire. Being of a delicate constitution he was shut out from adopting a profession, but devoted himself to the study of plants and the formation of a rich herbarium, which his ample means permitted. In 1836 he bought the herbarium of Dr. Steudel, and the next year the Prescott collection, consisting of twenty-eight thousand plants. In 1842, the dampness of his house at Bolton-in-Furness proving injurious, he removed to a more airy house at Lancaster, where he died 21 Nov. 1851 of a sudden attack of inflammation of the lungs. He bequeathed the whole of his herbarium, with such of his books as were wanting in the Garden Library, to the university of Oxford. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1838, but his retiring disposition prevented him from taking a prominent part in scientific pursuits, save that in 1844 he published a volume, ‘Sertum Plantarum,’ with figures and descriptions of seventy-five new or rare plants. The figures were drawn by Mrs. Fielding, and the descriptions were written by Dr. George Gardner, who at one time had charge of the Fielding herbarium.
[Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 188; C. Daubeny's Address to the … University, 20 May 1853, Oxford (1853). The character and extent of the herbarium are here given.]
B. D. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fielding, Newton Smith

1904 Errata appended.
​FIELDING, NEWTON SMITH (1799–1856), painter and lithographer, born in London in 1799, was the youngest son of Nathan Theodore Fielding [q. v.] He exhibited at the Society of Painters in Water-colours, sending some views in 1815, and cattle pieces in 1818. He is best known for his paintings and engravings of animals. Besides painting in water-colours, he worked also in etching, aquatint, and lithography, and in the last named art he attained great proficiency. He went to Paris, where he resided until his death, on 12 Jan. 1856; he was much esteemed there, and taught the family of Louis-Philippe. In 1836 he published in London a set of ‘Subjects after Nature,’ and in Paris he published sets of lithographs of animals, and illustrations to various works. He also published: ‘Three Hundred Lessons; or, a Year's Instruction in Landscape Drawing, including Marine Subjects, with Hints on Perspective,’ 1852; ‘Lessons on Fortification, with Plates,’ 1853; ‘A Dictionary of Colour, containing Seven Hundred and Fifty Tints, to which is prefixed a Grammar of Colour,’ 1854; ‘What to Sketch with; or, Hints on the Use of Coloured Crayons, ​Water-colours, Oil-colours, Black and White Chalks, Black-lead Pencil, and the Author's new Method of Preserving the Lights with Composition,’ 1856; and ‘How to Sketch from Nature; or, Perspective and its Application,’ 2nd edit. 1856.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Gent. Mag. new ser. (1856), xxv. 321; Beraldi's Graveurs du XIXme Siècle; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
L. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.122 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fielding, Antony Vandyke Copley

​FIELDING, ANTONY VANDYKE COPLEY (1787–1855), water-colour painter, was the second and most distinguished son of Nathan Theodore Fielding [q. v.] He was born in 1787, and probably received his first instruction in art from his father, but he studied under John Varley, and was one of the young artists who used to meet at Dr. Monro's in the Adelphi. In 1810 he commenced to exhibit at the (now Royal) Society of Painters in Water-colours, and the year afterwards at the Royal Academy. To the exhibitions of the latter he sent only seventeen pictures in all, and though he sent as many as a hundred during his life to the British Institution, it was to the Water-colour Society that he devoted himself. He became a full member of this society in 1813, treasurer in 1817, secretary in 1818, and president from 1831 to his death. He was a constant and very large contributor to its exhibitions. In 1819 he sent seventy-one drawings (in forty-six frames), and in 1820 fifty-three drawings (in forty-three frames), and for many years his contributions averaged between forty and fifty. A good many of these are said to have been drawings executed as lessons for his pupils. He was one of the most fashionable drawing-masters of his day. In 1824 he, as well as Constable and Bonington, was awarded a medal at the Paris Salon. He married a Miss Gisborne, the daughter of Zachariah Gisborne, and sister of Mrs. John Varley. After a life entirely devoted to his profession, he died at Worthing on 3 March 1855, and was buried at Hove. For some years before his death he had spent much of his time at Worthing and Brighton, and it was in painting the Sussex Downs that he achieved perhaps his greatest success as a painter; but he was celebrated also for his storm scenes at sea, and for his drawings of lake and mountain scenery in Scotland, Wales, and the north of England. He also painted a few Italian scenes, but these were from the sketches of others. He never went abroad. He occasionally painted in oil, and one of his oil paintings is in the South Kensington Museum, together with eighteen of his water-colour drawings. He was distinguished by the courtesy of his manners, and his industry and popularity enabled him to amass a considerable fortune.
Fielding was an elegant and original artist, specially skilled in obtaining subtle gradations of tone, and in rendering delicate effects of light and mist. Notwithstanding that a great deal of his work, especially in his later years, was slight and mannered, he holds a distinguished place in the history of the water-colour school.
C. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fielding, Basil

​FIELDING, BASIL, second Earl of Denbigh (d. 1675). [See Feilding.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Samble, Richard

​SAMBLE, RICHARD (1644–1680), quaker, was baptised at Penhale in the parish of St. Enoder, Cornwall, on 24 July 1644. Joining the quakers in 1666, he soon became a minister, and travelled about England and Wales. At the end of six years he returned home to work at his trade of tailoring. He was fined 20l. for preaching at Plymouth on 5 April 1677, and in April of the following year 40l., both under the Conventicle Act. He was also heavily mulcted for absence from church. He died on 15 May 1680 at Clampet, near Moreton, Devonshire. He was buried at Kingsbridge on the 18th. By his wife, Jane Voyte of Creede, Cornwall, whom he married on 15 Nov. 1668, Samble had issue.
He wrote: 1. ‘A Testimony unto the Truth, to the Inhabitants of St. Enoder,’ 1676, 4to. 2. ‘Testimony to the Plainness and Simplicity of the Truth,’ 1679, 4to. 3. ‘A Testimony concerning Christopher Bacon’ (the preacher who had converted him), n.d., 4to. 4. ‘A Handful after the Harvest Man,’ London, 1684, 4to; published posthumously, and containing testimonies of Samble by Thomas Salthouse [q. v.], Jane Samble, wife of the author, and others.
C. F. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sammes, Aylett

​SAMMES, AYLETT (1636?–1679?), antiquary, grandson of John Sammes, lord of the manor of Little Totham, Essex, and son of Thomas Sammes by his wife Mary (Jeffrey), was born at Kelvedon in Essex about 1636. His father's younger brother, Edward, married into the Aylett family of Rivenhall. In 1648 he entered Felsted school under John Glascock, a fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, and a teacher of repute throughout East Anglia. On 3 July 1655 he was admitted a fellow-commoner of Christ's College; he graduated B.A. in 1657, was admitted of the Inner Temple on 28 Oct. in the same year, and proceeded M.A., probably at Cambridge about 1659, though there appears to be no record of the fact. He was incorporated M.A. at Oxford on 10 July 1677. He had in the previous year issued his elaborate ‘Britannia Antiqua Illustrata, or the Antiquities of Ancient Britain derived from the Phœnicians’ (London, 1676, folio, vol. i., no more published). The volume was licensed by L'Estrange in March 1675, and dedicated to Heneage Finch. The work, which extends to nearly 600 folio pages, brings down the narrative to the conversion of Kent. It deals fully with the Roman period, but its main thesis of the Phœnician derivation is perverse, and, apart from its reproductions of ancient documents, such as the ‘Laws of King Ina,’ it has little intrinsic value. Bishop Nicolson accused the author of plagiarism from Bochartus, and Wood gives currency to a rumour that the work was really written by an uncle of Sammes. These aspersions are rebutted by Myles Davies in his ‘Athenæ Britannicæ’ (i. 135), and Sammes's erudition was praised by Dr. Henry Oldenburg [q. v.], the secretary of the Royal Society (cf. Phil. Trans. No. 124, p. 596). Sammes died before the completion of any further portion of his work, probably in 1679. Besides the ‘Britannia Antiqua,’ he is credited by Lowndes with ‘Long Livers: a curious history of such persons of both sexes who have lived several ages and grown young again,’ London, 1722, 8vo.
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sampson, Henry (1841-1891)

1904 Errata appended.
​SAMPSON, HENRY (1841–1891), newspaper proprietor and editor, the son of a journalist, was born at Lincoln in 1841. At the age of twelve he entered a printing office in London, and became successively a compositor and proof-reader. From youth he was devoted to sport, and excelled as a boxer, runner, and sculler until he was twenty-three, when he was disabled by an accident to his left foot. In 1866 he was engaged by Samuel Orchart Beeton to contribute sporting leaders to the ‘Glow-worm’ and the ‘Weekly Dispatch.’ Afterwards he joined the staff of the ‘Illustrated Sporting News and Theatrical Review,’ and early in 1869 was appointed editor of that journal. On its collapse on 19 March 1870 he became the first editor of the ‘Latest News’ (No. 1, 29 Aug. 1869), a penny Sunday paper of sixteen pages, which ceased after No. 57 on 25 Sept. 1870. In 1870 he was engaged as a leader-writer on the ‘Morning Advertiser,’ and commenced contributing to ‘Fun.’ During the illness of Thomas Hood the younger [q. v.] he acted as sub-editor of ‘Fun,’ and after the death of Hood, in 1874, conducted the paper until February 1878. In 1875, 1876, 1877, and 1878 he edited ‘Fun Comic Annual,’ and wrote stories for its pages. Early in 1872 he commenced sending to the ‘Weekly Dispatch,’ under the signature of ‘Pendragon,’ letters of general criticism on sport. Developing the scheme, he, on 19 Aug. 1877, as part proprietor and editor, under the same pseudonym of Pendragon, started a weekly sporting paper, ‘The Referee.’ Its success soon enabled him to give up his other engagements and confine himself exclusively to his own paper for the remainder of his life. He died at 6 Hall Road, St. John's Wood, London, on 16 May 1891.
He was the author of: 1. ‘Dictionary of Modern Slang,’ 2nd ed. 1860. 2. ‘A History of Advertising,’ with illustrations and facsimiles, 1874. 3. ‘Modern Boxing, by Pendragon,’ 1878.
G. C. B.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.241 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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| 230 | ii | 32 | Sampson, Henry (1841-1891): after the author insert (together with 'Dictionary of Modern Slang,' 2nd ed. 1860) |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Salveyn, Gerard

​SALVEYN, Sir GERARD (d. 1320), judge, was son of Robert Salveyn of North Driffield, Yorkshire, by Sibilla, daughter of Robert Beeston of Wilberfoss. The family claimed descent from Joce le Flemangh, who came over with the Conqueror and settled at Cukeney, Nottinghamshire, and whose grandson Ralph obtained the surname Le Silvan from his manor of Woodhouse. In March 1295 Salveyn was enfeoffed of Croham and Sledmere by his cousin Gerard Salveyn, who died in 1296 (Surtees, Hist. Durham, iv. 117; Roberts, Calendarium Genealogicum, ii. 517). On 26 Dec. 1298 he was a commissioner ‘de Walliis et fossatis’ on the Ouse, and on 24 Oct. 1301 an assessor of the fifteenth for Yorkshire (Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edward I, iii. 459, 611). In 1303 he was employed on a mission to France, and on 23 Nov. 1304 was one of the justices of trailbaston in Yorkshire. He was a knight of the shire for the county of York in 1304 and 1307. Early in the reign of Edward II he was appointed escheator north of the Trent, and held the office till 10 Dec. 1309, and afterwards was sheriff of Yorkshire from 1311 to 1314. In July 1311 he was a justice for the trial of forestallers in Yorkshire, and in November of that year was employed beyond seas in the royal service (Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edward II, i. 334, 361, 404). He was one of the royal bailiffs whom the ordainers removed from office in 1311 (Chron. Edw. I and Edw. II, i. 200, ii. 40). In August 1312, as sheriff, he was directed to hold York against Henry de Percy (Cal. Close Rolls, Edward II, i. 477). He was removed from his office as sheriff before 31 Oct. 1314 (ib. ii. 123). Complaints had been made in the parliament of 1314 concerning his oppressions as sheriff and escheator, and a commission was appointed for his trial (Rolls of Parliament, i. 316, 325). As a consequence he was imprisoned in York Castle, but was released on bail in June 1315, and in October 1316, by ceding the manor of Sandhall, Yorkshire, to the king, obtained pardon (Cal. Close Rolls, Edw. II, ii. 183, 433; Surtees, Hist. Durham, iv. 121). On 5 March 1316 he was returned as lord of Okingham, North Driffield, and other lordships in Yorkshire. He had pardon as an adherent of Thomas of Lancaster in November 1318. He died before 3 May 1320. By his wife Margery he had two sons, John and Gerard, and a daughter Joan, who married Sir Thomas Mauleverer. John Salveyn died in his father's lifetime, leaving by his wife Margaret Ross a son Gerard, born in 1308, who was his grandfather's heir; this young Gerard Salveyn was ancestor of the family of Salvin of Croxdale, Durham (ib. iv. 117–120; Cal. Close Rolls, Edward II, iii. 201, 659). Gerard, son of Gerard Salveyn, fought for Thomas of Lancaster at Boroughbridge in 1322 (ib. iii. 596).
C. L. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Porter, Francis

​PORTER, FRANCIS (d. 1702), Irish Franciscan, a native of co. Meath, joined the Franciscans, and passed most of his life at Rome. He became professor and lecturer, and was ultimately president, of the Irish College of St. Isidore in that city. He described himself in 1693 as ‘divine and historian to his most Serene Majesty of Great Britain,’ viz. James II. He died in Rome on 7 April 1702.
Porter was author of the following very rare Latin works: 1. ‘Securis Evangelica ad Hæresis radices posita, ad Congregationem Propagandæ Fidei,’ Rome, 1674, ‘editio secunda novis additionibus aucta et recognita;’ dedicated to Roger Palmer, lord Castlemaine. 2. ‘Palinodia religionis prætensæ Reformatæ,’ &c., Rome, 1679; dedicated to Cardinal Cybo. 3. ‘Compendium Annalium Ecclesiasticorum Regni Hiberniæ, exhibens brevem illius descriptionem et succinctam Historiam,’ 1690, 4to; dedicated to Alexander VIII. It contains an epistle to the ​author, by Francis Echinard, a jesuit, on errors in maps of Ireland. Porter has drawn largely on Ussher and Ware. The last section of the Appendix contains contemporary history down to the end of 1689, with an account of the siege of Derry (taken from letters written in May, July, and September 1689), and of the Jacobite parliament at Dublin. Porter concludes with an invective against Luther, as the author of all the evils of Ireland. 4. ‘Systema Decretorum Dogmaticorum … in quo insuper recensentur præcipui cujuslibet Sæculi, errores, adversi Impugnatores orthodoxi; item Recursus et Appellationes hactenus ad sedem Apostolicam habitæ, cum notis historicis et copiosis indicibus,’ Avignon, 1693, fol.; dedicated to Cardinal Spada. This work is very rare; was unknown to Ware, and was wrongly described by Harris in his edition of Ware's Irish writers. 5. ‘Opusculum contra vulgares quasdam Prophetias de Electionum [sic] Summorum Pontificum, S. Malachiæ … hactenus falso attributas, Gallice primum editum, nunc novis supplementis auctum et in Latinum idioma translatum: adjunctis celebrium Authorum [sic] reflectionibus et judiciis de Abbatis Joachimi Vaticiniis, ejusque Spiritu Prophetico,’ Rome, 1698, 8vo.
G. Le G. N.