OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbia (Tennessee)

Edition of 1905. See also Columbia, Tennessee on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIA. A city and county-seat of Maury County, Tenn., 45 miles south of Nashville, on Duck River, and on the Louisville and Nashville, the Nashville, Chattanooga and Saint Louis, and other railroads (Map: Tennessee, D 5). It is the centre of a fertile agricultural region, and an important grain and live-stock market. It controls large phosphate interests, and has cotton and flouring mills, pump-factory, etc. A United States arsenal is located here. Settled in 1811, Columbia was first incorporated in 1822. It is governed under a revised charter of 1893, which provides for a mayor, elected every two years, and a council elected on a general ticket. Population, in 1890, 5370; in 1900, 6052.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbia (Pennsylvania)

Edition of 1905. See also Columbia, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIA. A borough in Lancaster County, Pa., 28 miles southeast of Harrisburg; on the Susquehanna River, here more than a mile wide, and on the Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia and Reading railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, E 3). It is an important industrial centre, its manufactures including boilers and engines, iron, laundry machinery, silk, lace, shirts, wagons, brushes, flour, novelties, malt liquors, stoves, etc. Wrightville, on the west bank of the river, is connected with the borough by one of the longest bridges in the United States. The place was founded in 1726 by English Quakers from Chester County, and was for many years called Wright's Ferry. In 1789 it was proposed to locate the capital of the United States here. In June, 1863, the original bridge was burned to prevent the Confederate troops from marching on Philadelphia. Population, in 1890, 10,199; in 1900, 12,316.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbia (South Carolina)

Edition of 1905. See also Columbia, South Carolina on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIA. The capital of South Carolina, and county-seat of Richland County, on the east bank of the Congaree River below the junction ​of the Broad and Saluda rivers, 84 miles northeast of Augusta, Ga., and 137 miles northwest of Charleston; on the Southern, the Atlantic Coast Line, and the Seaboard Air Line railroads (Map: South Carolina, D 2). It is at the head of steam navigation on the river, and is on the Columbia Canal, which furnishes abundant water-power (13,000 horse-power). The city is handsomely laid out with streets well shaded and crossing at right angles, and has a fine park. Among the prominent buildings are the Capitol, court-house, city hall, the State insane asylum, and the State penitentiary. The city maintains a municipal hospital and a public library. The educational institutions include the South Carolina College, opened in 1805; Presbyterian Theological Seminary; Columbia Female College (Methodist Episcopal, South), opened in 1859; Presbyterian College for Women, opened in 1890; Allen University (African Methodist Episcopal), opened in 1881; and Benedict College (Baptist) for colored students. Columbia is the seat of a very considerable manufacturing industry, principally in cotton; and there are also sash and door factories, iron-works, foundries, and machine-shops, etc. The government of the city, under a charter of 1854, revised in 1894, is administered by a mayor, who holds office for two years, and a city council elected by wards. The executive appoints one trustee in public schools; and the city clerk, auditor, engineer, police commissioners, and clerk of market are all selected by the council. The water-works are owned and operated bv the municipality. Population, in 1890, 15,353; in 1900, 21,108.
In response to a demand for a more central place of government than Charleston, the Legislature in 1786 ordered Columbia, which had been settled about 1700, to be laid out, and in January, 1790, it met there for the first time. On February 17, 1865, General Sherman, at the head of the Union army, entered Columbia, and that night a fire broke out, raging for a day, which destroyed three-fifths of the city, including the old State House and its library of 23,000 volumes, a convent, several churches, the railroad depot, and much cotton. After the war, however, Columbia rapidly recovered its prosperity.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbia (Missouri)

Edition of 1905. See also Columbia, Missouri on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIA. A city and county-seat of Boone County, Mo., 144 miles west-northwest of Saint Louis; on the Wabash Railroad, and connected by a branch with the Missouri, Kansas and Texas system (Map: Missouri, D 3). It has flouring and planing mills, elevators, and manufactures of agricultural implements; also farming, fruit-growing, and stock-raising interests. The city is the seat of the State University, organized in 1842; State Agricultural College; and of institutions for women, Christian College (Christian), established in 1851, and Stephens College (Baptist), founded in 1856. The monument to Thomas Jefferson originally erected in Monticello. Va., is located here, also a State hospital and a United States Government experiment station. Settled in 1820, Columbia is governed by a mayor, elected biennially, and a city council. Population, in 1890, 4000; in 1900, 5651.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbia (United States personified)

Edition of 1905. See also Columbia (name) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLUM′BIA (Neo-Lat., from Columbus). The name under which the United States is usually personified.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbia (region)

Edition of 1905. See also Columbia District on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIA. A name formerly applied to the region, west of the Rocky Mountains, embracing British Columbia and the States of Washington and Oregon.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbia River

Edition of 1905. See also Columbia River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIA or OR′EGON RIVER. One of the largest rivers of North America, rising in the eastern chain of the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia, in about latitude 50° N. and longitude 110° W. (Map: Washington, E 4). It flows at first northwest as far as latitude 53°, and then turns sharply on itself and flows south into Washington. Just before crossing the boundary, it is joined by the Pend Oreille River (Clarke's River or Fork), a large branch from the east. In Washington it flows in a winding course, at first south (to its junction with Spokane River), then west, then south, and then southeast to the Oregon line in about longitude 119° W. Near the Oregon boundary it is joined by its largest branch, Snake River, which rises in Yellowstone Park. Below the point of junction the river flows in a western direction, forming the boundary between Oregon and Washington over the remaining distance to the Pacific, being joined on its way by the John Day, Deschutes, and Willamette rivers from the south. Its head-waters drain the Rocky Mountain region on the west from about latitude 54° N. to about latitude 42° N. Its length is 1300 to 1400 miles. Its drainage area is fully 300,000 square miles, and its low-water flow at the Dalles, Oregon, is 108,000 cubic feet per second. The river is broken by falls and rapids into many separate portions; the first navigable reach is that from its mouth to the Dalles, 190 miles in length. From Celilo, 13 miles above the Dalles, it is navigable to Priest Rapids, 198 miles, and for several shorter stretches farther up, the total navigable length amounting to 756 miles. The total navigable mileage of the Columbia and its branches is 2132 miles. The important city of Vancouver, Wash., is built on its northern bank, just above the entrance of the Willamette, and Astoria, Oregon, is situated at the mouth of the river. The value of the river as a waterway is lessened by the fact that the entrance to its mouth is obstructed by a bar. Large vessels, however, ​ascend the Columbia to Vancouver, and also the Willamette to Portland. The tide ascends to the cascades about 150 miles from the sea, which are overcome by vessels through a lock constructed by the United States Government. (See Jetty.) The Columbia is famous for its salmon fisheries. This great river was long vaguely believed to exist. Its mouth was discovered only in 1792, by Captain Gray, of Boston, Mass., who gave it the name of his own vessel in place of the name Oregon. It was explored by Lewis and Clark in 1804-05.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbia Salmon

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIA SALMON. See Quinnat.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Auerstädt

Edition of 1905. See also Auerstedt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUERSTÄDT, ou'ẽr-stĕt. A village in Saxony, 25 miles northeast of Weimar. Here Davout won a great victory over the Prussians under the Duke of Brunswick on the same day (October 14, 1806) that Napoleon defeated their main army at Jena. The battle was fought in a mist, between 48,000 Prussians and 30,000 French. The Prussians lost one-half of their army, while Davout's loss amounted to 7,000 men. Consult Lettow-Vorbeck, Der Krieg von 1806 und 1807, Vol I., Jena und Auerstädt (Berlin, 1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Auf der Höhe

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​AUF DER HÖHE, ouf dẽr hẽ'e. See Auerbach, Berthold.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Augur, Hezekiah

Edition of 1905. See also Hezekiah Augur on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUGUR, Hezekiah. (1791-1858). An Amerian sculptor, born in New Haven, Conn. His best work was a statue of "'.rephtlia and His Daughter," now in the Trumbull Gallery of Yale University. The invention of a machine for carving wood gave him great fame.
# The New International Encyclopædia/August Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Prince Augustus William of Prussia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ AUGUST WILHELM, vĭl′hĕlm. Prince of Prussia (1722-58). Founder of the present reigning line of the Hohenzollerns. He was born in Berlin, the second son of King Frederick William I., and a brother of Frederick the Great. Although a man of winning personality, he lacked the independence and decision of character of his elder brother. Appointed by Frederick (in 1757) commander of the Army of Kolin, he revealed such a lack of military ability in conducting the retreat from Bohemia that he was deprived of his command, whereupon he retired permanently to his castle at Oranienburg. The accusation brought by him against Frederick in the well-known Relation über den Feldzug von 1757, which at first proved so damaging to the reputation of the great commander, was disproved by the publication in 1887 of the Politische Korrespondenz Friedrichs des Grossen. As Frederick died without issue, he was succeeded by the son of August Wilhelm, who assumed the title of Frederick William II.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Auffenberg, Joseph

Edition of 1905. See also Joseph von Auffenberg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUFFENBERG, ouf'en-bĕrK, Joseph, Baron von (1798-1857). A German dramatist. He was born at Freiburg, where he first studied law, but soon began to write dramas. He became president of the committee of the Court Theatre at Karlsruhe several years afterwards. The following are a few of his more important dramatic works: Pizarro (1823); Ludwig XI. in Peronne; Der Löwe von Kurdistan; Alhambra; Das Nordlicht von Kasan. An edition of his complete works (22 vols.) was published at Wiesbaden in 1855.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aufrecht, Theodor

Edition of 1905. See also Theodor Aufrecht on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUFRECHT, ouf'rĕKt, Theodor (1822—). A German philologist and Sanskrit scholar. He was born at Leschnitz and was educated at the ​University of Berlin. He early devoted himself to Oriental research, and at the age of twenty-five published a treatise on Sanskrit accent (Bonn, 1847). In collaboration with Kirchhoff, he issued Die umbrischen Denkmäler (1849-51), and with Adalbert Kuhn he founded the Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung (1852). In 1862 he was appointed professor of Sanskrit and comparative philology at the University of Edinburgh, which in 1875 conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. Shortly afterwards he left Scotland, and accepted a professorship at Bonn, resigning his position in 1889. Among Dr. Aufrecht's many contributions to linguistic science, the most important are an edition of the Rigveda in English letters, Ujjvaladatta's Commentary, from a manuscript in the library of the East India House (1859), Aitareya Brahmana (1879); and Catalogus Catalogorum, An Alphabetical Register of Sanskrit Works and Authors (Leipzig, Part I., 1891; Part II., 1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Auersperg, Carlos, Prince

Edition of 1905. See also Prince Karl of Auersperg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUERSPERG, Carlos, Prince (1814-90). An Austrian statesman. On the advent of the new constitutional era, in 1861, he became a member of the Upper Chamber of the Reichsrath. As a representative of the Liberal landed proprietors in the Diet of Bohemia, and afterwards as president of the Austrian House of Peers, he took a conspicuous part in defending the constitutional system against clerical and feudal reaction, and in establishing the unity of the Empire. He presided over the Austrian ministry in 1868, and subsequently was a zealous supporter of the Liberal Cabinet, at the head of which was his brother Adolph.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Augarten

Edition of 1905. See also Augarten on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUGARTEN, ou′gär-ten (Ger. Aue, meadow + Garten, garden). A park in Vienna, once noted for its musical associations. Mozart, in 1782, was instrumental in starting concerts there, and it has been the scene of many musical first nights. It was opened in 1775 by Joseph II., and is laid out in the old French style.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Augusta (Agosta)

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ AUGUS′TA. See Agosta.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Münsterberg, Hugo

Edition of 1905. See also Hugo Münsterberg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜNSTERBERG, mụn'stẽr-bĕrK, Hugo (1863—). A German-American psychologist, born in Danzig. He received the degree of Ph.D. at Leipzig in 1885 and that of M.D. at Heidelberg two years afterwards, and taught psychology at Freiburg for live years (1887-92). In l892 he became professor of psychology at Harvard University, he devoted himself mainly to the physiological side of the science, and it was under his supervision that the psychological laboratory at Harvard was organized. His more important publications are: Die Willenshandlung (1888); Gedankenübertragung (1889); Der Ursprung der Sittlichkeit (1889); Beiträge zur experimentellen Psychologie (1891); Psychology and Life (1899); Grundzüge der Psychologie (1900); American Traits (1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Münzer, Thomas

MÜNZER, mụn'tsẽr, Thomas (c.1489-1525). A religious enthusiast of the German Reformation, born at Stolberg, in the Harz Mountains. He acquired a good knowledge of theology, taught at Aschersleben and Halle, became in 1519 chaplain of a nunnery at Beutwitz, and in the following year received a call as preacher to Zwickau. There he gained great popularity by his attacks on the monastic and mendicant Orders. In 1521 he was compelled to leave the town, and went to Bohemia, where his preaching, however, met with little sympathy. In 1523 he became pastor at Allstedt, in Thuringia, married a nun who had abjured her vows, and carried on his pastoral work in full sympathy with the advanced representatives of the Reformation. He was an ardent champion of German nationality, and was the first to substitute German for Latin in the liturgy. He stood in close touch with Carlstadt and shared the latter's iconoclastic ideas. In time he developed a fanatic mysticism whose chief tenet was the validity of inner revelation, and he attacked as ‘new papists’ those reformers who set up the Gospel above personal justification. His ideas partook also of a political and social nature; he preached the speedy coming of God's kingdom on earth, and sought to organize the peasants and the artisans of the towns into secret associations looking, it is asserted, to the destruction of all authority and the establishment of communal property. In August, 1524, he was expelled from Allstedt and betook himself to Mühlhausen, where he joined forces with Heinrich Pfeifer, a renegade monk, who had succeeded in gaining great influence over the lower classes. Together they were driven from the city in September, and Münzer wandered through Southern Germany and
Switzerland, forming close relations with the Anabaptist leaders and hastening in no small degree the peasant uprising in those regions. He returned to Mühlhausen in December, and with Pfeifer, who had likewise reëntered the city, assumed leadership of the discontented masses. The old council was overthrown, and a new council was installed under the control of Münzer. Mühlhausen speedily became the centre of a violent agitation. The opposition of the nobles was ineffectual; but at Frankenhausen, on May 15, 1525, Münzer's peasant mob was almost annihilated by the force of Philip of Hesse, the Elector of Saxony, and the Duke of Brunswick. (See Peasant War.) Münzer escaped from the battlefield, but was captured at Frankenhausen and taken to the Castle of Heldrungen, where he was put to the torture. On May 25th he was decapitated at Mühlhausen, together with Pfeifer and twenty-four other leaders of the peasants. Fanatic though he undoubtedly was, there is nothing to disprove Münzer's warm love for the common people, whose cause he upheld against Luther, accusing the latter of fawning on the German princes while seeking to appease the peasants with empty woids about the responsibility of rulers to God. Consult: Strobel, Leben, Schriften und Lehren Thomas Münzers (Nuremberg and Altdorf, 1795); Seidemann, Thomas Münzer (Dresden and Leipzig, 1842).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Wolfgang

Edition of 1905. See also Wolfgang Müller von Königswinter on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, mụ'lẽr, Wolfgang (called Müller von Königswinter) (1816-73). A German poet and novelist, born at Königswinter on the Rhine. He studied medicine at Bonn, and practiced at Düsseldorf, but afterwards removed to Cologne, and gradually gave up medicine to devote himself to literature. Müller's poetry finds its material in the Rhine, its beauty, its legends, and the life of its people. The more important of his books are: Gedichte (1847; 3d ed. 1868); Der Rattenfänger von Sankt Goar (1856); Liederbuch (1857; 4th ed. 1871); Lorelei, an epic cycle (1851; 4th ed. 1873); Erzählungen eines rheinischen Chronisten (1860-61); and Im Rittersaal (1874). His best-known poem is “Mein Herz ist am Rhein.” Six volumes of his selected poems were published under the title Dichtungen eines rheinischen Poeten (1871-76). Consult Joesten, Wolfgang Müller (Cologne, 1895).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müntz, Eugène

Edition of 1905. See also Eugène Müntz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜNTZ, Eugène (1845-1902). A French art critic, born at Sulz, Alsace. He took Taine's place as professor of the history of art at the Ecole Nationale des Beaux-Arts, where he lectured from 1885 to 1893. He made a specialty of Italian art, and the following works are of unique value: Notes sur les mosaïques de l'Italie (1874-92); Les arts à la cour des papes pendant le XVème et le XVIème siècle (1878-98); Les précurseurs de la Renaissance (1881); Histoire de la tapisserie (1882); Etudes sur l'histoire de la peinture et de l'iconographie chrétiennes (1882); and Histoire de l'art pendant la Renaissance, vol. i., Italie: les primitifs (1888); vol. ii., Italie: l'âge d'or (1892); vol. iii., Italie: la fin de la Renaissance (1895); Léonard de Vinci, l'artiste, le penseur, le savant (1899).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Münster, Sebastian

Edition of 1905. See also Sebastian Münster on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜNSTER, mụn′stẽr, Sebastian (1489-1552). A German theologian and geographer. He was born at Ingelheim, studied at Heidelberg and Tübingen, and in 1529 left the Catholic Church for the Reformed. He was professor of theology and Hebrew at Heidelberg until 1536, when he became professor of mathematics at Basel. He edited in 1534 the first Hebrew Bible to appear under the care of a German. But his chief work was his Cosmographia (1544), a
geography which was translated into Italian, French, and Latin, and passed through twenty-four editions in a hundred years.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müntz, Charles Achille

Edition of 1905. See also Achille Müntz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜNTZ, mụnts, Charles Achille (1846—). A French agricultural chemist, brother of the art critic Eugène Müntz. He was born at Sulz,
Alsace, studied under Boussingault in Paris, and, after acting as his assistant for ten years, succeeded him as director of the chemical laboratories in the Institut National Agronomique. Müntz made special research on the feeding of cattle and horses, and, following Boussingault's method, tested his theories by practice on great herds, on Parisian cab horses, and, in the case of his contributions to viniculture, in various vineyards. He founded a Bibliothèque de l'Enseignement Agricole, published the results of his experiments in the Annales of the Agricultural Institute, and other chemical and agricultural journals, and wrote: Recherches sur l'alimentation des chevaux, with Girard (1884); Les engrais, with the same (1888-91); and Les vignes (1895).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mādhava, Mādhavachārya

Edition of 1905. See also Vidyaranya on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MĀDHAVA, mäd′hȧ-vȧ, MĀDHAVACHĀRYA, mäd′hȧ-vȧ-chä′ryȧ. An eminent Hindu scholar, royal counselor and divine, who lived in the fourteenth century of our era. He was elder brother of the famous Vedic commentator Sāyana (q.v.), and flourished under King Bukka I. (A.D. 1350-79), whom he served as Prime Minister and spiritual adviser. This ruler belonged to the dynasty of Vijaya-nagara, ‘City of Victory,’ now Hampi, in the District of Bellary, South Central India, which is said to have been Mādhava's birthplace. He was associated with the Monastery of Sringiri, of which he became abbot. The list of his works on philosophical, religious, and technical subjects is a long one. Consult Klemm, "“Mādhava, seine Lehre und seine Werke,” in the Gurupūjākammudī, Festgabe zum Doctorjubiläum Albrecht Weber (Leipzig, 1896). The name Mādhava is frequently found earlier in Sanskrit literature and Hindu mythology as an appellation of the god Vishnu (q.v.) or his incarnation, Krishna.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Wilhelm Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Wilhelm (1794-1827). A German poet, excelling in popular and political songs that attracted great composers, notably Schubert, and also influenced Heine's lyric development. Müller, who was born in Dessau, October 7, 1794, studied philology and history, fought in the War of Liberation, visited Italy (1817-19), was made professor in the Gelehrtenschule at Dessau (1819), and ducal librarian there. He died in Dessau, September 30, 1827. His poems, published under the titles Müllerlieder (1818); Gedichte eines Waldhornisten (1821); Lieder der Griechen (1821-24); Lieder des Lebens und der Liebe (1824); Lyrische Reisen (1827), were collected with other Works by Schwab in five volumes (1830). A new edition by Müller's son, the Orientalist, Max Müller, appeared in 1868; the Poems were published in one volume (1874).