OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rarey, John S.

Edition of 1900.
​RAREY, John S., horse-tamer, b. in Franklin county, Ohio, in 1828; d. in Cleveland. Ohio, 4 Oct., 1866. At an early age he displayed tact in managing horses, and by degrees he worked out a system of training that was founded on his own observations. He went to Texas in 1856, and, after experimenting there, gave public exhibitions in Ohio, and from that time was almost continuously before the public. About 1860 he went to Europe and surprised his audiences everywhere by his complete mastery of horses that had been considered unmanageable. In England particularly the most vicious were brought to him, and he never failed to control them. One of the greatest triumphs of his skill was the taming of the racing-colt “Cruiser,” which was so vicious that he had killed one or two grooms, and was kept under control by an iron muzzle. Under Mr. Rarey's treatment he became perfectly gentle and submissive, and was brought by Rarey to this country. In 1863 Mr. Rarey was employed by the government to inspect and report upon the horses of the Army of the Potomac. He was the author of a “Treatise on Horse-Taming.” of which 15,000 copies were sold in France in one year (London, 1858; new ed., 1864).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rattray, William Jordan

Edition of 1900.
RATTRAY, William Jordan, Canadian author, b. in London, England, in 1835; d. in Toronto, Canada, 26 Sept., 1883. His father, a Scotchman, came to Canada in 1848, and settled with his family in Toronto. The son was graduated at the University of Toronto in 1858, and afterward was a journalist in that city. Among his writings was a series of articles on the conflict of agnosticism and revealed religion, which presented the orthodox side of the question with great force. He was for many years connected with the Toronto “Mail,” wrote for the “ Canadian Monthly” and other periodicals, and published “The Scot in British North America” (4 vols., Toronto, 1883).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rau, Charles

Edition of 1900.
​RAU, Charles, archæologist, b. in Vervien, Belgium, in 1826; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 25 July, 1887. He was educated in Germany, came to the United States in 1848, and taught in the west and afterward in New York city. From 1875 until his death he was curator in the department of antiquities in the U. S. national museum in Washington, D. C. Devoting his attention to archaeology, he began to write on American antiquities for “Die Natur.” His contributions to the publications of the Smithsonian institution first appeared in 1863, and subsequently his articles were published in nearly every annual report of that institution, gaining for him a high reputation as an authority on American archæology. The University of Freiburg, Baden, gave him the degree of Ph.D. in 1882. He was a member of the principal archæological and anthropological societies of Europe and America, and published more than fifty papers, among which was a series on the “Stone Age in Europe,” originally contributed to “Harper's Magazine,” and afterward issued in book-form as “Early Man in Europe” (New York, 1876). His other publications were “The Archaeological Collection of the United States National Museum” (Washington, 1876); “The Palenque Tablet in the United States National Museum” (1879); “Articles on Anthropological Subjects,” 1853-'87 (1882); two partly published works on the types of North American implements; and one that was designed to be a comprehensive treatment of archæology in America. Dr. Rau bequeathed his library and collection to the U. S. national museum in Washington.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rappe, Louis Amadeus

Edition of 1900.
​RAPPE, Louis Amadeus, R. C. bishop, b. in Andrehem, France, 2 Feb., 1801; d. in St. Alban's, Vt., 9 Sept., 1877. His parents were peasants, and up to his twentieth year he labored in the fields. Believing that he was called to the priesthood, he applied for admission to the college at Boulogne, and, after a classical course, entered the seminary of Arras, and was ordained a priest, 14 March, 1829. He was appointed pastor of Wisme, and subsequently chaplain of the Ursuline convent in Boulogne. With the permission of his superiors, he sailed for the United States in 1840, and in 1841 was appointed to minister to the laborers on the Miami and Erie canal and the settlers along Maumee river. He established a branch of the Sisters of Notre Dame in Toledo, and prepared a convent and school for them. In 1847 the northern part of Ohio was erected into the see of Cleveland, and Father Rappe was nominated its first bishop, and consecrated at Cincinnati by Bishop Purcell on 10 Oct., 1847. He set about building a cathedral in Cleveland in the following year, and consecrated it in 1852. In 1851 he opened St. Mary's orphan asylum for girls, and founded the order of Sisters of Charity of St. Augustine, gave them charge of St. Vincent's asylum for boys in 1853, and introduced many other religious organizations. The want of a hospital was felt severely in Cleveland during the civil war. Bishop Rappe offered to build one in 1863 and provide nurses, on condition that the public would aid him. His offer was accepted, and the hospital was completed in 1865 at a cost of $75,000, and placed in charge of the Sisters of Charity. He attended the Vatican council in 1869, although in feeble health. He had met with bitter opposition from some members of his flock, who made unwarranted attacks on his character, and he tendered his resignation, which was accepted, on 22 Aug., 1870. He was offered another diocese several years afterward, but declined it, and spent the remainder of his life in the diocese of Burlington, engaged in the duties of a missionary priest. When Bishop Rappe took possession of the diocese of Cleveland it contained about 25,000 Roman Catholics, with 28 priests and 34 churches. He left it with more than 100,000 Roman Catholics, 107 priests, 160 churches, and 90 schools.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rapaelje, Sarah de

Edition of 1900.
​RAPAELJE, Sarah de, b. in Fort Orange, N. Y., 9 June, 1625; d. on Long Island in 1685. She was the daughter of Jan Joris Rapaelje, and was the first white girl born in New Netherlands. There have been various statements regarding the residence of Jan Rapaelje at the time of her birth, for, after settling at Fort Orange, he removed to Manhattan, and thence to Waleboght on Long Island. The depositions of his wife, Catalina Trico, made in New York before Gov. Thomas Dongan in 1688, the year before her death, establish the time of her arrival and her first residence. She came to this country in the first ship that was sent to the New Netherlands by the West India company. Some travellers in 1679 mentioned Catalina Trico as “worldly-minded” and as living “by herself, a little apart from the others, having her little garden and other conveniences, with which she helped herself,” and evidently regarded her as an historical personage. Sarah was the ancestor of several well-known families in Kings county, N. Y. She married Hans Hansen Bergen, and, after his death in 1654, married Theunis Gysbert Bogaert.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rapp, George

Edition of 1900.
​RAPP, George, founder of the sect of Harmonists, or Harmonites, b. in Würtemberg, Germany, in 1770; d. in Economy, Pa., 7 Aug., 1847. He early conceived the idea of reforming modern society by the literal realization of the precepts in the New Testament, and collected a band of believers who were anxious to revive the practices of the primitive church; but the civil authorities interfered. Rapp and his followers therefore emigrated in 1803 to Pennsylvania, and on Connequenessing creek, in Butler county, organized a religious society in which all things were held in common, and members of both sexes adopted the ​practice of celibacy. Their settlement was named Harmony. By the cultivation of the land, and by weaving and other industries, they acquired wealth. In 1815 the community removed to a tract of 27,000 acres, lying along the Wabash river in Indiana. In their new settlement, which they called New Harmony, they attained a much higher state of prosperity. In 1824, however, they sold the land and improvements to Robert Owen for the purpose of establishing a socialistic colony, and settled in Beaver county, Pa., on the right bank of the Ohio river, seventeen miles northwest of Pittsburg, where they built the village of Economy, containing a church, a school, a museum, a hundred dwellings, and mills for the manufacture of woollen cloth, flannels, cotton goods, carpets, and flour. Proselytes are received into the society, and admitted to full membership after a probation of six months. Those who sever their connection with the community receive back, without interest, the treasure that they put into the common store. Offences are punished by temporary suspension or expulsion. In 1833, 300 Harmonists were induced to leave the community by Bernhard Müller, an impostor, who had been admitted under the name of Proli, and who persuaded his dupes that he was the Lord's anointed, sent to establish the millennial kingdom. After founding New Jerusalem, near Pittsburg, Müller absconded with the greater part of $105,000, belonging to his followers, that had been paid out of the chest of the Harmonist community. The Harmony society increased in numbers by the accession of other converts. Rapp was the spiritual head and dictator of the community, and when he died his place was taken by the merchant Becker. On their farm, which embraces 3,500 acres, the Harmonists raise live-stock, pursue silk-culture, make wine, and cultivate flax, grain, fruits, and vegetables. In 1851 the village of Harmony was set off from the township of Economy.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wright, Carroll Davidson

Edition of 1889.
​WRIGHT, Carroll Davidson, statistician, b. in Dunbarton, N. H., 25 July, 1840. He was educated in New Hampshire and Vermont, and began the study of law. At the beginning of the civil war he enlisted in the 14th New Hampshire regiment, of which he became colonel in December, 1864. After serving as acting assistant adjutant-general under Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, he resigned in March, 1865, and was admitted to the New Hampshire bar in October. His health led to his removal to Massachusetts, where he was in the state senate in 1871-'2, during which time he secured the passage of a bill to provide for the establishment of workingmen's trains to Boston from the suburban districts. He was chief of the state bureau of statistics of labor in 1873-'88, and in 1880 was appointed supervisor of the U. S. census in Massachusetts, being also special agent of the census on the factory system. In 1885 he was commissioned by the governor to investigate the public records of the towns, parishes, counties, and courts of that state, and in January, 1885, he was made first commissioner of the bureau of labor in the interior department in Washington, which office had been created in June, 1884. Col. Wright was a Republican presidential elector in 1876. In 1875 and again in 1885 he had charge of the decennial census of Massachusetts. He was lecturer during 1879 on phases of the labor question, ethically considered, at the Lowell institute in Boston, Mass., and during 1881 university lecturer on the factory system at Harvard. He is a member of various scientific societies and has been recording secretary of the American statistical association and president of the American social science association. The degree of A. M. was given him by Tufts college in 1883. Col. Wright has published “Annual Reports of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor” (15 vols., Boston, 1873-'88); “Census of Massachusetts” (3 vols., 1876-7); “The Statistics of Boston” (1882); “The Factory System of the United States” (Washington 1882); “The Census of Massachusetts” (4 vols., Boston, l887-'8); “Reports of U. S. Commissioner of Labor,” including “Industrial Depressions” (Washington, 1886); “Convict Labor” (1886); and “Strikes and Lockouts” (1887); also numerous pamphlets, including “The Relation of Political Economy to the Labor Question” (Boston, 1882); “The Factory System as an Element in Civilization” (1882); “Scientific Basis of Tariff Legislation” (1884); “The Present Actual Condition of the Workingman” (1887); “The Study of Statistics in Colleges” (1887); “Problems of the Census” (1887); “Hand Labor in Prisons” (1887); “Historical Sketch of the Knights of Labor” (1887); and “The Growth and Purposes of Bureaus of Statistics of Labor” (1888).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Xiuhtemoc I.

Edition of 1889.
​XIUHTEMOC I. (see-oo'-ta-mock), first king of Culhuacan, lived in the 12th century. After the destruction of the empire of Tollan some of the scattered tribes settled at Culhuacan, and about 1104 elected their leader, Xiuhtemoc, king. He was succeeded in 1129 by his son, Nauhyotl. — Xiuhtemoc II. was eighth king of Culhuacan and second of Mexico. He succeeded his father, Acamapictli I., who had dethroned the former king, Cocox, two years before, in 1303, and in 1318, after the death of Huitzilihuitl I., he was elected by the Mexicans king, but gradually drew them to Culhuacan, while those that did not wish to follow him settled in Tlaltelolco and formed there a separate monarchy. He was succeeded in 1352 by his grandson, Acamapictli II.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wurtz, Henry

Edition of 1889.
​WURTZ, Henry, chemist, b. in Easton, Pa., 5 June, 1828. He was graduated at Princeton in 1848, and then studied chemistry at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard. In 1851 he became instructor at the Yale (now Sheffield) scientific school, and in 1853-'5 he was chemist to the geological survey of New Jersey. He was chosen professor of chemistry at the Medical college in Kingston, Canada, in 1857, and a year later accepted a similar chair at the National medical college in Washington, D. C., while at the same time he was examiner in the chemical division of the U. S. patent-office until 1861. Prof. Wurtz then removed to New York. His original work has included the discovery of the mineral hisingerite in America (1850); the invention of methods for the production of alum from greensand marl and ​potassium chloride and potassium sulphate from similar sources (1850); methods of preparing pure alkalies and alkaline earths (1852); applications of sodium amalgams (1865); new modes of manufacture of fuel gas by the alternating action of air and steam on cheap coal (1869); the production of magnesia by precipitation from sea-water by means of calcium hydroxide (1877); the discovery of the minerals animikite and huntilite (1878); a new method of concentrating and caking granular materials of all kinds by mixing with small percentages of metallic iron and a solution of ferrous sulphate (1882); and a new method of distilling coal to obtain liquid products. He was engaged until 1888 in perfecting processes by means of which greater yields of the heavy paraffin oils, paraffin wax, carbolic acid, and other products can be obtained from coals of all kinds more quickly, also in developing the generation of electricity by methods the chemical products of which will be of sufficient value to pay all costs. Prof. Wurtz entered the employ of Thomas A. Edison as chemist in October, 1888. In 1876 he served as a judge on the international jury of awards at the World's fair in Philadelphia, making a special report on “The Chemistry of Japan Porcelain and Porcelain Minerals,” and in 1877 the degree of Ph. D. was conferred on him by Stevens institute of technology. From 1868 till 1874 he was editor of the “American Gas-Light Journal,” and he was assistant editor in the chemical department of “Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia.” He has made numerous reports to various corporations, and is the author of about sixty scientific memoirs.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wright, Chauncey

Edition of 1889.
​WRIGHT, Chauncey, mathematician, b. in Northampton, Mass., 20 Sept., 1830; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 12 Sept., 1875. He was graduated at Harvard in 1852, and at once became a computer for the recently established “American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac” in Cambridge. His occasional contributions to the “Mathematical Monthly” and similar journals soon gained for him reputation as a mathematician and physicist. Gradually his attention became fixed upon the questions in metaphysics and philosophy that are presented in their latest form in the works of John Stuart Mill, Charles Darwin, Alexander Bain, Herbert Spencer, and others, and he prepared a series of philosophical essays for the “North American Review,” which continued until within a few months before his death. These are regarded by Charles Eliot Norton as “the most important contribution made in America to the discussion and investigation of the questions which now chiefly engage the attention of the students of philosophy.” In 1870 he delivered a course of university lectures at Harvard on the principles of psychology, and in 1874-'5 he was instructor there in mathematical physics. He was appointed recording secretary of the American academy of arts and sciences in 1863, and held that office for seven years. His writings were collected by Charles Eliot Norton and published, with a biographical sketch, as “Philosophical Discussions” (New York, 1877).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wright, Charles Barstow

Edition of 1889.
​WRIGHT, Charles Barstow, financier, b. in Bradford county, Pa., 8 Jan., 1822. He embarked in business at fifteen, and at nineteen was taken as a partner by his employer. In 1843 he received from the Towanda bank a trust of landed interests in the then small town of Chicago, and in two years he not only fulfilled this mission successfully, but realized handsome profits in Chicago real estate for himself. In 1863 he engaged actively in developing the petroleum interests of Pennsylvania. In 1870, as director and afterward as president, he undertook the work of pushing the Northern Pacific railroad to completion. After the road had been built to Missouri river, and eastward from the Pacific about 100 miles, Jay Cooke and Co., the fiscal agents, failed, during the panic of 1873 that took place, and the completed parts were not paying expenses. Mr. Wright afterward assisted in the reorganization by which the road was completed to Puget sound. In 1873 he took an active part in founding the city of Tacoma, which now has a population of 15,000. He endowed the Annie Wright seminary for girls, and Washington college for boys, at Tacoma, and has been noted for his generosity to young men.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wright, Fanny

Edition of 1889.
​WRIGHT, Fanny, reformer, b. in Dundee, Scotland, 6 Sept., 1795; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 14 Dec., 1852. Her father was an intimate friend of Adam Smith, Dr. William Cullen, and other scientific and literary men. She became an orphan at an early age, was brought up as a ward in chancery by a maternal aunt, and early adopted the philosophy of the French materialists. She travelled in this country in 1818-'20, and was introduced by Joseph Rodman Drake in the first of the “Croaker” papers. On her return to England she published her “Views of Society and Manners in America” (London, 1821; Paris, 1822). On the invitation of Lafayette she went to Paris, and in 1825 she returned to this country. She purchased 2,400 acres in Tennessee, at Neshoba (now Memphis), and established there a colony of emancipated slaves, whose social condition she sought to elevate. Neshoba, which was held in trust for her by Gen. Lafayette, was restored by him when he discovered that her plans could not be carried out without conflicting with the laws of the state. The negroes in the colony were afterward sent to Hayti. In 1833-'6 she appeared as a public lecturer in the eastern states, where her attacks upon slavery and other social institutions attracted large audiences and led to the establishment of “Fanny Wright societies,” but her freedom of speech caused great opposition and the hostility of the press and the church. Fitz-Greene Halleck said her chief theme was “just knowledge,” which she pronounced “joost nolidge.” She then became associated with Robert Dale Owen in New Harmony, Ind., edited there “The Gazette,” and lectured in behalf of his colony, but with little success. In 1838 she visited France, and married there M. D'Arusmont, whose system of philosophy resembled her own, but she was soon separated from him, resumed her own name, and resided with her daughter in Cincinnati, Ohio, until her death. Her last years were spent in retirement. She was benevolent, unselfish, eccentric, and fearless. She published in London in 1817 “Altdorf,” a tragedy, founded on the tradition of William Tell and unsuccessfully played at the Park theatre; “A few Days in Athens, being a Translation of a Greek Manuscript discovered in Herculaneum” (London, 1822); and a “Course of Popular Lectures on Free Inquiry, Religion, Morals, Opinions, etc., delivered in the United States” (New York, 1829; 6th ed., 1836). See “Biography, Notes, and Political Letters of Fanny Wright D'Arusmont,” published by John Windt (London, 1844), and “Memoir of Fanny Wright, the Pioneer Woman in the Cause of Women's Rights,” by Amos Gilbert (Cincinnati, 1855).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wurtele, Jonathan Saxton Campbell

Edition of 1889.
​WURTELE, Jonathan Saxton Campbell, Canadian jurist, b. in Quebec, 27 Jan., 1828. He is the son of Jonathan Wurtele, seignior of River David, and was the last Canadian seignior to render homage, 3 Feb., 1854. He was educated at Quebec high-school and privately studied law, and was called to the bar of Lower Canada in 1850. He became professor of commercial law in McGill university in 1869, received the degree of B. C. L. from that institution in 1870, and of D. C. L. in 1882, and is now an emeritus professor. He became queen's counsel in 1873. In 1875 he was elected to the legislature of Quebec, re-elected in 1878 and in 1881, and again in 1882 on his being appointed provincial treasurer. He was speaker of the Quebec assembly in 1884-'6, and in the latter year was appointed judge of the superior court of the province. He was made an officer of public instruction in 1880 and an officer of the Legion of honor in France in 1882. Mr. Wurtele negotiated a loan in France for the province of Quebec in 1880, and organized at the same time the Credit foncier Franco Canadien, of which he is a director. He has been counsel of the German society of Montreal, and has held the offices of chief clerk of the seignioral commission, mayor of St. David, and president of the school commissioners of that place. He is a Liberal-Conservative in politics, and is the author of a “Manual of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec” (Quebec, 1885).
# An Imperial Rescript

* "An Imperial Rescript" in Ballads and Barrack-Room Ballads (1892)
* "An Imperial Rescript" in Departmental Ditties and Ballads and Barrack-Room Ballads (1919)