OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, Edward George Fitzalan

​HOWARD, EDWARD GEORGE FITZALAN, first Baron Howard of Glossop (1818–1883),was second son of Henry Charles, thirteenth duke of Norfolk [q. v.], by his wife, Lady Charlotte Sophia Leveson-Gower, eldest daughter of George Granville, first duke of Sutherland. He was born on 20 Jan. 1818, and, though a catholic by birth, finished his education at Trinity College, Cambridge. On the death, on 16 March 1842, of his grand-father, Bernard Edward, twelfth duke of Norfolk [q. v.], his father succeeded to the titles and estates, and Howard became known as Lord Edward Howard. He was a liberal in politics. In July 1846, when the first Russell administration came into power, he was appointed vice-chamberlain to the queen and a privy councillor, and retained his office until March 1852. After unsuccessfully contesting Shoreham at the general election of 1847, Howard was returned in 1848 to the House of Commons as M.P. for Horsham. From 1853 to 1868 he was M.P. for Arundel, but was rejected by that constituency in the general election of 1868. On 9 Dec. 1869 he was created a peer of the United Kingdom as Baron Howard of Glossop. Howard rendered signal service to the cause of Roman catholic primary education. From 1869 to 1877 he was chairman of the Catholic Poor Schools Committee, in succession to the Hon. Charles Langdale. As chairman of the committee he set on foot the Catholic Education Crisis Fund, not only subscribing 5,000l. to it himself, but securing 10,000l. from his nephew the fifteenth and present Duke of Norfolk, and another 10,000l. from his son-in-law the Marquis of Bute. Seventy thousand scholars were thus added to the Roman catholic schools in England at a cost of at least 350,000l. During the eight years' minority of his nephew, the fifteenth duke of Norfolk (1860-8), he presided over the College of Arms as deputy earl marshal. In 1871 Howard bought from James Robert Hope-Scott [q. v.], for nearly 40,000l., his highland estate at Dorlin, near Loch Shiel, Salen, N.B. Howard died, after a long illness, on 1 Dec. 1883, at his town house, 19 Rutland Gate, Knightsbridge.
Howard married, first, on 22 July 1851, Augusta Talbot, only daughter (and heiress to a fortune of 80,000l.) of George Henry Talbot, half-brother of John, sixteenth earl ​of Shrewsbury; and secondly, on 16 July 1863, Winifred Mary, third daughter of Ambrose Lisle March Phillipps de Lisle, esq., of Garendon Park and Gracedieu Manor in Leicestershire. By his first wife, who died 3 July 1862, he had two sons, Charles Bernard Talbot, who died in 1861, aged 9, and Francis Edward, who succeeded as second baron; and five daughters.
[Memorial Notice in the Tablet, 8 Dec. 1883, p. 882; Times, December 1883; Men of the Time, 11th ed. p. 595.]
C. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, Charles (d.1765)

​HOWARD, Sir CHARLES (d. 1765), general, was second son of Charles Howard, third earl of Carlisle [q. v.] He entered the army in 1716, became captain and lieutenant-colonel Coldstream Guards in April 1719, and was appointed lieutenant-governor of Carlisle in 1725, and colonel and aide-de-camp to the king in 1734. In 1738 he became colonel of the 19th foot, now the Yorkshire regiment, which he held until transferred to the present 3rd dragoon guards in 1748. The 19th, then wearing grass-green facings, thus acquired its still familiar sobriquet of the 'Green Howards,' distinguishing it from the 24th foot, known as 'Howard's Greens,' and the 3rd Buffs, known as 'Howards,' those regiments being successively commanded about the same period by Thomas Howard, father of Field-marshal Sir George Howard [q. v.] Charles Howard was many years about the court, where he held the post of a groom of the bedchamber. As a major-general he commanded a brigade at Dettingen and at Fontenoy, where he received four wounds, and after wards under Wade and Cumberland in the north. He commanded the British infantry at the battles of Val and Roucoux, was made K.B. in 1749, and was governor of Forts George and Augustus, N.B. In 1760 he was president of the court-martial on Lord George Sackville [see Germain, George Sackville]. He represented Carlisle in parliament from 1727 to 1761 (Off. Return of Members of Parliament, ii. 62 –125). He attained the rank of general in March 1765, and died at Bath unmarried on 26 Aug. 1765.
[Collins's Peerage, ed. 1812, vol. iii. under `Carlisle, Howard, Earl of;' Cannon's Hist.Rec. 3rd Prince of Wales's Dragoon Guards; Maclachlan's order-book of William, Duke of Cumberland (London, 1876). Some letters from Howard are in Brit. Mus. Addit. MSS. 32690, 32692, 32725, 32897.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, Edward (fl.1669)

​HOWARD, EDWARD (fl. 1669), dramatist, baptised at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, 2 Nov. 1624, was fifth son of Thomas Howard, first earl of Berkshire, and brother of Sir Robert Howard (1626?–1698) [q. v.] He published in 1668 'The Usurper; a Tragedy. As it was acted at the Theatre Royal by his Majesties Servants,' 4to. It was followed by 'The Brittish Princes: an Heroick Poem,' 8vo, dedicated to Henry, lord Howard, second brother to the Duke of Norfolk. Prefixed to this worthless poem, which was ridiculed by Rochester, are commendatory verses by Lord Orrery and Sir John Denham, with a prose epistle by Thomas Hobbes. 'Six Days' Adventure; or the New Utopia,' a poor comedy, acted without success at the Duke of York's Theatre, was published in 1671, 4to. Mrs. Behn, Edward Ravenscroft, and others prefixed commendatory verses. 'The Women's Conquest,' 1671, 4to, a tragi-comedy, acted by the Duke of York's servants, has some amusing scenes, and supplied hints (as Genest remarks) for Mrs. Inchbald's 'Every One has his Fault.' 'The Man of Newmarket, 1678, 4to, was acted at the Theatre Royal. Howard also wrote three unpublished plays, 'The Change of Crowns,' 'The London Gentleman' (entered in the Stationers' Register, 7 Aug. 1667), and 'The United Kingdom.' Pepys saw the 'Change of Crowns' acted before a crowded house at the Theatre Royal on 12 April 1667. He describes it as 'the best that I ever saw at that house, being a great play and serious.' Some passages in the play gave offence, and the actor Lacy was 'committed to the porter's lodge.' Lacy indignantly told Howard that 'he was more a fool than a poet.' The 'United Kingdom' was satirised in the 'Rehearsal.'
Howard's other works are 'Poems and Essays, with a Paraphrase of Cicero's Laelius, or of Friendship,' 1673, 8vo, and 'Caroloiades, or the Rebellion of Forty One. In Ten Books. A Heroick Poem,' 1689, 8vo, reissued in 1695 with a fresh title-page ('Caroloiades Redivivus') and a dedicatory epistle to the Princess of Denmark. He prefixed commendatory verses to Mrs. Behn's 'Poems,' 1685, and Dryden's 'Virgil,' 1697. There is a derisive notice of 'Ned' Howard in 'Session of the Poets,' among 'Poems on Affairs of State' (ed. 1703, i. 206).
A. H. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, Elizabeth

​HOWARD, ELIZABETH, Duchess of Norfolk (1494–1558). [See under Howard, Thomas, third Duke.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robert Fitzharding

​ROBERT Fitzharding (d. 1170), founder of the second house of Berkeley. [See Fitzharding.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robert Foliot

​ROBERT Foliot (d. 1186), bishop of Hereford. [See Foliot.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robert Losinga

​ROBERT Losinga (d. 1095), bishop of Hereford. [See Losinga.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robert Bloet

​ROBERT Bloet (d. 1123), bishop of Lincoln. [See Bloet.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robert Fitzhamon

​ROBERT Fitzhamon (d. 1107), conqueror of Glamorgan. [See Fitzhamon.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robert Fitzstephen

​ROBERT Fitzstephen (d. 1183?), Norman conqueror of Ireland. [See Fitzstephen.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robert I

​ROBERT I (1274–1329), king of Scotland. [See Bruce, Robert de, VIII.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robert Mannyng

​ROBERT Mannyng or de Brunne (fl. 1288–1338 ), poet. [See Mannyng.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pedrog

​PEDROG (fl. 550?), British saint, commemorated on 4 June, was the founder of the ancient church of Bodmin, where his relics were long preserved. The life in ‘Acta Sanctorum’ (June, i. 400–1), previously printed by Capgrave (Nova Legenda Angliæ, p. 266), is meagre and of no authority. We only learn from it that Pedrog was ‘natione Cumber’ (i.e. a Welshman), and of royal birth. On the death of his father he declined the succession to the crown, and, with sixty companions, retired to a monastery. After studying in Ireland for twenty years, he spent another thirty in monastic seclusion in Britain. Then he visited Rome, Jerusalem, and India, living for seven years on a desert island in the Indian Ocean. He returned to Western Britain, and ultimately died there on 4 June. The Life of St. Cadoc in ‘Cambro-British Saints’ (pp. 22–3), which was apparently written about 1070, so far confirms this account as to make Pedrog a son of King Glywys of (what is now) Glamorgan, who did not take his share of the royal inheritance with his brothers, but served God at ‘Botmenei’ in Cornwall, where a great monastery was afterwards founded in his honour. The Hafod MS. of ‘Bonedd y Saint,’ however, and other manuscripts of the same class call Pedrog the son of ‘Clemens tywysog o Gernyw’ (i.e. a prince from Cornwall) (Myvyrian Archæology, 2nd edit. pp. 416, 429; Cambro-British Saints, p. 267).
Pedrog is called by Fuller ‘the captain of the Cornish saints,’ and the number of dedications to him in Devonshire and Cornwall show that his name was widely revered in the district. He is the patron saint of Bodmin, Padstow, Trevalga, and Little Petherick in Cornwall, and of West Anstey, South Brent, Clannaborough, St. Petrock's, Exeter, Hollacombe, Lidford, and Newton St. Petrock in Devonshire. Llanbedrog, Carnarvonshire, and St. Petrox, Pembrokeshire, are also dedicated to him. He was, moreover, honoured, as St. Perreux, in the monastery of St. Méen in Brittany, and in 1177 the monks of St. Méen made an unsuccessful attempt to obtain possession of his relics (Rog. Hov. sub anno).
J. E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pectwin

Pehtwine in the ODNB.
​PECTWIN (d. 776), bishop of Candida Casa or Whitherne, whose name was also given as Pectwin, Pehtwin, Pechtwin, Phechtwin, Hehtwin, and Witwin, was consecrated by Archbishop Egbert in the district called Ælfetee or Ælfete on 17 July 763. He died 19 Sept. 776.
Dempster (xv. 1013) states that Pehtwinus, bishop of Candida Casa, was the author of ‘Commentaries on the Gospel of St. Matthew’ in the library of Paul Petau (not given in Montfaucon, Bibl. i. 61–97). Citing in error the authority of Florence of Worcester, he says the same author died in 799 among the Franks.
M. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pecthelm

​PECTHELM (d. 735), bishop of Candida Casa or Whitherne, who is also known as Pehthelm, Pectelmus, Wecthelm, and Wethelm, was for some time a monk or deacon with Aldhelm [q. v.], probably at Malmesbury. William of Malmesbury calls him Aldhelm's pupil (Gest. Pont. p. 257). It was from him that Bede heard the story of a vision seen in Mercia between 705 and 709, and Bede also cites him as an authority for facts connected with Wessex history, especially for an account of events happening ‘at the place where Heddi [q. v.], bishop of Winchester, died.’ He was consecrated to the see of Whitherne, as the first of the Saxon line of bishops, in 730. He was learned in ecclesiastical law, and Boniface [q. v.] wrote to him in 735, asking for advice on the question, May a man marry his godson's mother? Boniface had searched the papal decrees and canons for information, but in vain, and asked both Nothelm [q. v.] and Pecthelm if they could find the case mentioned. Pecthelm and Boniface were united by a bond of mutual intercession, and Boniface sent with his letter a present of a corporal pallium, adorned with white scrolls, and also a towel to dry the feet of God's servants.
Pecthelm died in 735. Dempster ascribes to him letters to Acca [q. v.], bishop of Hexham, who, according to Richard of Hexham, ​had some share in the creation of the Whitherne see (Haddan and Stubbs, Councils, ii. 7).
M. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pedder, John

​PEDDER, JOHN (1520?–1571), dean of Worcester, born about 1520, was educated at Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1538, M.A. 1542, and B.D. in 1552. Having embraced the protestant faith, he went abroad on Queen Mary's accession in 1553. In 1554 he was at Strasburg, and supported Grindal in his advocacy of the prayer-book of the church of England (Troubles at Frankfort, p. 23). But when, three years later, he was a member of the Frankfort congregation, he took the side of the main body, or calvinistic church members, in the disputes as to discipline. Returning to England at Elizabeth's accession, he was, on 27 Dec. 1559, installed dean of Worcester (cf. Rymer, Fœdera, xv. 563). He was already prebendary of the sixth stall of Norwich, and rector of Redgrave in Suffolk, which he resigned on 24 Feb. 1560. On 26 Sept. 1561 he was collated to the vicarage of Snitterfield, Warwickshire (Dugdale, Warwickshire, p. 505); and on 15 May 1563 to a prebend at Hereford, which he retained till death. He resigned his Norwich prebend on 24 Feb.
Pedder attended the lower house of convocation 1561–2, and subscribed the articles in February 1562, although he also approved of and signed the ‘six articles’ propounding certain alterations in the rites and ceremonies (13 Feb. 1562) (Strype, Annals, ii. 504; Burnet, Reformation, vi. 481). He supported the twenty-one ‘requests’ in which the lower house of convocation petitioned for changes in the articles, liturgy, and discipline (ib. p. 512).
Pedder, who improved the revenues of the church of Worcester, died on 5 April 1571, and was buried on the 8th in the cathedral. His successor in the deanery, Arthur Lake [q. v.], later bishop of Bath and Wells, erected a monument to his memory.
W. A. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Peddie, John

​PEDDIE, JOHN (d. 1840), lieutenant-colonel, entered the army as an ensign in the 38th foot on 26 Sept. 1805. He became lieutenant on 26 Aug. 1807, and went with the first battalion of his regiment to Portugal in 1808. He took part in the action of Rolica, and the battle of Vimiera, in Sir John Moore's advance into Spain, and in the battle of Coruña. After serving in the Walcheren expedition he returned to Spain in 1812, was present at the battle of Salamanca, and lost his right arm. He was promoted captain on half-pay on 23 Sept. 1813, but was brought back to full pay in the 97th foot on 25 March 1824, and obtained a majority in the 95th regiment on 16 June 1825. After a further period on half-pay, he became lieutenant-colonel of the 31st foot on 26 Oct. 1830, and of the 72nd highlanders on 20 April 1832, and in the same year he was made a K.H.
In the beginning of 1835 the 72nd, then quartered in Capetown, were ordered to Grahamstown, in consequence of the incursions of the Gaikas, which gave rise to the first Kaffir war. At the end of March the British troops, under Sir Benjamin D'Urban [q. v.], entered Kaffraria in several columns. On 8 April, ‘Colonel Peddie, leaving the camp ​at midnight with four companies of the regiment and the first provisional battalion, ascended the Izolo Berg; and having early on the morning of the 9th divided his forces into two columns, and penetrated the fastnesses of the Isidengi, the Kaffirs, seeing they were attacked on every point, fled in the utmost dismay, and several thousand head of cattle were the reward of this movement’ (Records of the 72nd Regiment, privately printed in 1886, p. 39). In September operations were brought to an end, the Gaika country was annexed as far as the Kei (though the annexation was not ratified till 1846), and the regiment returned to Grahamstown. A town in the newly acquired territory bears the name of Peddie.
On 23 Feb. 1838 Peddie exchanged into the 90th regiment, then stationed in Ceylon. There his health broke down, and he died at Newara Elija in August 1840.
E. M. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Peckitt, William

​PECKITT, WILLIAM (1731–1795), glass-painter, the son of a husbandman, was born in April 1731 at Carlton Husthwaite, near Easingwold, Yorkshire. He was brought up as a carver and gilder, but of his own accord adopted glass-painting as a profession. According to one account, Peckitt was entirely self-taught; but another more probable story is that he learnt from William Price, who had studied under Henry Gyles [q. v.] In 1753 Peckitt completed an emblematical subject of ‘Justice’ on glass, which he presented to the corporation of York, and which is still in the justice-room of the guildhall at York; for this he was admitted gratis to the freedom of the city in 1754. In 1762 he executed the east window in Lincoln Cathedral, and in 1764 was commissioned by the dean and chapter of Exeter to paint the west window of the cathedral there. In 1765 he commenced a series of paintings in the north side of New College, Oxford, consisting of apocryphal portraits of church dignitaries and worthies from the designs of Biagio Rebecca, R.A. In 1767 he executed for Oriel College a window with ‘The Presentation of Christ in the Temple,’ from the designs of Dr. Wall, a physician and amateur artist. In 1775 Peckitt completed from the design of G. B. Cipriani, R.A., the absurd and pretentious window in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, into which portraits of Francis Bacon, Sir Isaac Newton, and George III are introduced. In York Minster there are four windows painted by Peckitt in the south transept: one of these was presented by him to the dean and chapter, and set up in 1768, and the remaining three were bequeathed to them by his will and set up after his death. Peckitt married, on 3 April 1763, Mary, daughter of Charles Motley, a sculptor of York. He died on 14 Oct. 1795, and was ​buried in the churchyard of St. Martin's, Micklegate, at York, in which parish he had resided. Peckitt had considerable reputation during his lifetime as a glass-painter, and made several new experiments in the use of coloured glass. His work is, however, of very inferior merit, and, certainly at York, incongruous and wanting in true artistic taste.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Davies's Walks through the City of York; Dallaway's Anecd. of the Arts in England; Gent. Mag. 1817, pt. i. p. 392.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Richardson, Charlotte Caroline

The ODNB article differs considerably from the article here
​RICHARDSON, CHARLOTTE CAROLINE (1775–1850?), poetess, born at York on 5 March 1775, of poor parents named Smith, received a meagre education at the Greycoat school, York, a charitable institution where the girls were chiefly trained for domestic service. In July 1790 she obtained a situation, and remained in service at various houses until 31 Oct. 1802, when she married a shoemaker named Richardson, to whom she had long been attached. Shortly after the marriage Richardson was found to be suffering from consumption. He died in 1804, leaving his widow destitute, with a two​months-old infant, who fell ill and became blind. In these straits Charlotte opened a school, but, although it had some measure of success, she was forced to discontinue it in consequence of her own ill-health.
She had a natural liking for poetry, and, despite her defective education, had for many years been in the habit of writing verse. Her poems came under the notice of Mrs. Newcome Cappe, who appealed through the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ for subscriptions to defray the expenses of printing a selection from them (cf. Gent. Mag. 1805 ii. 813, 846, 1808 ii. 697). The appeal was successful. Among the subscribers were Dr. and Miss Aiken, Mrs. Barbauld, Mrs. Lenoir, Mrs. Meeke, and Messrs. Longman & Co., and six hundred more copies than the number subscribed for were sold. To the volume, which was published in 1806, Mrs. Cappe prefixed an account of the author. Mrs. Richardson's verses have little distinction, and are chiefly remarkable as the work of an uneducated woman. The poems are mainly religious or personal, such as paraphrases of passages from the New Testament or addresses to relatives and friends. Mrs. Richardson died about 1850.
Other works by Mrs. Richardson are: 1. ‘Waterloo, a Poem,’ 1815. 2. ‘Isaac and Rebecca, a Poem,’ 1817. 3. ‘Harvest, a Poem, with other Poetical Pieces,’ 1818. 4. ‘The Soldier's Child, or Virtue Triumphant: a Novel,’ 2 vols. 1821. 5. ‘Ludolph, or the Light of Nature, a Poem,’ 1823.
A contemporary, Mrs. Caroline Richardson (1777–1853), born at Forge, Dumfriesshire, on 24 Nov. 1777, wife of George Richardson, East India Company's servant, who died at Berhampore in 1826, published a volume of ‘Poems’ in 1829, which reached a third edition in the following year. She also wrote a novel, ‘Adonia,’ and several tales and essays. She died on 9 Nov. 1853 (Irving, Eminent Scotsmen, p. 433).
E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Richardson, George Fleming

​RICHARDSON, GEORGE FLEMING (1796?–1848), geologist, was born about 1796. He acted at one time as curator to the collection of Dr. Gideon Algernon Mantell [q. v.], when it was on exhibition at Brighton in 1837. He also took notes of a series of Mantell's lectures, which were published as ‘The Wonders of Geology’ (1838).
In 1838, when Mantell's collection was bought by the trustees of the British Museum, Richardson entered their service as assistant in the ‘department of minerals.’ This post he filled for ten years. During the same period he lectured on geology and kindred subjects, and was elected a fellow of the Geological Society on 22 May 1839. In 1848 pecuniary embarrassments led him into the bankruptcy court, and he committed suicide in Somers Town on 5 July 1848. His geological handbooks were useful compilations; he was less successful in his efforts in general literature. He was author of: 1. ‘Poetic Hours,’ &c., 12mo, London, 1825. 2. ‘Rosalie Berton,’ in ‘Tales of all Nations,’ 12mo, London, 1827. 3. ‘Sketches in Prose and Verse,’ 8vo, London, 1835; 2nd ser. 8vo, London, 1838. 4. ‘Geology for Beginners,’ &c., 12mo, London, 1842; 2nd ed. 1843; reissued 1851. 5. ‘Geology, Mineralogy,’ &c., revised by Wright, 8vo, London, 1858. ‘An Essay on the German Language and Literature,’ by Richardson, is advertised in ‘A Descriptive Catalogue of the Objects … in the Museum attached to the Sussex Scientific and Literary Institute, 1836,’ which last he possibly also wrote. He also translated ‘The Life of C. T. Körner,’ 8vo, London, 1827; 2nd edit. 1845; and at his death he had completed a translation of Bouterwek's ‘History of German Literature.’
B. B. W.