OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Viracocha

Edition of 1905. See also Viracocha on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
VIRACOCHA, vē'rȧ-kō'chȧ (foam of the sea, in allusion to his white beard). The supreme god of the ancient Quichua (q.v.) of Peru. He is represented as the creator and ruler of the sun, moon, and all other objects in nature, including the human race. In his incarnate form he is said to have issued from Lake Titicaca as a venerable man, with a fair skin and a flowing white beard. He proceeded northward, teaching those who would listen, and visiting swift miraculous destruction upon those who refused to hear. To the chief of Pacari-tampu or Paucar-tambo, ‘The House of the Dawn,’ who received him with special hospitality, he gave his staff, which afterwards turned to pure gold on the birth of the chiefs next son, the famous Manco-Capac, founder of the Inca dynasty. Having accomplished his mission of organizing the Quichua tribes into a civilized community, he departed by way of the western ocean. In his principal attributes Viracocha appears as the universal Light God, as indicated by his fair complexion, white beard, his appearance in the east, and his journeying to the west. The god Pachacamac (q.v.) appears to be only Viracocha under another form. As the Aztec Emperor saw in Cortés the messenger of the lost Quetzalcoatl (q.v.), so the Peruvians, expecting the return of their great incarnate god, hailed the Spaniards, with their fair-skinned and bearded faces, as the children of Viracocha, and the name continues in common use among the natives to designate those of the white race.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Virgil Practice Clavier

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​VIRGIL PRACTICE CLAVIER. See Pianoforte.
# The Quest of the Historical Jesus

* related authors: Jesus of Nazareth.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Translation of Von Reimarus zu Wrede: Eine Geschichte der Leben-Jesu-Forschung (1906). Schweitzer interprets the life of Jesus in relation to Jesus' personal eschatological recordings.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Unicorn

See also Unicorn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​U′nicorn, a legendary animal described by ancient authors as possessing the body of a horse and a single long horn, issuing from the forehead and projecting forward. It was supposed to inhabit India. This fabulous creature became a sign in heraldry. A somewhat similar animal with the cloven hoof and the beard of a goat is depicted on the coat-of-arms of England. The word translated unicorn in the Bible refers to some horned creature. It is supposed by some scholars that the buffalo is indicated.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Underground Railroad

See also Underground Railroad on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Un′derground′ Rail′road′, the name popularly applied to the system adopted by many persons in the north, before the Civil War, for aiding fugitive slaves to escape from their masters into Canada, beyond the reach of the fugitive-slave law. Sympathizing abolitionists furnished the fugitives with food, hiding-places, transportation and advice, while they refused information or comfort to their pursuers. The most favored routes lay through Ohio and Pennsylvania. The houses along these routes where aid was given came to be known as “stations;” those persons directly assisting the run-a-ways as “conductors;” those who made contributions of clothing and money as “stockholders” in the enterprise. Wm. Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips were stockholders. Among the most active officials was Levi Coffin, who claimed to have actively engaged in the work for 33 years and to have received an average of 100 fugitives annually; he was often styled the president of the concern. Seibert in his exhaustive work on “The Underground Railroad” gives the names of 3,211 “agents, station-keepers and conductors.” Many of them were heavily fined for violation of the law, but the practice continued to be one of the chief grievances of the south against the north.
# The New Student's Reference Work/U

See also U on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
U (o͝o), the twenty-first letter, is a vowel, sometimes a semivowel. It is a rounded v, both being formerly used both as vowel and as consonant. Not till nearly 1700 was V restricted to expressing the consonant. The sound is produced by rounding the lips and raising the back of the tongue, and so u is called a labial vowel. The true primary sounds were the long u (ūse), as in tool, and the short u (bŭll), as in wood. U also has the sounds heard in actuate, rural, fulfill, urn, up and submit, the variations being due to the accent not falling on u. U is silent in antique, gauge, rogue. After g and q, u is a W as in guano, queen and also in suite.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Uniforms of the U. S.: Military and Naval

See also Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Uniforms of the U. S.: Military and Naval. Of recent years, particularly since 1902, considerable changes have been made in the uniforms both of the army and the navy of the United States regular and volunteer forces. These have been introduced with the design of adapting them more effectively to the conditions of active service and to combine an ornamental and tasteful neatness with the idea of utility, but without undue display or ostentation. In accomplishing the changes the cumbrous helmet has been almost entirely discarded for a serviceable peaked cap (blue or khaki), retaining also the soft, felt, buff-colored campaign hat; while khaki, of a now fast ​dye, has been adopted as the dress of portions of the army regiments (infantry, cavalry and engineers), and white has been retained as the working dress of soldiers in addition to officers in the navy. The prevailing color of the army uniform, for tunics or sacks as well as for the full-dress frock, is blue, with a blue of a lighter shade for the trousers; the khaki is of the same shade both for tunics and pants; while the prevailing color of the naval uniform (outside of white) is a dark blue, alike for tunics, frocks and trousers. The bandman's dress in the navy is the red tunic, with light-blue trousers, and helmet. For general and field officers (army) the full-dress coat is the double-breasted frock, with a double row of buttons, with epaulets for general officers and shoulder-straps for inferior ranks. The general officers wear a stripe of gold color, in full dress, down the trouser-leg; while the full-dress frock is adorned with a breast-cord and tassel of the corps, color of the department or arm of the service to which its bearer belongs. In the navy, on all but the white uniforms, the rank of an officer is indicated by gold-lace on the sleeve and devices on the collar, epaulet and shoulder-strap. Stripes of gold-lace of varying widths mark the rank on the sleeve of the officer from ensign to admiral; while all officers of the line or executive branch wear a gold star on the sleeve above the gold-lace.
The shoulder-straps of a second-lieutenant in the army are plain. A first-lieutenant's have a silver bar at both ends; a captain's two; a lieutenant-colonel's silver oak-leaves; a major's gold oak-leaves; a colonel's a silver eagle; a brigadier's a silver star; a major-general's two stars of silver; a lieutenant-general's three; the general's two silver stars, between which are a gold eagle and a device. All commissioned officers of the navy wear epaulets of gold-bullion on both shoulders, while strips of gold-embroidered, white oak-leaves or of gold-lace and devices on the shoulder-straps indicate the respective ranks.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Unio

See also Unio (bivalve) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ U′nio, the name for a number of freshwater mussels very abundant in the United States. Their name would indicate a single shell, but they are bivalves. For their structure see Clam. Some forms, especially in the streams of Wisconsin, Ohio and New Jersey, contain pearls. These animals are gathered in great numbers, but the pearls are of infrequent occurrence and mostly small. Occasionally, however, those valued as high as $500 to $2,000 have been found. The shells are used for making pearl-buttons.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Underwood, Oscar W.

See also Oscar Underwood on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Underwood, Oscar, W. Chairman of the Committee which drafted the 1913 tariff (q. v.), was born in Louisville, Ky., May 6, 1862, graduated from Virginia University, was admitted to the Bar in 1884 and practiced at Birmingham until his election to Congress in 1895. Although coming to opposite conclusions with regard to the tariff, Mr. Underwood, like Mr. McKinley, has made it a life study. In the preparation of the 1913 tariff he had the great advantage of practical business experience. This enabled him not only to analyze clearly a measure so vitally related to our business life, but to present it in clear terms to his colleagues and to the country at large. While not an orator in the popular sense, Mr. Underwood may be well said to be an orator in the true and practical sense which has been well defined to be the power to bring people to your way of thinking. United with this ability he has the same gift for conciliation and compromise which distinguished Mr. McKinley, and to this faculty combined with tireless industry, good health and singleness of purpose is due his successful guidance of the legislative work which determined the character and final enactment of the measure with which his name will always be identified. Although largely interested in the steel business himself, as part owner of an independent plant at Birmingham, he stood unflinchingly for downward revision.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ungulates

See also Ungulate on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ungulates (ŭn′gū̇-lā̇ts), the name for an order of hoofed mammals. The larger proportion of mammals belong to this interesting order, which embraces the species useful to man, as the horse, ox, sheep, camel, pig and deer. They all walk, so to speak, on the tips of their toes, each toe at the end being incased in a horny hoof. They are naturally divided into two groups: the odd-toed and the even-toed mammals. The former includes the horses (q. v.) with a single hoof, the rhinoceroses with three toes on each foot and the tapirs with three toes on the hind feet and four (one of which is not used) on the fore feet. The odd-toed mammals (Perissodactyla) have had a long geological history, and many modifications can be traced through those found in the rocks. The horse, for example, sprang from ancestors with five toes, and between those remote ancestors and the modern horse with a single toe lie more than two and one half million years (see Evolution). The even-toed forms (Artiodactyla) include all those with cloven hoofs, as cattle, deer, sheep, goats, swine and the like. The hippopotamus has four toes on each foot. The swine has four toes, but the two outer are lifted above the ground and not of use in progression, and the cud-chewers have the toes reduced to two. These even-toed mammals likewise have a long history, and in the rocks are forms which lead up to those now existing.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Union, N. J.

See also Union City, New Jersey on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Union, N. J., a town of Hudson County on Hudson River, one mile from Hoboken. Its chief industry is the manufacture of silk, but it also has a large shirt-factory and breweries. It has the service of the West Shore and New York, Susquehanna and Western railways. Population 21,023.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Uniontown, Pa.

See also Uniontown, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Uniontown, Pa., a borough, the seat of Fayette County, on the Pennsylvania and Baltimore and Ohio railways, 43 miles south-southeast of Pittsburgh. Settled in 1767, it became a town in 1783, and was incorporated as a borough in 1796, Situated in a region rich in iron, coal and coke, it has developed many industries connected with these minerals, among which are steel-works, carriage-works, a foundry, manufactories of glass-ware, leather and its products, a tannery, a brewery, a flour-mill and machine-shops. It also has natural gas. Population 13,344.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Unit

See also the disclaimer.
​ U′nit. See Measurement.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Punch and Judy

See also Punch and Judy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Punch and Judy, the chief characters in a popular, comic puppet-show of Italian origin. It is generally ascribed to Silvio Tiorillo, an Italian comedian who flourished about 1600. The performance of the play requires only two persons, one to carry the theater and work the figures, the other to bear the box of puppets, blow the trumpet and sometimes keep up the dialogue with the hero of the piece.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Puritans

See also Puritans on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pu′ritans, the name first given—according to Fuller in 1564, according to Strype in 1569—to those clergymen of the church of England who refused to conform to its liturgy and discipline as arranged by Archbishop Parker and his coadjutors. During the reigns of James I and Charles I the spirit of Puritanism continued to spread in English society and in Parliament, in spite of all efforts by the government to suppress it. The tyranny of Laud and the outrages of Charles on the English constitution led many who strictly were not Puritans to oppose both church and king for the sake of the national liberties. Before the war between Charles and Parliament broke out a considerable number of the Puritans emigrated to America, where they became the founders of the New England states, and practiced the form of religion to which they were attached. For an eloquent description of the character and virtues of the Puritans see Macaulay's Essay on Milton. See, also, Pilgrims.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Q

See also Q on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Q (kū), the seventeenth letter, is a consonant, duplicating k the guttural and being a superfluous character. It is always followed by u, qu having the sound of kw as in conquest and queen, except in some words where u is silent, as in antique and coquette.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Punic Wars

See also Punic Wars on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Pu′nic Wars. This is the name commonly given to those contests which occurred between Rome and Carthage for the supremacy of the western world. The Romans called the Carthaginians Punici, in allusion to their Phoenician descent. The Romans never trusted their foes in the matter of their treaties, and so came to speak of Punic faith as synonymous with treachery. The wars between Rome and Carthage are under the names of these cities or are told in the biographies of the commanders engaged. The first Punic War broke out in 264 B. C.; the second in 218 B. C.; and the third in 149 B. C.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Purple, Tyrian

See also the disclaimer.
​Pur′ple, Tyrian. See Phœnicia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Putnam, Israel

See also Israel Putnam on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Put′nam, Israel, a general of the American Revolution, was born in what now is Danvers, Mass., Jan. 7, 1718. In 1739 he bought a farm near Pomfret, Conn., and devoted himself to its cultivation and to wool-growing. During the years he was engaged in this occupation a she-wolf committed considerable ravages upon his sheep and those of the neighborhood, and all efforts to capture or kill her were in vain until Putnam entered her den in a rocky cavern with a torch in one hand and a gun in the other, and shot her before she had time to spring upon him. Putnam distinguished himself in the French and Indian War, and at the breaking out of the Revolutionary War was placed at the head of the Connecticut troops. He was active and conspicuous at Bunker Hill, soon after which he was commissioned major-general in the Continental army; and in 1777 he was appointed to the defense of the Hudson River highlands. While at Peekskill, a lieutenant in a British regiment was captured as a spy and condemned to death; and when Sir Henry Clinton sent a message under a flag of truce, threatening reprisals if the sentence should be carried out, Putnam returned the following famous answer: “Headquarters, Aug. 7, 1777. Edmund Palmer, an officer in the enemy's service, was taken as a spy lurking within our lines; he has been tried as a spy, condemned as a spy and shall be hung as a spy, and the flag is ordered to depart immediately — Israel Putnam. P. S. He has accordingly been hung.” In 1778 Putnam made his famous escape from Tryon's dragoons by riding down a steep declivity at Horseneck, Conn. The next year he suffered a stroke of paralysis, and the remainder of his life was spent at home. He died at Brooklyn, Conn., May 19, 1790.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Punch

See also Punch (magazine) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Punch or the London Charivari, an English comic journal, is a weekly magazine of wit, humor and satire in prose and verse, copiously illustrated by sketches and caricatures. It draws its materials from the highest and lowest conditions of life, and, though stern in the exposure of sham and vice, is kindly in spirit when making merry over innocent foibles. The first number appeared in 1841, and under the joint editorship of Henry Mayhew and Mark Lemon it soon became a household word as well as an acknowledged power throughout England. It has done much to purify and elevate the standard of current wit in England. Sir F. C. Burnand, its editor for 25 years, retired in 1906.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pupa

See also Pupa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pupa (pū′pȧ), plural Pupæ (pū′pē), stage between larva and adult in the metamorphosis of an insect. The pupa of butterflies is often called the chrysalis or chrysalid. Some insects pass the pupa-stage in silken cocoons, safe from weather and enemies; some undergo change in a case made of a variety of materials; others pass through transformation in a rolled-up leaf. Pupæ do not eat; some have no power of motion whatever; others merely squirm when disturbed. When the transformation is complete, the shell is parted and the perfect insect comes forth. See Metamorphosis. Consult Cragin's Our Insect Friends.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pusey, Edward Bouverie

See also Edward Bouverie Pusey on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pus′ey (pū′zĭ), Edward Bou′verie, a distinguished divine of the English church, was born at Pusey in Berkshire in 1800, and graduated with high honors at Oxford in 1822. In 1827 he was appointed professor of Hebrew at Oxford, a position he held until his death. Pusey, in connection with Keble and Newman, took a very active part in the Tractarian movement; and, in 1843 was suspended from preaching for three years on account of a sermon on the Holy Eucharist. But he did not follow Newman into the Roman church, preferring to remain in the Anglican communion and exerting all his talents and learning to sustain the evangelical doctrines and standards of life that were so dear to him; and in spite of all difficulties in his way he continued his labors to this end until the close of his life. In private life Pusey was a man of warm affection, and was widely known for his gentleness, sincerity and humility. His charity was limited only by his income; besides abundant gifts to the poor, he spent large sums in helping to provide churches in East London and in founding and supporting sisterhoods. He died at Oxford, Sept. 16, 1882. Consult Life by Canon Liddon. See Keble, Manning and Newman.
# The Sayings of Lao Tzŭ/Chapter 6

WAR
He who serves a ruler of men in harmony with Tao will not subdue the Empire by force of arms. Such a course is wont to bring retribution in its train.
Where troops have been quartered, brambles and thorns spring up. In the track of great armies there must follow lean years.
The good man wins a victory and then stops; he will not go on to acts of violence. Winning, he boasteth not; he will not triumph; he shows no arrogance. He wins because he cannot choose; after his victory he will not be overbearing.
Weapons, however beautiful, are instruments of ill omen, hateful to all creatures. Therefore he who has Tao will have nothing to do with them.
Where the princely man abides, the weak left hand is in honour. But he who uses weapons honours the stronger right. Weapons are instruments of ill omen; they are not the instruments of the princely man, who uses them only when he needs must. Peace and tranquillity are what he prizes. When he conquers, he is not elate. To De elate were to rejoice in the slaughter of human beings. And he who rejoices in the slaughter of ​human beings is not fit to work his will in the Empire.
On happy occasions, the left is favoured; on sad occasions, the right. The second in command has his place on the left, the general in chief on the right. That is to say, they are placed in the order observed at funeral rites. And, indeed, he who has exterminated a great multitude of men should bewail them with tears and lamentation. It is well that those who are victorious in battle should be placed in the order of funeral rites.
A certain military commander used to say: "I dare not act the host; I prefer to play the guest. I dare not advance an inch; I prefer to retreat a foot."
There is no greater calamity than lightly engaging in war. Lightly to engage in war is to risk the loss of our treasure.
When opposing warriors join in battle, he who has pity conquers.
* ↑ According to Chinese etiquette, it is for the master of the house to make advances, and his guest follows suit. Thus "host" here means the one who takes the initiative and begins the attack; "guest," the one who acts on the defensive. The passage may be merely figurative, illustrating the conduct of those who practise Tao.
* ↑ I.e., humanity or gentleness, mentioned above as one of "three precious things."
# The Saxon Foundations of England

First published in A School History of England (1911) as "The Saxon Foundations of England", later combined into "The King's Task".
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​The Saxon foundations of England.After the sack of the City when Rome was sunk to a name, In the years when the lights were darkened, or ever St. Wilfred came, Low on the borders of Britain (the ancient poets sing) Between the cliff and the forest there ruled a Saxon King.
​Stubborn were all his people from cottar to overlord, Not to be cowed by the cudgel, scarce to be schooled by the sword, Quick to turn at their pleasure, cruel to cross in their mood, And set on paths of their choosing as the hogs of Andred’s Wood.
Laws they made in the Witan, the laws of flaying and fine— Common, loppage and pannage, the theft and the track of kine, Statutes of tun and of market for the fish and the malt and the meal, The tax on the Bramber packhorse, and the tax on the Hastings keel. Over the graves of the Druids and under the wreck of Rome, Rudely but surely they bedded the plinth of the days to come.
Behind the feet of the Legions and before the Normans’ ire, Rudely but greatly begat they the bones of state and of shire; Rudely but deeply they laboured, and their labour stands till now, If we trace on our ancient headlands the twist of their eight-ox plough.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1936, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 87 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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