OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Caw, John Young

​CAW, JOHN YOUNG (1810?–1858), banker and miscellaneous writer, was born at Perth about 1810, but passed the last ​ thirty years of his life in Manchester, where he died on 22 Oct. 1858. He was educated at St. Andrews, whence he proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, but did not stay to take a degree. His first thoughts were of the Anglican ministry, but this design was abandoned and he filled responsible positions in connection with the Bank of Manchester and the Manchester and Salford Bank. His leisure was devoted to literary and archæological studies, and to the extension of the offertory system in the church of England. He was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, a member of the Royal Society of Literature, and of various local associations. He wrote: 1. ‘Plan for the Endowment of the Church of St. Andrew, Ancoats, Manchester,’ Manchester, 1846 (anonymous). 2. ‘The Necessity and Advantages of a Bankers' Clearing House: addressed to the Commercial Public of Manchester,’ Manchester, 1847. 3. ‘The Duty of Increasing the Stipends of the Manchester Clergy, stated and proved by a practical example,’ Manchester, 1852 (anonymous). 4. ‘Some Remarks on “The Deserted Village” of Oliver Goldsmith,’ Manchester, 1852. The poet is here surveyed from the standpoint of a political economist.
Caw had the reputation of an earnest-minded man of liberal disposition and intellectual sympathies. He is buried at St. Luke's, Cheetham Hill, and there is a memorial of him in the church of St. Andrew, Ancoats, of which he was a benefactor.
[Grindon's Manchester Banks and Bankers; Manchester Courier, 30 Oct. 1858; Proceedings of Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 1858; Catalogue of the Manchester Public Free Library.]
W. E. A. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cavendish, William (d.1626)

1904 Errata appended.
​CAVENDISH, WILLIAM, first Earl of Devonshire (d. 1626), second son of Sir William Cavendish [q. v.], was educated with the children of George Talbot, sixth earl of Shrewsbury, whom his mother married after his father's death. The Countess of Shrewsbury showed him special favour, and made him a rich allowance in his youth. He was M.P. for Newport in 1588; high sheriff of Derbyshire, where the estates of his family lay, in 1595; and justice of the peace in 1603. He was created Baron Cavendish of Hardwicke, on the christening of the Princess Sophia in May 1605. He aided largely in the colonisation of the Bermudas, and one of the islands was called after him. His mother's death in 1608, and his elder brother Henry's death in 1616, gave him a vast fortune. He was in attendance on James I in a progress in Wiltshire in 1618, and on 2 Aug. was created Earl of Devonshire, while the court was staying at the Bishop of Salisbury's palace, He was currently reported to have paid 10,000l. for the title. He died on 3 March 1625-26, and was buried at Edensor.
His first wife was Anne, daughter of Henry Kighley of Kighley, Yorkshire, by whom he had three sons and three daughters. Of the former Gilbert, who has been credited with the authorship of 'Horae Subsecivæ' [see Brydges, Grey], died young; and James died in infancy. Cavendish's second wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Boughton of Couston, Warwickshire, widow of Sir Richard Wortley of Wortley, Yorkshire, by whom he had a son, John, made a knight of the Bath when Prince Charles was created Prince of Wales in 1618. Sir John died on 18 Jan. 1617-18.
[Biog. Brit. (Kippis); Life of Duke of Newcastle, ed. C. H. Firth (1886); Doyle's Baronage; Gardiner's Hist. of England, iii. 215; Cal. State Papers (Dom.): Kennet's Memoirs of the Cavendish Family (1737).]
S. L. L.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.58 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 364 | i | 8 | Cavendish, William, 1st Earl of Devonshire: after M.P. insert for Liverpool in 1586 and |
| | | 24 | after title insert He was made lord-lieutenant of Derbyshire 1 May 1619 |
| | | 27 | for Kighley read Keighley |
| | | 39 | for in 1618 read on 3 Nov. 1616 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Caverhill, John

​CAVERHILL, JOHN (d. 1781), physician, a Scotchman, was admitted a licentiate of the London College of Physicians in 1767. He died at Old Melrose, Roxburghshire, on 1 Sept. 1781. He wrote a ‘Treatise on the Cause and Cure of Gout,’ 8vo, London, 1769, in which he put forward the theory that the matter of nerves was earthy, and descended through the nerves to form the bones, and that the friction of this earthy substance, in its way to the bones, gave rise to animal heat. He followed this by ‘Experiments on the Causes of Heat in Living Animals,’ 8vo, London, 1770, in which he attempted to prove his theory by a large number of barbarous experiments on rabbits, destroying various nerves or portions of the spinal cord, and awaiting the death of the animals. He also wrote a ‘Dissertation on Nervous Ganglions and Nervous Plexus,’ 8vo, London, 1772, and an ‘Explanation of the Seventy Weeks of Daniel,’ 8vo, London, 1777.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. 1878, ii. 281; Caverhill's works.]
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cawdell, James

​CAWDELL, JAMES (d. 1800), dramatist, was the manager and chief comedian of various theatres in the north of England, including those of Scarborough, Sunderland, and Shields. He retired from the stage in 1798, having disposed of his property to Mr. Stephen Kemble, and died at Durham in January 1800. He published a volume of poems in 1784 or 1785, and was the author of the following dramatic pieces: 1. ‘Appeal to the Muses,’ 1778. 2. ‘Melpomene's Overthrow,’ a mock masque, 1778. 3. ‘Trump of Genius,’ 1785. 4. ‘Apollo's Holiday,’ a prelude, 1792. 5. ‘Battered Batavians,’ 1798.
[Baker's Biographia Dramatica.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brinton, Thomas

​BRINTON or BRUNTON, THOMAS (d. 1389), bishop of Rochester, was a monk of the Benedictine house at Norwich. He is said to have studied both at Oxford and Cambridge, and is variously described as bachelor of theology and as ‘doctor decretorum’ of the former university. Having taken up his residence in Rome, he was made penitentiary of the holy see, and on 31 Jan. 1372–3 was appointed bishop of Rochester by Gregory XI, in the room of John Hertley, prior of Rochester, whose election was set aside by the pope. Brinton appears to have been distinguished as a preacher, and a sermon of his, delivered to the people of London on the occasion of the coronation of Richard II, is reported by Walsingham (Historia Anglicana, i. 338, 339, ed. Riley, who wrongly attributes the discourse to Brinton's predecessor, Thomas Trillek, ii. 513 b). Subsequently he was made confessor to the king. He was present at the council of Blackfriars in May–July 1382, which condemned the doctrines of Wycliffe (Fasciculi Zizaniorum, pp. 286, 287, 498), and assented to that condemnation (ib. pp. 290, 291). He died in 1389 (his will is dated 30 Aug.), and was buried in the parish church of Seale in Kent. Weever (Ancient Funerall Monuments, p. 325) describes the bishop's tomb, from which the name had already (1631) disappeared. On the authority of Bale (Script. Brit. Cat. xii. 12), who however confessed himself ignorant even of the century in which Brinton lived, the bibliographers attribute to him a collection of ‘Sermones coram Pontifice’ and ‘Sermones alii solennes.’
[Godwin, De Præsulibus (1743), p. 533; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 126; Le Neve's Fasti, ii. 564, ed. Hardy. Of the alternative forms of the name given by Tanner, Briton looks like an error, and Brampton may easily have arisen from careless transcription of the form Brunton given by Walsingham (l.c., ii. 180).]
R. L. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bristol, Earl of

​BRISTOL, Earl of. [See Hervey.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brisbane, James

​BRISBANE, Sir JAMES (1774–1826), commodore, fifth son of Admiral John Brisbane, and brother of Rear-admiral Sir Charles Brisbane [q. v.], entered the navy in 1787 on board the Culloden. After serving in various ships he was transferred to the Queen Charlotte, bearing the flag of Lord Howe, to whom he acted as signal-midshipman in the battle of 1 June. He was made lieutenant on 23 Sept. 1794, and served at the reduction of the Cape of Good Hope. He was afterwards moved into the Monarch, Sir George Elphinstone's flagship, and was present in her at the capture of the Dutch squadron in Saldanha Bay 18 Aug. 1796. Sir George promoted Brisbane into one of the prizes, and soon afterwards moved him into the Daphne frigate, in command of which he returned to England. The promotion, however, was not confirmed till 27 May 1797. In 1801 Brisbane was appointed to the command of the Cruiser sloop, attached to the Baltic fleet under Sir Hyde Parker. He was more particularly attached to the division under Lord Nelson, and on the nights of 30 and 31 March had especial charge of the work of sounding and buoying the channels approaching Copenhagen (Nelson Despatches, iv. 302-303). In acknowledgment of his services on this occasion he was promoted to post rank on 2 April 1801, and in the latter part of the year commanded the Saturn as flag-captain to Rear-admiral Totty until the admiral's death, when the ship was paid off. From 1803-5 he had command of the sea fencibles of Kent, and in 1807 of the Alcmene frigate on the coast of Ireland and in the Channel. In 1808 he was appointed to the Belle Poule, a 38-gun frigate, and was ordered by Lord Collingwood to take command of the squadron blockading Corfu. Whilst so employed he captured on 15 Feb. 1809 the French frigate Var, which had endeavoured to break the blockade. He was afterwards engaged in the reduction of the Ionian islands and the establishment of the septinsular republic. He continued in the Adriatic till the summer of 1811, during which time he captured or destroyed several of the enemy's small cruisers, and was repeatedly engaged with their batteries on different parts of the coast. In September 1812 Brisbane was appointed to the Pembroke in the Channel fleet, and the following summer was again sent to the Mediterranean, where he was actively employed. In 1815 he again served in the Mediterranean, and in 1816 in the expedition against Algiers. After the bombardment on 27 Aug. he was sent home with despatches, and on 2 Oct. received the honour of knighthood. He had already been made a C.B. in June 1815. In 1825 he was appointed commander-in-chief in the East Indies, where he arrived in time to direct the concluding operations of the first Burmese war, for his services in which he was officially thanked by the governor-general in council. His health, however, had suffered severely, and was never reestablished. He lingered for some months, and died at Penang on 19 Dec. 1826. He married in 1800 the only daughter of Mr. John Ventham, by whom he had one son and two daughters.
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brisbane, John

​BRISBANE, JOHN (d. 1776?), physician, a native of Scotland, graduated M.D. at Edinburgh in 1750, and was admitted licentiate of the College of Physicians in 1766. He held the post of physician to the Middlesex Hospital from 1758 till 1773, when he was superseded for being absent without leave. His name disappears from the college list in 1776. He was the author of 'Select Cases in the Practice of Medicine,' 8vo, 1762, and 'Anatomy of Painting, with an Introduction giving a short View of Picturesque Anatomy,' fol. 1769. This work contains the six Tables of Albinus, the Anatomy of Celsus, with notes, and the Physiology of Cicero.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 274; Lowndes's Bibl. Manual (Bohn), i. 272.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ernest Augustus (1674-1728)

​ERNEST AUGUSTUS, Duke of York and Albany (1674–1728), the fifth son of Ernest Augustus, elector of Hanover, by the Princess Sophia, and therefore brother to George I, was born on 17 Sept. 1674. He was trained as a soldier, and served with some distinction under the emperor. Visiting England after the accession of his brother, he was created Duke of York and Albany and Earl of Ulster on 29 June 1716, and was, together with his great-nephew Frederick, afterwards Prince of Wales, elected a knight of the Garter. He returned to Germany, and resided there as Prince Bishop of Osnaburg, which title was conferred on him 2 March 1716, till his death, which took place in 1728. The fact of his existence was scarcely known to the majority of the British nation.
A. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Erskine, David (1616-1671)

​ERSKINE, DAVID, second Lord Cardross (1616–1671), royalist, was the only son of Henry Erskine, second son of the second marriage of John Erskine, earl of Mar, and heir to the barony of Cardross, by his wife Margaret, only daughter of Sir James Bellenden of Broughton, near Edinburgh. On the death of his grandfather in December 1634 he became vested in the title of Cardross, and was served heir to his father in ​the barony, 17 March 1636–7. He was one of the few peers who protested against the delivering up of Charles I to the English army at Newcastle in 1646, and was a promoter of the ‘engagement’ in 1648, for which he was fined 1,000l., and debarred from sitting in parliament in 1649. He died in 1671. He was twice married: first, in 1645, to Anne, fifth daughter of Sir Thomas Hope, bart., of Craighall, Edinburghshire, by whom he had Henry, third lord Cardross [q. v.]; and secondly, in 1655, to Mary, youngest daughter of Sir George Bruce of Carnock, Fifeshire.
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Erskine, David (1670-1758)

​ERSKINE, DAVID, Lord Dun (1670–1758), Scotch judge, son of David Erskine of Dun, near Montrose, Forfarshire, was born in 1670, and studied at the universities of St. Andrews and of Paris. He became a member of the Scottish bar on 19 Nov. 1698, and soon rose to eminence. He represented Forfarshire at the convention of estates, 1689, and in the parliaments of 1690, 1691, 1693, 1695, and 1696, and opposed the union. In November 1710 he took his seat as an ordinary lord by the title of Lord Dun, and on 13 April 1714 was also appointed a lord of justiciary. He resigned his justiciary gown in 1744 and his office as an ordinary lord in 1753, and died 26 May 1758 in the eighty-fifth year of his age (Scots Mag. xx. 276–7). He is author of a little volume entitled ‘Lord Dun's Friendly and Familiar Advices adapted to the various Stations and Conditions of Life,’ 12mo, Edinburgh, 1754. His arguments on the doctrine of passive obedience were assailed the same year by Dr. Robert Wallace, minister at Moffat, who characterises Erskine as ‘a venerable old man, of very great experience, and greatly distinguished for piety.’
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Errington, John Edward

​ERRINGTON, JOHN EDWARD (1806–1862), civil engineer, eldest son of John Errington, was born at Hull 29 Dec. 1806. At an early age he was placed with an engineer officer then conducting extensive public works in Ireland. After a time he became assistant to Mr. Padley in the surveys which he made in the early stages of railways in England. This employment brought him into connection with Mr. Rastick, C.E., by whom he was engaged to help in the preparation of the plans for the Birmingham end of the Grand Junction railway. At this period he first met Joseph Locke [q. v.] When the Grand Junction railway came under the sole direction of Locke, he gave Errington an appointment as resident engineer, and entrusted to him the superintendence of the construction of a portion of the line. After the completion of that railway in 1837, he took charge of the line from Glasgow by Paisley to Greenock, and in 1841 laid out and constructed the harbour works of the latter seaport. In 1843, in conjunction with Locke, he made the plans for the Lancaster and Carlisle railway, the works on which were carried out under his sole charge. He also constructed the Caledonian railway, 1848, the Clydesdale Junction railway, the Scottish Central, the Scottish Midland Junction, and the Aberdeen railway; and he either brought forward or was consulted about the entire system of railways from Lancaster to Inverness. After the commencement of the larger works in Scotland he removed to London, and devoted his attention to the various additions and branches made to the railways constructed under his own and Locke's superintendence. He joined the Institution of Civil Engineers as an associate in 1831, and became a member 22 Jan. 1839; he was a member of the council in 1850, and a vice-president 1861–2, and bequeathed 1,000l. to the institution. During his career he was engaged in various parliamentary contests, when the conscientious and clear manner in which he gave his evidence had always great weight with the committees. He endeavoured to make railways commercially successful, and at the same time to combine elegance with strength and economy of design. His bridges on the Lancaster and Carlisle and the Caledonian railways, and those across the Thames at Richmond, Kew, and Kingston, show his success. Latterly he was appointed engineer to the London and South-Western Railway Company, and his plan for the line from Yeovil to Exeter was accepted in 1856. The works were immediately commenced, and after great difficulties, owing to the heavy tunnels at Crewkerne and Honiton, the line was opened in 1860. Several branches of this line were also constructed under his direction. After the completion of this work his health failed, and he died at his residence, 6 Pall Mall East, London, 4 July 1862, aged 55, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery, in close proximity to his friend and associate, Locke.
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Errington, Anthony

​ERRINGTON, ANTHONY, D.D. (d. 1719?), catholic divine, was a member of the Northumbrian family. His name appears in a list of Douay writers, but he was more probably educated at Lisbon and Paris. He is said to have died about 1719.
He wrote: 1. ‘Catechistical Discourses,’ Paris, 1654, 16mo, dedicated to the ‘Princesse Henrietta Maria, daughter of England.’ 2. ‘Missionarium: sive opusculum practicum, pro fide propaganda et conservanda,’ Rome, 1672, 12mo.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Errington, William

​ERRINGTON, WILLIAM (1716–1768), catholic divine, born 17 July 1716, was son of Mark Errington, gentleman, of Wiltshire, and his wife Martha (Baker). He was sent to the English college, Douay, in or about 1737, and after his ordination remained in the college for some time as a professor. He then came on the English mission and resided for many years in London with Bishop Challoner [q. v.] At the bishop's request he attempted about 1760 to establish a middle-class boys' school, first in Buckinghamshire and then in Wales, but no record of either of these academies has been preserved. In January 1762 he removed for another trial to Betley, near Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire. Of this school no particulars are known except that he appointed the Rev. John Hurst as the master. Soon afterwards Errington secured a more suitable place for the establishment, and in March 1763 the scholars, twelve in number, were removed to Sedgley Park in the same county. This was the humble beginning of an academy which flourished on the same spot for more than a century, and which became the place of education for many of the catholic clergy, for thousands of catholics in the middle ranks, and for not a few in the higher grades of the laity. The house, usually called in the neighbourhood the Park Hall, was the residence of John, lord Ward, who removed from it soon after he was created Viscount Dudley and Ward in 1763. Lord Ward was assailed in parliament because he had let his house for a ‘popish school,’ but he ably vindicated his conduct. Errington appears to have been chiefly engaged in the general arrangements of the house, and soon after the appointment of the Rev. Hugh Kendall as first president of the school in May 1763, he returned to the mission in London, where he became archdeacon of the chapter and also its treasurer. After his death, which occurred in London on 28 Sept. 1768, his legal representatives being unwilling to take charge of the establishment at Sedgley Park, of which he was the founder and proprietor, solicited Bishop Hornyold, vicar-apostolic of the midland district, to undertake its management. That prelate complied with their request, and ​the school flourished greatly under his superintendence.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hickes, Francis

​HICKES, FRANCIS (1566–1631), translator, son of Richard Hickes, an arras-weaver, of Barcheston or Barston, Warwickshire, was born in 1566 at Shipston, in the parish of Tredington, Worcestershire. He matriculated at St. Mary Hall, Oxford, at the age of thirteen. He proceeded B.A. 30 April 1583. He retired into the country and engaged himself in translating from the Greek. He spent most of his life at Barston and Shipston, died at Sutton in Gloucestershire, at the house of a kinsman, on 9 Jan. 1630–1, and was buried in the chancel of the adjacent church of Brayles, Worcestershire.
His only published translation was ‘Certaine Select Dialogues of Lucian: together with his True Historie, translated from the Greeke into English,’ Oxford, 1634, 4to, with a life of Lucian by his son Thomas. It was reprinted with Jasper Mayne's ‘Part of Lucian made English,’ Oxford, 1664, folio. Hickes left in manuscript:
* ‘The History of the Wars of Peloponnesus, in 8 Books, written by Thucydides the Athenian.’
* ‘The History of Herodian, beginning from the Reign of the Emperor Marcus.’
These manuscripts were placed by Hickes's son in the library of Christ Church, Oxford.
His son, Thomas Hickes (1599–1634), graduated B.A. at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1620, and M.A. 1623; and later became chaplain of Christ Church. According to Wood he was a distinguished Greek scholar, a good poet, and an excellent limner.
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 490, 584, iii. 973; Wood's Fasti, i. 223; prefatory letter by Thomas Hickes before the translations from Lucian. As to Thomas Hickes see Oxf. Univ. Reg. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.), II. ii. 356, iii. 384; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 584–5; Wood's Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 392.]
R. B.