OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Florence

See also Florence on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Flor′ence, a city of Italy and capital of the province of Florence (Firenze), is situated in the valley of the Arno. The province of Firenze has an area of 2,265 square miles, with a population of 995,048. The establishment here in 1864 and 1865 of the seat of the Italian government was the means of increasing the city to nearly double its former extent. The chief building in the city is the cathedral, the foundations of which were laid in 1298; while in 1887 the finished building was uncovered with great pomp in the presence of the Italian sovereigns. The dome served Michael Angelo as a model for St. Peter's. The church contains sculptures by Michael Angelo and other famous artists. There are many other handsome churches in Florence, containing a wealth of paintings and sculpture. Among the famous palaces are Il Bargello, Vecchio, Signoria, Uffizi, Pitti, Riccardi and Strozzi. The Pitti palace contains the national library, with 200,000 volumes and 10,000 manuscripts, and the famous Florentine gallery of art, filling 23 rooms. The city of Florence sprang originally from Fiesole, at the foot of which it lies extended. In the 11th century it was bequeathed to Pope Gregory VII, and, under the protection of Rome, became a city of importance. By 1250 it had become one of the first cities of Italy and held its place for many years. In 1348 the black death carried off 100,000 of the city's inhabitants. In 1529 the city was besieged by an army under the duke of Orange and, fell Aug. 8, 1530. After the constitution of the united kingdom of Italy, Florence held the position of provisional capital from 1864 to 1871. Its population is about 227,000. In art Florence holds a unique place, the Florentine school being the most important in Italy. In literature its position is hardly less important, as is attested by the names of Dante and Boccaccio. See Mrs, Oliphant's The Makers of Florence; Ruskin's Mornings in Florence; George Eliot's Romola.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Norristown, Pa.

See also Norristown, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nor′ristown, Pa., a borough, the county-seat of Montgomery County, stands on the left bank of the Schuylkill and is a suburb of Philadelphia. It contains a marble courthouse, a state insane asylum, cotton mills, woolen factories, rolling mills, foundries, flour mills and glass and tack factories. Population 27,875.
# The New Student's Reference Work/North Adams

See also North Adams, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
North A′dams, a manufacturing town of Massachusetts, is situated on Hoosac River, at the junction of the north and south branch, near the west end of Hoosac Tunnel, 143 miles from Boston. It has large cotton and woolen mills, shoe and print factories, machine shops, leather manufactories and foundries. Here are a State Normal School, public and parish schools, high schools and the North Adams Library. Population 22,019.
# The New Student's Reference Work/North Bay, Ont., Can.

See also North Bay, Ontario on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
North Bay, Ont., Can., an important railway town and judicial center of Nipissing District. It is a divisional point of the Canadian Pacific Railway; the junction also of Temiskaming Railway and the northern division of the Grand Trunk. It is on Lake Nipissing. Population 5,000. A smelter for the reduction of ores is located at Trout Lake, three miles distant.
# The New Student's Reference Work/North Cape

See also North Cape, Norway on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
North Cape, the extreme north of Europe, is not on the continent, but is a promontory on the island of Mageröe. The continental extremity is Cape Nordkyn, six miles south and 45 east of North Cape.
# The New Student's Reference Work/North, Frederick

See also Frederick North, Lord North on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
North, Frederick, eighth Lord North and second earl of Guilford, an English statesman, was born on April 13, 1732, and educated at Oxford. He entered the house of commons at the age of 22, and was made lord of the treasury in 1759. In 1767 he was appointed chancellor of the exchequer and leader of the house of commons, being there opposed to Fox and Burke. In 1770 he became prime minister, and his course, to a large extent, caused England to lose America. He resigned in 1782, and became blind five years before his death, which occurred on Aug. 5, 1792.
# The New Student's Reference Work/North America

See also North America on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
North America. See America.
# The New Student's Reference Work/North Carolina, University of

See also University of North Carolina on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
North Carolina, University of, was the second state-university founded in America. Its charter was granted in 1789, it began teaching in 1795, and work went on uninterruptedly till 1868. In 1875 work was renewed, the old college course of Greek, Latin and mathematics replaced by modern courses, and (in 1877) the first summer normal school of the south started. The university has always played a considerable part in southern education. Its departments include the college, the graduate-schools, the law-school, the medical school, the school of pharmacy and the school of mines. Its productive funds are $200,000, its receipts from benefactions in 1906 were $30,000 and its income was $110,000. Its faculty numbered 80, the students 775 and the library 50,000 volumes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/North Dakota, University of

See also University of North Dakota on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
North Dakota, University of, was established in 1883. The federal government gave it land which probably will eventually yield $2,000,000 as endowment. The state makes annual appropriations for it. Its total income for 1911–12 was $366,400, including all receipts from benefactions and productive funds. The faculty numbered 91, the students 995 and the library 30,000 volumes. The departments comprise the colleges of liberal arts, of mechanical and electrical engineering and of mining engineering, the normal college and the schools of commerce and pharmacy.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/Married

MARRIED.
At Pittsford, 14th November, by Rev. M. Ferguson, Horace T. Sheldon to Miss Laura A. Vosburgh.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/New York advertisements

​DR. J. M'CUNE SMITH, 93, West Broadway.
T. JINNINGS, Surgeon-Dentist, 185, North Broadway.
PHILIP A. WHITE, Druggist, corner of Frankfort and Gold Street.
WILLIAM S. POWELL, Sailor's Home, 61, Cherry Street.
WILLlAM RICH, Hair Dressing and Bathing Saloon, Troy House, Troy, New York.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/Ignorance in Alabama

​Ignorance in Alabama.—Such is the title of an article in the Southern (Alabama) Advocate, on the subject of popular education, in the course of which the following statement is made, founded upon the census of 1840:
"By that document, we find that the white population of the State then amounted to about three hundred and thirty-five thousand, (335,185,) and that, of these, the number over twenty-one years of age alone who could neither read nor write amounted to upwards of twenty-two thousand, (22,592!) Twenty-two thousand citizens in a Republican State, who could not read the charter of their liberties! Twenty-two thousand in a Christian land, to whom the Scriptures, the guide of moral conduct, were as much a sealed book as to the unhappy beings in the darkest regions of Paganism! These are astounding facts—they are disgraceful—they are mournful."
By referring to the census, it will be found that the number of white persons in Alabama over twenty years of age was 130,897. The fair estimate, then, is, that almost one in every five adult white persons in Alabama in 1840 could neither read nor write! And we have the testimony of this writer, that the evil has been steadily increasing since the census was taken. He attributes it, in some cases, to the worthlessness of the school lands donated by Congress; and in others, to the neglect or mismanagement of them. The truth is, the Legislature has provided no system of public education, and the reason of this is obvious. It was stated by Senator Archer, of Virginia, in a short address delivered by him in Cincinnati, a few months ago, at the close of the annual examination of the Common Schools by which that city is adorned:
"Senator Archer," said the Cincinnati Times, "remarked, at the close of the examination, that he now saw, for the first time, evidence of the practicability of popular education. No one, (he said,) who had been so long conversant with political matters as he had, could doubt that the only safeguard of our free institutions is the diffusion of sound knowledge among the whole people. It was to him a source of deep regret that, in his own State, from the nature of its population, the establishment of a system of public schools had been impracticable."
This is the secret of it. "The nature o the population" prevents. The Plantation thins out the free white population, and what should be a school district, is occupied by a few wealthy slaveholders with hordes of slaves. To the latter, education is forbidden, and the former do not live near enough to keep up a school; and even were this not the case, their habits dispose them to employ private tutors, or send them to boarding schools, rather than suffer their children to mingle with these of the poor at a common school. But the poor alone cannot keep up schools; and thus anything like a system of popular education is effectually prevented.—Wash. Era.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Minamoto Yoshitsune

Edition of 1905. See also Minamoto no Yoshitsune on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MINAMOTO YOSHITSUNE, mē′nȧ-mō′tō̇ yō′shē̇-tso͞o′nā̇ (1158-1189), A Japanese chieftain, Japanese history in the eleventh and twelfth centuries A.D. is concerned with the struggles of the Taira and the Minamoto clans. In 1159 Yoshitomo, the head of the Minamoto, was killed and his clan defeated. His three sons escaped, and after years of adventure defeated the Taira finally in 1185. Yoshitsune, the youngest of the three, was the lieutenant of his elder brother Yoritomo, and the most efficient warrior in his army. Yoshitsune was in command when the last battle was fought, but his success excited the jealousy of his brother, who sought his death. Escaping with eleven comrades, Yoshitsune was pursued, and committed suicide in 1189. His history, with its adventures, triumphs, and tragic end, is the favorite theme of romance, poetry, and drama. In one form of the story the hero escaped with his life, and found refuge among the Aino in Yezo, where he is still worshiped as a god. Another legend represents him as going to the continent of Asia and identifies him with Genghis Khan.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mincopies

Edition of 1905. See also Andamanese on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MINCOPIES. The native inhabitants of the Andaman Islands. They are in general of very low stature, averaging 1.49 meters, and are subbrachycephalic with an index of 82.6. They have a very low grade of civilization, living in huts called ‘chongs,’ which consist merely of a roof on four stakes, and going naked. They live by hunting and use a peculiar bow in the shape of an S, which presents a curious analogue to certain Eskimo bows and also to the bows of some Bantu tribes in East Africa. Consult Man, “Aborigines of the Andaman Islands,” in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, vol. xi. (London, 1882); Deniker, Races of Man (ib., 1901). See Andamans.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mind, Gottfried

Edition of 1905. See also Gottfried Mind on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MIND, mĭnt, Gottfried (1768-1814). A Swiss painter, born at Bern. He was educated at Pestalozzi's charity school, and studied under Freudenberger. Naturally eccentric, and subject to a deformity, he studiously avoided society. He was fond of cats, his pictures of which are his most characteristic works. He was also successful in the delineation of bears. Although he died poor, some of his pictures have since been sold at very high rates, and have been frequently lithographed. Consult Wiedemann, Der Katzenraffael (2d ed., Leipzig, 1887).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mind-Stuff Theory

Edition of 1905. See also William Kingdon Clifford on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MIND-STUFF THEORY. A metaphysical theory which explains the relation of matter and mind by affirming their identity under the form of atoms of mind-stuff. These atoms are of a nature between physical atoms and psychical monads, representing an indivisible element, as the former, but being qualitatively rather than quantitatively determined, as the latter. Mind and matter, according to this theory, are but forms of composition of the atoms of mind-stuff; only under the most rarely favorable conditions does this composition result in intelligence, as in the higher animals, but at the same time no matter is to be conceived as ‘dead’ matter, since it is built up of elements whose essential character is psychical. The theory was propounded by W. K. Clifford, in Mind (old series), vol. iii.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mincio

Edition of 1905. See also Mincio on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MINCIO, mēn′chō̇. A left affluent of the River Po, Italy, which it joins near Governalo, ten miles southeast of Mantua, after a southeastern course of about 120 miles. Its source is at Pescheria, where it flows from Lake Garda. It is the ancient Mincius, and during the Austro-Italian wars was an important strategical base, several battles being fought along its banks.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mind-Reading

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​MIND-READING. See Muscle-Reading; Telepathy.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mind Cure

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​MIND CURE. See Hypnotism; Mesmerism; Suggestion.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Minckwitz, Johannes

Edition of 1905. See also Johannes Minckwitz (professor) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MINCKWITZ, mĭṉk′vĭts, Johannes (1812-85). A German poet and classical scholar, born at Lückersdorf. He was educated at Leipzig, was appointed professor there in 1861, and in 1883 removed to Heidelberg. He first gained fame by his translations into German of Homer, Æschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Pindar, and Lucian. He also wrote Vorschule zum Homer (1863). In the field of German criticism, Minckwitz wrote Platen als Mensch und Dichter (1836) and Leben Platens (1838), and edited Platen's posthumous papers (1852); and he also published: Lehrbuch der deutschen Verskunst (1844); a play, Der Prinzenraub (1839); and a volume of popular poems (1847).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, John Couch

Edition of 1905. See also John Couch Adams on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, John Couch (1819-92). An English astronomer. He was born near Launceston, in Cornwall, and early manifested an aptitude for mathematics. After the usual amount of school training he was sent to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he attained the honor of senior wrangler, and became a mathematical tutor. In 1843 he attempted to ascertain by mathematical calculation whether certain observed irregularities in the motion of Uranus could be explained on the hypothesis of perturbation (q.v.) exercised by an exterior planet. The problem at issue was the inverse of the usual perturbation problem. Instead of computing the effect brought about by a planet of known mass pursuing a known orbit, it was required to determine the unknown cause of a known effect. By 1845 Adams had solved this new problem, and was able to assign to the hypothetical planet, the now well known Neptune, a position differing less than two degrees from its actual place in the sky. But a careful telescopic search was at the time postponed or neglected, so that the honor of the great discovery completing Adams's mathematical researches by an observational verification was lost to Great Britain. Leverrier, of Paris, had been making an independent investigation, and by August 31, 1846, he too had determined Neptune's place in the sky. He wrote to Galle at Berlin, and the latter found the planet on September 23 of the same year. This mathematical discovery of Neptune is justly counted among the greatest triumphs of science.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, Julius Walker

Edition of 1905. See also Julius Walker Adams on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, Julius Walker (1812-99). An American civil engineer. He was born at Boston, Mass., studied for two years at the United States Military Academy, and from 1833 to 1869 was connected as engineer with various railways and public works. From 1869 to 1878 he was chief engineer of the Brooklyn board of city works, and from 1878 to 1889 consulting engineer of the board of public works of New York City. A suggestion of his led to the formation of a company which eventually had charge of building the first bridge over the East River at New York. During the Civil War he for a time commanded the First Long Island Volunteers, and during the New York draft riots of 1863 commanded the troops at Printing House Square.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, Nehemiah

Edition of 1905. See also Nehemiah Adams on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, Nehemiah (1806-78). An American Congregational clergyman. He was born in Salem, Mass., graduated at Harvard in 1820, and three years later at Andover Theological Seminary. He then became pastor in Cambridge, Mass., and from 1814 was pastor of the Essex Street Church, Boston. After a winter spent in Georgia for his health, he published A South Side View of Slavery (1854). His praise of the effect of slavery on the religious character of the negroes provoked much hostile criticism. He published several controversial works and a Life of John Eliot.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, John (mutineer)

Edition of 1905. See also John Adams (mutineer) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, John (1760-1829). The assumed name of Alexander Smith, one of the mutineers of the English ship Bounty. With eight sailors and some men and women from Tahiti he landed on Pitcairn Island and formed a government, of which he was the head. In 1800 he was the only surviving Englishman. He established worship and such a school as was possible. In 1808, Captain Folger, an American, landed there and brought the world the first news of this strange settlement. Adams had not heard a word from civilized countries for twenty years. England never sought to punish him, and he died in peace, leaving a prosperous and religious people. See Pitcairn Island).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, John (teacher)

Edition of 1905. See also John Adams (educator) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, John (1772-1863). An American teacher. He was born in Connecticut, graduated at Yale, 1795, and after teaching for fifteen years in secondary schools in New Jersey and his native State, became principal of Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. That place he filled for twenty-three years, resigning in 1833. Beside having built up one of the historic schools of New England, Dr. Adams is remembered as the schoolmaster of Oliver Wendell Holmes, and the subject of the lines:
* “Uneasy lie the heads of all that rule — His most of all whose kingdom is a school.”
Consult: M. E. B. and H. G. B., The Story of John Adams, a New England Schoolmaster (1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, Maude Kiskadden

Edition of 1905. See also Maude Adams on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, Maude Kiskadden (1872 —). A popular American actress. She was born at Salt Lake City, November 11, 1872, and is the daughter of an actress. She first appeared on the stage in the West, in children's parts, when ​very young. At sixteen she joined E. H. Sothern's company in New York, and played in The Midnight Bell. Afterward she was a member of Charles Frohman's stock company. With John Drew in The Masked Ball (1892) she made an extraordinary advance in public favor. She became a star as Lady Babbie in The Little Minister, produced in New York (1898), where in 1899 she played Juliet to the Romeo of William Faversham. In 1900 and 1901 she won another popular success as the Duc de Reichstadt in Rostand's L'Aiglon, which was also played in New York the same season by Sarah Bernhardt. The next season she appeared in a more characteristic part, as Miss Phœbe in Barrie's new comedy of Quality Street. Consult: Clapp and Edgett, Players of the Present, in Dunlap Society Publications (New York, 1899).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, Oscar Fay

Edition of 1905. See also Oscar Fay Adams on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, Oscar Fay. (1855—). An American editor and author. He was born at Worcester, Mass., was educated in secondary schools, taught classes in English literature, and since 1880 has written much for periodicals. He has edited Through the Year With the Poets (12 volumes, 1886), and published The Story of Jane Austen's Life (1891; second edition, 1896), The Archbishop's Unguarded Moment, and Other Stories (1899), a Dictionary of American Authors (revised edition, 1901), and several other compilations.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, John Quincy, 2d

Edition of 1905. See also John Quincy Adams II on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, John Quincy, 2d (1833-94). An American politician. He was born in Boston, the grandson of President J. Q. Adams and son of Charles Francis Adams. He graduated at Harvard, 1853, and became a lawyer. He served three terms in the Massachusetts Legislature, and was an unsuccessful candidate for governor on the Democratic ticket in 1867 and 1871. In 1872 he was nominated for the vice-presidency on the ticket with Charles O'Conor by those Democrats who would not support Horace Greeley.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Parker, Horatio William

Edition of 1905. See also Horatio Parker on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PARKER, Horatio William (1863—). An American composer and teacher. He was born at Auburndale, Mass., and was a pupil first of his mother, then of George W. Chadwick and Stephen A. Emery, and subsequently of the Munich Conservatory. After returning to America he became organist of the Garden City Cathedral, Long Island, and professor of music at the Cathedral School. In 1886
he was organist and choirmaster at Saint Andrew's, New York, and two years later went to the Church of the Holy Trinity, Boston. He became professor of music at Yale University in 1894. His oratorio, Hora Novissima (1893), has been called by European critics one of the finest of American compositions. Other compositions are: The Holy Child (1890); The Kobold (1891); The Dream King (1893); Saint Christopher (1896); A Northern Ballad, for orchestra (1899); and choruses, anthems, organ pieces, transcriptions, and some chamber music.