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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Anastasius Sinaita

From volume 1 of the work.
A Greek ecclesiastical writer, b. at Alexandria in the first half of the seventh century; d. after 700. He was abbot of the monastery of Mt. Sinai, and so active an opponent of the Monophysites, Monothelites, and Jews that he was known as "the new Moses ". His principal work is the "Hodegos" (Hodegos), or "Guide", written in defence of the Catholic Faith against the attacks of the aforementioned heretics. It was a popular manual of controversy among the medieval Greeks. The (154) "Questions and Answers on Various Theological matters" attributed to him are in part spurious. He also wrote a "Devout Introduction to the Hexaemeron" in twelve books, the first eleven of which have reached us only in a Latin translation. These and other minor writings are found in Migne (P.G. LXXXIX). Le Quien attributed to him, without sufficient reason, the "Antiquorum Patrum Doctrina de Verbi Dei Incarnatione".
BARDENHEWER, Patrologie (1902), 512, 48; KUMPFMÜLLER, De Anastasio Sinaitâ (Würzburg, 1805); KRUMBACHER, Gesch. d. byz. Lit. (2d ed.), p. 64.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Anatolius (2)

From volume 1 of the work.
Patriarch of Constantinople in the time of Theodosius the Younger. The heretic Dioscurus had favoured his appointment as patriarch, hoping for his support, but he found in Anatolius a determined enemy, who in the Council of Chalcedon condemned him and his followers. How he died is disputed, but it would appear that the heretics put him to death. Baronius says this occurred in 458 after eight years in the patriarchate. The great annalist condemns him in a somewhat violent manner, for conniving with Dioscurus for his appointment, to the see; for demanding in contravention of the statutes of Nicæa, the supremacy of Constantinople over Antioch and Alexandria; for insincerity in opposing a new formula of doctrine; for declaring that Dioscurus was not condemned at Ephesus, on account of the faith; for removing the meritorious Ætius from time archidiaconate, and naming the unworthy Andrew; for weakness, if not connivance in dealing with the heretics. All of these serious accusations are discussed by the Bollandists, who give a verdict in favour of Anatolius. He is held by them to be a true Catholic, a saint, and a prophet. The Pope blamed him, not for error but because he permitted himself to be consecrated by a schismatic. One enthusiastic biographer narrates that his miracles amid his combats equal in number the sands of the sea. He was born at Alexandria, and before becoming patriarch distinguishment himself at Ephesus against Nestorius, and at Constantinople against Eutyches, though the profession of faith which he drew up was rejected by time papal legates. When he was in danger of death me was restored to health by St.. Daniel the Stylite, who came to Constantinople to see him. His feast is kept 3 July.
Acta SS. 3 July; SMITH in Dict. of Christ. Biog.; HERGENRÖTHER, Hist. de l' église, II.
T.J. CAMPBELL
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Anastasius (1)

From volume 1 of the work.
Bishop of Antioch, A.D. 559, distinguished for his learning and austerity of life, excited the enmity of the Emperor Justinian by opposing certain imperial doctrines about the Body of Christ. He was to be deposed from his see and exiled, when Justinian died; but Justin II carried out his uncles purpose five years later, and another bishop, named Gregory, was put in his place; on the death of that prelate in 593, Anastasius was restored to his see. This was chiefly due to Pope Gregory the Great, who interceded with the Emperor Maurice and his son Theodosius, asking that Anastasius be sent to Rome, if not reinstated at Antioch. From some letters sent to him by Gregory, it is thought that he was not sufficiently vigorous in denouncing the claims of the Patriarch of Constantinople to be universal bishop. He died in 598, and another bishop of the same name is said to have succeeded him in 599, to whom the translation Gregory's "Regula Pastoralis" is attributed, and who is recorded as having been put to death in an insurrection of the Jews. Nicephorus (Hist. Eccl., XVIII, xliv) (declares that these two are one and the same person. The same difficulty occurs with regard to certain Sermons de orthodoxâ fide, some ascribing them to the latter Anastasius; others claiming that there was but one bishop of that name.
Acta, SS., 21 April; BUTLER, Lives of the Saints, 21 April; MICHAUD, Biog. Univ.; Venables in Dict. Christ. Biog.
T. J. CAMPBELL
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Andrew (2)

From volume 1 of the work.
A martyr of the Faith in Lampsacus, a city of Mysia, in the persecution of Decius. He and two companions were brought before the proconsul and interrogated about their belief. One of the three, Nichomachus, presumptuous and over-confident, unfortunately apostatized under torture. Andrew and his companion Paul, after having undergone the suffering of the rack, were thrown into prison. Meanwhile a girl of sixteen, named Dionysia, who had reproached Nichomachus for his fall, was seized and tortured, and then subjected to the approaches of three libertines, but was protected by an angel. In the morning, Andrew and Paul were taken out and stoned to death. As they lay in the arena, Dionysia, escaping from her captors and hurrying to the place of execution, asked to be slain. She was carried away by force, and suffered death by the sword. The feast of these martyrs is kept on 15 May.
Acta SS., III, May; BUTLER, Lives of the Saints, 15 May.
T.J. CAMPBELL
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Anastasius (2)

From volume 1 of the work.
St. Anastasius, once a magician, became a convert of the Holy Cross and was martyred in 628. He was a soldier in the army of Chosroes when that monarch carried the Cross from Jerusalem to Persia. The occasion prompted him to ask for information; then he left the army, became a Christian, and afterwards a monk in Jerusalem. His Persian name, Magundat, he changed to Anastasius. After seven years of the most exact monastic observance, he was moved, as he thought, by the Holy Ghost to go in quest of martyrdom and went to Cæsarea, then subject to the Persians. Reproaching his countrymen for their magic and fireworship, both of which he had once practised, he was taken prisoner, cruelly tortured to make him abjure, amid finally carried down near the Euphrates, to a place called Barsaloe, or Bethsaloe, according to the Bollandists, where his sufferings were renewed while at the same time the highest honours in the service of King Chosroes were promised him if he would renounce Christianity. Finally, with seventy others, he was strangled to death and decapitated, 22 January, 628. His body, which was thrown to the dogs, but was left untouched by them, was carried thence to Palestine, afterwards to Constantinople, and finally to Rome.
Acta SS., 3 Jan.; BUTLER, Lives of the Saints, 22 Jan.
T. J. CAMPBELL
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Anatolius (1)

From volume 1 of the work.
Bishop of Laodicea in Syria, one of the foremost scholars of his day in the physical sciences and in Aristotelean philosophy. There are fragments of ten books on arithmetic written by him, and also a treatise on time of the Paschal celebration. A very curious story is told by Eusebius of the way in which Anatolius broke up a rebellion in a part of Alexandria known as time Bruchium. It was held by the forces of Zenobia, and being strictly beleaguered by the Romans was in a state of starvation. The saint, who was living in the Bruchium at the time, made arrangements with the besiegers to receive all the women and children, as well as the old and infirm, continuing at the same time to let as many as wished profit by the means of escaping. It broke up the defence and the rebels surrendered. It was a patriotic action on the part of the saint, as well as one of great benevolence, in saving so many innocent victims from death. In going to Laodicea he was seized by the people and made bishop. Whether his friend Eusebius had died, or whether they both occupied the see together, is a matter of much discussion. The question is treated at length in the Bollandists. His feast, like that of his namesake the Patriarch of Constantinople, is kept on 3 July.
Acta SS., I, July; MICHAUD, Biog. Univ.; BARING-GOULD, Lives of the Saints (London, 1872).
T.J. CAMPBELL
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/William Maxwell

From volume 10 of the work.
Fifth Earl of Nithsdale (Lord Nithsdale signed as Nithsdaill) and fourteenth Lord Maxwell, b. in 1676; d. at Rome, 2 March, 1744. He succeeded his father at the early age of seven. His mother, a daughter of the House of Douglas, a clever energetic woman, educated him in sentiments of devotion to the Catholic faith and of loyalty to the House of Stuart, for which his family was famous. When he was about twenty-three, Lord Nithsdale visited the French Court to do homage to King James, and there met and wooed Lady Winifred Herbert, youngest daughter of William, first Marquis of Powis. The marriage contract is dated 2 March, 1699. The young couple resided chiefly at Terregles, in Dumfriesshire, and here probably their five children were born. Until I715 no special event marked their lives, but in that year Lord Nithsdale's principles led him to join the rising in favour of Prince James Stuart, and he shared in the disasters which attended the royal cause, being taken prisoner at Preston and sent to the Tower. In deep anxiety Lady Nithsdale hastened to London and there made every effort on behalf of her husband, including a personal appeal to George I, but no sort of hope was held out to her. She, therefore, with true heroism, planned and carried out his escape on the eve of the day fixed for his execution. Lord Nithsdale had prepared himself for death like a good Catholic and loyal servant of his king, as his "Dying Speech" and farewell letter to his family attest. After his escape he fled in disguise to France. He and Lady Nithsdale spent their last years in great poverty, in Rome, in attendance on their exiled king.
M. M. Maxwell Scott.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/William Monsell, Baron Emly

* related authors: William Monsell.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
From volume 10 of the work.
Born 21 Sept., 1812; died at Tervoe, Co. Limerick, Ireland, 20 April, 1894. His father was William Monsell of Tervoe; his mother, Olivia, daughter of Sir John Walsh of Ballykilcavan. He was educated at Winchester (1826-1830) and Oriel College, Oxford, but he left the university without proceeding to a degree. As his father had died in 1822 he succeeded to the family estates on coming of age and was a popular landlord, the more so as he was resident. In 1836 he married Anna Maria Quin, daughter of the second Earl of Dunraven, but there was no issue of the marriage. After her death in 1855 he married Bertha, youngest daughter the Comte de Martigny (1857), by whom he had one son and one daughter. In 1847 he was returned to Parliament as a member for the County of Limerick in the Liberal interest and represented the constituency till 1874. In 1850 he became a Catholic and thereafter took a prominent part in Catholic affairs, especially in Parliament. As a friend of Wiseman, Newman, Montalambert, W.G. Ward, and other eminent Catholics, he was intimately acquainted with the various interests of the Church, and his parliamentary advocacy was often of great advantage to the hierarchy. In the House itself he was successful and filled many offices. He was clerk of the ordnance from 1852 to 1857; was appointed privy councillor in 1855; was vice-president of the board of trade in 1866; under-secretary for the colonies, 1868-1870; postmaster-general, Jan., 1871, to Nov., 1873. Finally he was raised to the peerage as Baron Emly on 12 Jan., 1874. He lost much of his popularity in Ireland during his later years, owing to his opposition to the land league and to the Home Rule movement. His work being chiefly parliamentary, he wrote little, but published some articles in the "Home and Foreign Review" and a "Lecture on the Roman Question" (1860).
WARD, W.G. Ward and the Oxford Movement (London, 1896); IDEM, W.G. Ward and the Catholic Revival (London, 1893); IDEM, Life of Cardinal Wiseman (London, 1898); PURCELL, Life of Cardinal Manning (London, 1895); IDEM, Life of Ambrose Phillipps de Lisle (London, 1900); COURTNEY in Dict. Nat. Biog., Supp. Vol. III (London, 1901).
EDWIN BURTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/William Perault

From volume 15 of the work.
(PERAULD, PERALDUS, PERALTUS).
Writer and preacher, b. at Perault, France; d. at Lyons; the date of his death is disputed, some placing it before 1260, other extending it to about 1270 or 1275. He studied at the University of Paris, and there, being drawn to the religious life by the preaching perhaps of Blessed Jordan of Saxony, he was received into the Dominican Order. It is thought that Perault was somewhat advanced in years when he embraced the religious state, although the precise date of his entrance into it is also unknown. He entered the order at Paris, but was destined, according to a custom then existing, for the convent at Lyons. At Lyons, where he passed his life, at once contemplative and active, he rendered untold service to the Church by the brilliancy of his writings and preaching and by the charm and splendour of his virtues. His part in ecclesiastical affairs was for a time also very important. For fully ten years he performed all the episcopal functions of the Church of Lyons, having been chosen for this work during the vacancy of the see by Philip of Savoy who, although not in Holy orders, bore the title of Archbishop of Lyons from 1245 to 1267. Because of Perault's long labours in ministering to the needs of the diocese, he himself came to be known as the Bishop or Archbishop of Lyons. This error was further emphasized by the title of bishop which a later hand added to many of his writings. While, then, we are assured by such trustworthy authors as Gerson, Pere Alexandre, Echard, and Hurter that William Perault was never Archbishop of Lyons, as the authors of the "Gallia christiana" would have us believe, M. Dupin is by no means justified in saying that he was never more than a religious of the Order of Preachers (cf. Touron, "Hist. des hommes illust.", 1, l. 2, 184). Known and reverenced far and wide for singular gifts of nature and grace, he was a man truly powerful in word and work-well deserving the triple title given him by all, of monk, doctor, and apostle.
His most important works are: "Summa de virtutibus et vitiis" (Cologne, 1497, 1618, 1629; Venice, 1492, 1497; Rome, 1557; Lyons, 1668); "Sermones de tempore et de sanctis", which appeared under the name of William III of Paris (Paris, 1494; Cologne, 1629); "De eruditione seu de institutione religiosorum" (Paris, 1512; Louvain, 1575; Lyons, 1585); "De regimine principum", which, as in the Roman edition of 1570, was attributed to St. Thomas and of which, in fact, St. Thomas wrote a part: "Speculum religiosorum seu institutionum vitae spiritualis", which appeared under the name of Humbert V, Master-General of the Order of Preachers.
ECHARD, Script. Ord. Praed., I, 131 sq.; HURTER, Nomenclator; TOURON, Hist. des Hommes Illust., I 182 sq.; L'Annee Dominicaine (Lyons, 1884), 843 sq.
Charles. J. Callan.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/William Peyto

From volume 11 of the work.
(PETO, PETOW).
Cardinal; d. 1558 or 1559. Though his parentage was long unknown, it is now established that he was the son of Edward Peyto of Chesterton, Warwickshire, and Goditha, daughter of Sir Thomas Throckmorton of Coughton. He was educated by the Grey Friars and took his degree of B. A. at Oxford; but he was incorporated in Cambridge university, 1502-3, and became M. A. there in 1505. He was elected fellow of Queen's College in 1506, and on 14 June, 1510, was incorporated M. A. at Oxford. Entering the Franciscan Order, he became known for his holiness of life, and was appointed confessor to Princess Mary. Later on he was elected Provincial of England and held that office when in 1552 he denounced the divorce of Henry VIII in the king's presence. He was imprisoned till the end of that year, when he went abroad and spent many years at Antwerp and elsewhere in the Low Countries, being active on behalf of all Catholic interests. In 1539 he was included in the Act of Attainder passed against Cardinal Pole and his friends (31 Hen. VIII, c. 5), but he was in Italy at the time and remained there out of the king's reach. On 30 March, 1543, Paul III nominated him Bishop of Salisbury. He could not obtain possession of his diocese, nor did he attempt to do so, on the accession of Queen Mary in 1553, but resigned the see and retired to his old convent at Greenwich. There he remained till Paul IV, who had known him in Rome and highly esteemed him, decided to create him cardinal and legate in place of Pole. But as Peyto was very old and his powers were failing, he declined both dignities. He was, however, created cardinal in June, 1557, though Queen Mary would not allow him to receive the hat, and the appointment was received with public derision. It was a tradition among the Franciscans that he was pelted with stones by a London mob, and so injured that he shortly afterwards died (Parkinson, op. cit. below, p. 254). Other accounts represent him as dying in France. The date frequently assigned for his death (April, 1558) is incorrect, as on 31 October, 1558, Queen Mary wrote to the pope that she had offered to reinstate him in the Bishopric of Salisbury on the death of Bishop Capon, but that he had declined because of age and infirmity.
COOPER, Athenæ Cantabrigienses, I (Cambridge, 1858), giving new particulars as to his family and his university career; WOOD, Athenæ Oxonienses, ed. BLISS (London, 1813-20); PARKINSON, Collectanea Anglo-Minoritica (London, 1726); DODD, Church History (Brussels vere Wolverhampton, 1737-42); BRADY, Episcopal Succession, I, II (Rome, 1877); GASQUET, Henry VIII and the English Monasteries (London, 1888); GAIRDNER in Dict. Nat. Biog., citing state papers but otherwise an imperfect and defective account; GILLOW in Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath., s. v.; STONE, Mary the First (London, 1901); HALLE, Life of Cardinal Pole (London, 1910).
EDWIN BURTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/William Palmer

From volume 11 of the work.
Born at Mixbury, Oxfordshire, 12 July, 1811; died at Rome, 4 April, 1879; the elder brother of Roundell Palmer, afterwards Lord Chancellor of England and first Earl of Selborne. He himself was educated at Rugby and Oxford (Magdalen College), where he proceeded M A. in 1833, being then in deacon's orders of the Church of England. He was, successively, tutor at Durham University (1834-37), classical examiner at Oxford 1837-39, and tutor at Magdalen College (1838-43). In 1840 he visited Russia to obtain, if possible, official recognition of the Anglican Church as a branch of the Catholic Church; but after a year's fruitless labour his claim to communion was rejected by the Metropolitan of Moscow. A second attempt in 1842 only resulted in the express rejection by the Russian Church of Anglican claims to Catholicism. After the Gorham Judgment in 1852 he contemplated joining the Russian Church, but was deterred by the necessity for rebaptism. He spent some time in Egypt and then went to Rome, where he was received into the Church, 28 Feb., 1855, and where he spent the rest of his life. His works, which show a wide acquaintance with both Anglican and Eastern theology, were mainly concerned with his efforts to obtain intercommunion between these bodies. Chief among these were: "Harmony of Anglican Doctrine with the Doctrine of the Eastern Church" (Aberdeen, 1846; Greek version, Athens, 1851); "An appeal to the Scottish Bishops and Clergy" (Edinburgh, 1849); and "Dissertations on subjects relating to the Orthodox or Eastern Catholic Communion" (London, 1853). After he became a Catholic he devoted himself to archæology and wrote: "An Introduction to Early Christian Symbolism" (London, 1859); and "Egyptian Chronicles, with a harmony of sacred and Egyptian Chronology" (London, 1861). He also wrote a Latin commentary on the Book of Daniel (Rome, 1874), and a number of minor works. After his death his friend Cardinal Newman edited his "Notes of a Visit to the Russian Church" (London, 1882).
Rugby School Registers, 1675-1874 (London, 1881-6); BLOXAM, Magdalen College Registers (London, 1853-85); NEALE, Life of Patrick Torry, D.D. (London, 1856), vi; WORDSWORTH, Annals of my Life, 1847-1856 (London, 1893); LIDDON, Life of Pusey (London, 1893-4); BROWNE, Annals of the Tractarian Movement (London, 1856); MOZLEY, Reminiscences (London, 1882).
EDWIN BURTON.
# Chaunts of Life

* "Chaunts of Life" in The Ascent of Man (1889)
* "Chaunts of Life" in Poetical works of Mathilde Blind (1900)
# Chaunt v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Clark
United States Supreme Court
364 U.S. 350
Chaunt v. United States
Argued: Oct. 17, 1960. --- Decided: Nov 14, 1960
Mr. Joseph Forer, Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
Mr. Maurice A. Roberts, Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Opinion of the Court by Mr. Justice DOUGLAS, announced by Mr. Justice HARLAN.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chaves v. United States

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
168 U.S. 177
Chaves v. United States

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chavez v. Bergere

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
231 U.S. 482
Chavez v. Bergere
Argued: October 30, 1913. --- Decided: December 8, 1913
Mr. A. B. Renehan for appellants.
Messrs. T. B. Catron and R. C. Gortner for appellees.
Mr. Justice Van Devanter delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chavez v. United States

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
175 U.S. 552
Chavez v. United States
Argued: October 17, 18, 1899. --- Decided: December 22, 1899
Mr. F. W. Clancy for appellant.
Mr. Matthew G. Reynolds and Solicitor General Richards for appellee.
Mr. Justice Peckham delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chassaniol v. City of Greenwood

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
291 U.S. 584
Chassaniol v. City of Greenwood
Argued: Feb. 6, 1934. --- Decided: March 12, 1934
On Appeal from Supreme Court of Mississippi.
Messrs. Edward W. Smith and Sam C. Cook, both of Clarksdale, Miss., Ward Allen, of Greenwood, Miss., and Marcellus Green and Garner W. Green, both of Jackson, Miss., for appellant.
Messrs. J. A. Lauderdale, of Jackson, Miss., and A. H. Bell, W. S. Vardaman, Jr., and J. A. Tyson, all of Greenwood, Miss., for appellee.
Mr. Justice BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse