OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/poiⁿ
### poiⁿpoiⁿ

* 斑poiⁿ650678
* Mottled; spotted; streaked.

#### mīn poiⁿ-poiⁿ;

    pock-marked.

#### poiⁿ tíam poiⁿ tíam;

    spotted.

#### tōa tíam poiⁿ;

    spotted in large spots.

#### poiⁿ tek;

    mottled ​bamboo.

#### poiⁿ hûn;

    brindled.

#### poiⁿ lío kâi ciah kâi ciah;

    marked with numerous disconnected spots.

#### i seⁿ lâi o poiⁿ hô;

    he is black, pock-marked, and full-bearded.

#### mīn tèng ŭ tíam chiah poiⁿ;

    he has a brown spot on his face.
* 板póiⁿ651754
* Blocks or type used in printing; a board; an instrument of flagellation, or a stroke from it.

#### khek ìn-póiⁿ;

    engrave blocks for printing.

#### cía sĭ lêng-ūaⁿ hwn khek kâi póiⁿ;

    this is a block that has been recut.

#### în-póiⁿ;

    lead type.

#### tâng póiⁿ;

    brass type.

#### kôih póiⁿ kâi bûn-cṳ;

    a flying dispatch from court.

#### kôih póiⁿ;

    boards used as a case for a set of books.

#### i cē kùe kîe cū thiu póiⁿ;

    as soon as he had crossed the bridge he tore up its planks.

#### tăng phah, sì-câp póiⁿ;

    inflicted forty heavy blows with a ferule.

#### sĭ phah póiⁿ-kíaⁿ, a sĭ phah tōa póiⁿ?

    Is he to be beaten with the small or the large rod?
* 反póiⁿ126292
* To turn; to reverse.

#### póiⁿ kùe lâi póiⁿ kùe khṳ̀;

    to turn to and fro.

#### cìeⁿ pôiⁿ pūe lío, póiⁿ kùe hìeⁿ pôiⁿ cài pūe;

    when this side has been dried by the fire, turn it over and dry the other side.

#### ôi póiⁿ-lìn-tńg khṳt i phâk;

    turn the shoes bottom upwards and let then dry in the sun.

#### póiⁿ o, póiⁿ pêh;

    when you turn the one side up it is black, and when you turn the other side up it is white.

#### tâng bô̤ lí póiⁿ kàu ŭ lí;

    he turns nonsense around till it appears to be sense.

#### màiⁿ tin-tò̤ póiⁿ;

    do not let it roll over backward.

#### céⁿ hó̤-hó̤-sĭ-sĭ póiⁿ kàu lô̤-lô̤;

    the well from its usual good condition turned turbid.

#### póiⁿ i kâi mâk-kha-phûe lâi thóiⁿ;

    turn up his eyelid and look.

#### póiⁿ kau chíu khún;

    tie his hands behind him.

#### m̄ hó̤ khah méⁿ póiⁿ cìaⁿ ŏ̤i kàu kò̤;

    do not turn them over too soon, and then they will cohere in one piece.
* 笏póiⁿ2671184
* A tablet held before the breast by courtiers at audiences, down to the Ming dynasty; it was first designed for taking notes on.

#### chîo póiⁿ;

    a court tablet.
* 邊pôiⁿ68616215
* A border or side; a boundary, an edge, a margin.

#### tŏ̤ cìeⁿ pôiⁿ thóiⁿ-kìⁿ hìeⁿ pôiⁿ kâi nâng sòi-sòi;

    seen from this side people on the other side appear very small.

#### tah kùe khoi hìeⁿ pôiⁿ;

    take passage to the other side the river.

#### mō̤ⁿ thóiⁿ tang pôiⁿ pêh a būe;

    look and see whether the eastern horizon is yet light.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/pong
### pongpong

* 𦨖pong381374
* The tossing and rolling of a vessel on the water.

#### huang hiah, éng būe hiah, hía cûn tó̤ pong lío;

    after the wind has ceased and before the waves have gone down, the pitching of the vessel is hardest for people to bear.
* 爆pòng6668615
* To burst; to split from dryness; to pop; to crackle.

#### pòng lîh;

    to burst asunder.

#### màiⁿ khṳt i pòng tîeh mâk;

    do not let it fly in your eyes when it bursts.

#### kha-tháng pòng kho khṳ̀;

    the washtub has burst its hoop.

#### ēng húe-îeh pòng cîeh;

    blast rocks with gunpowder.

#### cîeh pòng;

    the rocks burst and fly apart.

#### pòng-cē-kìe;

    the sound of an explosion.

#### pòng-pòng-kìe;

    the sound of successive explosions.

#### pòng cò̤ nŏ̤ pôiⁿ;

    burst in two.

#### tŏ̤ hṳ́ tói pòng chut lâi;

    burst from the inside.

#### pòng kàu chap-chap-chùi;

    burst in pieces.

#### pòng phùa;

    burst apart.

#### pòng khui;

    split open.

#### pòng tīo;

    spoiled by bursting.

#### pòng-cîh;

    snapped off.
* 芃pŏng6611403
* Luxuriant; grassy.

#### pŏng-pŏng-cheⁿ;

    a luxuriant greenness.

#### kak chù kâi châng-hn̂g, thóiⁿ tîeh pŏng-pŏng-cheⁿ;

    the cultivated fields everywhere appear very green.
* 磅pōng65811210
* An imitation of the English word pound; to weigh in pounds.

#### cêk pōng tǹg pńg-tī chìn sĭ câp-jī níe;

    a pound, according to native scales, is twelve Chinese ounces.

#### cang pōng chìn, pōng thóiⁿ jîeh tăng;

    take steelyards weighing pounds and see how many pounds it weighs.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/puah
### puah

* 鉢puah7091675
* A glazed earthen basin.

#### hue puah;

    a flower pot.

#### cúi puah;

    a water pot.

#### thoah puah;

    a priest's dish.
* 賭pûah9161549
* To play for stakes.

#### pûah su, pûah îaⁿ;

    to lose or to win in gambling.

#### pûah-cîⁿ;

    to gamble.

#### īu cîah īu pûah; hàuⁿ cîah hàuⁿ pûah;

    smokes opium and gambles.

#### pûah kàu sok-sok-theh;

    played till he had nothing left to stake.
* 跌pûah8911575
* To slip and fall; to make a false step; to tumble.

#### i pûah lô̤h khṳ̀ cū peh m̄ cáu-khí;

    if he falls down he cannot get up again.

#### i pûah tîeh tì-kò̤?

    Where did he hurt himself when he fell?

#### i pûah cîh kha kut;

    he fell down and broke his leg.

#### pûah lô̤h khṳ̀ līo-līo-tît;

    fell down flat.

#### i cē thiaⁿ tîeh cū îang pûah lô̤h khṳ̀;

    when she heard it she fell in a swoon.
* 掉pûah887648
* To flop sidewise.

#### cûn-búe pûah kùe tang pôiⁿ;

    turn the stern of the boat eastward.

#### cûn pûah m̄ tńg sin;

    cannot turn the boat.

#### khṳt i kâi hṳ̂-búe pûah khṳ̀ kàu cū pûah lô̤h khṳ̀;

    one would be felled by a blow from his tail.

#### i tó̤ kîaⁿ, kâi búe pûah kùe lâi pûah kùe khṳ̀;

    its tail flops to and fro as it goes.
* 汲pûah394854
* To draw water from a well.

#### khîeh pûah-tháng khṳ̀ pûah cêk pûah cúi;

    take the drawing bucket and draw a bucket of water.
* 擲pûah716415
* To toss down; to throw.

#### pûah tâu;

    to throw dice.

#### pûah lô̤h thô-ĕ, tiang-cē-kìe;

    if you throw it upon the ground it jingles.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Askham, John

​ASKHAM, JOHN (1825–1894), poet, was born at Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, in a cottage just off the Market Street, adjoining White Horse Yard, on 25 July 1825. His father, John Askham, a native of Raunds in the same county, was a shoemaker, and his mother came from Kimbolton. The poet, who was the youngest of seven, received very little education, but was at Wellingborough Free School for about a year. Before he was ten he was put to work at his father's trade. He worked some time for Messrs. Singer, but ultimately set up for himself. Amid incessant toil he found means to educate himself, and his earliest publications give evidence of a cultivation much beyond that of his class. He composed his first verses at the age of twenty-five, and later contributed poems to local newspapers. He acted as librarian of the newly formed Literary Institute at Wellingborough before 1871, when he was elected a member of the first school board of the town. In 1874 he became school attendance officer and sanitary inspector of the local board of health.
Askham published four volumes by subscription, and through one of his subscribers, George Ward Hunt [q. v.], he received a grant of 50l. from the queen's bounty fund. His publications were entitled: 1. 'Sonnets on the Months and other Poems,' 1863. 2. 'Descriptive Poems, Miscellaneous Pieces and Miscellaneous Sonnets,' 1866. 3. 'Judith and other Poems, and a (Centenary of Sonnets,' 1868. 4. 'Poems and Sonnets,' 1875. 5. 'Sketches in Prose and Verse,' 1893.
Askham is a good example of the uneducated poet. He was especially fond of the sonnet. The fidelity of his nature poetry was remarkable when it is considered that, unlike his predecessor, John Clare (1793–1864) [q. v.], he had rare opportunities of enjoying country life. In his later years he was rendered helpless by paralysis. He died at Clare Cottage, Wellingborough, on 28 Oct. 1894, and was buried on 1 Nov. in Wellingborough cemetery. He was twice married. By the first wife (born Bonham) he had three daughters; the second (born Cox) survived him.
[Biographical Sketch (with portrait) prefixed to Sketches in Prose and Verse; obituary notices in local papers (Wellingborough News, Northampton Mercury, &c., 2 Nov. 1894), and in Times, 29 Oct. 1894; Works (only 'Sonnets on the Months' is in the British Museum); private information. The Annual Register (obit.) misprints the name and gives wrong date of death.]
G. Le G. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Ashe, Thomas (1836-1889)

​ASHE, THOMAS (1836–1889), poet, was born at Stockport, Cheshire, in 1836. His father, John Ashe (d. 1879), originally a Manchester manufacturer and an amateur artist, resolved late in life to take holy orders, was prepared for ordination by his own son, and became vicar of St. Paul's at Crewe in 1869. Thomas was educated at Stockport grammar school and St. John's College, Cambridge, where he entered as a sizar in 1855 and graduated B. A. as senior optime in 1859. He took up scholastic work in Peterborough, was ordained deacon in 1859 and priest in 1860; at Easter 1860 he became curate of Silverstone, Northamptonshire. But clerical work proved distasteful, and he gave himself entirely to schoolmastering. In 1865 he became mathematical and modern form master at ​Leamington College, whence he moved to a similar post at Queen Elizabeth's school, Ipswich. He remained there nine years. After two years in Paris he finally settled in London in 1881. Here he was engaged in editing Coleridge's works. The poems appeared in the 'Aldine Series' of poets in 1885. Three volumes of prose were published in Bohn's 'Standard Library;' 'Lectures and Notes on Shakspere' in 1883, 'Table Talk and Omniana' in 1884, and 'Miscellanies, Æsthetic and Literary,' in 1885. Ashe died in London on 18 Dec. 1889, but was buried in St. James's churchyard, Sutton, Macclesfield; a portrait is given in the 'Illustrated London News' and in the 'Eagle' (xvi. 109).
Ashe was a poet of considerable charm. He wrote steadily from his college days to the end of his life; but, although his powers were recognised by some of the literary journals, his poems failed entirely to gain the ear of his generation. A lack of vigour and concentration impairs the permanent value of his larger poems; but the best of his shorter lyrics have a charm and grace of their own which should keep them alive. One or two are quoted in Mr. William Watson's anthology, 'Lyric Love' ('Golden Treasury Series'). His works are: 1. 'Poems,' 1859, 8vo. 2. 'Dryope and other Poems,' 1861, 8vo. 3. 'Pictures, and other Poems,' 1865, 8vo. 4. 'The Sorrows of Hypsipyle. A Poem,' 1867, 8vo. 5. 'Edith, or Love and Life in Cheshire. A Poem,' 1873, 8vo. 6. 'Songs of a Year,' 1888, 8vo. His work was collected in one volume in 'Poems' (complete edition), London, 1885, 8vo.
[A selection from Ashe's poetry is given in the Poets and the Poetry of the Century, vol. vi. (A. H. Miles). It is made by Mr. Havelock Ellis, who prefixes an Introduction, for which the facts were supplied by the poet himself. See also the same writer's article on Thomas Ashe's Poems in the Westminster Review, 1886; The Eagle (St. John's Coll. Cambr. Mag.), xvi. 109-34; Crockford's Clerical Directory.]
R. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Salter, James (fl.1723)

​SALTER, JAMES (fl. 1723), proprietor of ‘Don Saltero's coffee-house,’ settled in Chelsea about 1673, having come thither ‘from Rodman on the Irish main.’ He was at one time a servant of Sir Hans Sloane [q. v.], whom he accompanied on his travels. He occupied a substantial house facing the river in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, which he opened about 1695 as a barber's shop. Sloane and other collectors made him a present of various curiosities, and Rear-admiral Sir John Munden bestowed on him the title of ‘Don Saltero.’ Under the name of ‘Don Saltero's coffee-house,’ the place became a favourite lounge for men like Sloane, Mead, and Nathaniel Oldham [q. v.] In 1709 Steele described in a paper in the ‘Tatler’ (No. 34) ‘the ten thousand gimcracks’ at Don Saltero's. Thoresby (1723) and Benjamin Franklin (about 1724) visited the place as one of the sights of Chelsea. The don himself was—according to Steele—‘a sage of a thin and meagre countenance.’ He was famous for his punch, could play a little on the fiddle, and shaved, bled, and drew teeth for nothing.
Salter's museum was an astounding assemblage of oddities, such as a petrified crab from China, medals of the Seven Bishops, Laud and Gustavus Adolphus, William the Conqueror's flaming sword, King Henry VIII's coat of mail, Job's tears, of which anodyne necklaces are made, a bowl and ninepins in a box the bigness of a pea, Madagascar lances, and the root of a tree in the shape of a hog. The last object was presented as a ‘lignified hog’ by John (great-uncle of Thomas) Pennant. The curiosities were placed in glass cases in the front room of the first floor, and weapons, skeletons, and fishes covered the walls and ceiling. Salter printed (price 2d.) ‘A Catalogue of the Rarities to be seen at Don Saltero's Coffee House in Chelsea,’ of which there are no fewer than sixteen different editions in the British Museum, ranging in date from 1729 to the ‘forty-eighth’ in 1795. The list of donors set forth in the catalogues include the names of Sir Robert Cotton, Martin Folkes, the Earl of Sutherland, and Sir John Cope, bart.
Salter inserted a poetical account of himself and his ‘Museum Coffee House’ in the ‘Weekly Journal’ for 22 June 1723. The date of his death is unknown. The coffee-house and museum were carried on till about 1760 by his daughter, a Mrs. Hall, and the collection, or a considerable part of it, remained on the premises till 7 Jan. 1799, when the house and the collection were sold by auction. The sale of the curiosities—distributed in 121 lots—realised only about 50l., the highest price for a single lot being 1l. 16s. for a model of the Holy Sepulchre. In its later days the house became a tavern. It was pulled down in 1866, and a private residence (No. 18 Cheyne Walk) was afterwards built on the site.
W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Salt, William

​SALT, WILLIAM (1805–1863), the Staffordshire antiquary, born in 1805, was third son of John Stevenson Salt of 9 Russell Square, London, and Weeping Cross, West Staffordshire, a member of the firm of Stevenson Salt & Sons, bankers in Lombard Street. In due course he became a junior partner in that firm, his leisure hours being devoted to archæological pursuits. He became a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and an active member of the Royal Society of Literature. At the reading-room of the British Museum he was a constant visitor, and he presented many valuable works to that institution. The only work he printed was ‘A List and Description of the Manuscript Copies of Erdeswicke's Survey of Staffordshire, which, after careful inquiry, have been traced in Public Libraries or Private Collections,’ sine loco aut anno, 1842–3. Only twenty copies of this work were issued in a separate form, but it was included in the 1844 edition of Harwood's ‘Erdeswicke,’ pp. lxxix–ci. Salt spent thirty years in the collection of books, pamphlets, maps, drawings, and manuscripts illustrative of the history of Staffordshire. Another of his undertakings was the proper alphabetical arrangement of wills in the probate office at Lichfield. This work was highly commended by Lord Romilly in a speech in the House of Lords. Late in life he married Miss H. Black, and he resided in Park Square East, Regent's Park, where he died on 6 Dec. 1863.
Salt's archæological collection was valued at 30,000l., and after his death was catalogued for sale by Messrs. Sotheby. Sufficient funds were, however, collected to secure it for the county, and in 1872 it was located at Stafford in a house purchased by Mrs. Salt at a cost of 2,000l. To provide for the proper keeping of the collection, and for the salary of a librarian, the county subscribed 6,217l., of which sum 2,000l. was contributed by Salt's nephew, Thomas Salt, M.P. The collection consists of more than seven thousand volumes, 2,300 deeds, eight or nine thousand drawings and engravings, with numerous autographs and other manuscripts; and it is being gradually augmented by appropriate donations.
In memory of him the ‘William Salt Archæological Society’ was established at Stafford, 17 Sept. 1879. Its object is the editing and printing of original documents relating to the county of Stafford, and it has published (1880–94) fifteen volumes of collections for a history of Staffordshire.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Salt, Samuel

​SALT, SAMUEL (d. 1792), lawyer, and benefactor of Charles Lamb, was a son of John Salt, vicar of Audley in Staffordshire. He was admitted at the Middle Temple in 1741, and at the Inner Temple in 1745, and was duly called to the bar in 1753. In 1782 he was raised to the bench at the Inner Temple, became reader in 1787 and treasurer in 1788. Charles Lamb says that he had ‘the reputation of being a very clever man, and of excellent discernment in the chamber practice of ​of the law,’ but that he himself had doubts on the point. Through the influence of the family of Eliot he was returned to parliament in 1768 for their pocket-boroughs of St. Germans and Liskeard, and preferred to sit for the latter constituency. He represented Liskeard during the three parliaments from 1768 to 1784 (having from 1774 to 1780 Edward Gibbon as his colleague), and sat for Aldeburgh in Suffolk from 1784 to 1790. In politics he was a whig. ‘He was a shy man,’ says Lamb, ‘… indolent and procrastinating,’ very forgetful and careless in everything, but ‘you could not ruffle Samuel Salt.’
Salt died at his chambers in Crown Office Row, Inner Temple, on 27 July 1792, and was buried in a vault of the Temple Church. A shield with his coat-of-arms is in the sixteenth panel (counting from the west) on the north side of the Inner Temple hall. He married young (it is said that his wife was a daughter of Lord Coventry), and lost his wife in childbed ‘within the first year of their union, and fell into a deep melancholy’ (Lamb, Benchers of the Inner Temple).
John Lamb, father of Charles Lamb, the ‘Lovel’ of the essay on the Inner Temple benchers, was Salt's clerk for nearly forty years. Charles was born in Crown Office Row, where Salt ‘owned two sets of chambers,’ and it was the home of the Lamb family until 1792. He procured the admission of Charles to Christ's Hospital, and made himself answerable for the boy's discharge, giving a bond for the sum of 100l. Through Salt's influence as a governor of the South Sea Company, Charles and his elder brother obtained clerkships under the company, and in his will Salt made provision for his old clerk and his wife.
A medallion portrait of Samuel Salt, executed in plaster of Paris by John Lamb, belonged to Mrs. Arthur Tween.
W. P. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Salter, James (1650-1718?)

​SALTER, JAMES (1650–1718?), poet and grammarian, born in 1650, son of James Salter, plebeius, of the city of Exeter, was matriculated at Oxford as a servitor of Magdalen College, 24 July 1668. Leaving the university without a degree, he became vicar of Lesnewth, Cornwall, in 1679, and of St. Mary Church, Devon, in 1680. He was appointed master of the free grammar school at Exeter, 4 March 1683–4, and was ‘on removal’ succeeded by Zachary Mayne [q. v.], 19 Jan. 1689–90 (Carlisle, Endowed Grammar Schools, i. 317). He appears to have died in 1718.
He was the author of: 1. ‘Compendium Græcæ Grammatices Chatechisticum, atque ejus Terminorum Explanatio qua facilius Pueri Linguæ Elementa expressant,’ London, 1685, 8vo. 2. ‘The Triumphs of the Holy Jesus: or a Divine Poem of the Birth, Life, Death, and Resurrection of our Saviour,’ London, 1692, 4to; dedicated to Dr. Richard Ansley, dean of Exeter.
His son, James Salter (d. 1767), B.A. of New Inn Hall, Oxford, obtained the vicarage of St. Mary Church in 1718, and held it till his death in 1767. He wrote ‘An Exposition or Practical Treatise on the Church Catechism,’ Exeter, 1753, 8vo.
There was another James Salter (fl. 1665), a Devonian, who was author of ‘Caliope's Cabinet opened. Wherein Gentlemen may be informed how to adorn themselves for Funerals, Feastings, and other heroic Meetings,’ London, 1665, 8vo; 2nd ed. enlarged, London, 1674, 12mo.
T. C.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Beech-nut

Edition of 1802.
​BEECH-NUT or, as it is more generally called, Beech-Mast, is the seed or fruit of the beech-tree, and is recommended for feeding and fattening hogs. These animals may be secured from the gargut, by moistening some pease or beans with water, sprinkling them with powdered antimony, and repeating this medicine every other day, for a fortnight. The same precaution should be used when hogs are fed upon acorns. In Hertfordshire, where beech trees grow spontaneously, swine are kept upon the mast only, and turned out about the middle of October, or sometimes sooner. On this food they thrive very fast, and generally afford fine meat. When a hog is intended to be killed for pickling, it should be previously taken home for a month, or five weeks, and fed with pollard, barley meal, or pease. It has, however, been remarked, ​that the flesh of swine fed upon beech-mast, is of too soft a nature, and easily boils away.
When these nuts are eaten by the human species, they occasion giddiness and head-ach; but after being well dried and ground, they have been found to make wholesame bread: they have also occasionally been roasted, and used as a substitute for coffee.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bean, the Kidney

Edition of 1802.
​BEAN, the Kidney, or Phaseolus, L. is a plant of one species, with several varieties. Those principally cultivated for the table, are, 1. The common white, or Dutch kidney bean; 2. The smaller kidney, commonly called the Battersea bean; and 3. The upright sort, called the Tree kidney-bean.
The first of these varieties grows very high, and requires long stakes and poles for its support; its beans are of a considerable size.
The second kind, or Battersea ​bean, is more generally cultivated: it never grows very high, and, on account of its moderate growth, the air can easily pass between the rows. It bears abundantly, and is the most savoury kind, except the Tree kidney-bean. This is also a plentiful bearer, never rambles far, and grows up in the form of a shrub; its beans are broader than those of the Battersea kind.
They are all propagated from seeds, which should be sown in dry weather, about the latter end of March, or the beginning of April, to produce an early crop; but they require a dry soil and warm situation. The best method of sowing is, to draw parallel lines over the bed, at two feet and a half distance, into which the seeds are dropped about two inches asunder, and the mould drawn over them to the depth of an inch, with the head of a rake. About a week after sowing, the plants will come up, when the mould should be raised round their stalks as they rise, they will require no farther care, except weeding, and when the beans appear, they should be gathered twice a week; for, if suffered to hang too long, they weaken the plant, and become of little value. The first crop of kidney-beans will continue a month; and to supply the table afterwards, there should be fresh sowings in March, April, May, and June, the last of which will be in season, till destroyed by the frost. Early crops may also be raised in hot-beds, in the same manner as early cucumbers.