# History of Mexico (Bancroft)/Volume 2/Table of Contents

| CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME. ||
| CHAPTER I. ||
| REBUILDING OF MEXICO. ||
| 1521-1523. ||
| page ||
| Quarrelling over the Booty — Poor Results — Torture of Quauhtemotzin — Treasure-hunting — A Disappointment — Pasquinades — Financial Measures — A Sabine Capture — Looking for a Capital — Mexico Selected — Municipality Formed — Planning the City — Architectural Features — Cortés' Palaces — Building Material — Fort and Aqueduct — Attracting Serfs and Settlers — Merry Toilers — Arms of Tenochtitlan | 1 |
| CHAPTER II. ||
| PREPARATION FOR FURTHER CONQUEST. ||
| 1521-1522. ||
| Centralization and its Effect — A Fallen Athens — Reward of a Traitor — Career of a Precocious Prince — Ixtlilxochitl's Disappointment — Policy toward Native Princes — Tezcuco and Acolhuacan — -Tlascala and her Reward — New Conquest Projects — Search for Ammunition — Climbing a Volcano — Descending into the Burning Crater — Casting Cannon — Tochtepec Expedition — A Boaster's Discomfiture — Gold-hunting in Xaltepec — Espíritu Santo Founded — Zapotecapan and Miztecapan — The Mystic Prophet — Orozco Invades Oajaca — Antequera Established — Cociyopu's Dilemma — Alvarado Overruns Tututepec — Segura Founded Anew | 19 |
| CHAPTER III. ||
| RAIDS ALONG THE SOUTH SEA. ||
| 1521-1524. ||
| King Zwanga's Warning — First Entry into Michoacan — Montaño's Visit to the Court of Tangaxoan — A Narrow Escape — Tarascan Envoys — Olid Invades Michoacan — Outrages at Tangimaroa and Tzintzuntzan — Colonization Attempted — Visions of the South Sea — Shipbuilding at Zacatula — The Route to the Spice Islands — Alvarez' Mishap in Colima — Olid Avenges Him — Chimalhuacan Region — Isle of the Amazons — Cortes Hastens to Appropriate a Rich Field — The Queen of Jalisco — Tradition of a Shipwrecked Cross | 43 ​ |
| CHAPTER IV. ||
| TAPIA'S DISCOMFITURE. ||
| 1521-1522. ||
| Velazquez still Longing for Mexico — A Governor Sent from Spain — Intrigues of Tapia — Counter-intrigues — Conference of Cempoala — The Claimant Ousted — Bono de Quejo's Mission — Revolt of the Aztecs — A Terrible Lesson — Conspiracies against Cortés — Narvaez at his Feet | 65 |
| CHAPTER V. ||
| AFFAIRS OF CORTÉS IN SPAIN ||
| 1522. ||
| Cortés Finds Favor with the Audiencia — His Third Letter — Treasures for the Emperor — An Ominous Loss — Chased by Corsairs — What King Francis Said — The Curse of Montezuma — Cardinal Adrian Interferes — Cortés' Case before the Sovereign — His Achievements Reviewed — Refutation of Charges — Velazquez Crushed and Fonseca Humbled — Cortés Appointed Governor and Captain-general | 79 |
| CHAPTER VI. ||
| CORTÉS AND GARAY IN PÁNUCO. ||
| 1522-1523. ||
| Rivalry for Pánuco — Cortés Hastens to Occupy It — Battle at Ayotochtitlan — Operations at Chila — Native Tactics — Founding of San Estévan del Puerto — A Shipwreck Incident — Disappointing Results — Campaign in Tututepec Mountains — Rejoicings on the Receipt of Cortés' Commission — Alluring Projects for Southern Conquests — Startling News — Garay Prepares to Descend on Pánuco — His Lack of Ability and Firmness — March from Las Palmas — Negotiations with Vallejo | 94 |
| CHAPTER VII. ||
| THE PÁNUCO AFFAIR AND ITS SEQUEL. ||
| 1523-1524. ||
| Alvarado Appears upon the Scene — Naval Strategy — Double Dealings — How Cortés Settled the Affair — Garay's Sudden Death — General Uprising in Pánuco — Massacres — Desperate Efforts of the Settlers — Sandoval to the Rescue — His Ruse at the Pass — Terrible Retaliation — Burning of the Patriots — Garayan Conspiracy — An Estimable Judge — His Shipwreck and Island Life — Alvarado and Olid Depart for Southern Conquests — Marin's Campaign in Chiapas, and Rangel's Entry into Zapotecapan | 111 ​ |
| CHAPTER VIII. ||
| ORDINANCES AND STATESMANSHIP OF CORTÉS. ||
| 1523-1524. ||
| Cortés as Governor — His Ordinances — Armament of Settlers — Promoting Agriculture — Pallas and Demeter — Antillean Jealousy — Social Reforms — Sumptuary Laws — Taking Wives — Cortés Shoulders his Cross — Suspicious Death of Catalina — Local Government — Efforts to Exclude Lawyers — Removal of Vera Cruz — Markets and Trade Regulations — Royal Officials Arrive — Traits and Intrigues — Colonial Policy — Enslavement of Native Americans — Suppression of Repartimientos Opposed — Encomienda Regulations — Work and Pay of Serfs — Entrapping Slaves — Representations of the Council — Extorting Tribute | 130 |
| CHAPTER IX. ||
| APOSTOLIC LABORS. ||
| 1522-1526. ||
| Religious Feeling among the Conquerors — The First Ministers — Juan Diaz and Friar Olmedo — Papal Interest Displayed — Francisco de Los Angeles' Proposed Mission — Brother Gante and his Companions — Father Valencia — Franciscan Rules and Privileges — The Twelve Apostles — Indian Astonishment — Cortés at the Feet of the Friars — Politic Self-abasement — First Synod — Monastic Discipline — Convents and Hospitals — Methods of Conversion — Choirs and Orchestras — Tricks of Trade — Friars and Disciples — Stubbornness of Proselytes — Baptism en Masse and Bestowal of Names — Legality of the Rite — The Marriage Question — Native Catechists and Missionaries — Iconoclasts and Martyrs — Progress of Conversion and its Causes — Christian-like Rites among the Natives — Attractive Features of the Roman Church — Festivals — Character of the Friars | 156 |
| CHAPTER X. ||
| INTRIGUES AGAINST CORTÉS. ||
| 1524. ||
| Intrigues of Disappointed Officials — Insinuations against Cortés — His Fourth Letter — The Silver Cannon — Convoy System — Deferred Contract with the Sovereign — Cortés under a Cloud — Prepares for the March to Honduras — Acting Governors Appointed — Machinations of Salazar — The Hypocrite and the Tool — Attempt to Oust the Treasurer — Subtle Duplicity — Zuazo Made Prisoner- — Casas and Gonzalez Appear on the Scene | 193 ​ |
| CHAPTER XI. ||
| SALAZAR'S USURPATION AND OVERTHROW. ||
| 1525-1526. ||
| Overthrow of Paz — His Terrible Fate — Persecution of the Friends of Cortés — Alvarado Considers the Matter — Search for Cortés — His Funeral Honors — Spoliation of his Property — Lashing a Wife — Tyrannical Proceedings of Salazar — It Leads to Revolt — General Alarm — Expeditions against Rebels — Chirinos' Fiasco — The Friars Hurl Anathemas — The Governors Humbled — The Mysterious Messenger — Rising of the Men of Cortés — Election of Estrada and Albornoz — Assault on the Government House — Salazar Encaged — Conspiracy to Release Him | 215 |
| CHAPTER XII. ||
| THE PONCE DE LEON EPISODE. ||
| 1526. ||
| Altamirano Sent to Bring Cortés — His Arrival at Medellin — Demonstrative Reception — Reform Measures — A Juez de Residencia Sent to New Spain — Ponce de Leon and his Instructions- — How Cortés Received the Blow — The Banquet — A Scheming Friar — Ponce de Leon Assumes the Government — The Residencia of Cortés — Death of Ponce de Leon — Aguilar Succeeds him — His Unfitness and Death | 238 |
| CHAPTER XIII. ||
| ESTRADA'S RULE — CORTÉS DRIVEN TO SEEK JUSTICE IN SPAIN. ||
| 1527. ||
| Campaign in Zapotecapan — Spice Island Projects — Loaisa's Expedition — Guevara Finds the Way to Zacatula — Saavedra's Voyage to the Moluccas — Cortés Slighted — He is Exiled from the Capital — Reconciliation with Estrada — Guzman Appointed Governor of Pánuco — Finding No Gold He Turns Oppressor — Encroachments on Mexico — Raid into Las Palmas Region — Slave-trade Horrors — Cortés to Plead before the Sovereign — Fears that He will Revolt — Preparing for the Voyage to Spain | 254 |
| CHAPTER XIV. ||
| THE FIRST AUDIENCIA AND ITS MISRULE. ||
| 1528-1529. ||
| Oidores Appointed — Stringent Measures Proposed against Cortés — Guzman Made President — Power and Jurisdiction of the Audiencia — Its Instructions — Laws of Alfonso the Wise — Reception of the New Rulers — Their Avarice Excited — Intrigue against Cortés — Robbery and Extortion — Abuse of Friars and Clergy — Residencia of Cortés — The Bishop's Anathema — Shameless Conduct of Oidores — Guzman's Palliative Schemes of Conquest — Smuggling Despatches | 273 ​ |
| CHAPTER XV. ||
| ERECTION OF BISHOPRICS — CORTÉS IN SPAIN. ||
| 1527-1529. ||
| Vicissitudes of the First See — Bishop Julian Garcés — The Iconoclast Zumárraga — Lamentable Vandalism — Character of the Clergy — Arrival of Dominicans — Rivalry of the Orders — Introduction of Nuns — Meeting of Cortés and Pizarro — Death of an Ideal Soldier — Excitement over Cortes' Arrival in Spain — Playing the Gallant — His Reception by the Emperor — Marks of Favor — He is Made a Marquis with Large Grants — Politic Soothings of Discontent — Why He Lost the Governorship — His Contract for South Sea Discoveries — His Bride and Jewels — Papal Concessions — Return to New Spain — Ovation to the Hero — Hostility of the Oidores | 296 |
| CHAPTER XVI. ||
| THE SECOND AUDIENCIA AND ITS REFORMS. ||
| 1530-1532. ||
| The New President and Oidores — Their Instructions — Measures for Settlers and Natives — Sumptuary Laws — Impressive Entry of the Oidores — The Government House — Swearing Allegiance to the Sovereign — Residencia and Fate of Matienzo and Delgadillo — Corregimiento System Introduced — A Check to Slavery — Advancement of Natives — Social Reforms — Founding of Puebla of the Angels — Secret Order to Restrict Encomiendas — General Clamor against It — The Conquerors and their Reward | 320 |
| CHAPTER XVII. ||
| CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. ||
| 1526-1534. ||
| Coruña's Mission — Advance of the Cross — Entry of Guzman into Michoacan — His Atrocities — Terrible Fate of King Tangaxoan — Campaign in Cuinas, Cuitzco, and along Chapala Lake — Battle of Tonalá — Raids from Nochistlan — El Gran Teul — Operations in Jalisco — In Quest of the Amazons — The Greater Spain — Crossing the Espíritu Santo — On to Etzatlan — Devastating Floods — Branding Slaves — The Amazon Myth — Change of Plans — Founding of Towns — Guzman Defies the Audiencia — Castilla's Discomfiture — Nemesis — Bibliography | 341 |
| CHAPTER XVIII. ||
| ESTABLISHMENT OF A VICEREGAL GOVERNMENT. ||
| 1535-1537. ||
| Appointment of Mendoza — His Instructions and Prerogatives — Arrival and Reception of the First Viceroy — Inaugural Ceremonies — Retirement of the Oidores — Difficulties of the Administration — City Improvements — Defensive Measures — Apparent Weakness of the Spaniards — Proclivities and Condition of Negroes — Their Conspiracy and its Suppression — Muster of Spaniards in the Capital | 375 ​ |
| CHAPTER XIX. ||
| A DECADE OF CHURCH MATTERS. ||
| 1530-1540. ||
| Troubles of Bishop Zumárraga — He Goes to Spain — His Consecration and Return to Mexico — First Churches in the Capital — Uncertain Priority and Sites — The First Cathedral — Necessity of More Bishoprics — Dioceses of Oajaca and Michoacan Established — Franciscan Progress — Custodia of Santo Evangelio Raised to a Province — Labors of the Padres — Dominican Provincia Established — Unseemly Strife — Successful Propagandism — Arrival of Augustinians — Labors and Hardships — Provincia Established — Miraculous Shrine at Chalma — Dagon Overthrown — The Virgin of Guadalupe — A Glorious Vision — A Modest Shrine and a Costly Church — A Wonderful Painting — Multitudes of Converts — Secret Idolatry | 386 |
| CHAPTER XX. ||
| FUTILE ATTEMPTS TOWARD DISCOVERY. ||
| 1530-1540. ||
| Authority of Cortés Curtailed — Indian Conspiracy Suppressed — Disturbances in Oajaca — An Empty Title — Cortés and the Colonists of Antequera — Further Disputes with the Audencia — Cortés Persistent — Baffled Efforts at Discovery — High Hopes and a Lowly Dwelling — Misfortune Follows Misfortune — Guzman's Animosity — Cortés Defiant — He Sails Northward — Failure of the Enterprise — Rivalry of Mendoza — Cortes Disgusted — He Returns to Spain | 410 |
| CHAPTER XXI. ||
| CONQUEST OF YUCATAN. ||
| 1527-1549. ||
| Aboriginal Yucatan — Francisco de Montejo Appointed Governor — Battle of Aké — The Spaniards March on Chichen Itza — Alonso de Ávila and his Band in Quest of Gold — His Message to the Lord of Chetumal — The Chieftain's Reply — Ávila's Command Besieged — Their Escape and Departure for Honduras — Montejo Defeated — The Canine Bellringer — Flight of the Spaniards — The Adelantado's Narrow Escape — Gallantry of Blas Gonzalez — The Governor Departs for Tabasco — The Spaniards Driven into the Sea — Montejo Transfers his Rights to his Son — The Spaniards Again Besieged — Torture of Diego and Juan Cansino — Santillan Takes Montejo's Residencia — Missionary Labors. | 428 ​ |
| CHAPTER XXII. ||
| NUEVA GALICIA AND MICHOACAN. ||
| 1536-1542. ||
| Torre Appointed Juez de Residencia — An Unpleasant Meeting — The Vulture Encaged — Guzman's Release and Departure to Spain — Clipped Wings — Guzman's Death and Character — Torie's Official Investigations — His Wise Administration — Indian Revolt — A Catastrophe — Torre's Last Hours — His Character — Coronado Succeeds Him as Governor — His Incompetency — Delusive Hopes — A Profitless Expedition — Niza Revives Enthusiasm — Visions of Conquest and Wealth — Troubles Foreshadowed — Coronado's Expedition Northward — His Disappointment and Return — Contemporary Progress in Michoacan — A Useful Visitador — Reforms and Prosperity — Quiroga Made Bishop of Michoacan — His Beneficent Rule | 457 |
| CHAPTER XXIII. ||
| DEATH OF CORTÉS. ||
| 1540-1547. ||
| Departure of Cortés for Spain — His Arrival and Reception — Hollow Show — Vain Hopes — He Joins the Expedition to Algiers — And Suffers Shipwreck — Loss of the Famous Emeralds — He is Slighted at a Council of War — Return to Madrid — A Fruitless Petition — More Indignities — Last Touching Appeal — Determination to Return to Mexico — Last Illness and Death of the Conqueror — Disposition of the Remains — His Last Will — The Estate — The Descendants of Cortés — Résumé of his Character | 474 |
| CHAPTER XXIV. ||
| THE MIXTON WAR. ||
| 1541-1542. ||
| Rule of Oñate in Nueva Galicia — His Difficult Position — Rebellion Rife — Departure of Coronado — Causes of Dissatisfaction — Beginning of Hostilities — Defeat of Ibarra — Alvarado Arrives at Navidad — And is Appealed to for Aid — He Receives a Summons from Mendoza, and Departs for Tiripitio — Agreement between Them — Alvarado Returns to Oflate's Relief — Precipitous Attack on Nochistlan — Defeat of the Spaniards — And Death of Alvarado — Arrival of Mendoza with Reenforcements — His Successful Campaign — End of the Mixton War — Expeditions of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo and Ruy Lopez de Villalobos — The Survivors of Soto's Florida Expedition Arrive at Pánuco. | 490 |
| CHAPTER XXV. ||
| THE NEW LAWS. ||
| 1543-1546. ||
| Causes for Enactment of New Laws — Success of Las Casas — Provisions of the New Code — They Cause Excitement among the Colonists — Efforts to Introduce Them in New Spain — Visitador Francisco Tello de Sandoval — He Publishes the New Laws in Mexico — Indignation of the Encomenderos — They Send Procuradors to Spain — Who Obtain the Revocation of a Portion of the New Laws — The Emperor's Views on the Subject — Ravages of Pestilence — Eruptions of Volcanoes — Reduction of Tribute — Small Coins — Interestedness of the Clergy — Land Grants — Ambiguous Attitude of Mendoza — Convention of Bishops — Arrival of Las Casas — Mendoza Prohibits Discussion on Indian Affairs — Decision of Ecclesiastics Declaring Slavery Unlawful — Return of the Visitador to Spain | 516 ​ |
| CHAPTER XXVI. ||
| END OF MENDOZA'S RULE. ||
| 1547-1550. ||
| General Improvements — Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce — Encouragement of Marriages — Aid to Peru — Conspiracy and Revolt — Chichimecs and Otomís — Conquest of Querítaro — Removal of Guadalajara — -Coronado Returns — His Resignation — Audiencia at Compostela — Removal to Guadalajara — Discovery of Mines — Settlement of Zacatecas — The Archdiocese of Mexico — Death of Bishop Zumárraga — His Last Will — Character of the Prelate and the Man — A False Visitador's Audacity — Last Acts of the Viceroy — He is Appointed to Peru and is Superseded by Luis de Velasco — Mendoza's Departure for Peru — And his Death | 535 |
| CHAPTER XXVII. ||
| INDIAN POLICY. ||
| 1550-1560. ||
| Luis de Velasco, Second Viceroy — Royal Instructions and Subsequent Regulations — Enforcement of the New Laws — Consternation Caused by their Execution — Slaves Set Free — Diego Ramirez' Commission — Caciques' Abuses Checked — The Crown Assumes Full Jurisdiction — Encomienda Entail — Opposition of the Audiencia — Bad Effects of the New Laws on Mining and Revenue — Population and its Character — Reform Measures — Powers of the Viceroy Restricted — The Audiencia Made his Council — Philip II. Proclaimed King — He Begs for Money | 563 |
| CHAPTER XXVIII. ||
| VICEROY VELASCO'S RULE. ||
| 1551-1564. ||
| Arrival of Martin Cortés, Second Marqués del Valle — Visitador Valderrama and his Relations with Cortés — New Policy Regarding Encomiendas — Cortés' Troubles — Threatened Revolt and Velasco's Wise Course — Royal Orders Affecting the Audiencia — The Visitador's Exactions of the Indians — His Efforts to Check Abuses, and Proposed Reforms — His Disagreements with the Viceroy — Condition and Character of Velasco — His Death, Burial, and General Regret- — Public Education — Floods in the Mexican Valley — Disastrous Expedition to Florida — Settlements in Zacatecas and Guanajuato — Conquest of the North-western Region — Kingdom of Nueva Viscaya — Expedition to the Philippines and its Results | 579 ​ |
| CHAPTER XXIX. ||
| THE ÁVILA-CORTÉS CONSPIRACY. ||
| 1564-1568. ||
| The Audiencia's Weak Rule — Ill Feeling toward the Marqués del Valle — Encomienda Policy — Alonso de Ávila's Masquerade — Plot against the Crown — Valderrama Returns to Spain — Conspiracy Reported — Great Christening of the Marqués' Twins — Arrest of the Marqués and Others- — Trial and Execution of the Brothers Ávila — Marqués de Falces, Third Viceroy — Marqués del Valle Sent to Spain — Falces Deposed by Muñoz and Carrillo — Their Cruel Course — Martin Cortés Tortured — His Courage — Complaints Reach the Crown — Summary Removal of Muñoz and Carrillo — Their Fate — Falces Vindicated — Second Rule of the Audiencia — Sufferings of the Marqués — Final Acquittal — Loss of Domain and Property — His Death — Return of Luis Cortés — Later Life of Martin Cortés | 602 |
| CHAPTER XXX. ||
| RULE OF VICEROY ENRIQUEZ. ||
| 1568-1580. ||
| Temporary Government of the Audiencia — John Hawkins Invades Vera Cruz — His Defeat and Expulsion — Fate of the English Prisoners — Viceroy Martin Enriquez de Almansa — Drake's Operations — Foreign Raids — Yucatan, its Government and Indian Affairs — First Acts of Enriquez — Organization of Military Forces — Campaigns against the Chichimecs — Presidios and Movable Block-houses — Matlalzahuatl Epidemic and its Havoc — Famine — Inundation — Recall of Enriquez — His Government Policy — His Death | 637 |
| CHAPTER XXXI. ||
| CHURCH GOVERNMENT. ||
| 1550-1600. ||
| Archbishop Alonso de Montúfar — Jealousy between the Secular and Regular Clergy — Royal Support of the Friars — Differences between the Friars and the Civil Power — Father Gerónimo de Mendieta Defends the Religious — His Works — Position of the Friars and their Influence with the Natives — Persons Excluded from the Priesthood — Religious Riot in Mexico — The Sacramental Dispute — First and Second Ecclesiastic Councils of Mexico — Archbishop Montúfar's Death — The Inquisition — Its Establishment, Privileges, Objects, and Acts — Father Landa's Treatment of Idolaters — Archbishop Moya y Contreras — Third Ecclesiastic Council and its Acts — Archbishop Montúfar's Departure — Alonso Fernandez de Bonilla Succeeds Him — Other Dioceses in the Country and their History | 663 ​ |
| CHAPTER XXXII. ||
| RELIGIOUS ORDERS. ||
| 1550-1600. ||
| The Society of Jesus in New Spain — Distinguished Patrons of the Order and their Services — Importation of Holy Relics — Spread of the Jesuits through the Country — Brothers of Charity and St Hyppolytus — Purposes of the Association — The Carmelites — Their Labors and Advancement — Benedictines and their Priory in Mexico — The Franciscans and their Several Provinces — Their Work and Influence — Troubles with the Viceroys — Noted Franciscans in the Several Provinces — Order of Barefooted Franciscans — Their Custodial and Provincial Organization The Dominicans and their Successes — Their Distinguished Men — The Order of St Augustine — Strict Rules — The Mercenaries, or Order of Mercy — Their Settlement in Mexico — Religious Brotherhoods and the Objects of their Devotion — Nunneries in Mexico, Oajaca, and Michoacan, and their Uses | 700 |
| CHAPTER XXXIII. ||
| FIFTH, SIXTH, AND SEVENTH VICEROYS. ||
| 1580-1589. ||
| Suarez de Mendoza, Count de la Coruña — A too Benignant Rule — Golden Times for the Corrupt Officials — Suarez well out of It — Archbishop Moya y Contreras Made Visitador — Then Viceroy — A Stem Ruler — He Makes Money for his Master — Hard Times for the Wicked Officials — They Beg Deliverance from Moya — And Receive It — Zúñiga, Marqués de Villamanrique — A Just and Moderate Rule — Pirates on the West Coast — Cavendish Captures a Galleon — A Rare Prize — California Coast Defences — Commerce on the Atlantic — Epidemic, Earthquakes, and Social Disruption — Villamanrique Deposed and Humiliated | 739 |
| CHAPTER XXXIV. ||
| CLOSE OF THE CENTURY. ||
| 1589-1600. ||
| Rumored Insurrection — Fears of Velasco, the New Viceroy — Reception — City Improvements — The Chichimecs — The Mines of Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, and Zacatecas — Founding of Towns — Philip Wants More Money — Velasco's Astute Measure — Conde de Monterey, Viceroy — Futile Efforts to Move the Indian — Race Intermixtures — Nuevo Leon — Occupation of the Northern Country — Governor Carabajal — Review of the Century- — Bibliographical — Writers Subsequent to the Conquest — Torquemada among Others | 757 |