OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Uhland, Johann Ludwig

See also Johann Ludwig Uhland on Wikipedia; Uhland, Johann Ludwig in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ujiji

See also Ujiji on Wikipedia; Ujiji in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
UJIJI, a town in eastern Central Africa, of considerable importance, also known by the name of Kavele, is situated on the eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika, in 4° 55′ S. lat. and 30° 5′ E. long. It is the chief town on that lake, and is the centre of a brisk trade in ivory. Formerly it was a great slave-market. The town is of a straggling character, Arab houses of sun-dried bricks being mingled with native huts. The population, which fluctuates considerably, is very mixed, being composed of Arabs and the representatives of numerous Central African tribes. Ujiji has been visited by various European travellers, who have made it their headquarters, and it was here that Stanley found Livingstone, on October 28, 1871. Opinions vary as to the salubrity of its climate, but the balance of testimony appears to prove that during the greater part of the year it is very unhealthy.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ugrians

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UGRIANS.See Finland, vol. ix. p. 219.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ulrich Jasper Seetzen

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SEETZEN, Ulrich Jasper (1767–1811), one of the most distinguished of modern travellers in the East, was born the son of a yeoman, in the little lordship of Jever in German Frisia, on 30th January 1767. His father, who was a man of substance, sent him to the university of Göttingen, where he graduated in medicine. His chief interests, however, were in natural history and technology; he wrote a number of papers on both these subjects which gained him some reputation, and had both in view in a series of journeys which he made from time to time through various parts of Holland and Germany. He also engaged practically in various small manufactures, and in 1802 obtained a Government post in Jever. In 1801, however, the interest which he had long felt in geographical exploration had culminated in a resolution to travel by Constantinople to Syria and Arabia, and then, when familiarized with Mohammedan ways, to try to penetrate into Central Africa. He relied mainly on his own resources, but received a small subvention from Gotha, where also he learned from Zach to make astronomical observations. In the summer of 1802 he started down the Danube with a companion Jacobsen, who broke down at Smyrna a year later. His journey was by Constantinople, where he stayed six months, thence through Asia Minor to Smyrna, then again through the heart of Asia Minor to Aleppo, where he remained from November 1803 to April 1805, and made himself sufficiently at home with Arabic speech and ways to travel as a native and without an interpreter. Now began the part of his travels of which a full journal has been published (April 1805 to March 1809), a series of most instructive journeys in eastern and western Palestine and the wilderness of Sinai, and so on to Cairo and the Fayyum. His chief exploit was a tour round the Dead Sea, which he made without a companion and in the disguise of a beggar. From Egypt he went by sea to Jeddah and reached Mecca as a pilgrim in October 1809. In Arabia he made extensive journeys, ranging from Medina to Lahak and returning to Mocha, from which place his last letters to Europe were written in November 1810. In September of the following year he left Mocha with the hope of reaching Muscat, and was found dead two days later, having, it is believed, been poisoned by the command of the imam of Sana’a. For the parts of Seetzen’s journeys not covered by the published journal (Reisen, ed. Kruse, 4 vols., Berlin, 1854) the only printed records are a series of letters and papers in Zach’s Monatliche Correspondenz and Hammer’s Fundgruben. Many papers and collections were lost through his death or never reached Europe. The collections that were saved form the Oriental museum and the chief part of the Oriental MSS. of the ducal library in Gotha.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ulster

See also Ulster on Wikipedia; Ulster in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ULSTER.See Ireland.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ujjain

See also Ujjain on Wikipedia; Ujjain in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
UJJAIN, or Oojein, a town in the native state of Gwalior, central India, situated on the right bank of the Sipra, in 23° 11′ 10″ N. lat. and 75° 51′ 45″ E. long., 1698 feet above sea-level. In ancient times Ujjain was the great and famous capital of Malwa, one of the seven sacred cities of the Hindus, and the spot which marked the first meridian of Hindu geographers. Though much decayed, it is still a large and populous city, with considerable commerce. The modern city is surrounded on all sides by an almost uninterrupted belt of groves and gardens. In 1881 the population of the town numbered 32,932. Its trade consists chiefly in the export of opium and the import of European goods, especially cotton fabrics.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ulcer

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ULCER.See Surgery vol. xxii. p. 683.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anastasius Grün

See also Count Anton Alexander von Auersperg on Wikipedia, Grün in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​GRÜN, Anastasius (1806-1876), pseudonym for Anton Alexander, count of Auersperg, who was born April 11, 1806, at Laibach, the capital of the Austrian duchy of Carniola. He received his university education first at Gratz and then at Vienna, where he studied jurisprudence. In 1832 the title of " Imperial Chamberlain " was conferred upon him, and in 1839 he married the daughter of Count Attems. He accepted no official post, and devoted himself chiefly to literary pursuits. When the " March Revolution " broke out in 1848 at Vienna, the count entered the political arena, and represented the district of Laibach at the National Assembly at Frankfort-on-the-Main. After a few months, however, he resigned his seat, and again retired into private life. In 1860, when a fresh impulse was given to political life in Austria, he resumed his activity as a politician, and greatly distinguished himself in the Austrian House of Lords as one of the most intrepid and influential supporters of the cause of liberalism, both in political and religious matters, until his death in 1876. Count Auersperg ac quired great fame as a poet, as which he is known under the pseudonym of Anastasius Griin. His first publication, Blatter der Liebe, " Leaves of Love" (1830), showed little originality ; bat his second production, Der letzte Hitter, " The last Knight " (1830), brought to light his eminence as a poet. It celebrates the deeds and adventures of the emperor Maximilian I. (1493-1519), and contains exquisite poetical descriptions tinged with playful humour. His next poetical productions, Spaziergdnge eines Wiener Poeten, " Walks of a Vienna Poet " (1831), and Schutt, " Ruins " (1835), quite electrified the whole of Germany by the bold ness and originality of their conception and by their decided liberal tendency. His Collected Poems (1837) increased his reputation as a poet, but not so his epics, Die Nile- lungen im FracTc (1843) and Der Pfa/ vom Kahlemberg (1850). He also produced masterly translations of the popular Slovenic songs current in Carniola (1850), and of the English poems relating to "Robin Hood" (1869). Anastasius Griin may be called the originator of the modern school of political lyric poetry in Germany. His language is sonorous and majestic, and his descriptions, though some times overcrowded with imagery, bear the stamp of great poetical originality. He loved to employ the stately "Nibelungen measure," which imparted considerable vigour to some of his productions. Of his shorter poems Der letzte Dtchter, " The last Poet," is deservedly the mont popular.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anaxarchus

See also Anaxarchus on Wikipedia; Anaxarchus at Wikipedia, Anaxarchus in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ANAXARCHUS, n Gl-ecillll philosopher oi the chitin school, was born in Abdel-n, lmzl ﬂoulidled about 310 2,0. He was the colnpanilm of Alcxrtmler in his expeditiun into Asia, nnd seems, irein nneerletes thnt llrtve been preserved, (0 here mljoywl his illlimnle rnendship. He rheel-erl the vltillglory of Alcxander, uhen, eluted with pride, he aspired in the llonollrs oi llirillity, by poilltillg to his woulldrd ﬁnger saying, U see the blood of n nlortn], not pi a god." \\ n Alexander u-us tmnrea uixli rcrnorse at having slain his friend Cljtns, Annxaxclllls endellvolircd to eeethe hinl by saying, tlnrt n hirrgn, like the -arolhg cimld do no wmiig." It is suitl that I\ oereou, iy‘ml\t el Cyprus, cunllllmlthxl him to he pounded in n m0l‘i:l1',n.nd that he omlltmd this terture with the gr:-atest pnlienee; but the story is doulltlul, having no etlrlicr authority than Cicero. Regmilillg his pluleeuphienl tlocfrines we here nu ini'or— mrtlioll. Some have infcrl-ad from the epithet a58m;lcr V045: (H The Fm1ull:m2),1lsll:ll1y applied to him, tlnt he held Hie end of.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anaxilaus

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ANAXILAUS of Larissa, e physicizlll mid Pylhagtweiin philosopher, wns banished from Rome by Augustus, nu 25, on the cllnrgc of prnetising the lllrlgic nu. This uteusnien appears to lnve oi-u in his superior skill in llksfdldkfa philosophy, by rrlrieh he produced erreets lhnt the ignrnnne ntlributerlto urn, r (I-:useh., C/mm. ml 0l1/mp. clxxxviii St Ireu. i. 13 ; Phn. xix. 4, xxv. as, irxraii. 49, xxxv. 50.)
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anaximander

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ANAXIMANDER, the second of the physicn1philoso— phers oi Ienn, helullgefl, lilre his predecessor Thnles, to the city uf Milehls. I-[is lliogiilplly is e blzulk. The eernputntirnrs of Apcl.loc'lorus have lirerl the yner of his birth lit G11, and of his llcalh a short while after 517 3.5. Tmditioll, prohehly correct in he gelloml estimate, repre- senre hiur nu n sirrnnsunrl elude-nt of nsmllmmy and gee gmplly, and ns end of the pionenrs of exnet science Ihe Gl-mks. But it is nut to his delinclltious of the (ii of lhe globe, er Lu his dialling, or to his enlnrgerl llcql nuw u-llhlhc celestial ph-.nomt-n:t, wpocially of the obliquity nf ihe eeliptie, that we eun nttrihule the prescrlmtioll er his name to llllz prnscnt (lay. That lJOI1l he owes lathe broml view»: of the origin of things which his glilllpscs ei nntlmll lulowlcdgc suggested, and which he propollndcd in n treatise on nature or gr-oulh (qiiicris). or that work only it few words are Icill. The beginning or ﬁrut plilltillllz (apxri, n word which, it is enirl, he was the flrst to use) was an and- less, unlhnited mass (l"L"lr£I.]K7V), subject neither to old llgc nor lleuty, .-unl perpetunlly yilzlding lreeh materials for the series oi beings which issued from it. It emhl-ilu-Ll every- thing, and rhreeled the movcment of things, by which there grew‘ up a host of slnrpes and differences. out of the vague and hrnillees body there sprung n eeutrnl mass,— this earth of runs, cylindrical in sl.lnpc,1loised equidistant lrnnr surroumling orbs of the, which hurl enginnlly clung 10 ll like the bail: ruunel ti tree, until their continuity was sevcl-ed, runl they per-terl iutn several wheekslmpell and ﬁrcrﬁlled lJIll)l)lQS of nil". Mull himself and the lminmls hnd come into being by like trunsnuumlions. Mnllkintl was supposed by Anuxirnnudur to lure sprung irnnr some ether species or animals, probably erprnlir. llui ns the lnl-ALslll-elem and cnzllws had been the prime cause of (ha nation into sepnnlte ehistences and imlividlml iox-ms, su ulse, in-conlillg tn the just. nu-nrnl nf desliuy,t1rnne for-his would ut en nppoilltcd eeneen suﬁel' the vengmllce due in their earlier not at s(‘1):lrnilml,nll(l return into the vague imulellsity uheuee they had issued. Thus the Worltl, and all deﬁnite cxintenccs cuntaincnl in it, would lose their indu- penrlenee and tlisllppem‘. The “indctcn1-linnte" nlene is pcmnuinl and godlilrc, nllernluneing nnd :Ll1—,v;1xi:ling. The llhlzing orbs, which have dl-.m-n off from the will cm-tll and water, are llre hznlpomry gods of the world, chlslcriilg round the leartll, which, to the ancient tlriul-er, ie the eeutrul ﬁgure. (see hitter et Pl-ul.lcr, Ilistorirt 11/nl. §§ 17- - llllllllcll, Frtq/vzleizta Pllil. Grad. i. 237-240.)
(w. w.)
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Amphipolis

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AMPHIPOLIS, a city of Macedonia, situated on the east bank of the river Strymon, about three miles from the sea. It was originally a Thracian town, known as the Ἐννέα οδοί (Nine Roads), and was colonised by the Athenians in 437 B.C., two previous attempts (497 and 465 B.C.) having been unsuccessful. In 424 B.C. it surrendered to the Lacedæmonians without resistance, and the Athenians never afterwards recovered possession of it. For his failure to prevent this disaster Thucydides was banished from Athens. The site of Amphipolis is occupied by the modern Jeni Keui.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Amphioxus

See also Lancelet and Branchiostoma on Wikipedia; Amphioxus in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
AMPHIOXUS, a species of fish, differing widely from all other known animals. See Lancelet.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Amphisbæna

See also Amphisbaena on Wikipedia; Amphisbaenia and Amphisbaena on Wikipedia; Amphisbaena in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
AMPHISBÆNA (from ἀμφίς, on both sides, and βαίνω, to go), a genus of animals, found only in South America and the West Indies, which, though they have the general appearance of snakes or worms, belong to the order Lacertilia, or Lizards. The best known species are the sooty or dusky amphisbæna (A. fuliginosa), and the rarer A. alba. The body of the amphisbæna, from 18 to 24 inches long, is of nearly the same thickness throughout. The head is small, and there can scarcely be said to be a tail, the vent being close to the extremity of the body. The animal lives mostly underground, burrowing in soft earth, and feeds on ants and other small animals. From its appearance, and the ease with which it moves backwards, the popular belief in the countries where it prevails has been that the amphisbæna has two heads, and that when the body is cut in two the parts seek each other out and reunite. From this has arisen another popular error, which attributes extraordinary curative properties to its flesh when dried and pulverised.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Amphion

See also Amphion on Wikipedia; Amphion and Zethus and Amphion on Wikipedia; Amphion and Zethus in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
AMPHION, in Greek Mythology, the son of Zeus by Antiope, and the husband of Niobe, was a musician of such wonderful power, that at the sounds of his lyre the stones began to move, and formed themselves into walls around Thebes, after his conquest of that city. He was killed by Apollo for assaulting his temple; or, as some report, he destroyed himself in despair at the slaughter of his children by that god. The famous Farnese bull, discovered in 1546, represents Amphion punishing Dirce for her treatment of his mother. There are four other mythical personages of this name.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Peter, First Epistle of

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Peter, First Epistle of This epistle is addressed to "the strangers scattered abroad", i.e., to the Jews of the Dispersion (the Diaspora).
Its object is to confirm its readers in the doctrines they had been already taught. Peter has been called "the apostle of hope," because this epistle abounds with words of comfort and encouragement fitted to sustain a "lively hope." It contains about thirty-five references to the Old Testament.
It was written from Babylon, on the Euphrates, which was at this time one of the chief seats of Jewish learning, and a fitting centre for labour among the Jews. It has been noticed that in the beginning of his epistle Peter names the provinces of Asia Minor in the order in which they would naturally occur to one writing from Babylon. He counsels (1) to steadfastness and perseverance under persecution (1-2:10); (2) to the practical duties of a holy life (2:11-3:13); (3) he adduces the example of Christ and other motives to patience and holiness (3:14-4:19); and (4) concludes with counsels to pastors and people (ch. 5).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Peter, Second Epistle of

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Peter, Second Epistle of The question of the authenticity of this epistle has been much discussed, but the weight of evidence is wholly in favour of its claim to be the production of the apostle whose name it bears. It appears to have been written shortly before the apostle's death (1:14). This epistle contains eleven references to the Old Testament. It also contains (3:15, 16) a remarkable reference to Paul's epistles. Some think this reference is to 1 Thess. 4:13-5:11. A few years ago, among other documents, a parchment fragment, called the "Gospel of Peter," was discovered in a Christian tomb at Akhmim in Upper Egypt. Origen (obiit A.D. 254), Eusebius (obiit 340), and Jerome (obiit 420) refer to such a work, and hence it has been concluded that it was probably written about the middle of the second century. It professes to give a history of our Lord's resurrection and ascension. While differing in not a few particulars from the canonical Gospels, the writer shows plainly that he was acquinted both with the synoptics and with the Gospel of John. Though apocryphal, it is of considerable value as showing that the main facts of the history of our Lord were then widely known.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Pethor

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Pethor: interpretation of dreams, identified with Pitru, on the west bank of the Euphrates, a few miles south of the Hittite capital of Carchemish (Numbers 22:5, "which is by the river of the land of the children of [the god] Ammo"). (See BALAAM.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Pharisees

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Pharisees Separatists (Heb. persahin, from parash, "to separate"). They were probably the successors of the Assideans (i.e., the "pious"), a party that originated in the time of Antiochus Epiphanes in revolt against his heathenizing policy. The first mention of them is in a description by Josephus of the three sects or schools into which the Jews were divided (B.C. 145). The other two sects were the Essenes and the Sadducees. In the time of our Lord they were the popular party (John 7:48). They were extremely accurate and minute in all matters appertaining to the law of Moses (Matt. 9:14; 23:15; Luke 11:39; 18:12). Paul, when brought before the council of Jerusalem, professed himself a Pharisee (Acts 23:6-8; 26:4, 5).
There was much that was sound in their creed, yet their system of religion was a form and nothing more. Theirs was a very lax morality (Matt. 5:20; 15:4, 8; 23:3, 14, 23, 25; John 8:7). On the first notice of them in the New Testament (Matt. 3:7), they are ranked by our Lord with the Sadducees as a "generation of vipers." They were noted for their self-righteousness and their pride (Matt. 9:11; Luke 7:39; 18:11, 12). They were frequently rebuked by our Lord (Matt. 12:39; 16:1-4).
From the very beginning of his ministry the Pharisees showed themselves bitter and persistent enemies of our Lord. They could not bear his doctrines, and they sought by every means to destroy his influence among the people.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Pergamos

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Pergamos: the chief city of Mysia, in Asia Minor. One of the "seven churches" was planted here (Revelation 1:11; 2:17). It was noted for its wickedness, insomuch that our Lord says "Satan's seat" was there. The church of Pergamos was rebuked for swerving from the truth and embracing the doctrines of Balaam and the Nicolaitanes. Antipas, Christ's "faithful martyr," here sealed his testimony with his blood.
This city stood on the banks of the river Caicus, about 20 miles from the sea. It is now called Bergama, and has a population of some twenty thousand, of whom about two thousand profess to be Christians. Parchment (which see) was first made here, and was called by the Greeks pergamene, from the name of the city.