OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Long Island

See also Long Island on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Long Island, a part of the state of New York, lying between the Atlantic and Long Island Sound, is 115 miles in length and from 12 to 24 wide, covering 1,682 square miles. In the interior is a line of low hills and many small lakes, and on the south shore a series of lagoons. Game is still found there, and there are valuable fisheries and oyster beds, and large areas devoted to market-gardening; but much of the land is still waste, and Coney Island and other summer resorts are planted in deserts of sand. The principal city is Brooklyn, now a part of New York City. The island is separated by the sound from Connecticut. It was settled by the Dutch in 1632 and by the English in 1640. During the Revolutionary War the western end was fortified as a protection to New York, but, after a prolonged contest with British forces, Washington ordered the evacuation of the island, and it remained in the hands of the British until the close of the war. The battle of Long Island, fought on Brooklyn Heights, occurred on Aug. 27, 1776.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Little Turtle

See also Michikinikwa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Little Tur′tle, a Miami chief, noted for shrewdness and bravery. He commanded in the battle in which General Harmar was defeated on the Miami, Oct. 22, 1790, and was also in that in which General St. Clair was defeated at St. Mary's, Nov. 4, 1791. He was present, but not in command, at the battle of Fallen Timbers, Aug. 20, 1794, when the Indians were defeated by General Wayne. A year later Little Turtle was one of the chiefs who signed the treaty of Greenville, which opened a large tract of Ohio to settlement. He is said to have had some schooling in Canada. He visited Washington at Philadelphia in 1797, and was given a fine pair of pistols by Kosciusko. He died at Fort Wayne, Ind., July 14, 1812.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Livermore, Mary A.

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​ Liv′ermore, Mary A., daughter of Timothy Rice and wife of D. P. Livermore, a Universalist minister, was born at Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1821. Mrs. Livermore was known as one of the leading and ablest advocates of woman suffrage. She also lectured on temperance and other reforms. On the platform she proved herself the peer of the most distinguished orators, and in grace, refinement and all the higher qualities of womanhood she had few superiors. Her Story of the War is well-known, as are The Story of My Life, What Shall we do with our Daughters? and Pen-Pictures. She died in 1905.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Long Island Sound

See also Long Island Sound on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Long Island Sound, lying between Long Island and the mainland of New York and Connecticut. It is from 2 to 20 miles wide and from 75 to 200 feet deep. The Thames, Connecticut, Housatonic and other rivers flow into it. It is navigated by a large number of vessels, and is well-provided with lighthouses.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Londonderry

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​Lon′donder′ry or Derry, a city and seaport in the north of Ireland, 95 miles northwest of Belfast. It grew up around a monastery founded here in 546. In the Irish War of the Revolution of 1688 the gates of the city were closed against James I. The 105 days of siege that followed (April to August, 1689) form one of the most celebrated events of Irish history. The Protestant cathedral, dating from 1633, the Catholic cathedral, guild-hall, customhouse and a triumphal arch commemorating the siege are objects of note. Magee College was founded in 1865. Shirt-making factories, distilleries, iron foundries and shipbuilding are the principal industries. See Hempton's Siege and History of Londonderry. Population 39,892.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Long Island City

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​Long Island City, a suburb of New York City, on Long Island, was formed in 1870 out of five villages. There are manufactories of pianos, carriages, varnish and chemicals, hammers, boilers, steam engines, carpets, billiard tables, terracotta and macaroni. In fact, Long Island City is rapidly becoming the largest manufacturing center of the greater city. It has a large oil-trade and several refineries. The city is well-laid out with wide streets and parks, and has many fine residences. It is the first ward of the Borough of Queens of New York City. Within its borders are the borough-hall and the courthouse. Population 61,763.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Long Branch

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​Long Branch, a famous bathing-place of New Jersey, on the Atlantic coast, 38 miles from New York City. The town is about a mile from the shore, but the large hotels are on a bluff above the beach, while many fine residences for summer homes lie between. Population 13,298.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Liukiu

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​ Liukiu. See Loo-Choo Islands.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Liver

See also Liver on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Liv′er, an important digestive organ found in many invertebrates and all vertebrates. It is the largest gland in the human body, weighing three or four pounds and measuring about 12 inches from side to side and six or seven from front to back. It is situated on the right side just below the diaphragm, and arches over a part of the stomach. It is divided into two unequal lobes, the right one being much the larger. The substance of the liver is divided into five-sided lobules, which, in turn, are made of cells. Running through its substance are blood-vessels, lymphatics, nerves and branches of the bile-duct. The latter collects the bile, and connects with the gall-bladder in which the bile is stored. The bile-duct also opens into the small intestines not far from the stomach. The liver performs many offices. First it secretes bile, which is of use in helping the absorption of fats. Then it forms liver-sugar, as was shown in 1848 by Claude Bernard. Within its substance red blood-corpuscles are broken up, and it aids in removing urea from the blood in connection with the kidneys. Finally, the liver plays a part in food elaboration. Food does not pass by a single step from lifeless material into living protoplasm, but there are many steps by which it is changed a little and advanced on its way. The precise work of the liver in this direction is imperfectly understood, but it is believed to be considerable. The circulation in the liver is peculiar. There is, first, arterial blood coming directly from the aorta through the hepatic artery, and this nourishes the liver. The other blood-supply is through the portal system. This is venous blood which has already passed through one set of capillaries in the stomach, intestines or spleen, and is carried in the portal vein to the liver. There it branches and breaks up into another set of capillaries within the liver. Uusually venous blood passes directly to the heart. It is altogether exceptional for it to be carried to another organ and there pass through another set of capillaries, but this occurs in the liver and is called the portal circulation.
THE LIVER (a) Right Lobe (b) Left Lobe
# The New International Encyclopædia/Most, Johann Joseph

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Most on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MOST, Johann Joseph (1846—) . A German-American anarchist, born at Augsburg in Bavaria. He learned the trade of bookbinding, and in 1863-68 traveled as an apprentice through Germany, Austria, Italy, and Switzerland. On his return to Germany he was first a socialist writer at Mainz and afterwards editor of the Freie Presse in Berlin. He was several times arrested and imprisoned because of the violence of his writings. From 1874 to 1878 he was a representative of Chemnitz in the Imperial Reichstag, but in the latter year, having been expelled from the socialist organization, he went to London, where in 1879 he founded the anarchist organ Die Freiheit. In 1881 he was there arrested for printing editorials approving the assassination of Czar Alexander II. and sentenced to eighteen months' imprisonment. Upon his release he emigrated to New York, where he resumed the publication of his paper. In 1886, and again in 1887, he was imprisoned for inciting to violence. During the following years he continued to publish his paper, lectured, and wrote frequently in the interests of anarchy. After President McKinley's assassination, in 1901, he was arrested for publishing a seditious editorial in Die Freiheit, and was sentenced to one year's imprisonment. He was sent to the New York penitentiary in June, 1902. Among Most's publications are: Der Kleinbürger und die Socialdemokratie (1876); Die Lösung der socialen Frage (1876); Mosts Proletarier-Liederbuch (1875); Why I Am a Communist (1890); and Down with the Anarchists! (1901), a pamphlet published in order to prove that the aims of anarchy are pacific.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mountain Meadows Massacre

Edition of 1905. See also Mountain Meadows massacre on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MOUNTAIN MEADOWS MASSACRE. In American history, the massacre, near Mountain Meadows in Utah, in September, 1857, of a party of emigrants from Arkansas and Missouri passing through Utah on their way to Southern California. They numbered all told about 140 men, women, and children. On their way they were everywhere refused food until they reached the neighborhood of Mountain Meadows, a valley in Iron County, about 350 miles south of Salt Lake City. Here they stopped to rest their horses, and on September 7, 1857, were fired upon by Indians, and, it is alleged, by Mormons disguised. They withstood siege until September 11th, when, on promise of protection by John D. Lee (q.v.), Mormon bishop and Indian agent, they left the shelter of their wagons. All adults and children over seven years of age were killed, and seventeen younger children were distributed among Mormon families, but were afterwards restored to relatives by the United States Government. Lee was executed for this crime in 1877, and though the effort to inculpate other high officers of the Church failed, there can be little doubt that the project was known and approved by them, especially since Brigham Young (q.v.) had a short time before announced that ‘no person shall be allowed to pass or repass into or through or from this territory without a permit from the proper officer.’ H. H. Bancroft in his History of Utah (San Francisco, 1883) places blame on Lee entirely. Consult: Linn, Story of the Mormons (New York, 1902); and Confessions of John D. Lee (Saint Louis, 1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mormon Cricket

Edition of 1905. See also Mormon cricket on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MORMON CRICKET. Either of the wingless migratory crickets, Anabrus simplex and Anabrus purpurescens. These are large, peculiarly shaped crickets, which occasionally multiply so greatly in their native home in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains that they migrate to the plains below, and destroy all cultivated crops. As they are wingless, they move but slowly, and may often be checked by ditches. A plowed field in their course forms a difficult barrier, and an approaching army may be destroyed by means of heavy rollers. They are pugnacious and will fight among themselves, and are to a certain extent carnivorous, devouring their injured comrades. For many years they have been especially abundant and injurious in portions of Montana and Idaho.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mugger

Edition of 1905. See also Mugger crocodile on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MUGGER. This, the common 'marsh-crocodile' of India and the Malay Islands (Crocodilus palustris), is not often more than 12 feet in length. Its head is rough, with a thick and rather broad snout, and each jaw contains 19 teeth on each side. It inhabits rivers, ponds, tanks, and marshes, and goes ashore only when it is obliged to move into some new water by the drying up of its pond, or wishes to bury its eggs in the sand. In extreme drought, however, it buries itself in the mud and remains dormant until the coming of the rains. This is the crocodile which is venerated by the Hindus and is kept in a half-domesticated condition in certain ponds, attended by fakirs, who worship in a neighboring temple of their cult. Consult: the writings of Indian naturalists, especially Adams, Wanderings of a Naturalist in India (Edinburgh, 1867); Tennent, Natural History of Ceylon (London, 1861); Hornaday, Two Years in the Jungle (New York, 1885).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mufti

Edition of 1905. See also Mufti on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MUFTI, mūf'té (Ar. mufti, expounder of the law). The name of a Mohammedan official who expounds the law according to the Koran and traditions; according to his decision, delivered in a memorandum called a fetwa, the cadi, or judge, decides the case. In Turkey the Grand Mufti, or Sheikh ul-Islam, is the head of the Moslem Church, and is appointed by the Sultan. He is the supreme chief of the ulemas or body of Mohammedan theologians. His fetwa is extremely powerful, even under certain circumstances may depose the Sultan. The title mufti is also applied to juris-consults attached to local government councils in the Turkish Empire, but the power of the muftis, with the exception of the Grand Mufti, is largely nominal.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Muezzin

Edition of 1905. See also Muezzin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MUEZ'ZIN, or MUED'DIN (Ar. mu‘adhdhin, one who calls to prayer, from ‘adhdhana, to call to prayer, from ‘adhina, to hear). The Arabic name of the Mohammedan official attached to a mosque, whose duty it is to announce the different times of prayer. His chant (‘adhān) consists
of these words, repeated at intervals: “Allah is great [four times]. I testify that there is no God but Allah [two times]. I testify that Mohammed is the apostle of Allah [two times]. Come to prayers [two times]. Come to salvation [two times]. There is no God but Allah.” The Shiites also say “Come to good works,” and “Prayers are better than sleep” is added before the early morning prayer (fajr). Besides these regular calls, two more are chanted during the night for those pious persons who wish to perform special nightly devotions. In small mosques the ‘adhān is chanted by the imam, and, when the mosque is provided with a minaret, the muezzin ascends it for his chant; in smaller mosques, the chant is made at the side. The office of muezzin is considered a meritorious one, and insures the holder's admission into Paradise.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mud-Wasp

Edition of 1905. See also Sceliphron on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MUD-WASP, or Mud-Dauber. Any one of a group of wasps belonging to the old genus Pelopæus, now Sceliphron. They build nests of mud in sheltered places, choosing the cracks of a barn or fence or some sheltered place under the eaves of any wooden building, entering also disused rooms in houses, and sometimes even rooms that are in daily use. The nests consist of a varying number of mud cells placed side by side, usually in a single row, but sometimes in several rows. The cells before completion are packed with a food supply for the future young, and this consists almost invariably of spiders, as many spiders being placed in one cell as the cell will hold. A single egg is laid upon the last spider which has been placed in the cell, and the larva hatching from the egg eats rapidly, consuming the abdomens of the spiders first and subsequently the remainder of their bodies. All of the spiders which have been placed in the cell have been stung and paralyzed by the parent wasp, but many of them are not really dead when the larva reaches them. After the egg is laid and the nest is closed up, new cells are constructed by the same female. The mud or clay with which the nests are constructed is brought in little balls by the aid of the wasp's mandibles, and 20 or more visits are required to complete one cell; so that for the construction of a large nest of 50 cells about 1000 visits must be made by the insect. The larva reaches full growth in a short time, usually ten days or two weeks, and forms a cocoon within the mud cell, the winter being passed in the cocoon, although there may be two or more summer generations, in which case the summer pupal period is short. The group is a large one, and mudwasps are common not only in America and in Europe, but in India and Australia. Consult: Fabre, Insect life (London, 1901); Sharp, Cambridge Natural History, vol. vi. (London, 1901); Howard, The Insect Book (New York, 1902). See also the article Wasp and its bibliography.
# The New Student's Reference Work/German Oceania

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German Oceania comprises the northern section of eastern New Guinea or Kaiser Wilhelm’s Land, with islands off its coast; Bismarck Archipelago; part of the Solomon Islands; the Eastern Carolines, of which 32 out of 88 are German; the Western Carolines; the Pelew Islands, 11 out of 56 being German; and the Marianne Islands, seven out of 58 of which are German; the Marshall Islands; and Savaii and Upolu, the two largest of the Samoan or Navigator Archipelago. All require imperial contributions for their administration.
# The New Student's Reference Work/German East Africa

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German East Africa, the largest colonial possession of the German Empire, extends from latitude 1° S. to latitude 10° 40′ S. and from longitude 29° E. to 40° 40′ E. It is bounded on the north by Uganda, on the northeast by British East Africa, on the east by the Indian Ocean, on the south by Portuguese East Africa, on the southwest by Nyasaland (formerly the Central Africa Protectorate) and on the west by Lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika and Congo Free State. Its extreme length is 725, its greatest breadth nearly 625 miles, and its area of 384,000 square miles equals Arizona, California and Nevada together. Its sea-coast extends 620 miles, and inland it borders Lakes Nyasa, Tanganyika and Victoria, the most valuable lakes on the continent. The climate is tropical, but the uplands are inhabitable for Europeans. The native population is 6,750,000, mainly tribes of mixed Bantu race, with over 10,000 Arabs, Goanese, Hindus and Syrians near the coast, and 2,500 Europeans, three fifths of them Germans. The country produces almost every tropical fruit, cacao, coffee, cinchona, fibers, sugar, tea, rubber, tobacco, vanilla, maize. Coal, copper, gold, iron, lead, mica, precious stones and salt have been found, garnets in large quantity; and forests of mangrove, palm and tamarind abound on the coast, while acacias, cotton-trees and sycamores cover the higher areas. The government forests extend over more than 200,000 acres, and the government also operates experiment-stations for stock breeding and tropical culture. The natives in the more settled regions pursue agriculture, some of them cultivating large banana-plantations, and near the coast there are many German estates. Wide, well-kept roads, on some of which rest-houses and supplies are provided, traverse the entire country. From Tanga on the coast a railroad runs to Karagwe (54 miles), from Dar-es-Salaam another to Kingani (50 miles), while the first has a branch (28 miles) to Mombo and the second is to be prolonged to Mrogoro (130 miles). There is extensive transportation along the coast and on the great lakes by means of government-steamers. Few of the seaports are available for ocean ships. Telegraphs connect the towns on the coast with one another, with Ujiji (where connection is made with the line from Cape Town to Cairo) and with Zanzibar. Dar-es-Salaam, the capital, has 25,000 people, but Tabora, two thirds of the way from the ocean to the lakes, is the largest city (pop. 40,000), while Ujiji on the Tanganyika comes third (15,000). The country is administered by an imperial governor, and has 17 government-schools with 3,265 pupils and several hundred mission-schools with 17,000 scholars. The chief imports are cottons, rice, provisions, hardware and iron; the principal exports, rubber, copra, ivory, vegetable fibers and insect-wax.
# The New Student's Reference Work/German Language, The

See also German language on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
German Language, The, is closely related to English, Flemish and Frisian, forming with these the western Teutonic group of languages. Literary German is essentially the High German rather than the Low German dialect. Old High German dates from the eighth century to the beginning of the twelfth; Middle High German thence to the beginning of the 16th century; and Modern German from the Renaissance to the present time. It is commonly said that Luther was the founder of modern literary German; but, if one may trust his own statement; he merely adopted the official language of the imperial chancery and the imperial court. In this language the Middle High German vowels, long i, long u and ū́, had given place to the diphthongs ei, au and eu. Luther says (Table-Talk, ch. LXIX): “I have no particular language of my own in German, but use the common German language, so that both High and Low Germans may understand me. I follow the language of the Saxon chancery, which all the princes and kings of Germany take as their model; all the free imperial cities and all the courts of princes write according to the chancery of the Saxons and of our prince. Hence it is the most common German language.” Certainly, however, Luther’s writings and especially his translation of the Bible did much to fix the form of modern literary German. The old German empire indeed, was so divided in its politics, history and religion that modern German has only enjoyed a fixed literary form since Lessing and other pioneers in the middle of the 18th century.
# The New Student's Reference Work/German Southwest Africa

See also German South-West Africa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
German Southwest Africa is bounded on the north by Portuguese West Africa; on the east by Rhodesia and the Bechuana countries; on the south by Cape Colony; and on the west by the Atlantic, with the exception of Walfish Bay, about midway the coast, which belongs to Cape Colony. It contains 322,450 square miles, with a population of 100,000, largely Bantus and Damaras. The coast is held by the German Colonial Company for Southwest Africa, with the seat of administration at Windhoek. The territory is divided into Damaraland on the north and Namaland on the south. The barrenness of the east and south is being somewhat successfully relieved by artesian-well irrigation. A new harbor has been built at Swakopmund, a narrow-gauge railway connects this port with the capital, Windhoek, 237 miles inland and another runs from Swakopmund to Tsumeb (359 miles). Swakopmund, Karibib, Okahandja and Windhoek are connected both by telegraph and telephone. There is a cable to Europe. Agriculture is practiced chiefly in the form of market-gardening, but there are extensive pastoral interests. Cotton-cultivation has begun, and grape-growing and tobacco-raising are tried. The imports are chiefly provisions, textiles and iron-manufactures; the exports chiefly animals on the hoof, guano and animal-products. Copper is mined, and diamonds and gold have been found. Trade is almost wholly with Germany. The colony is far from self-supporting, and the natives rebel frequently, putting the government to enormous expense.