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# The Family Kitchen Gardener (1856)/Indian Corn

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INDIAN CORN.
Zéa Màys.—Mais, Fr.
This vegetable is universally cultivated for the table throughout the United States. Its varieties are numerous, and yearly increasing. Those particularly adapted for the table have been greatly improved the past few years. It is an indispensable dish for both the rich and the poor, in its season. By a knowledge of its culture, and attention to repeated sowings, it may be had from June to November. The following three varieties are the best for the purpose:
Extra Early.—This is the earliest variety; grains large and pure white, cob small, ears short; if planted from the 15th to 25th of April, it will be ready about the same days in June; but when planted about the 15th of May, it will be ready about the 1st of July, if the weather is favorable.—Fine flavored.
Adams’ Early—very similar to the above, but a few days later. Grains not so full though equally as fine flavored.
Sweet, or Sugar.—There are two varieties of this; the one that has eight rows of grains on the cob is the best. It remains some time in a milky state, and therefore the same sowing is fit for the table a longer period. The grains of the ​Sugar Corn, when in a dry state, are small and shriveled, and are consequently easily distinguished.
Culture.—The ground must be in good condition; if not make it so, or put a shovelful of decayed manure or rich compost into each hill. Plant in hills, three feet apart, five or six grains in each; when up, allow three only to stand for a crop; hoe deep and frequently, drawing some earth to the stalks when about a foot high. If they incline to sucker, or make side shoots, break them off. Plant every two weeks till August. This crop can be used to fill up all vacancies in the ground, and to follow other crops as they come off in June and July.
# The Family Kitchen Gardener (1856)/Lavender

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LAVENDER.
Lavándula Spìca.—Lavande, Fr.—Spiklavendel, Ger.
Is a very hardy plant, and a native of the south of Europe. It may be readily increased by planting slips or cuttings of the young shoots in the Spring. The common Lavender has been cultivated for ages past. The fragrant smell of the flower is well known, and to most persons is very agreeable; to the taste it is bitterish, warm, and somewhat pungent; the leaves are weaker, and less grateful. The flowers are often employed as a perfume, and medicinally as mild stimulants and corroborants, in several complaints, both internally and externally. They are also sometimes used in the form of a conserve.
# The Family Kitchen Gardener (1856)/Leek

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LEEK.
Al’lium Pórrum—Porreau, Fr.—Lauch, Ger.
This is a branch of the Onion family, a native of the north of Europe; is very hardy, and from its mild qualities is preferred by many families to the Onion. History records it as having been cultivated many hundred years. The Welsh indulge in Leeks on their patron St. David's day, in commemoration of a victory which they obtained over the Saxons, which they attribute to the Leeks they wore by order of St. David, to distinguish them in battle. There are two varieties, the
London Leek, so called from the preference given to it in the London market. It is a strong growing variety, with the leaves all round alike.
The Scotch, or Flag.—So denominated from the preference given to it in the Edinburgh market, and also from the leaves being on two sides of the plant only, flag-like. They are both equally good, and either of the sorts is sufficient for a family.
Culture.—There is no part of the garden too rich for Leeks. They require the best ground, well worked and manured the full depth of the spade. Sow the seed thinly on a small bed of light, rich ground, in drills six inches apart, and half an inch deep; rake it evenly, and give it a beat with the back of the spade. When they come up, they should stand an inch apart; if thicker, thin them out. When grown to about eight inches high, they will be of sufficient size to plant out.—As we have remarked, choose the best ground, draw thereon drills a foot apart, and as deep as the hoe will go. When ready, the plants are to be taken up from the seed-bed. Shorten their roots to about an inch from the plant, and cut two inches or more from ​the extremity of the leaves. Both these operations are done for convenience and neatness in planting. Dibble them in the drills eight inches apart, and as deep as the plant will admit of, not to cover the young leaves pushing from its centre. Choose moist or cloudy weather for the operation; but if dry, give the plants a copious watering. Hoe the ground frequently, to keep down weeds; and as the plants are observed to grow, draw the soil around them. By good culture, they will be fit for use early in October. On the approach of severe frost, lift sufficient for Winter use, and store them away in earth or sand.
# The Family Kitchen Gardener (1856)/Marjoram

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MARJORAM.
Origànum Majoràna.—Marjolaine, Fr.—Marjoran, Ger.
Sweet Marjoram is a native of the South of Europe. It has a pleasant odor, and a warm, aromatic, bitterish taste. It is used for seasoning soups, and other matters of cookery, and considered a wholesome ingredient, and beneficial in nervous complaints. There are two varieties, the Sweet and the Pot Marjoram; the former, an annual, and the latter an herbaceous plant, or a plant that lasts from year to year.
Culture.—Marjoram seed is of the very smallest description, and has to be sown early in April. On ground finely prepared, make a mark along the line with the point of a stick, merely to show where the seed is to be dropped, which do very thinly and evenly, then cover up with the back of the rake. The rows should be ten inches apart. As soon as the plants appear, thin them out to two inches apart. When the plant offers to bloom, cut the stems and dry them in the shade. ​When dry, tie them in paper bags, and hang them up in a dry room for use. Let a few plants ripen for seed.
Pot Marjoram, or Winter Marjoram, is propagated by dividing the roots early in Spring and planting it in beds. Cut it when in full bloom; dry in the shade; wrap it up, and preserve it for Winter use.
# The Family Kitchen Gardener (1856)/Manures

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MANURES.
​Of Manures.—We may here premise that no garden will be worth its culture, unless well supplied with manure every year. The present day is a period of considerable agitation on this all important subject. We have tried several of the new manures, some of them to our loss and (when we have departed from the stable yard) few to our advantage. In Europe great attention has been given to this subject, and many specifics recommended, which, when tried, have had frequently uncertain results, though in particular cases they have been crowned with success. In this country, however, our resources of domestic materials are abundant, and on every farm and garden much goes to waste. All weeds and useless vegetables, sweepings of walks, &c., should be dug into the ground at once. The dung of domestic birds, compounded with fresh soil, is a great renovator; but, if applied by itself, use it sparingly. Guano can only be safely applied in solution, one pound to five ​gallons of water—the liquid to be used when the vegetables are in a growing state. Gypsum is beneficial, but not of any duration. Poudrette is a very active manure, highly exciting to early crops. The safest and best of all manures are the combined deposits of the horse, the cow, and the pig; these, thrown into a heap to ferment, saturating it with all the soap-suds and urine that can be collected, will form the best, the safest, and most permanent manure, not equalled by any or all of the nostrums of the age. It may be applied at the rate of from twenty to thirty tous per acre. This quantity is not too much, when a garden is regularly cultivated. It requires no adept in vegetable culture to take at least two crops a year from the ground. Lime is not genial to the growth of vegetables; its principal function as a manure appears to be, to dissolve the organic matter in the soil and facilitate its decay. Soils of a sour, heavy nature, full of thready, undecomposed vegetable fibre, are greatly benefited by a dressing of air-slacked lime; but on rich soils, well cultivated, its effects are unfavorable to the growth of culinary vegetables.
# The Family Kitchen Gardener (1856)/Indian Cress

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INDIAN CRESS, OR NASTURTIUM.
Tropǽolum màjus.—Capucine, Fr.—Kapuzinerblume, Ger.
The botanic name is derived from a Latin word signifying a warlike trophy. This idea might have originated with botanists from its shield-like leaves and its brilliant, golden, helmet-shaped flowers, pierced and stained with blood. It is a native of Peru and Chili, where there are many curious and fanciful varieties, though none so beautiful as the Common Nasturtium that has been cultivated for nearly three hundred years. Its gay colors enliven the gardens of the rich and the poor. The flowers and leaves have a sharp and warm taste, like Garden or Curled Cress; and are frequently used in salads. The seeds, when gathered young and green, on a dry day, and pickled in vinegar, form an excellent substitute for Capers, and indeed are preferable.
Culture.—It is properly treated as an annual plant, and sown for the benefit of its seed, flowers and foliage, as well as for ornament. Sow the seed thinly, in rows or patches, an inch deep, about the end of March or first of April. It is not ​particular in regard to either soil or situation; they will thrive almost any where, if the ground is rich. The plants will run from five to fifteen feet, and require stakes or trellis-work to climb upon. They are excellent for a blind, to cover any disagreeable object. There are several varieties of yellow, golden, or crimson color. The yellow stands the severity of the sun better than the crimson.
# The Family Kitchen Gardener (1856)/Lambs' Lettuce

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CORN SALAD.
Fédia olitória.—Mache, Fr.—Ackersalat, Ger.
Fetticus or Lambs’ Lettuce is a native of Europe, and cultivated extensively as a Spring salad, but in France they frequently dress it like Spinach. It is called Lambs’ Lettuce, from its having been in repute as an early feed for lambs. Every garden should have a patch of this very palatable vegetable, as it comes early in Spring, when even the sight of green is refreshing.
Culture.—Sow the seed from the 8th to the 20th of September, in shallow drills, one-fourth inch deep and six inches apart: cover lightly, and if dry weather, tread or roll the ground to press the seed and soil together. It is an annual, and requires to be sown every year. Hoe and keep clear of weeds; in November cover slightly with straw; when wanted, the leaves should be picked and not cut. If the Winter proves mild, it will be in use the whole season. If the seed is not fresh every year, it will frequently lie six months in the ground before it vegetates. It requires good rich soil; on such the flavor is greatly improved.
# The Germ Growers

THE GERM GROWERS.
An Australian Story of Adventure and Mystery.
BY
ROBERT EASTERLEY and JOHN WILBRAHAM.
"His ........ Prosequitur dictis portaque emittit eburna."
MELBOURNE: MELVILLE, MULLEN, & SLADE. LONDON: HUTCHINSON & CO. 1892. [All rights reserved.]
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Preliminary 1
CHAPTER I.
Disappearances 6
CHAPTER II.
The Red Sickness 13
CHAPTER III.
At Sea 26
CHAPTER IV.
Overland 36
CHAPTER V
​ PAGE
CHAPTER VI.
Left Alone 86
CHAPTER VII.
The Cars 97
CHAPTER VIII.
Signor Davelli 131
CHAPTER IX.
The Seed Beds 167
CHAPTER X.
Leäfar 202
CHAPTER XI.
Escape 233
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma/Birds/Order Passeres/Family Paradoxornithidæ/Genus Conostoma

Genus CONOSTOMA Hodgson, 1841.
The genus Conostoma contains only one species, the largest member of the family. It is characterized by a tail longer than the wing, but with the feathers considerably less graduated than in the following genera. The bill is proportionately much longer.
(89) Conostoma æmodium.
The Great Parrot-Bill.
    Conostoma æmodius Hodgs., J. A..S. B., x, p. 857 (1841) (Nepal).
    Conostoma Conostoma æmodium. Blanf. & Oates, i, p. 61.
Vernacular names. The Red-billed Jay-Thrush (Jerdon); The Red-billed Crow-Tit (Oates); Lho-rannio-pho (Lepcha).
Description. Lores and feathers in front of the eye dark brown; forehead greyish white; upper plumage olive-brown with a rufous tinge; outer edges of primaries ashy; of the secondaries rufous, their tips and the whole of the innermost secondaries ashy; tail ashy grey, more or less washed with rufous along the middle of the feathers; chin, throat, and sides of the head brown, with a vinous tinge, becoming paler on the rest of the lower plumage.
Fig. 21.—Head of C. æmodium.
Colours of soft parts. Bill horny or dull orange; legs pale to plumbeous or slate-grey; iris brown.
Measurements. Length about 300 mm.; wing about 130 to 133 mm.; tail about 140 mm.; tarsus about 37 mm.; culmen about 20 mm. and from gape 25 mm.
Distribution. From Nepal, through Sikkim and the higher ranges of hills of North Assam into Tibet and W. China.
Nidification. Breeds in Sikkim in May. Hume describes the nests as shallow, almost hemispheral cups very compactly made of grass and lined with the finest grass-stems. A nest sent to me was similar but deeper in shape, measuring about 130 mm. in breadth and about 105 mm. in external depth. All the nests were placed in clumps of ringal bamboo at elevations of over 10,000 feet, except one sent me which had been built in high reeds.
The egg is a dull white sparsely spotted, speckled and smudged with yellowish brown and inky purple. The only two eggs known both measure about 27.8 × 20.4 mm.
Habits. The Great Parrot-Bill is a bird of very high elevations breeding between 10,000 and 12,000 and descending in winter ​some 4,000 feet lower. It is found in small companies, scrambling and climbing about bamboos, reeds and high grass, hunting for insects, on which it chiefly feeds. Its flight is weak and fluttering and its call is a loud bleat.
# The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma/Birds/Order Passeres/Family Paradoxornithidæ/Genus Neosuthora

Genus NEOSUTHORA Hellmayr, 1911.
This genus differs from Suthora in having the tail less graduated and much shorter, not more than three-fourths the length of the wing; the bill is larger and much deeper in proportion; the wing is still more rounded, the 4th to the 7th being subequal. It contains but one species, Neosuthora davidiana, of which a subspecies, N. d. thompsoni, comes within our limits.
(103) Neosuthora davidiana thompsoni.
Thompson's Suthora.
    Suthora thompsonii Bingham, Bull. B. O. C, xiii, p. 63 (1903) (Kyat-pyin, Shan States).
Vernacular names. None recorded.
Description. Top and sides of the head bright cinnamon-rufous; hind neck, back and rump pale slate-grey, more or less washed with olive; wings and tail grey-brown, the quills edged with bright rufescent brown; chin and throat black; breast grey tinged with buff, more especially on the centre; flanks, abdomen and lower tail-coverts clear brownish ochraceous.
Colours of soft parts. Bill fleshy horny; irides hazel; legs plumbeous grey.
Measurements. Total length about 95 to 100 mm.; wing 50 to 52 mm.; tail 36 to 38 mm.
Distribution. Southern Shan States.
Nidification and Habits. Not recorded.
# The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma/Birds/Order Passeres/Family Paridæ

Family PARIDÆ.
The Titmouses.
Oates included the Titmouses in the same family as the Crows and the group of birds he called Crow-Tits. Whilst, however, they show certain affinities with both of these groups, the three seem to be much easier to separate than are many others, such as the Thrushes, Flycatchers and Warblers, the true Shrikes, etc., and it, therefore, seems to be more consistent to keep these separate also.
The Titmouses, Paridæ, differ from the Corvidæ in having the first primary equal to or less than half the length of the second, whereas the latter have this always more than half as long as the second.
Like the Corvidæ, the Paridæ have the nostrils concealed by feathers or bristles, though in the genus Melanochlora the soft feathers which lie over the nostrils do not wholly cover them. The bill is short and conical, varying considerably in depth and stoutness; the rictal bristles are short, the tarsus well developed and the surface scutulated; the wing is generally weak and rounded but is longer and more pointed in Melanochlora.
Hellmayr has divided the Titmouses into several subfamilies, and includes amongst them the Paradoxornithidæ. These latter birds, however, seem to me to constitute a good family, showing in some respects an affinity to the Titmouses, but in others a still closer connection with the Timeliidæ. The genus Panurus, the Bearded Tits, should probably also be placed with the Paradoxornithidæ.
As regards the Indian Titmouses, I see no reason to divide them into subfamilies, and I include them all in the same. Since, however, the 'Fauna of India' was published, we have had to add other genera and species to our list, the principal being Remiz (Anthoscopus) coronatus and Parus (Cyanistes) cyanus.
The key to the genera given below applies only to our Indian species. Hellmayr includes Lophophanes, Sylviparus, Machlolophus and Cyanistes in the genus Parus, but though Cyanistes cannot be divided from that genus, the other three appear to me to be generically distinct and are therefore retained. Lophophanes, it is true, is not always crested. Our Indian Lophophanes ater æmodius has a well-developed crest, although it is only a subspecies of L. ater ater which has none and the two extremes are linked up by geographical races which have crests in varying degree. On the other hand, the shape of the tail in this genus quite suffices to keep it distinct from Parus.
Cyanistes is a true Parus in everything but colour.
The young are like the adult but paler, and in some species the grey or black in the adult is strongly sufiused with green in the young.
Key to Genera.
| A. | Tail slightly rounded. |
| a. | Head not crested. |
| b. | Head crested. |
| B. | Tail square or very slightly forked. |
| d. | Head not crested. |
# The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma/Birds/Order Passeres/Family Paradoxornithidæ

Family PARADOXORNITHIDÆ.
When Blanford and Oates wrote the 'Avifauna of British India' very little had been recorded about the habits and nidification of this group of birds and it was, perhaps, on account of this that they were placed by them as a Sub-family of the Corvidæ. When Harrington in 1914 wrote his "Timeliides" in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, he incorporated the Paradoxornithidæ in this so-called Order. I can, however, see no reason for raising the Timaliidæ to the rank of an Order, and though it appears that in many respects these curious birds do form a link between the Titmouses and Babblers, it appears preferable to give them the rank of a family between the two.
The genus Panurus is undoubtedly a close relation of some of our Indian Parrot-Bills, and will have to be incorporated in the same family.
The Paradoxornithidæ differ from the Paridæ in having a much longer first primary, the plumage very soft and lax, and in having a thick, soft crest of feathers arising from the whole crown. From the Timaliidæ they differ in having the nostrils completely covered with bristles.
They are very gregarious in their habits and build cup-shaped nests in reeds, bushes, etc., whilst their eggs are of several types. The bill is very deep, being greater in depth than length in all but Conostoma. The culmen is veiy rounded transversely and the margins of the mandible in most species are curiously sinuate.
Key to Genera.
| A. | Tail longer than the wing. |
| b. | Tail more graduated; outermost pair of feathers not more than ⅔ length of tail. |
| B. | Tail no longer, or shorter, than wing. |
# The History of the Bohemian Persecution/Chapter 90

Chap. XC.
Their Proceedings against the Free Cities.
IT followeth how tyrannically they used the free Cities. Especially, for that instead of an halter, they placed Chief-Officers and Judges in the Cities, without whose licence no man could move himself: those of the Order of Knights, these of Citizens. But what such men? even such, as in the great scarcery of home-bred Romanes they were able to procure: Bannites, Italians, or Germanes: or else apostate Bohemians, covetous muckwormes, who drove their own designes, infamous homicides, base-begotten persons, Spirits, such as sell persons free born, Fidlers, Stage players, Smiths, certain also not so much as A. B. C. darians, without estate, without any certain abode, without Conscience, (all this we could easily demonstrate in particular and pertinent examples:) so that projecting villany with all impudency, they obliged their faith to Antichrist, (under the name of Cesar) for to invent treachery, and lay snares for others: men, unworthy to have place in our writings.
2. To such as these, were all businesses in Cities committed, upon their determination the Ci​ty-Councells were commanded to depend. Nor could the publick complaints of the ataxie and confusion of affaires prevaile any thing to the contrary: but onely that they being unable to bear it, (in the yeare 1624.) did afterwards displace the Capitanes (or head-Officers) and referred all to the fudges onely, which neverthelesse were assisted by the chief of the Souldiery, as a super-attendant, lest the Kings affaires should suffer dammage.
3. Their care in the next place, was to suck juice and bloud out of the Cities, which they notably effected by Taxes and Contributions for some yeares continued, and extorted by the Souldiers power.
4. Then the Ministers of the Churches being removed, and Masse-Priests (for the most part by force of Armes) introduc’d, they begun to compell people to frequent the Masse. Marriages also were prohibited, except amongst the Cathotiques: by which stratagem of Satan, very many in every place carnally affected, were brought to Apostasie, and afterwards promoted to the dignity of Senators, even men of no judgement or experience.
5. The number of Apostates being thus augmented, the Popish Senate began to be enraged against the rest of the Citizens diverse wayes: ​which will not seem tedious particularly to describe, how their proceedings were contrived, onely we shall in the interim set down the generall instructions given to the Capitanes of Distresses, in the yeare 1624.
# The History of the Bohemian Persecution/Chapter 86

Chap. LXXXVI.
Wenceslaus de Betow a Knight.
I. OF their number was Wenceslaus Bitowski de Bitow, Lord of Prussiwick (one of the Governours of Moravia in the time of the vacancy: and when Frederick created him Captaine of the Order of Knight,) Who when he was taken in the Marquisate of Brandenburgh, in the yeare 1627. in the moneth of August, and sent back into Moravia, he was put to the torture by Cardinall Detrichsteine, (who hated him deadly) and being examined a long time, but in vain, concerning divers questions, at last he was condemned to be beheaded, and couragiously underwent it on a scaffold, at the Court of Brune.
2. If there had been leave given to any to have visited him, or accompanied him to his death wee should certainely have had something which might have been an example. For he was a stout man and ​exceeding couragious, and although formerly he was given to excesse, (as the custome is with such natures) yet in his banishment hee gave himself wholly to reading the Scripture, and meditation, and amending his life, so that nothing but piety and modesty and zeale for the glory of God, and his owne salvation, could bee observed in him. But because no man was admitted to him all the time of his imprisonment (except a foolish boy that was left to serve him) and a noise of drummes and Trumpets was made at his execution, his speeches could not be noted by any one: But his perseverance in the faith worthy of a Martyr, and the firmnesse of his hope did sufficiently appeare in his farewell letters to his wife, and his gestures of his comming forth and at his execution.