OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Torres y Villaroel, Diego de

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​TORRES Y VILLAROEL, DIEGO DE (1696–1759?), Spanish miscellaneous writer, was born in 1696 at Salamanca, where his father was bookseller to the university. In his teens Torres escaped to Portugal where he enlisted under a false name; he next moved te Madrid, living from hand to mouth as a hawker; in 1717 he was ordained subdeacon, resumed his studies at Salamanca, and in 1726 became professor of mathematics at the university. A friend of his having stabbed a priest, Torres was suspected of complicity, and once more fled to Portugal, where he remained till his innocence was proved. He then returned to his chair, which he resigned in 1751 to act as steward to two noblemen; he was certainly alive in 1758, but the date of his death is not known. Torres had so slight a smattering of mathematics that his appointment as professor was thought scandalous even in his own scandalous age; yet he quickly acquired a store of knowledge which he displayed with serene assurance. His almanacs, his verses, his farces, his devotional and pseudo-scientific writings show that he possessed the alert adaptiveness of the born adventurer; but all that remains of his fourteen volumes (1745–1752) is his autobiography, an amusing record of cynical effrontery and successful imposture.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Torrevieja

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​TORREVIEJA, a seaport of south-eastern Spain, in the province of Alicante, 3 m. S.W. of Cape Cervera, and at the terminus of a railway to Albatera on the Alicante-Murcia line. Pop. (1900), 7706. The district is famous for its salt beds, which are owned and worked by the state, the Laguna Grande alone yielding more than 100,000 tons a year. The other industries are chiefly fishing, shipbuilding and the manufacture of ropes and sails. The roadstead affords safe anchorage. There is an active trade in fruit and agricultural products.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Torrey, Reuben Archer

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​TORREY, REUBEN ARCHER (1856–), American evangelist, was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, on the 28th of January 1856. He graduated at Yale University in 1875 and at the Yale Divinity School in 1878. He became a Congregational minister in 1878, studied theology at Leipzig and Erlanger in 1882–1883, joined D. L. Moody in his evangelistic work in Chicago in 1889, and became pastor of the Chicago Avenue Church in 1894 and afterwards superintendent of the Moody Bible Institute of Chicago. In 1902–1903 he preached in nearly every part of the English-speaking world, and with Charles McCallon Alexander (b. 1867) conducted revival services in Great Britain in 1903–1905; Torrey conducted a similar campaign in American and Canadian cities in 1906–1907.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Torrington (Connecticut)

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​TORRINGTON, a borough of Litchfield county, Connecticut, U.S.A., in the township of Torrington, on the Naugatuck river, about 25 m. W. of Hartford. Pop. (1900), 8360, of whom 2565 were foreign-born; (1910) 15,483; of the township, including the borough (1900) 12,453; (1910) 16,840. It is served by the New York, New Haven & Hartford railway and by an electric line connecting with Winsted. It has a public library (1865) with 15,000 volumes in 1909. There is a state armoury in the borough. Torrington is a prosperous manufacturing centre. In 1905 the value of the factory product was $9,674,124. The township of Torrington, originally a part of the township of Windsor, was first settled in 1734, and was separately incorporated in 1740. The site was covered by pine trees, which were much used for ship-building, and for this reason it was known as Mast Swamp. In 1751 a mill was erected, but there were few, if any, residences until 1800. In 1806 the settlement was known as New Orleans village. In 1813 members of the Wolcott family of Litchfield, impressed with the water-power, bought land and built a woollen mill, and the village that soon developed was called Wolcottville. Its growth was slow until 1864. In 1881 its name was changed to Torrington, and in 1887 the borough was incorporated.
See S. Orcutt’s History of Torrington (Albany, 1878), and an article, “The Growth of Torrington,” in the Connecticut Magazine, vol. ix., No. 1.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Torricelli, Evangelista

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​The publication amongst Torricelli’s Opera geometrica (Florence, 1644) of a tract on the properties of the cycloid involved him in a controversy with G. P. de Roberval, who accused him of plagiarizing his earlier solution of the problem of its quadrature. There seems, however, no room for doubt that Torricelli’s was arrived at independently. The matter was still in debate when he was seized with pleurisy, and died at Florence on the 25th of October 1647. He was buried in San Lorenzo, and a commemorative statue of him erected at Faenza in 1864.
Among the new truths detected by him was the valuable mechanical principle that if any number of bodies be so connected that, by their motion, their centre of gravity can neither ascend nor descend, then those bodies are in equilibrium. He also discovered the remarkable fact that the parabolas described (in a vacuum) by indefinitely numerous projectiles discharged from the same point with equal velocities, but in all directions have a paraboloid of revolution for their envelope. His theorem that a fluid issues from a small orifice with the same velocity (friction and atmospheric resistance being neglected) which it would have acquired in falling through the depth from its surface is of fundamental importance in hydraulics. He greatly improved both the telescope and microscope. Several large object lenses, engraven with his name, are preserved at Florence. He used and developed B. Cavalieri’s method of indivisibles.
A selection from Torricelli’s manuscripts was published by Tommaso Bonaventura in 1715, with the title Lezioni accademiche (Florence). They include an address of acknowledgment on his admission to the Accademia della Crusca. His essay on the inundations of the Val di Chiana was printed in Raccolta d’autori che trattano del moto dell’acque, iv. 115 (Florence, 1768), and amongst Opusculi idraulici, iii. 347 (Bologna, 1822). For his life see Fabroni, Vitae Italorum, i. 345; Ghinassi, Lettere fin qui inedite di Evangelista Torricelli (Faenza, 1864); Tiraboschi, Storia della lett. it. viii. 302 (ed. 1824); Montucla, Hist. des math., vol. ii.; Marie, Hist. des sciences, iv. 133.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Torridonian

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​TORRIDONIAN, in geology, a series of pre-Cambrian arenaceous sediments extensively developed in the north-west highlands of Scotland and particularly in the neighbourhood of upper Loch Torridon, a circumstance which suggested the name Torridon Sandstone, first applied to these rocks by J. Nicol. The rocks are mainly red and chocolate sandstones, arkoses, flagstones and shales with coarse conglomerates locally at the base. Some of the materials of these rocks were derived from the underlying Lewisian gneiss, upon the uneven surface of which they rest; but the bulk of the material was obtained from rocks that are nowhere now exposed. Upon this ancient denuded land surface the Torridania strata rest horizontally or with gentle inclination. Their outcrop extends in a belt of variable breadth from Cape Wrath to the Point of Sleet in Skye, running in a N.N.E.–S.S.W. direction through Ross-shire and Sutherlandshire. They form the isolated mountain peaks of Canisp, Quinag and Suilven in the neighbourhood of Loch Assynt, of Slioch near Loch Maree and other hills. They attain their maximum development in the Applecross, Gairloch and Torridon districts, form the greater part of Scalpay, and occur also in Rum, Raasay, Soay and the Crowlin Islands. The Torridonian rocks have been subdivided into three groups: an upper Aultbea group, 3000–5000 ft.; a middle of Applecross group, 6000-8000 ft.; and a lower or Diabeg group, 500 ft. in Gairloch but reaching a thickness of 7200 ft. in Skye.
See “The Geological Structure of the North-West Highlands of Scotland,” Mem. Geol. Survey (Glasgow, 1907). (J. A. H.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Torrington, George Byng, Viscount

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​TORRINGTON, GEORGE BYNG, Viscount (1663–1733), English admiral, was born at Wrotham, Kent. His father, John Byng, was compelled by pecuniary losses to sell his property and his son entered the navy as a king’s letter boy (see Navy) in 1678. He served in a ship stationed at Tangier, and for a time left the navy to enter one of the regiments of the garrison, but in 1683 he returned to the navy as lieutenant, and went to the East Indies in the following year. During the year 1688, he had an active share in bringing the fleet over to the prince of Orange, and by the success of the revolution his fortune was made. In 1702 he was appointed to the command of the “Nassau”, and was at the taking and burning of the French fleet at Vigo, and the next year he was made rear-admiral of the red. In 1704 he served in the Mediterranean under Sir Cloudesley Shovel, and reduced Gibraltar. He was in the battle of Malaga, and for his gallantry received the honour of knighthood. In 1708 as admiral of the blue he commanded the squadron which baffled the attempt of the Old Pretender to land in Scotland. In 1718 he commanded the fleet which defeated the Spaniards off Cape Passaro and compelled them to withdraw from their invasion of Sicily. This commission he executed so well that the king made him a handsome present and sent him full powers to negotiate with the princes and states of Italy. Byng procured for the emperor’s troops free access into the fortresses which still held out in Sicily, sailed afterwards to Malta, and brought out the Sicilian galleys and a ship belonging to the Turkey Company. By his advice and assistance the Germans retook the city of Messina in 1719, and destroyed the ships which lay in the basin—an achievement which completed the ruin of the naval power of Spain. To his conduct it was entirely owing that Sicily was subdued and the king of Spain forced to accept the terms prescribed him by the quadruple alliance. On his return to England in 1721 he was made rear-admiral of Great Britain, a member of the privy council, Baron Byng of Southill, in the county of Bedford and Viscount Torrington in Devonshire. He was also made one of the Knights Companions of the Bath upon the revival of that order in 1725. In 1727 George II. on his accession made him first lord of the admiralty, and his administration was distinguished by the establishment of the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth. He died on the 17th of January 1733, and was buried at Southill, in Bedfordshire. Two of his eleven sons, Pattee (1699–1747) and George (1701–1750), became respectively the 2nd and 3rd viscounts. The title is still held by the descendants of the latter.
See Memoirs relating to Lord Torrington, Camden Soc, new series 46, and A True Account of the Expedition of the British Fleet to Sicily 1718–1720, published anonymously, but known to be by Thomas Corbett of the admiralty in 1739. Forbin’s Memoirs contain the French side of the expedition to Scotland in 1708.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Wheatley, Phillis

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WHEATLEY, PHILLIS,
Was brought from Africa, to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1761, when she was six years old, and sold in the slave-market, to Mrs. John Wheatley, wife of a merchant of that city. This lady, perceiving her natural abilities, had her carefully educated, and she acquired a thorough knowledge of the English and Latin languages. She wrote verses with great ease and fluency, frequently rising in the night to put down any thought that had occurred to her. In 1772, she accompanied a son of Mr. Wheatley to this country, for her health, and received a great deal of attention from the people in the higher ranks of life. Her poems were published in London, 1773, while she was in that city. She was then nineteen years of age. The volume was dedicated to the Countess of Huntingdon; and in the preface are the names of the governor of Massachusetts, and several other eminent gentlemen, bearing testimony to their belief of her having been the genuine writer. Mr. Sparks, who gives these particulars in his "Life and Writings of George Washington," observes: "In whatever order of merit these poems may be ranked, ​it cannot be doubted that they exhibit the most favourable evidence on record, of the capacity of the African intellect for improvement. The classic allusions are numerous, and imply a wide compass of reading, a correct judgment, good taste, and a tenaceous memory. Her deportment is represented to have been gentle and unpretending, her temper amiable, her feelings refined, and her religious impressions strong and constant."
After her return, Phillis married a coloured man, named Peters, who proved unworthy of her, and made the rest of her life very unhappy. She died at Boston, in great poverty, in 1784, leaving three children. She was but thirty>one years old at the time of her decease. An edition of her poems was published in 1778, and another, with a biography of her, in 1835. Besides these poems, she wrote many which were never published; and one of these, addressed and sent to General Washington, soon after he took command of the American army, gives her a more enduring fame than all her printed pieces.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Williams, Anna

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WILLIAMS, ANNA,
Was the daughter of a surgeon and physician, in South Wales, where she was born, in 1706. She went with her father to London, in 1830, when, from some failing in his undertakings, he was reduced to great poverty. In 1740, Miss Williams lost her sight by a cataract, which prevented her, in a great measure, from assisting her father; but she still retained her fondness for literature, and what is more extraordinary, her skill in the use of her needle. In 1746, she published the "Life of the Emperor Julian, with Notes, translated from the French." She was assisted by her friends in this work, and it does not appear that she derived much pecuniary advantage from it. Soon after this. Dr. and Mrs. Johnson became interested in her, and at Dr. Johnson's request an operation was performed on her eyes, but without success; and from that time, even after his wife's death, she remained almost constantly an inmate of Johnson's house. Her circumstances were improved in the last years of her life, by the publication of a volume of prose and verse, and by some other means, and the friendship and kindness of Johnson continued unalterable. She died at his house in Boltcourt, Fleet Street, aged seventy-seven.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Williams, Helen Maria

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WILLIAMS, HELEN MARIA,
Was born, in 1762, in the north of England, and was ushered into public notice by Dr. Kippis, at the age of eighteen. Between 1782 and 1788, she published "Edwin and Eltrada," "An Ode to Peace," and other poems. In 1790 she settled in Paris, and became intimate with the most eminent of the Girondists, and, in 1794, was imprisoned, and nearly shared their fate. She escaped to Switzerland, but returned to Paris in 1797, and died there in 1827.
She wrote "Julia, a Novel," "Letters from France," "Travels in Switzerland," "A Narrative of Events in France," and "A Translation of Humboldt and Bonpland's Personal Narrative." Miss Williams possessed a strong mind, much historical acumen, and great industry, though her religious sentiments were not free from some errors of the period. As a poetess she had little more than some facility and the talent inseparable from a cultivated taste.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Winchelsea, Anne, Countess of

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WINCHELSEA, ANNE, COUNTESS OF,
Was the daughter of Sir William Kingsmill, of Sidmonton, in the county of Southampton. She was maid of honour to the Duchess of York, second wife of James II., and married Heneage, Earl of Winchelsea, who afterwards succeeded to the hereditary title. She died August 6th, 1720, without leaving any children. Wordsworth speaks highly of her poem called "A Nocturnal Reverie." Another of her poems was addressed to "The Spleen." A collection of the countess's poems was printed in London, together with a tragedy, never acted, entitled "Aristomenes." Mr. Chambers remarks of her poetry, and it should not be forgotten that she was the first English-woman who attempted to ascend the Parnassian heights—"Her lines are smoothly versified, and possess a tone of calm and contemplative feeling."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Winckel, Theresa Emilia Henrietta

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WINCKEL, THERESA EMILIA HENRIETTA,
Was born at Dresden, in 1784, and was celebrated for her copies of the old masters. She is said to have been unequalled in the copies she made of Correggio's works. She went to Paris, with her mother, in 1808, and spent her time while in that city in studying the works of art with which it abounds. Her letters from Paris have been published, and she also wrote many articles for periodicals. She began the study of the art of painting, at first, for her own gratification; but her mother losing her fortune, Henrietta supported them both by her own exertions.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Whitman, Sarah Helen

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WHITMAN, SARAH HELEN,
Is a native of Providence, Rhode Island. Her maiden name was Power. Her father died when she was a child. Her mother being thus left to the solitariness of a widow's lot, devoted herself with unwearied care to the education of her daughter. The health of Miss Power was constitutionally delicate, while her mental faculties developed with that quickness and brilliancy which surely indicates the predominancy of imagination. Poetry was the favourite literature of her youthful studies, and she soon manifested the propensity, which the Muse will foster in those she elects her votaries, to "write rhyme."
In 1828, Miss Power was married to John W. Whitman, a young lawyer of Boston. The marriage was one of affection, induced by the congeniality of poetical and literary tastes, but the union was in a few years dissolved by the death of Mr. Whitman, whose widow then returned to her mother's arms and her early home, at Providence, where she now resides. Her poetry has appeared in the periodicals and annuals over the signature "Helen," and always excited attention by its richness of imagery, and sweet melodious versification. She has an uncommonly retentive memory, and elaborates her poems in a rather peculiar manner; arranging, correcting, and finishing them as compositions perfectly and wholly in her mind, be they ever so long, before committing a line to paper. By this means she has no unfinished performances; those that she does not complete at once are entirely abandoned.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Wharton, Anne, Countess of

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WHARTON, ANNE, COUNTESS OF,
Daughter of Sir Henry Lee, of Oxfordshire; married Thomas, Earl of Wharton, and distinguished herself by her learning and poetical works. She died in 1685. One of her plays was entitled, "Love's Martyr, or Wit above Crowns." Many of her poems are printed in the collections of Dryden and Nichols. She had no children.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/The Goose and Gander

​LXVIII. THE GOOSE AND GANDER
The goose and the gander walked over the green; The goose walked bare-footed for fear of being seen; Not for fear of being seen, but of wetting her toes; And the man that drinks strong beer hath a jolly red nose.
The blacksmith is black, but his silver is white, And he sits in the ale-house from morning till night. Tang-dillo, tang-dillo, tang-dillo, tang-dillo, And happy is the man that sits under the willow.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/The Jacket and Petticoat

​XIX. THE JACKET AND PETTICOAT
As I went by my little pig-sty, I saw my petticoat hanging to dry, Hanging to dry, hanging to dry, I saw my petticoat hanging to dry.
I took off my jacket, and hung it close by, To bear my petticoat company, Company, etc.
The wind blew high, and down they both fell, Jacket and petticoat into the well, Into the well, etc.
'O!' says the jacket, 'we shall be drowned!' 'No,' says the petticoat, 'we shall be found,' 'We shall be found,' etc.
The miller passed by; they gave a loud shout; He put in his hand, and pulled them both out, Pulled them both out, etc.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/The Carrion Crow

​XXVI. THE CARRION CROW
A carrion crow sat on an oak, Fol-de-riddle, lol-de-riddle-hi-ding-do. Watching a tailor shape his coat: Sing he, sing ho, the old carrion crow; Fol-de-riddle, lol-de-riddle-hi-ding-do.
'Wife, bring to me my old crossbow, Fol-de-riddle, etc. That I may shoot yon carrion crow;' Sing he, sing ho, etc.
The tailor shot, and he missed his mark, Fol-de-riddle, etc. He shot the miller's sow right through the heart, Sing he, sing ho, etc.
​'Wife! O wife! bring me brandy in a spoon, Fol-de-riddle, etc. For the old miller's sow is in a swoon;' Sing he, sing ho, the old carrion crow; Fol-de-riddle, lol-de-riddle-hi-ding-do.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/The Herring's Head

​VI. THE HERRING'S HEAD
1st SINGER. As I was a-walking all on the sea-sand I picked up a herring all in my right hand, It was big herrings, It was little herrings, All a brought in. O and what did I make with my jolly herring? 2nd SINGER. 'Hark, hark! how dost thou lie!' 1st SINGER. 'And so do you as well as I.' 2nd SINGER. 'Why hast thou not told me so?' 1st SINGER. 'So did I, long time ago.' BOTH TOGETHER. 'Well, well, and well-a-well, And so thinks I unto mysel', Thinks I to myself, 'tis a jolly herring.'
O what do you think I made out of my old herring's head? I made a fine oven as ever baked bread. There are great ovens, There are little ovens, And all that's therein. O and what did I make with my jolly herring? 2nd and 1st SINGERS. 'Hark, hark! how dost,' etc.
​O what do you think I made out of my old herring's fin? I made as fine tops as you ever did spin. There are great tops, etc. 2nd and 1st SINGERS. 'Hark, hark! how dost,' etc.
O what do you think I made out of my old herring's eyes? I made fifty men's pasties, and five women's pies. There are great pies, etc. 2nd and 1st SINGERS. 'Hark, hark! how dost,' etc.
O what do you think I made out of my old herring's back? I made so fine a whip as you ever did crack. There are great whips, etc. 2nd and 1st SINGERS. 'Hark, hark! how dost,' etc.
O what do you think I made out of my old herring's ribs? I made fifty horse-stalls and fifty ox-cribs. There are great cribs, etc. 2nd and 1st SINGERS. 'Hark, hark! how dost,' etc.
​O what do you think I made out of my old herring's tail? I made so fine a ship as ever did sail. There are great ships, etc. 2nd and 1st SINGERS. 'Hark, hark! how dost,' etc.
O what do you think I made out of my old herring's breast? I made sixty good oxen as yoke ever pressed. There are great oxen, etc. 2nd and 1st SINGERS. 'Hark, hark! how dost,' etc.
O what do you think I made out of my old herring altogether? I made so fine cobblers as ever sewed leather. There are great cobblers, etc. 2nd SINGER. 'Hark, hark! how dost thou lie!' 1st SINGER. 'So do you as well as I.' 2nd SINGER. 'Why hast thou not told me so?' 1st SINGER. 'So did I, long time ago.' BOTH TOGETHER. 'Herring and ling! O herring and ling! Of all the fish in the sea is Herring the King.'