OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Birinus

​BIRINUS, Saint (d. 650), bishop of Dorchester, was a Benedictine monk of Rome, who, receiving a mission from Pope Honorius to visit Britain, landed in Wessex in 634, having first received episcopal consecration at the hands of Asterius, bishop of Genoa. Preaching the gospel to the heathen people he succeeded in converting them to christianity, and in 635 baptised Cynegils, king of Wessex, Oswald, king of Northumbria, standing sponsor. Then was founded the see of Dorchester, Birinus being the first bishop settled at Dorcic or Dorchester, Oxfordshire, a city conferred upon him by the two kings. After many churches had been built and consecrated and many peoples called to the Lord by his pious labour (Bædæ, H. E. iii. 7), Birinus died and was buried at Dorchester in the year 650, his hody being afterwards removed to Winchester, and subsequently enshrined by Bishop Æthelwold (963-84). The influence obtained by Birinus, not only in Wessex but also in the neighbouring kingdom of Mercia, is indicated by the references made in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to the baptism by him of different princes.
[Haddon and Stubbs. Councils, vol. iii. 1871, p. 90 (quoting Breda and the A.-Saxon Chronicle); Rudborne's Hist. Major Winton. in Wharton's Anglia Sacra, pt. i. 1691. p. 190: Kennett's Parochial Antiquities, Oxford, 1818, i. sqq., see also, for Birinus's Life as a Saint, Hardy’s Catalogue of Materials for English History (Rolls Series), vol. i. 1862, p. 236.]
E. M. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fiennes, Edward

​FIENNES, EDWARD, Earl of Lincoln (1512-1585). [See Clinton, Edward Fiennes de.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fielding, Robert

​FIELDING, ROBERT (1651?–1713). [See Feilding.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fielding, Thales

​FIELDING, THALES (1793–1837), water-colour painter, third son of Nathan Theodore Fielding [q. v.], like his brothers, is chiefly known as a painter in water-colours. He seems to have first exhibited at the British Institution in 1816, sending ‘A View of Saddleback, Cumberland,’ but there is some difficulty at first in distinguishing his works from those of his elder brother, Theodore H. A. Fielding [q. v.] In 1818 he appears as settled at 26 Newman Street, London, where he resided until his death, which occurred after a few hours' illness on 20 Dec. 1837, at the age of forty-four. He was an excellent artist, and was an associate exhibitor of the Royal Society of Painters in Water-colours. He exhibited numerous landscapes and cattle-pieces, mostly compositions, at the Royal Academy and at the British Institution. His last picture, in 1837, was ‘A View of Caerphilly Castle, Glamorganshire.’ He also painted portraits. In 1827 he exhibited a portrait of M. Delacroix at the Royal Academy, and a portrait by him of Peter Barlow, F.R.S., was published in lithography by Graf and Soret. He was for some years teacher of drawing at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1880; Gent. Mag. (1838), p. 217; Examiner, 31 Dec. 1837.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fielding, Thomas

​FIELDING, THOMAS (fl. 1780–1790), engraver, is stated to have been born about 1758. He studied under Bartolozzi, but more especially under W. W. Ryland [q. v.], to whom he acted both as pupil and assistant, and was so much engaged on the engravings bearing that artist's name, that few original works of his own exist. After Ryland's disastrous end, Fielding produced some engravings in his own name. Among them were ‘The Meeting of Jacob and Rachael,’ and ‘Moses saved by Pharaoh's Daughter,’ after T. Stothard, R.A .; also ‘Theseus finding his Father's Sword and Sandals,’ and ‘The Death of Procris,’ after Angelica Kauffmann, R.A. The latter are finely engraved in Ryland's stipple manner, and quite reach the level of that artist's productions. Fielding should be distinguished from an engraver, John Fielding, who preceded him, and about 1750 engraved some prints after Hogarth and others.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fiennes, Gregory

​FIENNES or FIENES, GREGORY, tenth Lord Dacre of the South (1539–1594), the younger son of the unfortunate Thomas Fiennes, lord Dacre [q. v.], executed at Tyburn 1541, and his wife Mary, daughter of George Nevill, lord Abergavenny, was baptised in the parish church of Hurstmonceux, Sussex, 5 June 1539. The death of his elder brother Thomas in 1553 left him heir to his father's honours, to which he and his sister Margaret were restored by act of parliament in 1558, the strictness of the entail having rescued the estates from the courtiers, whose ‘greedy gaping after them’ was, according to Camden, a chief cause of their father's judicial murder (Camden, Eliz. ap. Kennett, ii. 580). In February 1553 the lad, then in his fourteenth year, was a royal ward (Cal. State Papers, Edward VI, Dom. sub ann.). He married Anne, daughter of Sir Richard Sackville, but had no children by her. She complained that he was kept in undue subjection by his mother (ib. Dom. xxvi. 573). In 1572 Lord Dacre formed one of a great train of noblemen who accompanied Lord Lincoln to the court of Charles IX to ratify the confederacy of Blois, only a few months before the massacre of St. Bartholomew. He is described by Camden as ‘a little crack-brained.’ He died 25 Sept. 1594, at his wife's house at Chelsea, in the church of which place he was buried beneath a sumptuous monument. His title and entailed estates were successfully claimed by his sister Margaret, the wife of Sampson Lennard, esq., of Chevening, Kent. His wife is noticed above.
E. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fielding, Sarah

​FIELDING, SARAH (1710–1768), novelist, third daughter of Edmund Fielding by his first wife, and sister of Henry Fielding [q. v.], was born at East Stour, Dorsetshire, 8 Nov. 1710. She published her first novel, ‘The Adventures of David Simple in search of a Faithful Friend,’ in 1744. Her brother contributed a preface in the second edition in the same year, and he wrote another three years later to a collection of ‘Familiar Letters between the principal characters in David Simple and some others.’ This originally appeared in 1747, and contains five letters by Henry Fielding (pp. 294–351). A third volume was added to ‘David Simple’ in 1752. She joined with Miss Collier (daughter of Arthur Collier [q. v.]) in ‘The Cry, a Dramatic Fable,’ Dublin, 1754. She wrote also ‘The Governess,’ 1749; ‘History of the Countess of Dellwyn,’ 1759 (see Notes and Queries, 6th ser. ix. 54, 77); ‘Lives of Cleopatra and Octavia,’ 1757; ‘History of Ophelia,’ 1785; and ‘Xenophon's Memoirs of Socrates; with the Defence of Socrates before his Judges,’ 1762, translated from the Greek, in which some notes and possibly a revision were contributed by James Harris of Salisbury [q. v.]
Some letters between Miss Collier, Miss Fielding, and Richardson (from 1748 to 1757) are given in Richardson's ‘Correspondence’ (ii. 59–112), where there are references to the ‘Cry’ and the ‘Governess.’ Richardson reports to Miss Fielding in 1756 the remark of a ‘critical judge of writing,’ that her late brother's knowledge of the human heart was to hers as the knowledge of the outside of a clock to the knowledge of its ‘finer springs and movements of the inside.’ A similar remark of Johnson's about Richardson and Fielding almost suggests that he may have been the ‘critical judge’ who afterwards made a new application of his comparison. Fielding himself, in the preface to ‘David Simple,’ ventures to say ‘that some of her touches might have done honour to the pencil of the immortal Shakespeare;’ and in his other preface reports the saying of a lady, who, so far from doubting that a woman had written ‘David Simple,’ was convinced that it could not have been written by a man.
This enthusiasm was not shared even by contemporaries. Miss Fielding appears from Richardson's letters to have been poor. It is said (Kilvert, Ralph Allen, p. 21) that Allen allowed her 100l. a year. A Mr. Graves, from whom the statement comes, dined with her more than once at Allen's in 1758. She appears to have been living at Ryde during the Richardson correspondence, with Miss M. and Miss J. Collier. In 1754 ‘the waters’ (of Bath?) have cured her as far ‘as an old woman can expect.’ She was buried in Charlcombe Church, near Bath, on 14 April 1768. John Hoadley [q. v.] erected a monument to her in Bath Abbey Church, with some verses and inaccurate dates.
[Nichols's Anecdotes, iii. 385, ix. 539; Richardson's Correspondence, vol. ii.; Austin Dobson's Fielding, p. 193.]
L. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fielding, Theodore Henry Adolphus

​FIELDING, THEODORE HENRY ADOLPHUS (1781–1851), painter, engraver, and author, was eldest son of Nathan Theodore Fielding [q. v.] Like his brothers he painted in water-colours, and in 1799 sent to the Royal Academy ‘A View of the North Tyne, near Billingham, ​Northumberland.’ In 1814 he sent to the British Institution ‘A Sleeping Bacchus.’ He continued to exhibit at both exhibitions, but it is sometimes difficult to distinguish his works from those of his younger brother, Thales Fielding [q. v.] He was appointed teacher of drawing and perspective at the East India Company's Military College at Addiscombe, and resided at Croydon, in the neighbourhood, until his death, which occurred on 11 July 1851, at the age of seventy. Fielding worked also in stipple and aquatint, and published numerous sets of engravings in the latter style, including a set of views as illustrations to ‘Excursion sur les côtes et dans les ports de Normandie,’ after Bonington and others; ‘Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lancashire Illustrated’ (44 plates, 1822); ‘A Series of Views in the West Indies’ (1827); ‘Ten Aquatint Coloured Engravings from a work containing 48 Subjects of Landscape Scenery, principally Views in or near Bath, painted by Benjamin Barker’ (1824); ‘British Castles; or, a Compendious History of the Ancient Military Structures of Great Britain’ (1825); ‘A Picturesque Tour of the River Wye, from its Source to its Junction with the Severn, from Drawings by Copley Fielding.’ Fielding also published some important works on the practice of art—viz. ‘On Painting in Oil and Water-colours for Landscape or Portraits,’ ‘Index of Colours and Mixed Tints’ (1830), ‘On the Theory of Painting’ (1836), ‘Synopsis of Practical Perspective, lineal and aerial, with Remarks on Sketching from Nature’ (1829), ‘The Knowledge and Restoration of Oil-paintings, the Modes of Judging between Copies and Originals, and a brief Life of the principal Masters in the different Schools of Painting’ (1847), and ‘The Art of Engraving, with the various Modes of Operation,’ &c. (1844); the last-named work has been for the most part reprinted in Hoe's edition of Maberly's ‘Print Collector’ (1880).
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fielding, William

​FIELDING, WILLIAM, first Earl of Denbigh (d. 1643). [See Feilding.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gough, John (fl.1570)

1904 Errata appended.
​GOUGH, JOHN (fl. 1570), divine, who seems not to have been of any university, was ordained deacon by Grindal, bishop of London, 14 Jan. 1559–60. On 15 Nov. 1560 he was admitted rector of St. Peter, Cornhill, London, of which he was deprived for nonconformity in 1567. He published ‘A Godly Boke wherein is conteyned certayne fruitefull, godlye, and necessarye Rules to bee exercised & put in practise by all Christes Souldiers lyvnge in the campe of this worlde,’ 8vo, London, 1561, also a ‘Sermon’ preached in the Tower of London 15 Jan. 1570, to which John Feckenham, sometime abbot of Westminster [q. v.], published ‘Objections,’ which produced an answer from Gough and from Laurence Tomson.
He is to be distinguished from John Gough (d. 1545?), a Cambridge man (B.A. 1524–5, M.A. 1528, B.D. 1535, D.D. 1537), who, on the erection of the cathedral church of Bristol, by charter 4 June 1542, was constituted one ​of the canons. He revised and edited with a preface, under the title of ‘The Core of Holy Scripture,’ 8vo, 1540, the prologue to Wycliffe's translation of the Bible.
[Cooper's Athenæ Cantabr. i. 536.]
G. G.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.138 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 277 | i | 1-4 | Gough, John (fl. 1570): omit He revised and edited with a preface . . . Wycliffe's translation of the Bible. |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gough, John (fl.1528-1556)

​GOUGH, GOWGHE, GOWGH, or GOUGE, JOHN (fl. 1528–1556), printer, stationer, and translator, first lived in Cheapside, next to Paul's Gate, possibly in the house of John Rastell; he afterwards moved into Lombard Street, using the sign of the mermaid in both places. There is no foundation for the story that he was servant or apprentice to Wynkyn de Worde. In 1528 he got into trouble in connection with Garrett and the circulation of Lutheran books (letter of Bishop of London to Wolsey, 15 March 1528, in Foxe, Acts and Monuments, 1846, vol. v. App.) The first books known to have issued from his press were a ‘Prymer of Salisbery use,’ two editions; Tindal's ‘Newe Testament,’ 4to (but this is doubtful); and the ‘Dore of Holy Scripture,’ 12mo, all in 1536. Another edition of the last work appeared in 1540, containing on the back of the title the king's license to Gough to print any book by him ‘new begon, translated, or compiled.’ Gough supplied a short preface to the work, which is the prologue to Wycliffe's translation of the Bible. On 8 Jan. 1541 he ‘was sent to the Flytt for pryntyng and selling of sedycyous books’ (Proc. of Privy Council, 1837, vii. 110). In the same year Foxe states that ‘Gough the stationer,’ under the statute of six articles, was ‘troubled for resorting unto’ a priest (Acts and Monuments, 1846, v. 448).
He issued about fifteen books in all, among them the earliest treatise on bookkeeping in English, ‘A profitable treatyce called the instrument or boke to learne the kepyng of the famouse reconyng called in Latyn Dare et Habere, and in Englyshe, Debitor and Creditor,’ London, 1543, 4to. John Mayler, James Nicolson, and others printed for him. The latest date of his imprint occurs in 1543. The name of a John Gough appears in the first charter of the Company of Stationers in 1556 (Arber, Transcript, i. xxviii, xxxiii).
H. R. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gough, John (1721-1791)

​GOUGH, JOHN (1721–1791), quaker, son of John and Mary Gough, quakers, of Kendal, Westmoreland, was born early in 1721. He was educated at the Friends' school at Kendal, and when only fourteen became an assistant in the school kept by Thomas Bennet, a quaker, at Pickwick in Wiltshire, where he remained till 1740. After spending some time with his mother at Kendal he went to Ireland to take charge of the school at Cork established by his brother, James Gough, who was on a religious journey in England till 1742. John then became tutor to the children of Benjamin Wilson, near Edenderry, King's County, Ireland. A year and a half later he again took his brother's place in his absence, and continued to hold it on his brother's removal to Mountmellick, Queen's County. About this time he married, having a son named John. In 1748 he went to live with his brother, whose wife died in that year at Mountmellick. In 1752 he accepted the mastership of the Friends' school at Dublin, which he held till 1774. He then removed to Lisburn, and undertook the charge of a boarding-school. He also took a more active part as a minister, chiefly labouring in Munster and Leinster, although in 1785 he spent a considerable period in visiting meetings in various English counties, and several times attended the London yearly meetings. When about sixty-one years old he commenced to write a history of the Society of Friends, which occupied him for eight years, and was published in 1789–90. He died of apoplexy 25 Oct. 1791, and was buried in the Friends' burial-ground at Lisburn. The ‘testimony’ of the Lisburn Friends records the sobriety and gravity for which he had been distinguished from childhood. Gough's ‘History of the Quakers’ has long been accepted as a text-book; it is neither full, clear, nor very accurate, but its biographical notices of Irish Friends are valuable.
His works were: 1. ‘A Treatise of Arithmetic in Theory and Practice,’ 2nd ed. 1770. 2. ‘Practical Arithmetick in Four books,’ Dublin, 1767, republished in 1792 with an appendix on Algebra; this, extracted from the first edition of the former, ran through at least sixteen editions. 3. ‘Some Brief and Serious Reasons why the People called Quakers do not pay Tythes,’ 1777; this is still a very popular tract, and has frequently been reprinted. 4. ‘A Practical Grammar of the English Tongue,’ n.d. First compiled by James Gough, revised, digested, and enlarged by John Gough; sixth edition published in 1792. 5. ‘A History of the People called Quakers, from their First Rise to the Present Time,’ 4 vols. 1789–90. Gough wrote several small tracts, republished as ‘Tracts on Tithes’ in 1786.
[Testimony of the Lisburn Friends' Meeting; Gough's Hist. of Quakers; Memoirs of the Life of James Gough; Smith's Cat. of Friends' Books.]
A. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gough, John Ballantine

John Bartholomew Gough in later editions.
​GOUGH, JOHN BALLANTINE (1817–1886), temperance orator, was born at Sandgate, Kent, 22 Aug. 1817, of parents who were poor but of excellent character, with whom he resided till he was twelve. At that age, in consequence of the poverty of his family, he went out to America with a family who for ten guineas agreed to teach him a trade and take care of him till he was twenty-one, and there he learned the business of a bookbinder. He acquired a love of drink, and for seven years lived recklessly. At length a well-known temperance advocate, Joel Stratton, induced him to take the pledge. He began to attend temperance meetings and to recommend abstinence, when his ability as a speaker attracted notice. Giving up his trade in 1843, he became a temperance lecturer, and was soon the foremost speaker on temperance in the United States.
In 1853 he revisited England at the request of the London Temperance League. He extended his visit to Scotland and lectured to immense audiences in the principal towns. Returning after two years to the United States, he resumed his work there, but revisited Liverpool on 26 Aug. 1857. He remained three years in the United Kingdom. During the two years of his first visit he delivered 438 lectures and travelled 23,224 miles; during the three years of his second, he gave 605 lectures and travelled 40,217 miles. In 1878 he paid a third visit to this country. A splendid welcome was given him by a distinguished assembly in the gardens of Westminster Abbey at the invitation of Dean Stanley. After a month spent on the continent, Gough began his public work in Mr. Spurgeon's Tabernacle. Advancing years told adversely on his oratory, but his audiences were not less enthusiastic. Besides lecturing on temperance, he lectured on kindred subjects like ‘London Life,’ ‘Habit,’ ‘Curiosity,’ ‘Circumstances,’ &c.
Gough published in 1846 his ‘Autobiography,’ which was subsequently extended ​and reissued in 1871; in 1877 appeared his ‘Orations;’ in 1879 his ‘Temperance Gleanings;’ in 1880 ‘Sunshine and Shadow, or Gleanings from my Life Work,’ and in 1885 ‘Platform Echoes.’ Returning to America in 1879 he continued his work. When lecturing in the Franklin Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, he was seized with a paralytic stroke, and died, after a short illness, on 18 Feb. 1886. He had been twice married, but left no family.
No other speaker on the temperance question had ever so fully gained the public ear. After his lectures many took the pledge; men of high social and professional position espoused the cause; and new societies were formed.
[Gough's Autobiography and other works; League Journal and other temperance papers, February 1886; Report of the Scottish Temperance League; Funeral Sermons by Taylor, Cuyler, and others.]
W. G. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gough, Strickland

1904 Errata appended.
​GOUGH, STRICKLAND (fl. 1730-1751), controversial writer, son of Strickland and Elizabeth Gough, was born at Bristol. Strickland Gough (d. 1718?), the father, assistant presbyterian minister at Lewin's Mead, Bristol, from 1699, was dismissed in 1708. He was immediately elected colleague to John Catcott in the Tucker Street presbyterian congregation, Bristol. He died about 1718. He published:
* ‘Sermons on Effectual Calling,’ &c., 1709, 8vo.
* ‘A Discourse Occasion'd by the Small-Pox,’ &c. (not seen); also ordination (Joseph Denham, 1713), accession (1714), and thanksgiving (1715) sermons, and a sermon (1717) on the rebellion, dedicated to Sir Robert and Lady Thornhill in return for their ‘many favours.’
The younger Strickland Gough was educated (apparently in London) for the presbyterian ministry. He became a preacher in London, but was probably not ordained, and held no charge. In 1730 he published anonymously an ‘enquiry’ into the causes of the decline of dissent, which attracted much attention, and was answered by Philip Doddridge [q. v.] As a layman Gough criticises the dissenting ministry on two grounds: they humour the prejudices of their people, and ‘they worship God for twenty minutes and dictate to men for sixty.’ The dissenters, he complains, are ignorant of their own principles, and hence discourage free inquiry. At the same time he inveighs against the terms of admission to the established church. Shortly after this publication he conformed. Gough obtained the degree of M.A., and became rector of Swayfield and vicar of Swinstead, Lincolnshire. He seems to have been non-resident, as his name does not appear in the registers. He died 13 Dec. 1752.
He published:
* ‘An Enquiry into the Causes of the Decay of the Dissenting Interest,’ &c., 1730, 8vo (anon.)
* ‘A Critical Disputation,’ &c., 1742, 8vo (on 1 Cor. xi. 10).
* ‘A Protestant Catechism,’ &c., 1746, 8vo.
* ‘A Discussion of … Questions between Papists and Protestants,’ &c., 1747, 8vo, 1751, 8vo.
* ‘Sixteen Sermons,’ &c., 1751, 8vo (appended is a reissue of No. 2). Also separate sermons in 1733 and 1745.
[Calamy's Own Life, 1830, ii. 504; Murch's Hist. Presb. and Gen. Bapt. Churches in West of Engl. 1835, pp. 102, 106 sq.; Evans's List (see James's Lists and Classifications of Presb. and Indep. Ministers, 1866, p. 32); Wilson's Manuscripts in Dr. Williams's Library; information from the Revs. R. Cooper, Swayfield, and B. G. Jarrett, Swinstead.]
A. G.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.138 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 282 | i | 9-10 | Gough, Strickland: for (fl. 1730-1751) read (d. 1752) |
| | | 12 | omit not earlier than 1715 |
| | | 13 f.e. | after parish, insert He died on 13 Dec. 1752. |