# Historic Highways of America/Volume 16/Index

INDEX
* ABEL, Robert, subscribes toward improvement of Wilderness Road, 6, 198.
* Abel's (tavern) 12, 119.
* Abercrombie, General: menaces Ticonderoga, 5, 73; Forbes's letter to, 108–109; Forbes fails to hear from, 156.
* Abert, Lieut. Col. J. J., surveys Potomac Valley for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 78.
* Aboriginal Occupation of the Lower Genesee Country, Harris, cited, 2, 85.
* Acheson. T. C., stagecoach proprietor, 10, 136.
* Adair, Major, attacked on St. Clair's road, 8, 183.
* Adams, President J. Q.: lost in woods between Baltimore and Washington, 11, 69; toast at Chesapeake and Ohio Canal banquet (1823) 13, 73; lifts first spadeful of earth in Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 104; oration, 105.
* Adams's, William, 6, 108.
* Adams's, 10, 160.
* "Aeolus," Benjamin H. Latrobe describes sail-car, 13, 127. ​
* Akron (Ohio), strategic location of, 1, 67.
* Albach, Annals of the West, cited, 8, 156–158.
* Albany and Oswego, map of route between, 12, 97.
* Alexandria (Virginia): Braddock's army at, 4, 59; route of Braddock's army from, 76–77; early mention of, 12, 66.
* Allaquapy's Gap, 5, 20.
* Allegheny Portage Railway, see Railway.
* Allen, James Lane: The Blue Grass Region of Kentucky, cited, 1, 127; 6, 16; describes character of early Kentucky immigration, 6, 176–178.
* Allen, Jason, letter of Samuel Allen to, quoted, 12, 64–77.
* Allen, John P., 12, 70.
* Allen, Samuel: letter to Jason Allen describing trip to Ohio valley (1796) 12, 64–77; loses child while immigrating, 67–70.
* Alliquippa, Queen, 9, 38.
* American Annual Register, quoted on roads, 11, 68.
* American Antiquarian, cited, 1, 90.
* American Bottom, Dickens describes, 12, 188–196.
* "American Eagle," 10, 155.
* American Historical Review, cited, 9, 58.
* American House, 10, 159, 163.
* American Pioneer: cited, 6, 182; 9, 118–125; quoted, 9, 109–110, 125–127; 12, 88–94. ​
* Amherst, Lord: attacks Louisbourg, 5, 73; underestimates Indians, 170; sends Bouquet troops, 176; Bouquet writes from Bushy Run battlefield to, 180.
* Amphitheatre, Lafayette, Erie Canal inaugural ball in, 14, 149–150.
* Anderson's, 6, 108.
* Andrew's, 12, 129.
* Annual Report of Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, 1902, quoted, 9, 206.
* Archæological remains: on watersheds, 1, 69 et seq.; highland location of, 80, 81, 82; located near present-day roads, 83–85.
* Archy's Spring, Washington at, 12, 23.
* "Arks," species of river-boat, 9, 127.
* Armstrong, Capt. John: Journal of Harmar's march and defeat, quoted, 8, 89, et seq.; in Harmar's defeat, 103–104.
* Armstrong, Col. John: defender of the Pennsylvania frontier, 5, 55; conducts Kittanning campaign, 60–61; advises General Forbes, 94–95; letter to Bouquet referred to Forbes, 109; favors new road, 114; letter to Richard Peters, cited, 150.
* Arnold, Benedict, Prof. Smith describes Quebec campaign of, 7, 115–118. ​
* Arrowsmith's Map of the United States, (part of) 8, 117.
* Athanasius, Indians at Braddock's defeat led by, 4, 123.
* Atkinson, A. T., describes Braddock's route, 4, 175–190.
* Atkin's Ordinary, 6, 124.
* Attique, location of, 9, 37.
* Atwater, Caleb: Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society, 1, 92; on failure of sons of rich eastern families in the West, 6, 36; Tour, cited, 10, 84.
* Aubrey, Grant defeated by (1758), 5, 178.
* Audubon, describes Ohio flatboating, 9, 113–118.
* Ayres Point, see Elkhorn Prairie.
* BACKWOODS, British officer's description of life in Virginia, 4, 137–164.
* Bailey and McInnes, Geological Report of 1888, quoted, 7, 104.
* Bailey, St. John River, cited, 7, 105.
* Baily, Francis: A Journal of a Tour in Unsettled Parts of North America, quoted, 11, 106–150; ​prophesies (1796) that Georgetown will be absorbed by Washington, 11, 117; recounts incidents of trip from Washington to Pittsburg, 118–143; on independence of American character, 123; travels from Columbia, Ohio, northward, 144–150.
* Bainbridge (Illinois), Clark's camp near, 8, 28.
* Baker, George A., The St. Joseph–Kankakee Portage, quoted, 7, 176–180.
* Baker, William, 6, 199.
* Baldwin, Early Maps of Ohio and the West, cited, 2, 99.
* Ball, Thomas, 6, 201.
* Ballard, Mrs. A. J., possesses Lieut. William Clark's Journal, 8, 205.
* Ballston (New York): inns full at, 12, 118; mineral waters at, 118.
* Baltimore: Potomac Canal Company bill objected to by citizens of, 13, 69–70; canal connection with West desired by citizens of, 70–72; disappointed at estimated cost of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 87–89; threatened by loss of western trade, 89–91; rivals criticise, 91–93; promotes Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 95–98; foundation stone of Baltimore and Ohio Railway laid at, 106–110.
* Bangar, Goldsbrow, 14, 26. ​
* Barber, Daniel, 6, 202.
* Barber, Thos., 6, 202.
* Barbourville (Kentucky), 6, 63.
* Bargemen, western, described, 9, 161–163.
* Baringer's, Widow, 4, 76, 87.
* Barker, James, 12, 145.
* Barnes's, 10, 156.
* Barney, Lieut. Joshua, locates Baltimore and Ohio Railway line, 13, 109, 110.
* Barringer, President, on influence of good roads on land values, 15, 44–45.
* Batavia (New York) in 1805, 12, 138–141.
* Batavia Woods (New York), bad reputation of, 12, 141.
* Bay, Major, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 87.
* Bayard, William, 14, 60, 178.
* Bayle's, 10, 164.
* Bay Path, see Old Connecticut Trail.
* Bay Path, by J. G. Holland, cited, 2, 75.
* Beach, E. S., in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 142.
* Beach, R., in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 142.
* Beale's, 12, 117.
* Bean, Dr., accompanies Francis Baily in Ohio, 11, 145.
* Bean's, Letty, 11, 142.
* Beaujeu, M. de: plans to delay Braddock, 4, 121; in Braddock's Defeat, 122–126. ​
* Beard, Adam, Dr. Walker annoyed by, 6, 56.
* Beason, Jonas, opens books for subscriptions to old Northwestern Turnpike; 12, 31.
* Beatty, Cornelius, subscribes to fund for repairing Wilderness Road, 6, 200.
* Beausejour, Winslow captures, 5, 68.
* Beaver, early military expeditions favored by dams of the, 7, 171.
* Beck's, 10, 160.
* Bedinger, George M., 6, 200.
* Bedinger, Major, in St. Clair's defeat, 8, 147.
* Belknap, History of New Hampshire, quoted, 7, 119–121.
* Belknap, Dr., Map of Wayne's route in the Maumee Valley, 8, 197.
* Belleville (Illinois), Charles Dickens at, 12, 189–190.
* Bellin, Partie Occidentale de la Nouvelle France, cited, 7, 50.
* Bellville (West Virginia): formerly Flinn's Station, 12, 64; description of (1796), 75–76.
* Benjamin, Dr. Marcus, on "Key of Keys," 4, 78.
* Bent, Mr., at Marietta (Ohio), 12, 44.
* Benton, Caleb, 12, 148, 150.
* Benton, Elbert Jay, The Wabash Trade Route, cited, 7, 164.
* Benton, Stephen, 12, 148, 150. ​
* Benton, Thomas, on Buffalo routes, 1, 79.
* Bernard, Gen. Simon: outlines route for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 78; estimates cost of, 78–87; estimate proved correct, 161.
* Big Bottom Massacre: site of, 2, 116; 8, 109; effect of, 110–111.
* Bigelow, Timothy, Journal of a Tour to Niagara Falls in the year 1805, quoted, 12, 117–142.
* "Big Rock," 2, 63.
* Billings, John S., 14, 12.
* Bingham, the bookseller, 12, 118.
* Bird's Road, in Kentucky, 6, 180–181.
* Birkbeck, Morris: describes Old Glade Road, 5, 200–202; Letters from Illinois, quoted, 201–202.
* "Black Bear," 10, 161.
* "Black Commission," in modern Erie Canal, 14, 197.
* Blackburn, Colonel, appointed on committee concerning Potomac improvement, 13, 50.
* Blacksburg (Virginia), 6, 58.
* Black's, Mr., at foot of Blue Ridge, 6, 108.
* Black's, 10, 159.
* Blair's Gap, Allegheny Portage Railway in, 13, 191.
* Blanchard, Col. Joseph, raises New Hampshire Militia, 7, 119.
* Blane, Alexander, subscribes toward Wilderness Road improvement, 6, 199. ​
* Blane, John, 6, 199.
* Bledsoe's, Captain, 6, 102.
* Blesser's, 12, 62.
* Bloody Island, St. Louis's duelling ground, 12, 196.
* Bloomfield (New York) in 1805, 12, 136.
* Blue Licks, Battle of, 6, 129, 174.
* Blue Point (Illinois), Vincennes Trace passes near, 8, 50.
* Blue Ridge, Walker crosses, 6, 58.
* Bollman, Eric, letter describing western trip in 1796, 12, 77–88.
* Bollman, H. L., 12, 77.
* Bollman, Lewis, 12, 77.
* Bond, Mr., on Roosevelt Erie Canal committee, 14, 198.
* Bonnécamps, Father: compares French and American forests, 7, 62; Journal, cited, 9, 22; map of Ohio River (1749), 24.
* Boone, Daniel: Autobiography, cited, 1, 113; on buffalo roads, 113; opened road on Indian trail, 2, 15; Kentucky described by, 6, 32–33; at Fort Watauga treaty, 42–43; explores Kentucky, 79, 83, 88; negotiates Watauga Treaty, 92–93; letter to Henderson, 143; vital importance of Henderson's settlement described by, 143; letter to Governor Isaac Shelby asking for contract to improve Wilderness Road, 203–204. ​
* Boonesborough (Kentucky): plat of, 6, 97; early days of, 115–117.
* Boone's-town (Pennsylvania), Francis Baily at, 11, 125–126.
* Boscowen, Admiral, at Louisbourg, 5, 73.
* Boston Ordinary, 4, 194.
* Bostwick, David, granted stage monopoly, 12, 150.
* Bosworth, Squire, 12, 31.
* Bouchette, Topographical Dictionary, cited, 7, 109.
* Bouck, Erie Canal commissioner, 14, 149; nominated for governor, 172, 174, 175.
* Bounty Land, Dinwiddie's proclamation of 1754 concerning, 3, 126.
* Bouquet, Col. Henry: Journal, cited, 2, 107; road described, 125; Bouquet Papers, cited, 4, 193; 5, 77; commands Royal Americans, 5, 74; Forbes hurries, to the frontier, 77; letter to Forbes, May 20, 77; outlines route to Raystown, 78; letter to Forbes, June 28, 79; arrives at Raystown, 79; arrives at Carlisle, May 24, 85; letter from St. Clair suggesting change of route received by, 84; letter to Forbes, concerning Washington's regiment, 85; orders Washington to Fort Cumberland, 85; all routes examined by, 89; Forbes commends his carefulness in deciding on routes, 89–90; letter to Forbes, July 21, on road question, ​96–100; Forbes refers decision of road question to, 108; letter to Forbes (July 26) reporting favorably on Pennsylvania road, 109–111; Fort Pitt relieved by, 176–182; Amherst gives limited assistance to, 176; delicate position of, 176–177; Fort Ligonier named by, 178; Battle of Bushy Run won by, 178–182; letter to Amherst, from Bushy Run battlefield, 180.
* Bouquet's Redoubt at Fort Pitt, view of, 5, 184.
* Bowie, R. W., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
* Bowman, Capt. John: Journal, quoted, 8, 44; early publications, 44; campaign (1779), up Little Miami, 75; commands a company in Clark's force, 222.
* Boyd's, 6, 121.
* Böye, Herman, Map of Virginia, cited, 12, 44.
* Boyer, Lieutenant, Journal of Wayne's Campaign, cited, 8, 205, et seq.
* Boyle's, 12, 49, 80.
* Braddock, Gen. Edward: character of, 4, 36–38; code of honor of, 37; creditable services, 37–38; Walpole on 37–38; adored at Gibraltar, 38; Duke of Cumberland's instructions to, 38–42, 42–51; ordered by Cumberland to Virginia, 43; expected to besiege Niagara, 47; outline of proposed cam​paign of, 42–51; impracticability of orders given to, 51–58; prophesies his own death, 53; dependent on Sir John St. Clair, 54; Virginia's lack of wagons and horses handicaps, 55; campaign should have been made through Pennsylvania, 55–57; the victim of treachery, 57; low character of troops under, 58–59; army reaches Alexandria, 59; indifference of colonies to, 61–75; colonial assemblies refuse money for, 64–65; manuscript letters, preservation of, 65; colonial troops criticised by, 67; praised by, 211; dependence on Benjamin Franklin, 68; failure of colonies to provide Indians for, 73; letters to British Ministry, 67–75; orderly books, quoted, 76; itinerary of troops from Alexandria to Fort Cumberland, 76–77; horse races in camp to amuse, 90; addresses Indians at Fort Cumberland, 92–93; beef for troops under, condemned, 93; chaplains in army under, 94; officers receive eleven wagon loads of presents, 96; wagons arrive at Fort Cumberland, 96; size of army (May 24, 1755), 97; seaman's account of defeat of, 101–107; leaves Fort Cumberland, 108; progress toward Fort Duquesne, 108–109; Franklin's prediction concerning defeat of, 109; Washington describes march of, 110, 114–115; de​cides to divide his army, 111; advances from Little Crossings with flying column, 111; Indians not supplied to, 112–114; arrives at the Youghiogheny River, 115; arrives at Turtle Creek, 117; scripture cited to justify victory of, 118; subscriptions started to celebrate victory of, 119; ballad celebrating expected victory of, 119; arrives at Monongahela River, 120; plan of Beaujeu to delay, 121; Beaujeu chooses spot for entrapping Braddock, 123; caution of, 124; defeat of, 124–131; topography explains the defeat of, 126–128; mortality at defeat of, 130; wounded, 130; retreats, 131; last hours of, 133; location of graves of, 133–134; view of, frontispiece; effect of the defeat of, 135; mutinous condition of troops under, 145–146; diet of troops under, 149–152; rumored retreat of, 156–157; Indians of, defeated by French Indians, 163; British officer describes defeat of, 165; route of army between Alexandria and Cumberland, 179–182; friends chosen by, in America, 211; Washington searches for grave of, 211; willow slip from St. Helena planted beside grave of, 212; Pontiac present at defeat of, 5, 171.
* Braddock, Fanny, death of, 4, 37.
* Braddock Fields, topography of, 4, 125.
* Braddock Run House, 10, 160. ​
* Bradley, Map of the United States, cited, 12, 25.
* Bradshaw's, 10, 161.
* Brant, Joseph: at St. Clair's defeat, 8, 163; interviews United States commissioners, 188; disagrees with western Indians, 189.
* Brashear's, 10, 160.
* Breckinridge, Robert, 6, 197.
* Bremen Station (Illinois), see Welge Station.
* Brent, Charles, 12, 30.
* Bridge at "Big Crossings" (Pennsylvania), view of, 10, frontispiece.
* Bridges, made of poles, 12, 137.
* Brien's, 12, 49.
* Briggs, engineer of Erie Canal, 14, 149.
* Briley's Mill, 6, 110.
* Brissot, Jean Pierre, New Travels in the United States, quoted, 11, 109.
* British: conflict of Spaniards with, in Mississippi Valley, 6, 170; responsible for Indian War, 8, 76–77.
* British Newspaper Accounts of Braddock's Defeat, cited, 4, 126.
* Brock's Bridge, 4, 194.
* Brokaw, Obadiah, farm, site of Big Bottom Massacre, 2, 116.
* Brokenstraw Creek, 9, 29. ​
* Bromeling's, 12, 118.
* Bromley, Captain, interment of, 4, 94.
* Brown, History of the First Locomotives in America, cited, 13, 129, 130.
* Brown, Alexander, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
* Brown, Col. John Mason, 6, 197.
* Brown, George: promotes Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, 95–98; treasurer of Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 110.
* Brown, James, 6, 197.
* Brown, John, 6, 197.
* Brown, Thomas, 12, 31.
* Brown, William: itinerary on Braddock's Road, 4, 194–196; itinerary on Wilderness Road, 6, 123–130.
* Brown, William H., letter of Peter Cooper to, 13, 129.
* Buchanan, Judge, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal injunction granted by, 13, 101.
* "Buck's," 10, 155.
* Buckeye Hotel, 10, 163.
* Buell, Journal, cited, 1, 114.
* Buffalo: bones not found in mounds, 1, 102; range of, 103; habits of, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108; History of American Bison, 128; migrations of, ​129, 130; killed by George Rogers Clark's troops in Illinois, 8, 50; white men follow traces of, 12, 28; see Trace.
* Buffalo Gap (Illinois), 8, 23, 27.
* Buffalo (New York): Erie Canal celebration at, 14, 138–140; ceremony of wedding the Atlantic to Great Lakes at, 150.
* Buford, Abe, 6, 199.
* Bulger, Maj. Edward, 6, 129.
* Bullitt, Alexander S., 6, 197.
* Bullock, Leonard Henley, 6, 91.
* Bullock Pens, on Forbes's Road, 5, 186.
* Bullstown (West Virginia), Washington mentions portage at, 13, 41.
* Bunker Hill, Clark's men advance on Vincennes by way of, 8, 60.
* Buntin, Capt. Robert, letter to St. Clair, on aspect of Wabash battle-ground, 8, 157.
* Burd, see Byrd.
* Burdett, Frederick, 12, 31.
* Burdine, Pete, famous stagecoach driver, 10, 133.
* Bureau of Ethnology. Reports of: 1, 38 et seq.; 2, 65.
* Burnay, David, 6, 133.
* Burnet, Notes, cited, 9, 132. ​
* Burt, Major, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139.
* Burton, Lieutenant Colonel: advance of, from Little Crossings, 4, 111; in Braddock's defeat, 126, 127.
* Bury, Exodus of the Western Nations, cited, 5, 38.
* Bush, Philip, Jr., 6, 202.
* Bushy Run, battle of, 5, 178–182.
* Butcher, Eli, 12, 31.
* Buteux, Father, journey on Canadian trails, 2, 35–43.
* Butler County (Ohio): archæological remains in, 1, 54; Atlas of, 8, 195.
* Butler, Gen. Richard: locates Fort Finney, 1, 59; Journal, quoted, 121–127; Washington writes to, on internal improvements, 3, 198; appointed second in command United States Army, 8, 119; raises recruits, 120; reaches Pittsburg, 121; success of, 122; ordered to Fort Washington peremptorily, 123; rebuked by Washington, 123–124; orders not obeyed, 124; testifies at Harmar's court martial, 129; reaches Fort Hamilton, 130; advances northward, 130–131; ordered to proceed in three columns, 131; advances from Fort Hamilton, 132; alters St. Clair's plan of march, 133; apologizes to St. Clair, 136; disaffection of, 137; explores route for army, 138; requests command ​of flying column, 141; conduct excused, 142; Slough reports to, 151; activity in battle, 153; responsible for defeat, 158; death of, 159; Pittsburg in mourning for, 177; letter to General Irvine on rough social conditions in West, 9, 66.
* Butler, Major: in St. Clair's defeat, 8, 152; points out where General Butler's remains were to be found, 203.
* Butler, ex-Senator M. C., on National Aid, 15, 54–55.
* Butterworth, C. W.: Bouquet's Expedition, cited, 2, 107; Discovery of the Northwest, cited, 7, 183; Washington–Irvine Correspondence, cited, 168.
* Byrd, Colonel: Sir John St. Clair on, 5, 85; Forbes ridicules, 106; sent by Bouquet to study routes, 109.
* Byrne, Charles, 12, 31.
* Byrne, Michael, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal contractor, 13, 160.
* CALDWELL, John, 6, 199, 200.
* Caldwell, Philip, 6, 200.
* Caldwell's, 10, 160.
* Calhoun, John C., toast at Chesapeake and Ohio Canal banquet (1823), 13, 73.
* Calk, Mary Catherine, 7, 117.
* Calk, William: Journal, quoted, 6, 107–117; companions of, 107.
* Calloway, Col. James, pioneer company of, 6, 117, 130.
* Calloway's, William, 6, 55.
* Callender's, 12, 56.
* Camac, Turner, Facts and Arguments respecting the great Utility of an extensive plan of Inland Navigation, cited, 13, 177.
* Cameron, Georgia frontiersmen attempt to capture, 6, 152.
* Camp Charlotte, Treaty of, 6, 87.
* Campagne, a common word among pioneers, 12, 70; see Clear Fields. ​
* Camp Beaver Swamp: Wayne's troops occupy, 8, 206; bridge built near, 206–207.
* Campbell's, Col. Arthur, 6, 124.
* Campbell, L. D., Wayne's Road on land owned by, 8, 195.
* Campbell, Major, 6, 108.
* Campbell, William, 6, 199.
* Camp ground: in Illinois, at the "points" of timber, 8, 24; pioneer immigrants preparing a, 11, 185–188.
* CANALS—
* In General: portage paths as routes of, 7, 80–82; ancient, 13, 15–19; locks not used by ancients, 18; British, 19–21; lock invented, 18; first, in America, 22; need of, 23; comparative cost of three great American, 212.
* Names and Data:
** Braire, 12, 18.
** Caledonian, Morris on, 14, 44.
** Chesapeake and Delaware, surveyed, 13, 22.
** Chesapeake and Ohio: Schriver plans Deep Creek route for, 13, 68; promoted by public meeting at Washington, 70; substituted for Potomac canal, 72; banquet of delegates at first convention of, 73; original central committee of, 74; ​committee to memorialize Congress in behalf of, 74; incorporated, 76; Potomac Company's shares exchanged for stock in, 77; divisions of, 77; Congress provides for survey of, 78; General Bernard surveys, 78; reports on, 78–87; map of, 81; estimated cost, 86; Baltimore disappointed at expensive estimates for, 87–88; rivaled by Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 98–102; ground broken for, 103–106; advertise for bids, 111; shares held by, 112; United States buys stock in, 112; right of way owned by, 115–116; dispute with Baltimore and Ohio Railway over right of way, 116–119; Cactocin Aqueduct, view of, 117; difficulties in building, 119–121; aided by "Eight Million Dollar Bill," 122; portion completed in 1835, 123; compelled to give Baltimore and Ohio Railway right of way in Potomac Valley, 123; financial history of, 135–160; scrip issued by, photograph of, 147; completed, 160; cost of, 161; later history of, 163–168; view of, near Cumberland, Maryland, 165; Senator Gorman president of, 163; injured by flood, 164; political manipulations of, 164–167; operated by trustees for the bondholders of 1848, 167–168; act incorporating, quoted in part, 225–231. ​
** Chicago Drainage, marks old portage route, 7, 181.
** Ellesmere, mention of, 14, 90.
** Erie: view of basin of, at Buffalo, 14, frontispiece; Gouverneur Morris father of, 43–47; promoters of, 43–61; influence of Jesse Hawley in originating the, 48–49; Origin of the Erie Canal, Hawley, quoted, 48, cited, 51; Joshua Forman's bill for, 49; first commissioners appointed, 52, 56; first appropriation, 53; first engineer's report on, 54–57; discussion of western terminus of, 55; first estimate of length of, 55; Congress asked to aid, 56–58; President Madison encourages, 57–58; first act authorizing loans for, 59; War of 1812 postpones building of, 59–60; revival of project, after War of 1812, 60; Clinton's Memorial for, 62–103; Potomac Company feels adverse effect of success of, 13, 63; Clinton on the economic need of, 14, 72–78; Clinton on commercial benefits of, 79–86; Clinton on engineering practicability, 86–88; comparative estimated cost of other canals and, 90–96; Clinton's estimate of expense of, 96–99; Clinton's summary of arguments in favor of, 99–103; laws authorizing the ​building of, 104–110; divisions of, 105; engineers constructing, examine Middlesex Canal, 105; original size of, 106; original estimate of cost of, 106–110; explorations of route of, 106–110; map and profile of (1834), 107; bill authorizing, nearly killed in Council of Revision, 110; vote of Chancellor Kent saves Bill for, 110–112; early stages of work on, 112–116; ridiculed, 113; accuracy of early surveys on, 114–115; celebration of beginning of, 116–119; view of, at Rome, 117; laborers eager to work on, 119; nature of early contracts for building of, 120; tools and machines used in building of, 121–127; dates of completed portions of, 128–136; illness of laborers on, 129; Western Inland Lock Navigation purchased by, 130–131; view of, at Little Falls, 133; first tolls received from, 135–137; inaugural celebration of, 137–151; Buffalo inaugural celebration of, 138–140; Buffalo committee in celebration of opening of, 139; prominent boats in inauguration of, 140; Clinton's triumphal tour through, 140–144; discontent occasioned at Rome, New York, by route of, 143; displeasure occasioned by route of, at Little Falls, New York, 144; discontent at Schenectady occasioned by, 144–145; ​Union College Guards celebrate opening of, 145; inaugural ceremony of, at Albany, 145; inaugural ceremonies of, at New York, 145–150; ceremony of wedding Great Lakes to the Atlantic, 147–148; procession in New York at inauguration of, 148–149; ball at the inauguration of, 149–150; engineers of, honored, 149–150; ceremony at Buffalo of wedding Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean, 150; local influences of, 152–177; distribution of real and personal property along, 155–158; improvement of land along, 158–160; effected change in highway travel, 12, 159; live stock along, 14, 160–161; affects growth of Unadilla, New York, 12, 161; influence on foreigners of, 14, 161–164; effect in politics, 165–177; financial history of, 178–194; early freight on, 187; early tolls on, 189; first enlargement of, 190–194; "Seymour plan" for improvement of, 195; "Nine Million" act for, 195; improvement of, by building a thousand-ton barge canal, 196–207; "Black Commission" on, 197; Governor Roosevelt on, 197–199; Roosevelt appoints committee of experts to study needs of, 198; William F. King on future of, 200–204; New York Central Rail​way and the, 201; new barge canal, 204; map of, 205; New York State acts creating the, 213–234.
** Forth-Clyde, 14, 89; built by Smeaton, 13, 21; Grand Junction, 14, 90.
** Holstein, 14, 89.
** Kennet and Avon, mentioned, 14, 90.
** Languedoc, built by Riquet, 13, 19.
** Leeds and Liverpool, 14, 90.
** Louisville and Portland, see Ohio River.
** Middlesex: sketch of, 14, 93; engineers constructing Erie Canal inspect, 105.
** Morris, incline planes on, 13, 193.
** Ohio and Lake Erie, Schriver proposes, 13, 75.
** Pennsylvania: proposed by Pennsylvania legislature, 13, 177; commissioners appointed, 177; report of commissioners, 177–179; tunnel problem delays, 178–179; railway agitation delays, 179; authorized, 182; bill creating, 182–191; map of, 185; divisions of, 191; central division begun and completed, 191–192; western division opened, 192; central division comprising Allegheny Portage Railway, see Railways; first boat passes entire length of, 206; itinerary on, 208–211; size and cost of, 211–212; purchased by Pennsylvania Railway, 215; abandoned, ​215; An Historical Account of the Rise, Progress and Present State of the Canal Navigation in Pennsylvania, quoted, 30.
** Potomac: proposed, 13, 66; bill to incorporate fails, 68–69; citizens of Baltimore oppose, 69–70, 91–93; name changed to Chesapeake and Ohio, 72.
** Rochdale, 14, 90.
** Schuylkill and Susquehanna, surveyed, 13, 22, 177, 191.
** Susquehanna, projected by Col. De Witt Clinton, 12, 161.
* Canandaigua, terminus of stages on Genesee Road (1805), 12, 135.
* Canoes: pioneer use of, 9, 102–105; burdens carried by, 105.
* Carlisle, Major, Washington writes to, 5, 141.
* Carlisle (Pennsylvania), Forbes conference of guides at, 5, 100; Revolutionary importance of, 186–187.
* Carpenter's, 12, 46, 47.
* Carr's, 12, 120.
* Cars, Mr., 6, 108.
* Carran's, 10, 161.
* Carrel's, Widow, 12, 54. ​
* Carroll, Charles, quoted, 5, 203; director Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, 110; lays foundation stone of Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 107, 108; heads memorialists to Congress asking for national appropriation for the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 114.
* Carrol's, 4, 196.
* Carter's, 6, 130.
* Cartier, Jacques, discoveries of, 3, 63.
* Carts, used on early roads, 9, 43.
* Case, Dr. Samuel H., immigrating to Central New York, 12, 146.
* Cass, Gen. Lewis, 10, 162.
* Cassatt, Alexander, in later history of the Lancaster Turnpike, 11, 92–94.
* Casseday, History of Louisville, cited, 9, 118, 132, 163.
* Castle Hill, Dr. Walker's home, 6, 51.
* Catalogue of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains, 1, 73 et seq.; 2, 92.
* "Catfish Camp," 10, 155.
* Catharine Town (New York), 12, 134.
* Catholic Historical Researches, cited, 9, 37.
* Cattle, driven by immigrants westward, 12, 72, 146.
* Cayuga Lake, bridge to Geneva across (1805), 12, 131. ​
* Cayuga (New York), in 1805, 12, 131.
* Céloron: Journal, cited, 9, 22; expedition on the Ohio River, 22–47; failure to mention future site of Fort Duquesne explained, 39–40; English traders warned by, 41.
* Chamberlain's, 10, 161.
* Chambers's, 12, 56.
* Chambers, Benjamin: fortifies cabin with cannon, 5, 59; founds Chambersburg, 59.
* Chambly, Jacques de, 7, 52.
* Champlain, explorations of, 7, 31–32.
* Chapin, Israel, 12, 100, 110.
* Chapin, Phineas, 12, 31.
* Chapman, Major, advances with van of Braddock's army, 4, 98.
* Chapman, Richard, 6, 199.
* Charlotte, treaty of Camp, 6, 87.
* Chastellux, Marquis of, Washington writes on internal improvements to, 3, 199–200.
* Cherokees: angered at Pennsylvania, 5, 85–86; Henderson's purchase of, 6, 42–43; disturb Kentucky pioneers, 135–139; towns destroyed by Georgians, 152–153.
* Chesterfield, quoted, 5, 68–69.
* Chester's Gap, 4, 195.
* Chestnut Ridge (Pennsylvania), view of, 10, 65. ​
* Chestnut trees, near Buffalo (1805), 12, 142.
* Chew, Colby, Dr. Walker's companion, 6, 50, 51.
* Childs, Timothy, 14, 142.
* Chipman, Ward, cited, 7, 109.
* Chissel's Lead Mine, 6, 58.
* Christian, Col. William, Overhill Cherokee towns razed by, 6, 154.
* Cincinnati, founded, 9, 65; see Fort Washington.
* Clarendon, 10, 161.
* Clark's, 10, 160.
* Clark, Gen. George Rogers: captures Illinois posts, 6, 161–166; starts for Kaskaskia, 8, 15; lands at Fort Massac, 15–16; acts on advice of spies, 17; Memoir of, 18, 221–224; overland march, 18–32; guide becomes confused, 27; captures Kaskaskia, 32, sends Helm to occupy Vincennes, 32; loses Vincennes, 33; plans its recapture, 33; departs from Kaskaskia, 33; march, 34–60; personal magnetism, 41–49; accounts of the campaign, 47 et seq.; letter to inhabitants of Vincennes, 59–60; occupies Vincennes, 60; present-day view of route of, 60–71; Shawanese campaign (1780), 75; Miami campaign (1782), 75; Wabash campaign (1786), 77–78; crossing place of Little Wabash discussed, 225–230; operates first gunboat on Ohio River, 9, 129. ​
* Clark, Henry, 6, 200.
* Clark, James, Pennsylvania canal commissioner, 13, 177.
* Clark, Lieutenant, killed at Harmar's defeat, 8, 106.
* Clark, Lieut. William, under Wayne, 8, 176; Journal of, 205, et seq.; harshly criticises Wayne's caution, 211, 213.
* Clark, Major, in St. Clair's defeat, 8, 147, 152, 156.
* Clark's Station, 6, 122.
* Clark's Store, on Braddock's Road, 4, 195.
* Clary, William M., 12, 84.
* Clawson's, 10, 164.
* Clay, Henry: promotes Cumberland Road, 10, 46; toasted at first Chesapeake and Ohio Canal banquet, 13, 74.
* Clay City (Illinois), Vincennes Trace near, 8, 50.
* Clay City (Kentucky), 6, 75.
* Claysville (Pennsylvania), early taverns at, 10, 160.
* Clear Fields, The, 5, 23; see Campagne.
* Cleaveland, Gen. Moses, on Cuyahoga River, 1, 64.
* Clinton, De Witt: 14, 52, 56, 60–61, 150, 180; Memorial by, 62–103.
* Clinton, Col. De Witt, projects Susquehanna Canal, 12, 161.
* Cloth, price in early days in Ohio Valley, 12, 75.
* Coachman, Dickens describes, 12, 178–180. ​
* Cochran, John, 6, 202.
* Cocke, Captain, 6, 105.
* Coffin, Stephen, narrative, quoted, 7, 156–157.
* Colder, Lieutenant Governor, builder of first canal in America, 13, 22.
* Coleman's, 4, 77.
* Collier, Moses, 6, 201.
* Collin's Log Tavern, 10, 154.
* Collins, History of Kentucky, cited, 2, 29; 6, 182; 9, 131.
* Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, cited, 5, 18, 22, 25, 27, 41.
* Columbia (Ohio), founded, 9, 65.
* Columbus Inn, 10, 163.
* Columbus (Ohio), early taverns in, 10, 163–164.
* Combs, Kentucky pioneer party joined by, 6, 116.
* Commercial Gazette, Cincinnati, 9, 127–129.
* Commonwealth, The, a Pittsburg paper in which Jesse Hawley published first article in favor of Erie Canal, 14, 48.
* Conegochieque, see Conococheague.
* Conestoga bridge, 12, 61.
* Conestoga freighter: described, 10, 129–132; view of, 11, 50.
* Connellsville (Pennsylvania), Braddock's Road near, 4, 187. ​
* Conococheague (Williamsport, Maryland), Forbes's proposed rendezvous, 5, 76.
* Contrecœur: orders Villiers to attack Washington, 3, 154; early activity at Fort Duquesne, 4, 31; hopeless situation of, 115–117.
* Contz's Harbour, 5, 20.
* Convention, Indian, at Maumee, 8, 179–180; see Roche de Bout.
* Cook, Lieut. William, surveyor Baltimore and Ohio line, 13, 109, 110.
* Cook, Tillinghast, 12, 31.
* Cooley, on post roads, 15, 57.
* Cooper, Peter: successful locomotive "Tom Thumb," 13, 129; letter to William H. Brown, 129.
* Cooper, William, 12, 31.
* Cordery's, 10, 156.
* Corey, American Atlas, cited, 12, 49.
* Cornplanter: as peace emissary, 8, 111; at Maumee Convention, 181.
* Cornstalk, bravery at Battle of Point Pleasant, 6, 87.
* Cort, Colonel Henry Bouquet, quoted, 5, 38.
* Cory, Elnathan, Harmar crosses Mad River near farm of, 8, 96.
* "Cot Plains," explanation of name, 8, 50.
* Coultersville (Illinois), Clark's camp near, 8, 43. ​
* "Cow-Pens," description of Virginia, 4, 143–145.
* Cox's: 4, 76, 88; 6, 131.
* Cox's Creek, Clark's route crosses, 8, 30.
* Craig, John, 6, 130.
* Craig, N. B., History of Pittsburg, cited, 3, 205; The Olden Time, quoted, 4, 166–190.
* Craighill, Gen. William P., describes Braddock routes, 4, 78.
* Cramer, Zadoc: early navigation of Ohio described by, 9, 73–99; The Navigator, quoted, 74–99.
* Crane, Jonas, opens subscription books for Old Northwestern Turnpike, 12, 31.
* Cravens, Elijah, 6, 199.
* Cravens, Jesse, 6, 198.
* Crawford, Andrew, opens subscription books for Old Northwestern Turnpike, 12, 31.
* Crawford, Col. William, defeated, 6, 172–173.
* Cresap, Col. Thomas: marks out Nemacolin's Path, 3, 96; mentioned adversely, 4, 76; eulogy of, 89; Gist visits, 5, 17.
* Crisman, Jesse, owner of first boat to cross Alleghenies on Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 206.
* Crock's, 4, 195.
* Crockett, Joseph, 6, 197.
* Croghan, George: Journal, cited, 1, 116, 121; 2, 47, 61; refers to Céloron, 9, 41; description of journey to Detroit, 2, 55–61; opening of Brad​dock's defeat described by, 4, 127; home near present site of Shirleysburg, Pennsylvania, 5, 19.
* Crooked Creek, 6, 87.
* Crossing-place, dangers of, 2, 24, 25.
* "Cross Keys," 10, 158.
* Crow's, 12, 141.
* Crow's Station, 6, 122.
* Crow, William, 6, 202.
* Cumberland, Duke of, Kentucky River first named in honor of wife of, 6, 42.
* Cumberland Gap: view of, 6, frontispiece; Dr. Walker describes, 62–63; Henderson passes, 112; James Lane Allen describes, 205–207.
* Cumberland (Maryland): early name of, 4, 182; old taverns at, 10, 159; view of early houses at, 11, 191; Thomas Wallcutt at, 12, 51; see Wills Creek.
* Cummings, William, 7, 155.
* Cummingsville (Ohio), St. Clair's route through, 8, 129.
* Curler, Arendt van, 7, 136.
* Curran, Padtrick, 6, 202.
* Custis, G. W. P., committeeman to memorialize Congress in behalf of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 74. ​
* Cutler, Ephraim, Life and Times of, quoted, 1, 62.
* Cutler, Manasseh, efforts in behalf of Ordinance of 1787, 9, 61–63.
* Cypress-tree, Bigelow describes, 12, 120.
* DAKIN'S, 12, 52.
* Dana, Description of the Bounty Lands in the State of Illinois, etc., 5, 21.
* Danworth, Asa, salt works near present site of Syracuse, New York, 12, 99.
* Dapt, Captain, in Forbes's campaign, 5, 146.
* Darby, William, letter from Simeon De Witt to, 14, 45–46.
* Darke, Lieutenant Colonel, in St. Clair's defeat, 8, 147, 154.
* Darlington: Christopher Gist's Journals, cited, 2, 98; 5, 17; Fort Pitt, cited, 3, 95; 7, 46; 9, 29–43; note in Edes's Journal and Letters of Col. John May of Boston, cited, 5, 197.
* Davies, James, 6, 198.
* Davies, Virginia's Danger and Remedy, cited, 5, 38.
* Davis, Phineas, assists in inventing cast-iron wheels, 13, 131.
* Davis's, 12, 50. ​
* Dawson's, 12, 50.
* Day, Sherman, Historical Collections of the State of Pennsylvania, cited, 11, 78; 13, 207.
* Dayton (Ohio), Harmar's route near, 8, 96.
* De Bow's Review, quoted, 6, 94–100.
* Defiance (Ohio): Indian council on present site of, 8, 179; Fort Defiance erected, 212.
* "Defiance Fast Line Coaches," 10, 136.
* De Forest, William, quoted, 9, 127–129.
* Delawares: sketch of, 3, 59–62; with Braddock, 4, 98; loyal in Revolution, 6, 160; in Pontiac's Rebellion, 5, 174.
* Demming, guide in Forbes's army, 5, 94, 99.
* Denny, Maj. Ebenezer: aide-de-camp to St. Clair, 8, 134; Narrative, quoted, 134 et seq.
* Denton, Thomas, 6, 118.
* De Quindre, Lieutenant, in Hamilton's army, 7, 171.
* De Soto (Illinois), Clark's route near, 8, 30.
* Detroit: founded, 3, 54; Pontiac attacks, 5, 171–172; Americans plan to capture, 6, 163–164; strategic commercial position of, in Washington's plan, 13, 39–50.
* Devol, Captain, builds ships on Muskingum River, 9, 135.
* De Witt, Moses, 14, 26. ​
* De Witt, Simeon: 14, 40; accords Morris honor of originating Erie Canal idea, 45, 52, 58, 150.
* Dexter, George, editor of Journal of Thomas Wallcutt in 1790, 12, 43–63.
* Dickens, Charles, American Notes, quoted, 12, 164–196.
* Dillahunty, Lieut. John N., locates Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, 109, 110.
* Dillon, History of Indiana, cited, 8, 89, 157.
* Dinwiddie, Governor: attempts to stop French advance, 3, 85–119; letter to St. Pierre, 108–112; instructions to Washington (1754), 121–122; instructions to Col. Joshua Fry, 123–125; proclamation granting bounty lands, 126; promises to Braddock unfulfilled, 4, 66.
* Dividing Ridge, philosophy of the, 12, 197–198.
* Documentary History of New York, cited, 2, 78.
* Dodge, Colonel, 1, 108.
* Dodge, Hon. Martin: Director Office Public Road Inquiries, 15, 58; describes Brownlow Bill, 61–63; Government Coöperation in Object-lesson Road Work, 67–80.
* Dodge, William E., Old New York, cited, 7, 40.
* Doehurty's Station, 6, 126.
* Doersh's, 12, 61.
* Dogs, of great use to pioneers, 6, 60. ​
* Donaldson, William, 12, 31.
* Donnelly, Terence, 12, 150.
* Dorsey, Green, 6, 202.
* Dougherty, John, of Reliance Transportation Line, 13, 206.
* Doughty, Maj. John, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 88.
* Douglas, History of Wayne County, Ohio, cited, 2, 107.
* Douglass's, 4, 195.
* Dowden's, 4, 76, 85.
* Downer's, 10, 160.
* Dox, Colonel, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139.
* "Dragging Canoe," Indians at the battle of Long Island Flats commanded by, 6, 150.
* Drake, Dr. Daniel, quoted, 8, 91.
* Drake, Philip, 6, 107, 113.
* Drake's, 10, 161.
* Drake, Thomas M., 10, 207.
* Draper, Lyman C.: work referred to, 7, 193; Draper Mss. cited, 8, 24, et seq.; on Clark's crossing-place of the Little Wabash, 52–53; 225–230.
* Draper's Meadows, 6, 30.
* Driver, Dickens describes eccentric negro, 12, 166–171.
* Driving, styles of stage coach, 10, 181.
* Dudgeon, Captain, in Forbes's campaign, 5, 146. ​
* Duels, common in Wayne's army, 8, 186.
* Duer (contractor), shortsightedness of, 8, 121.
* Duer, Col. William, leader in Scioto Company, 9, 62, 69.
* Dugan, John S., 10, 162.
* Dunbar, Col. Thomas, ordered to America, 4, 38; resentment of, at Little Crossings, 111; camp on Laurel Hill, 131; defended, 132.
* Dunkan's John, on Wilderness Road, 6, 110.
* Dunkard's Bottom, settled by Dr. Thomas Eckarly, 12, 26.
* Dunmore's War: whites responsible for, 6, 84; sketched, 84–88; Lord Dunmore's campaign in, 85–87; General Lewis's battle at Point Pleasant, 86–87; result of, 9, 49.
* Dunn, History of Indiana, 7, 66; 9, 46.
* Dunnings, Forbes's guide, 5, 110.
* Dupriest's, 6, 124.
* Duquesne, Governor, boast of, 4, 115.
* Durham boats, in Wisconsin, 7, 186.
* Durning, S., accompanies Samuel Henderson, 6, 103.
* "Dutch," Baily describes low Pennsylvania, 11, 130–132.
* Dutton, Lieut. G., 10, 83.
* Du Vernet, Lieutenant, 7, 171–175. ​
* Dwight, President Timothy, journal quoted, 12, 150–158.
* Dysart, Major, mill of, 6, 124.
* EAGLE Coach line, 10, 135.
* Earle, Alice Morse, quoted 2, 75–76.
* Early History of Western Pennsylvania, cited, 9, 38.
* Earth and macadam roads, view of, 15, 168.
* Easton (Pennsylvania), treaty at, 5, 147.
* Eaton, General, under Wayne, 8, 176.
* Eaton (Ohio): St. Clair's route near, 8, 132; Fort St. Clair erected near, 169.
* Eaton's Station, attack on, 6, 150.
* Eddy, Thomas, efforts for Erie Canal, 14, 51, 52, 58, 60, 150.
* Edes, Journal and Letters of Col. John May of Boston, cited, 5, 197.
* Edmund's Swamp, 5, 20, 23, 110.
* Edwards, Colonel, 6, 122.
* Edwards, James, 6, 199.
* Egg Nogg Hill, 10, 160.
* Egle, History of Pennsylvania, cited, 5, 187. ​
* "Eight Million Dollar Bill," Maryland passes, 13, 122.
* Eldridge, Hon. M. O.: assistant director Office of Public Road Inquiries, 15, 58; on good roads for farmers, 81–169.
* Elgar, John, assists in inventing cast-iron wheels, 13, 131.
* Eliot, President C. W., on Washington, 3, 25.
* Elk Garden, 6, 109.
* Elkhorn Prairie, Clark's route in, 8, 45.
* Elliott, Capt. Matthew, United States Commissioners quartered with, 8, 189.
* Elliott, Col. Robert, murdered, 8, 194.
* Elliott, Isaac, farm on St. Louis Trace Road, 8, 68.
* Emerson, John, denies Harmar's right to uproot early settlements northwest of Ohio River, 9, 58.
* Emerson, Ralph Waldo, Society and Solitude, quoted on the evolution of roads, 10, 165.
* Endsley's, 10, 160.
* England: explorers do not rank with the French, 6, 45; packhorse trails in, 11, 30–31.
* English, William H., Conquest of the Northwest, cited, 8, 32, et seq.
* English's Ferry, 6, 124.
* Enock's, Henry, 4, 76, 88. ​
* Entick: History of the Late War, cited, 4, 33 et seq.; tribute to Forbes, 5, 160.
* Erie County (Pennsylvania), Sanford's History of, cited, 2, 110.
* Erie (Pennsylvania), see Fort Presque Isle.
* Etting, Solomon, Baltimore and Ohio director, 13, 110.
* Evans, Estwick, A Pedestrious Tour, cited, 11, 34.
* Evans and Stivers, History of Adams County, Ohio, cited, 11, 160.
* Evans, History of Scioto County and Pioneer Record of Southern Ohio, map in, cited, 8, 74.
* Evens, John, 4, 76, 87.
* Everett, Edward: on character of Washington, 3, 21–22; eulogy of Colonel Washington, 5, 41; on Cumberland Road, 10, 185.
* Everts, Atlas of Butler County, Ohio, cited, 8, 195.
* Ewing, Baker, 6, 199.
* Extracts of Letters from an officer in one of those Regiments to his friend in London, quoted, 4, 136–165.
* FACTIONS, intercolonial, regarding Forbes's route, 5, 102.
* Facts and Arguments in favor of adopting railways in preference to canals in the State of Pennsylvania, cited, 13, 179–181.
* Fahnstock's, 12, 62.
* Fairfax, Lord, humorous letter to Washington, 5, 42.
* Fairmount (West Virginia), Baltimore and Ohio Railway reaches, 13, 134.
* Fallen Timber: common name in West, 8, 182, 214; Wayne wins battle of, 214–216.
* Falling Springs (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania), 11, 128.
* Farmers: small per cent of government expenditures directly benefits, 15, 21, 25–28; heavily taxed for visible property, 28–29; accused of short-sightedness, 48; good roads for, 81–169.
* Farrier, John, 6, 103, 104.
* Farrington (Illinois): Clark's camp near, 8, 47; early name of, 47.
* Farriss's, 6, 131. ​
* Faulkner, George M., first cabin in Kentucky on farm of, 6, 64.
* Faux, W., Memorable Days in America, cited, 5, 202.
* Fawcett, Benjamin, 12, 31.
* Fearnot Mill, St. Clair's camp near, 8, 132.
* "Federal Arms," exorbitant charges at, 11, 118.
* Federalist, The, cited, 15, 52, 58.
* Fenniken's, 10, 154.
* Fenwick, A., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
* Ferguson, Capt. William, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 88.
* Fergusson, guide in Forbes's army, 5, 110.
* Fessenden, Lieutenant, surveys Baltimore and Ohio route, 13, 109.
* Field's, 12, 47.
* Filson, John: itinerary to Kentucky, 6, 118–122; map of Kentucky by, 119.
* Fink, Mike, anecdotes of, 9, 166–171.
* Finley, Hugh, Journal, quoted, 7, 112–115.
* Finley, John, Kentucky explored by, 6, 79.
* First Explorations of Kentucky, 1, 111, et seq.; 6, 72–73.
* Fiske, John, New France and New England, correct account of Braddock's defeat, 4, 127. ​
* Fitzgerald, John, elected director of Potomac Company, 13, 56.
* Fitzhugh, William H., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
* Flag, first American, unfurled in battle at Fort Stanwix, 7, 59.
* Flatboat: history of, 9, 113–126; first to descend Ohio River, 123.
* Flatboating, Civil War changes, 9, 123.
* Flatboatmen, route of returning, 9, 125.
* Flat Prairie, Clark's route in, 8, 43.
* Fleming, Major-General, services in Erie Canal inauguration, 14, 149.
* Flemming, Colonel, 6, 86, 130.
* Fletcher, Calvin, describes pioneer roads, 11, 100–103.
* Flinn's Station, see Bellville, West Virginia.
* Florida Avenue, Washington, D. C., explanation of crookedness of, 11, 66.
* Flower Gap, 6, 55.
* Floyd, Col. John, on Kentucky's need of assistance (1782), 6, 183–185.
* Fonda, John, 14, 27.
* Fontaine, Maj. James, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 88, 105–106.
* Foos's, 10, 157. ​
* Foot's, 12, 56.
* Foote, E. T., 7, 154.
* Forbes, Gen. John: early life, 5, 73–74; appointment, 74; dimensions of army of, 75; proposes Conococheague for rendezvous, 76; little respect for Sir John St. Clair, 76; army compared with Wolfe's at Quebec, 76; advised by St. Clair against Conococheague, 76; St. Clair urges Raystown as rendezvous, 76; makes Raystown base of campaign of 1758, 77; letter to Bouquet, May 20, 78; intention to march by Braddock's Road, 79, 82; chain of forts across Alleghenies planned by, 79–80; letter to Pitt, on chain of forts, 80; Turpin's essay Sur la Guerre studied by, 80; handicapped by delay, 80; Highlanders under, 80; correspondence with Bouquet preserved, 81; fairness of, 82; letter to Denny, 83; Braddock's defeat a lesson to, 83; letter to Bouquet, advising care in deciding road question, 88–89; letter to Bouquet, accusing St. Clair of indecision and prejudice, 91–92, 95; letter to Bouquet, favoring Pennsylvania road, 93–94; factions attempt to influence, 94; letter to Bouquet, asking for conference of guides, 100; letter to Bouquet, accusing Virginians of partisanship, 102–107; St. Clair upbraided by, 105–106; Colonel Byrd, ridiculed ​by, 106; compares routes to Fort Duquesne, 107–108; decision as to road question referred to Colonel Bouquet, 108; letter to Abercrombie, concerning routes to Ohio, 108; letter to Bouquet, ordering the beginning of Old Glade Road, 116–117; favors opening two routes westward, 117; reasons for building Old Glade Road, 124–125; St. Clair accused of partiality and treachery by, 128–129; reasons for moving slowly, 131, 134, 147–148; an "unguarded" letter of Washington's criticised by, 135–136; Washington misjudges, 137; letter to Bouquet, on new road, 143; St. Clair criticised by, 146–147; letter to William Pitt (September 6), criticising Pennsylvanians, 148–149; illness of, 149–150; French deceived by, 149; soubriquet of, "The Head of Iron," 150; letter to Bouquet, on Grant's defeat, 151–152; letter to Bouquet (September 23), 152–154; Washington's loyalty questioned by, 153; questions Byrd's loyalty, 153; French attack, at Fort Ligonier, 154; rain disheartens, 154–155; urges exploration of Braddock's Road, 155–156; Abercrombie does not write to, 156; reaches Fort Ligonier, 156; hears of low condition of Fort Duquesne, 157; advances upon Fort Duquesne, 157–158; Fort Duquesne occupied by, 158; ​Bouquet's tribute to, 159; Parkman's estimate of victory of, 159; death, 159; eulogy on, 160–162; tribute of Entick to, 162.
* Forbes, Jonathan, 6, 199.
* Forbes, Morgan, 6, 199.
* Force, M. la, Half King's Indians scout for, 3, 138.
* Ford, William, 14, 181.
* Forman, Joshua, bill for making Erie Canal presented by, 14, 49.
* Formation, marching: Forbes, 5, 144; Harmar, 8, 96; St. Clair, 131.
* Forrest, B. S., toasts Clay at Chesapeake and Ohio Canal banquet (1823), 13, 74.
* Fort Recovery (Ohio): St. Clair's army reaches, 8, 146; battlefield near, described, 146–147; disposition of St. Clair's army, 147–148; St. Clair's defeat at, 152–156; Wayne's soldiers visit battleground at, 203; build Fort Recovery at, 204; Wayne's skirmish at, 205; Wayne's army passes, 206.
* Four Mile House, near Columbus, 10, 159.
* Fox, Arthur, 6, 198.
* Fox, Charles James, his opinion of Washington, 3, 21.
* Francis, Pres. David F., on good roads and increased land values, 15, 45–46. ​
* Frankford Town, 4, 195.
* Frankfort (Kentucky), early steamboat building at, 9, 138.
* Franklin, Benjamin: Braddock's dependence on, 4, 68; doubts Braddock's ability to capture Fort Duquesne, 119; advice to sleep with open window followed by pioneers, 12, 86; letter regarding S. Rhoads, on American canal building, 13, 25–26; 14, 207.
* Franklin House, 10, 159.
* Frazer (guide), in Forbes's army, 5, 100.
* Frazier, Washington visits, 3, 98.
* Frederick the Great: in Seven Years' War, 5, 67; opinion concerning Pitt, 70.
* Fredericksburg (Maryland), Francis Baily (1796) describes, 11, 121–122.
* Freeman: acts as spy, 8, 170; murdered, 171.
* Freeman, Journal, cited, 14, 165.
* Freighters: how built, 10, 129–130; great loads carried by, 131–132.
* Freight rate: on pack-horse routes, 11, 61; from Marietta, Ohio, to Philadelphia, 12, 54; Alexandria, Virginia, to Morgantown, Virginia, (1796), 66.
* French Creek, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 38, 45. ​
* French and Indian War: cause of, 3, 68–71; Virginia's first appropriation for, 126; early stages of, 4, 31–36; England's first appropriation for, 36; pretenses of peace which preceded, 116; continuation of war (1755–1758), 5, 35–64; colonies trained for Revolution in, 37–38, 43–44; Revolutionary generals received their training in, 43–44; campaigns of 1756, 66; Pitt's plan of campaign, 72–73; details in early campaign of 1758, 74–90; last campaign in the West, 77–158.
* French: familiarity with Indians, 3, 80–82; claim Ohio Valley, 101–102; colonial indifference to, 125.
* Friend, Charles, consulted by Washington (1784) as to western routes, 12, 23.
* Friend, John, 12, 23.
* Friend, Tim: 12, 49; reputation as hunter, 80.
* Froman, Jacob, 6, 198.
* Frontenac, 7, 34.
* Frontier forts and blockhouses in 1756, map of, 5, 51.
* Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania, cited, 2, 89.
* Frostburg (Maryland): early tavern at, 10, 159; mile-stone on Braddock's Road near, 11, 105.
* Frothingham, Lieutenant, 8, 106.
* Fry, Col. John, 14, 27. ​
* Fry, Col. Joshua: Dinwiddie's instructions to (1754), 3, 123–125; death of, 152; Dr. Walker at home of, 6, 50, 52.
* Fulton, Robert, on Erie Canal committee, 14, 56, 150.
* Fulton and Livingston, build steamboats on Ohio River, 9, 137.
* Fulton House, 10, 158, 160.
* GAFFE, Col. John, commands New Hampshire troops, 7, 120.
* Gage, Lieutenant Colonel: advances from Little Crossings, 4, 111; in Braddock's defeat, 124, 125, 126, 127.
* Gaither, Major, in St. Clair's defeat, 8, 147.
* Galinée, made first map of the upper lakes, 7, 33.
* Gallatin, Albert, Pennsylvania home mentioned, 12, 86.
* Galley boats on Ohio, 9, 129–131.
* Gall's, 10, 160.
* Gambling on Ohio River, 9, 182–187.
* Gamelin, Anthony: sent to sound Northwestern Indians, 8, 82; report of, 82–83. ​
* Gano, Capt. John S., builds Fort St. Clair, 8, 169.
* Ganong, Dr. William F., A Monograph of Historic Sites in the Province of New Brunswick, quoted, 7, 94–109.
* Gansen's, 12, 137.
* Garneau, M., cited, 3, 82.
* Garnet's Mill, William Brown at, 4, 194.
* Garret, guide in Forbes's army, 5, 100.
* Gates, General: in Braddock's campaign, 4, 86; appointed on Virginia committee concerning Potomac improvement, 13, 50.
* Geddes, James: estimates cost of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 88; esteems Morris as originator of Erie Canal idea, 14, 46, 51, 53, 55–56, 109, 115, 149, 180; honored at inauguration of Erie Canal, 149.
* Gelston, G., 12, 145.
* "Gen. Andrew Jackson," 10, 158.
* Genesee Messenger, articles by Jesse Hawley in, 14, 48.
* Genesee Street, origin of name, 12, 100.
* Gentleman's Magazine, quoted, on treachery of sending Braddock to Virginia instead of to Pennsylvania, 4, 56.
* George, Capt. (Indian), 1, 59. ​
* George, King, speech at the opening of Parliament, 1754, 4, 35.
* Georgetown (D. C.): Baily describes, 11, 117; prophesies (1796) that Washington will absorb, 117.
* German Flats (New York), 12, 122.
* Gerrard: acts as spy for Wayne, 8, 170; murdered, 171.
* Gethrop, Thomas, 12, 31.
* Gibault, Vincennes won over to Clark by, 8, 32.
* Gibson, Colonel, in St. Clair's defeat, 8, 151–152.
* Gibson's, 10, 156.
* Gilbert's, 10, 164.
* Gillespie, on grade of roads, 15, 96.
* Gillis, David, 6, 202.
* Gilpin, George, elected director Potomac Company, 13, 56.
* Gilpin, Joshua, 14, 93.
* Girty, Simon: in Revolution, 6, 160, 173–174; at McKee's house during convention at Roche de Bout, 8, 191.
* Gist, Christopher: Journal, cited, 2, 98, 108; guides Washington over Nemacolin's Path, 3, 96; in Fort Necessity campaign, 138; French ruin house of, 140; in Braddock's campaign, 4, 114; Old ​Trading Path followed by, 5, 17–19; Ohio Company engages, 6, 70; instructions of Ohio Company to, 70–72; sketch of, 72–73; West explored by, 73–76; secures mammoth bones, 74; route in Kentucky, 75–76; comparative success of explorations of, 76.
* Gist, General, Washington's opinion of, 8, 173.
* Givens, Lieut. W., 6, 129.
* Glades (Allegheny), described, 12, 79–80.
* Gladwin, Major, Detroit defended by, 5, 171.
* Gleaver's, 10, 161.
* "Globe," 10, 163.
* Globe Inn, 10, 155.
* "Golden Lamb," 10, 163.
* "Golden Swan," 10, 158.
* "Good Intent Coach Line," 10, 135.
* "Good Roads for Farmers," by Hon. M. O. Eldridge, 15, 81–161.
* Gordon, Captain, 5, 96.
* Gordon, Capt. John, 6, 129.
* Gordon, Harry: author of Morris Journal, 4, 80; begins Braddock's Road, 99; map of Ohio River, 9, 48.
* Gordon, denies Proctor transportation to Maumee, 8, 112.
* Goreville (Illinois), Clark's route, 8, 27.
* Gorman, Senator A. P., president of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, 13, 163.
* Government Coöperation in Object-lesson Road Work, by Hon. Martin Dodge, quoted, 15, 67–80.
* Graded Way, Pike County, Ohio, 1, 88.
* Graham, History of Fairfield and Perry Counties, Ohio, cited, 11, 166. ​
* Grahame, Kenneth, The Golden Age, quoted, 10, 175.
* Grand Cote Prairie, Clark's route in, 8, 43.
* Grand Point, see Richview, Illinois.
* Grant, James, Forbes's messenger, 5, 93.
* Grant, John, 6, 200.
* Grant, defeated by Aubrey, 5, 151, 178.
* Grant's Hill, battle of, 5, 151, 178.
* Grantsville (Maryland), early taverns at, 10, 159.
* Gray, Joseph, 6, 198.
* Great Crossings (Smithfield, Pennsylvania), location of, 4, 186.
* Great Falls, Potomac Company canal completed around, 13, 62.
* Greathouse Crossing, Clark crosses Crab Orchard Creek at, 8, 29, 30.
* Great Meadows: location of, 4, 186; Sampey's Tavern at, 10, 160.
* Green, Andrew H., on Black Commission, 14, 197.
* Green, George E., on Roosevelt Erie Canal committee, 14, 198.
* Greenaway's, 6, 131.
* Green Bay, Michigan, 1, 49.
* Greene, Francis V., Roosevelt addresses Erie Canal letter to, 14, 197. ​
* Greene, Gen. Nathaniel, Fort Greenville named by Wayne in honor of, 8, 201.
* Greenfield's, 10, 160.
* Green's, 10, 156.
* "Green Tree," 10, 158, 162, 164.
* Greenville (Ohio): St. Clair's army reaches, 8, 142; desertions at, 143; Wayne's army at, 201–205.
* Green, Willis, 6, 199.
* Gregg's, 10, 155.
* "Griffin," La Salle builds, 7, 35.
* Groseilliers, discovers the Mississippi, 7, 182.
* Gross's, 12, 60.
* Groves's, 10, 156.
* Grundy, Samuel, 6, 199.
* Guion, Mr., surveys Baltimore and Ohio route, 13, 109.
* Gunboat on Ohio, 9, 129.
* Gwynn, Lieut. Walter, surveys Baltimore and Ohio route, 13, 109, 110.
* Gwyn's, on Braddock's road, 4, 195; 7, 78; 10, 32–34.
* HABLITZELL'S, 10, 159.
* Hagerstown (Maryland), described by Baily (1796), 11, 126.
* Haldeman's Mills, 4, 195.
* Half King: Washington's relations with, 3, 100–108; Joncaire's rebuke of, 101–102; letter of warning to Washington from, 134.
* Halket, Maj. Francis, Washington forecasts failure of Forbes to, 5, 112–113.
* Halket, Sir Peter: ordered to America, 4, 38; at Fort Cumberland, 90; departs from Fort Cumberland, 99; advances from Little Crossings, 111; death of, 130.
* Hall, Capt. Basil, on corduroy roads, 11, 72–73.
* Hall, Judge James, Legends of the West, quoted, 11, 175–201.
* Hall, Major, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 87, 105.
* Hall's, 12, 136.
* Halsey, Francis Whiting: The Old New York Frontier, quoted, 12, 143–163; The Pioneers of Unadilla Village, cited, 144. ​
* Halsey, Gains Leonard, M. D., Reminiscences of Village Life and of Panama and California from 1840 to 1850, cited, 12, 158.
* Haltz's, 10, 156.
* Hamilton, Lieut.-Gov. Henry: Vincennes recaptured by, 6, 164; Clark captures, 165–166; Vincennes campaign of, 7, 168–178; MS. Journal cited, 170–175.
* Hamilton, Lieut. John, chaplain in Braddock's army, 4, 94.
* Hamilton (Ohio), Wayne's road in, 8, 195.
* Hamilton's, 12, 62.
* Hammond, Political History of New York, cited, 14, 165, 166.
* Hamtramck, Major, letter to St. Clair, on situation in Northwest, 8, 83.
* Hancock (Maryland), condition of, in 1790, 12, 52.
* Hand, General, Washington's opinion of, 8, 173.
* Hanks, Abraham, emigrates to Kentucky, 6, 107, 109, 110, 111.
* Hanna's, 12, 153.
* Hannastown (Pennsylvania), 5, 186–188.
* Han's Meadow, 6, 124.
* Harbison's, 6, 122.
* Hardin, Col. John: in Harmar's campaign, 8, 88, 102–106; goes as messenger to Indians, 170; murdered, 171; scalp identified by May, 182. ​
* Hardy, Governor, 5, 65.
* Harlan, Maj. Silas, 6, 129.
* Harland's, 6, 122.
* Harmar, Gen. Josiah: contracts for supplies, 8, 85; asked to interest influential Kentuckians, 85; campaign of 1790, 86–107; route of, 89–100; testifies in St. Clair court martial, 126–127; demands court martial, 129; ordered to prevent early immigration to northern shore of the Ohio, 9, 55; reports uprooting settlements north of the Ohio, 59.
* Harmar Papers, cited, 9, 60.
* Harmon's Journal, quoted, 7, 188.
* Harness, John G., 12, 31.
* Harness, Joseph, 12, 89.
* Harper, Alexander, 12, 145.
* Harris, George H., Aboriginal Occupation of the Lower Genesee Country, 2, 78–85.
* Harris, John, describes Old Trading Path, 5, 23.
* Harris, Pittsburgh Business Directory for the year 1837, cited, 9, 107, 134.
* Harris's, 12, 131.
* Harris, Thomas G., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal contractor, 13, 158.
* Harris, Tour, cited, 9, 106, 127, 134; 12, 70. ​
* Harrison, E. G., Stone Roads in New Jersey, 15, 190–211.
* Harrison, Gov. Benjamin, Washington writes on internal improvements to, 3, 197–198, 201.
* Harrison, Mr., locates Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, 109.
* Harrison, William Henry: at erection of Fort St. Clair, 8, 169; under Wayne, 176; nominated for president, 14, 170–171, 175.
* Harrod, Capt. W., commanded a company in Clark's force, 8, 222.
* Harrodsburg (Kentucky), settlement of, 6, 80.
* Hart, David, 6, 91, 102, 113, 136.
* Hart, Erie Canal Commissioner, 14, 149.
* Hart, Nathaniel, 6, 200.
* Hartley's, 11, 137.
* Harvey's, 10, 156.
* Harvey's Point, on Kaskaskia Trace, 8, 67.
* Hastings's, 10, 160.
* Hathaway, Judge, address at breaking ground for Erie Canal at Rome (New York), 14, 116.
* Havre de Grace (Maryland), Baily describes, 11, 109–110.
* Hawkins, John, 6, 198.
* Hawley, Jesse: articles advocating Erie Canal, 14, ​48; influence in originating Erie Canal, 48–49; address at opening of Erie Canal, 139.
* Hawley, M. S., Origin of the Erie Canal, quoted, 14, 48, 110–112, 116, 119; cited, 51.
* Hay, Major, 7, 173.
* Hays, James, 6, 199.
* Hazen, Brigadier General, letter to General Irvine, 5, 189.
* Hazzard, Lieut. R. E., surveys Baltimore and Ohio route, 13, 109, 110.
* Headley, Usal, 10, 162.
* Heckewelder, John: Map of Northeastern Ohio, 1796, 2, 101; on derivation of name Ohio, 9, 17–19.
* Heighway, Mr.: early pioneer in Ohio, 11, 116; route in Ohio, 146–150.
* Helm, Captain: occupies Vincennes, 8, 32; captured by Hamilton, 33; Clark mentions, 222.
* Henderson, Col. Richard: ancestry, 6, 88–89; early life, 89–91; anecdote illustrating self-confidence, 89–91; Transylvania Company formed by, 91–92; Boone negotiates Watauga treaty for, 92; departs for Kentucky, 101–102; diary while going to Kentucky, 101–107; joins Calk's party, 111; crosses Cumberland Gap, 112, 115; letter to Joseph ​Martin, 133–134; Boone writes to, 143; Watauga purchase repudiated by Virginia and North Carolina, 144; Virginia and North Carolina reimburse, 144.
* Henderson, Major Pleasant, brother of Richard Henderson, 6, 88–89.
* Henderson, Nathaniel, brother of Richard Henderson, 6, 88.
* Henderson, Samuel, father of Richard Henderson, 6, 88, 102, 103, 104.
* Hening, Statutes at Large, cited, 13, 58, et seq.
* Hennepin, 7, 36.
* "Hercules," signature of Jesse Hawley, q. v.
* Herdman, William, farm on Wayne's Road, 8, 196.
* Herrin's Prairie (Illinois), St. Louis–Shawneetown Trace in, 8, 28.
* Hewett, D., American Traveller, 11, 56, 118.
* Hides, brought from Illinois to Pittsburg in 1796, 12, 87.
* Higginson, Henry, 12, 118.
* Highland Hall, 10, 159.
* Hildreth, Dr. S. P.: Pioneer History, cited, 1, 62; 2, 18, 109, 122; 9, 130; 12, 64; "Early Immigration," quoted, 5, 197; immigrants on Old Glade Road described by, 197–199. ​
* Hill, Gen. A. P., Dr. Walker an ancestor of, 6, 51.
* Hill's, 10, 155.
* Hillsborough, efforts to limit the boundaries of Virginia, 6, 20–23.
* Himberlin, Abraham, 6, 201.
* Hinch's Spring, 13, 68.
* Hind's House, 4, 194.
* Hinman, Colonel, exhibit at Erie Canal inaugural ball, 14, 150.
* Hinsdale, B. A., The Old Northwest, 7, 36, 73; 9, 68.
* Historical Account of the Rise, Progress and Present State of the Canal Navigation in Pennsylvania, quoted, 13, 30.
* History of Hamilton County, Ohio, quoted, 8, 91.
* Hite, Abraham, 6, 199; 12, 25.
* Hite, Isaac, 6, 199.
* "Hit or Miss," first boat to cross Alleghenies on Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 206.
* Hobbs, Joshua, 6, 198.
* "Hobson's Choice," Wayne's camp named, 8, 186.
* Hodgdon, Quartermaster: shortsightedness of, 8, 121, 127; hastening provision trains, 139–140.
* Hoffman, George, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
* Hogan, Richard, 6, 118. ​
* Hogg, Captain, 5, 32.
* Hogg, James, 6, 91.
* Holgate, Col. Jacob, Pennsylvania Canal commissioner, 13, 177.
* Holland, J. G., Bay Path, cited, 2, 75.
* Holland Purchase line, 12, 138.
* Holland, W. N., Life and Political Opinions of Van Buren, 14, 170.
* Holley, Myron, Erie Canal commissioner, 14, 149, 180.
* Hollidaysburg (Pennsylvania), Eastern terminus Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 198–199.
* Holmes, Andrew, 6, 200.
* Home, description of an interesting pioneer, 12, 79.
* Hood's, 6, 123.
* Hoolen's, 6, 123.
* Hoover, Gen. C., large load hauled by horses of, 10, 131.
* Hoover's, 10, 161.
* Hosmer's, 12, 137.
* Hotchkiss, Lemuel, 12, 150.
* Houseboatman, typical Ohio River, 9, 178–182.
* House, John, 12, 109.
* Howard, William, locates Baltimore and Ohio Railway line, 13, 109.
* Howell's Map, Baily cites, 11, 124. ​
* Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, cited, 2, 104, 107.
* Hudgins, Daniel, 6, 199.
* Hughes, James, 6, 200.
* Hughes, Philip, chaplain in Braddock's army, 4, 94.
* Hughs, John, 6, 50.
* Hulbert, A. B., Colonel Washington, 3, 11; Red Men's Roads, cited, 7, 162; The Old National Road, cited, 10, 12.
* Hulbert, Rochester (New York) committeeman on Erie Canal inaugural celebration, 14, 142.
* Hulme's Journal in W. Cobbett, A Year's Residence in the United States, cited, 11, 55.
* Humphreys, David, Washington writes on internal improvements to, 3, 195–196.
* Hunter, James, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal contractor, 13, 159.
* Hunter, Harris and Company, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal contractors, 13, 159.
* Hunter's, 10, 159.
* Hunting Ground: Pyankeshaw's, 2, 57; Ottawas, 60.
* Huntington, General, Washington's opinion of, 8, 173.
* Hunt, Menad, 12, 146.
* Hursey's, 10, 162. ​
* Hutchins, Thomas, map of Ohio and Pennsylvania based on map of, 2, 105; sketch of the Wabash, 8, 35.
* ILLINOIS: archæological map of, 1, 55; map of, showing George Rogers Clark's routes, 8, 21.
* Immigration to northern shore of Ohio: difficulty of restraining, 9, 53; forbidden, 55.
* Incline planes: on Morris Canal, 13, 193–194; on Allegheny Portage Railway, 193–205.
* "Indian Queen," 10, 158; 11, 127.
* Indiana, archæological map of, 1, 55.
* Indianapolis (Indiana): Cumberland Road at, 10, 81; taverns at, 164.
* Indians: dexterous in steering courses in forests, 2, 32, 33; hunting grounds, 45, 46; number in West in 1775, 3, 63; treatment by French and English compared, 80–84; English officer's description of, 4, 91–93; dance described, 153–156; French retain affection of, 5, 165; never occupied Old Southwest, 6, 26; British agents goad to war, 149–155; attempt neutral policy, 157–160. ​
* Indians, Mound-building: new conceptions of, 1, 37, et seq.; ancestors of later Indians, 38; distribution of mounds of, 43; population heavy where Indian population was heavy, 45; centers of population, 45; seats in Ohio, 46; interior location of mounds, 46–47; seats in Michigan, 49; located on small streams, 58; traveled by land, 60, 61; roads of, 90–92; migrations of, 95.
* Indian Point, Clark's encampment at, 8, 26.
* "Indian Side" of Ohio, significance of, 9, 50.
* "Indian Stones," beside trails, 2, 28.
* Indian War (1790–95): Indians' strategic position during, 8, 72–74; waged by same nations engaged in former wars, 80–81; renewed threats of in 1791, 109–113; United States attempts to avert, 112–114; St. Clair continues, 108–159; Wayne ends, 160–218.
* Influence of the Erie Canal upon the population along its course, by Julius Winden, 14, 152–177.
* Inglis Ferry, 6, 30.
* Ink's, 10, 160.
* Inland Lock Navigation Company, Reports of: cited, 14, 26; quoted, 27, 28–29, et seq.
* Innes, Judge, on Indian atrocities preceding Indian War, 8, 79, 83–84.
* Innis, Hon. Harry, 6, 201–202. ​
* Innis, Henry, 6, 197.
* Intemperance, Revolutionary generals given to, 8, 174.
* Interior, Report of Department of, cited, 1, 128–131.
* Interior, The, 3, 11.
* Internal Improvements: Washington inaugurates, 3, 189–215; on Ohio River, 9, 189–220; Cumberland Road built, 10, 18–57; constitutionality questioned, 57–60; Harriet Martineau's version of the pros and cons, 60–64; Zane's Trace opened by National Government, 11, 156–166; Maysville Road bill passed by Congress, 167–168; Jackson vetoes, 169–173; Washington inaugurates Potomac Company, 13, 33–64; National Government surveys route for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 77–78; takes stock in Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 112; refuses to subscribe stock in Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 113–114; proposal to aid Erie Canal by sale of western lands, 14, 58–59; see Good Roads.
* Inter-Ocean, Chicago, quoted, 1, 109.
* Iowa, roads heavier grade than mountain roads of Switzerland, 15, 88.
* Iroquois: dominion of, 3, 47–51; at Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 6, 22; chiefs visit Washington, 8, 165–166. ​
* Irvine, Gen. William: Washington addresses on internal improvements, 3, 200; Washington's private opinion of, 8, 173–174; on low social conditions in early days of Pittsburg, 9, 67; owns land in the West, 12, 77.
* Irwin, Thomas, account of Harmar's and St. Clair's campaigns, quoted, 8, 89, et seq.; 231–237.
* Israel's, 10, 156.
* Ithaca (Ohio), Wayne's Road near, 8, 196.
* JACK, Captain, Braddock ignores, 4, 113–114.
* Jackman, Richard, 6, 199.
* Jackson, Andrew, Maysville Road bill vetoed by, 11, 167–174.
* Jacob's, 12, 52.
* Jefferson, on internal improvements, 15, 56.
* Jenkins, Political History of New York, cited, 14, 166, 168, 169.
* Jesse, President Richard H., on good roads and consolidated school-houses, 15, 19.
* Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, cited, 2, 19, 27, 31, 33, 34, 35, 43, 46, 62; 9, 26, 31, 32, 35, 46. ​
* John Filson, 1, 126.
* Johnson, E. F., promoter of improved Erie Canal, 14, 190.
* Johnson, Guy: Map of the Country of the Six Nations, 2, 69; Sir William Johnson builds Pride's tavern for, 12, 119.
* Johnson–Hatfield House, 10, 160.
* Johnson, Joseph E., surveyor on Cumberland Road, 10, 77.
* Johnson, J. S., First Explorations of Kentucky, cited, 6, 48, et seq.
* Johnson, Mr., 14, 142.
* Johnson's, 10, 156.
* Johnson, Sir William: Virginia boundary extended by, 6, 22; Journal (1761), 7, 47; Pride's tavern built by, 12, 119; "first settlement" on the Mohawk, 14, 27.
* Johnson, Thomas, elected director of Potomac Company, 13, 55.
* Johnson, William, 12, 31.
* Johnstown (Pennsylvania), western terminus of Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 200.
* Joliet, explorer, 7, 33–34.
* Joncaire: Washington visits, 3, 104–108; Céloron's agent, 9, 28, 35, 37, 44.
* Jones, History of Juniata Valley, cited, 2, 17, 86–88. ​
* Jones, John, 6, 201.
* Jones, Talbot, Baltimore and Ohio director, 13, 110.
* Jones, Walter: committeeman to memorialize Congress for aid for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 74; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 74.
* Joplin's, Thomas, 6, 54.
* Jouett, John, 6, 198.
* Joy, Captain, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139.
* Juchereau, Fort Massac site of trading station of, 8, 16.
* Jumonville, Sieur de: advance from Fort Duquesne, 3, 140–142; Washington attacks, 142–150; view of ledge from which Washington fired upon, 145; claim concerning ambassadorship answered by Washington, 147–150; Washington tricked to acknowledge assassination of, 164.
* "June Bug Coach Line," 10, 125.
* Juniata Valley, Jones's History of, 2, 17, 86–88.
* KACKANAPAULINS, 5, 20, 23.
* Kaskaskia (Illinois), Clark occupies, 8, 31–32.
* Keel-boat: history of, Ohio River, 9, 107–113; crews, described, 161–172.
* Keen, Samuel G., 5, 202.
* Kelley, Hugh, on Black Commission, 14, 197.
* Kennedy, Lieut. John, killed at Battle of Blue Licks, 6, 129.
* Kennedy, Thomas, 6, 200.
* Kennedy, commissary sent by Clark to explore neighborhood of Vincennes, 8, 56.
* Kent, Chancellor, Erie Canal bill saved by vote of, 14, 110–112.
* Kent, Hon. Joseph, chairman of public meeting promoting Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 70.
* Kenton, William, 6, 202.
* Kent's, Mrs., 6, 130.
* Kentucky: first hunters in, 6, 31–32; debt of Virginia to, 41; derivation of name, 41–42; early stations in, 44; pure English blood in, 45–46; ​Gist explores, 74–76; early hunters in, 78–80; settlements of 1774 in, 80; Filson's map of, 119; raid of Bird into, 168–169; debt of Old Northwest to, 190; important part in western history, 190–193.
* Kentucky Gazette, cited, 6, 192.
* Kentucky Inn, 10, 160.
* Keppel, August, British American fleet commanded by, 4, 39.
* Kerr, Joseph, Cumberland Road commissioner, 10, 26.
* "Key of Keys," location near Washington, D. C., discussed, 4, 78.
* Keys's, 10, 160.
* Kickener Paulins, see Kackanapaulins.
* Kincaid, Capt. Joseph, 6, 129.
* King, Mr., trees at Braddock's grave planted by, 4, 211–212.
* King, Rufus, Ohio, cited, 9, 64.
* King, William, 6, 197.
* King's, 11, 142.
* Kingsford, W., History, Structure and Statistics of Plank Roads, cited, 11, 98, et seq.
* Kirtland, Rev. Samuel, urged to pacify Iroquois, 8, 163–164. ​
* Kittanning campaign, history of, 5, 60–62.
* Klein, Theodore B., The Canals of Pennsylvania and the System of Internal Improvements, cited, 13, 192.
* Knight, Jonathan: Cumberland Road in Ohio located by, 10, 77–78; on board of engineers, Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, 110; assists in inventing cast-iron wheels, 131.
* Knox, Col. James: Kentucky explored by, 6, 79–80; acts as commissioner of Wilderness Road, 201.
* Knox, David, 6, 198.
* Kortright, John, 12, 148.
* Kortright (New York), early days at, 12, 158.
* Kruder, "Arks" invented by, 9, 127.
* Krudener, Baron, rides in sail-car, 13, 128.
* LAFAYETTE Amphitheatre, Erie Canal inaugural ball held in, 14, 149–150.
* Laird's: 12, 126; genteel conditions at, 127.
* Lake Erie, early description of, 2, 61.
* Lambing, Catholic Historical Researches, cited, 9, 37. ​
* Lancaster (Pennsylvania): terminus of first United States macadamized road, 11, 74; Wallcutt in, (1790), 12, 60–61.
* Lancaster, Treaty of, 3, 84.
* "Landlord's Coach Line," 10, 125.
* Land Records of Allegheny County, Maryland, cited, 5, 33.
* Lane, George S., 12, 30.
* La Salle: explorations of, 7, 33–37; discovered Ohio, 9, 21.
* Latrobe, Benjamin H., describes sail-car "Æolus," 13, 127.
* Laurel-hanne, location of, 5, 18.
* Laurence, David, 12, 145.
* Lawless, Henry, in Dr. Walker's exploring party, 6, 50.
* Lawrence, Lieutenant Colonel, commander at Nova Scotia, 4, 49.
* Lawrence's, 11, 127.
* Leavett, Mr., in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 142.
* Lebanon (Ohio), Harmar's route near, 8, 91, 93.
* Le Caron, on the Ottawa route, 7, 31.
* Le Clercq, Établissement de la Foi, cited, 7, 106.
* Lee, Arthur: route on Old Glade Road, 5, 199; 9, 63. ​
* Lee, Henry, Washington writes on internal improvements to, 3, 196.
* Lee, John, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
* Lee, Richard Henry, Washington consults on Potomac improvement, 13, 54.
* Lee, Thomas Sim, elected director of Potomac Company, 13, 55.
* "Legion of the United States," proposed by Knox, 8, 162.
* Legionville, Wayne establishes, 8, 177.
* Lehman's, 10, 159.
* Lehu Town, 4, 195.
* Lemon, Washington's guide in the Alleghenies, 12, 22.
* Lenan (Illinois), Clark camps near, 8, 30.
* Letter Relating to the Ohio Defeat (1755), cited, 4, 58, et seq.
* Letters on Canals, by Schuyler and De Witt, cited, 14, 40.
* Lewis, Gen. Andrew, Shawanese campaign of, 6, 85–88; 9, 49.
* Lewis, Joseph, 6, 199.
* Lewis, Morgan, quoted, 14, 43–44.
* Lewis, Nicholas, 6, 198. ​
* Lewis, Samuel, Map of Virginia, cited, 12, 49.
* Lewis, Thomas, 6, 198.
* Lewis's, Widow, 4, 195.
* Lewis's, 14, 25.
* Lightall, Mr., 14, 26.
* Ligneris, Fort Duquesne commanded by, 5, 157.
* Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin: Washington's private opinion of, 8, 172–173; appointed to treat with Indians, 184.
* "Lion and the Eagle," 10, 163.
* Literature, pioneer, 12, 58, 86, 155.
* Little Backbone Mountain, first American tunnel planned under, 13, 68.
* Little Crossings, Braddock at, 4, 110.
* Little Falls (New York): Bigelow describes (1805), 12, 121; old portage, 14, 18–19; early canal, 28–29; Erie Canal at, 132; view of Erie Canal at, 133; see Mohawk River.
* Little Meadows, Braddock at, 4, 185, 186.
* "Little Turtle": defeats Harmar, 8, 102–107; defeats St. Clair, 152–156.
* Lively Prairie, Clark's route in, 8, 43.
* Live, William, 6, 200.
* Livingston, John, 12, 148.
* Livingston, Robert, appointed on Erie Canal committee, 14, 56, 150; see Fulton. ​
* Load, heavy, drawn on plank road, 11, 99.
* Locher's, 12, 62.
* Lockhart, Josiah, 12, 30.
* Locomotives, experimental, 13, 127–129.
* Logan, Colonel, arrival in Kentucky, 6, 43–44, 201.
* Logan, Hugh, 6, 199.
* Logan, Indian chieftain, murder of relatives of, 6, 85.
* Logston, Joseph, 12, 24.
* Logston, Thomas, 12, 24.
* Loland, M., 6, 124.
* Lombard trees at Utica, New York, 12, 126.
* London Evening Post (1755), cited, 4, 59.
* London Public Advertiser, cited, 4, 127; 5, 38.
* "Long Hunters," Kentucky explored by, 6, 80.
* Longino, Hon. A. H., on good roads movement, 15, 78–80.
* Long Island Flats, battle of, 6, 149–151.
* Long, Lieut. Col. Stephen H.: locates Baltimore and Ohio Railway line, 13, 109, 110; surveys route for Allegheny Portage Railway, 197.
* Long Prairie, Vincennes Trace in, 8, 52.
* Long's Ordinary, 6, 123.
* Loramie's Store: strategic position of, 7, 162–164; George Rogers Clark raids, 8, 76; Harmar's army at, 99. ​
* Lorman, William, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
* Losantiville, see Fort Washington.
* Lossing, Empire State, cited, 14, 173.
* Loudoun, Lord: Montcalm outwits, 5, 68; writes Denny on early condition of Old Glade Road, 78.
* Loudoun (Pennsylvania), packhorse rendezvous at, 5, 58.
* Louisbourg, Amherst attacks, 5, 73.
* Lowdermilk, History of Cumberland, cited, 3, 173–188.
* "Lower Prairie," Clark's route from, 8, 58.
* Lowry, guide in Forbes's army, 5, 100.
* Loyalhanna, Bouquet decides route of Old Glade road to, 5, 110.
* Loyal Hanny, see Loyalhanna.
* Loyal Land Company of London: Dr. Walker represents, 6, 49; legal improvement made by, 64.
* Ludlow, Israel, St. Clair upbraids, 8, 135.
* Ludlow's Station, St. Clair's army encamped at, 8, 129.
* Luke's, 12, 139.
* Luttrell, John, Kentucky pioneer, 6, 91, 102, 103, 104.
* Lutz's, 12, 55.
* Lyles, William, and Company, furnish liquor to Potomac Company workmen, 13, 60. ​
* McAFEE, James, met by Henderson returning from Kentucky, 6, 106.
* McArthur, Duncan, 9, 69.
* Macauley, Patrick, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
* McAuley, Rev. Mr., 12, 158.
* Macbean, Colonel, Morris Journal owned by, 4, 79.
* McBride, Capt. W., 6, 129.
* McCartin's, 12, 78.
* McCauley's, settlement on Little Wabash, 8, 52.
* McClellan's, 10, 158.
* McClung, Joseph, Harmar's army camps on farm of, 8, 92.
* McCormack's, 10, 155.
* McCracken's, 12, 53, 139.
* M'Croskey, Doctor, in St. Clair's army, 8, 151.
* McCullough's Gazetteer, quoted, 9, 149.
* McDonald's, 10, 161.
* M'Dowell, John, opens subscription books for Old Northwestern Turnpike, 12, 31.
* McDowell, Samuel, 6, 200. ​
* McDowell, William, 6, 197.
* McDowell's Mill (Pennsylvania), strategic position of, 5, 46; 11, 129.
* McFarlain, etiquette in blockhouse tavern of, 12, 84–86.
* McFarren's, 12, 52.
* McGary, Col. Hugh, emigrates to Kentucky with Daniel Boone, 6, 118.
* McGaw's, Widow, 5, 85.
* McIntire, John: tavern, 10, 156; assists Zane in marking Zane's Trace, 11, 158.
* McIntosh, General, Washington's opinion of, 8, 173.
* McIntyre, A., comptroller of New York, 14, 184.
* McKay, Captain, 3, 131–132.
* McKee, Col. Alexander: turns renegade, 6, 160; influences Indians at Roche de Bout convention, 8, 191.
* M'Kim, Isaac, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
* McKinney, John, 6, 198.
* McKinney's, 10, 161.
* McLean, John, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
* MacLean, John, Mound Builders, cited, 1, 65, 92.
* M'Machen, Samuel, 12, 31. ​
* McMahon, John, early mill near Old Portage Road, 7, 154.
* McMahon's, 10, 160.
* McMaster, Professor John B., History of the People of the United States: quoted, 5, 193–194; 12, 147, 165; cited, 14, 165.
* "McMillin's Spring," Harmar's route near, 8, 91.
* M'Mullen, Major, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 87, 105.
* McMurran, Widow, view of Tavern of, 11, 134.
* McMurtrey, Captain, 8, 106.
* M'Murtrie, Sketches of Louisville, 1, 116.
* McMurtry, Ensign John, 6, 129.
* "McNair and Company's Mail Coach Line," 10, 137.
* M'Neil, Daniel, 12, 31.
* McNeill, Capt. William G., outlines route of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 78, 109, 110.
* Mabey's, John, 14, 26.
* "Mad Anthony Street," Cincinnati, 8, 129, 195.
* Madison (Pennsylvania), Braddock's Road near, 4, 188.
* Madison, President James, Erie Canal encouraged in message of, 14, 57–58.
* Magazine of American History, cited, 8, 174; 9, 26, 41. ​
* Magazine of Western History, cited, 7, 183.
* Mail boats, first Ohio River, 9, 130.
* Mail coaches, on Cumberland Road, 10, 142–151.
* Mail, hauled in crates through Indiana mud to Chicago, 11, 103.
* "Mail Pilot Coach Line," 10, 135.
* Mail service: efficiency between New England and Ohio Valley (1796), 12, 65, 66; schedules on Cumberland Road, 10, 144–148.
* Manlius (New York), in 1805, 12, 129.
* Manning's Mill, Harmar crosses Miami near, 8, 98.
* Margry, Découvertes des français dans L'Amérique Septentrionale, quoted, 7, 167.
* Marietta, Ohio, founded by Ohio Company, 9, 64.
* Marin, expedition of, 7, 156–160.
* Marquette, reaches the Mississippi, 7, 34–35.
* Marshall, O. H., "Céloron's Expedition," cited, 9, 26, 41.
* Marshall's Shoals, Clark crosses Big Muddy River at, 8, 29.
* Marshall's, 10, 157, 160.
* Martin, Capt. Joseph, 6, 102, 103, 111, 124, 131, 132–137; letters of Henderson to, 133–134, 137–139.
* Martin, Solomon, 12, 146, 148. ​
* Martineau, Harriet: quoted on internal improvements, 10, 61–64; on corduroy roads, 11, 69–70.
* Maryland Archives, cited, 4, 76.
* Maryland, Atlas of, cited, 12, 23.
* Mason, John: Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74; committeeman to memorialize Congress in behalf of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 74.
* Massac Creek, Clark's men land at mouth of, 8, 17–19.
* Massachusetts, opening early road in, 11, 34–35; Bay Path in, see Bay Path.
* Massie, Life of Nathaniel, cited, 6, 182; 9, 69.
* Matrimony, President Winston on poor roads and, 15, 24.
* Matthews, General, 14, 142.
* Maumee City (Ohio), first settlement of whites in Ohio at, 7, 65.
* May, Col. John, Journal, 5, 197.
* May, William: acts as spy, 8, 170; experiences of, 182–183; put to death, 213.
* Mayer, Charles F., effects compromise between Baltimore and Ohio Railway and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 116.
* May's Lick, 6, 179.
* Maysville (Illinois), near present Clay City, 8, 53. ​
* Maysville (Kentucky), 9, 70, 89, 128; 11, 156–157.
* Meadow-in-the-Hole, see Oakdale, Illinois.
* Meason's, Col. Isaac, 10, 35.
* Mellar, William, 6, 133.
* Memorial of the Citizens of Cincinnati to Congress, quoted, 9, 144, 204.
* Mentgetz, Colonel, testifies in St. Clair court martial, 8, 126.
* Menzons, Jonas, convention for new state north of the Ohio called for at house of, 9, 58.
* Mercer, C. F.: toast at Chesapeake and Ohio Canal banquet, 13, 73; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 74; oration at inauguration of canal, 104–105; said to have blocked a government appropriation for Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 114.
* "Merino Lamb," 10, 162.
* Mermet, mission on site of Fort Massac, 8, 16.
* Metropolis (Illinois), site of Fort Massac, 8, 15.
* Miamis: ancient boundaries left undisturbed by Iroquois, 3, 47; ringleaders of last Indian confederacy, 8, 79.
* Michigan Pioneer Collections, cited, 7, 180, et seq.
* Military Tract, given by New York to Revolutionary veterans, 12, 129. ​
* Miller, Abraham, 12, 30.
* Miller, Christopher: captured from Indians, 8, 202; comes with message to Wayne from White Eyes, 212.
* Mills, Captain, 12, 43.
* Miner's, 4, 77.
* Missouri: need of good roads, 15, 19; David R. Francis on value of good roads to, 45–46.
* Moccasin Gap (Illinois), 8, 19, 27.
* "Monks Mound," Dickens describes, 12, 194–195.
* Monongahela House, 10, 160.
* Monroe House, 10, 160.
* Monroe, President, Cumberland Road bill vetoed by, 10, 57–60.
* Montcalm and Wolfe, see Parkman.
* Montcalm: arrives in America, 5, 68; Fort William Henry conquered by, 69–70.
* Montgomery, Capt. John, commands company in Clark's Illinois campaign, 8, 221.
* Montgomery, Thomas, 6, 199.
* Montgomery, William, Jr., 6, 197.
* Montgomery, William, Sr., 6, 199.
* Montour's, 5, 19.
* Moody, Mr., 12, 43.
* Moore's, 10, 156; 12, 57. ​
* Moore, Sir Henry, suggests Mohawk River improvement, 14, 19.
* Moore, Thomas, Cumberland Road commissioner, 10, 26.
* Moore, Thomas, verses on Virginia roads, 11, 70–71.
* Mohawk Valley: Indian names of points in, 7, 136–138; Bigelow on morality of (1805), 12, 125.
* Moran House, 10, 158.
* Morgan, Gen. Daniel: Washington's private opinion of, 8, 174; consulted by Washington (1784) as to westward routes, 12, 17.
* Morgan County, Ohio, History of, cited, 2, 109.
* Morgantown (West Virginia), in 1796, described, 12, 71–72.
* Morris, Col. Staats Long, journeys on Catskill turnpike, 12, 144.
* Morris, David H., Narrative, quoted, 8, 89, et seq.
* Morris, Gen. Jacob, letter to Governor Clinton, 12, 145.
* Morris, Gouverneur: Erie Canal proposed by, 14, 43–45, 52, 150; Life of, by Sparks, cited, 44.
* Morris, Governor R., Road for Braddock opened by, 5, 25–34.
* Morris, John B., Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
* Morris, Rev. Francis-Orpen, editor of Morris ​Journal, 4, 79.
* Morris, Robert, president of the "Society for promoting the improvement of roads and inland navigation," 13, 28.
* Morris Journal: editions of, compared, 4, 80–83; quoted, 83–107.
* Morris Map of 1749, cited, 7, 55.
* Morrow, Josiah: an authority on Harmar's campaign, 8, 75; corrects Armstrong's Journal, 92, 94.
* Mosby, Robert, 6, 198.
* Moultrie, General, Washington's opinion of, 8, 173.
* Mountain Spring Tavern, 10, 159.
* Mountain Tavern, 4, 195.
* Mount Braddock: Washington expected to fortify, 3, 154; Braddock's Road near, 4, 187.
* Mount Erie (Illinois), Vincennes Trace near, 8, 50.
* Mount Pleasant (Pennsylvania), Braddock's Road near, 4, 188.
* Moylan, John, 6, 200.
* Murdering Town, attempt to assassinate Washington at, 3, 114.
* Murphy's, 11, 141.
* Murray, Charles Augustus: Travels in North America, quoted, 11, 56–59; description of western tour of, 12, 197–202. ​
* Murray, W. H. H.: quoted, 3, 40; 15, 23.
* Muter, George, 6, 200.
* Myer, Michael, 12, 100.
* Myers, Jacob, operates first mail boats on Ohio River, 9, 130.
* Myers, Widow, 5, 186.
* Mynderse, Colonel, 14, 48.
* NAMES, strange derivation of, in western history, 9, 19.
* Nashville (Illinois): Clark's route near, 8, 45; Prairie, 45.
* National Aid: Good Roads and, 15, 51–64; in road-building, Martin Dodge sketches history of, 67–70.
* National House, 10, 158.
* National Intelligencer, cited, 13, 74, et seq.
* "National Stage Coach Company," 10, 124.
* Navigator, quoted, 9, 73–99, 125, 136, 139.
* Naylor, William, 12, 31.
* Neal, James H., 12, 32.
* Neal's, 10, 164.
* Neil House, 10, 163. ​
* Neil, Moore and Company, coach line, 10, 135.
* Neill, Stephen, 12, 31.
* Nellis's, 14, 27.
* Nelms, Sandy Alexander, on St. Louis Trace Road, 8, 68–69.
* Nelson's, Widow, 4, 194.
* Nesbit, John Maxwell, aids Potomac improvements, 13, 59.
* Neville, Col. Joseph, Washington quotes, 13, 37.
* New Carlisle (Ohio), Harmar's camp near, 8, 96.
* Newcastle, Duke of: incapability, 4, 34–35; First Lord of the Treasury, 5, 70.
* New England Historical and Genealogical Register, cited, 2, 67, 74.
* New France, early French in, 3, 64–66.
* New Jersey: and State Aid, 15, 51; road improvement in, 165–166; Harrison on stone roads in, 190–211.
* New York: social life in 1796 described by Francis Baily, 11, 114–116; map of western (1809), 12, 123.
* Nicholas, George, 6, 197.
* Nicollet, 7, 32.
* Niles Register, quoted, 13, 71, et seq.
* Nixon's, 10, 164.
* Nolin, Carte du Canada, cited, 7, 50. ​
* Norris's, 10, 160.
* North, William, of early Erie Canal commission, 14, 52.
* North Bend (Indiana), founded, 9, 65.
* Northern Ohio Historical Society Publications, cited, 2, 99.
* Northwest Territory: defense shifted from colonies to United States, 8, 78; Arthur St. Clair inaugurated governor of, 9, 64.
* OAKDALE (Illinois), Clark's camp near, 8, 44–45
* Object-lesson roads, 15, 76–80.
* O'Callaghan, Documentary History of New York, cited, 2, 78.
* Office of Public Road Inquiries: Government establishes, 15, 58–61; laboratory established, 76.
* O'Hara, James, quartermaster to Wayne, 8, 194.
* Ohins (guide), 5, 100.
* Ohio, by Rufus King, cited, 9, 64.
* Ohio: archæological map of, 1, 52; first settlement of whites in, 7, 65; first turnpike in, 11, 104; cutting pioneer road in southwestern, 148–150; State aid in, 15, 51. ​
* Ohio Company: buildings erected at Wills Creek by, 3, 95; Christopher Gist engaged by, 6, 70; officers of, 69–70.
* Ohio Company of Associates: formed, 9, 60–61; interdependence of Ordinance of 1787 on, 61, 62; pioneers of, en route to Ohio, 63, 64.
* Ohio National Stage Company, 10, 125–126.
* Ohio State Archæological and Historical Quarterly, cited, 3, 11; 4, 89.
* Olden, J. G., Historical Sketches and Early Reminiscences of Hamilton County, Ohio, quoted, on Harmar's route from Fort Washington, 8, 89–90.
* Olden Time, The, cited, 1, 121; 2, 72; 9, 132.
* Oldham, Colonel, urges Slough to report to St. Clair, 8, 151.
* Old Northwest, debt to Kentucky, 6, 190.
* Old Portage Road, see H. C. Taylor.
* Old Southwest, sketch of Virginia's occupation of, 6, 23–47.
* "Old State Ford" (Illinois), see Welge Station.
* Old Town (Maryland), 12, 52.
* Oliver, Robert, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
* Olney (Illinois), Clark crosses Fox River near, 8, 55, 64.
* "Ombra Creek," see Embarras River. ​
* Oneida Lake, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 47.
* Oneida (New York), first cleared lands (1805) west of Utica, 12, 128, 135.
* Onondaga Hollow, early settlement of, 12, 128–129.
* Opie, H. L., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
* "Orange Tree," 10, 161.
* Orchards, cut down in General Sullivan's campaign, 12, 134–135.
* Ord, Captain, 4, 43.
* Ordinance of 1787: cited, 2, 54; 9, 51; interdependence of Ohio Company on, 62.
* Orendorff's rapid, 14, 28.
* Oriskany (New York), local names for, 12, 127.
* Orr, Alexander D., 6, 200.
* Osgood, Samuel, 9, 63.
* Ottawas: origin of name, 1, 47; Pontiac a chief of, 5, 168.
* Ouicatanon (Ouiatenon) Croghan at, in 1765, 2, 58.
* Overhill Cherokee towns, 2, 65.
* Overton, Capt. Clough, 6, 129.
* Owen's ordinary, 4, 76.
* Oyster-shell object-lesson road, view of, 15, 137. ​
* PACKHORSE days: 11, 26–28; loads carried by, 29.
* Page, Judge, 12, 162.
* Page, Professor L. W.: Office of Public Road Inquiries laboratory in charge of, 15, 58–61; on materials for macadam roads, 170–189.
* Paille Coupée, Céloron at, 9, 29–32.
* Paine, Edward, 12, 145.
* Painted Post (New York), General Pickering holds convention at, 8, 112.
* Painted Stone, village by name of, 2, 29.
* Palmer House, 10, 164.
* Parberry, James, 6, 200.
* Parish, Mr., 14, 45.
* Parker, Alexander, 6, 200.
* Parker, Hugh, erects buildings for Ohio Company at Wills Creek, 3, 95.
* Parker, Lieut. Robert, Journal of, in Pennsylvania Magazine, quoted, 11, 25.
* Parker's, 12, 25.
* Parkman, Francis, works, cited, 5, 71, 74, 151, 159; 9, 37. ​
* Partridge, Colonel, on Roosevelt Erie Canal committee, 14, 198.
* "Passed meeting," Quaker phrase used in connection with Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 73.
* Paterson's on Roanoke, 6, 121.
* Patterson, Captain: guide in Forbes's army, 5, 99; sent to explore Old Glade Road, 110.
* Patterson, Major, in St. Clair's defeat, 8, 147.
* Patterson, Robert, 6, 198.
* Patterson, William, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
* Pawling, Henry, 6, 197.
* Peach, Captain, 7, 106.
* Peachy, Major, Braddock's Road opened by (1758), 5, 96.
* Peacock, Engineer William, builds western section Erie Canal, 14, 106.
* Peden's, Colonel, 12, 60.
* Pendleton, P. C., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
* Pendleton's Ford, 4, 194.
* Pentland's Journal, 1, 61.
* Pennsylvania: and State Aid, 15, 51; suffering after Braddock's defeat, 5, 48.
* Pennsylvania Archives, cited, 2, 103, 110; 5, 22, 23. ​
* Pennsylvania Gazette, General Forbes eulogized by, 5, 160–162.
* Pennsylvania, History of Western, 1, 61.
* Pennsylvania House, 10, 159.
* Perrett, William, 6, 200.
* Peters, Richard, quoted, 5, 188.
* Petersburg (Maryland), early taverns at, 10, 159.
* Petty, William, 6, 2O2.
* Phelps Prairie, Clark's route in, 8, 24, 25, 27, 28.
* Philadelphia House, 10, 160.
* Philadelphia Press, cited, 11, 74.
* Philippe, Louis, anecdote of, 9, 171.
* "Phoenix Coach Line," 10, 135.
* Pickell, John, A New Chapter in the Early Life of Washington, 13, 51, et seq.
* Pickering, Gen. Timothy: holds convention at Painted Post, 8, 112; invites Indian chiefs to Washington, 164; on treaty commission, 184.
* Pierce, Capt. Joseph, tribute to Jacob Yoder, 9, 124.
* Pierpont, surveyor consulted by Washington (1784) as to Western routes, 12, 21.
* Pigman, Bene S., effects compromise between Baltimore and Ohio Railway and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 116.
* "Pig-track" surveys, 15, 87. ​
* Pike's, 10, 163.
* Pilot Knob (Kentucky), Blue Grass region seen by Gist from, 6, 75.
* Pinckney, General, Washington's opinion of, 8, 174.
* "Pioneer Coach Line," 10, 125.
* Pioneers: character of Kentucky, 5, 34–36; Roosevelt excuses brutality of, 36; types of, 36–38; kindness of, 56–57; rough life of, 9, 66; instance of unkindness of, 12, 66–69.
* Pirates on Ohio River, 9, 187–188.
* Piroque, see Canoe.
* Pitt, William: dismissed, 5, 69; recalled, 70; motto given to England by (1758), 72; letter (July 10) of Forbes to, 92–93.
* Pittsburg: Washington first notes strategic site of, 3, 99; early development, 205; early Indian village at, 5, 21; General Forbes names, 158; site not mentioned by Céloron, 9, 39; early conditions at, 67; early shipbuilding at, 134; Brighthelmstein compared with, 12, 87; Ballman's description of (1796), 87–88; see Fort Duquesne.
* Pittsburg Business Directory for the year 1837, cited, 9, 107.
* Plates, Céloron's leaden, 9, 27.
* Platt, General, efforts for Erie Canal, 14, 51, 60, 110–111. ​
* Plessis, Bishop, quoted, 7, 100–101.
* Plumer's, 10, 159.
* Pogue, William, emigrates to Kentucky, 6, 117.
* Point Pleasant (West Virginia), Battle of, 6, 86–87.
* "Point of Rocks," conflict between Baltimore and Ohio Railway and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal on right of way at, 13, 115–119.
* Pollan, Henry, 5, 84.
* Polls, George, 4, 76, 88.
* Pond, Capt. Peter, spy among northwestern Indians, 8, 164.
* Pond, Major, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 88.
* Pontiac: religious convictions of, 5, 168; arouses Indians, 169; conspiracy of, 170–182.
* Pope, Ensign, testimony of, 8, 126.
* PORTAGE PATHS—
* In General: buffalo traces at, 1, 139; classification of, 2, 53; 7, 23; missionaries traverse, 22; typical experiences of missionaries on, 25–31; explorer's use of, 21, 31–37; New France and Louisiana joined by, 37; meeting-places on, 37–42; circumstances determined routes of, 38–40; camping grounds on, 41–42; alternations of, 42–43; burying grounds near, 43; altars erected on, 43–44; difficulties of, ​43–46; as boundary lines, 48–49; suggestive names of, 49–50; military usage of, 51–72; hostile Indians lurked near, 54–57; Céloron's use of, 60–62; forests traversed by, 62; military importance of northwestern Ohio, 68–73; villages grow up on, 73–74; treaties made at forts on, 74; roadways built on, 75–80; routes of canals on, 80–82; 14, 19; ordinance of 1787 on, 7, 81; routes of railways on, 81–82; Dr. Wm. F. Ganong on New Brunswick, 94–105; still in use, 96; present-day appearance of, 96–98; naming of, 100–101; preservation of name, 101; early mail route on, 103; Albany to Quebec, itinerary (1720), 123–124, 125–133; boundary lines, 161; blazed trees on Kankakee–St. Joseph, 178; plea for marking historic sites on, 188–194.
* Names and Data:
** Black River–Ouelle, 7, 108.
** Chautauqua, 7, 91, 152–157; Céloron on, 9, 25.
** Chicago–Des Plaines, 7, 180–181.
** Conemaugh, 13, 171; landing called "Canoe-Place," 171.
** Connecticut–Lake Champlain, 7, 89, 119, 120.
** Connecticut–St. Francis, 7, 88, 118–119.
** Cuyahoga–Beaver, 13, 38. ​
** Cuyahoga–Tuscarawas, 7, 160–162; 13, 38, 42.
** Fox–Wisconsin, 7, 182–186.
** Grand, 7, 187–188.
** Grand River–Wagan, 7, 102–104.
** Hudson–Lake Champlain, 7, 89–90, 122–135.
** Hudson–Lake George, 7, 122–127.
** Hudson–Lake Ontario, 7, 90, 135–150.
** Hudson–Mohawk, 13, 47.
** Illinois–Lake Michigan, 7, 92.
** James–Greenbrier, 13, 44.
** Juniata–Conemaugh, see Conemaugh.
** Kankakee–St. Joseph, 7, 176–180.
** Kennebec–Chaudière: 7, 110–118; Prof. Smith describes Arnold's campaign to Quebec on, 115–118.
** Kennebec–St. Lawrence, 7, 88, 109–118.
** Lake Erie–Allegheny, 7, 91, 157–160.
** Lake Superior–Hudson Bay, 7, 93.
** Little Kanawha–Monongahela, 13, 41.
** Maumee–Wabash, 7, 164–175.
** Miami–Auglaize, 7, 162–164.
** Miami–Sandusky, 13, 39.
** Mississippi–Lake Michigan, 7, 93.
** Mohawk–Susquehanna, 7, 90.
** New England and Canada, 7, 94–121.
** New York, 7, 122–150. ​
** Niagara: 7, 60–61, 91, 153; 13, 47; canal planned on, 14, 19.
** North-West Branch–Rivière du Sud, 7, 108–109.
** Ohio River–Lake Erie, 7, 91–92, 160–175.
** Oneida: military history of, 7, 59; map of (1756), 142; 13, 47; see Rome (New York).
** Potomac–Cheat, 13, 37, 41, 43.
** Potomac–Youghiogheny: 13, 43; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal first planned across, 68.
** Presque Isle, Washington describes, 13, 38.
** St. Francis–Rivière du Loup, 7, 106–108.
** St. John Lake–Etchemin, 7, 109.
** St. Johns–St. Lawrence, 7, 86–87, 101–109.
** St. Joseph–Wabash, 7, 175.
** St. Lawrence–Lake Champlain, 7, 90, 127–133.
** Susquehanna–Mohawk, early railway projected on, 12, 162.
** Susquehanna–Toby's Creek, 13, 45.
** Temiscouta–Rivière du Loup, 7, 105–106.
** Touladi–Trois Pistoles, 7, 104–105.
** Wabash–Lake Erie, 7, 92.
** Wabash–Lake Michigan, 7, 92.
** Wabash–Maumee, La Salle's acquaintance with, 7, 167–168.
** Youghiogheny–Potomac, Casselman's route pro​posed for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 80.
* Porter, Peter B., on early Erie Canal committee, 14, 52, 150.
* Porter's, 4, 194.
* Posey, Gen. Thomas: MSS. cited, 8, 159, 177; appointed brigadier-general under Wayne, 175.
* Post, Frederick: Journal, cited, 2, 89, 110; route to the West in 1758, 89; Forbes relies on, 5, 147–148; French Indians alienated by, 157.
* Post roads, constitutionality of national appropriations for, 15, 55–57.
* Potomac Company: formation authorized by Virginia and Maryland, 13, 51–52; subscription books opened, 55; Washington elected president of, 55; Rumsey manager of, 56; improvements made by, 56–62; financial difficulties, 57–63; State commission reports adversely on, 63–64; merged with Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 77; Mohawk improvement influenced by, 14, 41.
* Potter, Colonel, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139.
* Potter, Isaac B.: quoted on side ditches, 15, 103–104; on under drainage, 106–107; on macadam roads, 142–147, 155.
* Powell, Ambrose, Kentucky explorer, 6, 50.
* Powell, A. H., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
* Powell's, 12, 132. ​
* Pownall, Thomas: Map of British Middle Colonies, quoted, 2, 33; cited, 71, 97, 108; Map of the Grand Pass from New York to Montreal, cited, 12, 113.
* Prairie: pioneers easily lost in Illinois, 8, 27–28, 65; description of a Kentucky, 11, 189–193; pronunciations of, 12, 186; Charles Dickens visits Lookinglass, 185–196.
* Preble County (Ohio), History of, cited, 8, 133, 199.
* Prentice, Jonathan, 12, 72.
* Pressey, Edward P., in New England Magazine, quoted, 10, 171.
* Price, William, 12, 31.
* Pride's tavern, in Amsterdam (New York), Sir William Johnson built, 12, 119.
* Prince, Captain, 12, 43.
* Proclamation of 1763, 6, 20, 30.
* Proctor, Col. Thomas, ambassador to Senecas, 8, 111.
* Proctor's, 5, 186.
* Pulley's Mill (Illinois), Clark camps near, 8, 27.
* Putnam, Gen. Rufus: begs Washington to aid Western settlements, 8, 113; treats with Wabash Indians, 166, 172, 178; Washington's private opinion of, 174; Ohio Company of Associates led ​by, 9, 61–63; Ohio River map by, 71; favors immigrants, 12, 93–94.
* Pyankeshaw's Hunting Ground, 2, 57.
* Pyatt's, Jacob, 5, 19.
* RACCOON Ford, 4, 194.
* Radisson, Mississippi discovered by, 7, 182.
* Rae (Ray), Forbes states that Raystown was founded by, 5, 92.
* Rafts of logs on Ohio, 9, 127–129.
* Ragan's, 11, 127.
* RAILROADS—
* In General: Influence of buffaloes on routes of, 1, 79; portage paths as routes of, 7, 81–82; headwaters of Susquehanna reached by, 12, 162; average American farm ten miles distant from, 15, 16; reached limit of growth in America, 16.
* Names and Data:
** Allegheny Portage: width of right of way for, 11, 42; significance of, 13, 194–196; Stevenson on, 196; Canvass White proposed, 196; Moncure Robinson plans, 196–197; board of ​engineers surveys route for, 197; act creating, 197–198; Sylvester Welch engineer of, 198; final surveys made, 199; William Bender Wilson's monograph on, cited, 199; description of, 199–204; view of First American Tunnel on, 201; second track laid, 204; description of road-bed, 205; first boat carried over, 206; superseded by Pennsylvania Railway, 215.
** Baltimore and Ohio: effected by Jackson's veto of Maysville Road bill, 11, 173–174; exigency which gave rise to, 13, 94–95; Thomas promotes, 95–98; obstructed by Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 100–102; inaugurated, 107–108; Charles Carroll lays foundation stone of, 108; contents of scroll placed within foundation-stone of, 108–110; bids advertised for, 111; stock rapidly subscribed for, 112–113; government aid refused, 113–114; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal refuses right of way, 115–116; compromise, 116–119; aided by "Eight Million Dollar Bill," 122; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal compelled to give right of way to, 123; early struggles, 124–126; horse cars used on, 126; sail-car tried, 127; horse-power engine tried, 129; first steam locomotive on, 129–131; his​tories of, 98, 114; offers prize for best locomotive, 132; completion of, 132–135; banquet at Wheeling on completion of, 134–135; History and Description of, quoted, 5, 203.
** Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern, parallels Vincennes Trace at Lawrenceville, Illinois, 8, 63.
** Erie: highway travel affected by, 12, 159; opening of, 162–163.
** Pennsylvania: Old Glade Road succeeded by, 5, 205; Lancaster Turnpike purchased by, 11, 92–94; incorporated, 13, 213; contracts let for, 213; completed across Alleghenies, 214; purchased Pennsylvania Canal, 215; abandons Allegheny Portage Railway, 215; abandons Pennsylvania Canal, 215.
** West Virginia Central, attempts to buy Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 164.
* Ramsay's, 12, 48.
* Ranck, History of Louisville, Kentucky, 1, 125.
* Randolph, Beverly, appointed to treat with Indians, 8, 184.
* Rankin's, 10, 160.
* Ransom's, 12, 141.
* Rate of fare, Baltimore to Philadelphia and New York (1796), 11, 112–114. ​
* Rattlesnakes: Bonnécamps describes, 9, 32–33; pioneers encounter, 12, 82–83.
* Rawles, Hardy, 6, 201.
* Raymond, Geo. H., promoter Erie barge canal, 14, 196.
* Ray's Hill, 5, 20.
* Raystown (Pennsylvania): fortified, 5, 20, 64; St. Clair advises Forbes to make rendezvous at, 76; see Rae.
* Record, Spencer, quotation from Diary, 6, 179–181.
* Red Jacket, at treaty on the Maumee, 8, 179.
* Reed, Joseph, 6, 200.
* Reeder, Mr., 12, 84.
* Reedy Creek, Dr. Walker on, 6, 60.
* Reedyun, John, 6, 2O2.
* Rees, Mr., 12, 132.
* Reizenstein, "The Economic History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad," cited, 13, 114, et seq.
* "Reliance Coach Line," 10, 138.
* Religion, and good roads, interdependence of, 15, 20, 34–35, 38–39.
* Renick, Felix, letter describing tour from Potomac to Marietta, Ohio (1798), 12, 88–94.
* Reside and Company, Coach Line, 10, 136.
* Review of the Military Operations in North America, cited, 4, 57, et seq. ​
* Revolution: the West at opening of, 6, 145–148; Kentucky in, 145–174.
* Reyburn's, 5, 186.
* Reynold's, 4, 195.
* Reynolds, 14, 142.
* Reynolds, Cornelius, 12, 31.
* Reynolds, Governor, description of Kaskaskia Trace, 8, 20.
* Reynolds, Reuben: acts as spy, 8, 170; experiences of, 182–183.
* Rhea, Narrative, cited, 2, 103.
* Rhoads, S., Benjamin Franklin writes on American canals to, 13, 25–26.
* Rhode's, 10, 160.
* Rhor, guide in Forbes's army, 5, 109.
* Rice, David, 6, 202.
* Richardson, Judge, as first contractor on Erie Canal breaks the ground at Rome, New York, 14, 116.
* Richardson: Messages and Papers of the Presidents, quoted, 10, 58–60; 11, 167–170.
* Richmond (Indiana), early taverns at, 10, 164.
* Richview (Illinois), Clark's route near, 8, 45.
* Rider, Arthur, vaneman, 10, 29.
* Ringland's, 10, 160.
* Rinker's, Gaspar, 4, 195.
* Ripley, T. M., 14, 12. ​
* Riquet, builder of Languedoc Canal, 13, 19.
* "Rising Sun," 10, 161.
* Rochester, Mr., 14, 142.
* RIVERS—
* In General: canalization of, by ancients, 13, 17–18; Spaniard's scruples against, 18; Pennsylvania forward in plans for canalization of, 30–32.
* Names and Data:
** Aboite, 7, 173.
** Allegheny: Cramer's description of, 9, 78–82; earliest improvement of navigation of, 13, 32; formerly called Ohio, see Ohio River.
** Rivière Blanche, 9, 45.
** Cache, Clark on, 8, 19, 26–27.
** Catawba, derivation of name of, 6, 42.
** Cheat, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 40, 43, 44.
** Conemaugh: early improvement of navigation of, 13, 32; route on, 171.
** Cumberland, Dr. Walker crossed, 6, 63.
** Cuyahoga, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 38, 42, 43.
** Delaware, early navigation improvement of, 13, 30, 32.
** Dick's, early settlement on, 6, 80.
** Eel: 2, 58; error in name of, 7, 174. ​
** Elk, improvement of, 15, 54.
** Embarras: Clark reaches, 8, 55–56; called "Ombra," 66.
** Great Kanawha: Céloron at mouth of, 9, 44; in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 41, 43, 44, 45.
** Greenbrier, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 40, 44.
** Hudson, strategic geographical position of, 14, 69–72.
** Jackson's, see James.
** James, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 44, 45.
** Juniata: view showing four routes to the West, 13, frontispiece; early route on, 171.
** Kentucky: derivation of name of, 6, 42; early improvement of, 9, 213.
** Kiskiminitas, trail along, 5, 23.
** Lehigh, early plan for improvement of, 13, 32.
** Licking, early voyage up, 6, 179–180.
** Little Kanawha, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 40, 41, 43, 44.
** Little Wabash: discussion as to George Rogers Clark's crossing-place on, 8, 51–53, 225–230; Clark's men crossing, 51–55.
** Miame (Maumee): navigation of, 2, 59. ​
** Miami: Hamilton's expedition up, 7, 169–170; Fish-pot Ford on, 8, 94; Céloron on, 9, 46–47.
** Mississippi: Joliet reaches, 7, 34; significance of route of discoverer of, 37; Radisson and Groseilliers discover, 182.
** Mohawk: effect of water of on rocks at Little Falls, 12, 120–121; Little Falls described, 120–121; early navigation of, 120, 122–123; in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 47; overland routes up, 14, 15–16; primeval condition, 18–19, 27–28; early improvements of, 20–21; Western Inland Lock Navigation Company on, 22–42; canal at Little Falls of, 28–29; canal at Rome, 29–30; objections to improvement of, 40; influence of Potomac Company on improvement of, 41.
** Monongahela: Braddock's Road near, 4, 189; and Youghiogheny, map of, 5, 29; Céloron's failure to mention, 9, 39–40; Cramer's description of, 74–77; in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 40–50; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal planned along, 85; Baltimore and Ohio Railway reaches Fairmount on, 134.
** Muskingum: devoid of Indian villages in lower portions, 2, 62; Céloron at mouth of, 9, 43; ​early shipbuilding on, 135; in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 38–43.
** New: road to, 6, 55; Walker traverses, 55.
** Ohio: difficult early navigation of, 1, 62; French occupation of, 3, 63–84; Céloron on, 71–73; Captain Trent commissioned to build a fort on, 115; French troops on (1755), 4, 116–117; Virginia secures all land south of, 6, 23; Wilderness road compared with, 80–81; territory south of secured by Dunmore's War, 87; first gunboat on, 171; difficulty of early travel on, 179–181; area drained by, 9, 15; position explains importance in pioneer period, 16; name derivations, 17–21; discovery of, 7, 34; 9, 21; early description of, 9, 21; Céloron de Bienville starts for, 22; Bonnécamps's map of, 24; Céloron burying first plate on, 26; French claim attested by leaden plates, 27; Céloron's expedition, 28–47; Gordon's map of, 48; Céloron's relations to Indians on, 29–39; junction with Monongahela unmentioned by Céloron, 39–40; English traders warned by Céloron, 41; Logstown on, 41; victory of Gen. Andrew Lewis on, 49; as boundary line, 50; "Indian Side" of, 50; a projection of Mason and Dixon's line, 52; two shores differently settled, 52; illegal settle​ments on northern shore of, 53–58; northern shore conquered by Virginians, 53, 54; difficulty in restraining illegal settlements on northern shores of, 53; early settlements on northern shore of, 54; early settlements on northern shore forbidden, 55; Professor Turner on rights of early settlers on northern shore, 58; state convention of early settlers north of, called for, 57; Fort Harmar built on, 59; Fort Finney built on, 60; territory northwest of, erected, 60; Marietta founded on, 64; first legal settlement on northern shore of, 64; Cincinnati founded, 65; both shores settled in 1790, 70; Putnam's map of, 71; Cramer's description of early navigation of, 73–99; exports on, 87; "planters" in, 95; "sawyers" in, 96; "Wooden-Islands," 98; dangers of early navigation of, 93–99; craft on, 100–150; Audubon's description of flatboating on, 113–118; navigation over the falls of, 122; in Civil War, 123; first flatboat to descend, 123; rafting logs on, 127–129; galleys on, 129–131; gunboat on, 129; "Adventure Galley" on, 130; mail-boats on, 130; sailing craft on, 132–136; shipbuilding on, 133–136; Tarascon, Berthoud and Company, ship​building firm on, 107, 133; decline of shipbuilding, 136; steamboat building on, 137–140; comparative steamboat tonnage on, 144–149; rivermen on, 151–188; houseboatmen on, 178–182; gambling on, anecdotes of, 182–187; pirates on, 187–188; history of improvements of, 191–220; prehistoric condition of, 190; money spent on improvements, as compared with Cumberland Road, 189; obstruction in navigation, 193–201; history of Louisville and Portland Canal around falls of, 203–207; growth of coal shipping on, 211; appropriations for improvement of, 215–220; journey down Virginia shore of (1796), 12, 73–75; description of busy scenes on (1796), 74–75; typical conditions in pioneer town on (1796), 74–77; boatmen described, 87; Washington calls Allegheny, 13, 38; link in Washington's plan of communication, 38–50; Washington on early navigation of, 38–42; Baltimore and Ohio Railway reaches, 134.
** Onondaga, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 47.
** Potomac: compared to Po at Cremona, 5, 86; Washington urges improvement of, 13, 35–50; Washington's study of navigation of, 36–50; Virginia committee appointed to confer with ​Maryland legislature concerning, 50; report of committee, 51; Virginia and Maryland unite in improvement of, 51; Potomac Company improves, 52–64; Potomac Canal in valley of, 67–68; route of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in valley of, 79; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal inaugural pageant on, 103–104; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal finished to Holman's Dam on, 123; act for opening and extending navigation of, 219–224.
** Powell's, Dr. Walker names, 6, 65.
** Red, Walker and Gist on, 6, 75.
** Rockfish, 6, 54.
** Rocky ("rivière à la Roche) Céloron on, 9, 36, 46–47.
** Salt, early settlement on, 6, 80.
** Schuylkill, floating bridge over, 12, 63; early improvement of navigation of, 13, 32.
** Shenandoah, early navigation of, 13, 36–37.
** St. Lawrence: portages on, 7, 24–28; navigation of, 58.
** Susquehanna: early duck-hunting on, 11, 110; failure to secure slackwater navigation for, attributed to opposition of railways, 12, 162; Dickens describes long bridge across, 177; early ​navigation improvement of, 13, 31, 32; route from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, 171.
** Tennessee, made Virginia boundary, 6, 22.
** Wabash: Croghan on, in 1765, 2, 56; early navigation of (1765), 59; early acquaintance of explorers with, 7, 165–168; Clark's crossing-place on, 8, 57–58.
** Youghiogheny: Virginia regiment reaches, 3, 133; Washington explores, 133–134; 7, 63; Braddock arrives at, 4, 115; Braddock crosses, 187; in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 40–50; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal planned along, 85.
* ROADS—
* In General: primitive, on watersheds, 1, 66, 79; near ancient mounds, 83–85; remains of, 90–92; made by Indians, 98; military, built on Indian trails, 2, 144–148; modern, an evolution from Indian trails, 149–152; first in the West, 3, 75–77; early French and English westward, compared, 4, 15–29; pioneer, wagons steadied on, 5, 197–198; naming of, 6, 11–13; portage paths as routes of, 7, 75–80; first vehicles to traverse early, ​9, 43–44; steps in evolution of Indian trail into, 11, 21–105; commerce on packhorse, 27–30; westward packhorse, 28–29; early English, 30–31; history of postal service indicates development of American, 38; number of American post (1790), 38; labor of clearing early, 39–43; excessive heat on pioneer, 40; falling trees endangered early, 41–43; width of early, 45; bridle-paths join pioneer, 47; first, to seek lower levels, 48; many-tracked pioneer, 51–53; mud-holes on pioneer, 53–63; crooked streets explained by crooked, 66; corduroy: Harriet Martineau on, 69–70; Thomas Moore on, 70; Weld on, 71; Stevenson on, 71–72; Capt. Basil Hall on, 72–73; history of first macadamized, 74–98; plank: first, in America, 98; in New York, 98; methods of building, 98–99; comparative cost of, 99; loads drawn on, 99–100; Calvin Fletcher describes pioneer, 100–103; Ohio's first turnpike, 104; narrowness of early, 136; instance of crooked being shorter than a straight, 12, 90; early lack in central New York explained, 96; mania for incorporating turnpike companies, 109; macadamized, from Albany to Schenectady, 117; greatly needed in early New York, 147; chartered turnpikes, great need of ​roads gave rise to, 147–148; turnpike leading from Albany, New York, 148; early companies sacrifice grade to greed, 149.
* Names and Data:
** Alexandria (Virginia): to Cumberland, Maryland, taverns on (1755), 4, 76; to Winchester, taverns on (1755), 77; to Fort Frederick, 5, 82; to Marietta, Ohio, 12, 66–67.
** Baltimore, to Washington (1796) described, 11, 116–117.
** Bird's, Colonel, 6, 180–181.
** Boone's, see Wilderness.
** Braddock's: early importance of, 3, 206; map of (1759), 4, 69; Braddock orders Morris to cut, 75; beginning the building of, 98–99; takes new route around Wills Mountain, 99; follows Indian trail, 109–110; delays in building, 109–116; view of, near Frostburg, Maryland, 148; route described by Jared Sparks, 168–172; Middleton's map of (1847), 174; T. C. Atkinson describes route of, 175–190; errors concerning route east of Cumberland, 179; route about Wills Mountain, 183–184; route through Alleghenies, 183–190; route between Laurel Hill and Braddock's Fields, 187–190; later history of, 191–213; parallel with Cumberland ​Road, 191; General Forbes did not follow, 192; itinerary of immigrants on, 194–196; Clark's store on, 195; travelers itinerary on (1790), 197–198; early freight rates on, 199; view of, near Farmington, Pennsylvania, 200; portions never deserted, 200; change of name, 200; easily identified today, 203–204; appearance of, in forests, 205; East and West bound by, 207–209; historic points along, 209–210; is Braddock's monument, 212; Forbes intended to march by, 5, 79; Forbes's description of (1758), 93; Bouquet improves, 95; Washington improves (1758), 96, 101; Washington compares Pennsylvania Road with, 101–102; Forbes compares Old Glade Road with, 107; Bouquet emphasizes usefulness of, 111; Washington describes conditions of (1758), 118–123; Forbes urges use of, 144; Forbes urges exploration of, 155–156; Ohio Company of Associates did not pursue, 197; freight rates on, 10, 132; early taverns on, 153–155; mile stone on, view of, 11, frontispiece; quickly overgrown, 25; mile stone on, described, 105; Samuel Allen's journey over (1796), 12, 65–77; described by General Craighill, see Craighill; also Nemacolin's Trail. ​
** Burd's: overseers appointed to open, 5, 25; opened for Braddock, 25–34; St. Clair urges Forbes to take, 76–77; Forbes's need of, 79; not completed, 97.
** Carlisle: to Raystown, itinerary on (1758), 5, 121–122; to Fort Cumberland, itinerary on (1758), 122.
** Catskill Turnpike: Francis Whiting Halsey's sketch of, 12, 143–163; terminus of, 144; early history of, 144–147; laid out to make land accessible and marketable irrespective of grades, 149; tollgates on, 149–150; stage coach monopoly on, 150; Pres. Timothy Dwight's account of journey on, 150–158; described in heyday by Gains Leonard Halsey, M. D., 158; Erie Canal affects, 159.
** Chambersburg and Pittsburg, 5, 60.
** Cincinnati: to Hamilton (1791), 8, 130–132; to Columbus, Dickens on, 12, 178–180; see Harmar's, St. Clair's, and Wayne's Roads.
** Clarksburg (West Virginia): to Cumberland, Maryland (1790), 12, 46–51; to Marietta, 89–94.
** Columbus, Ohio, to Sandusky, Dickens on, 12, 180–185.
** Connecticut River: to Otter Creek, 7, 120–121; to Crown Point, 120–121. ​
** Cumberland, Maryland: to Philadelphia, 12, 51–63; see Braddock's Road; also Fort Cumberland.
** Cumberland: described, 2, 139–142; early history of, 3, 207–215; parallel with Braddock's Road, 4, 191; portage path nature of, 7, 75–80; importance of, 10, 16–17; creation of, 18–19; Senate Committee report of, 19–20; Act creating, 20–25; Jefferson appoints commissioners for, 26; commissioners first report on, 26–45; route chosen, 30–40; planned on shortest line, 38; early public interest in, 45; Henry Clay promotes, 46; second report of commissioners on, 46–53; table of elevation of, 48–49; cost of, 54; States grant permission to build, 54; first contracts let for, 54; map in Pennsylvania and Maryland, 55; Monroe vetoes bill for, 57–61; constitutional questions concerning, 57–60; rush of early travel on, 57; President Monroe rescues, 64; roadbed structure of, 67–70; Cincinnati planned as original destination of, 71; history of westward extension of, 71–90; in Ohio, 74–80; ground broken for, in Ohio, 76; dissatisfaction over route in Ohio, 77–78; route ​in Columbus, 78–79; map in the West, 79; typical contract on, 81–83; in Indiana and Illinois, 83–88; railway proposed as substitute for, 86–88; men who were prominent in building, 91; government unable to collect toll on, 91–92; surrendered to individual states, 92; Pennsylvania tollgates on, 93; laws for preservation of, 96–99; Pennsylvania toll rates (1831) on, 100–101; toll system on, 102; Ohio toll rates on, 103–104; exemptions from paying toll on, 106–107; comparison of tolls received east and west of Ohio River, 109–113; amount of toll paid in Ohio, 114; Ohio leases, 115; legal width in Ohio, 115; given to counties, 115; tolls in Franklin County, Ohio, in 1899, 117; never self-sustaining, 118; stage coach days on, 119–128; stage coach lines operating on, 124–125, 134–138; monopolies on stage line, 125; description of stages on, 126–128; first Troy coach on, 128; freight traffic on, 128–132; freight rates on, 132; rivalry of coach lines on, 133; mail lines on, 142–151; rapid time made by mail coaches on, 143–145; old time tables of mails on, 146–147; mails delayed on, 148–149; division of mail and pas​senger service on (1837), 149; robberies on, 151; early taverns on, 154–157; best known taverns on, 158–164; wagon houses on, 164–165; tavern keepers objected to building, 169; bred its own landlords, 171; present-day appearance of, 174–187; bridges on, 175–176; mile-stones on, 176–179; view of culvert on, 177; property owners encroaching on, 179–180; styles of driving on, 181; presidential pageants on, 182–183; Edward Everett on, 185; list of Congressional appropriations for, 191–202; specimen advertisement for bid for repairing, 203–205; specimen advertisement for bids for building bridge over, 206–207; specimen advertisement for building toll-houses on, 206–207.
** Eaton (1791), 8, 132–133; see Wayne's Road.
** Forbes's, see Old Glade Road.
** Fort Cumberland to Fort Bedford, 5, 100.
** Fort Massac (Metropolis, Illinois) to Kaskaskia, 8, 17–25.
** Fort Pendleton to Morgantown, 12, 78–83.
** Genesee: beginning of civilization along future route of, 12, 99; sketch of, 95–116; authorized, ​100; legal name, 100; legislative enactments creating, 100–106; benefited by lotteries, 107; extended, 108; incorporated, 109; tolls charged on, 111; later history of, 112–116; dangerous spot on, in Onondaga Hollow, 130; ended (1805) at Canandaigua, New York, 135; stages on, stop at Canandaigua (1805), 135; project to extend to Niagara, 135–136; traveling on, improves after leaving turnpike, 137; made through open country when possible, 137; activity of pioneers along, 140; see Iroquois Trail.
** Great Western Turnpike, 12, 149.
** Hamilton, Ohio, to Eaton, followed by Wayne, 8, 195.
** Harmar's Trace, 8, 91, et seq.
** Illinois, clung to the prairie-land, 8, 23–24.
** Indianapolis to Chicago (1848), difficult travel on, 11, 103; see Cumberland Road.
** Kaskaskia–Shawneetown, "the hunter's trace," 8, 25.
** Kaskaskia Trace: 8, 17–25; highland location, 38–40; more fertile soil indicates old course of, 69.
** Kenebec, 7, 112. ​
** Kentucky pioneer, 11, 178–181.
** Lancaster Turnpike: charter granted, 11, 74; built, 74; subscriptions opened, 75; Witmer's description of, 75–85; tolls collected on, 79; Line Wagon Company on, 82–83; professional wagon loaders on, 82; wagoners clannish, 84; taverns on, 85–89; liquors served along, 88–89; later history of, 90–98.
** McCullough's Path, 12, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 29.
** Marietta, Ohio, to Clarksburg, West Virginia (1790), 12, 45–46.
** Massachusetts, opening early, 11, 34.
** Maysville Pike: route of, 11, 164; Jackson's veto of bill for, 167–174; see Zane's Trace.
** Mayville (Pennsylvania), 7, 155.
** Morgantown, West Virginia, to Wheeling (1796), 12, 72–73; see Fort Pendleton.
** New York, opening early, 11, 36.
** "Northwestern Road Company:" incorporated, 12, 30–33; failure of, 34.
** Northwestern Turnpike: early history of region traversed by, 12, 14–30; creation of, 30–34; Virginia builds, 34–38; importance of, 38–42.
** Ohio Company's: to Redstone, 3, 92–96; marked out by Cresap, 96. ​
** Old Glade: highland location, 5, 16; route of, 17–19; early work on, 24–33; retreat of workmen on, at Braddock's defeat, 32; use in early war, 44–64; estimate of service of, 47; forts held, 63; early condition of, between Philadelphia and Bedford, 78; Bouquet's itinerary on, 78; defended by means of a chain of forts, 79–80; Virginia's influence against, 84–141, 153–154; Indian trail followed, 92; Armstrong marks out, 97; map of, 103; Forbes compares Braddock's Road with, 107; Bouquet writes Forbes in favor of, 109–110; route determined to Loyalhanna, 110; Washington describes condition of (1758), 118–123; Pennsylvania's need of, 138; boon to Pennsylvania that was deserved by Virginia, 139–141; itinerary from Bedford to Edmunds Swamp, 142; building of, 142–162; details of building, from Raystown to Ligonier, 144–149; Bouquet uses, in Pontiac's Rebellion, 176–182; use in Revolutionary War, 186–189; General Irvine on condition of, 188; Ohio Valley dependent on, 192; western forts dependent on, 192; importance in last days of eighteenth century, 192; Professor McMaster describes, 193–194; Cumberland Road unable to displace, 195; a popular pioneer route, 195–196; Ohio Company of ​Associates journeyed on, 196–197; New England linked to Middle West by, 196–199; description of pioneers journeying on, 197–199; "Glade Road" branch, 199; "Pittsburg Road" branch, 199; forks near Bedford, 199; celebrated tourists on, 199–202; Pennsylvania Canal eclipsed, 202; railways rival, 202–205; successors of, 202–205; Forbes's choice of route vindicated today, 204–205.
** Old Massac: 8, 23, 24, 25; joined Kaskaskia–Shawneetown Trace, 25.
** Pennsylvania pioneer, 11, 36, 37.
** Pennsylvania, route of, 5, 15; see Old Glade Road.
** Phelps Prairie (Illinois), to Kaskaskia, two routes, 8, 28–29.
** Potomac to Ohio and Lake Erie (1753): map of, 3, 109; described, 4, 21.
** Potomac River to Fredericksburg, Virginia, Dickens describes, 12, 164–171.
** Presque Isle to Fort Le Boeuf, 3, 75–77.
** Rutherford's Trace, North Carolinians open, 6, 153.
** Schenectady to Utica (1805), 12, 118–126.
** Seneca Road Company, 12, 100, 110. ​
** St. Clair's: main thoroughfare northward, 8, 159, 167–172; called "The Bloody Way," 171.
** St. Louis to Shawneetown, 8, 28–29, 46.
** St. Louis to Vincennes, Indiana, 8, 37–40.
** St. Louis Trace: old, 8, 34; later, 37; view of near Lawrenceville, Illinois, 62; as it appears today, 62–65; Kaskaskia Trace junction, 68.
** "Turkey Foot," 5, 33, 191.
** Utica, New York, to Batavia, New York (1805), 12, 126–140.
** Vincennes Trace: route of, 8, 34–40; Volney's itinerary on, 66–68; blue grass indicated old camping grounds on, 69.
** Virginia: routes from Potomac and James rivers to New River, 6, 29; Fort Chissel meeting place of two branches of, 29; Dickens's description of, 12, 166–171.
** Washington, D. C., to Pittsburg, Hewett's itinerary of, 11, 118.
** Washington to Baltimore, severe grades on, 15, 88.
** Washington: on Laurel Hill, view of, 3, frontispiece; meaning of, 15, 16; map of, 93; completed to Great Meadows, 152; building to Mount Braddock, 153; development of, 205–215. ​
** Wayne's: cut northward, 8, 193; Indian object to, 193–194; route of, 194–199; in Cincinnati, 195; in Hamilton, 195; in Preble County, 196; near Eaton, 196; near Ithaca, Ohio, 196; John Woodington settled beside, 196; pioneers traced, 196–197.
** Wheeling to Bellville (1796), 12, 72–73.
** Wilderness: view of, near Cumberland Gap, 6, frontispiece; origin of name, 13–14; James Lane Allen's tribute to, 18; Fort Chissel starting point of, 29; Boone marks out, 43; early settlements on, 44; Indian trail followed by, 58, 62, 65; Ohio River route compared to, 81–82; white men first traverse, 82; Boone's early acquaintance with route of, 83; Boone engaged to open, 93; route of, 93, 94; Felix Walker's description of, 94–100; experiences of first travelers on, 94–100; Daniel Boone, kindness of, 100; Henderson meets pioneers returning from Kentucky on, 105; experiences of William Calk's party on, 107–117; Filson's itinerary on, 118–122; Brown's itinerary on, 123–130; traversable by wagons to Martin's Station in 1775, 133; Capt. Joseph Martin's Indian Agency on, 138–139; early dangers of travel​ing on, 139–144; announcements of parties formed to go over, 140–143; Indians attack pioneers on, 142–143; forts guarding, 149; Revolutionary struggle along, 149–159; bravery of Watauga frontiersmen kept open the, 155; Roosevelt on value of keeping open the, 155; James Lane Allen on importance of, 177–178; strategic value of, 182–192; influenced question of Mississippi navigation, 186–187; Kentucky's growth influenced by, 188–190; old Northwest benefited by, 190; improvement of, 194–205; description of typical travelers on, 195–196; proposal to make thirty feet wide, 203; Daniel Boone asserts claim to having first blazed, 203; Kentucky guards and improves, 203; Daniel Boone writes Governor Shelby for contract to improve, 203–204; tollgates on, 204; present-day condition of, 204; James Lane Allen on present condition of, 204–205; James Lane Allen's description of Cumberland Gap, 205–207.
** York, Pennsylvania, to Harrisburg, Dickens's experiences on, 12, 172–178.
** Zane's Trace: taverns on, 10, 156–157; Act of Congress authorizing, 11, 156; blazed, 158–159; description of (1797), 159; bridge on, ​162; ferriage on, 164; mail route established on, 164; Maysville turnpike veto affects, 165–174.
* Road working days, pioneer, described, 11, 101–102; verses on, 104.
* Roberts, Nathan S., estimates cost of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 88; report on Erie Canal, 14, 191.
* Robertson, Chief-justice, immigration to Kentucky described by, 6, 195–197.
* Robinson, John, 6, 200.
* Robinson, Moncure, in charge of Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 196.
* Robinson's, Major, 12, 46.
* Roche de Bout: Indian convention at, 8, 189; United States Commissioners not allowed to approach, 189; spy reports proceedings at Indian convention at, 190–192.
* Rochester, inaugural ceremonies of Erie Canal at, 14, 141–142.
* Rochester, John, 6, 202.
* Rock Creek, Braddock's troops at, 4, 76, 78.
* Rockford, Ohio, Fort Adams erected near, 8, 207.
* Rogers, Capt. John, commands "The Willing," 8, 33. ​
* Rogers, John, 6, 202.
* Rogers, Lieutenant, 8, 106.
* Rogers's, 10, 162.
* Rollin's, 10, 154.
* Romaine Prairie, 8, 50.
* Rome (New York): map of portage at, 7, 142; strategic position historically considered, 143–148; canal at, 14, 29–30, 36; celebration of opening of Erie Canal at, 116–119.
* Roosevelt, Theodore: brutality of pioneers excused by, 6, 36; Watauga settlers eulogized by, 155; appoints "Roosevelt Erie Canal Committee," 14, 198.
* Rosewalt [Roosevelt] first steamboat on Ohio commanded by, 9, 137.
* Row, Mr., 12, 119.
* Ruddle's Station, Bird attacks, 6, 168–169.
* Rumsey, James: elected manager Potomac Company, 13, 56; resigned, 58.
* Rupp, Early History of Western Pennsylvania, cited, 9, 38.
* Rural delivery, early opposition of country residents to, 15, 22.
* Rush's, 10, 160.
* Russell Place, 6, 131.
* Russell's, 12, 138.
* Ryan's, 11, 139. ​
* SALEM (Illinois), Clark's route near, 8, 43.
* Salt Springs: explanation of, 1, 106; near Clay City, Illinois, on route of Clark's march to Vincennes, 8, 66; at Onondaga, 12, 129.
* Sampey's, 10, 160.
* Sample, George, itinerary of trip over Zane's Trace (1797), 11, 159–163.
* Sampson's Mill, Braddock's Road near, 4, 189.
* Samuels, Abraham, 12, 32.
* Sanford, Laura G., History of Erie County, Pennsylvania, cited, 2, 110.
* Sanger, Jedediah, 12, 110.
* Sargent, History of Braddock's Expedition, cited, 4, 62, et seq.
* Sargent, Maj. Winthrop, 9, 63.
* Sargent's, 12, 44.
* Sanders, Mrs., 6, 123.
* Saunders, John: Clark's guide, 8, 27; Clark threatens with death, 223–224.
* Scatcherd, John N., on Roosevelt Erie Canal committee, 14, 198. ​
* Scharf, History of Western Maryland, cited, 12, 23; 13, 66, et seq.
* Schenectady (New York): early forms of name, 12, 118; discontent occasioned by Erie Canal at, 14, 144–145.
* Schieren, Charles A., on Black Commission, 14, 197.
* Schriver, James: An Account of Surveys and Examinations with remarks and Documents relative to the projected Chesapeake and Ohio, and Ohio and Lake Erie Canals, cited, 13, 66–67, et seq.; toast at Chesapeake and Ohio Canal banquet, 73.
* Schuyler, Philip: efforts in behalf of Mohawk improvement, 14, 21, 26, 40, et seq.; Letters on Canals, 40.
* Scioto Company, formation of, 9, 62.
* Scotland, early traveling in, 11, 30–31.
* Scott, Brigadier-General: ordered to attack Wabash Indians, 8, 115, 120; ordered suddenly to Fort Jefferson, 192; describes Daniel Boone, 202; reaches Fort Greenville with fifteen hundred troops, 204.
* Scott, Captain, 8, 106; killed, 233.
* Scott, Hugh, Narrative, quoted, 8, 89.
* Scott's Station, 6, 131.
* Searight's, 10, 160. ​
* Searight, Thomas B., The Old Pike, cited, 10, 11, 110–113.
* Seaton House, 10, 158.
* Section-lines, error of making roads on, 15, 87.
* Sehon, John L., 12, 31.
* Semple's, 12, 54.
* "Seneca Chief," part in opening Erie Canal, 14, 139.
* Seneca Lake, Bigelow describes, 12, 134.
* Serpent mound, 1, 88.
* Seven Ranges, survey of, 9, 63.
* Seven Years' War, opening of, 5, 67.
* Severance, Frank H., Old Trails of the Niagara Frontier, 7, 47.
* Seviers, John, hero of Fort Watauga, 6, 101.
* Sewickley, Great, Braddock's Road near, 4, 188.
* Sewickly, 5, 186.
* Sganzin, on curved roads, 15, 92.
* "Shades of Death," Braddock's Road in, 4, 184, 195.
* Shaler, N. S.: Man and Nature in America, 1, 102; Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Kentucky, 104; Kentucky's debt to Virginia noted by, 6, 41.
* Shane's Crossing, Harmar crossed St. Mary at, 8, 99, 207; see Rockford, Ohio.
* Shanoppin's Town, 5, 21.
* Sharpe, Governor, activity of, 4, 34. ​
* Shattuck, Samuel, Narrative, 7, 158–160.
* Shawana Cabbins, see Shawonese Cabbin.
* Shawanese: sketch of, 3, 56–59; English possession of West objected to by, 5, 166; Fort Pitt to be captured by (1763), 174; Draper's Meadow raided by, 6, 82; Dunmore's War against, 85–87; Céloron among, 9, 45; Treaty with (1786), 59.
* Shawonese Cabbin, on Forbes's Road, 5, 20.
* Shayne, C. C., on Black Commission, 14, 197.
* Shelbeys, John, 6, 101.
* Shelby, Gov. Isaac: 6, 197; Daniel Boone writes to, asking for contract to improve Wilderness Road, 203–204.
* Shepard's, 12, 120.
* Shepherd, Antiquities of the State of Ohio, cited, 1, 92.
* Sherrard, Robert, 12, 31.
* Shethar's, 12, 127.
* Shiloh Hill (Illinois), Clark's route on, 8, 30.
* Shingiss, Washington visits, 3, 99.
* Ship-building on the Ohio, history of, 9, 133–136.
* Shipley's, 10, 160.
* Shippen, "Draught of the Monongahela and Youghiogheny Rivers," 5, 29.
* Shippensburg (Pennsylvania): Fort Franklin erected at, 5, 46; people fleeing from, 53. ​
* Shirley, Governor: Washington criticises, 5, 41–42; Braddock succeeded by, 65; council of war called by (1756), 65.
* Shirleysburg (Pennsylvania), old name of, 5, 19.
* Shoop's, 12, 60.
* Short, Peyton, 6, 200.
* Shulty's, 10, 159.
* Shulze, Governor, approves Pennsylvania Canal bill, 13, 182.
* Shuter's, shares in Potomac Company offered at, 13, 61.
* Sidebottom, Peter, 6, 201.
* Sideling Hill (Pennsylvania), explanation of name of, 11, 135.
* Sigler, William, 12, 31.
* Silvy, Lieutenant, at McKee's house during convention at Roche de Bout, 8, 191.
* Simcoe, Governor, entertains United States commissioners at Niagara, 8, 188.
* Simpkins's, 12, 69–70.
* Simpson's, 4, 196.
* Simpson's, Widow, 6, 123.
* Six Mile House, 10, 159.
* Skinner, Mr., 12, 43.
* Skinner's, 11, 135. ​
* Slane, Thomas, 12, 31.
* Sleighing, chief amusement of New Yorkers in 1796, 11, 115.
* Sloan's, 10, 164.
* Slough, Captain: leads scouting party, 8, 149–150; reports to Butler, 151; excused from reporting to St. Clair, 151.
* Smeaton, John, the days of, 13, 21.
* Smith, Abraham, 12, 31.
* Smith, Alexander R., on Black Commission, 14, 197.
* Smith, Col. James, Kentucky explored by, 6, 79.
* Smith, Daniel, 6, 109.
* Smith, Edward, 10, 162.
* Smith, Enoch, 6, 107, 116.
* Smithfield (Big Crossings) Pennsylvania, early taverns at, 10, 160.
* Smith, History of Kentucky, 1, 118.
* Smith, Prof. Justin H., Arnold's Quebec campaign described by, 7, 115–118.
* Smith's 10, 155.
* Smith's, 10, 160.
* Smith, S. H., committeeman to memorialize Congress in behalf of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 74. ​
* Smith, William Henry: The St. Clair Papers, cited, 8, 134, et seq.; on effect of early settlement north of Ohio River, 9, 57.
* Smith, W. P., A History and Description of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 13, 98, et seq.
* Snyder's, 10, 160.
* "Society for promoting the improvement of roads and inland navigation," memorial to Pennsylvania Assembly (1791), 13, 29–30, 171–173.
* Sommerville, John, 12, 31.
* Spafford, on the Great Western Turnpike, 12, 149.
* Spalding, on macadamized roads, 15, 158–160.
* Sparks, Jared: Braddock's route described by, 4, 168–172; Braddock's defeat described by, 171–172; Writings of Washington, cited, 2, 72, et seq.; 14, 124; Life of Gouverneur Morris, cited, 14, 44; quoted, 45.
* Speed, Col. T. W., Wilderness Road, cited, 2, 73; 6, 16, 123, 178.
* Spendelow, Lieutenant, discovers new route for Braddock around Wills Mountain, 4, 99.
* Spofford, A. R., 14, 12.
* "Spread Eagle," 10, 155.
* Springs: old-time importance of, 2, 50–51; Indians refuse to inform pioneers of location of, 12, 133.
* Sprout's, 7, 123. ​
* Spurgeon, James, 12, 22.
* Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, 1, 91–92.
* Stackpole's, 12, 49.
* Stage Coach and Tavern Days, by Alice Morse Earle, cited, 2, 75, 76.
* Stage coaches: sold to Wild West shows, 10, 126; postmaster-general offers premiums for, 126–127; description of, 126–128; cost of, 128; record runs of, 133–134; schedule of Ohio lines (1835), 134–138; Ohio laws for protection of passengers, 139–141; form of tickets used on Cumberland Road, 140–141; Dickens mentions, 12, 165–166; dissatisfaction marks advent of coaches, 11, 62; in England, 63–64; said to be injurious to breed of horses, 63; the converse, 10, 122; remarkable argument against, advanced in England, 11, 63–64; new age of road-building introduced by, 67; ride from Philadelphia to Baltimore (1796) in, 68; described (1796) by Francis Baily, 108–109; monopoly of, 12, 150; rivalries of drivers, 10, 133–134; exclamation to horses in America and England typical of the two nationalities, 12, 167; Dickens hires private coach, 180.
* Stagg, Doctor, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139.
* Standing Stone, villages by name of, 2, 29. ​
* Starr's, 10, 164.
* State-aid plan in good roads movement, 15, 50–51; see Good Roads.
* St. Clair, Arthur: empowered by President Washington (1789) to call out militia, 8, 82; to Secretary of War on hostility of northwestern Indians, 83; calls on militia, 84; directs Harmar's preparations, 85–86; plans campaign of 1791, 116–125; Gen. Richard Butler appointed second in command under, 119; Secretary of War's instructions to, 119; building of fort at Miami Village suggested, 119; created commander-in-chief, 119; army raised slowly, 120–121; proceeds to Fort Washington, 121; army sails for Fort Washington, 122; Knox writes to, urging haste, 122; finds army in wretched condition, 124–128; Narrative of, cited, 124, et seq.; moves camp to Ludlow's Station, 129; plans chain of forts, 129; orders Butler to advance in three columns, 131; reaches Fort Hamilton, 134; finds desertion common, 133–134; Major Denny aid-de-camp to, 134; upbraids Ludlow, 135; Butler apologizes to, 136; explains Butler's disaffection, 137; urges Hodgdon to hasten provision trains, 139–140; denies Butler's request to lead a flying column, 141; embitters ​Butler, 141–142; hampered by desertions, 143; illness of, 144; talks with officers around camp fire, 144–145; misjudges Indian movements, 145; Butler excused Slough from reporting to, 151; ignorant of danger, 152; in battle, 153–156; defeat of, 156, 159; battle-ground visited, 168–169; inauguration as Governor of Northwest Territory, 9, 64; travels eastward from Cincinnati by land, 12, 76–77; Narrative of the Campaign against the Indians, cited, 8, 124, et seq.
* St. Clair, Sir John: prepares for Braddock's campaign, 4, 54; appointed Forbes's quartermaster, 5, 76; Forbes has little respect for, 76; urges Forbes to change rendezvous, 76; Braddock's defeat a lesson to, 83; Governor Sharpe's influence over, 84; letter to Bouquet, concerning change of route, 84; indecision as to roads, 84; argues in favor of Virginia road, 86, 87, 90; letter to Bouquet opposing Pennsylvania route, 90; fails to provide forage, 95; vacillating course of, 127–128; accused by Forbes of misapplying utensils, 128, 129; accused by Forbes of treachery, 129; Old Glade Road built by, 144–149; criticised by Forbes, 146–147.
* St. Clair Papers, cited, 8, 134, et seq., 9, 54. ​
* St. Clairsville (Ohio), early taverns in, 10, 156.
* St. Cosme, Lieutenant, with Governor Hamilton, 7, 171.
* Stealy, Jacob, 12, 31.
* Steamboating, early history of western, 9, 137–150.
* Steamboat tonnage, comparative tables of, 9, 144–149.
* Steedman, William, spy among northwestern Indians, 8, 164.
* Steele, William, 6, 198.
* Stephen, Captain: arrival at Wills Creek, 3, 126; on Old Glade Road, 5, 153.
* Steuben, Baron, Washington's opinion of, 8, 173.
* Steuwart, William, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
* Stevensburg, 4, 195.
* Stevenson, David, 6, 199.
* Stevenson, David: on Pennsylvania corduroy roads, 11, 71–72; Sketch of the Civil Engineering of North America, quoted on roads, 71–72; on Morris Canal inclined planes, 13, 193–194.
* Stewart and Plunket, Philadelphia merchant firm, 13, 59.
* Stewart, Richardson: appointed assistant superintendent of Potomac Company, 13, 58; reprimanded, 58. ​
* Stewart's Crossing, Braddock's Road at 4, 175.
* Stewartsville (Pennsylvania), Braddock's Road near, 4, 189.
* Stimson, Rodney Metcalf, 1, 34.
* Stitcher's, Herman, 12, 51.
* St. Louis, tax of poor roads on inhabitants of, 15, 49–50.
* Stockton and Stokes's horse-car races with Cooper's "Tom Thumb," 13, 130.
* Stockton, Lucius W., owner of the Stockton Line, 10, 124.
* Stoddard, Colonel, 7, 119.
* Stoddard's, 10, 159.
* Stone, Gen. Roy, portrait of, 15, frontispiece.
* Stone, Miss Elizabeth, 7, 154.
* Stone, W. L., Narrative of the Festivities observed in honor of the completion of the Grand Erie Canal, cited, 14, 137.
* Stone Tavern, 10, 160.
* Strong, A., in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 142.
* Strong, E. B., in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 142.
* Stone-house Tavern, 6, 121.
* Stone-mill, 6, 131.
* Stoner, Michael, Richard Henderson assisted by, 6, 106.
* Storms, early travelers annoyed by, 6, 68. ​
* Stove poker, kept under lock and key, 10, 167.
* St. Pierre, Legardeur de: Dinwiddie's letter to, 3, 108–112; letter to Governor Dinwiddie, 115–117.
* Stroad, Captain, consulted by Washington (1784) as to western routes, 12, 18–19.
* Stuart, Otis Kendall, on Washington, 3, 24.
* Stump, Leonard, 12, 89.
* Stumps, Dickens fancifully describes, 12, 184–185.
* St. Yotoc, 9, 44.
* Sullivan, James, The History of the District of Maine, 7, 110.
* Sullivan, John L., outlines route of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 78.
* Summit House, 10, 160.
* Sumner, Charles, on good roads, 15, 82.
* Sumner (Illinois), St. Louis Trace at, 8, 63.
* Surveyors, incident illustrating accuracy of early, 14, 114–115.
* Sutton, James, 6, 199.
* Swann, Thomas: Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74; toasted as President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 135.
* Swart's, Jacob, 14, 27.
* Swartwout, agitator for Erie Canal, 14, 60.
* Sweet, S. H., Public Documents relating to New York canals, 14, 11, et seq. ​
* Swiney's, 6, 123.
* Sycamore, Washington found large, 6, 61.
* Sylvester, Northern New York, 7, 46, 73.
* Symmes, John Cleves, purchases Symmes' grant, 9, 65.
* Symonds, Maj. T. W., on Roosevelt Erie Canal committee, 14, 198.
* TAGGART, Hugh T., 4, 78.
* Tanner, H. S., A Brief Description of the Canals and Railroads of the United States, quoted, 13, 208–211; cited, 14, 173.
* Tarascon, Berthoud and Company, early navigation firm, 9, 107, 133.
* Taverns: character of early western, 10, 157; legislatures meet in, 161; fire-places, 165–166; interiors, 165–167; sign posts on, 167; kitchens, 168; typical landlord, 169–171; liquors kept at, 170; advertised for sale, 208; views of early, 11, 87, 134; exorbitant charges at, 118, 143; common name for inn, 119; typical mountain, 120; pioneer Kentucky, 194–201; barbarous behavior of landlord, 12, 68; ​blockhouses as, 83–84; experiences in rude western, 91–93; unpleasant scene at, 138; "clean" sheets at, 139; interior of, 139; "inns" legal name in New York, 153; merely drinking places, 153–154; President Dwight on pioneer, 153–154; kept by literary landlord, 155; Dickens describes typical Ohio, 178–180; menus at, 9, 120, 123, 143–144, 199–200; 12, 137, 190–191; mentioned, 4, 76, 77, 85, 87, 88, 194, 195; 5, 85; 6, 54, 55, 56, 57, 101, 102, 108, 109, 110, 121, 122, 123, 124, 130, 131; 10, 32, 33, 34, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164; 11, 118, 119–121, 127, 129, 130–132, 135, 137, 138–141, 143; 12, 24, 25, 32, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52–53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 67, 68, 69, 70, 78, 80, 119, 120, 121, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130–132, 136–141, 153–155.
* Tax, Dodge on general road, 15, 73–74.
* Tayler, Lieut. Gov. John, 14, 110.
* Taylor. A. M., in later history of Lancaster Turnpike, 11, 95–97.
* Taylor, Dr. H. C., Old Portage Road, quoted, 7, 154–155.
* Taylor, Gen. James, autobiography, 1, 116. ​
* Taylor, Hubbard, 6, 198.
* Taylor, Othniel, Genesee Road Commissioner, 12, 100.
* Taylor, Richard, subscriber to Wilderness Road fund, 6, 198.
* Taylor, Robert, early tavern keeper at Zanesville (Ohio), 10, 161.
* Taylor's, 10, 161.
* Taylor, Samuel, subscriber to Wilderness Road fund, 6, 198.
* Taylor's, Edmund, 4, 194.
* Teacup Knob, Clark's route near, 8, 30, 31.
* Teagarden, George, 6, 200.
* Tea Spring, Harmar names, 8, 97.
* "Telegraph Coach Line," 10, 135.
* "Temple of Juno" (tavern), 10, 159.
* Ten Mile House, 10, 161.
* Territory northwest of the River Ohio, erected, 9, 60.
* Thackeray, The Newcomes, quoted, 10, 121–123.
* They's, Ferry of, 4, 77.
* Thistle Tavern, 10, 159.
* Thomas, Dr. Cyrus, Catalogue of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains, quoted, 1, 43, et seq. ​
* Thomas, Edward S., 6, 197.
* Thomas, Erie Canal engineer honored at inauguration, 14, 132, 149.
* Thomas, Evan, experimental locomotive of, 13, 127.
* Thomas, Mrs. Elizabeth, journey to Kentucky, 6, 117–118.
* Thomas, Nathaniel, 6, 91.
* Thomas, Philip E.: Chesapeake and Ohio Canal commissioner, 13, 95; promotes Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 95–98; elected president, 110.
* Thompson, Chief Justice, 14, 110.
* Thompson, George, 6, 199.
* Thompson, Josias, surveyor of Cumberland Road, 10, 27.
* Thompson, Lieutenant, surveyed Baltimore and Ohio route, 13, 109.
* Thompson's, 6, 124.
* Thompson's, 10, 156.
* Thompson's, 12, 53.
* Thompson's, Joseph, 6, 123.
* Thompson, William B., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal contractor, 13, 159.
* Thompson, ye Quaker, 4, 77.
* Thorp, Captain, killed at Harmar's defeat, 8, 106.
* Three Springs, 5, 19.
* Thruston, Buckner, 6, 200. ​
* Thwaites, R. G.: quoted on Fort Miami, 7, 179; editor of Wisconsin Historical Collections, cited, 9, 118; Withers's Chronicles of Border Warfare, 12, 26; The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 2, 19–62; 9, 26–46.
* Tilghman, Frisby, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
* Tilley's Hotel, 13, 103.
* Toby's Creek, in Washington's plan of communications, 13, 45–46.
* Todd, Col. John, 6, 129.
* Todd, Col. Levi, 6, 201.
* Todd, Robert, 6, 198.
* Todd's, Parson, 4, 194.
* Todd, Thomas, 6, 198.
* Tolls charged on Seneca Turnpike, New York, 12, 111.
* Tomlinson, Joseph, 12, 31.
* Tomlinson's, 10, 153; 12, 67–68.
* Tomlinson, William, 6, 50.
* "Tom Thumb," races with Stockton and Stokes's horse-cars, 13, 130.
* Toner, Journal of Colonel George Washington, 3, 122, et seq.; 9, 40.
* Tongue, Hon. Thomas H., quoted, on sociological effect of good roads, 14, 38–43. ​
* Tontine Coffee House, 14, 60.
* Tonty, 7, 36.
* Topographical Description of the Middle British Colonies, Pownall, quoted, 2, 32, 33.
* Totten, Lieutenant Colonel, outlines route for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 78.
* Towns, classic name of New York, 7, 145.
* Trace (buffalo): used by travelers, 1, 111; Walker explores Kentucky on, 112, 113; buffaloes dispute right of way with travelers on, 114, 115; identical with Indian trails, 114; described, 115–119; route of pioneer army, 118, 121, 126; as transcontinental routes, 131; from seaboard to Middle West, 133; ran north and south, 135; influenced Indian migrations, 136; followed by railways, 138; at portages, 139; Limestone Creek to Bryant's Station, 6, 179; across Illinois from Ohio River, 8, 16; across Illinois on watersheds, 34.
* TRAILS (INDIAN)—
* In General: more easily traversed than rivers, 2, 14; impeded, 22; 11, 22–23; not blazed by aborigines, 2, 29; blazed, 6, 62; laid out on buffalo traces, 2, 15; high location of, 15; 12, 197; circuitous in low ground, 2, 20–21; 12, 200–202; description of, 2, 16–19; easily found today, 18–19; ​lore of, 22; crossed streams on bars, 23; unimproved, 26–27; "Indian Stones" beside, 28; as boundary lines, 44; classification of, 45; for hunting, 45; hunting, distinguished from war paths, 12, 199; for war, 2, 47–53; used by missionaries, 93; by explorers, 93; in military campaigns, 94–95, 144–148; 5, 92; 8, 25, 138; routes of pioneers, 2, 95–96; how the author found his first, 117–118; appearance of a primeval, 11, 16–17; narrowness of, 17–18; steps in evolution of, 21–105; packhorse, 27–30.
* Names and Data:
** Alleghenies, the best trail across, 5, 15.
** Canadian, Father Buteux on, 2, 35–43.
** Cuyahoga–Muskingum, described, 2, 111.
** Fort Miami, described, 2, 115.
** Great: 1, 67; described, 2, 107; followed by Bouquet, 125; Gist on, 6, 74.
** Great Warrior, 5, 17.
** Iroquois: described, 2, 68, 76–85; no early road built upon, 12, 96; see Genesee Road.
** Kiskiminitas River, 5, 23.
** Kittanning, described, 2, 17, 18, 71, 85–89.
** Lake Shore, described, 2, 103.
** Ligonier to Pittsburg, 5, 18–19.
** McCulloch's Path, 11, 26. ​
** Mahoning, described, 2, 104.
** Miami, described, 2, 114.
** Mingo, 11, 154–155.
** Monongahela: described, 2, 18; explorations on, 122–124.
** Muskingum: on Wallace Ridge, view of, 2, 118; described, 118; exploration of, 121–122, 126–129; view of, 126.
** Nations, War trail of, 2, 92.
** Nemacolin's (Path): described, 2, 72, 89–91; historically considered, 133–135; explorations on, 134–135; followed by Braddock, 135–136; route of Cumberland Road, 137–138; see Washington's and Braddock's Roads.
** Ohio and Western Pennsylvania, map of, 2, 105.
** Old Connecticut (Path), described, 2, 67, 74, 75.
** Old Trading: route of, 5, 17–19; Croghan describes, 22; itinerary of John Harris on, 23; road for Braddock opened along, 25–34; see Old Glade Road.
** Scioto–Beaver, described, 2, 108.
** Scioto, described, 2, 112.
** Scioto–Monongahela, described, 2, 109.
** Venango, described, 2, 110. ​
** Vincennes, near Xenia (Illinois), view of, 8, frontispiece.
** Virginia Warrior's (Path), described, 2, 73, 91–92.
* Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society, see Atwater.
* Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, cited, 9, 19.
* Transylvania Company, history of, 6, 91–144, 161.
* Transylvania University, partners in, 6, 91.
* Trappa, derivation of, 15, 184.
* Trapp's Hill, 12, 119.
* Travail, Indian, view of, 11, 19.
* Travel, early, in West by land, 1, 61.
* Trees: soil judged by size of, 6, 61–62, 67; big, 12, 157.
* Tremont Hotel, 10, 164.
* Trent, Captain: commissioned to build fort on Ohio, 3, 115; report from, 126; on Fort Lowther, 5, 53; Cherokees punished by, 85.
* Treziyulney, Charles, Pennsylvania Canal commissioner, 13, 177.
* Trigg, Col. Stephen, 6, 129.
* Trimble, Lieut. Isaac, located Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, 109, 110. ​
* Trotter, James, 6, 198.
* Trotter, Lieutenant Colonel, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 87, 101–102.
* Troutman, Peter, 6, 199.
* Trowbridge's, 12, 121.
* Troy (Ohio), Harmar camps near, 8, 97.
* Trubley, Lieutenant Colonel, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 88.
* Trueman, Capt. Alexander: messenger to Indians, 8, 170; murdered, 171; found by May, 182.
* Tumblestone's, see Tomlinson's.
* Tunnel: first American planned by Schriver, 13, 68; early English, 68; view of first, 201.
* "Turkey Foot" (Confluence, Pennsylvania), strategic position of, 3, 134.
* Turner, John, 12, 72.
* Turner, Professor Frederick J.: Indian Trade of Wisconsin, cited, 7, 185; rights of first settlers north of the Ohio discussed by, 9, 58.
* Turpin, Sur la Guerre, cited by General Forbes, 5, 80.
* Turtle Creek: arrival of Braddock at, 4, 117; fortification at, 5, 186.
* Twelve Mile Prairie, Vincennes Trace in, 8, 52.
* Tyler, John, nominated for vice-president, 14, 170.
* Tyler's, 12, 128. ​
* UNADILLA (New York): President Dwight describes, 12, 155–160; Erie Canal stops growth of, 61.
* Union College Guards, celebrate opening of Erie Canal, 14, 145.
* Uniontown (Pennsylvania): Pennsylvania compels United States government to lay Cumberland Road through, 10, 54; early taverns at, 158.
* United States Hotel, 10, 160.
* United States: improves navigation of Ohio River, 9, 189–220; subscribes for stock in Portland Canal, 203–205; builds Cumberland Road, 10, 18–90; opens Zane's Trace through Ohio, 11, 156–158; surveys a route for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 77–78; subscribes stock in Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 112; refuses to take stock in Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 113–114; proposed to aid Erie Canal with funds accruing from sale of Michigan lands, 14, 58–59.
* Upland House, 10, 160.
* Utica (New York): strategic position of, 12, 99; Bigelow describes, 121–126; inaugural celebration at completion of Erie Canal, 14, 143–144. ​
* VAN CLEVE, Benjamin, Narrative of St. Clair's defeat, 8, 155–156.
* Vandevener's, 12, 140.
* Vane, on early meeting house steeple, 12, 136.
* Van Horne, Gen. Isaac, 10, 162.
* Van Meter, Isaac, 12, 31.
* Van Rensselaer, Stephen, pioneer Erie Canal commissioner, 14, 52, 145, 150, 180, 213.
* Vauhn, John, 6, 199.
* Veech, James, The Monongahela of Old: cited, 3, 173–188; quoted, 10, 14.
* Venango, Céloron at, 9, 34.
* Vieau, Andrew J., Sr., quoted, 11, 32.
* Villiers, "Le Grand:" advances upon Washington, 3, 155; wins battle of Fort Necessity, 159–166.
* Vincennes (Indiana): Helm occupies, 8, 32; Hamilton retakes, 33; Clark captures, 60.
* Virginia: debt of Kentucky to, 6, 41; attempts to hold West by means of Northwestern Turnpike, 12, 39–41; good roads and untilled lands in, 15, 46. ​
* Virginia Military District, description of, 9, 67.
* Virginians: British officer compares Pennsylvanians and, 4, 157–158; daring enterprise of, 6, 27–28.
* Virginia Regiment; history of campaign of 1754, 3, 126–188; reasons for advancing from Wills Creek, 128–129; religious service held, 152; retires from Mount Braddock, 155–156; in battle of Fort Necessity, 159–163; retreat from Fort Necessity, 167–170.
* Volney, A View of the Soil and Climate of the United States of America, cited, 8, 47; quoted, 65–68.
* WABLE'S, 10, 159.
* Wagons, professional loaders of, 11, 82; see Conestogas.
* Wagoners: clannish nature of, 11, 84; resented slights, 84–85.
* Walker, Benjamin, 12, 110.
* Walker, Dr. Thomas: Journal, 1, 111, et seq.; Kentucky explored by, 6, 48–69; sketch of life of, 50–52; details of the exploration of, 53–69; Sabbath honored by, 55; Daniel Bryan outlines route ​of, 58–59; fruitlessness of exploration of, 59; accidents to party of, 64–65.
* Walker, Felix: blazing of Wilderness Road described by, 6, 94–100; kindness of Daniel Boone to, 100.
* Walker, guide, 5, 100.
* Walker, John (woodsman), recommended by St. Clair, 5, 86.
* Walker's, 4, 87; 10, 158.
* Walkin's, 10, 160.
* Wall, William, 10, 207.
* Wallace Ridge, trail on, described, 2, 118.
* Wallcutt, Thomas, Journal, quoted, 12, 43–63.
* Walnut Hill (Illinois), Clark's camp near, 8, 46; St. Louis–Shawneetown Road near, 46.
* Walpole, Horace: quoted, 3, 83; 5, 65; Memoirs of George II, quoted, 4, 59, et seq.
* Walton, Matthew, 6, 198.
* War Atlas, 1861–65, cited, 12, 23.
* Ward, Captain: Journal, cited, 5, 94, 96; as guide, 99.
* Ward, Mr., 14, 142.
* "Warren, Admiral" the, 12, 62.
* Warren County, Ohio, History of, cited, 8, 91.
* Warren, John, 6, 201. ​
* Warren, Moses, Jr., 7, 161.
* "Warrior's Island," Clark's men on, 8, 59.
* Washington, George: early military training, 3, 18–19; Prof. McMaster's estimate of, 20; Charles James Fox's opinion of, 21; Edward Everett on, 21–22; popular opinion of, 24; Otis Kendall Stuart on, 24; President Eliot on, 25; early western experiences, 26–30; western possessions, 30; plans for internal improvement, 31–35; influence in making of the West, 37–39; mission to French forts, 85–119; Governor Dinwiddie employs, 89–91; Journal of 1753, cited, 91–119; first western trip, 96–119; visit to Logstown (1753), 99–104; visit to Fort Presque Isle, 108–114; attempted assassination, 114; influence of Journal of, 120; Dinwiddie's instructions to (1754), 121–122; Journal of 1754, cited, 122–172; arrives with Virginia Regiment at Wills Creek, 126–128; services through campaign of 1754, 126–188; history of Journal of 1754, 128; advances from Wills Creek to Great Meadows, 130–134; explores Youghiogheny River, 133–134; advances on Jumonville, 141–147; attack on Jumonville, 142–150; Jumonville's claim of ambassadorship denounced by, 147–150; King George's early opinion of, 150; letter published in London Magazine, ​150; retreats from Mount Braddock to Fort Necessity, 155–156; attack of Villiers on Fort Necessity, 159–167; tricked to acknowledge assassination of Jumonville, 164; capitulation signed at Fort Necessity, 164–166; thanked by Virginia House of Burgesses for conduct in campaign of 1754, 168; early plans to unite east and west, 189; internal improvement plans, 191–204; to Henry Lee on internal improvements, 198; importance of campaign of 1754, 4, 23; Braddock's march described by, 110, 114–115; illness during Braddock's march, 110, 117–118, 124; great desire to be at Braddock's battle, 111; Braddock buried by, 133; services on Virginia frontier, 1755–58, 5, 35–44; discipline of militia urged by, 39–40; Everett's eulogy, 41; humorous letter of Lord Fairfax to, 42; severe training in French and Indian War, 43–44; regiment ordered to Fort Cumberland, 85; arrival at Fort Cumberland, 95; to Bouquet, on improving Braddock's Road, 95–96; condition of Braddock's Road according to, 96; letter to Bouquet, concerning routes, 100; compares Braddock's and Pennsylvania Roads, 101–102; offers to advise General Forbes, 102; Bouquet commends attitude of, 111; Bou​quet proposes a meeting between Forbes and, 111; letter to Maj. Francis Halket, prophesying Forbes's failure, 112–113; denial of partisanship in road question, 113; Bouquet criticises lack of knowledge, 114; letter to Bouquet, in favor of Braddock's Road, 117–123; dark prophecies justified by results, 129; lack of knowledge, 130–134; part in the Virginia "plot" against Pennsylvania Road, 135–136; "unguarded" letter of, 135–136; Forbes misjudged by, 137; early jealousy over Pennsylvania routes, 141; objections to Dunbar's route (1755), 141; letter to Major Carlisle, 141; ordered to open Braddock's Road, 144; faithfulness of, 151; Forbes questions loyalty of, 153; enterprising spirit typical, 6, 28; pioneers influenced by explorations of, 38–39; big tree on Ohio found by, 61; Youghiogheny River explored by, 7, 63; MS. Diary of 1784, cited, 7, 169; 11, 24; 12, 16–28; 13, 35–50; to Gov. Arthur St. Clair on disposition of Wabash and Illinois Indians, 8, 81; orders St. Clair to examine waterways of northwest, 82; trials during first term as president, 86–87; memorandum on officers to succeed St. Clair, 172–174; experiences on western trails, 11, 23–24; later route of Northwestern Turnpike explored by, 12, 16–28; plan of forming a continental ​trade route by uniting the Great Lakes, Ohio and Potomac, 13, 35–52; scheme of communication "from Detroit to Alexandria," 42–43; "avoiding Pennsylvania," 43–44; Detroit to Richmond, 44–45; Detroit to Philadelphia, 45–46; Detroit to Albany, 47; Detroit to Montreal, 48; appointed on Virginia delegation concerning Potomac improvement, 50; confidence in value of Potomac Company stock, 54; to Richard Henry Lee, on Potomac improvement, 54; resigned presidency of Potomac Company to take presidency of United States, 62; plan of communications followed by later surveyors, 67.
* Washington Hall, 10, 164.
* Washington (Pennsylvania): Pennsylvania compels government to lay Cumberland Road through, 10, 54; early taverns in, 155.
* Washington Star, cited, 4, 78.
* Watauga: pioneer settlement of, 6, 30; Boone negotiates treaty of, 92.
* Waterfall, annual on American roads, 15, 97.
* Watersheds: early roads on, 1, 66; archæological remains on, 69, et seq.; as sites of first habitation, 10, 171–172.
* Watertown (Pennsylvania), see Fort Le Bœuf. ​
* Watkins, John, 6, 198.
* Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, quoted, 11, 53–54.
* Watson, Elkanah: pioneer improvement efforts of, 14, 20–21, 25–26, 47; History of the . . . Western Canals in the State of New York: cited, 13, 54; 14, 21, 42; quoted, 25–26, 41, 47–48.
* Watson, James, 14, 25.
* Wattles Ferry (New York), President Dwight at, 12, 152.
* Wattles, Nathaniel, 12, 146.
* Wattles, Sluman, 12, 146, 148.
* Wayne, Gen. Anthony: anecdote on Wyandots, 3, 54; to Secretary of War on Miami portages, 7, 69–73; Washington's private opinion of, 8, 173; given command of Legion, 175; difficulty in choosing officers, 175–176; good men chosen, 176; moves Legion to Legionville, 177; entertains Iroquois chiefs, 183; moves Legion to Fort Washington, 184; camps at "Hobson's Choice," 186; receives spy's report, 192; receives secret code message to begin war, 192; anticipates road question, 193–194; road called "Mad Anthony Street" in Cincinnati, 195; route to Hamilton, 195; Indian nicknames for, 200; road to Greenville, 201; erects Fort Greenville, 201; sends detachment to St. Clair's battlefield, 203; builds Fort Recovery, ​204; advances from Greenville, 205; reaches St. Mary River, 207; erects Fort Adams, 207; reaches the Auglaize, 208; feints at road-building, 208; deceives Indians by cunning tactics, 209–210; impresses Indians, 210; extremely cautious, 211; criticised by Clark, 211; refuses Wilkinson command of a flying column, 211; erects Fort Defiance, 212; advances up the Maumee, 213; wins the battle of Fallen Timber, 214–216; erects Fort Wayne, 216; erects Fort Loramie; 216; concludes Treaty at Greenville, 217.
* Weaver, Casper Willis, superintendent of construction Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, 110.
* Webb's Mill (West Virginia), 12, 46.
* Webster, John, 12, 31.
* Webster's (Stoystown, Pennsylvania), 11, 140.
* Weedon, General. Washington's opinion of, 8, 173.
* Weiser, Lt. Col. Conrad: commander of First Battalion of the Pennsylvania Regiment, 1, 50; Journal, quoted, 2, 29.
* Welchhanse's Mill, Braddock's Road near, 4, 188.
* Welch's, Nicholas, 6, 57.
* Welch, Sylvester, superintends building of Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 198.
* Weld, Isaac, on corduroy roads, 11, 71.
* Welge Station (Illinois), Clark's camp near, 8, 31. ​
* Wentling's, 10, 159.
* Wentworth's Ferry, 7, 120.
* Werden's, 10, 164.
* West: Americans and not Englishmen explored the Middle, 6, 44–45; primeval condition of the, 3, 41–46.
* Western Inland Lock Navigation Company: sketch of, 14, 22–42; Report of the Directors, 35; New York purchases works of, 130–131.
* Westmoreland, County of, Pennsylvania, History of the, cited, 5, 191.
* Weston, William, engineer, 14, 38, 40, 87–88, 92–93.
* West Port, 12, 78.
* West Virginia Atlas, 12, 25.
* West Virginia Historical Magazine, cited, 4, 78.
* Wheeling Creek, Céloron at mouth of, 9, 42.
* Wheeling (West Virginia): Cumberland Road completed to, 10, 54–57, 71–74; taverns at, 160; Baltimore and Ohio Railway reaches, 13, 134; origin of name of, 14, 16.
* Whilley, William, 6, 200.
* White, Canvass: favors Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 196; builds Erie Canal in Mohawk Valley, 14, 132; honored at Erie Canal inaugural celebration, 149.
* White, Cross, 6, 124. ​
* "White Goose," 10, 155.
* White, Historical Collections of Georgia, 1, 90.
* "White Horse," 10, 163.
* White Oak Springs, 4, 195.
* White, West Virginia Atlas, 12, 25.
* Whitledge, Robert, 6, 107, 116.
* Whitman, Marcus, as pioneer road maker, 11, 48.
* Whyle's, 11, 135.
* Wickliffe's House, 4, 195.
* Wickware's, 12, 47.
* Wilkins, John, 6, 200.
* Wilkinson, General: ordered to attack Wabash Indians, 8, 115, 120; builds Fort St. Clair, 169; Washington's private opinion of, 173; appointed brigadier-general under Wayne, 175; proposes to advance with a flying column, 210; refused by Wayne, 211.
* Wilkinson, Judge, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139.
* Willey, John, 6, 201.
* Williams, Eli, 10, 26.
* Williams, Elizabeth, mother of Col. Richard Henderson, 6, 88.
* Williams, General, Washington's opinion of, 8, 174.
* Williams, John: 6, 91, 102, 136; to Captain Martin, 136–137. ​
* Williams, Major C., commander of first boat to cross Alleghenies on Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 206.
* Williams, Ralph, 6, 133.
* Williams's, 12, 50.
* Williamson, Charles, 12, 110.
* Williamstown (West Virginia), 12, 44.
* "Willing," The, assists in Clark's Vincennes campaign, 8, 33, 57.
* Wills Creek: Ohio Company's buildings at, 3, 95; view of same, 4, 27; reasons for Virginia Regiment's advance from (1754), 3, 128–129.
* Wilson, Francis E., 8, 12.
* Wilson, John, 6, 198.
* Wilson, Maj. John, surveys route for Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 197.
* Wilson, President Woodrow, George Washington, cited, 10, 161.
* Wilson's, 10, 161.
* Wilson's "Catfish Camp," 10, 155.
* Wilson, William Bender, History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, cited, 13, 199; quoted, 204–205.
* Winans, Ross: invents friction wheels, 13, 128; called to Russia, 128–129; invents cast-iron wheels, 131. ​
* Winden, Julius, The Influence of the Erie Canal upon the population along its course, quoted, 14, 152–177.
* Winegamer's, 10, 162.
* Wine Hill, Clark's route on, 8, 30, 31.
* Winslow, Beauséjour captured by, 5, 68.
* Winston, President George T., on poor roads and matrimony, 15, 24.
* Winter, early traveling preferable in, 11, 33.
* Wisconsin: archæological map of, 1, 48; remains in, 49; archæological remains in Crawford County, 54; early path in, 11, 32.
* Wisconsin Historical Collections, cited, 9, 118, 132; 11, 32.
* Witherbee, Frank S., on Roosevelt Erie Canal committee, 14, 198.
* Wolfe, James, bravery at Louisbourg, 5, 73.
* Wolf, Governor, approves bill authorizing Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 197.
* Wolf's Rapid, 14, 28.
* Wolves, pioneers invade dens of, 6, 67–68.
* Wood, Col. Abraham, New River discovered by, 6, 55.
* Wood Creek, in Washington's plan of communications, 13, 47. ​
* Woodington, John, early settler on Wayne's Road, 8, 196.
* Wood, William, 12, 30.
* Woodruff, Henry S., 12, 160.
* Wood's Gap, see Flower Gap.
* Wood's, Samuel, 6, 198.
* Workman House, 10, 155.
* Wright, Benjamin, Erie Canal engineer, 14, 109, 115, 180.
* Wyandots, sketch of, 3, 53–56.
* Wyllys, Maj. John P., in Harmar's campaign, 8, 88, 105–106.
* YANKEES, early macadamized road in New York built by, 12, 118.
* Yearley's, 6, 124.
* Yeiser, Philip, 6, 202.
* Yellow Bark, see Farrington, Illinois. ​
* Yellow Creek, Logan's relatives murdered on, 6, 85.
* Yoder, Jacob, first flatboat to descend Ohio and Mississippi steered by, 9, 124.
* Young, James, 6, 201.
* Young, Richard, 6, 198.
* Young, Samuel, Erie Canal commissioner, 14, 116, 150, 180.
* ZANE, Ebenezer, appointed to blaze road through Ohio, 11, 156.
* Zane, Jonathan, assists Ebenezer Zane in marking out Zane's Trace, 11, 158.
* Zanesville (Ohio), early taverns in, 10, 157, 161–162.
* Zeigler, Major, testifies in St. Clair court-martial, 8, 126.
* Zeisberger, Rev. David: opinion on derivation of "Ohio," 9, 20; on location of Moravian town in Ohio, 64; Diary, cited, 2, 103, 104.
* Zinn's blockhouse tavern, 12, 83.
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