OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Battenberg, House of

See also Battenberg family on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Battenberg, House of, members of a grand-ducal family reigning in Hesse, Germany, many of whom have by marriage and otherwise been connected with royalty on the European Continent and in Great Britain. The mother of the present reigning Grand-Duke of Hesse was Princess Alice of Great Britain, third daughter of the late Queen Victoria; this Grand-Duke (Ernest Ludwig) in 1894 married Princess Victoria, daughter of Duke Alfred of Saxe-Coburgand Gotha, a marriage which was dissolved in 1901. The Battenberg title was first conferred in 1857 on Countess Hanke, morganatic wife of Prince Alexander of Hesse, three of whose four children attained high honor as Princes of Battenberg. One, Louis Alexander (b. in 1854) is a British naval officer; another, Alexander Joseph, was from 1879 to 1886 Prince of Bulgaria; while the third, Prince Henry Maurice, in 1885 married Princess Beatrice, youngest child of the late Queen Victoria of Great Britain. Prince Henry, who was created a royal highness by his august mother-in-law and made governor of the Isle of Wight, died on his way home from Kumasi in 1896, having seen service in the Ashanti campaign. His widow, the Princess of Battenberg, still survives, and one of their children, Victoria Eugenie (b. 1887), married in 1906 Alfonso XIII, King of Spain.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Barmen

See also Barmen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bar'men, a busy city in Rhenish Prussia. Nowhere else in Germany are so many factories found in one place. It has the largest factories for ribbon-weaving on the continent, and also manufactures lace, thread, buttons, braid, cotton cloth, silk goods, steel wares and plated goods. It is made up of a number of villages, which form almost one continuous street six miles long. Population, 169,201.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bastiat, Frederick

See also Frédéric Bastiat on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bastiat (bäs′tyȧ′), Frederick, a well-known French political economist, was born ​ at Bayonne in 1801. In 1825 he began the study of political economy and wrote largely on the subject. He was a strong believer in the doctrine of free trade, and published several articles against the system of protection to home manufacturers. After the revolution of 1848 in France he was elected a member of the French parliament. He died at Rome in 1850.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bathsheba

See also Bathsheba on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Bath′sheba, the daughter of Eliam and the wife of Uriah the Hittite. After the death of her husband at King David's instigation, Bathsheba became the wife of the latter. She was the mother of King Solomon. See II Samuel xi and I Kings i.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Battering Ram

See also Battering ram on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Bat′tering Ram, an instrument of war used in ancient times. It was a beam of wood, with a head of iron or bronze, like a ram's head. It was used to batter down walls and doors, and was either carried by the soldiers or fastened in a frame and made to swing. Another kind moved on rollers. To protect those who were operating it, a wooden roof was built over it and the whole mounted on wheels. The ram varied in length from 60 to 120 feet, the head sometimes weighing over a ton, and as many as a hundred men were needed to manage it. The Romans borrowed it from the Greeks, but who invented it is not known.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Baton Rouge

See also Baton Rouge, Louisiana on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Baton Rouge (băt-ŭn′roozh), the capital of the state of Louisiana, is situated on the left bank of the Mississippi River. It was one of the earliest French settlements. The state house, state university and many other public buildings are there. The city was occupied by Federal troops during the Civil War, after the capture of New Orleans, and defended by General Williams against a Confederate force led by General Breckenridge. General Williams was killed during the contest. Population, 14,897.
# The Pathway of Roses

Layout 2
the
Pathway of Roses
BY
CHRISTIAN D. LARSON
Author of
"The Ideal Made Real," "On The Heights," "The Hidden Secret," "The Great Within," "Mastery of Fate," "How To Stay Young," "Perfect Health," "Poise and Power," "Your Forces and How to Use Them," etc., etc., etc.
LONDON
L. N. FOWLER & CO.
7 IMPERIAL ARCADE, LUDGATE CIRCUS, E.C. 1913
CONTENTS
CHAPTERPAGE
* To give the world emancipation is the ruling desire of all minds that are spiritually awakened; and these should remember that to overcome evil with good is the only way. Forget the wrong that may appear in the outer world of things, and give all your thought to the great good that is inherent in all things. You thereby place in action the greatest emancipating power that the human race will ever know.
* We are in bondage because we have lived to please the person. Follow the soul and freedom shall come quickly. Then we shall please the person better than ever before. To follow the soul is to enter the greater domains of life, those domains from which we may secure everything that is rich and beautiful and superior in human existence. The soul leads, not only into the life more abundant, but also into the actual possession of all the spiritual riches that the greater life may contain. And when we find the kingdom that is within, all that we may desire in the without shall be added.
* The soul that lives most perfectly in the present, creates most nobly for the future. Be yourself to-day, regardless of what happened yesterday. Be all that you are or can be to-day, and you will live in a fairer world to-morrow.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1962, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 61 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Coot

See also Coot on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* AMERICAN COOT
Coot, a water-bird, also called mudhen and crow-duck. It differs from the rail in having lobed toes, which assist in swimming. It is about 14 inches long, with a short tail, with a slaty-black plumage and some white marks near the tail. The bill is pointed and ivory-white, distinguishing it from the duck. It breeds in bogs, and frequents quiet pools and rivers, but prefers the neighborhood of small muddy ponds. The food is water-insects, small fish, worms, seeds, grass, etc. It lays from eight to 12 eggs, yellow-buff in color and marked with fine dots and spots of brown and very faint lilac lines.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Copernicus, Nicolaus

See also Nicolaus Copernicus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Copernicus (kō̇-pẽr′-nĭ-kŭs), Nicolaus, the founder of modern astronomy, born at Thorn in Prussia, Feb. 19, 1473; died at Frauenburg, May 24, 1543. Previous to the time of Copernicus—or, roughly speaking, previous to the discovery of America—there existed among scholars a great variety of views regarding the structure of the solar system and regarding its relation to the fixed stars. The chief merit of Copernicus is that he first solved in a fairly satisfactory manner the great problem of the motion of the planets. If not the first to propose, he certainly was the first to work out, in detail, an explanation which is so simple as to command acceptance from everyone who clearly understands it. Instead of assuming, as the Egyptians and the Greeks and most people after them had done, that the earth is the center of the solar system, Copernicus assumed that the sun is the center, that the earth and the other planets revolve about the sun in circular orbits and that the earth rotates on its own axis. There are a number of details which Copernicus was unable to explain because he did not know that the orbits of the planets are elliptical, as was proved later by Kepler. Copernicus was educated at the University of Cracow, whither he went in 1491. Later he spent some years of study at Bologna and Padua, and at the latter place he took the degree of doctor of medicine in 1499. In 1503 he went to Frauenburg, where he practiced medicine and held several important offices in the church. The years from 1507 to 1530 were spent in the preparation of his immortal book: The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, which, however, was not printed until after his death in 1543. The defense of the Copernican system was, therefore, left largely to his successors, principally among them to Giordano Bruno of Italy and to Galileo. The position of Copernicus in history may be more easily retained in memory, if the student will recall that he and Michael Angelo were contemporaries, there being only two years' difference in their ages. On the day that Michael Angelo died, Feb. 18, 1564, Galileo, the great defender of Copernicus, was born; while in the year that Galileo died, 1642, the illustrious Newton, who was to perfect and simplify the Copernican system, was born in England.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Copper

See also Copper on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Copper. This appears to have been the first metal used by man, both in war and in the peaceful arts. Like gold and silver, it is found native, sometimes in great masses, as on the south shore of Lake Superior, where blocks of many tons' weight have been obtained. The use of copper by ancient nations is well-known, through the many collections in museums of weapons and other objects of bronze, that is, copper mixed with a small quantity of tin. The ancients obtained most of their copper from Cyprus; hence the name. Copper has a fine red color, takes a brilliant polish, and is nine times heavier than water. Next to silver it is the best conductor of heat and electricity. It is moderately hard and highly tenacious, though not so strong as iron. The largest masses of native copper are found in the mines of Russia and in our own Lake Superior region. Copper is used in many ways. With other metals it makes brass, bronze and gun-metal; alone, it is used for boilers, cooking-vessels, pipes, wire, nails, spikes; in thin plates it is used for engraving and etching, and in strong rollers for calico-printing; as an electro-deposit it is used in copying engravings and pages of type for the printing-press. Copper is usually employed for lightning-conductors. Yellow metal, an alloy of copper, is used in sheathing the bottom of vessels. The United States is now the largest producer of copper. The richest mine in the world is at Calumet, Michigan, on Lake Superior. Arizona, Montana, Utah and other parts of the Union also produce copper. The world's production of copper, in 1906, was 715,268 tons, the chief countries producing the metal, besides the United States, being Chile, Japan, Mexico, Australasia, Spain, Portugal, Germany and South Africa.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Corn, Indian

See also Maize on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* CORN
Corn, Indian, or Maize, the original name of corn or Zea Mays, a species of the grass family. Corn is said to have become the most important food-plant, next to rice. It is now almost unanimously conceded that it originated in America and is probably native to Mexico. Corn was found in cultivation by the Indians upon the discovery of America, and has continued to be called Indian corn; in fact the name maize is seldom used in America. Although very numerous varieties have been developed, they are all considered to have been derived from a single species. The commonly used classification is as follows: pod-corns, pop-corns, flint-corns, dent-corns, soft-corns, sweet or sugar-corns, starchy sweet-corns. Sweet corn is distinguished from the ordinary field-varieties by its wrinkled or shriveled kernel and its somewhat translucent appearance. The pop-corn is characterized by the excessive development of the horny region of the endosperm and by the very small size of the kernels and ears. Corn is hardly less a staple food than is rice in tropical countries, while in colder countries it is rapidly becoming popular. It is thought to be more nutritious than barley, buckwheat or rye. It is more generally used in America than in other continents. In the United States the annual crop is over 2,700,000,000 bushels, or about two thirds of all the grains grown. When coarsely ground, corn forms hominy; when finely ground, corn-meal. Pop-corn is a variety whose grains, when roasted, swell and burst, turning inside out. However, the greatest use of corn in America, is as a food for cattle, sheep and hogs. Large quantities of starch are made from corn. This is used for food and for laundry-work, while a good part of it is made into grape-sugar or glucose. The dried leaves and stalks of corn furnish a supply of cattle-fodder. The husks are used for packing and for mattresses; while in South America they are also used for cigarettes. The cobs make popular pipe-bowls for tobacco. Corn was introduced into Europe by Columbus; but there is good ground for believing that the maize plant was known in Asia and Africa before that time.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cooper, Peter

See also Peter Cooper and Cooper Union on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* PETER COOPER
Cooper, Peter, was born at New York, Feb, 12, 1791. His father, who had been a lieutenant in the Revolutionary War and was a hat-manufacturer, was not successful in business, and had a large family to provide for. So Peter's boyhood was one of hard labor. He went to school half of each day for a single year. When 17, he was apprenticed to a coachmaker, and pleased his employer so much that he offered to set him up in business, which he declined. After trying different branches of trade, he began the manufacture of glue and isinglass, which he carried on for 50 years. Seeing what profits could be made in iron, he built several mills. In 1845 he erected at Trenton, N. J., the largest rolling-mill at that time in the country for the manufacture of railroad-iron. He first succeeded in using anthracite coal in puddling iron; was the first to roll wrought-iron beams for buildings; and also designed and built the first locomotive made in America, which was used on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. In his own youth Cooper had greatly felt the lack of means of study in the line of his trade, and he determined that other artisans should have a better chance. So Cooper Union, to which Mr. Cooper gave $800,000 in all, was built. It covers a whole block in the center of New York city. Here young mechanics and others receive night-lessons in engineering, mining, metallurgy, chemistry, architectural drawing and building. There also are schools of design, telegraphy, wood engraving, photography, etc. The Union is free to all who choose to attend. Besides the school proper there are free lectures, a free library and reading-room, art-galleries, models of inventions and ​other facilities and equipments. Cooper died April 4, 1883.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Corn-Harvester

See also Corn harvester on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Corn-Harvester. Among the many labor-saving machines which have so greatly aided modern agriculture is that known as the corn-harvester. One type of these machines cuts the corn and binds the stalks in bundles ready for shocking. Another type cuts and shocks the corn without binding it into bundles. With the use of one of these machines a single man with a team may easily cut eight or ten acres of corn in a day, doing the work of four to eight men by former hand-methods. The illustration shows the cutting mechanism of one of these machines. The edges of the side-knives are at an angle to the line of draft, and as the machine advances the knives move with a shear-cut against the corn-stalks, severing them. They are then carried away by a conveyor and bound in bundles.
CUTTING MECHANISM OF CORN-HARVESTER
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cooper, Sir Astley

See also Astley Cooper on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cooper, Sir Astley, an English surgeon, was born at Norfolk, Eng., Aug; 23, 1768. He began the study of surgery in London when 17. Appointments at hospitals and professorships followed. His books made him famous. From 1804 to 1807 was published his work on Hernia; his great work on Dislocation and Fractures appeared in 1822. He was the first to attempt the tying of the carotid artery and the aorta, though he was not successful in either. He also removed a tumor from the head of George IV, who thereupon made him a baronet. The vice-presidency of universities, degrees, memberships and offices in scientific societies were showered upon him. Besides his fame as a surgeon and as a writer on surgery, he was very successful as a teacher, implanting knowledge in an easy and agreeable manner. He also made surgery, which before his time had in large measure been dangerous guesswork, a science. He died Feb. 12, 1841.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Copenhagen

See also Copenhagen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Co′penha′gen, the capital of Denmark, is on the island of Zealand, with outlying parts on the island of Amager and the mainland. The city is defended by fortifications recently built and by old forts, especially by the citadel of Frederikshavn. The square, Kongens Nytory, is the center of the town's life. Its cathedral has a baptismal font by Thorwaldsen, and the Thorwaldsen museum has many of that sculptor's works. The royal castle, called Christiansborg, has a fine art-gallery, some of the pictures in which were burned in 1884. The university, founded in 1479, has 85 professors, 400 students and a library of 250,000 volumes; while the royal library has over 500,000 volumes. Copenhagen in the middle of the 12th century was a mere fishing-village. It was made the capital in 1443. The town has had three fires, and has been besieged and bombarded many times. It was in its fine harbor that Nelson, in 1801, destroyed the Danish fleet. The annual trade of the port amounts to about $120,000,000. Its industries embrace ship-building, distilling and brewing, sugar-refining, the manufacture of porcelain, soda, machinery and textile fabrics. Population, 462,161; or with its suburbs, 559,398.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cope, Edward Drinker

See also Edward Drinker Cope on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* E. D. COPE
Cope, Edward Drinker (1840-97), one of the most distinguished of American naturalists. He was of Quaker descent and was widely known in the field of comparative anatomy. For many years he was editor of the American Naturalist and professor in the University of Pennsylvania. He made extensive collections of the fossil vertebrates from the rocks of the western states, and filled his house in Philadelphia to overflowing with them. He prepared several monographs for the United States government. He was a voluminous writer, but most of his writings were technical. As examples of his many publications we mention only Origin of the Fittest and Tertiary Vertebrates of North America (1889). He died at Philadelphia on April 12, 1897.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Corneille, Pierre

See also Pierre Corneille on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Corneille (kō̇r′nāl′), Pierre, the greatest French tragedian and the founder of French comedy, was born at Rouen, June 6, 1606. His ill-success as a lawyer sent him to Paris in 1629, where his first comedy was produced and acted in two theaters at the same time. In 1636 The Cid, his most popular tragedy, took Paris by storm, and in spite of Richelieu, a personal enemy of the author, and in spite also of the Academy, his creature, could not be suppressed; and soon “fine as the Cid” became a common saying. Le Menteur showed the author to be great in comedy as well as in tragedy. Polyeucte and Rodogune are others of his best works; while the finest verses he wrote occur in the central love-scene of Psyche. Horace and Cinna are also favorite productions of Corneille. Strength and sublimity are his chief characteristics.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vener

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​VENER, va'ner. or WENER, Lake. The largest lake in (he Scandinavian Peninsula, and, next to Lakes Ladoga and Onega in Russia, the largest lake in Kuropc. It lies in the southwestern', part of Sweden, lis northern extremity lieing nearly in the latitude of Stockholm, while its southwestern extremity comes within IS miles of an arm of the Cattegat (Map: Sweden, K 7). It is of oval shape, but contracted near the middle
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vermilion

Edition of 1905. See also Vermilion on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ VERMILION (OF., Fr. vermillion, from vermeil, bright-red, from Lat. vermiculus, little worm, kermes-insect, from which crimson or carmine was obtained, diminutive of vermis, worm). A name applied to cinnabar, or native mercuric sulphide, but more generally to the artificial sulphide used as a pigment, the mineral not being of sufficient purity to be used directly as a pigment. The vermilion of commerce was formerly prepared by heating together mercury and sulphur in an iron pan with constant stirring. A more modern process consists in bringing mercury, sulphur, and an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide together in a revolving drum and heating to about 46° C. (115° F.), when the mixture gradually assumes a red color. It is said that about 85 pounds of mercury are required to produce 100 pounds of vermilion. Vermilion is a permanent pigment, and may be used with water or oil, but cannot be used in enamel, as it volatilizes at a red heat. It possesses great body, weight, and opacity. Numerous pigments consisting of aniline colors thrown on a lead body, such as the oxide or carbonate, have largely taken the place of the true vermilion as a pigment, especially as they have a permanent red color, stand exposure fairly well, and change to a lighter color with age instead of a darker, as is the case with vermilion.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vermont, University of

Edition of 1905. See also University of Vermont on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VERMONT, University of. A coeducational institution of learning at Burlington, Vermont, founded in 1791. The Vermont Agricultural College, chartered in 1862, was incorporated in 1865 with the university, under the title of the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. The work of instruction is organized in (1) the Department of Arts, with a classical course leading to the B.A. degree, and a literary-scientific course, leading to the Ph.B. degree; (2) the Department of Sciences, including courses in civil and sanitary, mechanical and electrical engineering, chemistry, and agriculture, all leading to the degree of B.S.; (3) the Department of Commerce and Economics; and (4) the Department of Medicine, leading to the degree of M.D. The master's degree in arts or science is conferred on graduates of two years' standing. Certificates from preparatory schools are accepted in place of the entrance examinations. The curriculum is partially elective. Military theory and drill are required of male students. The university offers a number of scholarships and prizes in different departments and maintains a loan fund for the benefit of needy students who are residents of the State. In 1903 the students numbered 570, and the faculty 64. The library contained 65,000 volumes. The endowment was $584,000, with an income of $97,000.