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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Archconfraternity of Holy Agony

From volume 7 of the work.
An association for giving special honour to the mental sufferings of Christ during His Agony in the Garden of Gethsemani. Its object is to obtain through the merits of these sufferings:
It was founded as a confraternity in 1862, at Valfleury, France, by Antoine Nicolle (1817-90), a priest of the Congregation of the Mission (Lazarist). At its beginning, Pius IX enriched it with indulgences. In 1865 it was authorized to affiliate other confraternities in the Diocese of Lyons. In 1873 it was made an archconfraternity for all France, and its head-quarters installed at the mother-house of the Lazarists, 95 Rue de Sèvres, paris. After twice adding to its indulgences, Pope Leo XIII, in 1894, permitted its extension through the world. To join the confraternity all that is required is to have one s name inscribed upon the register, which may be done by applying to the director. The practices are the daily recitation of a short prayer found on the certificate of admission usually given to members, or the recitation of and Our Father and Hail Mary instead, for the intentions of the association. Members are also recommended to offer their actions each Friday, or some other day of the week, to hear Mass once a week, and to offer a Holy Communion once a year for the intentions of the society. None of these practices is obligatory. The members should be especially zealous in seeing that those in danger of death have the assistance of a priest and other aids to die well. The head of the archconfraternity is the superior general of the Congregation of the Mission, who puts the details of the work in the hands of a sub-director of the same congregation. The medal of the arch-confraternity bears on one side a representation of the Agony of Christ in the Garden of Gethsemani, on the reverse, Our lady of the Seven Dolours. The chief festival is that of the Prayer of Christ, which occurs on Tuesday of Septuagesima week. The society has spread all over the world and has been erected, chiefly but not exclusively, in the churches and chapels of the Lazarists and the Daughters of Charity. While the chapel of the motherhouse of the Lazarists in Paris is the seat of the archconfraternity, and the monthly meetings and the novena preparatory for the feast of the Prayer of Christ are held there, in another part of Paris a chapel of the Holy Agony has been built in gratitude for the favours received by the association, and as a testimonial of reparation and love at the end of the nineteenth century. The "Bulletin of the Holy Agony" is published every other month in Paris; a quarterly edition in English appears at Emmitsburg, Maryland. All the details of the association can be found in the Manual of the Archconfraternity published at Paris, 95 Rue de Sèvres. The director for England and Scotland resides at St. Vincent's, Mill Hill, London; for Ireland at St. Peter's Dublin; and for the United States at St. Vincent's House, Emmitsburg, Maryland.
LARIGALDIE, Antoine Nicolle (Paris, 1909)
B. Randolph.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Archdiocese of Acerenza

From volume 1 of the work.
​Acerenza (Acherontia), The Archdiocese of, in the provinces of Lecce and Potenza, Italy, has been united since 1203 with the Diocese of Matera. It lays claim to a very early, even Apostolic, origin. Acerenza was certainly an episcopal see in the course of the fifth century, for in 499 we meet with the name of its first known bishop, Justus, in the Acts of the Roman Synod of that year. The town is situated on an elevated ridge of the Apennines whence the eye dominates both the Adriatic and the Mediterranean; it was known in antiquity as the high nest of Acherontia (Hor., Odes, III, iv, 14). The cathedral is one of the oldest and most beautiful in Italy, and has lately become quite famous for a bust long supposed to be that of St. Canus or Canius (Ascanius?) patron of the city, but now judged to be a portrait-bust of Julian the Apostate, though others maintain that it is a bust of the Emperor Frederick II, after the manner of the sculptors of the Antonine age. Acerenza was in early imperial times a populous and important town, and a bulwark of the territory of Lucania and Apulia. In the Gothic and Lombard period it fell into decay, but was restored by Grimwald, Duke of Beneventum (687–689). An Archbishop of Acerenza (Giraldus) appears in 1063 in an act of donation of Robert Guiscard to the monastery of the Holy Trinity in Venosa. For a few years after 968 Acerenza was forced to adopt the Greek Rite in consequence of a tyrannical order of the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Phocas (963–969), whereby it was made one of five suffragans of Otranto, and compelled to acknowledge the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople (Moroni, Dizionario, L, 63). Pope Urban VI (1378–89, Bartolommeo Prignano), was once Archbishop of Acerenza. Matera is said to have been created a see by the Greeks. Its cathedral dates from the year 1000, and is likewise a richly ornamented specimen of contemporary ecclesiastical architecture in Southern Italy. The Archdiocese of Acerenza contains 22 parishes, 308 secular priests, and a few priests of religious orders. The population numbers 147,900. The present bishop is Monsignor Raffaele Rossi, successor (1899) of Monsignor Diomede Falconio, now Apostolic Delegate to the United States.
Ughelli, Italia Sacra (Venice, 1722), VII, 5; Cappelletti, Le chiese d'Italia (Venice, 1866), XX, 420–431; Lenormant, A travers l'Apulie et la Lucanie (Paris, 1874), I, 271; Volpe, Memorie storiche, profane e religiose sulla città di Matera (Naples, 1813).
Ernesto Buonaiuti.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Archconfraternity of the Holy Family

From volume 7 of the work.
This archconfraternity owes its origin to Henri Belletable, an officer in the Engineers' Corps, Liege, Belgium. His intercourse with workmen inspired him to labour for their amelioration, which he saw could only be effected through religion. Therefore, he resolved to establish a society, which he would divide into companies of twelve in military fashion. The first reunion was held on the evening of Whit-Monday, 1844, in the room of a carpenter. When their numbers outgrew the room, the Redemptorists placed an oratory at their disposal, and Father Victor Dechamps (q.v.), Belletable's director, took up the work and became its soul. He brought it to the notice of Bishop von Bommel, who gave it his formal approval on 13 February, 1845, erected it into a confraternity with the title of Holy Family, 7 April following, and remained its lifelong promoter. The statutes then drawn up were later presented to Pius IX, who approved them by Briefs dated 20 and 23 April, 1847, raised the society to the rank of an archconfraternity, enriched it with indulgences, and made the rector of the Redemptorists' Church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, Liege, its director.
The confraternity spread rapidly and at its golden jubilee, in 1894, it had been established in over 1300 churches, and numbered more than 400,000 members. The development spread from Belgium to Holland, and finally throughout the Church. It has been more than sixty years in existence and has lost none of its fervour. Besides divisions for men and boys, there are also branches for women. Pius IX considered this confraternity a providential work for our times, as did also Leo XIII, who, when he established his own association of the Holy Family and suppressed all other associations of the same title, wished this archconfraternity to continue its good work.
Henri-Hubert Belletable, its founder, was b. at Venlo in Holland, 8 April, 1813; d. 1854. After 1830 he became a soldier in Belgium, where he quickly rose from the ranks. In his last illness he insisted on receiving the Viaticum on his knees, but was so weak that two fellow-officers had to support him. After his Holy Communion he prayed fervently for his wife and children, and then died. He did not live long enough to see the development of his work, but his memory is sacred to all members of the archconfraternity. In Holland the members erected a splendid monument to him at Venlo, and those of Holland and Belgium placed a bust in Carrara marble over his tomb at Huy.
LEJEUNE, L'Archiconfrerie de la Sainte Famille, son histoire et ses fruits (Tournai, 1894); Vie du Capitaine Belletable (Tournai, 1898); Manual of the Archconfraternity of the Holy Family (5th ed., Limerick); History of the Limerick Holy Family (Limerick, 1893).
J. Magnier.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Archconfraternity of the Most Precious Blood

From volume 12 of the work.
Confraternities which made it their special object to venerate the Blood of Christ first arose in Spain. In the life of the Carmelite lay brother, Francis of the Infant Jesus (d. 1601), mention is made of such a confraternity as existing in Valencia. A few years later they must have been quite numerous, for it is said of the Carmelite Anna of St. Augustine (d. 1624), that "she received with hospitality those who went about collecting alms for the confraternities of the Precious Blood erected in many places". Ravenna, Italy possessed one at a very early date. Another was erected in Rome under Gregory XIII and confirmed by Sixtus V, but merged later on with the Gonfalour. The archconfraternity as it now exists owes its origin to Mgr. Albertini, then priest at San Nicola in Carcere, Rome, where since 1708 devotions in honour of the Precious Blood had been held. Deeply moved by the temporal and spiritual misery caused by the French Revolution, he united, 8 December, 1808, into a society such as were willing to meditate frequently on the Passion and to offer up to the Divine Father the Blood of His Son, in expiation of their sins, for the conversion of sinners, for the great wants of the Church, and the souls in purgatory. He composed for them the "Chaplet of the Precious Blood" which they were to recite during his daily Mass. The confraternity was canonically erected by Pius VII through his cardinal vicar, 27 February, 1809, raised to the rank of an archconfraternity, 26 September, 1815, and enriched with numerous indulgences. Pius IX increased the privileges, 19 January, 1850, and 30 September, 1852. In England it was erected in the church of St. Wilfrid, Staffordshire, 1847, but was transferred to the church of the London Oratory (12 August, 1850). Previous to this it had been introduced into America by the Passionists, and canonically erected in the numerous houses and parishes founded by them after their arrival (1844). As a rule they enroll such as desire it at the end of their missions.
SEEBERGER, Key to the Spiritual Treasure (Collegeville, Ind.), 1-11, 372-80, 462; BERINGER, Die Ablässe (Paderborn), 607-10.
Ulrich F. Mueller.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Archdiocese

From volume 1 of the work.
(Archidioikesis, archidioecesis).
This term does not designate an ecclesiastical province, but only that diocese of the province which is the archbishop's own, and over which he holds immediate and exclusive jurisdiction.
FERRARIS, Bibliotheca Canonica, etc; WERNZ, Jus Decretalium, II. tit. 34; SMITH, Elements of Ecclesiastical Law, I; PHILLIPS, Kirchenrecht, VI; SILBERNAGL Verfassung und Beshtand sämtlichber Kirchen des Orients (1904); Concilii Plenarii Balt. II Acta et Decreta, tit. III; SANTI, Prælectiones Juris Canonici, t. I; Gerarchia Cattolica (Roma, 1906).
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gōpopuriya

​Gōpopuriya. — A sub-division of Gaudo.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gōrē

​Gōrē.— Recorded, at times of census, as a synonym of Lambādi. Gōra means trader or shop-keeper, and trading Lambādis may have assumed the name.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gōlaka

​Gōlaka.— Recorded in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a name meaning bastard, and clubbed with the Mollis, or temple servants in South Canara descended from dancing-girls. In the Mysore Census Report, 1901, it is defined as a term applied to the children of Brāhmans by Malerus, or temple servants.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gōpālam

​Gōpālam (alms given to beggars). — An exogamous sept of Togata.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gōnapala

​Gōnapala (old plough). — An exogamous sept of Dēvānga.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gōnē

​Gōnē (a sack). — An exogamous sept of Mālā. The Gōnē Perikes have been summed up as being a Telugu caste of gunny-bag weavers, corresponding to the Janappans of the Tamil country. Gunny-bag is the popular and trading name for the coarse sacking and sacks made from jute fibre, which are extensively used in Indian trade.* Gone is further an occupational sub-division of Kōmati.
The Gōnigas of Mysore are described, in the Census Report, 1901, as sack-weavers and makers of gunnybags, agriculturists, and grain porters at Bangalore; and it is noted that the abnormal fall of 66 per cent, in the number of the caste was due to their being confounded with Gānigas.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gōrantla

​Gōrantla (Lawsonia alba : henna). — An exogamous sept of Golla and Padma Sālē. The leaves of this plant are widely used by Natives as an article of toilet for staining the nails, and by Muhammadans for dyeing the hair red.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gōlkonda

​Gōlkonda. — A sub-division of Tsākala.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gōpālan

​Gōpālan (those who tend cattle). — A synonym of Idaiyan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gōndaliga

​Gōndaliga. — The Gōndaligas are described, in the Mysore Census Report, 1901, as being mendicants "of Mahratta origin like the Būdabudikes, and may perhaps be a sub-division of them. They are worshippers of Durgi. Their occupation, as the name indicates, is to perform gondala, or a kind of torch-light dance, usually
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# Brussel v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
396 U.S. 1229
Brussel v. United States
Ephraim London, on the application.
Mr. Justice MARSHALL, Circuit Justice.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Bruton v. United States/Concurrence Stewart

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Black Stewart
* Dissenting Opinion White
United States Supreme Court
391 U.S. 123
Bruton v. United States
Argued: March 11, 1968. --- Decided: May 20, 1968
Mr. Justice STEWART, concurring.
I join the opinion and judgment of the Court. Although I did not agree with the decision in Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368 (see id., at 427), 84 S.Ct. 1774, at 1807, 12 L.Ed.2d 908, I accept its holding and share the Court's conclusion that it compels the overruling of Delli Paoli v. United States, 352 U.S. 232, 77 S.Ct. 294, 1 L.Ed.2d 278.
Quite apart from Jackson v. Denno, however, I think it clear that the underlying rationale of the Sixth Amendment's Confrontation Clause precludes reliance upon cautionary instructions when the highly damaging out-ofcourt statement of a codefendant, who is not subject to cross-examination, is deliberately placed before the jury at a joint trial. A basic premise of the Confrontation Clause, it seems to me, is that certain kinds of hearsay (see, e.g., Pointer v. State of Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 85 S.Ct. 1065, 13 L.Ed.2d 923; Douglas v. State of Alabama, 380 U.S. 415, 85 S.Ct. 1074, 13 L.Ed.2d 934) are at once so damaging, so suspect, and yet so difficult to discount, that jurors cannot be trusted to give such evidence the minimal weight it logically deserves, whatever instructions the trial judge might give. See the Court's opinion, ante, at 136, n. 12. It is for this very reason that an out-of-court accusation is universally conceded to be constitutionally inadmissible against the accused, rather than admissible for the little it may be worth. Even if I did not consider Jackson v. Denno controlling, therefore, I would still agree that Delli Paoli must be overruled.
Mr. Justice WHITE, dissenting.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Brussels Agreement

Layout 2
1. The Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary, the Rt. Hon. Sir Geoffrey Howe, and the Spanish Foreign Minister, His Excellency Sr. Don Fernando Morán López, held a meeting in Brussels on 27 November 1984 during which they agreed the way in which the Spanish and British Governments will apply the Lisbon Declaration of 10 April 1980 in all its parts. These will involve simultaneously:
(a) The provision of equality and reciprocity of rights for Spaniards in Gibraltar and Gibraltarians in Spain. This will be implemented through the mutual concession of the rights which citizens of European Community countries enjoy, taking into account the transitional periods and derogations agreed between Spain and the Community. The necessary legislative proposals to achieve this will be introduced in Spain and Gibraltar. As concerns paid employment, and recalling the general principle of Community preference, this carries the implication that during the transitional period each side will be favourably disposed to each other's citizens when granting work permits.
(b) The establishment of the free movement of persons, vehicles and goods between Gibraltar and the neighbouring territory.
(c) The establishment of a negotiating process aimed at overcoming all the differences between Spain and the United Kingdom over Gibraltar and at promoting co-operation on a mutually beneficial basis on economic, cultural, touristic, aviation, military and environmental matters. Both sides accept that the issues of sovereignty will be discussed in that process. The British government will fully maintain its commitment to honour the wishes of the people of Gibraltar as set out in the preamble of the 1969 constitution.
2. Insofar as the airspace in the region of Gibraltar is concerned, the Spanish government undertakes to take the early actions necessary to allow safe and effective air communications.
3. There will be meetings of working groups, which will be reviewed periodically in meetings for this purpose between the Spanish and British Foreign Ministers.
Brussels, 27 November 1984
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it was created by a public body of Spain.
See exception in Article 13 of the Spanish Law of Intellectual Property.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Bruton v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.

## Concurring Opinions

    Black
    Stewart

## Dissenting Opinion

    White
United States Supreme Court
391 U.S. 123
Bruton v. United States
Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
No. 705. Argued: March 11, 1968 --- Decided: May 20, 1968
A joint trial of petitioner and one Evans resulted in the convictions of both for armed postal robbery. Evans did not take the stand but a postal inspector testified that Evans confessed orally that he and petitioner committed the robbery. The trial judge instructed the jury that although Evans' confession was competent evidence against him it was inadmissible hearsay against petitioner and had to be disregarded in determining petitioner's guilt or innocence. Evans and petitioner both appealed to the Court of Appeals. That court set aside Evans' conviction on the ground that the oral confession should not have been received against him but affirmed petitioner's conviction in view of the trial judge's instructions, relying on Delli Paoli v. United States, 352 U.S. 232.
Held: Because of the substantial risk that the jury, despite instructions to the contrary, looked to the incriminating extrajudicial statements in determining petitioner's guilt, admission of Evans' confession in the joint trial violated petitioner's right of cross-examination secured by the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. Delli Paoli v. United States, supra, overruled. Pp. 126-137.
375 F. 2d 355, reversed.
Daniel P. Reardon, Jr., argued the cause and filed a brief for petitioner.
Solicitor General Griswold argued the cause for the United States. With him on the brief were Assistant Attorney General Vinson, Robert S. Rifkind, and Beatrice Rosenberg.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Brute

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Brute."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Brut
* The Brute, by Joseph Conrad, originally appeared as "The Brute; Tale of a Bloodthirsty Brig" in The Daily Chronicle, Dec. 6, 1906.
** The Brute (from McClure's Magazine/Volume 30, November 1907, pp. 72-85)
** The Brute (from A Set of Six, 1920)
# Brut

Also known as the Chronicle of Britain. Written sometime between 1190 and 1215 in a peculiar form of Middle English which avoids Anglo-Norman borrowings and revives large amounts of Old English.
Two manuscripts are extant: the "Caligula" manuscript and the "Otho" manuscript.
* Caligula
* Otho

## See also

Brut is also used as contracted form for the titles of various Welsh histories, including:
* Brut y Brenhinedd, the Chronicle of the Kings
* Brut y Tywysogion, the Chronicle of the Princes
* Brut y Saeson, the Chronicle of the Saxons
# Bruton v. United States/Concurrence Black

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Black Stewart
* Dissenting Opinion White
United States Supreme Court
391 U.S. 123
Bruton v. United States
Argued: March 11, 1968. --- Decided: May 20, 1968
Mr. Justice BLACK concurs in the result for the reasons stated in the dissent in Delli Paoli v. United States, 352 U.S. 232, 246, 77 S.Ct. 294, 302, 1 L.Ed.2d 278.
Mr. Justice MARSHALL took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Hattikankana

​Hattikankana (cotton wrist-thread). — A sub-division of Kurubas, who tie a cotton thread round the wrist at the marriage ceremony.