OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Marionette-Theatre

From volume 2 of the work.
​MARIONETTE-THEATRE, a small stage on which puppets, moved by wires and strings, act operas, plays, and ballets, the songs or dialogue being sung or spoken behind the scenes. The repertoires included both serious and comic pieces, but mock-heroic and satiric dramas were the most effective. Puppet-plays, in England and Italy called 'fantoccini,' once popular with all classes, go back as far as the 15th century. From that period to the end of the 17th century Punch was so popular as to inspire Addison with a Latin poem, 'Machinæ gesticulantes.' In 1713 a certain Powell erected a Punch theatre under the arcade of Covent Garden, where pieces founded on nursery rhymes, such as the 'Babes in the Wood,' 'Robin Hood,' and 'Mother Goose,' were performed; later on they even reached Shakspere and opera. About the same period Marionette-theatres were erected in the open spaces at Vienna, and these have reappeared from time to time ever since. Prince Esterhazy, at his summer residence, Esterház, had a fantastically decorated grotto for his puppet-plays, with a staff of skilled machinists, scene-painters, playwrights, and above all a composer, his Capellmeister Haydn, whose love of humour found ample scope in these performances. His opera 'Philemon und Baucis' so delighted the Empress Maria ​Teresa, that by her desire Prince Esterhazy had the whole apparatus sent to Vienna for the amusement of the Court. In London, fantoccini were playing between the years 1770 and 80 at Hickford's large Rooms in Panton Street, Haymarket, Marylebone Gardens, and in Piccadilly. In Nov. 1791 Haydn was present at one of these performances in the elegant little theatre called Varietés Amusantes, belonging to Lord Barrymore, in Savile Row. He was much interested, and wrote in his diary, 'The puppets were well-managed, the singers bad, but the orchestra tolerably good.' The playbill may be quoted as a specimen.
FANTOCCINI Dancing and music. :
| Overture, Haydn. A comedy in one act, 'Arlequin valet.' Overture, Piccini. The favourite opera (5th time) 'La buona Figliuola,' the music by Piccini, Giordani and Sarti. | Spanish Fandango. Concertante, Pleyel. A comedy in one act, 'Les Petits Riens,' the music by Saccnini and Paisiello. To conclude with a Pas de deux a-la-mode de Vestris and Hillisberg. |
| Leader of the band: Mr. Mountain. First hautboy: Sgr. Patria. To begin at 8; the doors open at 7 o'clock. The theatre is well aired and illuminated with wax. Refreshments to be had at the Rooms of the theatre. Boxes 5/. Pit 3/. ||
A critic in 'The Gazetteer' says:—'So well did the motion of the puppets agree with the voice and tone of the prompters, that, after the eye had been accustomed to them for a few minutes, it was difficult to remember that they were puppets.'
[ C. F. P. ]
* ↑ See Strutt's 'Sports and Pastimes of the People of England,' London, 1830.
* ↑ In 1877 Raupach's 'Müller und sein Kind,' and the 'Ring des Nibelungen' were performed there and elsewhere by puppets.
* ↑ See Pohl's 'Haydn in London,' p. 102.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Maritana

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Marsh, Alphonso

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Schubert, Louis

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Schubring, Julius

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Schulz, Johann

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Schulz

​SCHULZ. [See Prætorius, iii. 24.]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Schulz, Edouard

[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Schubert, Franz (violinist)

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Schulhof, Julius

[ G. ]
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu Ch'i-yü

​436 Chu Ch'i-yü 朱祁鈺. A.D. 1428-1457. Brother of Chu Ch'i-chên, on whose capture by the Oirads in 1449 he became Regent, subsequently ascending the throne as seventh Emperor of the Ming dynasty. The attack of the Oirads on Peking was beaten off, and in 1450 they sued for peace. A devout Buddhist, he built a vast new temple at the suggestion of a eunuch; and under the same influence he set up his own son as Heir Apparent in place of his nephew. Money was scarce, and in 1453 entry into the Imperial Academy was to be bought. An attempt was made to replace cash by notes, but the people would not permit it. In 1453 his son died, and in 1457, as he persistently refused to nominate his nephew to be his successor, he was deposed in favour of his predecessor and died soon afterwards. Known in it. In 1453 his son died, and in 1457, as he persistently refused history as 代宗 or 景帝.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu Chi-wêng

​434 Chu Chi-wêng 祝雞翁. The surname and sobriquet of an old hermit, who lived under the Chou dynasty and amused himself by breeding chickens.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu Chia

​437 Chu Chia 朱家. 2nd and 3rd cent. B.C. A famous knight-errant of the Han dynasty, contemporary with Liu Pang. He had over 100 retainers and crowds of servants; yet he was neither haughty nor overbearing, but always ready to sacrifice himself for others. He once saved the life of Chi Pu by receiving him when a fugitive from the wrath of Liu Pang; yet when the latter became a great man, he made no claim upon him for the service he had formerly rendered.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu Chih-hsi

​439 Chu Chih-hsi 朱之錫 (T. 孟九 H. 梅麓). - A.D. 1624-1666. A native of 義烏 in Chehkiang, who graduated as chin shih in 1646. In 1649 he was employed on the History of the Ming Dynasty. In 1656 he was sent to the Yellow River; and in this post he laboured for ten years, introducing improved systems of conservation with the aid of dredgers, and getting rid of abuses and oppressive customs. In 1662, on the occasion of a serious breach in the embankments, he composed a short ditty which inspirited the men to labour with zeal. He was also the author of a popular work on river conservation. Constant exposure in all weathers, together with want of rest and regular meals, caused his death. His devotion to the public weal led to bis being worshipped as a deity by the people along the river, and even prayed to by boatmen when in danger. Canonised as 佑安.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu Chi-chên

​435 Chu Chi-chên 朱祁鎮. A.D. 1427—1464. The supposititious son of Chu Chau-chi, whom he succeeded in 1435 as sixth Emperor of the Ming dynasty. The Empress, acting as Regent, left the administration to the Grand Secretariat. The Emperor fell under the malign influence of Wang Chen, a eunuch who had been his constant companion as a boy, and became a devout Buddhist, spending vast sums on temples. The Oirads gave continual trouble, to say nothing of three expeditions against 麓川 Lu-ch'uan in Yünnan, and in 1449 the Emperor led an army against them. He was routed and captured by their ​chieftain 也先 Yeh-hsien, Wang Chên and many others being slain. Next year he was released and lived in seclusion until, on his brother's refusal to appoint his nephew his successor, Shih Hêng and the eunuch Ts'ao Chi-hsiaug forced him to re-ascend the throne. During his second term he was a mere puppet in the hands of Shih Hêng and Ts'ao Chi-hsiang; and after their fall in 1461, of another eunuch named Mên Ta, who was ultimately banished to Kuangsi. He was the first of the Ming sovereigns who gave orders that none of his concubines should be sacrificed at his death. Canonised as 英宗睿皇帝.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu Chien-shên

​438 Chu Chien-shên 朱見深 A.D. 1439-1487. The eldest son of Chu Ch'i-chên, whom he succeeded in 1464 as eighth Emperor of the Ming dynasty. He removed his father's favourite eunuch, but was himself entirely under the influence of his concubine 萬 Wan, on whom he lavished untold wealth and who in return for heavy bribes appointed eunuchs to important posts. The reign was marked by weakness abroad, and by disturbances, floods, and drought at home. After 1471 no audience was given to Ministers, and the eunuch Wang Chih practically ruled the country. In 1475, for the first time, an embassy from the Manchus is recorded. The Heir Apparent died in 1472, and it was not until 1475 that the existence of another son by a concubine, whom the Lady Wan had ordered to be destroyed, was revealed to him. Canonised as 憲宗純皇帝.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu Hou-chao

​444 Chu Hou-chao 朱厚照. A.D. 1491-1521. Son of Chu Yu-t'ang, whom he succeeded in 1487 as tenth Emperor of the Ming dynasty. He devoted himself entirely to pleasure, and his exorbitant demands for money caused frequent rebellions, until in 1511 Peking was in danger and many provinces were harassed by bandits. The people found the troops worse than the rebels; and they said in Hu-Kuang that the rebels combed them with an ordinary comb, the Imperialist troops with a tooth-comb, and the officers with a razor. Eight eunuchs, known as the Eight Tigers, encouraged their master's vagaries, and bribery and corruption were rife, until in 1510 the chief eunuch was executed for treason and his vast treasures confiscated. The Emperor learnt Tibetan, Mongol, and Manchu, and gave himself titles in these languages, besides taking the Buddhist style of Prince of the Law. In 1517 and 1518 he travelled incognito to Hsüan$^a$ Fu, and was nearly captured in a Tartar raid. He next gave orders to himself, under the name 朱壽 Chu Shou, to go on a southern tour; and when Wang Shou-jen put down a serious rising in Kiangsi, he proposed to have the rebel leader left at large on the Po-yang lake until he could proceed thither and smite him in person. He died from the effects of being upset from his fishing-skiff. Canonised as 武宗毅皇帝.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu Chan-chi

​432 Chu Chan-chi 朱瞻基. A.D. 1398-1435. Eldest son of Chu Kao-chih, whom he succeeded in 1425 as fifth Emperor of the Ming dynasty. His reign was marked by the rebellion of his uncle, Chu Kao-hsü, and by a revolt of the Kuangsi aborigines. ​Annam was left to itself, and the north-western frontier which he occasionally visited was withdrawn to a point in 宣化 Hsüan-hua in Chihli. A well-meaning monarch, he lightened the grain tribute, allowed commutation in rice for all penalties, and in 1429 established custom-houses at important centres. By organising within the palace a school for youthful eunuchs, he fostered their growing power. His favourite concubine, who palmed off on the childless monarch a supposititious son, succeeded in displacing the Empress. Canonised as 宣宗章皇帝.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chu Hou-tsung

​445 Chu Hou-tsung 朱厚熜. A.D. 1507-1566. Nephew of Chu Yu-t'ang, and paternal second cousin of Chu Hou-chao whom he succeeded in 1522 as eleventh Emperor of the Ming dynasty. He proved an autocratic ruler and was swayed by a series of worthless favourites, among whom Ch'ou Luan, Hsia Yen, and Yen Sung were the most infamous, to the exclusion of such men as Mao Ch'êng, Tang t'ing-ho, and Yang Shên. The north-west ​frontiers were constantly raided and Peking itself was in a state of siege more than once, while the Japanese, angry at the stoppage of trade, harried Kiangnan, Chehkiang and Fuhkien, and local and aboriginal risings were frequent. Audiences to officials were rare; large sums were spent on palaces and temples; while the Emperor, especially in his latter years, wasted much valuable time in seeking after the elixir of life. The growing weakness of the Court was shown by an attempt in 1542 to murder the Emperor while in a concubine's apartments. Canonised as 世宗肅皇帝.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Wainwright, John

​WAINWRIGHT, John, a native of Stockport, Cheshire, settled in Manchester about the middle of last century, and on May 12, 1767, was appointed organist and singing man of the Collegiate Church, now the Cathedral. He composed anthems, chants, and psalm-tunes, a collection of which he published in 1766. He died Jan. 1768.
His son, Robert, Mus. Doc., born 1748, accumulated the degrees of Mus. Bac. and Mus. Doc. at Oxford, April 29, 1774. On March I, 1775, he was appointed organist of St. Peter's, Liverpool. He was also organist of the ​Collegiate Church, Manchester. He composed services and anthems, and an oratorio, 'The Fall of Egypt,' performed at Liverpool in 1780 and 1801. He died July 15, 1782.
Another son, Richard, born 1758, was organist of St. Ann's, Manchester. In Sept. 1782 he was chosen to succeed his brother, Robert, as organist of St. Peter's, Liverpool, which he afterwards quitted for the organistship of St. James, Toxteth Park, Liverpool, but in 1813 resumed his place at St. Peter's. He published a collection of hymn-tunes of his composition. His glee, 'Life's a bumper,' was very popular. He died Aug. 20, 1825. His execution was remarkable more remarkable perhaps than his taste. It was of him [App. p.814 "for him read Robartt, since Schnetzler's remark was made on him. See vol. iii. p. 542a."] that Schnetzler the organ-builder exclaimed, 'He run about the keys like one cat; he will not gif my pipes time to shpeak.'
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Waldmädchen, Das

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Waldteufel, Emil

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Wagenseil, Georg

[ C. F. P. ]
* ↑ He was thus in his 63rd year at the time of his death, and not 92 as Gerber states (vol. i.), and after him Fétis. Neither was he 85, at Burney supposed when be visited him in 1772.
* ↑ Present 'State of Music in Germany,' p. 230.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Waldstein, Count

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Waldteufel

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Waldhorn

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Waits, The

​WAITS, THE. A name given, from time immemorial, to the little bands of rustic Musicians who sing and play Carols, by night, in country places, at Christmas-time; and still very commonly applied to their less unsophisticated representatives, in larger towns, and even in London. The word is a very old one, and Bailey (Etym. Dict., 1790) defines it thus—'A sort of Musick, or Musicians [either of waiting, because they attend on Magistrates, Officers, etc., in Pomps, and Processions; or, of guet, a Watch, or guetter, to watch, Fr., because they keep a Sort of Watch a-Nights].' Mr. Skeat (Etym. Dict.) says that 'Wait' is identical with 'watch' and 'wake,' and that 'a wait' is one who is awake for the purpose of playing at night.'
The title of 'The Waits' has also been given, for reasons which no one has hitherto been able to ascertain, to a little Fa-la, for four voices, by Jeremy Savile, a Composer who appears to have been popular about the time of the Restoration, but is now known only by some Songs printed in Playford's 'Select Musicall Ayres and Dialogues,' in 1653, and the piece in question, which first appeared in 1667, in Playford's 'Musical Companion'—a new edition, with extensive additions, and a subsidiary title, of Hilton's 'Catch that catch can.'
The Madrigal Society concludes all its meetings with Savile's Fa-la; and the custom has been adopted by the Bristol Madrigal Society, and many other provincial associations of like character. The oldest mode of performance on record was that of singing the Music four times through; first f, then p, then pp, and lastly ff, always, of course, without accompaniment. Mr. T. Oliphant wrote some words to it, to avoid the monotony of the continuous Fa-la,—
Let us all sing, merrily sing, Till echo around us responsive shall ring.
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Organ-Part

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Orfeo ed Euridice

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Orchestrina di Camera

[ T. L. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ordres

[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Organists, College of

​ORGANISTS, COLLEGE OF, an association founded in 1864 on the initiative of the late Mr. R. D. Limpus, with a view (1) to provide a central organization in London of the profession of organist; (2) To provide a system of examinations and certificates for the better definition and protection of the profession, and to secure competent organists for the service of the church; (3) to provide opportunities for intercourse amongst members of the profession and the discussion of professional topics; (4) to encourage the composition and study of sacred music. A council was chosen, and the College was opened at Queen Square, Bloomsbury, and afterwards located at 95 Great Russell Street. The College of Organists is incorporated under the Companies' Acts; it consists of a President, Vice-Presidents, Musical Examiners, Hon. Treasurer, Hon. Secretary, Hon. Librarian, Hon. Auditors (2), Fellows, Associates, Hon. Members and Ordinary Members. The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London are Patrons of the College, and the names of some notable musicians appear among the office-bearers—Elvey, Goss, Hullah, Macfarren, Ouseley, Stewart, Sullivan, Stainer, Hopkins, Bridge, etc.—from the commencement up to the present time. A council of twenty-one Fellows, with the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer, hold the reins of government, retiring annually; two-thirds of the number are re-elected with seven other Fellows who have not served during the preceding year. The trustees are Messrs. M. E. Wesley, E. J. Hopkins, and E. H. Turpin. At the general meeting every July the retiring council present their report on the state of the College.
Arrangements are made for the half-yearly holding of Examinations in Organ Playing, General Knowledge of the Organ, Harmony, Counterpoint, Composition, Sight-reading, and general musical knowledge, after passing which a candidate is entitled to a First Class diploma admitting him to a fellowship in the College. This examination is only open to candidates who have previously been examined for and obtained the certificate of associateship, and to musical graduates of the English Universities. An idea of the growth of this institution may fairly be gained by comparing the numbers of candidates for examination in different years. Whereas 7 presented themselves in July 1866, 38 came up in 1876, and 244 in 1886. Of Fellows, Associates and Members the College now numbers about 600, a position which the Hon. Secretary, Mr. E. H. Turpin, and the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. Wesley, have greatly assisted in securing and maintaining for the institution. To the latter gentleman is due the proposal to establish a Pension Fund for organists incapacitated by age or illness, a proposal which is likely to be followed up. Other features of the College work are the Organists' Register, and the prizes for composition.
[ L. M. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Organo

From volume 2 of the work.
[ E. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Fisher (William)

​FISHER (WILLIAM), bookseller in London; Posterne Gate neer the Tower, 1657-63. Dealer in nautical books. In partnership for some time with William Lugger or Lugard, q.v. Fisher was also the publisher of Edward Cocker's Art's Glory, or the Penman's Treasury, 1659.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Firby (Thomas)

​FIRBY (THOMAS), bookseller in London; near Grays Inn-Gate in Holbourn, 1657. Only known from the imprint to a pamphlet entitled First Fruits and Tenths, 1657.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Fenner ( )

​FENNER, bookseller at Canterbury, 1663. Mentioned in an advertisement of patent medicines in The Intelligencer & Newes of that year.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Field (John)

​FIELD (JOHN), printer in London and Cambridge. London: (1) Addle Hill, neer Baynard's Castle, 1644; (2) St. Andrews in the Wardrope, 1649; (3) Seven Stars Fleet Street, 1659. Cambridge: Silver Street, 1655-68 (1635-68). Took up his freedom February 4th, 1635. [Arber, iii. 687.] Appears to have been originally a bookseller only, as in 1644 the imprint, found in several tracts by Adam Steuart, reads "London, Printed for John Field, and are to be sold at his shop on Addle Hill" [B.M. E. 20 (7); E. 274 (14).] On January 25th, 1649, he was joined with Edward Husbands, q.v., as printer to the Parliament [House of Commons Journals, vol 6, p. 349.] He was also appointed printer to Oliver Cromwell. On October 12th, 1655, Field was appointed by Grace printer to the University of Cambridge, and about the same time it was ordered by Cromwell that the copyright of the Bible should be entered to him and Henry Hills, q.v., in the Stationers' Registers. This was opposed by John Streator and other printers on the ground that it would lay them open under the Act of September 20th, 1649, to be sued for 6s. 8d. on every copy they possessed. [Domestic State Papers, 1656, vol. 126, 92.] Field printed many editions of the Bible, notably a quarto edition in 1648, a duodecimo edition in 1652, and a 32mo edition in 1653, all of which were noted for the number and variety of the misprints, the general badness of the printing, and their excessive price. In connection with this William Kilburne wrote a pamphlet entitled Dangerous errors in several late printed Bibles … "Printed at Finsbury, 1659." This pamphlet was written not so much out of zeal for the purity of the Bible, as on behalf of those whose trade had been injured by the monopoly given to Field and Hills by Cromwell. Field was also fiercely attacked in another pamphlet entitled The London Printers Lamentacon, or, the Press opprest, and overprest, the chief paragraphs in which are reprinted by Mr. Arber in his Transcript, vol. iii. 27, 28. In 1655 Field built a new printing office in Silver Street, Cambridge, the University having for that purpose taken a lease of the ground from Queens' College for a term of years; and by several renewals ​this continued to be the University Printing Office till about 1827, when the Pitt Press was commenced. It stood on the north side of Silver Street, on a portion of the site now occupied by the new Master's Lodge of St. Catherine's College. [Bowes, Biographical Notes on the University Printers, pp. 307, 308.] John Field died in 1668.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Fielding (William)

​FIELDING (WILLIAM), (?) bookseller in London, 1642. His name occurs in the imprint to several political pamphlets in 1642. His address has not been found.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Fawne (Luke)

​FAWNE (LUKE), bookseller in London; Parrot in St. Pauls Churchyard, 1631-66. Took up his freedom March 26th, 1629. [Arber, iii. 687.] In partnership for some time with Robert Dawlman at the Brazen Serpent in St. Paul's Churchyard. Afterwards set up for himself at the sign of the Parrot. Dealt exclusively in works of divinity and was a strong supporter of the Presbyterian party. In 1652, in conjunction with five other booksellers, he published a pamphlet entitled A Beacon set on fire or the humble information of certain booksellers stationers of London, to the Parliament & Commonwealth of England. In this attention was directed to the Popish books that had been printed of late years, and to other books favoured by the Independents. The Independents replied with The Beacons Quenched, while Michael Sparke, q.v., published on his own account A Second Beacon fired by Scintilla. These pamphlets were the object of much satire in the news-sheets of the time. Luke Fawne died without issue on March 20th, 1665/6. [Smyth's Obituary, p. 71.] In his will he left a bequest to his apprentice, Brabazon Aylmer, and nominated John Macock, q.v., one of his executors, [P.C.C. 23, Mico.]