# Mimicry in Butterflies/Index

    INDEX
    References to the plates are given in thicker type
    Acraea, taken by kestrel, 118;
    A. axina, 122;
    A. caldarena, 122;
    A. egina, 34, VI. 7;
    A. encedon, patterns of different forms in relation to those of Danais chrysippus, 29, 144;
    typical form of, IX. d;
    alcippina form of, IX. e;
    daira form of, IX. f;
    A. halali, 122;
    A. violae, 33 note;
    eaten by lizards, 108;
    attacked by birds, 110, 117
    Acraeinae, as models for African butterflies, 33
    Adaptation and Natural Selection, 61
    Adelpha, 54
    African butterflies, mimicry among, 28-36
    Alcidis agathyrsus, 27, 145, III. 1
    Aletis helcita, 36
    Amauris echeria, 30, 148, VIII. 7;
    A. hyalites, 30, VI. 2;
    A. niavius, 30, VIII. 6
    Amphidasys betularia, rapidity of increase in melanic sport of, 101
    Anosia plexippus (= Danais archippus), 113
    Anthomysa, 41
    Aporia agathon, 149
    Araschnia levana, seasonal dimorphism in, 130;
    typical form, VI. 10;
    prorsa form, VI. 9;
    porima form, VI. 8
    Archonias, 43, 56, 145;
    A. critias, XI. 10
    Argynnis diana, 47, XVI. 3;
    A. hyperbius, 29;
    as mimic of Danais plexippus, 52;
    in mimicry ring, 66, IV. 3, 4
    Artamus fuscus, 112
    Asilid flies, as enemies of butterflies, 106
    Athyma punctata, 53
    Bates, G. L., on contents of birds' stomachs, 113
    Bates, H. W., on mimicry, 9;
    on resemblances between unpalatable forms, 14;
    on initial variation in mimetic resemblance, 63;
    on S. American Pierines attacked by birds, 112
    Bateson, 3
    Belenois, 36
    Bingham, on birds eating butterflies, 110
    Birds, as enemies of butterflies, 109;
    stomach contents of, 113;
    feeding experiments with, 115;
    colour perception in, 119
    Bowater, on Amphidasys betularia, 102, 137 note
    Breeding experiments, with Hypolimnas dubius, 30;
    with Papilio polytes, 84;
    with Papilio memnon, 89;
    with Papilio dardanus, 90;
    with Pseudacraea eurytus, 128
    Bryant, on birds eating butterflies, 114
    Buchanga atra, 111
    Byblia ilithyia, 122
    Caduga tytia, 24, 51, II. 2
    Callamesia pieridoides, 56
    Calotes ophiomachus, 107;
    C. versicolor, 107
    Carpenter, on intermediates in Pseudacraea eurytus, 126;
    on breeding experiments with Pseudacraea eurytus, 128
    Castnia, as mimic, 39, XII. 4;
    scales of, 41, XV. 5
    Catopsilia, 121;
    C. florella, 111;
    C. pyranthe, 111
    Cerchneis rupicoloides, 118;
    C. naumanni, 117
    Cercopithecus pygerythrus, 121
    Charaxes athamas, 110
    Citronophila similis, 35
    Classification of butterflies, 18-21
    Colaenis telesiphe, 38, XI. 4
    Cyclosia hestinioides, III. 3
    Cymatophora or, establishment of melanic sport in, 102 note
    Cyrestis thyodamas, 110
    Danainae, characteristics of, 22;
    as models for Oriental butterflies,23;
    as models for African butterflies, 28
    Danais, 111, 145;
    D. archippus, 48;
    eaten by lizard, 108;
    rejected by bird, 113, XVI. 8;
    D. berenice, 48, XVI. 9;
    D. chrysippus, 23, 28;
    flight of, 55;
    in mimicry ring, 65;
    eaten by lizards, 108;
    eaten by Bee-eater, 111;
    eaten by Brown Shrike, 117;
    rejected by Kestrel, 118;
    rejected by baboon, 122;
    local variation in, 132;
    patterns overlapping with those of Acraea encedon, 144;
    alcippus form, IX. b;
    dorippus form, IX. c;
    typical form, IV. 1, VIII. 5;
    D. plexippus, as model for Argynnis hyperbius, 52;
    in mimicry ring, 65;
    eaten by Liothrix, 115 note, IV. 2;
    D. petiverana, 29, VI. 1;
    D. septentrionis, 23, 111, 112, I. 3;
    D. vulgaris, 150
    Darwin, on natural selection, 1;
    on adaptation, 5;
    on initial variation in mimetic resemblance, 63;
    on a difficulty of the mimicry theory, 65
    Defence in butterflies, 54
    Delias cathara, 56;
    D. eucharis, 28, 115, 116, II. 1
    de Meijere, on breeding Papilio memnon, 89
    de Vries, 3
    Dismorphia, as mimics of Ithomiinae, 38, 42;
    restricted range of many forms, 51;
    diversity of pattern in genus, 58;
    as Batesian mimics, 135;
    patterns parallel with those of Ithomiinae, 145;
    D. astynome, 151;
    D. avonia, 151;
    D. cretacea, 5, 8, 62, X. 1;
    D. orise, as mimic, 39, XII. 2;
    scales of, 40, XIV. 2;
    D. praxinoe, as mimic, 57, 62, X. 2, 3;
    as member of mimicry ring, 134
    Distasteful groups, characteristics of, 55
    Eltringham, 17 note, 32 note, 36 note
    Elymnias, patterns in genus compared with those of Danaidae, 59, 144;
    E. malelas, 24, II. 6, 7;
    E. phegea, 35, VII. 9;
    E. singhala, 25, I. 9;
    E. undularis, in mimicry ring, 66, 115 note, 116, IV. 5, 6
    Epicopeia polydora, 27, III. 5
    Equilibrium, conditions of in mixed population, 93
    Eresia, 134, 135
    Eugonia californica, 114
    Euphaedra ruspina, 36
    Euploea core, 25, 108, 110, 112, I. 10;
    E. mulciber, 24, 51, II. 4, 5;
    E. rhadamanthus, 24, 51, II. 8;
    E. rafflesii, 110
    Euploeinae, characteristics of, 22;
    as models for Oriental butterflies, 24;
    in relation to birds, 111, 112, 115 note
    Euripus halitherses, 24
    Feeding experiments, with Mantids, 105;
    with lizards, 107;
    with birds, 115;
    with mammals, 121
    Finn, on feeding experiments with lizards, 108;
    on feeding experiments with Indian birds, 115;
    on feeding experiments with a Tree-shrew, 121
    Flight, different in model and mimic, 55;
    difference of in Papilio polytes and its models, 82
    Fryer, on breeding Papilio polytes, 84;
    on relative abundance of females of Papilio polytes in Ceylon, 97;
    on birds eating "unpalatable" butterflies, 112
    Gerrhonotus infernalis, 108
    Haase, on mimicry, 16;
    on classification of Papilionidae, 25
    Hahnel, on S. American Pierines attacked by birds, 112
    Hardy, on conditions of equilibrium in a mixed population, 94
    Hearsy, on birds eating butterflies, 111
    Hebomoia, 110
    Heliconinae, as models for S. American butterflies, 38
    Heliconius, 145;
    H. eucrate, XV. 3;
    H. melpomene, as model, 42, 43, XI. 5;
    H. mirus, XV. 1;
    H. pardalinus, XV. 4;
    H. splendens, XV. 5;
    H. sulphurea, 43, XI. 1;
    H. telchinia, XV. 2;
    H. telesiphe, XI. 3
    Herpestes galera, 121
    Hess, on colour perception in birds, 119
    Hopkins, on pigment of Pierids, 150
    Hypolimnas dubius, polymorphism in, 30;
    as mimic of Danaines,30, VII. 8, 9;
    breeding experiments with, 30;
    var. mima compared with model, 148;
    patterns of in relation to models, 149;
    H. bolina, 25, 117, I. 5, 6;
    H. misippus, 25, 29,
    as model, 53;
    flight of, 55;
    in mimicry ring, 66, 116;
    eaten by Brown Shrike, 117;
    alcippoides form, IX. h;
    inaria form, IX. i;
    typical form, IV. 7, 8, IX. g
    Ideopsis daos, III. 4
    Initial variation, difficulty of, 63
    Insect enemies of butterflies, 105
    Intermediates, between different forms of Pseudacraea eurytus, 128;
    in relation to mimicry,129, 140
    Ithomiinae, characteristics of, 10;
    as models for S. American butterflies, 38
    Ituna, 39;
    I. ilione, 40, XIV. 4;
    I. phenarete, XII. 3
    Jacobsen, experiments with Papilio memnon, 89
    Jordan, 40 note
    Junonia, 111
    Lanius cristatus, 117
    Limenitis albomaculata, 53;
    L. archippus, 49, 59, XVI. 6;
    L. arthemis, 47, 49, XVI. 4;
    L. astyanax, 47, XVI. 5;
    L. floridensis (= eros), 49, XVI. 7;
    L. proserpina, 47
    Lizards, as enemies of butterflies, 107
    Local varieties, in connection with mimicry, 132
    Lycaenidae, as mimics in Africa, 35
    Lycorea, 145
    McAtee, on feeding experiments with birds, 118
    Mammals, as enemies of butterflies, 121
    Manders, on feeding experiments with lizards, 107;
    with birds, 117
    Mantids, as enemies of butterflies, 105
    Marshall, on Müllerian mimicry, 72;
    on feeding experiments with Mantids, 105;
    on birds as enemies of butterflies, 107;
    on feeding experiments with S. African birds, 117;
    with monkeys, 121;
    on birds attacking Pierids, 150
    Mechanitis egaensis, XV. 9;
    M. elisa, XV. 6;
    M. lysimnia, 151, XV. 8;
    M. methona, XV. 10;
    M. saturata, as model for Dismorphia praxinoe, 57, 62;
    as member of mimicry ring, 134, XV. 7
    Melanic sports in moths, 101
    Melinaea, 135
    Melinda formosa, App. II
    Melittophagus swinhoei, 110
    Merops viridis, 111
    Merrifield, on seasonal dimorphism, 130
    Methona confusa, XII. 1, XIV. 1
    Migratory birds, suggested influence on mimicry of, 53
    Mimacraea, 35
    Mimetic resemblance, as induced through gradual slight changes, 64
    Mimic, occupying same station as model, 51;
    occupying station apart from model, 53;
    scarcer than model, 56;
    pattern of in relation to allies, 57
    Mimicry, Wallace's conditions of, 50;
    Batesian, 9;
    Müllerian, 14
    Mimicry rings, 65;
    in S. American butterflies, 134;
    and natural selection, 136
    Mimicry theory, difficulties of, 139
    Monkeys, as enemies of butterflies, 121
    Moths, mimicry in, 27, 36
    Moulton, on S. American mimicry rings, 134
    Müller, 14, 72
    Müllerian mimicry, 53, 57, 66;
    difficulties of, 72
    Mutation, see Sports
    Mylothris, 36
    Natural selection and mimicry, 10-12, 61, 92, 152
    Neal, on monkeys as enemies of butterflies, 123
    Nepheronia (= Pareronia) hippia, 116
    Neptis imitans, 24;
    N. nemetes, 54;
    N. kamarupa, 121
    North American butterflies, mimicry among, 45
    Norton, on rapidity of changes in mixed populations through natural selection, 94, App. I
    Oriental butterflies, mimicry among, 23
    Overlapping in patterns of different groups of butterflies, 144
    Papilio aristolochiae, as model for female of P. polytes, 13, 26, 52, 77;
    range of, 79;
    likeness to P. polytes, 80;
    characteristics of, 81;
    flight of, 82;
    eaten by lizards, 108;
    rejected by certain birds, 115, 116;
    disliked by Tree-shrew, 121, V. 5, 5a;
    P. agestor, 24, 51, II. 3;
    P. asterius, 46;
    P. bachus, App. II;
    P. bootes, 27, III. 6;
    P. brasidas, 29, VI. 4;
    P. chamissonia, 44, XIII. 2;
    P. clytia, 23, 25, 55, I. 7, 8;
    P. coon, 26, 89;
    P. cynorta, 35, 36, VII. 10;
    P. dardanus, investigated by Trimen, 14;
    mimicry in, 30;
    breeding experiments with, 90;
    polymorphic forms of in relation to models, 149 note;
    var. humbloti, 32;
    var. meriones, 32;
    ♀ cenea, 31, VIII. 4;
    ♀ dionysus, 31, 33;
    ♀ hippocoon, 31, VIII. 3;
    ♀ niavioides, 32, 33;
    ♀ planemoides, 31;
    ♀ ruspina, 33;
    ♀ trimeni, 31, 32, 33;
    ♀ trophonius, 31, 122, VIII. 2;
    P. delesserti, App. II;
    P. demoleus, 111, 121;
    P. echerioides, App. II;
    P. erithonius, 110;
    P. euterpinus, 42, 43;
    P. glaucus, 45;
    var. turnus, 46;
    P. hahneli, 39;
    P. hector, model for female of P. polytes, 13, 52, 78;
    range of, 79;
    characteristics of, 81;
    flight of, 82;
    eaten by lizards, 108;
    eaten by birds, 110, 117, V. 6, 6a;
    P. hippason, App. II;
    P. laglaizei, 27, 124, III. 2;
    P. leonidas, 29, VI. 3;
    P. lysithous, polymorphism in, 44;
    ♀ lysithous, XIII. 4;
    ♀ rurik, XIII. 5;
    ♀ pomponius, XIII. 6;
    P. macareus, 23, 111;
    P. memnon, 26, 89;
    P. mendax, 24, 51, II. 9;
    P. nephalion, 44, XIII. 1;
    P. osyris, XI. 8, 9;
    P. paradoxus, 25;
    P. pausanias, 43, XI. 2;
    P. perrhebus, 44, XIII. 3;
    P. philenor, as model, 45;
    taken by lizard, 108, XVI. 1;
    P. polytes, polymorphism in females of, 13, 75;
    mimic of Pharmacophagus Papilio, 26;
    habits of, 52, 124;
    often more abundant than models, 56;
    description of, 76-78;
    relative abundance of models in Ceylon, 79;
    breeding experiments with, 84;
    equilibrium among females of in Ceylon, 96;
    relative abundance of three forms of female of in Ceylon, 97;
    historical notes on abundance of forms of female in Ceylon, 98;
    origin of forms of female in, 125, 141;
    relation of polymorphic forms to models in, 149 note;
    preyed on by Wood-Swallow, 112;
    feeding experiments with, 116, V. 1-4, 1a-4a;
    P. polyxenus, 27;
    P. rex, App. II;
    P. ridleyanus, 34, 36, VI. 6;
    P. sarpedon, 110;
    P. troilus, 45, XVI. 2;
    P. xenocles, 23, 111, I. 4;
    P. zagreus, 43, X. 8
    Papilionidae, as mimics of Oriental models, 23-25;
    of African models, 29, 30, 35;
    of S. American models, 43;
    of N. American models, 45
    Parallel patterns, in different butterfly groups, 144
    Pareronia, 145, 149;
    P. ceylanica, 23, 59, 116 note, I. 1, 2
    Pattern and physiological properties, possible connection between, 137
    Patterns, overlapping series of in different groups of butterflies, 145
    Pedaliodes, 135
    Pereute charops, 42, XI. 6, 7
    Pericopis, 39
    Perrhybris, as mimics of Ithomiines, coloration of male in P. malenka, 62;
    as members of mimicry rings, 134, 135;
    P. demophile, 151;
    P. lorena, 151;
    P. malenka, X. 4, 5, 6
    Pharmacophagus Swallow-tails, characteristics of, 22, App. II;
    as models for Oriental butterflies, 25;
    absence of in Africa, 35;
    as models in S. America, 43;
    as models in N. America, 45
    Phrissura, 36
    Phyciodes, 38, 54
    Physiological properties, possible connection of with pattern, 137
    Pieridae, as models for Oriental butterflies, 28;
    mimicry in African, 36;
    mimicry in S. American, 43;
    frequency of bird attacks on, 150
    Planema epaea, 35, VII. 5;
    P. macarista, sexual difference in, 34, VII. 1, 2;
    mimicked by Elymnias phegea, 35;
    by Pseudacraea eurytus, 126;
    P. poggei, as model for planemoides female of Papilio dardanus, 31;
    P. paragea, 126, VII. 4;
    P. tellus, 126, VII. 3
    Poison-eaters, see Pharmacophagus Swallow-tails
    Polymorphism, in females of mimicking species, 13;
    among females of P. dardanus, 30;
    among females of P. polytes, 75
    Population, conditions of equilibrium in mixed, 93
    Poulton, 17;
    on N. American mimetic butterflies, 45;
    on the "Transparency group," 41;
    on mimicry through agency of migratory birds, 53;
    on Hypolimnas misippus, 66 note;
    on the relation between mimetic forms of P. polytes, 90;
    on predaceous insects, 105;
    on relative proportion of different forms of Pseudacraea eurytus, 127;
    on local variation in D. chrysippus, 132
    Precis, 111, 122, 131;
    P. octavia, seasonal dimorphism in, 131, VI. 11, 12
    Prioneris, 110;
    P. sita, 28
    Pritchett, feeding experiments with lizards, 108
    Protective resemblance, 8
    Protogonius, as mimics of Ithomiines, 38;
    as members of mimicry rings, 134, 135, 138;
    P. tithoreides, X. 9
    Pseudacraea, 59, 144;
    P. boisduvali, 34, VI. 5;
    P. eurytus, relative proportion of different forms in, 127;
    polymorphism of in relation to model, 149 note;
    var. hobleyi as mimic of Planema macarista, 35, 127, VII. 6, 7;
    var. terra, as mimic of Planema tellus, 126, VII. 8;
    var. obscura as mimic of Planema paragea, 126
    Ray, on adaptation, 4, 6
    Rodents, bearing on mimicry of recent genetic work with, 147
    Satyrinae, transparency in S. American, 42
    Sceleporus floridanus, 108
    Schaus, on birds as enemies of butterflies, 112
    Seasonal dimorphism, 130
    Seitz, 44, 52, 58
    Shelford, 56 note
    S. American butterflies, mimicry among, 38
    Sports, as foundation of mimetic resemblances, 70, 91, 143
    Sweet-peas, experiments on, 91
    Swynnerton, on contents of stomachs of birds, 114
    Telipna sanguinea, 36
    Terias brigitta, 35;
    T. hecabe, 110
    Thyridia, 40, XIV. 3
    Tithorea pseudonyma, X. 10
    "Transparency group," in S. America, 39
    Trimen, on mimicry in African butterflies, 13
    Tupaia ferruginea, 121
    Variation, difficulty of initial, 63
    Wade, on relative abundance of the three forms of P. polytes in Ceylon, 99
    Wallace, on mimicry in Oriental butterflies, 12;
    on the conditions of mimicry, 50;
    on the females of P. polytes, 76;
    on initial variation, 64
    Warning colours, 10, 11
    Weismann, 1, 2