OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/United States Naval Academy

See also United States Naval Academy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY (see 27.736). The expansion of the Naval Academy in the period 1910-20 began before the entry of America into the World War. In 1912 the six-year course (including two years at sea as “midshipmen”) was discontinued, and midshipmen were commissioned ensigns immediately upon graduation from the Academy. By Acts of Congress in 1916 and 1917, the number of annual appointments to the Academy allowed to each senator, representative, and delegate in Congress was increased from two to five; presidential appointments from 10 to 15, and appointments of qualified enlisted men from 15 to 100. Thus the total number of authorized appointments reached 3,126; and the number of midshipmen increased from 758 in 1910 to 1,230 in 1916, and in 1920 to about 2,200. Since 1920, physically qualified candidates have been allowed to enter either by examination or by certificate from a recognized school.
As a war measure, the class of 1917 was graduated in March of that year, and the class of 1918, after a period of intensive study, in the following June. The course was reduced to three years; but by cutting down examination periods, holidays, and reviews, and increasing the academic year to nine months, practically the same work was covered. In 1919 the four-year course was resumed. Between Sept. 1917 and Jan. 1919, five reserve officer classes, composed chiefly of former enlisted men who were graduates of technical schools, were quartered at the Academy for periods of about three months' training. In this way 1,622 officers were added to the service as temporary ensigns. The post-graduate school for officers, established in 1912 in the former marine barracks near the Academy, was suspended during the World War, but reopened in 1919 with about 50 student-officers. These spend a half-year or year at the post-graduate school before continuing their studies in civilian technical institutions. To provide for increased attendance, in 1918 two wings accommodating 1,100 additional midshipmen were added to Bancroft Hall, an extension to the Marine Engineering Building was completed in 1919, and a new Seamanship Building in 1920. In this period, the discipline and the course of studies were modified progressively to meet changed requirements. In 1919 the civilian corps of instructors was reorganized with increased pay and systematic promotion. The staff of the Academy increased from 146 officers and civilian instructors in 1910 to nearly 300 in 1921. (A. H. S.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Twining, Louisa

See also Louisa Twining on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TWINING, LOUISA (1820–1912), English philanthropic worker, was born in London Nov. 16 1820. In early life she was an artist, and published Symbols and Emblems of Mediaeval Christian Art (1852) and Types and Figures of the Bible (1854). In 1853, however, she became interested in movements for social reform, and began the work in connexion with the Poor Law to which she devoted the rest of her life. In March 1861 she helped to establish a home for workhouse girls sent out to service, and in 1864 a Workhouse Visiting Society. In 1867 an act was passed separating infirmaries from workhouses, and after 12 more years of work Miss Twining in 1879 established the Workhouse Infirmary Nursing Association. She was a Poor Law guardian for Kensington during 1884–90, and for Tonbridge Union during 1893–6. She promoted the opening of Lincoln's Inn Fields to the public, helped to start the Metropolitan and National Association for nursing the poor in their homes, did much to secure the appointment of police matrons, and was president of the Women's Local Government Society. She published Recollections of Life and Work (1893), Workhouse
and Pauperism (1898), and many papers on Poor Law subjects. She died in London Sept. 25 1912.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clark, Scotson

​CLARK, Scotson. See Scotson Clark.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Classical Harmonists

From volume 1 of the work.
​CLASSICAL HARMONISTS. See Choral Harmonists.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clark, Jeremiah

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clark, Richard

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clarke, John

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Claribel

​CLARIBEL. See Barnard, Charlotte Alington, in Appendix, vol. iv. p. 531 a.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Classical

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Clarino

From volume 1 of the work.
​CLARINO. The Italian name for the Trumpet.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Claudine von Villabella

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# 1986 United States Marshals Service report on Rajneeshee crimes

The Director's Report - A Review of the United States Marshals Service in FY 1986. www.ncjrs.gov. 1986-09-30. United States Marshals Service.
THE DIRECTOR'S REPORT
A REVIEW OF THE UNITED STATES MARSHALS
IN FY 1986
Three female members of the Baghwan Rajneesh group were extradited from Germany to the United States. Sheila Silverman, Catherine Elsea and Diane Onang were returned to face numerous state and Federal charges including attempted murder, immigration fraud, salmonella poisoning, arson and wiretapping. Because of the propensity for violence on the part of the Rajneesh group, three teams of three Deputies were assigned to each fugitive. Three different flights transiting different parts of the United States were used to eliminate the possibility of an incident.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 1977 Books and Pamphlets July-Dec/Title

ISSN 0041-7815
Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third Series
Volume 31, Part 1, Number 2, Section 2
Books and Pamphlets
Including Serials and
Contributions to Periodicals
Current and Renewal Registrations
July—December
1977
COPYRIGHT OFFICE • THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
WASHINGTON: 1979
ISSN 0041-7815
Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third Series
Volume 31, Part I, Number 2, Section 2
Books and Pamphlets
Including Serials and Contributions to Periodicals
Current and Renewal Registrations
July—December
1977
COPYRIGHT OFFICE • THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON : 1979
# 1986 US Attorney General report on Rajneesh movement crimes

Attorney General of the United States Edwin Meese. Annual Report of The Attorney General of the United States, page 77. www.ncjrs.gov.
U.S. Department of Justice
Office of the Attorney General
Annual Report of The Attorney General of The United States
1986
A grand jury in the District of Oregon returned a five count conspiracy indictment charging 21 defendants with illegal interception of communications. The indictment named followers and former followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, a religious leader of a commune named Rajneeshpuram. In 1981, the Rajneesh purchased a 65,000-acre ranch in Oregon and built a headquarters for supporters and disciples from around the world. Defendant Ma Anand Sheela was Rajneesh's personal secretary and a leader and director of most governmental and business operations at Rajneeshpuram. Ten of the 21 defendants have been convicted. The remaining 11 defendants have fled the country and are fugitives. Additionally, on March 20, 1986, the grand jury returned a one-count indictment charging Ma Anand Sheela and a licensed nurse practitioner, Dianne Onang, with conspiracy to tamper with consumer products. Investigators developed evidence that followers of the Rajneesh had secretly purchased and cultured salmonella bacteria through the commune medical clinic. The salmonella cultures were then placed in salad bars and food at restaurants in the Dalles, Oregon area. Over 750 people became ill and 45 were hospitalized. Following complex extradition proceedings with the Federal Republic of Germany, both defendants entered pleas of guilty and were sentenced to 4 1/2 year terms of imprisonment.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Miller, Edward

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Milton, John

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Minacciando

From volume 2 of the work.
​MINACCIANDO, 'threateningly'; a term used once by Beethoven, in a letter to Schott, dated Jan. 28, 1826 (Nohl, Neue Briefe Beethoven's, p. 282), in which, after some playful abuse, the following postscript occurs:—
[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Minim

From volume 2 of the work.
​MINIM (Lat. and Ital. Minima; Fr. Blanche; Germ. Halbe Note). A note, equal in duration ​to the half of a Semibreve; and divisible into two Crotchets (Semiminimæ majores), or four Quavers (Semiminimæ minores).
The Minim derives its name from the fact, that, until the invention of the Crotchet, it was the shortest note in use. We first find it mentioned, early in the 14th century, by Joannes de Muris; though Morley says it was employed by Philippus de Vitriaco, who flourished during the latter half of the 13th. Its form has undergone but little change, in modern times. It was always an open note, with a tail. Formerly its head was lozenge-shaped, and its tail turned always upwards: now, the head is round, inclining to oval, and the tail may turn either upwards, or downwards.
In antient music, the Minim was always imperfect: that is to say, it was divisible into two Crotchets only, and not into three. As time progressed, a quasi-exception to this rule was afforded by the Hemiolia minor: but it was never used in ligature. [See Hemiolia; Ligature.]
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Minor

From volume 2 of the work.
​MINOR. When intervals have two forms which are alike consonant or alike dissonant, these are distinguished as major and minor. The minor form is always a semitone less than the major.
The consonances which have minor forms are thirds and sixths; the dissonances are seconds, sevenths and ninths; of these the minor thirds and sixths are the roughest of consonances, and the minor second is the roughest and the minor seventh the smoothest of dissonances.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Milanollo

From volume 2 of the work.
[ P. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Military Drum

From volume 2 of the work.
[ V. de P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Millico, Giuseppe

From volume 2 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Phila

PHILA, one of the most illustrious Ladies of Antiquity, Daughter of Antipater, Governor of Macedon in Alexander's absence,
Was a woman of fine sense and abilities, which enabled her to share in the affairs of government. She behaved with so much dexterity in managing the various tempers of those whom it was necessary to reduce, or keep to their allegiance, that she prevented an army composed entirely of factious and turbulent men, from making an insurrection. She married such maidens as were poor at her own expence; and opposed with so much vigour those that oppressed the innocent, that she entirely freed and succoured many persons who were in the way to be ruined by slanderers. Her abilities were not the effect of experience, for when but a young girl, Antipater, her father, one of the wisest politicians of his time, used to consult her on affairs of the highest importance: Phila's first husband was Craterus, who was better beloved by the Macedonians than any other of Alexander's captains. After his death she married Demetrius, who had several other wives, but Phila was the chief and had the greatest authority, though the difference of their ages prevented her from being able to secure ​his affections, though he preserved for her the highest respect. On seeing him deprived of his dominions, she swallowed poison.
Female Worthies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Phemonoe

PHEMONOE,
The first priestess of Apollo, and utterer of the delphic oracles; said to have been the inventor of heroic verse, in which she wrote many things.
Female Worthies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Phryne

PHRYNE, a Grecian Courtesan, about 328 B. C.
Society alone can discover the charms of the understanding, and women of virtue, amongst the ancient Grecians, were excluded from society. The courtesans, on the contrary, lived publickly at Athens, and by hearing frequent conversations on philosophy, politics, and poetry, they acquired taste, precision, and elegance. Their houses became the schools of eloquence, from whence the poets drew their feeling for ridicule and grace, and the philosophers simplicity of diction. Beautiful and highly accomplished, Phryne ranks among the most distinguished in that class of women. She served as a model for Praxiteles, and a subject for Apelles. Both sculptor and painter represented her as Venus. Her statue, in gold, was placed between those of two kings, at Delphi. Wit and beauty were, as amongst their deities, more frequently sacrificed to than virtue. She offered to rebuild the walls of Thebes, at her own expence, provided they would permit her to place the following inscription on them: "Alexander destroyed Thebes, Phryne rebuilt it."
Essay by M. Thomas.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Pinella, (Antonia)

PINELLA (ANTONIA), of Bologna, a famous Painter.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Phathema (of Seville)

PHATHEMA, of Seville, the Sister of Ahmed, commonly called Albag, a very celebrated Man.
Who wrote very skilfully, with her brother, Precepts of Law, and a History of her own Times, wherein you may admire the dignity and elegance of her style.
Ibid.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Pietro della Valle, (Maani Gioerida)

PIETRO DELLA VALLE (MAANI GIOERIDA, Wife of the celebrated Traveller),
Was born in Mesopotamia; and being distinguished for her understanding and beauty, the curiosity of ​Pietro was excited: he contrived to become acquainted with her, and she soon became his wife. In their frequent conversations, religion was discussed, and she and her parents at length quitted the Chaldean worship, and embraced that of Rome. Her literary progress was astonishing; she not only made herself acquainted with all the learning comprised in Asiatic literature, but learned twelve languages. Her virtue was equal to her accomplishments; she possessed extraordinary courage and presence of mind, and with sword and pistol bravely seconded her husband in two or three defensive combats. She died of a malignant fever, at Ormus, in the 23d year of her age. M. della Valle embalmed her body, and laying it in a magnificent coffin, carried it with him for four years, in his travels through Asia and other parts, till his arrival at Rome, when he deposited her remains in his family vault, and pronounced her funeral oration himself, till excess of grief prevented his proceeding.
Father Feejoo.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Philippa of Hainault

PHILIPPA OF HAINAULT, Queen of England.
Was betrothed to Edward (when prince of Wales and aged 14) in 1325, through the mediation of Isabella, his mother, who sojourned for a short time at the court ​of the earl of Hainault, when preparing to pass over into England with her son (both of whom had been declared traitors) and force by hostile measures, the king to give up the Spencers, his worthless favourites. After his death and the coronation of Edward III. certain ambassadors were sent to demand the lady Philippa, who was conveyed over to England in great state, and on the day of the Conversion of St. Paul, the marriage and coronation of the queen was solemnized, the rejoicings, &c. lasted three weeks.
In 1346, when, after the victorious battle of Cressy, Edward lay before Calais, David Bruce, king of Scotland, invaded the northern counties of England, with a great army, and carried his ravages as far as Durham. He was there met by queen Philippa, at the head of a body of twelve thousand men, which she committed to the command of lord Percy. A fierce engagement ensued; and the Scots were broken, and chased off the field with great slaughter. Fifteen thousand were slain, amongst whom were the chancellor and earl marshal. The king himself was taken prisoner, together with many of his principal nobility.
As soon as Philippa had secured her royal captive, she crossed the sea at Dover, and was received in the English camp, before Calais, with all the eclat due to her rank, her merit, and her success. This was the age of chivalry and gallantry. Edward's courtiers excelled in these accomplishments no less than in policy and war; and the extraordinary qualities of the women of those times, the necessary consequence of respectful admiration, form the best apology for the superstitious devotion which was then paid to the fair sex.
Whether the story of her interceding for the prisoners of Calais, doomed to death by Edward, which is with ​good grounds doubted by Gifford, be true, we cannot determine; but it appears, that Edward was a faithful and affectionate husband, and undertook nothing without her advice; and that Phillippa always conducted herself with wisdom and generosity.
She founded Queen's College, at Oxford, about 1360.
Modern Europe, &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Phathema (of Valencia)

PHATHEMA, a Moorish Spaniard, of Valencia,
Applied herself to jurisprudence, at Corduba, where she was distinguished for her writings and piety: she died in the 319th year of the Hegira.
Bibliotheca Arabico–Hispanæ Escurialiensis.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Piacevole

From volume 2 of the work.
[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Piangendo

From volume 2 of the work.
[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Pianissimo

From volume 2 of the work.
[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Philtre, Le

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Phrase

From volume 2 of the work.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Physharmonica

From volume 2 of the work.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Pianette

From volume 2 of the work.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Phrygian Mode

From volume 2 of the work.
​PHRYGIAN MODE (Lat. Modus Phrygius; Modus mysticus). The Third of the Ecclesiastical Modes. [See Modes, the Ecclesiastical.]
The Final of the Phrygian Mode is E. Its range extends upwards, in the Authentic form, from that note to the Octave above; and Semitones occur between its first and second and fifth and sixth Degrees. Its Dominant is (B, the fifth Degree of the Scale, being inadmissible, on account of its false relation with F). Its Mediant is G; and its Participant A, for which note B is sometimes substituted. Its Conceded Modulations are D (the note below the Final), and F; and its Absolute Initials, E, F, C, and, more rarely, G. Its principal features are shewn in the subjoined example.
In its Plagal, or Hypophrygian form (Mode IV, Modus Hypophrygius or Harmonicus), its range lies a Fourth lower, extending from B to the F Octave above. In this form, the Semitones lie between the first and second, and the fourth and fifth Degrees. The Dominant of the Hypophrygian Mode is A. Its Mediant is G, and its Participant C, for which note F is sometimes substituted. Its Conceded Modulations are D and (the lowest note of the Mode). Its Final, like that of the Authentic form, is E. The genera conformation of the Mode is shown in the subjoined example.
It will be observed that the compass and intervals of this Mode correspond exactly with those of the rejected Locrian; yet Hypophrygian Melodies have always been considered perfectly lawful. The reason is, that the Locrian Mode, being Authentic, is subject to the Harmonic Division, which produces a Quinta falsa between B and F, and a Tritonus between F and B: whereas, the Hypophrygian Mode, being Plagal is subject to the Arithmetical Division, and exhibits a Perfect Fourth, between B and E, ​and a Perfect Fifth, between E and B. [See pp. 341–342 of this volume.]
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Piacere, A

From volume 2 of the work.
[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Brouncker, William, Viscount Castlelyons

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​Brouncker, William, Viscount Castlelyons, a mathematician, was born at Castlelyons, County of Cork, in 1620. [His father was President of Munster, and was made a Viscount in 1645.] For his adherence to the Stuarts he was, at the Restoration, appointed Chancellor to the Queen, Lord of the Admiralty, and Master of St. Catherine's Hospital, London. He was the first president of the Royal Society, an office which he retained for fifteen years. Amongst other mathematical works, he published Continued Fractions, and The Quadrature of a portion of the Equilateral Hyperbola. In 1653 he published a translation of Descartes' Musicæ Compendium, enriched with observations which show that he was deeply skilled in the theory of music. He died at Westminster, 5th April 1684, aged about 64.
* ↑ Authors, Dictionary of British and American: S. Austin Allibone. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1869–'71.
* ↑ Cyclopædia, Penny, with Supplement. 29 vols. London, 1833.
* ↑ Musiciens, Biographie Universelle des: F. J. Fetis. 8 vols. Paris, 1860–'5.