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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 7:14

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# A Daughter of the Rich

A
Daughter of the Rich
BY
M. E. WALLER Author of "The Little Citizen"
ILLUSTRATED BY ELLEN BERNARD THOMPSON
BOSTON LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY 1903
Copyright, 1903, By Little, Brown, and Company,
All rights reserved
Published October, 1903
UNIVERSITY PRESS · JOHN WILSON AND SON · CAMBRIDGE, U. S. A.
To
"MARTIE"
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1938, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 85 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Daughter of Eve (Balzac)/Dedication

To Madame la Comtesse Bolognini, nee Vimercati.
 If you remember, madame, the pleasure your conversation gave to a  traveller by recalling Paris to his memory in Milan, you will not  be surprised to find him testifying his gratitude for many  pleasant evenings passed beside you by laying one of his works at  your feet, and begging you to protect it with your name, as in  former days that name protected the tales of an ancient writer  dear to the Milanese.
 You have an Eugenie, already beautiful, whose intelligent smile  gives promise that she has inherited from you the most precious  gifts of womanhood, and who will certainly enjoy during her  childhood and youth all those happinesses which a rigid mother  denied to the Eugenie of these pages. Though Frenchmen are taxed  with inconstancy, you will find me Italian in faithfulness and  memory. While writing the name of "Eugenie," my thoughts have  often led me back to that cool stuccoed salon and little garden in  the Vicolo dei Cappucini, which echoed to the laughter of that  dear child, to our sportive quarrels and our chatter. But you have  left the Corso for the Tre Monasteri, and I know not how you are  placed there; consequently, I am forced to think of you, not among  the charming things with which no doubt you have surrounded  yourself, but like one of those fine figures due to Raffaelle,  Titian, Correggio, Allori, which seem abstractions, so distant are  they from our daily lives.
 If this book should wing its way across the Alps, it will prove to  you the lively gratitude and respectful friendship of
Your devoted servant, De Balzac.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Waukegan

See also Waukegan, Illinois on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WAUKEGAN, a city and the county-seat of Lake county, Illinois, U.S.A., on the W. shore of Lake Michigan, about 36 m. N. of Chicago. Pop. (1890) 4915; (1900) 9426, of whom 2506 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 16,069. It is served by the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern (of which it is a terminus) and the Chicago & North Western railways, by an interurban electric line, and by lake steamers. In 1880 the United States government undertook the formation of an artificial harbour with a channel 13 ft. deep, and in 1902–1904 the depth was increased to 20 ft. The main portion of the city is situated about 100 ft. above the level of the lake. There are a number of parks and mineral springs, and along the lake front a fine driveway, Sheridan Road. The city is a residential suburb of Chicago. The principal buildings are the Federal building, the Court House, a Carnegie library, the Masonic Temple and McAlister Hospital. At the village of North Chicago (pop. in 1910, 3306), about 3 m. S. of Waukegan, there is a United States Naval Training Station. Waukegan is the commercial centre of an agricultural and dairying region, and has various manufactures. The total value of the factory product in 1905 was $3,961,513. Waukegan was settled about 1835, and until 1849 was known as Little Fort, which is supposed to be the English equivalent of the Indian name Waukegan. It became the county-seat of Lake county in 1841, was incorporated as a town in 1849, and first chartered as a city in 1859.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Waugh, Benjamin

See also Benjamin Waugh on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WAUGH, BENJAMIN (1839–1905), English social reformer, was born at Settle, Yorkshire, on the 20th of February 1839. He passed the early years of his life in business, but in 1865 entered the congregational ministry. Settling at Greenwich he threw himself with ardour into the work of social reform, devoting himself especially to the cause of the children. He served on the London School Board from 1870 to 1876. In 1884 he was responsible for the establishment of the London society for the prevention of cruelty to children, which four years later was established on a national basis. He was elected its honorary secretary, and it was largely owing to information obtained by him that the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885 was passed, while by his personal effort he secured the insertion of a clause giving magistrates power to take the evidence of children too young to understand the nature of an oath. In 1889 he saw the work accomplished by his society (of which he had been made director the same year) recognized by the passing of an act for the prevention of cruelty to children, the first stepping-stone to the act of 1908 (see Children, Law Relating to). In 1895 a charier of incorporation was conferred on the society, but in 1897 it was the object of a serious attack on its administration. An inquiry was demanded by Waugh, and the commission of inquiry, which included Lord Herschell and others, completely vindicated the society and its director. Waugh had given up pastoral work in 1887 to devote his whole time to the society, and he retained his post as director until 1905, when the state of his health compelled his retirement. He remained consulting director until his death at Westcliff, near Southend, Essex, on the 11th of March 1908. Waugh edited the Sunday Magazine from 1874 to 1896, but he had otherwise little leisure for literary work. His The Gaol Cradle, who rocks it? (1873) was a plea for the abolition of juvenile imprisonment.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Waugh, Edwin

See also Edwin Waugh on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WAUGH, EDWIN (1817–1890), known as "The Lancashire Poet," was born at Rochdale, on the 29th of January 1817, the son of a shoemaker. For several years he earned his living as a journeyman printer in various parts of the country. In 1855 he published his first book. Sketches of Lancashire Life and Localities, following this up with reprinted Poems and Songs (1859). His rendering of the Lancashire dialect was most happy, and his rude lyrics, full of humour and pathos, were great favourites with his countrymen. He died on the 30th of April 1890.
See Milner's Memoir in an edition of Waugh's selected works (1892–1893).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wausau

See also Wausau, Wisconsin on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WAUSAU, a city and the county-seat of Marathon county, Wisconsin, U.S.A., on both banks of the Wisconsin river, about 185 m. N .W . of Milwaukee. Pop. (1890) 9253; (1900) 12,354, of whom 3747 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 16,560. There is a large German element in the population, and two German semi-weekly newspapers are published here. Wausau is served by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul and the Chicago & North-Western railways. The city is built for the most part on a level plateau above the river and extends to the top of high bluffs on either side. It has a fine city hall, a Carnegie library, the Marathon County Court House, a hospital, built by the Sisters of the Divine Saviour, and a Federal Building. In Wausau are a U.S. land office, the Marathon County Training School for Teachers, the Marathon County School of Agriculture and Domestic Science, and a County Asylum for the Chronic Insane. Valuable water-power furnished by the Big Bull Falls of the Wisconsin (in the city) is utilized for manufacturing, and in 1910 water-power sites were being developed on the Wisconsin river immediately above and below the city. In 1905 the factory products were valued at $4,644,457. Wausau had its origin in a logging-camp, established about 1838. In 1840 a saw-mill was built here, and in 1858 the village was incorporated under its present name. After 1880, when Wausau was chartered as a city, its growth was rapid.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wavellite

See also Wavellite on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WAVELLITE, a mineral consisting of hydrated aluminium phosphate, Al$_3$(OH)$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$+41/2H$_2$O, crystallizing in the orthorhombic system. Distinct crystals are of rare occurrence, the mineral usually taking the form of hemispherical or globular aggregates with an internal radiated structure. It is translucent and varies in colour from grey or white to greenish, yellowish, &c. The hardness is 31/2, and the specific gravity 2·32. It was first found, at the end of the 18th century, by Dr W. Wavell near Barnstaple in Devonshire, where it lines crevices in a black slaty rock. It has also been found in Ireland (Tipperary and Cork), Arkansas, &c.  (L. J. S.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Waukesha

See also Waukesha, Wisconsin on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WAUKESHA, a city and the county-seat of Waukesha county, Wisconsin, U.S.A., about 19 m. W. of Milwaukee on the Little Fox river. Pop. (1S90) 6321; (1900) 7419, including 1408 foreign-born; (1905 state census) 6949; (1910) 8740. Waukesha is served by the Minneapolis, St Paul & Sault Ste Marie, the Chicago & North-Western and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul railways, and by interurban electric railways connecting it with Milwaukee, Oconomowoc and Madison. The medicinal mineral springs (Eethesda, White Rock, &c.) are widely known. Among the public buildings are the county court house and the public library. Waukesha is the seat of the State Industrial School for Boys (established as a house of refuge in 1860) and of Carroll College (Presbyterian, co-educational, 1846). Waukesha was first settled in 1834, was named Prairieville in 1839, was incorporated as a village under its present name (said to be a Pottawatomi word meaning " fox ") in 1852, and chartered as a city in 1896. In 1851 the first railway in the state was completed between Milwaukee and Waukesha, but the village remained only a farming community until the exploitation of the mineral springs was begun about 1868. About 15 m. S. of Waukesha, near Mukwonago (pop. in 1910, 615), in 1844–1851 there was an unsuccessful communistic agricultural settlement, the Utilitarian Association, composed largely of London mechanics led by Campbell Smith, a London bookbinder.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Waurin, Jehan

See also Jehan Waurin on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WAURIN (or Wavrin), JEHAN (or Jean de) (d. c. 1474). French chronicler, belonged to a noble family of Artois, and was present at the battle of Agiocourt. Afterwards he fought for ​the Burgundians at Verneuil and elsewhere, and then occupying a high position at the court of Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, was sent as ambassador to Rome in 1463. Jehan wrote, or rather compiled, the Recueil des croniques et anchiennes istories de la Grant Bretaigne, a collection of the sources of English history from the earliest times to 1471. For this work he borrowed from Froissart, Monstrelet and others; but for the period between 1444 and 1471 the Recueil is original and valuable, although somewhat untrustworthy with regard to affairs in England itself.
From the beginning to 688 and again from 1399 to 1471 the text has been edited for the Rolls Series (5 vols., London, 1864–1891), by W. and E. L. C. P. Hardy, who have also translated the greater part of it into English. The section from 1325 to 1471 has been edited by L. M. E. Dupont (Paris, 1858–1863).
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Avrillot, Barbe

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AVRILLOT, BARBE,
Better known by the name of Acarie which was that of her husband, was born in Paris in 1565. In 1582 she married Perre Acarie, Maitre des Comptes of Paris, one of the most active partizans of the League. In 1594, when the city submitted to Henry the Fourth, M. Acarie was obliged to fly with his wife and six children; he was quite destitute, deeply in debt, and altogether in a state of great poverty and embarrassment. By the exertions of his wife, however, his children were placed in safe asylums, and a satisfactory arrangement made of the family affairs. After this ​was accomplished, Madame Acarie appears to have turned her attention to reforming the monastic establishments of the country. In conjunction with the cardinal De Berulie, she established the new order of Reformed Carmelites, taking upon herself the erection of the first monastery of the order in the fauberg St. Jacques. Having a great reputation for piety she was enabled, by her influence, to assist in works of the like nature. When, in 1613, she became a widow, she entered the order which she had founded, by the name of Marie de l'incarnation; she was eventually elected superior of the order, but, with true humility, declined the dignity, and retired to the monastery of Pontois, also founded by her, where she died on the 18th. of April, 1618. She was the authoress of five religious works in French, and her life has been written by several persons. All these memoirs are more or less disfigured by details of miracles, which is to be regretted, as they cast a shade of doubt upon the real excellencies of her character, and the more veritable records of what appears to have been truly a well-spent life.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Aycard, Marie

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AYCARD, MARIE,
Is an authoress of France, whose reputation rests chiefly on a novel of considerable merit, entitled "Mademoiselle Clairvel." She is also distinguished as a contributor of agreeable tales to the periodicals.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Azzi de Forti, Faustina

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AZZI DE FORTI, FAUSTINA,
A native of Arezza, distinguished for her poetical talents, and admitted into the academy of Arcadia, under the name Eurinomia. She published a volume of Italian poems, and died in 1724.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Axiothea

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AXIOTHEA,
A female philosopher of the age of Plato, whose lectures she attended in male attire.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Aïssé, Demois

Charlotte Aïssé
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AISSE, DEMOIS,
Was born in Circassia, 1689, and was purchased by the count de Ferriol, the French ambassador at Constantinople, when four years of age, for 1500 livres. The seller declared her to be a Circassian Princess. She was of great beauty. The count took her with him to France, and had her taught all the accomplishments of the day. She sacrificed her innocence to her benefactor, but she resisted the splendid offers of the duke of Orleans. Of her numerous suitors she favoured only the chevalier Aidy, who had taken the vows at Malta. Aidy wished to obtain a release from them, but his mistress herself opposed the attempt. The fruit of this love was a daughter, born in England. Aïssé became afterwards a prey to the bitterest remorse; she tried in vain to resist her passion, and sank under the struggle between her love and her conscience. She died in 1727, at the age of thirty-eight. Her letters were published, first with notes by Voltaire, and afterwards, in 1806, with the letters of Mesdames de Viliars, Lafayette, and de Tencin. They are written in a pleasant fluent strain, and contain many anecdotes of the prominent persons of her time.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Babois, Madame Victoire

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BABOIS, MADAME VICTOIRE,
A French poetess, was born in 1759 or 1760, and died in 1839. She was the niece of Duels, the celebrated French dramatist and translator of Shakspere. This lady spent her whole life at Versailles, in the midst of her family and friends; and having but a slight acquaintance with men of letters, she was never taught the rules of style and composition, but wrote as nature dictated. Her poetry is very popular in France, and she is also the author of several little prose works. Her elegies were particularly appropriate, for she had much true feeling, and always sympathized with the sorrows she described.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Bacciocchi, Marie Anne Elise

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BACCIOCCHI, MARIE ANNE ELISE,
Sister of Napoleon Bonaparte, formerly princess of Lucca and Piombino, was born at Ajaccio, January 8th., .1777, and educated at the royal institution for noble ladies at St. Cyr. She lived at Marseilles, with her mother, during the revolution. In 1797, with her mother's consent, but against her brother's wish, she married Felix Pascal Bacciocchi, a captain in Napoleon's army in Italy. In 1799, she went to Paris, and resided with her brother Lucien, where she collected around her the most distinguished men of the capital. Generous as she ever was towards distinguished talents, she conferred particular favours on Chateaubriand and Fontanes. Conscious of her intellectual superiority, she kept her husband in a very subordinate position. It was she in fact, who governed the ​principalities of Lucca and Piombino. When she reviewed the troops of the duchy of Tuscany, her husband acted as aide-de-camp. She introduced many improvements.
In 1817 she retired to Bologna, but the following year she was obliged to go to Austria. Here she lived, at first, with her sister Caroline; afterwards with her own family at Trieste, where she called herself the countess Compignano. She died August 7th., 1820, at her country seat, Villa Vicentina, near Trieste. In that city she was distinguished for her benevolence. She left a daughter, Napoleona Elise, born June 3rd., 1806, and a son, who remained under the guardianship of their father, although she requested that her brother Jerome, might have the charge of them.
This princess was endowed with superior abilities, but she sullied them by great faults. Subjugated by imperious passions, and surrounded by unworthy flatterers, she has been accused of many immoralities, and her conduct was certainly deserving of great censure. But had she belonged to the old regime her character would have suffered less from public scandal. The family of Napoleon had to share with him in the obloquy of being parvenues.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Ayesha

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AYESHA,
The Second, and most beloved of all Mahomet's wives, was the daughter of Abubeker, the first caliph, and the successor of Mahomet. She was the only one of all his wives who had never been married to any other man; but she was only nine when she was espoused by him. She had no children; but his affection for her continued till death, and he expired in her arms. After his death she was regarded with great veneration by the Mussulmen, as being filled with an extraordinary portion of Mahomet's spirit. They gave her the title of "Mother of the Faithful," and consulted her on important occasions. Ayesha entertained a strong aversion for the caliph Othman; and she had actually formed a plot to dethrone him, with the intention of placing in his stead her favourite Telha, when Othman was assassinated, by another enemy in a sedition.
The succession of All was strongly opposed by Ayesha. Joined by Telha and Zobier at Mecca, she raised a revolt, under pretence of avenging the murder of Othman; an army was levied, which marched towards Bassora, while Ayesha, at its head, was borne in a litter on a camel of great strength. On arriving at a village called Jowab, she was saluted with the loud barking of the dogs of the place, which reminding her of a prediction of the prophet, in which the dogs of Jowab were mentioned, so intimidated her that she declared her resolution not to advance a step; and it was not till a number of persons had been suborned to swear that the village had been wrongly named to her, and till the artifice had been employed of terrifying her with a report of Ali's being in ​the rear, that she was prevailed on to proceed.
When the revolters reached Bassora, they were refused admittance into the city. In the end, however, they gained possession. All assembled an army, and marched against Ayesha, who violently opposed all pacific counsels, and resolved to proceed to the utmost extremity. A fierce battle ensued, In which Telha and Zobier were slain. The combat raged about Ayesha's camel, and an Arabian writer says, that the hands of seventy men, who successively held its bridle, were cut off, and that her litter was stuck so full of darts, as to resemble a porcupine. The camel, from which this day's fight takes its name, was at length hamstrung, and Ayesha became a captive. Ali treated her with great respect, and sent her to Medina, on condition that she should live peaceably at home, and not intermeddle with state affairs.
Her resentment afterwards appeared In her refusal to suffer Hassan, the unfortunate son of Ali, to be buried near the tomb of the prophet, which was her property. She seems to have regained her influence in the reign of the caliph Moawiyah. She died in the fifty-eighth year of the Hegira, A. D. 677, aged sixty-seven; having constantly experienced a high degree of respect from the followers of Mahomet, except at the time of her imprudent expedition against Ali,