OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eskimo Folk-Tales (1921)/Pâtussorssuaq, who killed his uncle

​PÂTUSSORSSUAQ, WHO KILLED HIS UNCLE
THERE lived a woman at Kûgkat, and she was very beautiful, and Alátaq was he who had her to wife. And at the same place lived Pâtussorssuaq, and Alátaq was his uncle. He also had a wife, but was yet fonder of his uncle's wife than of his own.
But one day in the spring, Alátaq was going out on a long hunting journey, and made up his mind to take his wife with him. They were standing at the edge of the ice, ready to start, when Pâtussorssuaq came down to them.
"Are you going away?" he asked.
"Yes, both of us," answered Alátaq.
But when Pâtussorssuaq heard thus, he fell upon his uncle and killed him at once, for he could not bear to see the woman go away.
When Pâtussorssuaq's wife saw this, she snatched up her needle and sewing ring, and fled away, following the shadow of the tent, over the hills to the place where her parents lived. She had not even time to put on her skin stockings, and therefore her feet grew sore with treading the hills. On her way up inland she saw people running about with their hoods loose on their heads, as is the manner of the inland folk, but she had no dealings with them, for they fled away.
Then, coming near at last to her own place, she saw an old man, and running up, she found it was her father, who was out in search of birds. And the two went gladly back to his tent.
Now when Pâtussorssuaq had killed his uncle, he at once went up to his own tent, thinking to kill his own wife, for he was already weary of her. But she had fled away.
Inside the tent sat a boy, and Pâtussorssuaq fell upon him, crying:
"Where is she? Where is she gone?"
"I have seen nothing, for I was asleep," cried the boy, speaking falsely because of his great fear. And so Pâtussorssuaq was forced to desist from seeking out his wife.
​And now he went down and took Alátaq's wife and lived with her. But after a little time, she died. And thus he had but little joy of the woman he had won by misdeed. And he himself was soon to suffer in another way.
At the beginning of the summer, many people were gathered at Natsivilik, and among them was Pâtussorssuaq. One day a strange thing happened to him, while he was out hunting: a fox snapped at the fringe of his coat, and he, thinking it to be but a common fox, struck out at it, but did not hit. And afterwards it was revealed that this was the soul of dead Alátaq, playing with him a little before killing him outright. For Alátaq's amulet was a fox.
And a little time after, he was bitten to death by the ghost of Alátaq, coming upon him in the shape of a bear. His daughter, who was outside at that time, heard the cries, and went in to tell of what she had heard, but just as she came into the house, behold, she had quite forgotten all that she wished to say. And this was because that vengeful spirit had by magic means called down forgetfulness upon her.
Afterwards she remembered it, but then it was too late. They found Pâtussorssuaq torn to pieces, torn limb from limb; he had tried to defend himself with great pieces of ice, as they could see, but all in vain.
Thus punishment falls upon the man who kills.
# Eskimo Folk-Tales (1921)/The Boy from the Bottom of the Sea, who frightened the people of the house to death

​THE BOY FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA, WHO FRIGHTENED THE PEOPLE OF THE HOUSE TO DEATH
WELL, you see, it was the usual thing: "The Obstinate One" had taken a wife, and of course he beat her, and when he wanted to make it an extra special beating, he took a box, and banged her about with that.
One day, when he had been beating her as usual, she ran away. And she was just about to have a child at that time. She walked straight out into the sea, and was nearly drowned, but suddenly she came to herself again, and found that she was at the bottom of the sea. And there she built herself a house.
While she was down there, the child was born. And when she went to look at it, she nearly died of fright, it was so ugly. Its eyes were jellyfish, its hair of seaweed, and the mouth was like a mussel.
And now these two lived down there together. The child grew up, and when it was a little grown up, it could hear the children playing on the earth up above, and it said:
"I should like to go up and see."
"When you have grown stronger, then you may go," said his mother. And then the boy began practising feats of strength, with stones. And at last he was able to pick up stones as big as a chest, and carry them into the house.
One evening, when it was dark, they heard again a calling from above. The children, not content with simply shouting at their play, began crying out: "Iyoi-iyoi-iyoi," with all their might.
"Now I will go with you," said the mother. "But you must not go into the houses nearest the shore, for there I often fled in when your father would have beaten me; I have suffered much evil up there. And when you thrust in your head, be sure to look as angry as you can."
​There were two houses on the shore, one a little way above the other. As they went up, the mother suddenly saw that her son was going into the one nearest the shore. And she cried:
"Ha-a; Ha-a! When your father beat me, I always ran in there. Go to the one up above."
And now the boy made his face fierce, and thrust in his head at the doorway, and all those inside fell down dead with fright. He would have beaten his father, but his father had died long since. Then he went down again to the bottom of the sea.
When the day dawned, the people from the house nearest the shore came out and said:
"Ai! What footsteps are these, all full of seaweed?"
And seeing that the tracks led up to the house a little way above, they followed there, and found that all inside had died of fright.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Tai Tung-yüan

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​TAI Tung-yüan. See under Tai Chên.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Tai Tun-yüan

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​TAI Tun-yüan 戴敦元 (T. 士旋, H. 金溪), 1768–1834, Dec. 18, official, was a native of K'ai-hua, Chekiang. Precocious as a child, he obtained the chü-jên degree when he was only fifteen sui. Many stories are told of his genius. Becoming a chin-shih in 1793, he was three years later appointed a second class secretary in the Board of Ceremonies. In 1797 he was appointed to the Board of Punishments where he rose to be a department director (1809), serving concurrently as assistant provincial examiner in Shansi (1798) and in Shun-t'ien (1804), and as an assistant examiner of the metropolitan examination (1801). Later he served as intendant of the Kao-Lien Circuit, Kwangtung (1820–21), provincial judge of Kiangsi (1821–22), and financial commissioner of Shansi (1822) and Hunan (1822–23). In 1823 he was recalled to the capital and was appointed senior vice-president of the Board of Punishments. This post he held for nine years, and in 1832 was made president of the same Board. In 1834 he died and was canonized as Chien-k'o 簡恪. He was a man of great discretion and reserve, he kept himself aloof from the world, and was known as an incessant worker. It is said that during his term as provincial judge in Kiangsi he cleared up, within a few months, some four thousand accumulated cases. As vice-president and president of the Board of Punishments he effected, directly or indirectly, many reforms and alterations in criminal law and procedure, and in the treatment of criminals.
Though a great lover of books, especially in the fields of astronomy and mathematics, Tai Tun-yüan never produced a systematic treatise on those subjects. He left some scattered verses, collected after his death and printed in 1844 under the title, Tai Chien-k'o kung i-chi (公遺集), 8 chüan. He was a disciple of Wang Ch'ang [q. v.].
[1/380/3b; 3/108/34a; 5/8/23a; 7/21/16a; 13/4/9a; 20/3/00 with portrait.]
Li Man-kuei
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/T'ung Yang-chên

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​T'UNG Yang-chên 佟養眞, d. 1621, Ming-Ch'ing general, was a member of the T'ung family of Fu-shun, Liaotung, which traced its ancestry to T'ung Ta-li 佟達禮, who was given an hereditary rank in the early Ming period. After 1722 the last character of T'ung Yang-chên's name was written 正 to avoid the personal name of Emperor Shih-tsung. Little is known of his career as a military officer under the Ming regime but, according to Korean annals, he was in Seoul in 1599, having supplied provisions to the Chinese forces that aided the Koreans against Toyotomi Hideyoshi (see under Nurhaci). At that time T'ung Yang-chên had the rank of colonel. His reported conversation with the Korean King, Hsüan-tsu 宣祖 (personal name 李昖), shows that the latter, who had just escaped the danger of Japanese domination, was worried over another rising power, the Manchus. In this conversation the Manchu chieftain, Nurhaci [q. v.], is referred to as the "Old barbarian" (老胡), but it does not appear that T'ung was then much troubled over Nurhaci's growing power. In 1619 he himself surrendered to Nurhaci, persuaded perhaps by his cousin, T'ung Yang-hsing [q. v.], after the capture of Fu-shun by the Manchus. As a Manchu officer he took part in 1621 in the capture of Liaoyang and was rewarded with the minor hereditary rank known as Ch'ing-ch'ê tu-yü. Later in the same year he was placed in command of the garrison at Fort Chên-chiang 鎭江, the present An-tung, on the Yalu River. But when Ch'ên Liang-ts'ê 陳良策 who was commandant in the fort and who had secretly allied himself with Mao Wên-lung [q. v.], rebelled against the Manchus on September 1, 1621, T'ung Yang-chên was killed, together with his eldest son and sixty men.
A younger son, T'ung T'u-lai [q. v.], succeeded to the hereditary rank. He was the maternal grandfather of Hsüan-yeh [q. v.], the illustrious Emperor Shêng-tsu who ruled China for sixty-one years under the reign-title K'ang-hsi. After the family had risen to power T'ung Yang-chên was given posthumously the rank of duke of the first class and the name Chung-lieh 忠烈. In the K'ang-hsi period the descendants of T'ung Yang-chên attained such influence in the Palace, and occupied so many offices, that they came to be known as T'ung pan-ch'ao 佟半朝, the family that "fills up half the Court".
[2/4/3b; 3/331/4a; 4/117/1a; Mêng Sên, Ch'ing-ch'u san ta i-an k'ao-shih (see bibl. under Fu-lin); Liaoyang hsien-chih (1927) 32上/21b; T'ien Wên [q. v.], Ku-huan t'ang chi (ming-piao) 2/24a.]
Fang Chao-ying
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/T'ung Yang-hsing

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​T'UNG Yang-hsing 佟養性, d. 1632, Ch'ing general, was a native of Fu-shun, Liaotung. Some members of his family served as officials under the Ming regime, and one of his cousins, T'ung Yang-chên [q. v.], was a military officer. About the year 1616 T'ung Yang-hsing began to communicate secretly with Nurhaci [q. v.] who in that year proclaimed himself Khan of the Later Chin Kingdom (後金國). Before long, however, his treasonous activities were discovered by Ming officials who put him in prison. Escaping custody, he joined Nurhaci who made him a baron of the third class and gave him a princess for wife. For this act of treason his entire clan was persecuted; some members were executed, some were imprisoned, and others fled. In 1621 he took part in the Manchu occupation of Liaoyang and was rewarded by being made a viscount of the second class. In 1631 a corps of artillery with forty recently constructed cannon was formed and T'ung was placed in command. Meanwhile he was made the first commander of the newly created Chinese detachment. Later in the same year his artillery corps acquired fame while besieging Tsu Ta-shou [q. v.] at Ta-ling-ho. In 1632 he was rewarded for his ability in directing a military maneuver. He died in the same year. In 1656 he was given the posthumous name, Ch'in-hui 勤惠.
The Chinese detachment which T'ung Yang-hsing commanded in 1631 and 1632 was the nucleus from which the Eight Chinese Banners were formed as more and more Chinese were added to it. In 1633 the command was given to Ma Kuang-yüan 馬光遠 (posthumous name 誠順, d. 1663), who had joined the Manchus three years before. In 1637 this Chinese unit was divided into two wings, one commanded by Ma, the other by Shih T'ing-chu 石廷柱 (1599–1661, posthumous name 忠勇) who had joined the Manchus in 1622. In 1639 these two wings were further divided into four Banners, and in 1642 the Eight Chinese Banners were organized after the Manchu pattern. T'ung's descendants were assigned to the Chinese Plain Blue Banner.
A son of T'ung Yang-hsing, named Puhan 普漢, succeeded to the rank of viscount in 1634. In 1637 the rank was given to Puhan's younger brother, Liu-shih 六十, and in 1652 it was raised to an earldom of the third class. A son of Liu-shih, named T'ung Kuo-yao 佟國瑤 (d. 1689, ​posthumous name 忠慤), who succeeded to the earldom in 1660, took part for eight years (1674–82) in the war against Wu San-kuei [q. v.] and then served as Tartar General at Foochow (1682-89). In 1701, when T'ung Kuo-yao's grandson, Ch'i-fu 齊福 (or 七復) to succeeded to the hereditary rank, he was reduced to a second class viscount—the rank which had originally been given to T'ung Yang-hsing. The rank remained so in the family until the close of the dynasty.
[1/237/1a; 2/4/12b; 2/5/35b; 2/79/1b; 3/262/31a; Mêng Sên, "Pa-ch'i chih-tu k'ao-shih" (see bibl. under Nurhaci); Pa-ch'i Man-chou shih-tsu tung-p'u (see under Anfiyanggû).]
Fang Chao-ying
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Ta-hai

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​TA-hai. See under Dahai.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Ta-shun

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​TA-shun. Reign-title of Chang Hsien-chung [q. v.].
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Tai-shan

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​TAI-shan. See under Daišan.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Bahrdt, Karl Friedrich

See also Karl Friedrich Bahrdt on Wikipedia; Karl Friedrich Bahrdt at Wikipedia; Karl Friedrich Bahrdt in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
BAHRDT, Karl Friedrich, a German theologian, distinguished for his extreme rationalism and his erratic life, was born in 1741 at Bischofswerda, of which place his father, afterwards professor of theology at Leipsic, was for some time pastor. He was educated chiefly at the celebrated school of Pforta, and afterwards entered the university of Leipsic, where he studied theology, and at first attached himself to the strongly orthodox party headed by Crusius. After graduation he Lectured for a time as adjunct to his father, and then with the rank of catechist proceeded to Leipsic, where he became exceedingly popular as a preacher, and was appointed extraordinary professor of Biblical philology. During this period of his life he published a popular book of devotions, called the Christian in Solitude. In 1768 the notorious irregularity of his conduct necessitated his resignation and his departure from Leipsic. By some influence he obtained a professorship of Biblical antiquities in the philosophical faculty of the new university of Erfurt, and having procured a theological degree from Erlangen, he again began to read theological lectures. His orthodoxy had by this time completely vanished ; he was an avowed rationalist of the extreme school, and with great diligence and ability sought to popularise the principles of his creed. At the same time his bitter and quarrelsome disposition embroiled him with his colleagues, and in 1771 he left Erfurt, but obtained another professor ship at Giessen. Here also the bold expression of his opinions cut short his tenure of office; in 1775 he resigned and became director of Von Salis's educational establishment, the philanthropin at Marschlins, a post he held for only one year. For a brief period he acted as general superintendent at Dürkheim, and then endeavoured, but unsucessfully, to set up an educational institution at Heidesheim. He had now become most obnoxious to the German Government, who prohibited him from lecturing or publishing any work on theology, or from holding any professorial office. In 1779 he took refuge in Halle, where he resided for ten years, lecturing in the forenoon on moral philosophy, and officiating in the afternoon as landlord of a public-house which he had opened at the gate of the town, and which was largely patronised by the students. In 1789 he was arrested, partly on account of a pasquinade he had written upon the Prussian religious edict, and was condemned to two years' imprisonment. The period of his confinement, reduced by the king to one year, was employed by Bahrdt in writing memorials of his life and opinions. After his release he continued his former course of life, and died after a severe illness, 23d April 1792. His numerous works, including a translation of the New Testament, are comparatively worthless, and are written in an offensive tone. He has been well called by Herzog a caricature of the rationalism of the 18th century.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Bahrein

See also Bahrain on Wikipedia; Bahrein Island and Bahrein at Wikipedia; Bahrein Islands in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
BAHREIN, the principal island of a cluster in the Persian Gulf, in an indentation of the Arabian coast. It is about 70 miles long and nearly 25 broad, and is very flat and low except towards the east, where a range of hills attain an elevation of 800 or 900 feet. The climate is mild, but humid, and rather unhealthy. The soil is for the most part fertile, and produces rice, pot herbs, and fruits, of which the citrons are especially good. Water is abundant, but frequently brackish. Fish of all kinds abound off the coast, and are very cheap in the markets. The inhabitants are a mixed race of Arab, Qrnanite, and Persian blood, slender and small in their physical appearance; they possess great activity and intelligence, and are known in all the ports of the Persian Gulf for their commercial and industrial ability. The traffic in the island itself is great and various, the harbour of Manama, which admits vessels of 200 tons, being largely frequented by ships from Persia, Sindh, India, &c. This town, which has in some respects supplanted the older and more inland Ruffin, is well built, and contains about 25,000 inhabitants ; and there are besides about 15 villages in the island. There is a city of almost equal extent in the neighbouring and smaller island of Mohanek, but the trade is not so great. Bahrein has from a remote period been famous for its pearl fishery, which produces the finest pearls in the world. The Portuguese obtained possession of the islands in 1507, but were driven from their settlements in that quarter by Shah Abbas in 1622. The islands afterwards became an object of contention between the Persians and Arabs, and at last the Arabian tribe of the Athubis made themselves masters of them in 1784. Since then they have been for some time subject more or less to the Wahabees, whose interference has greatly damaged the commerce of the ports, and led to extensive emigration of the inhabitants. (See Palgrave, in J. Roy. Geo. Soc., vol. xxxiv.)
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Bahia

See also Bahia (disambiguation) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
In the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Bahia may refer to:
* The province of Bahia in the Brazilian Empire.
* The town of San Salvador da Bahia de todos os Santos in Bahia, also known as Bahia.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Bahia (1.)

See also Bahia on Wikipedia; Bahia at Wikipedia; Bahia in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
BAHIA, a province of the Brazilian empire, situated on the S.E. coast, and extending from the Rio Grande do Belmonte in the S. to the Rio Real in the N. It is bounded by Sergipe and Pernambuco on the N., by Piauhi on the N.W., by Goyaz on the W., and on the S. by Minas Geraes and Espirito Santo. It has an area of 202,272 square miles, and its population is stated at 1,450,000. Bahia sends 14 deputies to the general assembly of the empire, and 7 senators to the upper house, while its own legislative assembly consists of 36 members. Besides Bahia the capital, Olivenga, Branca, Jacobina, and Joazeira are important towns. A chain of mountains, broken into numerous sierras, runs from N. to S. through the province at the distance of 200 miles from the coast, while the intermediate district gradually rises in successive terraces. The maritime region, the so-called Keconcavo, is remarkably fertile, and is studded with thriving towns and villages, but the interior is often very dry and barren, and is only thinly peopled in many places with wandering Botacudos. The main sources of the wealth of the province are cotton, coffee, sugar, and tobacco, all of which are cultivated with the greatest success. Mandioc, rice, beans, and maize are grown ; also jalap, ipecacuanha, and saffron, as well as oranges, mangoes, and various other fruits. A large portion is still covered with primeval forest, but the woodman is rapidly diminishing the extent. The mineral wealth of the province is but partially explored and still more partially utilised. In 1844 diamond mines were discovered to the N. of the River Peraguass, and, till the deposits near the Cape of Good Hope were brought to light, afforded employment to a large number of garimpdros or " washers." The discovery of amethysts at Catite" in 1872 attracted numerous searchers; and about the same time coal was found in the island of Itaparica. Gold is present in the alluvium of the River San Francisco.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Bagnères-de-Luchon

See also Bagnères-de-Luchon on Wikipedia; Bagnères-de-Luchon at Wikipedia; Bagnères-de-Luchon in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
BAGNÈRES-DE-LUCHON, a small well-built town of France, department of Haute-Garonne, pleasantly situated in the valley of the Luchon, at the foot of the Pyrenees. It is celebrated for its sulphurous thermal springs, which vary in temperature from 88 to 180 Fahr. The bath ing establishment is one of the most complete in Europe. The waters are employed with success in a variety of chronic affections, and about 10,000 patients visit the town annually. Resident population, about 3600.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Bagration, Prince Peter

See also Pyotr Bagration on Wikipedia; Peter Bagration at Wikipedia; Prince Peter Bagration in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
general, descended from the noble Georgian family of the Bagratides, was born in 1765. In 1782 he entered the Russian army and served for some years in the Caucasus. In 1788 he was engaged in the siege of Oczacow, and after wards accompanied Suwaroff, by whom he was highly esteemed, through all his Italian and Swiss campaigns. He particularly distinguished himself in 1799 by the
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Baiburt

See also Bayburt on Wikipedia; Bayburt at Wikipedia; Baiburt in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
BAIBURT, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the pashalic of Erzerourn, and 65 miles W.N.W. from that city. According to Neumann it was an Armenian fortress in the 1st century, and it is identified by Ritter with the Baiberdon fortified by Justinian. It was afterwards one of the strong holds of the Genoese, when prosecuting their trade with India. Remains of their fortifications still exist, but in a very dilapidated state, the Russians having blown up the defences in 1829. (See view in Yule s Marco Polo, vol. i.) Population of town about 6000.