OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/German Universities

See also List of universities in Germany on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
German Universities lead the world. Heidelberg, the earliest, was founded in 1386, and there are 21 universities with 3,203 professors and teachers and 44,964 students. Berlin (6,569 students), Leipsic (4,147) and Munich (5,734) are the largest universities; and Greifswald (890) and Rostock (661) the smallest. Of the universities 14 are Protestant, four are Roman Catholic and three are mixed. The government has control over these institutions, and the ministers of public instruction have the immediate charge; and all except three are dependent upon state-appropriations. The ministers of public instruction appoint for each university a curator, who sees that the regulations and laws are enforced. The professors choose a rector, who is the actual head of the university, sometimes a prorector when the sovereign is the nominal rector; and a judge to assist the rector and the deans of the faculties; and a questor, who collects and pays over the fees due from students. There is, besides, a senate composed of these officers, which is called together to decide on important matters. All the universities have the four faculties or branches of philosophy, jurisprudence, medicine and theology, and some add those of political economy and natural science. Entrance to the universities can be made only through the gymnasium or preparatory school, except in the case of foreigners, who are admitted without examination. Students are not obliged to stay in one university, but can study at several, and can enroll themselves in whatever branch they desire to work at. They board and lodge where they please, and enjoy much social liberty. The instruction is by lectures. If a student is expelled from one university he is expelled from all. The course of study is one of four years, except in the medical faculty, which in some institutions is five years.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Germantown

See also Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Germantown, a famous town of Pennsylvania, included since 1854 in the limits of Philadelphia. It was the scene of the defeat of the American army under Washington by the British on Oct. 4, 1777. Washington had learned that Howe had separated a portion of the main division of his army, then at Germantown, and he determined to take advantage of it to attack his camp. Marching all night, he attacked the enemy at sunrise, but the morning was dark and foggy, and the Americans were thrown into confusion. They were seized with panic, though Washington succeeded in retreating in good order. The Americans lost 1,000 men, and the British 600.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Gin

See also Gin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Gin or Geneva, an alcoholic drink, distilled from malt or from unmalted barley or other grain and afterward flavored. The gin, which forms the common drink of the lower classes of London, is flavored very slightly with oil of turpentine and common salt. Usually about five ounces of spirit of turpentine and three and one half pounds of salt are mixed in ten gallons of water; this is then placed with 80 gallons of corn-spirit in a still and allowed to distill. Gin is an article of great manufacture in Holland, whence comes most of that used in the United States. Very little pure gin is found; it consists of 51.6 parts of alcohol in 100 parts.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Germination

See also Germination on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Germination, the process by which a spore develops a young plantlet. There are certain conditions of germination which are well understood. For example, the spore must have a certain amount of food-material in solution, of heat and of air (that is oxygen). Spores differ widely from one another in the amount of heat necessary for germination, some spores being able to germinate in temperatures which would be impossible in others. The word germination, however, is constantly applied in a popular way to the results which follow the planting of seeds, although this process is not really germination. When a seed germinates, the process does not consist in the formation of a new plant, but in the escape from the seed of a plant which has already been formed. Real germination is the formation of new plants by spores; while the germination of seeds is merely the escape of the new plant from the seed case. However, the conditions which favor the germination of spores are also the conditions which favor the so-called germination of seeds.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rathenow

Edition of 1905. See also Rathenow on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RATHENOW, rä'te-nṓ, or RATHENAU. A town in the Province of Brandenburg, Prussia, on the Havel, 45 miles west-northwest of Berlin (Map: Prussia, E 2). It manufactures optical instruments, furniture, asbestos, and stoves. Population, in 1890, 16,353; in 1900, 21,043.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ratibor

Edition of 1905. See also Racibórz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer. Now a town in Poland.
RATIBOR, rä'tḗ-bôr. A city in the Province of Silesia, Prussia, on the Oder, 44 miles south-southeast of Oppeln (Map: Prussia, H 3). It has a handsome courthouse, a theatre, and a gymnasium. It has manufactures of iron-foundry and machine-shop products, snuff, sugar, chocolate, paper, furniture, and chemicals. The town was the capital of the former Principality of Ratibor. Population, in 1900, 25,236.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ratichius, Wolfgang

Edition of 1905. See also Wolfgang Ratke on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RATICHIUS, rā̇-tīk′ĭ-ŭs (Ger. Ratke, or Ratich), Wolfgang (1571-1635). A celebrated educational reformer, born at Wilster, in Holstein, and educated at the Hamburg Johanneum and the University of Rostock. While sojourning in Holland (1603-11) he devised a new method for teaching languages quickly. He tried to enlist the Prince of Orange in his cause, but failing, he betook himself to Germany. At Amsterdam, Basel, Strassburg, Frankfort, Weimar, Augsburg, Köthen, and various other places he put into operation his method of instruction. His executive ability, however, was not commensurate with the scope of his ideas, and he consequently failed in all his undertakings. His personality, moreover, alienated both assistants and patrons. He advocated, above all, the use of the vernacular as the proper means for approaching all subjects, and demanded the establishment of a vernacular school on the basis of the Latin school. His fundamental idea of method was that nature should be followed, meaning by that that there is a natural sequence along which the mind moves in the acquisition of knowledge, through particulars to the general, thus for the first time applying the Baconian theory of induction in education. Consult: Barnard, German Teachers and Educators (Hartford, 1878); Quick, Educational Reformers (New York, 1890). See Education; Pedagogy.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ratel

Edition of 1905. See also Honey Badger on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RATEL (Fr., diminutive of rat, rat), or Honey Badger. A badger-like animal of South Africa. See Badger.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rath, Gerhard vom

Edition of 1905. See also Gerhard vom Rath on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RATH, rät, Gerhard vom (1830-88). A German mineralogist, born at Duisburg and educated in Berlin, Bonn, and Geneva. In 1863 he became professor of mineralogy at the University of Bonn, and a few years afterwards was made director of the Mineralogical Museum there. He made scientific researches in mineralogy, petrology, and especially the geology of the Rhine, Alps, and Italy. He published the results of his researches in Poggendorf's Annalen, in the Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft, and in the Monatsberichten of the Berlin Academy, and in such publications of his own as Ein Ausflug nach Kalabrien (1871), Durch Italien und Griechenland nach dem heiligen Land, and Naturwissenschaftliche Studien (1879).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rathbone Sisters, Order of

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
RATHBONE SISTERS, Order of. See Pythias, Knights of.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rathmines and Rathgar

Edition of 1905. See also Rathmines and Rathgar on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RATHMINES (răth-mīnz') AND RATHGAR, -gär'. A municipality of Leinster, Ireland, suburban to Dublin (q.v.). Population, in 1891, 27,700; in 1901, 32,602.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ratnagiri

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​RATNAGIRI, rŭt′nȧ-gē′rē̇. A district in the Territory of Concan (q.v.), British India.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Raton

Edition of 1905. See also Raton, New Mexico on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RATON, rȧ-tōn′. A city and the county-seat of Colfax County, N. M., seven miles south of the northern boundary of the Territory, and 22 miles south of Trinidad, Colo.; on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad (Map: New Mexico, F 1). It is the centre of a stock-raising and farming region, which is also noted for its extensive coal deposits. There are large railroad repair shops here, the city being a division terminal of the Santa Fe line. Population, in 1890, 1255; in 1900, 3540.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rate (taxes)

Edition of 1905. See also Rates (tax) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RATE. The term applied to the taxes assessed and collected by local authorities in England. The objects subject to taxation being assessed, a ‘rate’ is fixed sufficient to bring in the needed income. The taxes being imposed by various administrative bodies such as the counties, or poor law districts, we find frequent references to ‘county rates,’ ‘poor rates,’ etc. As the entire revenue of local bodies rests upon this basis, the term rate is frequently used by English writers as synonymous with direct taxation, other forms of taxation being designated customs, duties, imposts, etc. The distinctions here noted are not in use in the practice of American communities or in the writings of American authors upon taxation.
# The Practice of the Presence of God/Third Letter

THIRD LETTER
We have a God who is infinitely gracious and knows all our wants. I always thought that He would reduce you to extremity. He will come in His own time, and when you least expect it. Hope in Him more than ever; thank Him with me for the favors He does you, particularly for the fortitude and patience which He gives you in your afflictions. It is a plain mark of the care He takes of you. Comfort yourself, then, with Him, and give thanks for all.
I admire also the fortitude and bravery of Mr. ———. God has given him a good disposition and a good will; but there is in him still a little of the world and a great deal of youth. I hope the affliction which God has sent him will prove a wholesome remedy to him, and make him enter into himself. It is an accident which should engage him to put all his trust in Him who accompanies him everywhere. Let him think of Him as often as he ​can, especially in the greatest dangers. A little lifting up of the heart suffices. A little remembrance of God, one act of inward worship, though upon a march, and a sword in hand, are prayers, which, however short, are nevertheless very acceptable to God; and far from lessening a soldier's courage in occasions of danger, they best serve to fortify it.
Let him then think of God the most he can. Let him accustom himself, by degrees, to this small but holy exercise. No one will notice it, and nothing is easier than to repeat often in the day these little internal adorations. Recommend to him, if you please, that he think of God the most he can, in the manner here directed. It is very fit and most necessary for a soldier, who is daily exposed to the dangers of life. I hope that God will assist him and all the family, to whom I present my service, being theirs and
Yours, etc.
# The Practice of the Presence of God/Preface

PREFACE
This book consists of notes of several conversations had with, and letters written by, Nicholas Herman, of Lorraine, a lowly and unlearned man, who, after having been a footman and soldier, was admitted a Lay brother among the barefooted Carmelites at Paris in 1666, and was afterward known as “Brother Lawrence”.
​ The “Conversations” are supposed to have been written by M. Beaufort, Grand Vicar to M. de Chalons, formerly Cardinal de Noailles, by whose recommendation the “Letters” were first published.
The book has, within a short time, gone through repeated editions, and has been a means of blessing to many souls. It contains very much of that wisdom which only lips the Lord has touched can express, and which only hearts He has made teachable can receive.
# The Practice of the Presence of God/Seventh Letter

SEVENTH LETTER
I pity you much. It will be of great importance if you can leave the care of your affairs to ———, and ​spend the remainder of your life only in worshiping God. He requires no great matters of us: a little remembrance of Him from time to time; a little adoration; sometimes to pray for His grace, sometimes to offer Him your sufferings, and sometimes to return Him thanks for the favors He has given you, and still gives you, in the midst of your troubles, and to console yourself with Him the oftenest you can. Lift up your heart to Him, sometimes even at your meals, and when you are in company; the least little remembrance will always be acceptable to Him. You need not cry very loud; He is nearer to us than we are aware of.
It is not necessary for being with God to be always at church. We may make an oratory of our heart wherein to retire from time to time to converse with Him in meekness, humility, and love. Every one is capable of such familiar conversation with God, some more, some less. He knows what we can do. Let us begin, then. Perhaps He expects but one generous resolution on our part. Have courage. We have but little time to live; you are near sixty-four, and I am almost eighty. Let us live and die with God. Sufferings will be sweet and pleasant to us while we are with Him; and the greatest pleasures will be, without Him, a cruel punishment to us. May He be blessed for all. Amen.
Accustom yourself, then, by degrees thus to worship Him, to beg His grace, to offer Him your heart from time to time in the midst of your business, even every moment, if you can. Do not always scrupulously confine yourself to certain rules, or particular forms of devotion, but act with a general confidence in God, with ​love and humility. You may assure ——— of my poor prayers, and that I am their servant, and particularly
Yours in our Lord, etc.
# The Practice of the Presence of God/Third Conversation

THIRD CONVERSATION
He told me that the foundation of the spiritual life in him had been a high notion and esteem of God in faith; which when he had once well conceived, he had no other care at first but faithfully to reject every other thought, that he might perform all his actions for the love of God. That when sometimes he had not thought of God for a good while, he did not disquiet himself for it; but, after having acknowledged his wretchedness to God, he returned to Him with so much the greater trust in Him as he had found himself wretched through forgetting Him.
That the trust we put in God honors Him much and draws down great graces.
That it was impossible not only that God should deceive, but also that He should long let a soul suffer which is perfectly resigned to Him, and resolved to endure everything for His sake.
​That he had so often experienced the ready succors of divine grace upon all occasions, that from the same experience, when he had business to do, he did not think of it beforehand; but when it was time to do it, he found in God, as in a clear mirror, all that was fit for him to do. That of late he had acted thus, without anticipating care; but before the experience above mentioned, he had used it in his affairs.
When outward business diverted him a little from the thought of God, a fresh remembrance coming from God invested his soul, and so inflamed and transported him that it was difficult for him to contain himself.
That he was more united to God in his outward employments than when he left them for devotion and retirement.
That he expected hereafter some great pain of body or mind; that the worst that could happen to him was to lose that sense of God which he had enjoyed so long; but that the goodness of God assured him He would not forsake him utterly, and that He would give him strength to bear whatever evil He permitted to happen to him; and therefore that he feared nothing, and had no occasion to consult with anybody about his state. That when he had attempted to do it, he had always come away more perplexed; and that as he was conscious of his readiness to lay down his life for the love of God, he had no apprehension of danger. That perfect resignation to God was a sure way to heaven, a way in which we had always sufficient light for our conduct.
That in the beginning of the spiritual life we ought to be faithful in doing our duty and denying ourselves; ​but after that, unspeakable pleasures followed. That in difficulties we need only have recourse to Jesus Christ, and beg His grace; with that everything became easy.
That many do not advance in the Christian progress because they stick in penances and particular exercises, while they neglect the love of God, which is the end. That this appeared plainly by their works, and was the reason why we see so little solid virtue.
That there needed neither art nor science for going to God, but only a heart resolutely determined to apply itself to nothing but Him, or for His sake, and to love Him only.
# The Practice of the Presence of God/Thirteenth Letter

THIRTEENTH LETTER
(To the Same)
I am in pain to see you suffer so long. What gives me some ease and sweetens the feelings I have for your griefs is that they are proofs of God's love toward you. See them in that view and you will bear them more easily. As your case is, it is my opinion that you should leave off human remedies, and resign yourself entirely to the providence of God. Perhaps He stays only for that resignation and a perfect trust in Him to cure you. Since, notwithstanding all your cares, physic ​has hitherto proved unsuccessful, and your malady still increases, it will not be tempting God to abandon yourself in His hands and expect all from Him.
I told you in my last that He sometimes permits bodily diseases to cure the distempers of the soul. Have courage, then; make a virtue of necessity. Ask of God, not deliverance from your pains, but strength to bear resolutely, for the love of Him, all that He should please, and as long as He shall please.
Such prayers, indeed, are a little hard to nature, but most acceptable to God, and sweet to those that love Him. Love sweetens pains; and when one loves God, one suffers for His sake with joy and courage. Do you so, I beseech you; comfort yourself with Him, who is the only Physician of all our maladies. He is the Father of the afflicted, always ready to help us. He loves us infinitely, more than we imagine. Love Him, then, and seek no consolation elsewhere. I hope you will soon receive it. Adieu. I will help you with my prayers, poor as they are, and shall always be, in our Lord,
Yours, etc.
# The Practice of the Presence of God/Ninth Letter

NINTH LETTER
The inclosed is an answer to that which I received from ———; pray deliver it to her. She seems to me full of good will, but she would go faster than grace. One does not become holy all at once. I recommend her to you; we ought to help one another by our advice, and yet more by our good examples. You will oblige me to let me hear of her from time to time, and whether she be very fervent and very obedient.
Let us thus think often that our only business in this life is to please God, and that all besides is but folly and vanity. You and I have lived about forty years in religion (i.e., a monastic life). Have we employed them in loving and serving God, who by His mercy has called us to this state, and for that very end? I am filled with shame and confusion when I reflect, on one hand, upon the great favors which God has done, and incessantly continues to do me; and on the other, upon the ill use I have made of them, and my small advancement in the way of perfection.
​Since by His mercy He gives us still a little time, let us begin in earnest; let us repair the lost time; let us return with a full assurance to that Father of mercies, who is always ready to receive us affectionately. Let us renounce, let us generously renounce, for the love of Him, all that is not Himself; He deserves infinitely more. Let us think of Him perpetually. Let us put all our trust in Him. I doubt not but we shall soon find the effects of it in receiving the abundance of His grace, with which we can do all things, and without which we can do nothing but sin.
We cannot escape the dangers which abound in life without the actual and continual help of God. Let us, then, pray to Him for it continually. How can we pray to Him without being with Him? How can we be with Him but in thinking of Him often? And how can we often think of Him but by a holy habit which we should form of it? You will tell me that I am always saying the same thing. It is true, for this is the best and easiest method I know; and as I use no other, I advise all the world to do it. We must know before we can love. In order to know God, we must often think of Him; and when we come to love Him, we shall then also think of Him often, for our heart will be with our treasure. This is an argument which well deserves your consideration.
I am,
Yours, etc.
# The Practice of the Presence of God/Tenth Letter

TENTH LETTER
I have had a good deal of difficulty to bring myself to write to Mr. ———, and I do it now purely because ​you and Madam ——— desire me. Pray write the directions and send it to him. I am very well pleased with the trust which you have in God; I wish that He may increase it in you more and more. We cannot have too much in so good and faithful a Friend, who will never fail us in this world nor in the next.
If Mr. ——— makes his advantage of the loss he has had, and puts all his confidence in God, He will soon give him another friend, more powerful and more inclined to serve him. He disposes of hearts as He pleases. Perhaps Mr. ——— was too much attached to him he has lost. We ought to love our friends, but without encroaching upon the love due to God, which must be the principal.
Pray remember what I have recommended to you, which is, to think often on God, by day, by night, in your business, and even in your diversions. He is always near you and with you; leave Him not alone. You would think it rude to leave a friend alone who came to visit you; why, then, must God be neglected? Do not, then, forget Him, but think on Him often, adore Him continually, live and die with Him; this is the glorious employment of a Christian. In a word, this is our profession; if we do not know it, we must learn it. I will endeavor to help you with my prayers, and am, in our Lord,
Yours, etc.