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# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Industrial Workers of the World

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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD, a radical labor organization representing a theory of organization different from and opposed to that of crafts unionism, generally described as "industrial unionism." The organization, familiarly known as the I. W. W., is of recent origin, having been organized in Chicago, in 1904, by Thomas J. Haggerty and Clarence Smith, the former editor of the official organ of the American Labor Union, and the latter its secretary-treasurer. In the following year a convention of the new organization was held, in Chicago, which was attended by delegates representing about 40,000 rank and file. The membership later increased to about 50,000, but seems never to have grown beyond that strength.
The idea behind the I. W. W. is that labor should be organized into one broad organization, regardless of trades or crafts, with a low and uniform initiation fee. "One big union," is the slogan by which this principle is expressed. The contention of the leaders is that crafts organization leads to corruption and divides labor into countless small groups, each with a separate and selfish interest. Aside from this, the I. W. W. has aims quite distinct from those of the crafts unions. While it seeks to raise the wages of its members, this is considered only an incidental object, the main purpose being to form the basis of an industrial democracy, in which the workers shall take over control of industry and control it themselves, the workers of each industry running their own affairs. Unlike the political socialist parties, however, the I. W. W. does not believe that this may be accomplished through political action, but through "industrial action." By this they mean that the capitalists will be finally ousted from control by continuous harrying on the part of the organized workers; by a continuous succession of strikes and by various forms of sabotage, all to finally culminate in the great general strike which shall usher in the social revolution. In this respect the program of the I. W. W. comes very close to the syndicalism of European countries.
Very few skilled workers have so far affiliated themselves with the I. W. W., the majority of its members being the poorer paid and unskilled workers in the textile industry, and that migratory class of workers popularly known as "hoboes," who follow the harvesting season in the W. from S. to N., and who, during the winter, are largely found in the lumber camps.
The I. W. W. has precipitated several large strikes, notably those in Lawrence, Mass., and that of the silk workers, in Paterson, N. J., in 1913. Its most prominent leaders are Elizabeth Gurley ​Flynn, William Haywood, and Carlo Tresca.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Indian Territory

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​INDIAN TERRITORY, formerly a territory of the United States, now incorporated in the State of Oklahoma. It was a part of the Louisiana Purchase and in 1829 was set apart by Congress for the occupation of Indians east of the Mississippi river. The portion of the territory was taken in 1890 to form a part of Oklahoma Territory. Indian Territory then had an area of 31,246 square miles. It was occupied by the Five Civilized Tribes, the Cherokees, Creeks, Seminoles, Choctaws, and Chickasaws. By various enactments of Congress the territory was divided among the individuals of each tribe. An enrollment of the members of the tribe was begun and completed on June 30, 1907. In 1914 the allotments of land were practically completed. The discovery of oil and gas wells within the territory produced great prosperity among the Indians owning these lands which have been leased for operation. The movement for statehood in the territory began in 1892 and was followed by a Constitutional Convention held in 1905. The preference of the inhabitants of the territory was for separate statehood, but Congress, however, preferred to establish a joint state composed of Oklahoma and Indian Territory. The statehood bill was passed by Congress in June, 1906, ​and on Nov. 16, 1907, Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory became the State of Oklahoma. See Oklahoma, and Indians, American.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Individualism

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​INDIVIDUALISM, the system of thought which treats the well-being of the individual as the true aim of the state, and his development as the goal of ethics and religion. In political thought a person may be an anarchist, a believer in unrestricted individual action, or like Hobbes hold that an individual's interest is best served by a despotic state. Usually an individualist holds to the belief of Locke and Jefferson that only those restrictions on the individual's behavior are justified which are essential to protect the welfare of other citizens of the state. This line, however, can be, and in the history of political science has been, drawn so as to place very serious restrictions on individual action. In economics individualism means what is generally termed the laissez faire policy, viz. the State to keep hands off the economic machinery. Free and unrestricted competition is to prevail, no minimum wage laws, no restrictions on the hours of labor or conditions of labor, no price fixing by the state, compensation being solely a matter between the parties involved. This system was largely held to in England and the United States during the early portion of the nineteenth century, but it resulted in frightful loss of life among mine workers and factory operatives, and now few individuals are extreme enough to demand its application.
Individualism in ethics and religion would make a man's conscience the sole arbiter of his actions. Protestant theory started out on this basis, taking its cue from Luther's famous phrase, but soon discovered its impracticability in the excesses which it brought forth. Now every form of religious denomination, except perhaps the Society of Friends, demands the adherence of the individuals to some fixed standard of belief and conduct.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Indian Shot

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​INDIAN SHOT, an ornamental plant of the arrow root family found in most tropical countries. The seeds are round, hard, and black, hence the name of Indian shot applied to the plant.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Indian Summer

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​INDIAN SUMMER, the name given to a period of mild summer weather which generally occurs towards the end of autumn in the United States.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Indiana, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​INDIANA, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational State institution in Bloomington, Ind.; founded in 1820; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 150; students, 3,700; volumes in the library, 100,000; president, William L. Bryan, LL.D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Indican

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​INDICAN, in chemistry, C$_{26}$H$_{31}$NO$_{37}$, a clear brown syrup of bitter and repulsive taste, existing in many species of plants, but especially in Dyer's wood (Isatis tinctoria). Indican is sometimes found in the urine of man, both in health and disease. It has also been found in the blood of man and in the blood and urine of the ox.
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993/1995-09-20/Schedule 5

Schedule 5
Procedure for Election of President
1. Nominations of candidates for election as President shall be called for by the Chief Justice or the other judge presiding at the meeting at which the President is to be elected.
2. Every nomination shall be submitted on the form prescribed by the Chief Justice and shall be signed by two members of Parliament and also by the person nominated, unless the person nominated has in writing signified his or her willingness to accept the nomination.
3. The names of the persons duly nominated as provided for in item 2 shall be announced at the meeting at which the election is to take place by the person presiding thereat, and no debate shall be allowed at the election.
4. If in respect of any election only one nomination has been received, the person presiding at the meeting shall declare the candidate in question to be duly elected.
5. Where more than one candidate is nominated, a vote shall be taken by secret ballot, each person present and entitled to vote having one vote, and any candidate in whose favour the majority of all the votes cast is recorded, shall be declared duly elected by the person presiding at the meeting.
6. (a) If no candidate obtains a majority of all the votes so cast, the candidate who has received the smallest number of votes shall be eliminated and a further ballot shall be taken in respect of the remaining candidates, this procedure being repeated as often as may be necessary until a candidate receives a majority of all the votes cast and is declared duly elected.
(b) Whenever two or more candidates being the lowest on the poll have received the same number of votes, the meeting shall by separate vote, to be repeated as often as may be necessary, determine which of those candidates shall for the purpose of paragraph (a) be eliminated.
7. Whenever—
(a)
(b)
and there is an equality of votes between those two candidates, the person presiding at the meeting shall at the time the result of the election is announced, fix the time at and date on which a further meeting will be held, being a date not more than seven days thereafter.
8. At the further meeting referred to in item 7, the provisions of this Schedule shall apply as if such further meeting were the first meeting called for the purpose of the election in question.
9. (1) The Chief Justice shall make rules in regard to the procedure to be observed at a meeting at which the President is to be elected, and rules defining the duties of the presiding officer and of any person appointed to assist him and prescribing the manner in which the ballot at any such meeting shall be conducted.
(2) Any such rules shall be made known in such manner as the Chief Justice may consider necessary.
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993/1995-09-20/Schedule 6

Schedule 6
Legislative Competences of Provinces
Agriculture
Abbatoirs
Airports, other than international and national airports
Animal control and diseases
Casinos, racing, gambling and wagering
Consumer protection
Cultural affairs
Education at all levels, excluding university and technikon education
Environment
Health services
Housing
Indigenous law and customary law
Language policy and the regulation of the use of official languages within a province, subject to section 3
Local government, subject to the provisions of Chapter 10
Markets and pounds
Nature conservation, excluding national parks, national botanical gardens and marine resources
Police, subject to the provisions of Chapter 14
Provincial public media
Provincial sport and recreation
Public transport
Regional planning and development
Road traffic regulation
Roads
Soil conservation
Tourism
Trade and industrial promotion
Traditional authorities
Urban and rural development
Welfare services
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993/1995-09-20/Schedule 7

Schedule 7
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Frances Allen

From volume 1 of the work.
​Allen, Frances, the first woman of New England birth to become a nun, b. 13 Nov., 1784, at Sunderland, Vt.; d. 10 Sept., 1819, at Montreal. Her origin, education, and environment were calculated to make her the least likely woman in the United States to take such a step. Her father was Ethan Allen the patriot, soldier of the Revolution, and pioneer of the State of Vermont, and an atheist. He married as his third wife a widow, Frances Montressor, 16 Feb., 1784, and Frances was born 13 Nov., of the same year. After Ethan Allen's death, 12 Feb., 1789, Mrs. Allen, five years later, married Dr. Jabez Penniman. While not an atheist, like Allen, Dr. Penniman was sufficiently averse to religion to exclude every thought of it, as far as possible, from his stepdaughter's mind. Notwithstanding this, her keen and inquiring intellect led to her acquiring such a knowledge of the Catholic religion that when she was twenty-one she asked ​leave of her parents to go to Montreal ostensibly to learn French, but in reality to become more familiar in a convent school with the belief and practices of Catholics. They consented, but first required her to be baptized by the Rev. Daniel Barber, a Protestant minister of Claremont, New Hampshire. She became a pupil of the Sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame, at Montreal, in 1807.
Frances Allen at the age of 15 (From a Painting)
One day, a Sister requested her to place some flowers on the altar, recommending her also to make an act of adoration of the Real Presence of Jesus Christ in the tabernacle. When the young woman attempted to step into the sanctuary she found herself unable to do so. After three futile attempts, she was filled with conviction of the Real Presence, and fell upon her knees in humble adoration.
She was instructed and received baptism, her lack of proper disposition having rendered that conferred by Mr. Barber invalid. At her first Communion she felt within her an unmistakable vocation to the religious life. Her parents promptly withdrew her from the convent and sought by bestowing on the young girl every worldly pleasure and social enjoyment to obliterate the religious sentiments with which she was imbued. The pleasure and excitement of such a life did not distract her from the desire of a religious life, and as soon as the year, which she had consented to pass with her parents before taking any step in the matter, was at an end, she returned to Montreal and entered the Hôtel-Dieu, making her religious profession in 1810. The convent chapel was thronged, many American friends coming to witness the strange spectacle of Ethan Allen's daughter becoming a Catholic nun. After eleven years of zealous life in religion, Frances Allen died at the Hôtel-Dieu, of lung trouble, 10 December, 1819.
De Goesbriand, Catholic Memoirs of Vermont and New Hampshire (Burlington. Vt., 1880); Barber, History of My Own Times (Washington, D.C., 1827); Catholic World, XVI. 507; Vermont Gazette (files), I, 567; Shea, Hist. of Cath. Church in United States (New York, 1904).
John J. a'Becket.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Frances Bedingfeld

From volume 2 of the work.
(alias Long)
Superioress of the English Institute of Mary, b. 1616 of a gentle family of Norfolk, England; d. at Munich, Germany, 1704. She and her eleven sisters entered religious life. Sent abroad to finish her education, she entered the English Institute of Mary at Munich and was professed in 1633. This society, founded at St. Omer in 1603, had been transferred in 1629 to Liege and then to Munich. Frances's sister Winefrid, the first superioress, died 26th December, 1666. In 1669, Frances, who had become head of the Munich house, was induced by Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II, to establish a house in London. With a group of the English members she set up a school for young women, first at St. Martin's Lane, then at Hammersmith. In England, she wore a secular garb, and was known as Mrs. Long. Summoned before a magistrate, she was liberated through family influence, but warned against harbouring priests or instructing youth. Though disregarding this injunction, she was not again molested. In 1677, with the aid of Sir Thomas Gascoigne, she established a community in the north, in a house on the site of the present convent, outside Micklegate Bar, York. From 1677 to 1686 she divided her time between her two English communities, but after 1686, having transferred the care of the Hammersmith house to Mrs. Cicely Cornwallis, she remained at York. In her seventy-eighth year, after her house had been repeatedly searched and threatened with destruction, she, with her niece, Mother Dorothy Paston Bedingfeld, was summoned before the Mayor of York and committed to Ousebridge Goal. Released soon afterwards, she was again attacked, and in 1695 her house barely escaped destruction. In 1699, resigning in favour of her niece, Mother Bedingfeld returned to Munich and died there, one year after the rule of her institute had been approved by Clement XI.
Gillow, Bibl. Dict. of Eng. Cath.; Foley, Rec. Eng. Prov. S.J., V; Petre, Notices of English Colleges and Convents Abroad.
J. Vincent Crowne.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Fourth Lateran Council (1215)

From the commencement of his reign Innocent III had purposed to assemble an ecumenical council, but only towards the end of his pontificate could he realize this project, by the Bull of 19 April, 1213. The assembly was to take place in November, 1215. The council did in fact meet on 11 November, and its sessions were prolonged until the end of the month. The long interval between the convocation and the opening of the council as well as the prestige of the reigning pontiff, were responsible for the very large number of bishops who attended it, it is commonly cited in canon law as "the General Council of Lateran", without further qualification, or again, as "the Great Council". Innocent III found himself on this occasion surrounded by seventy-one patriarchs and metropolitans, including the Patriarchs of Constantinople and of Jerusalem, four hundred and twelve bishops, and nine hundred abbots and priors. The Patriarchs of Antioch and Alexandria were represented by delegates. Envoys appeared from Emperor Frederick II, from Henry Latin Emperor of Constantinople, from the Kings of France, England, Aragon, Hungary, Cyprus, and Jerusalem, and from other princes. The pope himself opened the council with an allocution the lofty views of which surpassed the orator's power of expression. He had desired, said the pope, to celebrate this Pasch before he died. He declared himself ready to drink the chalice of the Passion for the defence of the Catholic Faith, for the succour of the Holy Land, and to establish the liberty of the Church. After this discourse, followed by moral exhortation, the pope presented to the council seventy decrees or canons, already formulated, on the most important points of dogmatic and moral theology. Dogmas were defined points of discipline were decided, measures were drawn up against heretics, and, finally, the conditions of the next crusade were regulated.
The fathers of the council did little more than approve the seventy decrees presented to them; this approbation, nevertheless, sufficed to impart to the acts thus formulated and promulgated the value of ecumenical decrees. Most of them are somewhat lengthy and are divided into chapters. The following are the most important:
The council, moreover, made rules for the projected crusade, imposed a four years' peace on all Christian peoples and princes published indulgences, and enjoined the bishops to reconcile all enemies, The council confirmed the elevation of Frederick II to the German throne and took other important measures Its decrees were widely published in many provincial councils. H. LECLERCQ
# Cooper v. Dobson

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United States Supreme Court
157 U.S. 148
Cooper v. Dobson
Asst. Atty. Gen. Whitney, for plaintiff in error.
Richard P. White, for defendants in error.
Mr. Justice SHIRAS delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cooper v. Newell (155 U.S. 532)/Opinion of the Court

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* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
155 U.S. 532
Cooper v. Newell
The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings, upon the authority of Horne v. George H. Hammond Co., 15 Sup. Ct. 167, and cases cited.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cooper v. Pate/Opinion of the Court

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United States Supreme Court
378 U.S. 546
Cooper v. Pate
The motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis and the petition for a writ of certiorari are granted.
The petitioner, an inmate at the Illinois State Penitentiary, brought an action under 28 U.S.C. § 1343 and 42 U.S.C. § 1983, § 1979 of the Revised Statutes, alleging that solely because of his religious beliefs he was denied permission to purchase certain religious publications and denied other privileges enjoyed by other prisoners. The District Court granted the respondent's motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim on which relief could be granted and the Court of Appeals affirmed. 324 F.2d 165 (C.A.7th Cir.). We reverse the judgment below. Taking as true the allegations of the complaint, as they must be on a motion to dismiss, the complaint stated a cause of action and it was error to dismiss it. See Pierce v. LaVallee, 293 F.2d 233 (C.A.2d Cir.); Sewell v. Pegelow, 291 F.2d 196 (C.A.4th Cir.).

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cooper v. Pitchess

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United States Supreme Court
364 U.S. 294
Cooper v. Pitchess
Stanley Fleishman and Sam Rosenwein, for appellants.
Harold W. Kennedy, William Lamoreaux, William B. McKesson, Ralph F. Bagley and Victor H. Blanch, for appellees.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cooper v. Newell

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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Cooper v. Newell (155 U.S. 532)
* Cooper v. Newell (173 U.S. 555)
# Cooper v. Pate

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Cooper v. Pate, 378 U.S. 546 (1964), was a U.S. Supreme Court case in which the court ruled for the first time that state prison inmates have the standing to sue in federal court to address their grievances under the Civil Rights Act of 1871. This case followed Jones v. Cunningham (1963) allowing prison inmates to employ a writ of habeas corpus to challenge the legality of their sentencing and the conditions of their imprisonment. Warning: template has been deprecated.
United States Supreme Court
378 U.S. 546
Cooper v. Pate
Alex Elson and Bernard Weisberg, for petitioner.
William G. Clark, Atty. Gen. of Illinois, and Raymond S. Sarnow and Edward A. Berman, Asst. Attys. Gen., for respondent.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse