OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wordsworth, Christopher (scholar)

See also Christopher Wordsworth (Trinity) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1774–1846), English divine and scholar, youngest brother of the poet William Wordsworth, was born on the 9th of June 1774, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he became a fellow in 1798. Twelve years later he received the degree of D.D. He took holy orders, and obtained successive preferments through the patronage of Manners Sutton, bishop of Norwich, afterwards (1805) archbishop of Canterbury, to whose son Charles (afterwards Speaker of the House of Commons, and viscount Canterbury) he had been tutor. He had in 1802 attracted attention by his defence of Granville Sharp’s then novel canon “on the uses of the definitive article” in New Testament textual criticism. In 1810 he published an Ecclesiastical Biography in 6 volumes. On the death of Bishop Mansel, in 1820, he was elected Master of Trinity, and retained that position till 1841, when he resigned. He is regarded as the father of the modern “classical tripos,” since he had, as vice-chancellor, originated in 1821 a proposal for a public examination in classics and divinity, which, though then rejected, bore fruit in 1822. Otherwise his mastership was undistinguished, and he was not a popular head with the college. He died on the 2nd of February 1846, at Buxted. In his Who wrote Ikon Basilike? (1824), and in other writings, he advocated the claims of Charles I. to its authorship; and in 1836 he published, in 4 volumes, a work of Christian Institutes, selected from English divines. He married in 1804 Miss Priscilla Lloyd (d. 1815), a sister of Charles Lamb’s friend Charles Lloyd; and he had three sons, John W. (1805–1839), Charles (q.v.), and Christopher (q.v.); the two latter both became bishops, and John, who became a fellow and classical lecturer at Trinity College, Cambridge, was an industrious and erudite scholar.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Workington

See also Workington on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WORKINGTON, a municipal borough, seaport and market town in the Cockermouth parliamentary division of Cumberland, England, 34 m. S.W. of Carlisle, served by the Cockermouth, Keswick & Penrith, the London & North-Western and the Cleator & Workington Junction railways. Pop. (1901) 26,143. It lies on the S. bank of the river Derwent, at its outflow into the Irish Sea. The harbour is safe, being protected by a stony beach and by a breakwater. The Lonsdale dock is 41/2 acres in extent. The port was made subordinate to that of Maryport in 1892. There are large collieries in the neighbourhood of the town, the workings in some cases extending beneath the sea, and blast furnaces, engineering works, cycle and motor works, shipbuilding yards and paper mills. The borough is under a mayor, 7 aldermen and 21 councillors. Area, 2245 acres. Near the town is Workington Hall, a castellated structure retaining some of the ancient rooms, including that in which Mary, queen of Scots, is said to have slept when she escaped to England after the battle of Langside in May 1568.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Persimmon

See also Persimmon on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PERSIMMON, the name given to the fruits of Diospyros virginiana in the United States. The tree which bears them belongs to the order Ebenaceae, is usually from 30 to 50 ft. in height, and has oval entire leaves, and unisexual flowers on short stalks. In the male flowers, which are numerous, the stamens are sixteen in number and arranged in pairs; the female flowers are solitary, with traces of stamens, and a smooth ovary with one ovule in each of the eight cells—the ovary is surmounted by four styles, which are hairy at the base. The fruit-stalk is very short, bearing a subglobose fruit an inch or rather more in diameter, of an orange-yellow colour, and with a sweetish astringent pulp. It is surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx-lobes, which increase in size as the fruit ripens. The astringency renders the fruit somewhat unpalatable, but after it has been subjected to the action of frost, or has become partially rotted or “bletted” like a medlar, its flavour is improved. The fruit is eaten in great quantities in the southern states of America, and is also fermented with hops, corn-meal or wheat-bran into a sort of beer or made into brandy. The wood is heavy, strong and very close-grained and used in turnery. The tree is very common in the South Atlantic and Gulf states, and attains its largest size in the basin of the Mississippi. It was brought to England before 1629 and is cultivated, but rarely if ever ripens its fruit. It is easily raised from seed and can also be propagated from stolons, which are often produced in great quantity. The Chinese and Japanese cultivate another species, the Diospyros Kaki, of which there exist numerous ill-defined varieties. The fruits are larger than those of the American kind, variable in shape, but have similar properties. An astringent fluid, known as shibu, rich in tannin, is expressed from the green fruit and used in various industries. The tree is hardy in the south of England and in the Channel Islands.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, Duc de

See also Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, duc de Persigny on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PERSIGNY, JEAN GILBERT VICTOR FIALIN, Duc de (1808–1872), French statesman, was born at Saint-German Lespinasse (Loire) on the 11th of January 1808, the son of a receiver of taxes. He was educated at Limoges, and entered the cavalry school at Saumur in 1826, becoming maréchal des logis in the 4th Hussars two years later. The share taken by his regiment in supporting the revolution of 1830 was regarded as insubordination, and next year Fialin was dismissed from the army. He became a journalist, and in 1833 became a strong Bonapartist, assuming the title of comte de Persigny, said to be dormant in his family. He planned the attempt on Strassburg in 1836 and that on Boulogne in 1840. At Boulogne he was arrested and condemned to twenty years' imprisonment in a fortress, shortly afterwards commuted into mild detention at Versailles, where he wrote a book to prove that the Pyramids were built to prevent the Nile from silting up. This was published in 1845 under the title, De la Destination et de l’utilité permanente des Pyramides. At the revolution of 1848 he was arrested by the provisional government, and on his release took a prominent part in securing the election of Louis Napoleon to the presidency. With Morny and the marshal Saint Arnaud he plotted the restoration of the empire, and was a devoted servant of Napoleon III. He succeeded Morny as minister of the interior in January 1852, and later in the year became senator. He resigned office in 1854, being appointed next year to the London embassy, which he occupied with a short interval (1858–1859) until 1860, when he resumed the portfolio of the interior. But the growing influence of his rival Rouher provoked his resignation in 1863, when he received the title of duke. A more dangerous enemy than Rouher was the empress Eugénie, whose marriage he had opposed and whose presence in the council chamber he deprecated in a memorandum which fell into the empress’s hands. He sought in vain to see Napoleon before he started to take over the command in 1870, and the breach was further widened when master and servant were in exile. Persigny returned to France in 1871, and died at Nice on the 11th of January 1872.
See Mémoires du duc de Persigny (2nd ed., 1896), edited by H. de Laire d'Espagny, his former secretary; an eulogistic life, Le Duc de Persigny (1865), by Delaroa; and Emile Ollivier’s Empire libéral (1895, &c.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pershore

See also Pershore on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PERSHORE, a market town in the Evesham parliamentary division of Worcestershire, England, 113 m. W.N.W.of London and 7 S.E. of Worcester by the Great Western railway. Pop. (1901), 3348. The station is 1½ m. from the town. Market gardening and fruit-growing (especially plums) are carried on and agricultural implements are manufactured. The churches of the two parishes of Holy Cross and St Andrew face one another across a road. Holy Cross is a remnant of a mitred abbey of Benedictines, said to have been founded about 970 by King Edgar, on the site of a Mercian religious settlement. There remain only the fine Early English choir, with Decorated additions, the Norman south transept and the majestic Decorated tower; while slight fragments of a Norman nave are seen.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Person, Offences Against the

See also Offence against the person on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE. This expression is used in English law to classify crimes involving some form of assault or personal violence or physical injury, i.e. offences affecting the life, liberty or safety of an individual, but it is also extended to certain offences against morality which cannot technically be described as assaults. The bulk of the offences thus classified, so far as their definition or punishment depends upon statute law, are included in the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. 100), and in the Criminal Law Amendment Acts of 1880 and 1885, and the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act 1904. The classification in these statutes is not scientific: e.g. bigamy is within the act of 1861 (s. 57), and certain offences involving assault, e.g. robbery, are to be found in other statutes. The particular offences dealt with by the acts above named are discussed under their appropriate titles, e.g. abortion, assault, bigamy, homicide, rape, &c. In the Indian penal code most of the offences above referred to fall under the head “offences against the human body” (ch. xvi.). In his Digest of the Criminal Law Sir James Stephen includes most of these offences under the title “offences against the person, the conjugal and parental rights, and the reputation of individuals,” a classification also to be found in the English draft code of 1880 and adopted in the Queensland code of 1899 In working out this classification offences not involving assault are relegated to another and perhaps more appropriate title, “offences against morality.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Person, Offences against the

See also Offence against the person on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE. This expression is used in English law to classify crimes involving some form of assault or personal violence or physical injury, i.e. offences affecting the life, liberty or safety of an individual, but it is also extended to certain offences against morality which cannot technically be described as assaults. The bulk of the offences thus classified, so far as their definition or punishment depends upon statute law, are included in the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. 100), and in the Criminal Law Amendment Acts of 1880 and 1885, and the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act 1904. The classification in these statutes is not scientific: e.g. bigamy is within the act of 1861 (s. 57), and certain offences involving assault, e.g. robbery, are to be found in other statutes. The particular offences dealt with by the acts above named are discussed under their appropriate titles, e.g. abortion, assault, bigamy, homicide, rape, &c. In the Indian penal code most of the offences above referred to fall under the head “offences against the human body” (ch. xvi.). In his Digest of the Criminal Law Sir James Stephen includes most of these offences under the title “offences against the person, the conjugal and parental rights, and the reputation of individuals,” a classification also to be found in the English draft code of 1880 and adopted in the Queensland code of 1899 In working out this classification offences not involving assault are relegated to another and perhaps more appropriate title, “offences against morality.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Warrnambool

See also Warrnambool on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WARRNAMBOOL, a seaport of Villiers county, Victoria, Australia, 166 m. by rail W.S.W. of Melbourne. Pop. (1901) 6410. The town lies on an eminence, on the shores of Warrnambool Bay, in a rich pastoral and agricultural district. Race meetings are held here, and the steeplechase course is considered the finest in the colony. Warrnambool has a fine port with a viaduct and breakwater pier 2400 ft. in length, and a jetty 860 ft. in length, on to which the railway runs. Large quantities of dairy produce, wool and live stock are exported; and there are a number of flourishing industries in the town, including brewing, flour-milling, tanning and boot and biscuit manufacturing. Sandstone ​abounds in the district and is extensively quarried. The summer climate is the coolest in the Australian states.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Warsaw (Indiana)

* related portals: Indiana.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
See also Warsaw, Indiana on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WARSAW, a city and the county-seat of Kosciusko county, Indiana, U.S.A., on the Tippecanoe river, about 110 m. E. of Chicago. Pop. (1890) 3547; (1900) 3987, including 102 foreign-born; (1910) 4430. Warsaw is served by the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago (Pennsylvania system) and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis railways, and by interurban electric lines. It is picturesquely situated in the lake country of Indiana on Center, Pike and Winona lakes. Immediately E. of the city, on Winona (formerly Eagle) Lake, which is about 2 by 3 m. and has an average depth of 30 ft., is Winona (formerly Spring Fountain) Park (incorporated 1895 largely by Presbyterians), which primarily aims to combine the advantages of Northfield, Massachusetts, and Chautauqua, New York. There is excellent boating and bathing here, and there are mineral springs in the Park, where in the summer there are a Chautauqua course lasting for six weeks, a normal school, a Bible school, a Bible conference, a school of missions, an International Training School for Sunday School Workers, a conference of temperance workers and nature study and other regular summer school courses; and in other months of the year courses are given here by the Winona Normal School and Agricultural Institute, Winona Academy (for boys) and Winona Conservatory of Music, and the Winona Park School for Young Women. The control of the Park is inter-denominational—the Winona Federated Church was organized in 1905. Under practically the same control is the Winona Technical Institute in Indianapolis. The surrounding country is devoted to farming and stock raising. Warsaw was first platted in 1836, and became a city in 1875.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wart-hog

See also Warthog on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WART-HOG, the designation of certain hideous African wild swine (see Swine), characterized by the presence of large warty protuberances on the face, the large size of the tusks in both sexes, especially the upper pair, which are larger and stouter than the lower ones and are not worn at the summits, and the complexity and the great size of the last pair of molar teeth in each jaw. The adults have frequently no teeth except those just mentioned, and nearly bare skins; and the young are uniformly coloured. Two nearly allied species are recognized, namely, the southern Phacochoerus aethiopicus, which formerly ranged as far south as the Cape, and the northern P. africanus, which extends to the mountains of Abyssinia, where it has been found at a high elevation. In South and East Africa wart-hogs frequent more or less open country, near water, and dwell in holes, generally those of the aard-vark. In Abyssinia, on the other hand, they spend the day among bushes, or in ravines, feeding at night.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Warthe

See also Warta on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WARTHE (Polish, Warta), a river of Poland and Germany, and the chief affluent of the Oder. It rises on the north slope of the Carpathian Mountains N.W. of Cracow, flows north as far as Radomsk, then west, then north again past Siedarz, until it reaches Kola, where it again turns west, crosses the frontier into the Prussian province of Posen, where it takes a northerly direction past the town of Posen. Then once more bending west, it flows past Schwerin and Landsberg and enters the Oder from the right at Cüstrin. Its total length is 445 m. of which 215 are in Poland and 230 in Prussia; it is navigable up to Konin in West Poland, a distance of 265 m. Its banks are mostly low and flat, its lower course especially running through drained and cultivated marshes. It is connected with the Vistula through its tributary the Netze and the Bromberg canal. The area of its drainage basin is 17,400 sq. m.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Warsaw (government)

See also Warsaw Governorate on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WARSAW, a government of Russian Poland, occupying a narrow strip of land west of the lower Bug and west of the Vistula from its confluence with the Bug to the Prussian frontier. It is bounded by the Polish governments of Plock and Lomza on the N., Siedlce on the E., and Radom, Piotrkow and Kalisz on the S. Area 5605 sq. m .; estimated pop. (1906) 2,269,000. It occupies the great plain of central Poland, and is low and flat, with only a few hills in the south, and along the course of the Vistula in the north-west, where the terraces on the left bank descend by steep slopes to the river. Terrible inundations often devastate the region adjacent to the confluence of the Vistula with the Narew and Bug, and marshes gather in the low-lying grounds. The soil, which consists chiefly of boulder clay, lacustrine clays, and sandy fluviatile deposits, is not particularly fertile. The government is divided into thirteen districts, the chief towns of which are Warsaw, Błonie, Gostynin, Grojec, Kutno, Lowicz, Neszawa, Novo-Minsk, Plonsk, Radzymin, Skierniewice, Sochaczew and Wloclawek. In spite of the infertile soil, agriculture is prosecuted with considerable success. Manufacturing industries have also greatly developed.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zuhair

See also Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZUHAIR [Zuhair ibn Abī Sulmā Rabī’ a ul-Muzanī] (6th century), one of the six great Arabian pre-Islamic poets. Of his life practically nothing is known save that he belonged to ​a family of poetic power, his stepfather, Aus ibn Hajar, his sister, Khansā, and his son, Ka’b ibn Zuhair, were all poets of eminence. He is said to have lived long, and at the age of one hundred to have met Mahomet. His home was in the land of the Banī Ghatafān. His poems are characterized by their peaceful nature and a sententious moralizing. One of them is contained in the Moallakāt.
As a whole his poems have been published by W. Ahlwardt in his The Dreams of the six Ancient Arabic Poets (London, 1870); and with the commentary of al-A’lam (died 1083) by Count Landberg in the second part of his Primeurs arabes (Leiden, 1889). Some supplementary poems are contained in K. Dyroff’s Zur Geschichte der Überlieferung des Zuhairdiwans (Munich, 1892). (G. W. T.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zuloaga, Ignacio

See also Ignacio Zuloaga on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZULOAGA, IGNACIO (1870–), Spanish painter, was born at Eibar, in the Basque country, the son of the metal-worker and damascener Placido Zuloaga, and grandson of the organizer and director of the royal armoury in Madrid. The career chosen for him by his father was that of an architect, and with this object in view he was sent to Rome, where he immediately followed the strong impulse that led him to painting. After only six months’ work he completed his first picture, which was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1890. Continuing his studies in Paris, he was strongly influenced by Gauguin and Toulouse Lautrec. Only on his return to his native soil he found his true style, which is based on the national Spanish ​tradition embodied in the work of Velazquez, Zurbaran, El Greco, and Goya. His own country was slow in acknowledging the young artist whose strong, decorative rugged style was the very negation of the aims of such well-known modern Spanish artists as Fortuny, Madrazo, and Benlliure. It was first in Paris, and then in Brussels and other continental art centres, that Zuloaga was hailed by the reformers as the regenerator of Spanish national art and as the leader of a school. He is now represented in almost every great continental gallery. Two of his canvases are at the Luxembourg, one at the Brussels Museum (“Avant la Corrida”), and one (“The Poet Don Miguel”) at the Vienna Gallery. The Pau Museum owns an interesting portrait of a lady, the Barcelona Municipal Museum the important group “Amies,” the Venice Gallery, “Madame Louise”, the Berlin Gallery, “The Topers.” Other examples are in the Budapest, Stuttgart, Ghent and Posen galleries and in many important private collections.
A fully illustrated account of the artist and his work, by M. Utrillo, was published in a special number of Forma (Barcelona, 1907).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zug, Lake of

See also Lake Zug on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZUG, LAKE OF, one of the minor Swiss lakes, on the outskirts of the Alps and N. of that of Lucerne. Probably at some former date it was connected by means of the Lake of Lowerz and the plain of Brunnen with the Lake of Lucerne. At present it is formed by the Aa, which descends from the Rigi and enters the southern extremity of the lake. The Lorze pours its waters into the lake at its northern extremity, but 1¼ m. further W. issues from the lake to pursue its course towards the Reuss. The Lake of Zug has an area of about 15 sq. m., is about 9 m. in length, 22 m. in breadth, and has a maximum depth of 650 ft., while its surface is 1368 ft. above sea-level. For the most part the lake is in the Canton of Zug, but the southern end is, to the extent of 3¾ sq. m., in that of Schwyz, while the Canton of Lucerne claims about ¾ sq. m., to the N. of Immensee. Toward the S.W. extremity of the lake the Rigi descends rather steeply to the water's edge, while part of its east shore forms a narrow level band at the foot of the Rossberg (5194 ft.) and the Zugerberg. At its northern end the shores are nearly level, while on the west shore the wooded promontory of Buonas (with its castles, old and new) projects picturesquely into the waters. The principal place on the lake is the town of Zug, whence a railway (formerly part of the St Gotthard main route) runs along its eastern shore past Walchwil to Arth at its south end, which is connected by a steam tramway with the Arth-Goldau station of the St Gotthard line. This line runs from Arth along the western shore to Immensee, where it bears S.W. to Lucerne, while from Immensee another railway leads (at first some way from the shore) to Cham, 3 m. W. of Zug. The first steamer was placed on the lake in 1852. Many fish (including pike and carp of considerable weights) are taken in the lake, which is especially famous by reason of a peculiar kind of trout (Salmo salvelinus, locally called Rötheli). (W. A. B. C.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zschopau

See also Zschopau on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZSCHOPAU, a town in the kingdom of Saxony, on the left bank of the Zschopau, 18 m. S.E. from Chemnitz by the railway to Annaberg. Pop. (1900) 6748. It contains a handsome parish church dedicated to St Martin, a town hall and a castle (Wildeck), built by the Emperor Henry I. in 932. The industries include ironfounding, cotton and thread-spinning, cloth-weaving and furniture making.