OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Overton, John (1764-1838)

​OVERTON, JOHN (1764–1838), writer on sacred chronology, was born in 1764 at Thetford in Lincolnshire, the son of a cottager. He had in his early years a strong desire to study astronomy; the opportunity of gratifying it came when, through the joint influence of the rector of the parish and Thomas Cholmondeley, afterwards first baron Delamere, he received an appointment in the excise. The telescopes he used in his observations were of his own construction. In 1812 he began to apply astronomical results to biblical chronology, especially to the questions arising out of the scriptural genealogies of Christ, and published in 1817 'The Genealogy of Christ elucidated by Sacred History … with a new System of Sacred Chronology and the true Meaning of the Weeks in Daniel,' 2 vols. He printed the book himself at his house at Grayford in Kent, and issued it as 'an antidote to the venomous pen of Volney.' At Foot's Cray and Paul's Cray he founded Sunday schools. In 1820 appeared 'The Books of Genesis and Daniel' (in connection with modern astronomy) defended against Count Volney and Dr. Francis; also 'The Sonship of Christ,' against John Gorton and the Rev. Mr. Evans, being supplementary matter to 'The Genealogy of Christ.' This book has for its frontispiece an engraved portrait of the author, 'æt. 57;' he was then living in King's Road, Chelsea, whither he had removed from Kent in 1827. The conclusions of these two works were afterwards summarised in a pamphlet, 'A View of Sacred History and its Chronology in connexion with Modern Astronomy,'
Other pamphlets by Overton are: 'The Chronology of the Apocalypse investigated and defended,' 1822; 'An Inquiry into the Truth and Use of the Book of Enoch as to its Prophecies, Visions, and Accounts of Fallen Angels,' 1822; 'Strictures on Dr. Chalmers's Discourse on Astronomy,' Deptford, 1828, 8vo; and 'The Apocalyptic Whore of Babylon considered not the Pope of Rome,' 1830. He was a contributor to the 'Gentleman's Magazine' for forty years.
Overton died at Rose Cottage, King's Road, Chelsea, on 1 Dec. 1838.
[Overton's Works; Gent. Mag. 1839, i. 102.]
C. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Owain, Gutyn

Gutun Owain in the ODNB.
​OWAIN, GUTYN (fl. 1480), Welsh bard, was more formally designated Gruflydd ap Huw ab Owain. He was a native of Maelor Saesneg, the detached portion of Flintshire, and there learnt his art from Dafydd ab Edmwnt of Hanmer, whom he is said to have accompanied as a servitor to the great Eisteddfod held in Carmarthen about 1451. Later in life he lived at Ifton, near Oswestry, and was also closely connected with the monastery of Basingwerk, Flintshire. Fifteen of his poems are printed in 'Gorchestion Beirdd Cymru,' but many more exist in manuscript. Gutyn Owain was not only a poet, but carried on the old bardic functions of chronicler and genealogist. Powel says (Historie of Cambria, ed. 1811, p. 288) that Henry VII, not long after his accession, directed three commis- sioners to inquire into the pedigree of his ancestor, Owen Tudor, and mentions Gutyn Owain as one of the heralds consulted by them. In the return made by the commissioners, and printed as the first appendix to Wynne's edition of the 'Historie,' the bard's name prominently appears. He also wrote with his own hand most of 'Llyfr Du Basing,' or 'The Book of Basingwerk,' a manuscript of 'Brut y Brenhinoedd,' and the ' Brenhinedd y Saeson' type of 'Brut y Tywysogion,' now in the possession of Rev. T. L. Griffith, rector of Deal (Aneurin Owen, Introduction to 'Brut y Tywysogion,' extra vol. of Archæologia Cambrensis, 1863).
[Gorchestion Beirdd Cymru, 2nd edit.; Archæologia Cambrensis, 4th ser. iv. 314-16.]
J. E. L.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/cioh
### cioh

* 雀cioh9971723
* Small birds.

#### cioh mêⁿ;

    unable to see after nightfall, a condition which is supposed to cause the birds to go to roost at dark.

#### koi-cioh-mêⁿ;

    night blindness.

#### cioh-mêⁿ, kàu jît-cē àm cū cn̂g kâi thóiⁿ m̄ kìⁿ;

    those who are night blind are unable to see at all after dark.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/ciok
### ciok

* 鬵ciok114019312
* To sell.

#### bōi kuaⁿ, ciok ciak ;

    to sell office and trade in titles.

#### cá tiang-sî kâi bōi kuaⁿ ciok ciak sĭ kang-chîn hùe àm-cĕⁿ cò̤ kâi sṳ̄ : taⁿ bōi kuaⁿ ciok ciak cò̤-nî chîo-thêng mêng-pêh kîaⁿ chut lâi?

    The sale of offices and titles was formerly carried on secretly by corrupt noblemen: how is it that it is now done openly by the government?
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/cip
### cip

* 執cip67328
* To hold fast; to maintain; to retain.

#### cip ì àiⁿ kîaⁿ;

    persisted in so doing.

#### cip kín;

    hold fast to.

#### lṳ́ màiⁿ cip lṳ́ kâi ì;

    do not obstinately maintain your own opinion.

#### hŭam sṳ̄ m̄ hó̤ cip it;

    in all things one should be open to conviction.

#### kù-cip;

    pertinacious.

#### cip-áu;

    obstinate.

#### cip huap;

    abide by the rule.

#### kak cip cêk gōi;

    let each keep to his own trade.

#### lṳ́ cip cí kâi chêng-lí, i li cip hṳ́ kâi chêng-lí;

    you hold to this view of the case, and he to that.

#### kak cip cêk ì;

    each retained his own opinion.

#### kak nâng cip kak nâng kâi ì;

    each held to his own notion.

#### cip sṳ̄;

    manager or trustee.

#### pái cip sṳ̄;

    appoint managers.

#### úa kà lṳ́ cip pit kâi huap cak;

    I teach you how to hold the pen.

#### pĕ cip;

    a father's equal in age.
* 摺cip416411
* A paper properly folded, as an official document.

#### cip-cṳ́;

    a document; an authoritative permit; a license, or order, issued by government.

#### khîeh cip-cṳ́ lâi kìⁿ;

    brought a document for the government, and had an audience.

#### nín kâi toaⁿ khui lío, cò̤-nî m̄ hû úa kâi cip-cṳ́?

    Why is it that your draft does not correspond with my letter of credit?

#### gūa kháu kàu-kwn to sĭ ēng cip-cṳ́;

    in foreign trade bills of exchange are always used.
* 集cîp9851724
* To collect; to flock together.

#### cîp côi;

    to gather in one place.

#### cŭ-cîp;

    to congregate.

#### cèng nâng côi-cîp;

    all are assembled.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/cit
### cit

* 脊cit9861306
* A ridge.

#### chù cit;

    the elevated ridge of a roof.

#### lîam hue teh cit;

    an ornamental ridge in stucco.

#### suaⁿ cit téng;

    a ridge of hills.

#### tàng cit;

    the roof-tree.
* 織cit7012012
* To weave; to manufacture.

#### cit pò;

    to make cloth.

#### cit hue chaú;

    to weave flowered fabrics.

#### cit măng;

    make netting.

#### cit măng saⁿ;

    to make a netted jacket.

#### cit cău kêk;

    the officer who attends to the procuring of silk and porcelain for the palace.
* 鯽cit9841959
* A bream or perch.

#### cit hṳ̂;

    perch.

#### tōa cit bó̤;

    a fat bream.

#### khīe cit hṳ̂ kâi līo-bût tîeh lô̤h kàu-kàu;

    must put in plenty of the dressing that is to go with the perch.

#### âng sie cit-hṳ̂;

    a roasted bream.

#### ŭ nâng khîeh cit-hṳ̂ khṳ̀ pû kaⁿ-ná cap, bûe cap;

    some people cook perch in olive juice or plum juice.

#### cit-hṳ̂ ŏi khui ūi;

    perch aids digestion.
* 疾cît9831045
* Sickness; disorders.

#### cît pēⁿ;

    disease.

#### thìaⁿ cît;

    painful ailments.

#### jíam cît;

    to infect.

#### cît sok; kip cît;

    in great haste.
* 嫉cît9843810
* Envy.

#### cît-kò;

    jealousy.

#### cí kâi nâng cît-kò căi;

    this person is of a very jealous disposition.
* 蒺藜cît-lî984
* Gorse; furze.

#### pêh cît-lî;

    gorse, used in medicine.

#### thih cît-lî;

    iron caltrops used in war.

#### cît-lî cí;

    gorse seed.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/co
### co

* 租co10071155
* Rent; lease; rental.

#### chù co, châng co, phò co;

    the rent of a house, field, or shop.

#### siu co;

    collect rents.

#### siu kang co;

    collect rent due in money.

#### siu châng co;

    collect rent due in produce.

#### co cîⁿ, cò̤ ngṳ̂n;

    money received as rent.

#### tī co;

    ground rent.

#### lâp jîeh cōi co?

    How much rent do you pay?

#### co koiⁿ chù lâi tīu;

    rent a house to live in.

#### tîeh lâp tī co;

    ground rent must be paid at stated times.

#### khìam co;

    owes rent.

#### hâiⁿ co;

    pay the rent.

#### thó̤ co;

    dun for rent.

#### co súaⁿ;

    lease one's property.

#### ceng co;

    raise the rent.

#### kíam co;

    diminish the rent.

#### co kuah-pun pât nâng siu;

    transfer the rent to another person for collection.

#### tîeh ŭ nâng tam co;

    there must be some one to guarantee the rent.

#### soiⁿ kùe phò co;

    prepay the rent of the shop.

#### cí koiⁿ hâng cêk nî co jîeh cōi cîⁿ?

    For how much per year is this warehouse rented?

#### hŭe co;

    give a lease as security for a debt.
* 祖có10071135
* An ancestor.

#### pài có;

    worship ancestors.

#### ke có;

    one's ancestors.

#### lĕng có;

    your ancestors.

#### có pĕ;

    grandfather.

#### ceng có;

    great grand-father.

#### ceng có bó̤;

    great grandmother.

#### kau có;

    great grandfather's father.

#### thài kau có;

    great grandfather's grandfather.

#### sí có;

    the founder of a family.

#### soiⁿ có;

    my late grandfather.

#### thài sí có;

    first emperor of a dynasty.

#### kong có tōa nâng;

    Your Excellency, my grandfather.

#### có bīe;

    ancestral temple.

#### có sṳ̂;

    ancestral hall.

#### có ngîap;

    family estate.

#### có tī;

    family inheritance in land.

#### có thŵn kâi;

    an heirloom.

#### tâng có thŵn lô̤h lâi kâi;

    inherited from ancestors.

#### sêng có kâi nâng;

    sêng nâng kâi có; become the head of a house or tribe.
* 驟cŏ96218714
* Abrupt; suddenly.

#### cŏ-jîen m̄ kìⁿ khṳ̀;

    suddenly missing.

#### cŏ-jîen cū lô̤h hŏ;

    suddenly began to rain.

#### put-lêng cŏ-jîen cū ŏi kâi;

    it is not a thing that can be done suddenly.

#### m̄-hó̤ cŏ;

    do not be abrupt about it.
# Disciplina Clericalis/Tale 29

Cleveland, Ohio: Western Reserve University, pages 69–70
XXIX. The Roman Merchant Who Laid a Wager on His Wife's Chastity.
Ther were ii manchauntis in Rome of the whiche that oon had a wif, a chast and a faire womman. Forsoth that other no trustifeith had in no womman. Whan and wherfor sumtyme whan and other wern disceived of wymmens lightnes he joied; he forsoth of the trust and feith of his wif ageynsaide that other, of the whiche thei put in plegge al their possessioun: this that he shuld corrupt hir withyn xv daies, he forwhi as with this condicioun stidefastly kept: that the husbond shuld nat warne or tel his wif of this covenaunt. She therfor busied with al maner of lightnes as with nothyng lad nor huyred, bi hir footemayde or seruaunt with yiftes corrupt she was disceived. Forsoth she had a Ryng that is to of hir first husbondes yift above al possessiouns most diere. She had also a vernacle in signe and of an hand and an half from the kne vnto the Right hipe. And whan so bi the footemaide or seruaunt prively had taken he that knowen Ryng, and with the knowlache that I have saide, told and rehersed to his felaw as signes and tokenes of most certayne advowtrye, he bitake with cursid suspeccioun exiled hymsilf of his possessioun and vsid of exile. This ​thyng noised bi the Citee, she was outcast as advowteres and to the nephew or cosyn of hir husbond she was committed.
Thei cam in to Alisaunder, and covered and hid with strength and kynde of clothis; beryng hymsilf evene to the kyng in manyfold seruice, in the friendship of the kyng hym bare as myght be in curtesye most swift and light. As admynistratrice of al the Realme the kynges Rentis wern infinytily multiplied bi his providence. Than themperour of Rome dede; his yong sone whan he Empired in the (f. 137$^b$) Empire, herd of the sapient wisdam of hym of Alisaunder, sent hym to Rome. [He] peased thempire, Restored soft and easy lawes in to the friendship of themperour and the Citezeins and the provynce with his high merites, nat puttyng hymsilf any symulacioun or token vnto his traitour. Bi hap and fortune [she] fond hir husbond among poore folk most porest and dide hym to be nurisshed. And bifore his traitour dide to be Rehersed his treason bifore the Citezeyns; that don arraied a feste to the delectacioun that is to say of felawship and festers; than at the last he opened and deemed into deth of his owne confessioun. The pore man went his wey and she to hir husbond.
* ↑ See Mod. Lang. Notes, vol. XXIV, p. 219; H. & S., I, 71-72.
* ↑ H. & S. 'chaste.'
* ↑ H. & S. 'wymmenis.'
* ↑ 'lightnes' inserted on margin of Ms.
* ↑ H. & S. omit 'he joied.'
* ↑ H. & S. 'the.'
* ↑ Lat. (I, 71, l. 19) Habebat autem anulum sibi primum mariti manus. When this tale was printed in Mod. Lang. Notes several years ago (1909), the Latin original had not been published. For this reason I offer there a few emendations of the Middle English text: with the Latin text now accessible, my emendations are, for the most part, omitted in this reprint.
* ↑ H. & S. 'kiere'. Lat. carum (I, 71, l. 21.)
* ↑ Lat. verrucam.
* ↑ Lat. nepos.
* ↑ H. & S. 'wisdom.'
# Disciplina Clericalis/Tale 3

Cleveland, Ohio: Western Reserve University, pages 20–21
III. The King and the Poets.
Arabs: "Suche a versifiour prudent and curteys but vnnoble of byrth to a kyng offred his vers; whos prudence noted the kyng hym with worship tooke. Therfor to this other versifiers envieden to ​overcome his gentilnes and kynred, gadreden toguyder and saiden vnto the kyng: "Sir kyng, whi this so vile of birth magnifieth [thow] somoche?" To this the kyng: "Whom yee han trowed to blame, the more yee han praised." He forsoth whiche was blamed to this he adjoyned: "Roses spryngen on thornes nat for that they bien nat (f. 121$^b$) blasfemed." Forsoth the kyng left hym with more worshipful giftes.
It happened as that a versifiour of noble birth forsoth but litel lierned to suche a kyng offred his vers. Whiche the kyng tooke, as gretely evil made, dispised hem, and nought yave hym. Therfor the versifiour saide to the kyng: "If nat only for the vers, for myn nobilnes sumwhat yield thow me." Therfor the kyng: "Who is thy fader?" Than he shewed hym. Than quod the kyng: "Seede in the hath he gendred." To whom the versifiour: "Often of whete spryngith Rye." To this the kyng saide: "Thow previst thisilf lasse than thi fader." And so [he] left hym vnrewarded.
Another versifiour also cam to the kyng of an vnnoble fader but a gentil Moder. What compownd and vncompownd he offred hym vers whos moder had a shyneng brother. Forsoth nat forthan toke [he] hym worshipfully, [but], asked of hym whos sone he was. Than he pretendid hym his vncle; wherof the kyng turned hymsilf in to moche laughter. Than saide his housold meyne: "Wherof procedith this laughter?" Quod the kyng: "Suche a fable in suche a booke I Red whiche I behold here with myn eyen." Quod thei: "What is that?" Quod the kyng.
* ↑ I, 9, l. 1.
* ↑ Ms. 'than.'
* ↑ Lat. Semen in te degeneravit (I, 9, l. 10).
* ↑ For the passage 'What compownd .... sone he was' the Lat. has (I, 9, l. 13) Incompositus quidem incompositos obtulit versus. Cuius mater fratrem habebat et facetia splendidum. Rex autera nequaquam eum honorifice suscepit. Quaesivit tamen ab eo cuius filius erat.
# Disciplina Clericalis/Tale 26

Cleveland, Ohio: Western Reserve University, page 64
XXVI. The Sayings of the Philosophers at the Tomb of Alexander the Great
"It is saide of Alisaunder that his sepulture was al of gold and in a litel porche sette. To whiche cam many philosophers, of the whiche oon saide: 'Alisaunder made his tresour of gold; and now the contrarie, gold makith tresour of hym.' Another saide: 'Yisterday al the world sufificied hym nat; and this day only iiii cubites sufficen hym.' Another saide: 'Yisterday he empired and lordshipped the people; and this day the people lordshippith hym?' Another saide: 'Yesterday he pressid therth; and this day the erth pressith hym.' Another saide: 'Yisterday the people dred hym; this day thei deputen hym vile.' Another saide: 'Yisterday he had friendis and enemyes; this day he hath equal and evene.' But of xxxii philosophers standyng aboute hym, that eueriche of the myghti kyng saide is to be brought in long memory."
* ↑ No. XXIII of the original, see I, 44-45.
* ↑ Ms. 'and and.'
* ↑ Between this speech and that of the preceding philosopher the English version omits the sayings of two philosophers, Alius: Heri multos potuit a morte liberare: hodie nec eius iacula valuit devitare. Alius: Heri ducebat exercitus: hodie ab illis ducitur sepulturae.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Steuart, James

Date of death 1713 in the ODNB.
​STEUART or STEWART, Sir JAMES (1635–1715), lord advocate of Scotland, fourth son of Sir James Steuart of Kirkfield and Coltness, by Anne Hope, niece of Sir Thomas Hope (d. 1646) [q. v.], lord advocate, was born in 1635. His father, a banker in Edinburgh, born in 1608, was elected lord provost of Edinburgh in 1648, and also held office under Cromwell. He was in office at the time of the Restoration, but was dismissed, and arrested under a charge of having embezzled money while receiver-general for the army in Scotland, but finally obtained his liberty in 1670, on payment of 1,000l.
The son, who was called to the bar on 20 Nov. 1661, did his best on his father's behalf, but on that account lost almost all his practice. Having also in 1669, in reply to Bishop Honeyman's ‘Survey of Naphtali,’ published a political pamphlet, entitled ‘Jus Populi Vindicatum, or the People's Right to defend themselves, and their Covenanted Reign vindicated,’ he found it necessary to leave the country, and went to Rouen, where he became a merchant under the name of Graham. Some years afterwards he returned to Scotland, but being suspected of having had a hand in a political pamphlet, ‘An Account of Scotlands Grievances by reason of the Duke of Lauderdale's Ministry,’ 1675, an order was issued for his apprehension. He, however, escaped, and lived in different places in England under the name of Lawson. In 1678 he opened a small office in London, where he gave legal advice at half fees, his clerk meeting the clients and transmitting their statements to the invisible Steuart. Returning to Scotland in 1679, he again got into trouble in 1681, from the accidental discovery among the Argyll papers of a memorandum in his hand reflecting on the government, but, as usual, made his escape, and this time took refuge in The Hague. He was present at the meeting at Amsterdam in 1685, when the expedition of Argyll was resolved on, and, having prepared Argyll's declaration of war, was accused of treasonably consulting and contriving Argyll's rebellion, was found guilty in his absence, and was sentenced to be executed whenever he could be found. He, however, received a free pardon from the Prince of Orange, and, on account of his supposed influence with the presbyterian party, was received into favour, and employed to conduct the crown cases along with Mackenzie. In 1692 he was appointed lord advocate, and during his term of office he introduced many legal reforms. He resigned office in 1709, and, dying in 1715, was buried in the church of Old Grey Friars. His only son, Sir James Steuart of Goodtrees and Coltness, became solicitor-general and was father of Sir James Steuart-Denham the elder [see Denham].
[Coltness Collections; Wodrow's Analecta; Omond's Lord Advocates of Scotland.]
T. F. H.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Alopecurus agrestis

Edition of 1802.
​Alopecurus agrestis, L. See Slender Fox-tail.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Alsine media

Edition of 1802.
​Alsine media, L. See Common Chickweed.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Alopecurus pratensis

Edition of 1802.
​Alopecurus pratensis, L. See Meadow Fox-tail.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Ale-House

Edition of 1802.
​ALE-HOUSE, a public place of resort for drinking ale or beer.—Houses of this description are licensed by justices of the peace, who take recognizance of the landlord, and sureties in ten pounds each, that he will suffer no unlawful gaming, nor other disorderly practices in his house.—This license is renewed every year, upon producing a certificate of his character and conduct. Any person neglecting to procure a license, is liable to certain penalties, adequate to the frequency of the offence.
The utility of ale-houses has been much questioned; they certainly, in some degree, encourage habits of intemperance and dissipation; yet, we must acknowledge, that by the subsistence which they afford to a considerable part of the community, the facility with which they enable those who cannot brew for themselves, to procure their liquors at intervals, and in small quantities; and the social relaxation they procure for the weary traveller, as well as the industrious peasant, they materially contribute to the ease and enjoyment of a portion of society, over whom the moralist may be safely allowed to exert the sober influence of persuasion, but with whose amusements the legislature should cautiously interfere.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Almond

Edition of 1802.
​ALMOND, a tree, eminent both for its fruit, and for the ornament which it affords to a shrubbery. It is the original of the ancient genus amygdalus, and by the botanic characters of the flowers, comprehends also the peach and nectarine. Botanists admit but of one real species of the common almond tree, which they term Amygdalus communis.—Not being indigenous, we shall omit its particular description, and proceed to state the properties and effects of its fruit on the human body.
Sweet almonds are supposed to afford but little nourishment, and are not easily digested, unless thoroughly triturated. Six or eight if them peeled and eaten, sometimes give immediate relief in the heart-burn. In medicine, they are chiefly used for preparing emulsions, as they abound not only with an oil, but likewise with a mucilage fit for incorporating oil and water. We have already observed that this fruit is difficult of digestion, on account of the oil it contains, which quickly becomes acrid in the stomach; hence it is particularly improper for bilious constitutions. The various preparations of almonds are liable to similar objections: and it is therefore absurd to give almond milk as a common diet-drink to febrile patients; for, as it consists entirely of oily and insoluble parts, it not only ​heats and vitiates the stomach, but at the same time occasions an accumulation of bile.
Almonds, as well as nuts, ought to be eaten only while fresh, and without their skins. They should be well chewed; for every piece swallowed entire, is indigestible. The use of a little salt, however, renders them miscible with our fluids, as a saponaceous mass; but, if indulged in to excess, they are productive of alarming, and sometimes fatal disorders.
The expressed oil of bitter almonds, is, in cases of poison, recommended preferably to all others; but care must be taken not to use the chemical, instead of the natural oil, as the former is itself a poison.
Bitter almonds are now generally disused. They have been found to destroy some kinds of animals; hence modern physicians prescribe them with more caution; they are, nevertheless, frequently employed, for making orgeat and other liquors, without producing any bad effect.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Alms

* related portals: Poverty.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, definition, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1802.
​ALMS, or charitable donations to the poor. In the early ages of Christianity, this term was employed in a more general sense, and signified as well those donations which were given for the subsistence of the ecclesiastical establishments, as those which were appropriated to the repair of churches, and the relief of the indigent.
Alms-giving forms an essential part of all religions. It is particularly enjoined by the Mahometans; and the Alcoran represents it as the only means of ensuring successful prayer. The Christian system constantly recommends the active practice of benevolence, and the frequent distribution of alms.
Hence Dean Swift very emphatically remarks, that "the poor beggar has a just demand of an alms from the rich man; who is guilty of fraud, injustice, and oppression, if he does not afford relief, according to his abilities."