OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Reform Bills

Edition of 1920. See also Reform Bills on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
REFORM BILLS, in English history three bills, introduced in 1832, 1867 and 1882, for the purpose of increasing the electorate for the House of Commons and removing certain inequalities in representation. The first Reform Bill disfranchised many boroughs which enjoyed undue representation and increased that of the large towns, at the same time extending the franchise, and was put through by the Liberals. The bill of 1867 was passed by the Conservatives under the urging of the Liberals, while that of 1882 was introduced by the Liberals and passed in 1884; these two provided a more democratic representation. See Great Britain; Political Parties; Parliament.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Reform Movements in Politics

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
See Electors; Vote, Voters, Voting; Corrupt Practices Acts; United States — The New Democracy and the Spoils System; Labor Legislation; Prohibition; Primary, Direct; Primary, Presidential Preference; Electoral Frauds and Safeguards against; Initiative; Referendum; Recall; Woman Suffrage.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Reformatories

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
REFORMATORIES. See Penology.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Reformed Catholic Church

Edition of 1920. See also Reformed Catholics on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer. The right margin of the scan for this article was distorted, hence the question mark (?) in the date.
REFORMED CATHOLIC CHURCH, a religious body established in New York in 187? by several priests who had left the Roman Catholic Church, and under the leadership of Rev. James A. O'Connor. It adopted the Protestant doctrine as expounded in the Evangelical churches, and protested against the doctrine, government, discipline, practice and sacramental system of the Roman Catholic Church. They believe that the believer finds salvation through faith in God through Christ and needs no mediation through the church. They have six churches, eight ministers and about 3,000 members. The sect is established in New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Illinois.
# The Cult Phenomenon in the United States (1979)/Giaimo

INFORMATION MEETING ON THE CULT PHENOMENON IN THE UNITED STATES, February 5, 1979, 318 Russell Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C. P.16-17. of Transcript of Proceedings.
Senator Dole. Congressman Giaimo?
Mr. Giaimo. The proliferation of cults in the United States in recent years is an issue fraught with confusion, emotion and misunderstanding.
I would like to see this informal forum used to discuss rationally the phenomenon itself, problems resulting from it and the role of government, if any, in dealing with it.
We have a healthy and proper tradition of separation of church and state and of government noninterference in religious beliefs.
That is as it should be. I doubt we will be hearing calls for changes in the First Amendment.
I am convinced, however, that a distinction must be made between religious beliefs and certain actions taken in the name of religion.
Our society must tolerate unorthodox religious beliefs; that's a basic component of freedom; but society cannot tolerate all actions taken in the name of religion.
We do not permit assaults, fraud, or other similar illegal acts simply because they are motivated by religious beliefs.
The problem arises in trying to define this narrow area of impermissible action. All of us have heard, and we will hear again, charges against certain new religious groups. Because of our strong reverence for the First Amendment, there has been little formal intervention of these charges; but the charges persist and they have persisted throughout the years.
Public interest has increased in the past few months. So this meeting is being held to a large degree in response to the petition of thousands of Americans for some kind of action by their government, itself a protective right.
I'm not here to question religious beliefs. As a legislator, I must determine if a problem in fact exists, if present laws can deal with the problem, if new laws are necessary, bearing in mind at all times the Constitution that protects all of us.
I'm seeking answers to what may be unanswerable questions. This meeting may shed some light on the subject. Even if it leads to more questions than answers, it is an issue that cannot be ignored.
Senator Dole. Thank you, Congressman Giaimo.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Munsey, Frank Andrew

Edition of 1920. See also Frank Munsey on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MUNSEY, mun-si, Frank Andrew, American publisher: b. Mercer, Me., 21 Aug. 1854. After receiving a common school education he became manager of a telegraph oRice in Augusta, Me. He went to New York in 1882 to become editor and publisher of The Golden Argosy, a juvenile weekly, which he afterward changed into a monthly for adults under the style of The Argosy. Munsey's Weekly appeared in 1889 and after issuing this for one year he transformed it also into a monthly, calling it Munsey's Magazine. He now owns The Argosy, The Railroad Man's Magazine, and the All-Story Weekly and the daily newspapers New York Sun and Baltimore News. He was a pioneer in the publication of cheap illustrated magazines, Munsey's being the first magazine to be sold at ten cents
a copy. He is a member of many clubs in New York City and elsewhere and is the author of several books: ‘Afloat in a Great City’ (1887); ‘The Boy Broker’ (1888); ‘A Tragedy of Errors’ (1889); ‘Under Fire’ (1890); and ‘Derringforth’ (1894).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Munsee Indians

Edition of 1920. See also Stockbridge-Munsee Community on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MUNSEE INDIANS, an American tribe of the Delaware family, originally one of the three great divisions of that race. They were sometimes called the Wolf tribe of the Delawares. They resided along the Delaware River, and in New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. During the Revolution many of the Munsees removed to Canada, where at Thames, Ontario, there are some survivors. At Green Bay, Wis., is another tribal remnant and a third remnant is found in Kansas; in all, less than 100 in the United States. See Delaware Indians.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Munsell, Joel

Edition of 1920. See also Joel Munsell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MUNSELL, Joel, American printer: b. Northfield, Mass., 14 April 1808; d. Albany, N. Y., 15 Jan. 1880. He established himself in Albany in 1827, and was publisher and editor of the New York State Mechanic from 1841 to 1843. At various times he was the publisher of the Unionist, the Albany Daily State Register, Morning Express and Statesman, and other journals. Munsell made a close study of the art of printing, in its history and application, and his collection of works on the subject, the largest in America, was in part purchased by the State for the New York State Library. He contributed papers to the ‘Transactions’ of the Albany Institute, of which he was a founder, and published ‘Outlines of the History of Printing’ (1839); ‘Annals of Albany’ (1849-59); ‘Every-Day Book of History and Chronology’ (1856); ‘Chronology of Paper and Paper-Making’ (1857; enlarged 1870); and ‘Manual of the First Lutheran Church of Albany, 1670-1870’ (1871).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Muir, John (naturalist)

Edition of 1920. See also John Muir on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MUIR, John, American naturalist and explorer: b. Dunbar, Scotland, 21 April 1838; d. Los Angeles, 24 December 1914. He came to America in 1849 with his father, who settled near Fox River, Wis.; entered the University of Wisconsin when 22; and after a special course of four years commenced his lonely journeys through Canada, Eastern and Western United States, the West, and the South, that made him a botanist and a geologist. In 1868 after visiting the Yosemite Valley, he made it his main central camp for 10 years while studying the forests, glaciers, etc., of the Sierra Nevada. He discovered in the High Sierra 65 residual gladers. He made his first trip to Alaska in 1879, discovered Glacier Bay, and Muir Glader, named after him, and explored some of the upper courses of the Yukon and Mackenzie rivers; in 1880 accompanied the DeLong search expedition to the Arctic, and in 1903-04 traveled in the Caucasus, Siberia, Manchuria, Japan, India, Egypt, Australia and New Zealand. He has written much for newspapers and periodicals, urging the formation of national parks — both the Sequoia and Yosemite are in great part due to his efforts — and has published ‘The Mountains of California’ (1894), and ‘Our National Parks’ (1901). He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and received honorary degrees at Yale and the universities of Wisconsin and California. Among his works are ‘Stickeen’ (1909); ‘My First Summer in the Sierra’ (1911); ‘The Yosemite’ (1912); ‘Story of my Boyhood and Youth’ (1913); and the
posthumous ‘Letters to a Friend’ and ‘Unpublished Prose and Letters’ (1915).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Muller, William James

Edition of 1920. See also William James Müller on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MULLER, , mŭl'ler, William James, English painter: b. Bristol, 28 June 1812; d. there, 8 Sept. 1845. He studied painting under J. B. Pyne, and first exhibited in the Royal Academy in 1833, his picture being entitled ‘The Destruction of Old London Bridge — Morning.’ In 1833-34 he visited Germany, Switzerland and Italy, and in 1838 Greece and Egypt; while in 1843 he accompanied the Lycian expedition under Sir Charles Fellowes, bringing back many sketches and pictures of Oriental life and scenery. He lived for some time in London, but returned to Bristol in later life. His pictures, though not numerous, are of exceptional power and merit, among the more notable being the ‘Barrage Wagon’; ‘Dredging on the Medway’; ‘The Slave Market’; and the ‘Salmon-weir.’ He painted both in water-color and in oils, and was remarkable as a colorist. Consult the ‘Memoir’ by Solly (London 1875).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Muller-Ury, Adolfo

Edition of 1920. See also Adolfo Müller-Ury on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MULLER-URY, Adolfo, Swiss-American portrait painter: b. Airolo, Switzerland, 28 March 1864. He was educated at the public schools and at Sarnen and became a pupil of Deschwanden at Stans, Switzerland, after which he entered the Munich Academy and then went to Paris to study under (1881-83) Cabanel. From 1883-85 he worked at Rome and came to the United States in 1886. He has done numerous canvases on religious subjects but his paintings are mostly portraits, among which figure Pope Pius X, several cardinals, Bishop Kennedy (1907), some English nobility and other European personages. In this country he has painted among other portraits those of President McKinley, General Grant, Senator and Mrs. Depew, Senator Hanna, J. Pierpont Morgan, J. J. Hill, Mrs. Woodrow Wilson (1916), President Wilson (1917), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mount Holyoke College

Edition of 1920. See also Mount Holyoke College on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MOUNT HOLYOKE (hōl'yōk) COLLEGE, a college for women at South Hadley, Mass. It was founded by Mary Lyon (q.v.); chartered in 1836 and opened in 1837 under the name of Mount Holyoke Female Seminary. From the first it has had a reputation for thorough scholarship; the curriculum was gradually enlarged and the entrance requirements raised until a full college course was given and the old seminary course entirely superseded. In 1888 the name was changed to Mount Holyoke Seminary and College, and in 1893 to Mount Holyoke College. Formerly three
degrees were given, A.B., B.S. and B.L.; but A.B. is now the only degree conferred. The course is arranged in two years of required and two years of elective work; the curriculum in addition to other subjects may include courses in education, biblical history and literature, music and art; a limited amount of technical work in the two latter courses may count toward the degree. Provision is also made for graduate work leading to the degree of A.M., and for special work for teachers. Graduates are entitled to fellowships in the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, and in the similar school at Rome; also to the advantages of the Zoological Station at Naples and the Marine Biological Station at Wood's Hole, Mass. Entrance to the college is by examination, or by certificate from approved schools. The campus now includes over 150 acres; the principal buildings are Mary Lyon Hall, which occupies the site of the original building destroyed by fire in 1896, the Dwight Memorial Art building, Lydia Shattuck Hall for the physics and chemistry departments, the Lyman Winston Hall for the other sciences, the Skinner Recitation Hall, the observatory, the gymnasium, the Student-Alumnae Hall which contains a large auditorium and offices for the college organizations and publications and for the alumnae secretary, seven large and four small residence halls, and the library which contained in 1915, 58,200 volumes; there are also plant houses and botanical gardens. Full attention is given to physical training; regular gymnasium work is required for the first three years of the course, and there is provision for basket ball and tennis. In 1915 the productive funds of the college amounted to $1,390,219.15, the income for the year was $372,939.39; the students numbered 791, the faculty 93 with a staff of 27 assistants, and the total number of graduates, 4,870.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mullein

Edition of 1920. See also Mullein on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MULLEIN, a genus of biennial and perennial herbs (Verbascum) of the natural order Scrophulariaceæ. The species, of which more than 100 have been described and more than 30 are cultivated, have tap roots, woolly foliage in rosettes during the first year, and terminal spikes or racemes of small, usually yellow, flowers which appear from midsummer until late autumn. Some species were formerly reputed medicinal. In America they are usually considered as weeds, but in Europe they are valued as ornamental plants, particularly for mixing with shrubbery and planting in the rear of flower borders. Though natives of the Mediterranean region, some species are known in England as American flannel or velvet plant. The best-known species in the United States are probably the moth mullein (V. blattaria), the common mullein (V. thapsus), the white mullein (V. lychnitis), and V. phlomoides, which are all common in pastures and uncultivated fields.
# The Essence of Christianity

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Das Wesen des Christenthums (1841)
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# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/What the Uhro-Russins write

WHAT THE UHRO-RUSINS WRITE.
So far it is not known, whether the peace conference commission dealing with Czechoslovak claims has granted the request of the Rusins of Hungary to be joined to the Czechoslovak Republic. But the delegates of Uhro-Rusin organizations in the United States, Gregory Zsatkovich and Julius G. Gardos, feel confident that they will be successful. Mr. Gardos writes from Paris that they were welcomed cordially by Czechoslovak officials there. He says that he and his colleague take off their hats before the Czechoslovaks who have seventy experts serving their peace commissioners, thoroughly posted on any phase of the complicated Central European problem. The delegate of the Rusins from Hungary, Mr. Beskyd, tells his American brothers that no strong liberating movement could take hold among their people in Hungary owing to Magyar oppression, until news came that the Rusins in America were working for their freedom. Now the entire people at home look forward with assurance to their liberation.
The delegates intend to go to Prague and from there to the Rusin part of Hungary, as soon as their claim is favorably settled by the peace conference.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
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# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Two Poems by Svatopluk Čech

Two Poems by Svatopluk Čech
Translated by LIBBIE A. BRUER.
SPRINGTIME FANCIES.
Wouldst thou know the secret told the rushes By sparkling wavelets in their flight, When breath of May is bringing blushes To every fragile windflower bright?
Oh wouldst thou learn why heaven's rejoicing, Thru forest thrills what mystery sweet, What strange new joy the world is voicing As with trembling sighs it spring doth greet?
Gaze, Lover, in those eyes whose lashes Hide a dreamy world of love,— Straight thru thy thrilling heart there flashes The joy of flowers and sky above.
THE GRAVE IN THE FOREST.
Birchen cross on mound in forest deep, All too well thy secret thou dost keep.
Did some weary gypsy, wooing rest. Find haven here on nature’s breast?
Shieldst thou maid whom heartless world betrayed She, a storm-beat bird ,did droop and fade?
Did some poor despairing wretch seek balm, Quench his grief in forest’s loamy calm?
Thou thy secret sacredly dost keep. Birchen cross on mound in forest deep.
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# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Two Poems of Petr Bezruč

Two Poems of Petr Bezruč
From the “Songs of the Slav”, translated by Otto Kotouč.
70,000
There ’re seventy thousand of us Before Těšín, before Těšín. A hundred thousand Germanized, A hundred thousand Polonized, A holy peace rests in my heart.
When we remain but seventy, May we live?
They’re digging seventy thousand Graves for us all before Těšín. At times some one sobs to the space Above. His plea remains unfilled: A foreign god laughs in his face. And bluntly we gaze in a flock As ox at slaughter of an ox.
And marquis Gero is so rich: Give casks to us for seventy. Give casks for thousands seventy. A half of us will Germanize, A half of us will Polonize, Hail, marquis Gero, hail to thee!
A hundred lips will peal for thee: But first before we perish thus, May ruddy wine intoxicate us, Bond-woman, daughter, man and son, Before Těšín, before Těšín.
YOU AND I.
Out of my way now: Black are my hands and damp is my clothing. Only a miner am I, to-day noble thou; Thou'rt from a palace, a hut is my dwelling. Frigid’s the cap I wear, with a visor on, Orphans’ lamenting prayers do not follow me; Eaten up fields for them have hares of thine. Heartless and soulless thou'rt, lightning smite thee! I am from Bezkyd, thralldom and sorrow’s son. I slave in foundery, I slave in thy mine, Gall seethes in my veins, but still I slave, I catch thy logs on the foaming river’s wave. Black am I, poor am 1, sweat pours from my brow, Children in Bezkyd weep not on my account now. Widows oppressed I not, nor did I seize their share,
And so a beggar am I, a noble thou to-day. Did you arrive in the mountains? Then take care.
Frigid’s my cap. Get thee out of my way.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Welcoming Czechoslovak legionaries from France and Italy

WELCOMING CZECHOSLOVAK LEGIONARIES FROM FRANCE AND ITALY
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
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# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Uhro-Rusin delegation in Paris

UHRO-RUSIN DELEGATION IN PARIS.
Independetly of the movement that originated among Uhro-Rusin immigrants in America for the incorporation of their native land in the Czechoslovak Republic the same motives called out a similar movement in the Rusin districts of Hungary. When the delegates of the American Rusins, Julius G. Gardos and Gregory I Zsatkovich, arrived in Paris, bearing the results of the plebiscite, they met there a leader of their people from Hungary, former deputy Beskyd. According to a cable received in Pittsburgh they are workking in complete harmony and submitted a formal petition to the peace conference, asking for a union of their people with the Czechoslovaks. They feel certain that their petition will be granted. The Czechoslovaks follow with much interest their efforts and will be pleased to welcome their Rusin kinsmen as fellow-citizens of the Czechoslovak Republic.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
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# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 3/Welcome to our volunteers

WELCOME TO OUR VOLUNTEERS.
On Labor Day the first contingent of Czechoslovak soldiers from America returned home after nearly two years of drilling and fighting. The Rochambeau brought 200 of them and the Chicago was to land 450 more before the end of the week. In all about 1500 are expected out of some 2500 men who enlisted here in answer to Štefanik’s appeal in the fall of 1917 and the first part of 1918. About 200 invalided men returned home from France last winter, and the rest will try to settle down in their native land, although they will find it difficult to forget America.
Czechoslovaks in this country feel a great debt of gratitude to these brave men. They could have stayed at home, for being technically Austrian subjects, before there was a free Czechoslovakia, they were not subject to draft; besides, half of them were men with families. Or they could have spurned this claim, and like thousands of their countrymen could have joined the American army at $33 a month and have enjoyed all those advantages which soldiers of less wealthy countries envied the Americans. But the men who are returning now wanted not merely to lick the Germans, but to have their efforts count for the cause of Czechoslovak independence. And so they fought in France under the Czechoslovak flag, getting a few cents a day, and after the armistice came, fought the Magyar bolsheviks and watched the German frontiers of the Czechoslovak Republic.
The country for which they offered their lives is at present exhausted and unable to show its gratitude by becoming generosity. So the Czechoslovak organizations in the United States, represented by the American Czechoslovak Board, agreed to pay each returning volunteer a bonus of $30, which will be supplemented by gifts from local organizations to their own veterans. It is confidently expected that every man will thus receive the same amount which the American government pays to discharged soldiers.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
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