OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Allen, Elizabeth Akers

Edition of 1905. See also Elizabeth Chase Allen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ALLEN, Elizabeth Akers (1832 — ). An American author, born at Strong, Me. Her verses, entitled "Rock Me to Sleep, Mother," became widely known, and were frequently set to music. This poem had previously appeared in the Philadelphia Saturday Evenig Post, the manuscript having been sent to that paper by the authoress in 1860 while on a visit to Italy. Mrs. Allen began to write under the pen-name Florence Percy. She has produced several volumes of poetry and some prose.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Amalia, Anna

Edition of 1905. See also Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AMALIA, ȧ-mä'lḗ-ȧ, Anna (1739-1807). The wife of Duke Ernest Augustus of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. She was born at Wolfenbüttel. On the death of her husband, in 1758, she was appointed Regent for her infant son, Karl August, whom, aided by his tutor, Wieland, she trained in the love of literature and art, also doing much to foster education and material prosperity throughout his domains. Soon after assuming the government, the Duke, with his mother's active co-operation, gathered at Weimar a galaxy of literary talent probably never equaled. Goethe, Herder, and Schiller were its brightest stars, but they shone in goodly company. Weimar continued during and beyond her life what she, more than any other, had made it, the literary centre of Germany. She died at Weimar, April 10, 1807. Consult Gerard, A Grand Duchess, The Life of Anna Amalia, and the Classical Circle of Weimar (New York, 1902).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Amalie, Marie

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​AMALIE, ȧ'mȧ'lḗ', Marie, or Marie Amélie (1782-1866). The wife of Louis Philippe, King of the French. She was the daughter of King Ferdinand I. (IV). of the Two Sicilies. When she married Louis Philippe (then Duke of Orleans), he was a political exile, without hope of ever rising to the throne of France. Amalie never interfered in politics, and possessing all the domestic virtues, was happy with her husband. She shared his fortunes in exile, and was received in England with the respect due her.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Alliaria

Edition of 1905. See also Alliaria on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AL'LIA'RIA. A genus of plants of the natural order Cruciferæ, closely allied to Sisymbrium and Erysimum, and ranked by some botanists in the genus Sisymbrium. It is known by the popular names of sauce-alone and jack-by-the-hedge. The best known species, Alliaria officinalis, or, as often commonly called, Sisymbrium alliaria, is a native of Great Britain, not unfrequently found on hedge-banks and in waste places in dry, rich soils, and is common in most parts of Europe. It has also become introduced in a number of places in the United States. It is a biennial, with a stem two to three feet high; large, stalked, heart-shaped leaves, white flowers, and pods much longer than their stalks, which are somewhat spreading. It seems more deserving of cultivation than many other plants which have long received the constant care of the gardener, being wholesome, nutritious, and to most persons pleasant. The powdered seeds were formerly employed as a sternutatory.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Allibone, Samuel Austin

Edition of 1905. See also Samuel Austin Allibone on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AL'LIBONE, Samuel Austin (1816-89). An American author. He was born at Philadelphia, and although engaged in commercial pursuits, devoted considerable time to literature. It was therefore as an amateur that he began the literary work to which the best part of his life was devoted. This work, the Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors, contains notices of 46,599 writers. The first volume appeared in 1854. Allibone was book editor and corresponding secretary of the American Sunday-school Union, from 1867 to 1873. In 1879 he was appointed librarian of the Lenox Library in New York, and held this position until 1888. He died at Lucerne, Switzerland, Sept. 2, 1889. Besides the Critical Dictionary, he compiled the following works: Poetical Quotations from Chaucer to Tennyson, containing 13,600 passages, taken from 550 authors; Prose Quotations, ​from Socrates to Macaulay, with indexes to the 8810 quotations, containing the names of 544 authors and 571 subjects (1876); Explanatory Questions on the Gospels and the Acts (1869), An Alphabetical Index to the New Testament (1868), Indexes to Edward Everett's Orations and Speeches (1850-59).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Allen, Elisha Hunt

Edition of 1905. See also Elisha Hunt Allen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ALLEN, Elisha Hunt (1804-83). An American politician and Hawaiian justice, born at New Salem, Mass. He graduated at Williams College, was called to the Massachusetts Bar, and was a member of the State Legislature of Maine from 1836 to 1841, and in 1846. In 1849 he was elected to the Massachusetts Legislature, and from 1852 to 1856 was United States consul ​at Honolulu, Hawaii. In 1857-76 he was Chancellor and Chief Justice of the Hawaiian Islands, and from that time was Minister of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Allice

Edition of 1905. See also Allis shad on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AL'LICE, or AL'LIS (Fr. alose, from Lat. alausa). A European shad (Alosa vulgaris) about twenty inches long, caught for food when ascending the rivers to spawn. It is the larger, and considered the better of the two species of European shad, of which the other is called the twaite. These are the maifisch of the Rhine Valley.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alcuin

See also Alcuin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alcuin (ăl' kwin), born in England about 735 A. D., and died in France in 804. He was educated in the cathedral school at York, England, and became head master of that school. He is, perhaps, best known for his labors in the celebrated palace school opened by King Charlemagne in France. Alcuin became the head of this school and, in addition to teaching, he had corrected copies made of classical manuscripts which had gradually become very inaccurate through careless copying. During his last years, Alcuin was abbot of the monastery of St. Martin in Tours, France.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alden, John

See also John Alden on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alden (awl' den), John (born 1589; dies 1689), one of the Pilgrim fathers, who came over in the Mayflower in 1620. For more than fifty years he was a magistrate of Plymouth colony. Miles Standish once sent him to a lady with an offer of marriage, but she, liking John better, said, "Prithee, John, why do you not speak for yourself?"—and John married her. The story is told by Longfellow in his Courtship of Miles Standish.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aldrich, Thomas Bailey

See also Thomas Bailey Aldrich on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Aldrich (awl′drĭch), Thomas Bailey, an American poet and novelist, was born in T. B. ALDRICH Portsmouth, New Hampshire, November 11, 1836. Between the years 1881 and 1890 he was editor of the Atlantic Monthly. He has written The Stillwater Tragedy, Story of a Bad Boy, Marjorie Daw, Prudence Palfrey, Judith and Holofernes and several volumes of poems. He died March 19, 1907.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alcohol

See also Alcohol on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Al'cohol, the spirit of fermented liquors. The word is of Arabic origin, and was originally used as the name of a kind of black paint used by Eastern women for darkening the eyes. It is not known why the word was applied to its present use. Alcohol is made from the juice of grapes, apples, etc., and from corn, grain and other materials containing starch, after the latter has been converted into sugar. When the juices or "mashes" ferment or "work", the sugar which they contain changes into the spirit alcohol. It has great affinity for water, which is to a great degree separated from it by distillation and other processes. When pure it is a deadly poison, and is the intoxicating principle in the so-called spirituous liquors. Brandy, whiskey, rum and gin, which are called distilled liquors, are about one-half alcohol; port wine about one-fourth or one-fifth, and claret and white wines one-tenth, while ale and cider have still less.
When alcohol is drunk it undergoes oxidation in the body, just as sugar, starch and other similar substances do. As a narcotic, it produces at first high spirits; then, as it gets possession of the nerves of feeling, stupidity; then when it has paralyzed the nerves of motion, insensibility; and, finally, if taken in large enough quantities, it reaches the heart and the result is death. Alcohol has many interesting properties and uses. As it never freezes at any natural temperatures, it is used in cold countries in thermometers. It is used in medicines by mixing it with drugs; in varnishes by mixing with resins and gums; and in cologne by mixing with oils. It is used in preserving specimens, as it is an antiseptic. Chemists find it a clean and valuable fuel.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alder

See also Alder on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alder (äl' děr), hardy ornamental tree or shrub, fond of the water and the wood valued for its durability in water. It belongs to the genus Alnus; 20 species are known. A giant among these is the famous black alder of Europe, Asia and North Africa. The alder is widely distributed. In North America there are six species of trees and three of shrubs. "The alder by the river" is not only a very pretty feature of the landscape, but also of value to the land, keeping the banks from crumbling. The tree is not ranked with the more important timber trees, but is put to numerous uses; alder branches furnish the best charcoal for the making of gunpowder; from the bark and shoots is obtained a dye; the wood is turned to account in various small common articles, and is used for piles, pumps, watering-troughs, etc.
The Oregon or red alder is found in the far west, in Washington, Oregon and in the mountains of California down to Santa Barbara. It grows along streams, on canyon sides, and up on the mountains beyond the spruces. On Puget Sound the tree sometimes reaches the height of 80 feet. The bark is smooth and grayish, the leaves dark green. The wood is red-brown in color and is sometimes used for furniture.
The white alder also belongs to the west, borders mountain streams from Idaho down toward the Mexican line. It, too, is a tall tree for an alder. Very early in the year it puts forth great yellow catkins, at this season specially conspicuous and attractive. In the spring the unfolding leaves are covered with white hairs and the young shoots have a white crust. The bark is rough and dark brown in color.
The lanceleaf alder grows on high lands in Arizona and New Mexico. The paperleaf alder is another species found in the mountains of the west.
The seaside alder, an attractive small tree, is found fringing stream and pond in Delaware, Maryland and the Indian Territory. It is from 15 to 30 feet in height, its bark light brown, the leaves a gleaming dark green above, paler beneath. A feature of this tree is the beautiful yellow catkins with which it decks itself in September.
Plants of other orders are popularly called alders. Mention may be made of the winterberry or black alder, common on low grounds, closely related to the American holly, bearing thick-clustered coral-red berries, these appearing in September. The sweet pepperbush or white alder, a shrub in late summer adorned with fragrant white blossoms, grows along the New England coast.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alderman, Edwin Anderson

See also Edwin Alderman on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Al′derman, Edwin Anderson (1861), American educator and president of the University of Virginia, was born at Wilmington, N. C., and educated at the University of his native state. Of the latter, in 1896–99, he was president, when he became head of Tulane University at New Orleans, La., subsequently removing to Charlottesville, Va., to take the presidential chair at the University of Virginia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ale

See also Ale on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ale. See Beer.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alcott, Louisa May

See also Louisa May Alcott on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alcott, Louisa May, daughter of the above, was born in 1833 and died in 1888. Her books for children are perhaps the most popular works of the kind published in this country. Her Hospital Sketches are selections from letters written home from the army in 1863, where she was a volunteer nurse. Her best known books are Little Women, Little Men, Old-Fashioned Girls, Eight Cousins and Rose in Bloom.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aldrich, Nelson Wilmarth

See also Nelson W. Aldrich on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Aldrich (awl′drĭch), Nelson Wilmarth, U. S. Senator (Republican) from Rhode Island, born at Foster, R. I. For six years he was a member of the Providence Common Council, in two of which he acted as president. In 1875 he was a member of the Rhode Island General Assembly and in the latter was elected speaker of the state House of Representatives. In 1878 he was returned to the Federal Congress and in 1880 was re-elected, but in the following year resigned to take a seat in the Senate. He was successively elected to the Senate (in the years 1886, 1892 and 1905), and became one of the most forceful and efficient members of that body. He had charge of the tariff bill passed in 1909. He was also chairman of the commission appointed to revise the monetary system of the country.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alcott, Amos Bronson

* related authors: Amos Bronson Alcott.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, quotes, Wikidata item.
See also the disclaimer.
Alcott (awl' kot), Amos Bronson, American educator, philosophical writer and one of the founders of the New England Transcendentalist school, was born at Wolcott, Conn., November 29, 1799, and died at Boston, March 4, 1888. His active life began by teaching in schools, founded by himself and on methods of his own, the teaching being imparted more by conversation than by books. Later on, he exchanged the schoolroom for the lecture platform, and became dean of the Concord School of Philosophy. At Concord, he was intimate with Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau and Channing, and was a frequent contributor to The Dial. Besides his Table Talk his best known work is his Concord Days.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Burlington (Kansas)

Edition of 1905. See also Burlington, Kansas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BURLINGTON. A city and county-seat of Coffey County, Kan., 60 miles south of Topeka, on the Neosho River, and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads (Map: Kansas, G 3). It is the centre of an agricultural and stock-raising district, in the principal products of which it has considerable trade, is supplied with good water-power, and contains flour-mills. The city has a public library. Population, in 1890, 2239; in 1900, 2418.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Burlington (New Jersey)

Edition of 1905. See also Burlington, New Jersey on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BURLINGTON. A city and port of entry in Burlington County, N. J., on the Delaware ​River, 18 miles above Philadelphia, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad (Map: New Jersey, C 3). Burlington has a public library, and is the seat of Burlington College, founded in 1846, and Saint Mary's Hall for girls (Protestant Episcopal). There are manufactures of shoes, stoves, iron pipe, carriages and harness, and canned goods. Burlington is governed under a charter of 1851 (revised 1868), which provides for a mayor, elected every three years, and a municipal council. The city owns and operates its water-works. Population, in 1890, 7264; in 1900, 7392.
Burlington was settled in 1677 by London and Yorkshire Friends, and before receiving its present name, was called first New Beverly, and then Bridlington. After 1686, until Trenton was made the capital of New Jersey, the Legislature met alternately at Perth Amboy and Burlington. A city charter, granted by Governor Cosby in 1733, was confirmed by the Legislature in 1744, and in 1784 a new charter was issued. The city was fired upon by the English and Hessians in 1776, and again in 1778, when much property was destroyed, though no lives were lost. Consult Woodward, History of Burlington and Mercer Counties (Philadelphia, 1883).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Burlington (Vermont)

Edition of 1905. See also Burlington, Vermont on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BURLINGTON. A city, port of entry, and county-seat of Chittenden County, Vt., 40 miles west by north of Montpelier, on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, and on the Rutland and Central Vermont railroads (Map: Vermont, A 4). Burlington has a beautiful situation on high ground, and is laid out in broad, well-shaded streets. In the centre of the city is a large public square, near which are the handsome court-house, the city hall, the United States post-office and custom-house, and the Young Men's Christian Association building and the site of the new public library. The University of Vermont and State Agricultural College (q.v.), founded in 1791, is finely located on a hill; the Billings Library, designed by H. H. Richardson, is the most notable of its buildings. Among other features of the city are the Fletcher Free Library, the Howard Opera House, the Masonic Temple, the Roman Catholic cathedral, Saint Paul's Episcopal Church, the Mary Fletcher Hospital, Home for Destitute Children, Louisa Howard Mission, Providence Asylum, Saint Patrick's Academy, Saint Mary's Academy, Bishop Hopkins Hall, Edmunds High School, Vermont Episcopal Institute, Battery and College parks, the latter containing a statue of Lafayette, and two cemeteries—Lake View, situated near the lake, and Green Mount, overlooking the Winooski Valley, and containing the grave of Col. Ethan Allen, with a monument. An artificial breakwater forms a safe harbor, connected by steam and sailing vessels with leading ports on the lake. Burlington is one of the largest lumber markets in the country, the product being brought principally from Canada; and extensive quarries of marble, limestone, and other building-stone in the vicinity furnish material for another branch of its commerce. There are also important manufactures, to some extent promoted by the water-power furnished by the Winooski River, which include lumber, furniture, chairs, refrigerators, packing-boxes, brushes, patent medicines, cotton and woolen goods, paper, etc. Under a revised charter of 1896, the government is vested in a mayor, annually elected; a city council, of which the executive is a member; and administrative officials, the majority elected by the council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1880, ll,365; in 1890, 14,590; in 1900, 18,640.
Burlington was chartered in 1763, but no settlement was made until about 1774, and it was not regularly organized as a town until 1797. In 1809 the Vermont, one of the first steamboats to be built in the country, was launched here. Burlington was chartered as a city in 1865.
See Vol. I. of Vermont Historical Gazetteer
(4 vols., Burlington, 1867-82), and a sketch in the New England Magazine (Vol. XI, second series).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Burlington Arcade, The

Edition of 1905. See also Burlington Arcade on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BURLINGTON ARCADE, The. A paved and roofed passage, raised a few steps above the street, running between Piccadilly and Burlington Gardens, London. On each side are small, open-fronted shops, where minor wares of all sorts can be purchased.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Burlington Limestone

Edition of 1905. See also Burlington Limestone on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BURLINGTON LIMESTONE. A limestone of Carboniferous age, and a valuable material for building, found in abundance near Burlington, Iowa, and elsewhere in the Mississippi Valley. It is divisible into two members, the upper one being nearly pure carbonate of lime, the lower one containing magnesia. This formation is peculiar for the abundance of fossils found in it, especially of Crinoidea and corals.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Burlos

Edition of 1905. See also Lake Burullus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BURLOS, bōōr′lṓs (from the cape Brullus). A lagoon in the Nile delta, Egypt, beginning about 5 miles east of Rosetta. It extends eastward for about 38 miles, and is separated by a narrow strip of land from the Mediterranean, with which it communicates through a narrow channel (Map: Egypt, D 1).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Burlington House

Edition of 1905. See also Burlington House on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BURLINGTON HOUSE. An old mansion in Piccadilly, London, between Old Bond and Sackville streets, built for Richard, Lord Burlington, in 1695-1743. It was a meeting-place of Eighteenth-Century notables, and is still a literary and scientific centre. It was purchased by the British Government in 1854. On part of the old garden stands the new Burlington House, finished in 1872, the home of the Royal, Geological, and Antiquarian Societies, and other learned bodies.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Burlingame, Edward Livermore

Edition of 1905. See also Edward L. Burlingame on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BURLINGAME, Edward Livermore (1848—). An American magazine editor, born in Boston, Mass. He was educated at Harvard and Heidelberg, and became editorially connected with the New York Tribune in 1871. From 1872 to 1876 he was a member of the staff for the revision of Dana and Ripley's American Cyclopædia, and in 1879 joined the editorial force of Charles Scribner's Sons. In 1886 he became editor-in-chief of Scribner's Magazine.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Burlington

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ BUR′LINGTON. See Beidlington.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Burlington (Iowa)

Edition of 1905. See also Burlington, Iowa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BURLINGTON. A city, railroad centre, and county-seat of Des Moines County, Iowa, 206 miles west-southwest of Chicago, Ill., on the right bank of the Mississippi River, and on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy and several other railroads (Map: Iowa, F 4). Burlington, sometimes called the ‘Orchard City,’ occupies a natural amphitheatre, formed by the limestone bluffs that slope back from the river, and on which many of the residences are built, and is regularly laid out. The river here is broad and deep, and is spanned by the railroad bridge of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. Burlington is connected by steamboat lines with important points on the Mississippi, and its river commerce is important. The industries are the manufacture of machinery, wagons, wheels, desks, furniture, lumber, agricultural implements, screens, mattresses, brooms, soap, flour, linseed oil, etc.; pork-packing and the quarrying of limestone found in the vicinity. The extensive machine and repair shops of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad are located here. Among the prominent buildings are the opera house, Young Men's Christian Association building, court-house, city hall, and hospitals. The city has a public library of over 17,000 volumes, Burlington Institute College, besides high schools and grammar schools. Crapo Park, of 100 acres, situated in the southern part of the city, has a fine location and scenery not excelled along the Mississippi. The city is governed by a mayor, elected for two years, and a city council, which has the power of appointment to most of the city's offices. Burlington was named from the city of Burlington, Vt., by its first settlers. A fur-trading post was established here as early as 1829; the first dwelling-houses were erected in 1833, a town was laid out in 1834 and incorporated in 1837, and the city chartered in 1838. It was the capital of Iowa from 1837 to 1840. Population, in 1890, 23,201.