OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Azalea

See also Azalea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Azalea (a-zāl' ya), a flowering plant belonging to the Heath family, closely related to the rhododendron. It covers mountain slopes, is a native of the countries bordering on the Black Sea, and abounds in North America. They are among the most ornamental and beautiful of flowering shrubs, and are well represented by native forms in our eastern mountain regions. In the flowering season they are often completely covered with showy flowers of various bright colors.
The pink azalea, often called the wild honeysuckle, is distributed from Maine to Illinois and south to the Gulf of Mexico. It is a shrub from two to six feet high, the flowers grow in clusters, bloom in April and May, giving rosy hue to swamp and moist wood. Closely related to this is the clammy azalea or white honeysuckle, a shrub from three to ten feet high, bearing fragrant white blossoms in early summer. It is seen as a rule in swamps along the coast, found from Maine to Florida and westward to Texas. Decking the mountains of Georgia is the smooth or tree azalea, with June flowers of rare fragrance and beauty. The azalea is highly prized as a garden flower in Europe. European horticulturists were quick to appreciate its beauty. It is the national flower of Flanders.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Azov, Sea of

See also Sea of Azov on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Azov (ä-zŏv′), Sea of, is a large gulf in the Black Sea. It was first called the Mæotic Marsh, from the name of the people dwelling on its shores. The Turks called it Fish Sea. The water is almost fresh. The whole sea is shallow, and measures 235 by 110 miles. The largest river emptying into it is the Don. During the Crimean War, there were sent to this sea, in 1855, a number of war vessels having on board 16,500 French, English and Turks. With this hostile array, the allies bombarded the ports and cut off supplies intended for Sebastopol.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Avernus

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Aver′nus, called now Lago d’Averno, is a small circular lake in Italy. It is about a mile and a half around, and lies in the crater of an extinct volcano. It is in some places 200 feet deep, and is almost completely shut in by steep and wooded heights. The sulphurous vapors arising from it were believed in ancient times to kill the birds that flew over it, and so it probably got its name from a Greek word meaning “birdless.” Its gloomy and awful appearance made it the center of almost all the stories of the ancients about the world of shades. Here was Homer’s and Vergil’s entrance into the lower world, and here were the Elysian fields, the cave of Hecate and the grotto of the Cumæan Sibyl. Agrippa connected it with the Lucrine Lake and the sea, making it a sort of harbor; but the volcanic upheaval of Monte Nuovo, in 1358, again made Avernus an inland lake. On its east side are the ruins of a temple of Apollo, and on its south side what is shown as the grotto of the Sibyl.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Zodiacal Light

See also Zodiacal Light on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Zodi′acal Light. If an observer in the tropical regions of the earth on a clear, moonless night watches the western sky from sunset till the last trace of twilight has disappeared, he will notice that the twilight seems to linger longer near the point where the sun sank below the horizon and that gradually a nebulous band of light, broad toward the horizon and narrowing, first rapidly and then more slowly upward, begins to stand put clearly from the vanishing twilight, which spreads along a much wider arc of the horizon. This is the zodiacal light. When seen on a perfectly clear night, it will be noticed that it fades imperceptibly on both sides and toward the vertex and that its light is distinctly brighter toward the base than at higher points. Its width at its base may be said to vary from 10° to 30°, and the height of its vertex from 40° to 90°. It is most clearly seen in our latitude during the spring months after sunset and in the autumnal months before sunrise. This is due not to any change in the light itself, but to the fact that at other seasons of the year the ecliptic makes so small an angle with the horizon that light lying in or near it does not rise sufficiently high above the mists of the horizon to be seen after the twilight has vanished.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Zola, Émile

See also Émile Zola on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Zo'la, Émile, French novelist, was born at Paris, April 2, 1840, of a French mother and an Italian father, an eminent civil engineer. His distinguished son spent his boyhood at Aix, and was educated at Lycée St. Louis. Settling in Paris, he for a time was in the employ of Messrs. Hachette, the well-known publishing firm. His first venture in fiction was Les Mystères de Marseille, and in this and in Thérèse Raquin he at once displayed power in the critical analysis of human character. Soon after this he formed the naturalistic school of fiction, with Flaubert, Daudet and the Goncourts, chiefly marked by a hideous though powerful delineation of the crimes, weaknesses and loathsomeness of Parisian social life. The fruit in part of this was the series known as The Rougon-Macquart Family, modelled somewhat after Balzac's La Comédie Humaine. The more notable subsequent stories are L'Assommoir, Nana, Pot Bouille, La Joie de Vivre, Au Bonheur des Dames, Germinal, La Terre, La Bête Humaine, La Débâcle and Le Docteur Pascal. Their nastiness is somewhat sweetened by La Rêve (The Dream) and by a love-story entitled Lourdes. The latter forms one of a trilogy, which Zola called Les Trois Villes — Lourdes, Rome and Paris — all in the extreme realistic vein. His latest work, written in exile, occasioned by his courageous advocacy of the famous Dreyfus case, was entitled Fécondité. He was a knight of the French Legion of Honor, but was refused admittance to the French Academy. He died on Sept. 29, 1902.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Zinc-Etching

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Zinc-Etch'ing, a favorite process for reproducing pen-drawings or engravings in white and black. A photograph is taken of the drawing or engraving which is to be copied, and the negative is placed over a zinc or copper plate, which has been covered with a varnish, and is then exposed to the light. The varnished portions which are exposed to the light become insoluble, while the parts protected by the lines of the photograph remain soluble. The plate is then treated with an acid solution by which the soluble portions of the varnish are removed and the lines of the drawing or engraving are etched or eaten into the metal. Consult Hamerton's Etcher's Handbook Herkomer's Etching and Kohler's Etching.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Zinc-White

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Zinc-White or Chinese White, a hydrated oxide of zinc, used as a pigment in lieu of white lead. As a body-color it is largely used in water-color painting.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Zion, Mount

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Zi'on, Mount, the name of the hill on which stood the southwestern part of Jerusalem, called the City of David or Upper City. At the present day the city-wall runs obliquely over the hill, so that only the northern half is included in the city. On the west and still more on the south it descends steeply into the Vale of Hinnom, 300 feet. Mount Zion is 2,500 feet above the sea. With the prophets and poets of the Old Testament it stands for the whole of Jerusalem (often called Daughter of Zion), particularly in reference to the temple.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ziska, John

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Zis'ka, John, the famous leader of the Hussites, was born at Trocsznow, Bohemia, about 1360. While a mere boy he became a page to King Wenceslaus of Bohemia, but soon after embraced the career of arms and distinguished himself in the war against the Teutonic Knights. Returning to Bohemia after the murder of John Huss, Ziska soon became prominent among those who sought to resist the decisions of the Council of Constance. After the outbreak at Prague in 1419 Ziska was unanimously chosen leader of the Hussites, and the first great religious conflict in Germany began in earnest. When Emperor Sigismund—who had allowed his safe-conduct to Huss to be violated—advanced an army of 40,000 men into Bohemia to obtain possession of the throne, his project was frustrated for a time by the Hussites, who defeated his army with a hastily levied force. The war against Sigismund was continued with the utmost vigor by Ziska, even after he became blind, until Sigismund became convinced that the conquest of Bohemia was impossible. He therefore proposed an arrangement with the Hussites, by which full religious liberty was allowed to them and Ziska was to be their governor, King Wenceslaus having died soon after the war broke out. But the war-worn chief did not live to complete the treaty. While besieging the castle of Przibislaw he was seized with the plague and died on Oct. 11, 1424. He was buried in a church at Czaslav, and his iron war-club was hung over his tomb.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Zone

See also Clime on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Zone, literally a belt or girdle, a portion of the surface of a globe or sphere lying between any two circles of the same whose planes are parallel to each other, or that portion of the surface of a sphere cut off by the plane of a circle. As the earth's axis is inclined 23½° to the plane of the ecliptic or the sun's apparent path around the earth, the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn are located that distance north and south of the equator, respectively; and for the same reason the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle are located 23½° from the north and south poles respectively. These circles are accordingly said to divide the earth's surface into five zones: to wit, the North Frigid, lying north of the Arctic Circle; the North Temperate, lying between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer; the Torrid, lying on both sides of the equator, between the Tropic of Cancer on the north and the Tropic of Capricorn on the south; the South Temperate, lying between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle; and the South Frigid, lying south of the Antarctic Circle. The area of a zone on any sphere is equal to the circumference of a great circle multiplied by the height of the zone.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Zionism and the Zionist Movement

See also Zionism on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Zi'onism and the Zi'onist Movement. Of recent years there has been much discussion over the project, embodying the Jewish nationalistic ideal, to acquire and settle in Palestine, on an autonomous basis, a home for the Jewish race. The more notable men interested in this Zionist project include, among others, Dr. Max Nordau, Israel Zangwill, the English novelist, Dr. Marmorek, head of the Pasteur Institute in France, and Prof. Richard Gottheil in this country. With this object in view congresses have met and leagues have of late been formed whose object, as it has been said, is to secure "the provision of a territory upon an autonomous basis for those Jews who are unable or unwilling to remain in their present lands, and [the movement] pledges itself to promote the acquisition of a legally assured place for Jewish settlement." When the scheme is ripe, a Jewish loan is promised to be raised for their extradition and otherwise to help them. In aid of the contemplated project a congress has of late been held at Basle, but it came to no immediate practical result, on account of a split in the assembled body, one section adhering to the idea of settlement only in the Holy Land, while another considered the offer of the British Government of a large territorial area in East Africa. Favoring the movement is also that of Zangwill, entitled The Jewish Territorial Organization and intended, if at all practicable, to settle in Palestine. Another and similar scheme has, moreover, been set on foot, entitled The London Zionist League, whose object is, if practicable, legally to secure and publicly to recognize a home in Palestine for national regeneration, preliminary to other definite and practical efforts.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Zodiac

See also Zodiac on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Zo′diac, an imaginary zone of the heavens, within which lie the paths of the sun, moon and principal planets. It is bounded by two circles equidistant from the ecliptic — about 18° apart; is divided into 12 signs; and is marked by 12 constellations. The signs are geometrical divisions 30° in extent, counted from the vernal equinox in the direction of the sun’s progress through them. The whole series accordingly shifts westward through the effect of precession by about one degree in 72 years, requiring 25,868 years for a complete circuit. At the moment of crossing the equator toward the north the sun is said to be at the first point of Aries (Ram); some 30 days later it enters Taurus (Bull); and so on through Gemini (Twins), Cancer (Crab), Leo (Lion), Virgo (Virgin), Libra (Balance), Scorpio (Scorpion), Sagittarius (Archer), Capricornus (Goat), Aquarius (Water-Bearer) and Pisces (Fishes). The constellations bearing the same names coincided approximately in position when Hipparchus observed them at Rhodes, more than 2,000 years ago, with the positions they designate. The discrepancy now, however, amounts to the entire breadth of a sign, the sun’s path in Aries lying among the stars in Pisces; in Taurus among those of Aries; in Gemini among those of Taurus etc. This gradual retrogression of the signs through the constellations of the zodiac will continue till in about 25,868 years they accomplish a complete circuit. After this period the sign and constellation of Aries will coincide as they did in the time of Hipparchus.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Zoroaster

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Zoroas'ter is the name of the founder of what is known as the Parsi religion of ancient Persia. He seems to have been born in Bactria, but most of the legends concerning his history are utterly unreliable. Even the time when he lived is uncertain, but it may be safely asserted to have been as early as 1000 B. C.; possibly he was a contemporary of Moses. The fundamental idea of Zoroaster's creed is its dualism. At the beginning there existed two spirits: Ormuzd, who represented the good, and Ahriman, the evil. Ormuzd is light and life, law, order, truth and all that is pure and holy; while Ahriman is darkness, falsehood, corruption, evil and death. These two spirits are represented as in perpetual conflict for the mastery of the world; but the final triumph of Ormuzd, the good spirit, is promised to comfort the hearts of all the faithful. Other features of Zoroaster's system of doctrine may be briefly mentioned: (1) the principal duty of man in this life is to obey the word and commandments of God; (2) disobedience is punished with the death of the sinner; (3) those who obey the word of God will be free from all defects; (4) men should pray to God and worship, as He always hears the prayers of the good; (5) the souls of the pure and good will enjoy everlasting life, while those of the wicked will suffer everlasting punishment.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Air Gun

See also Air gun on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Air Gun, a weapon for shooting bullets or other projectiles by means of condensed air. The air is forced into a vessel, usually in the stock, by means of a condensing syringe. When the finger touches the trigger, the air reaches into the space behind the bullet and drives it out of the barrel, and when the finger is taken away the vessel is again closed. Thus several shots may be fired, but with less force each time. At its greatest, the force is not equal to an ordinary charge of gunpowder.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Air Plants

See also Epiphyte on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Air Plants. Those plants which obtain all their food materials from the air. See Epiphytes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Air Pump

See also Air pump on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Air Pump, an instrument used either to compress air in a closed vessel or to exhaust the air from a closed vessel. When used for the former purpose it is generally known as a "force pump," and when used for the latter purpose it is frequently called a "vacuum pump."
Air pumps, like other pumps, consist essentially of a cylinder fitted with a piston and two valves. The simplest of those which are used for compressing air is, perhaps, the ordinary bicycle pump illustrated in Fig. 1. Here the piston is provided with a more or less flexible leather collar which allows the air to pass down around it as the piston is lifted. But on the down stroke of the piston this leather collar acts as packing and prevents the air from passing up. Hence this one part acts as both piston and valve.
A second valve, V$_2$, at the bottom of the cylinder prevents the air in the tire from getting back into the cylinder during the upstroke of the piston.
* Fig. 1 single-acting bicycle pump
The vacuum pump is built upon exactly the same principles as the force pump, only the direction in which the valves open is reversed.
The first artificial vacuum was produced by Otto von Guericke, about 1650, with a pump similar to an ordinary lift-pump used in wells, except that instead of pumping the air out of an open vessel, such as a well, he pumped it out of a closed vessel.
* Fig. 2 sprengel air pump
The immense improvement which has recently been made in the construction of air pumps, especially by the introduction of valves which open automatically, can be seen from the fact that Guericke's pump required four able-bodied men to operate it. A modern air pump is easily worked by one hand.
​ In Fig. 2 is given a diagram of the best of these mercury pumps, the one devised by Sprengel.
The supply of mercury is contained in the reservoir on the left. It flows over into the bulb B, where it falls in drops into the long tube on the right. These drops entrap between them the air in B. The mercury which runs out is collected and poured back into the reservoir on the left. In this manner practically all the air can be removed from the bulb B, and hence from any vessel R, which may be connected with B. At M is a manometer which indicates the pressure in the vessel R, which is being exhausted.
A pump of this type is capable of producing a vacuum in which the pressure is only 1oo,ooo,oooth of an atmosphere.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aix-la-Chapelle

See also Aachen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Aix-la-Chapelle (āks-lă-shä-pel'), German Aachen, a city of Prussia. It was founded by the Romans and contains the tomb of Charlemagne. Three treaties were signed here, the most important being that of 1748, when a congress was held between France, England, Holland, Austria, Spain, Sardinia and Modena. This treaty made Switzerland independent, the Rhine free to navigation, secured the Protestant succession in England, and the disunion of the French and Spanish crowns. The dislike of England and France for the treaty caused the "Seven Years' War," begining in 1755. Pop. (1910) 156,044.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ajax

See also Ajax the Great on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​A'jax was the son of Telamon, king of Salamis, and next to Achilles in warlike strength. He led the men of Salamis to Troy in twelve ships, and was called the bulwark of the Greeks. At the death of Achilles Ajax, as the bravest of the Greeks, claimed his armor, but it was given to his rival, Ulysses. Upon this, becoming insane, he killed himself. Sophocles tells the story of his madness and death in his tragedy Ajax.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Akenside, Mark

See also Mark Akenside on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Akenside (d'ken-sid), Mark (born 1721, died 17 70),an English physician and poet,who chiefly owes his position among the poets to his Pleasures of the Imagination, a poem which at once became famous.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Akbar

See also Akbar on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ak'bar, one of the greatest and wisest of the Mogul emperors, was born at Amarkote, in Sindh, in 1542. When he ascended the throne only a small part of what had formerly belonged to the Mogul empire owned his authority, and he devoted himself with wonderful success to the recovery of the revolted provinces. He tried by every means to encourage commerce. He had the land carefully measured, so that the taxes should be fair. His people were of different races and religions, but he was just and tolerant to all. He founded schools and was friendly to scholars. Measures like these gained for him the title of "Guardian of Mankind," and caused him to be held up as a model to Indian princes of later times. He died in 1605.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Akene

See also Achene on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Akene (d-ken'). A seed-like fruit, as in the sunflower, dandelion, etc. Often written "achene." See Fruit.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Akron

See also Akron, Ohio on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ak'ron, Ohio, a city, the ccunty seat of Summit County, and a large manufacturing, shipping and railroad center, 35 miles south of Cleveland. Incorporated in 1836, the city is on the Ohio Canal, the Pennsylvania, Erie, Baltimore & Ohio and other railroads. It has coal mines in its vicinity and large industries within it, including one of the largest printing and publishing establishments in the world, match and rubber goods factories, flour and other cereal mills, boiler and mining machinery works, besides cordage, pottery and sewer-pipe, mower a,nd reaper works, a lithographic plant, etc. Buchtell College, of the Universalist denomination, has its seat here, with 20 instructors and 300 students, while there are good public school facilities, a public library, a hospital and efficient police and fire protection. In the neighborhood, reached by train service, are a number of attractive lake resorts. Pop. (1910) about 69,067.
# The Night Before Christmas (film)

* related portals: Christmas film, Silent film.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
Cast and Crew :
| Crew ||
| Production company | Edison Studios |
| Distributor | Edison Manufacturing Company |
| Director | Edwin Stanton Porter (d. 1941) |
| Screenwriter | Clement Clarke Moore (d. 1863) |
| Cinematographer | Edwin Stanton Porter |
| Based on available information, the latest crew member that is relevant to international copyright laws died in 1941, meaning that this film may be in the public domain in countries and jurisdictions with 82 years p.m.a. or less, as well as in the United States. ||
TRADE MARK Thomas A Edison
THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS
PATENTED COPYRIGHTED 1905
"The stockings were hung, By the chimney with care. In hope that Saint Nicholas, Soon would be there."
"The children were nestled, All snug in their beds. While visions of sugar-plums, Danced in their heads."
"Now Dasher! now Dancer! Now Pranger and Viwen! On! Comet; on! Cupid; On! Dunder and Blitzen"
"So up to the house-top, The coursers they flew. With sleigh full of toys And Saint Nicholas too."
"He has a broad face, And a little round belly. That shook when he laughed, Like a bowl-full of jelly."
Merry Christmas To All, And To All A Good Night
THE END
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1941, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 82 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse