OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ruef, Abraham

Edition of 1920. See also Abraham Ruef on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RUEF, roof, Abraham, American political boss: b. San Francisco, Cal. He was graduated at the University of California in 1884 and was admitted to the bar in 1886. He made himself a political power in San Francisco, and was said to control the city administration through Mayor Eugene F. Schmitz, elected in 1901. There were graft scandals implicating Ruef, as an attorney, together with the mayor and board of supervisors in the division of the spoils. Ruef was brought to trial through the efforts
of San Francisco citizens, headed by Rudolph Spreckels. The services of Francis J. Heney, who had acted for the United States in the Oregon land scandals, and William J. Burns of the United States secret service, were secured and Ruef was in 1911 convicted of bribery and sentenced to nine years, imprisonment. He was paroled in 1915 on a pledge to remain out of politics.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rowlandson, Mary White

Edition of 1920. See also Mary Rowlandson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ROWLANDSON, rô'lạnd-sȯn, Mary White, American captive among the Indians. She was carried away by the Indians after an attack on Lancaster, Mass., 10 Feb. 1675, during King Philip's War. For a time she was kept in an Indian village near the site of Petersham, Worcester County, and later was taken by her captors across the Connecticut, and after about three months was ransomed. Her ‘True History’ of her captivity and restoration was printed at Cambridge, Mass., and in London, in 1682. A fifth edition was prepared by Joseph Willard (1828), and is reproduced in ‘Narratives of the Indian Wars’ (New York 1913). The work, though not always clear as to detail, is interesting, and throws a graphic sidelight on Indian existence with its cruelty and squalor.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Roswitha

Edition of 1920. See also Hrotsvitha on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ROSWITHA, rǒs′vë-tä, or HROTSWITHA, hrǒts′vě-tä, German poet: b. about 932; d. about 1002. She was of Saxon birth and a nun in the Benedictine convent of Gandersheim, Brunswick; the first German poet and the first dramatist since the Roman period. She wrote sacred legends, a poetical chronicle of the reign of Otto I and six Latin comedies for performance before the sisterhood. The latter were imitations of Terence, and without attempting a development of character they displayed rapidity of action and good theatric effect. Her works were first published at Nuremberg in 1501; translations were made by Benedixen in 1850–53. The best edition was published by Barack in 1858. Consult Köpke. 'Hrotsuit von Gandersheim' (1869).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Roth, Frederick George Richard

Edition of 1920. See also Frederick Roth on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ROTH, rōt, Frederick George Richard, American sculptor: b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 28 April 1872. He received his early education in Germany and studied art at the Vienna and Berlin Academies of Fine Arts. He returned to the United States and from 1890 was professionally engaged as a sculptor, attaining a reputation for the excellence of his small animal groups. He has exhibited in New York, Philadelphia, Saint Louis, Chicago, Portland and Düsseldorf; and was awarded silver medals at the Saint Louis and Buenos Aires expositions, and a gold medal at Panama. He was elected to the National Academy in 1906. Five of his small bronzes are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rothermel, Peter Frederick

Edition of 1920. See also Peter F. Rothermel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ROTHERMEL, rŏth'ėr-mĕl, Peter Frederick, American painter: b. Luzerne County, Pa., 18 July 1817; d. near Pottstown, Pa., 15 Aug. 1895. He was educated as a land surveyor, but at 22 studied painting, and about 1840 opened a studio as a portrait painter at Philadelphia, and eventually turned his attention to historical subjects. Among his earlier works are ‘Christabel’ and ‘Katherine and Petruchio.’ He has also painted many American subjects, among them ‘De Soto Discovering the Mississippi,’ ‘Columbus Before Isabella the Catholic,’ the ‘Noche Triste’ from Prescott's ‘Conquest of Mexico’; ‘Patrick Henry Before the Virginia House of Burgesses’; and ‘The Battle of Gettysburg.’ His pictures reveal a fine sense of color and a power of dramatic composition which are not common; but he has a tendency to exaggeration and his overtrained action is very often less genuinely effective than sensational.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rouget de Lisle, Claude Joseph

Edition of 1920. See also Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ROUGET DE LISLE, roo-zhā dė lēl, Claude Joseph, French song-writer: b. Lons-le-Saulnier, France, 10 May 1760; d. Choisy-le-Roi, 27 June 1836. He published ‘Fifty French Songs, Words of Various Authors, Set to Music by Rouget de Lisle’ (1826), etc., but is chiefly remembered as the author of both the words and music of ‘the Marseillaise’ (q.v.).
# The Gnat and the Bull

Perry index 137
* "Of the Camel and of the Flee", translated by William Caxton, edited by Joseph Jacobs, in The fables of Aesop, as first printed by William Caxton in 1484 (1484)
* "A Bull and a Gnat", translated by Roger L'Estrange, in Fables of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists (1692)
* "The Gnat and the Bull", translated by George Fyler Townsend, in Three Hundred Æsop's Fables (1867)
* "The Gnat and the Bull", translated by Vernon Stanley Jones, illustrated by Arthur Rackham, in Æsop's fables: A New Translation (1912)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Gnat and the Lion

Perry index 255
* "A Gnat Challenges a Lyon", translated by Roger L'Estrange, in Fables of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists (1692)
* "The Gnat and the Lion", translated by George Fyler Townsend, in Three Hundred Æsop's Fables (1867)
* "The Gnat and the Lion", translated by Vernon Stanley Jones, illustrated by Arthur Rackham, in Æsop's fables: A New Translation (1912)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Tree-toad

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
TREE-TOAD. See Tree-frog.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Tree Worship

Edition of 1920. See also Tree worship on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TREE WORSHIP. The worship of a tree as in itself divine does not appear to have prevailed in any age of the world. In the mythology of ancient Greece and Rome, trees were regarded as the abodes of sylvan deities, supernatural beings inferior to the gods of Olympus. Even where this view was not taken, and the tree was not venerated as the dwelling-place of divinity, trees were associated with the worship of the gods, and a certain degree of sanctity attached to them. This association was so strong and to the popular view so indissoluble, that to destroy a grove in which a god was worshipped was to put an end to the worship at that particular spot. Bible statements (1 Kings xv, 13, 14 and other places) show that the removal of an idol, while the grove remained, was not sufficient to put a stop to idolatry. The sacred groves were also an essential feature of Druidical worship. It should be remembered that, while the philosophers and other learned men of ancient Greece and Rome looked upon the current mythology with incredulity, if not contempt, the great mass of the people, and in particular the peasantry, were deeply devoted to it, and to them the sacred groves, the dryads, fauns and satyrs were very real.
Tree worship, or anything resembling it, has no place in any branch of Christianity, and among Christians the attachment to trees, or any particular tree, is entirely a matter of natural sentiment. There is nothing of the kind in Mohammedanism, and the sacred literature of Buddhism attaches no sanctity to trees. Nevertheless, before the destruction, in October 1887, of the Bo tree, grown from a branch of the tree sent by Asoka, king of Maghada, and famous as a devotee of Buddhism, to Ceylon, in the 3d century B.C., thousands of pilgrims visited the tree annually and offered up prayers before it. This cannot be called tree-worship in the ancient meaning of the term. It is true nevertheless, that the early Buddhists regarded certain trees as sacred, and much time elapsed before members of that faith got rid of their old superstitions in this respect. Those superstitions still prevail among the more barbarous races, and some of the Greek Christians in remote districts are said to mingle pagan worship of tree-gods with their nominally Christian practices.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Tree-kangaroo

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
TREE-KANGAROO. See Dendrolagus; Kangaroo.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Tree-shrew

Edition of 1920. See also Treeshrew on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TREE-SHREW, or BANXRING, a small squirrel-like insectivore of India and the Malay Archipelago, the several species of which constitute the family Tupaiidæ. The fur is soft and glistening, and a long, bushy tail is generally present. They are restlessly active during the day, searching for insects and fruits, both on the ground and in trees. Two of the largest species are the tana (T. tana), with a feathery tail, in one variety of a bright, golden color; and the ferruginous banxring (T. ferruginea), widely distributed in the Malayan region. The soles of the feet in the latter are plaited like those of geckos and give the animals a sure grip of a branch. Consult Blanford, ‘Mammals of India’ (London 1888).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Tree-porcupine

Edition of 1920. See also Sphiggurus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TREE-PORCUPINE, or COUIY, a South American arboreal porcupine (q.v.) of the genus Cercolabes (or Sphingurus), characterized prominently by the long, naked prehensile tail. There are several species, all small and short-spined.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Tree-rat

Edition of 1920. See also Tree rat on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TREE-RAT, a small East Indian rat (Mus arboreus), common in Bengal. It builds a nest in cocoanut trees and bamboos, and lives partly on grain and partly on young cocoanut.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Tree-sparrow

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
TREE-SPARROW. See Sparrow.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Tree of Tule

Edition of 1920. See also Árbol del Tule on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TREE OF TULE. Among the big trees of the world, thte best known are the Sequoias, or Giant Redwoods of California, which reach a diameter of 36 feet and a height of 279 feet. Not so widely known, but equally tall, are the Eucalyptus trees of southeastern Australia. The Banyan trees of India cover more space, but these are more like a grove than a single tree. The Big Tree of Tule may fairly claim to be the largest tree in the world. Tule is about 360 miles south of the City of Mexico and just a few miles south of Oaxaca, on the stage road between Oaxaca and the Ruins of Mitla. The tree is about 50 feet in diameter — Campbell's guide book gives the circumference as 154 feet and two inches at six feet from the ground — and the height is a little more than three times the diameter of the trunk, so that in general appearance it resembles a gigantic willow. A common name for the tree is The Montezuma Cypress. The scientific name is Taxodium mucronatum; consequently, it is closely related to the Swamp Cypress, or Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum) of the southern United States. The Montezuma Cypress was once abundant in Mexico and many of the trees were very large, but, even in the time of Cortez, the Big Tree of Tule was famous as the largest of all living things. Humboldt carved on the trunk an inscription which is now so overgrown that only the beginning and end of the lines can be read. The government — at least until 1912 — recognized the tree as a wonder and kept guards to preserve it against the ravages of tourists. Estimating the age by the annual growth rings and assuming that the grpwth rings of the big tree are of about the same width as in other large
trees of the same species, the Big Tree of Tale must be at least 5,000 years old. The famous Tree of the Sorrowful Night — Arbol del Noche Triste — in the City of Mexico, the tree under which Cortez rested after his worst defeat at the hands of the Aztecs, belongs to the same species.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Tree Ferns

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
TREE FERNS. See Ferns and Fern Allies.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munkar

See also the 1906 Encyclopedia Americana disclaimer.
Mun'kar. See Mohammedanism
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munkacsy, Michael

See also the 1906 Encyclopedia Americana disclaimer.
Munkacsy, moon′kä-chē, Michael, Hunganan painter: b. Munkacs, Bereg County, Hungary, 10 Oct. 1846; d. Endenich, near Bonn, 1 May 1900. His real name was Lieb, but he is known only under the assumed name derived from that of his birthplace. Beginning life as a carpenter, he met a strolling portrait painter in Gyula, who was so much struck by the artisan's interest in art that he gave him painting lessons. Munkacsy proceeded to paint portraits and genre pictures, taking his subjects from e0mmou country life. One of these early canvases, 'A Country Idyll,' was purchased by the Art Union of Pesth. He eventually put himself under the instruction of the battle-painter Franz Adam at Munich. He made rapid progress and the Hungarian government awarded him the first prize for genre paintings thrice in succession, and he was thus enabled to take up his residence at Düsseldorf and to study under Knaus and Vautier. The first great picture he painted was 'The Last Day of a Condemned Man,' exhibited in the Paris Salon in 1870. This was followed in 1871 by 'Wartime' (an episode in the Hungarian war). The succeeding year he made Paris his home and his pictures began to attract growing attention. He painted many small genres of singular power and character, such as 'Going to School'; 'The Kitchen Politician'; 'The Butter Woman'; !The Pawn Shop' (1874); 'The Workshop' (1875); but as his strength and mastery of his art grew he rose to loftier subjects, religions and historical. In 1877 he painted 'Milton in his Blindness Dictating Paradise Lost,' to which was awarded the gold medal at the Paris Expnsilion. It is now in the Lenox Library, New York. Great as was the sensation created by this picture, a historic genre of remarkable coloring in gray and black and of profound insight and power of characterization, an even deeper impression was produced by his 'Christ Before Pilate' (1882), which some critics consider the greatest religious picture of its century. This vast canvas is startling in its freshness of conception, its living action, the minglcd grandeur and pathos which the artist has infused into his treatment of the central figure, as well as its masterly composition and technique. It has been exhibited in all quarters of the civilized world and was bought by John Wanamaker of Philadelphia for $120,000. It was followed by his dramatic 'Christ on Calvary,' the religious intensity of which is heightened by the accurate fidelity to differing national types with which the spectators of the Crucifixion are portrayed; a piece of realism whose suggestiveness is obvious. In 1886, he produced 'The Last Moments of Mozart,' now in the collection of General Russell Alger, Detroit, Mich. The present owncr paid $50,000 for this pathetic picture, in which the composer is listening to his still uncompleted requiem, sung at his bedside by his favorite singers, the night before his death. The last three years of his life this painter suffered from mental alienation and closed his days in a sanitarium.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Municipal League, National

See also the 1906 Encyclopedia Americana disclaimer.
Municipal League, National. See Municipal Accounting
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munjistin

See also the 1906 Encyclopedia Americana disclaimer.
Munjistin, an orange coloring matter, closely allied to purpurin and to alizarin, which occurs in munjeet (East Indian madder), and has the fornmla C$_{14}$H$_5$(OH)$_2$O$_2$COOH. It dissolves in boiling alcohol, separating again, upon cooling, in the form of brilliant golden plates. Munjistin gives an orange yellow color when used as a dye with aluminum mordants, and with iron mordants it gives a brownish purple, its colors being fairly permanent
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Municipal Housing

See also the 1906 Encyclopedia Americana disclaimer.
Municipal Housing. See Tenement House Reform
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munkittrick, Richard Kendall

See also the 1906 Encyclopedia Americana disclaimer.
Munkittrick, Richard Kendall, American author and editor: b. Manchester, England, 5 March 1853. He was educated in American academies and was one of the editors of the humorous journal 'Puck' 1881–9. Since 1901 he has been editor of 'Judge.' He has published 'Farming' (1891); 'The Moon Prince and Other Nabobs' (1893); 'New Jersey Arabian Nights' (1893); 'The Acrobatic Muse' (1896); 'The Slambangaree' (1898).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munn, Charles Clark

See also the 1906 Encyclopedia Americana disclaimer.
Munn, Charles Clark, American novelist: b. Southington, Conn., 1848. His boyhood was spent on a farm which he left at 17 and for 30 years was engaged as a commercial traveler. He is the author of several popular novels, including: 'Pocket Island' (1900); 'Uncle Terry: a Story of the Maine Coast' (1900); 'Rockhaven' (1902).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Municipal Debt

See also the 1906 Encyclopedia Americana disclaimer.
Municipal Debt. See Debt; Finance, Municipal.
# The Faith as Unfolded by Many Prophets

THE FAITH
AS UNFOLDED BY MANY PROPHETS:
AN ESSAY.
BY HARRIET MARTINEAU.
ADDRESSED TO
THE DISCIPLES OF MOHAMMED.
BOSTON,
LEONARD C. BOWLES.
1833.
Minot Pratt,——Printer.
ADVERTISEMENT.
This Essay belongs to the series to which the 'premium for three tracts, the object of which should be the introduction and promotion of Christian Unitarianism among the Roman Catholics, the Jews, and the Mohammedans respectively,' was awarded by the Committee of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association.
page
Contents.
# The Express Messenger, and Other Tales of the Rail/Front matter

THE EXPRESS MESSENGER
AND
OTHER TALES OF THE RAIL
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fesch, Joseph

Edition of 1920. See also Joseph Fesch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FESCH, fesh, Joseph, French ecclesiastic: b. Ajaccio, Corsica, 3 Jan. 1763; d. Rome, 3 May 1839. He was half brother to the mother of Napoleon. After Bonaparte in 1801 concluded the concordat with Pius VII, he became in 1802 archbishop of Lyons, and next year a cardinal. He was likewise appointed French ambassador at Rome, and made himself very acceptable to the Pope by his ultramontane tendencies. On the approach of the Austrians in 1814 he fled with his sister, Madame Bonaparte, to Rome, but Napoleon's return brought him back to France, and he acted as a peer during the Hundred Days. When called upon by the Bourbons to resign his episcopal rights he decidedly refused, but in 1825, after a papal brief interdicted him from exercising spiritual jurisdiction, he renounced the office, but retained the dignity.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Festa, Costanzo

Edition of 1920. See also Costanzo Festa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FESTA, Costanzo, cōs-tän'zō fes'tä, Italian composer: b. Rome about 1496; d. there, 10 April 1545. He became a member of the pontifical choir 1517, and composed much church music, many madrigals for three voices, motets and litanies, many of his manuscript scores being still preserved in the archives of the pontifical chapel and the Vatican. His ‘Te Deum’ is sung at the election of new popes, the appointment of new cardinals and at the Festival of the Holy Sacrament. It was published in Rome in 1596.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fescennine verses

Edition of 1920. See also Fescennine Verses on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FESCENNINE VERSES, an early kind of Italian poetry, originally sung at harvest festivals, and finally spreading to the towns where they became common at private gatherings, especially weddings. Later they were restricted to weddings altogether. They were somewhat coarse and often degenerated into malicious raillery and licentiousness. Festus states that the verses were introduced from Fescennia, in Etruria, but such origin is problematical. (See Latin Literature). Consult Knapp (in American Journal of Philology, XXXIII, 146-148, 1912) and Schanz, ‘Geschichte der römischen Litteratur’ (3d ed., Munich 1907).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fescue

Edition of 1920. See also Festuca on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FESCUE, the popular name of a genus of grasses (Festuca), numbering upward of 80 species. The genus is of wide geographical distribution, but particularly numerous in the temperate regions, where they are among the most important of the pasture and fodder grasses. About 25 species are found in North America, many of them naturalized from Europe. The red fescue (Festuca rubra) serves to bind loose soil, and is also a good hay grass. The tall meadow fescue (F. elatior, var. partensis) is a fibrous-rooted perennial, growing from two to three feet high in low meadows and pastures, where it forms fresh herbage among the earliest of the cultivated grasses. The sheep's fescue (F. ovina) is much smaller. Sheep's fescue exists in many varieties in the northwestern States, especially in the Rocky Mountain region. Some of the varieties attain the height of two or three feet, but for the most part they are rarely more than a foot high, producing a large amount of fine herbage, which is valuable for grazing, especially for sheep. Some of the native varieties are well worthy the attention of the agriculturist. All the forms of F. ovina are “bunch-grasses,” and are devoid of the creeping roots, the presence of which distinguishes the red fescue (F. rubra) from this species. Sheep's fescue is well adapted for cultivation on light, dry soils, especially those which arc shallow and silicious. A tall species is the giant fescue (F. gigantea), which occurs in shady woods and similar situations, from Maine to New York, adventive from Europe.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fessenden, Thomas Green

Edition of 1920. See also Thomas Green Fessenden on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FESSENDEN, Thomas Green, American author: b. Walpole, N. H., 22 April 1771; d. Boston, 11 Nov. 1837. He was graduated from Dartmouth College in 1796. He went to London in 1801, and while there published anonymously a satirical poem, ‘Terrible Tractoration’ (1803). He returned to the United States; did literary work in New York; went to Boston and founded the ‘New England Farmer’ (1822). Some of his publications were ‘The American Clerk's Companion’ (1815); ‘The Ladies' Monitor’ (1818); and ‘Laws of Patents for New Inventions’ (1822).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fessenden, Reginald Aubrey

Edition of 1920. See also Reginald Fessenden on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FESSENDEN, Reginald Aubrey, American electrician: b. Milton, Quebec, Canada, 6 Oct. 1866. He was chemist-in-chief in Thomas Edison's laboratory from 1887 to 1890 and the two following years an electrician with the Westinghouse Company of Newark, N. J. He was elected professor of electrical engineering in the Western University of Pennsylvania in 1893. He is the author of many inventions in electrical and chemical engineering and has written numerous scientific papers. From 1900 to 31 Aug. 1902, he was a special agent of the United States Weather Bureau, in charge of investigations in wireless telegraphy as an aid to the collection of daily weather reports.