OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Interchurch World Movement

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​INTERCHURCH WORLD MOVEMENT, an attempt to unite some of the main enterprises of the Protestant churches, so as to avoid duplication of effort and waste of funds. The movement was started by the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in December, 1918, when it invited the various Protestant denominations to send representatives to a meeting in New York to confer upon the need for co-operation among the churches. The result of the conference was the launching of the Interchurch World Movement with the object not of any organic union of the denominations but the attempt to see how much can be done effectively in common. A general committee from all the churches was selected of which S. Earl Taylor became the general secretary. As head of the Methodist Centenary Fund he had shown great executive capacity and organizing ability. The Committee set itself to work to first make a survey of world conditions and it has not completed this phase of the work. Friction appeared among the various denominations which resulted in a practical abandonment of the work in 1920.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Intercommuning, Letters of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​INTERCOMMUNING, LETTERS OF, an ancient writ issued by the Scotch Privy-council warning persons not to harbor rebels.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Integral Calculus

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​INTEGRAL CALCULUS, a branch of mathematics, the converse of the differential calculus. Having a given or known differential, the integral calculus has for its object to find a function such that, being differentiated, it will produce the given differential. Such expression is called the integral of the differential. The operation of finding the primitive function or integral is called integration. Besides the method of finding the integrals of given differentials, the integral calculus is also applied to various branches of mathematics, as well as to almost every branch of natural philosophy and engineering.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Intellect

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​INTELLECT, that faculty of the human soul or mind by which it receives or comprehends the ideas communicated to it by the senses or by perception, or other means, as distinguished from the power to feel and to will; also the capacity for higher forms of knowledge as distinguished from the power to perceive and imagine. In the plural, wits, senses; as, to be disordered in the intellects.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Interstate Commerce Commission

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION, a body of nine members, authorized by Federal law to regulating inter-state trade, transportation, etc., in accordance with the clause in the Constitution placing commerce between the States under the jurisdiction of Congress. The original act to regulate commerce, approved Feb. 4, 1887, provided for a commission consisting of five members. By various amendatory and supplementary enactments the powers of the commission have been increased and the scope of the regulating statute materially widened. Among the more important of these enactments are the acts of March 2, 1889; the Elkins Act, approved Feb. 19, 1903; the Hepburn Act, approved June 29, 1906; the Mann-Elkins Act of June 18, 1910; the acts of Aug. 24, 1912, and May 29 and Aug. 9, 1917; and the Transportation Act, 1920. The number of Commissioners was increased under the act of June 29, 1906, to 7 members; under the act of Aug. 9, 1917, to 9 members; and under the Transportation Act, 1920, to 11 members. (See Interstate Commerce.)
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Roman Colleges (supplement)

From volume 16 of the work.
Roman Colleges.-The Apostolic Constitution "In praecipuis", 29 June, 1913, promulgates the new regulations concerning the training of the Roman and Italian clergy. In brief, there are to be two seminaries: a smaller, for "gymnasial" students, in the present Vatican Seminary; and a greater, for philosophers and theologians, in the new Lateran building. To the latter are transferred the Seminario SS. Ambrogio e Carlo, now to be part of the Roman Seminary; and the Seminario Pio, which retains the laws as to its scope and character. The faculties of philosophy and theology of the Roman Seminary are to be in the Lateran Seminary; the law department goes to the Collegio Leoniano, but remains a school of the Seminary. The Collegio Leoniano shall receive only priests, duly authorized to pursue higher studies. The Academia Theologica of the Sapienza remains at S. Apollinare. All Italian clerical students must abide in the Lateran or the Vatican Seminaries, excepting those preparing for the heathen missions or who are eligible for the Collegio Capranica.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Roman Hinderer

From volume 7 of the work.
(Chinese TE).
A German missionary in China, born at Reiningen, near Mülhausen, in Alsace, 21 Sept., 1668; died 24 Aug., 1744, at Shang-ho, in Kiang-nan. On 6 September, 1688 he joined the Society of Jesus and became a member of the German province, whence he went to China in 1707. Here Emperor K'ang-hi invited him by personal request to collaborate in the great map and chart work in which the Jesuits, acting under imperial instructions, were then engaged. He laboured with de Mailla and Régis on the mapping of the provinces of Ho-nan, Kiang-nan, Che-kiang, and Fu-kien (cf. Du Halde, "Description de la Chine", The Hague, 1736, I, pref., xliii; and Richthofen, "China," Berlin, 1877, I, 682). Hinderer, however, was not only a man of science, but also a missionary who for forty years laboured as an apostle and by his zeal and efficiency achieved substantial results. He was twice placed at the head of the mission as visitor. He deserves special recognition for his introduction and ardent fostering among the neophytes of the devotion to the Sacred Heart (cf. Nilles, "De ratione festorum SS. Cordis", 5th ed., I, 323; Letierze, "Etude sur le Sacré Coeur", Paris, 1891, II, 104).
HUONDER, Deutsche Jesuitenmissionäre (Freiburg im Br., 1899), 188; PLATZWEG, Lebensbilder deutscher Jesuiten in auswärtigen Missionen (Paderborn, 1882), 109-211; DE GUILHERMY, Ménologie de la Compagnie de Jésus (German Assistancy), I, 156; CHANET, Vie du P. Romain Hinderer de la Compagnie de Jésus, l'Apôtre du Sacré-Coeur dans l'Eglise de Chine (Tournay, 1889); Welt-Bott (Vienna, 1758), nos. 669-85; cf. eight published letters of Hinderer in the Welt-Bott, nos. 161, 199, 209, 293, 548, 580; excerpts by FRIEDRICH in his Beiträge zur Kirchengeschichte des 18 Jahrhunderts in Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wissenschaften (Vienna), class III, vol. XIII, pt. II, p. 15; manuscript letter in the imperial archives at Vienna, Geistl. Angelegenheiten, no. 419, IV.
A. HUONDER
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Albani, Matthias

Albani, Matthias. A renowned violin maker in the Tyrol. His instruments are still much sought for. He lived in the middle of the seventeenth century, and marked his violins thus : "Matthias Albanus fecit in Tyrol Bulsani," 1654.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Ala, G. B

Ala, G. B., organist at Milan, is said to have died in 1612 ; yet his many published songs and madrigals bear a later date.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alardus, L

Alardus, L., a Protestant theologian in Holstein, died in 1672. He wrote, among other works, one "De Veterum Musica."
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alarius

Alarius set to music some songs in a collection published at the Hague in 1735.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Albano

Albano. See SEBASTINI.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Alanus ab insulis

Alanus ab insulis, a renowned philosopher and theologian, was called, on account of his great learning, the Universal Doctor. He died in 1203. In his work called "Anti-Claudianus," he treats on music.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Albaneze

Albaneze, or D'ALBANESE, a singer and pupil of one of the conservatories at Naples, went to Paris in 1747, when eighteen years old, and was immediately engaged at the king's chapel. He was first singer at the spiritual concerts from 1752 to 1762. He died in 1800. His compositions consist of airs, and some charming duets.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Albergati, P. C

Albergati, P. C., of an illustrious family at Bologna, was an amateur and esteemed composer of music. There are several operas of his, which appeared about the beginning of the last century ; among others, "Gli Amici," and "Il Principe Selvaggio."
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Albarini

Albarini published some music at Vienna about the year 1789.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Albergante, H. S

Albergante, H. S., an Italian priest, died at Como in 1698. He wrote several musical works.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Southend

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SOUTHEND, an English watering-place, at the mouth of the Thames estuary; 42 miles E. of London. It has good level sands, a public hall, and piers, pleasure grounds, etc. It was bombarded by the Germans during the World War. Pop. about 75,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Southern Alps

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SOUTHERN ALPS, the name given to the Central and loftiest portion of the great dividing range of the S. Island of New Zealand. Many of the peaks are perpetually snow-capped, the highest being Mount Cook (13,200 feet). The glaciers of the southern Alps rival those of the Swiss Alps in magnitude, and on the W. side extend to within a few hundred feet of the sea-level.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/South Dakota, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SOUTH DAKOTA, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational non-sectarian institution in Vermilion, S. D., founded in 1883; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 64; students, 825; president, R. L. Slagel, Ph.D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Southern Baptists

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SOUTHERN BAPTISTS, the name applied to that portion of the Baptist denomination in the southern half of the United States. Its communicants number more than half of the total number in the denomination. See Baptists. The Southern Baptists' Convention has charge of the various activities of the body. These include mission boards, young people's societies, and Sunday schools. The convention supports about 1,400 missionaries.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/South Island

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SOUTH ISLAND, the lower of the two large islands which, with the small Stewart Island, form the British colony of New Zealand.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Southern California, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational institution in Los Angeles, Cal., founded in 1880 under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 314; students, 4,375; president, George F. Bonard, A.M., D.D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/South Georgia

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SOUTH GEORGIA, a British island in the South Atlantic Ocean, uninhabited, and almost perpetually ice-bound; nearly 800 miles E. by S. of the Falkland Isles, of which it is a dependency; area, 1,000 square miles. Discovered in 1675, it was taken possession of by Captain Cook in 1775; and here in 1882-1883 lived the German expedition for observing the transit of Venus.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/South Hadley

* related portals: Massachusetts.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SOUTH HADLEY, a town in Massachusetts, in Hampshire co. It is on the Connecticut river. Its industries include the manufacture of writing paper, brick, cotton goods, lumber products, etc. It is the seat of Mount Holyoke College. Pop. (1910) 4,894; (1920) 5,527.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Southbridge

* related portals: Massachusetts.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SOUTHBRIDGE, a town in Worcester co., Mass.; on the Quinebaug river, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad; 20 miles S. W. of Worcester. It comprises the villages of Southbridge, Globe, and Sandersdale, and contains public and parochial schools, a public library, National bank, and several weekly newspapers. It has manufactories of boots and shoes, optical goods, cutlery, cotton and woolen goods, etc. Pop. (1910) 12,592; (1920) 14,245.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Washburn, George

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​WASHBURN, GEORGE, an American educator; born in Middleboro, Mass., March 1, 1833; was graduated at Amherst College in 1855, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1859; became Professor of Philosophy in Robert College, Constantinople, in 1868; was acting president there in 1870-1877, and became president in the latter year. He was an authority on the political questions of southeastern Europe. During the World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago, in 1893, he delivered an address on Mohammedanism. He contributed many articles to English and American periodicals. He died in 1915.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Washington, Treaty of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​WASHINGTON, TREATY OF, a treaty between Great Britain and the United States, signed May 8, 1871. Under its terms the “Alabama” claims, the San Juan boundaries, and certain fisheries disputes were settled by arbitration.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Washburne, Elihu Benjamin

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​WASHBURNE, ELIHU BENJAMIN, an American statesman; born in Livermore, Me., Sept. 23, 1816. He early tried journalism, but abandoned it to study law at Harvard; was admitted to the bar in 1840 and began practice in Galena, Ill. He was elected to Congress in 1852 and held office till 1869, when he was appointed Secretary of State by President Grant, and soon after minister plenipotentiary to France. During the Franco-Prussian War he made the American legation the refuge of Germans and other foreigners who could not leave Paris. For this service he received special honors from the Emperor of Germany and Bismarck, as well as from the French leaders, Gambetta and Thiers. In 1887 he published “Recollections of a Minister to France.” After he returned to the United States he resided in Chicago, where he died Oct. 22, 1887.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Washington, Bushrod

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​WASHINGTON, BUSHROD, an American jurist; born in Westmoreland co., Va., in 1762; was nephew of George Washington, and became heir to his papers and library; was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, and of the Virginia ratifying convention in 1788; associate justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1798-1829. He took great interest in the organization of the American Colonization Society, and was appointed its first president. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1829. His nephew, Augustine Washington, came into possession of the Washington residence, at Mount Vernon, and died in 1832. He was the author of “Reports of the Court of Appeals of Virginia.”
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Washington, Booker Taliaferro

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO, an American educator; born a slave in Hale's Ford, Va., about 1859. After the Civil War he removed with his mother to West Virginia, where he worked in the mines, attending school in the winter. In 1875 he was graduated with honors at the Hampton Institute, Va.; was a teacher there till in 1881, when he was elected by the State authorities of Alabama principal of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, which he organized and built up. He received the degree of A. M. from Harvard University in 1896; was a speaker on educational and racial subjects, and wrote: “Sowing and Reaping” (1900); “Up From Slavery” (1901); “The Negro in Business” (1907); “The Story of the Negro” (1909); “The Man Farthest Down” (1912). He died in 1915.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Washington, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational non-sectarian institution in Seattle, Wash.; founded in 1861; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 210; students, 2,457; president, H. Suzzallo, Ph. D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Washburn College

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​WASHBURN COLLEGE, a coeducational institution in Topeka, Kan.; founded in 1865 under the auspices of the Congregational Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 40; students, 840; president, P. P. Womer, Sc. D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Washington, Fort

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​WASHINGTON, FORT, a Revolutionary fortress on Manhattan Island (New York City), captured by the British in 1776.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Arnould, Sophia

Arnould, Sophia. A celebrated French actress and singer, between the years 1757 and 1778.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Aron

Aron. See AARON.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Arpa doppia

Arpa doppia. (I.) Double harp.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Arpeggiato

Arpeggiato, or ARP'O. (I.) This term implies that the passage, or movement, against which it is placed, is to be performed in the style of harp music.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Arnull

Arnull. An excellent performer on the horn, some years ago, in London.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Arnulphus

Arnulphus wrote a treatise on singing, in the fifteenth century.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Arpa

Arpa. (I.) A harp. See that word.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Arpeggiatura

Arpeggiatura. (I.) This term (a derivative from the word arpa, a harp) is applied to those passages which, by taking the notes of the harmony in succession, are imitative of harp music. Every sweep, to and fro, through the notes of the chord, may be called an arpeggiatura.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Arpeggio

Arpeggio, or ARPEG. (I.) This term is derived from arpa, and signifies reiterated successions of the several notes which compose any chord. The violoncello, viola, violin, and all instruments performed with a bow, are capable of per-forming an arpeggio ; but it is to the harpsichord and piano-forte that its execution more particularly appertains.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Arnone, Guglielmo

Arnone, Guglielmo, an organist at Milan, published, in 1595, a "Magnificat."
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Solemnity

From volume 14 of the work.
(From Lat. solet and annus — a yearly celebration).
The word solemnity is here used to denote the amount of intrinsic or extrinsic pomp with which a feast is celebrated. Intrinsic solemnity arises from the fact that the feast is primarium for the entire Church, or for a special place, because in it a saint was born, lived or died; or because his relics are honoured there. Extrinsic solemnity is added by feriatio, by the numbers of sacred ministers, decorations of the church or adjoining streets, the ringing of bells, the number of candles, costly vestments, etc. In the Roman Martyrology Easter Sunday is announced as the solemnity of solemnities; the first Sunday of October, as the solemnity of the Rosary of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary. The term solemnity is also used in contracts, especially matrimony, in votive Masses, in vows, and in ecclesiastical trials.
FRANCIS MERSHMAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sodom and Gomorrha

From volume 14 of the work.
Sodom, a city of Pentapolis (Wisd., x, 6; Gen., xiv, 2): Sodom, Gomorrha, Adama, Seboim, and Bala — later called Segor (Gen., xix, 22). They were situated in "the country about the Jordan" (Gen., xiii, 10); their exact location is unknown (cf. Gen., xiv, 3, 8, 10, 17; xix, 20-22, 30, 37; Deut., xxxiv, 3). Josephus identifies Segor with "Zoara of Arabia" at the south end of the Dead Sea ("Bel. Jud.", IV, viii, 4; cf. "Ant. Jud.", I, xi, 4; XIII, xv, 4; XIV, i, 4). Conder identifies it with Tell esh-Shaghur, seven miles north of the Dead Sea; Burkhard, Wetstein, and others with Chirbet es-Safich, three miles south of the Dead Sea; E. Robinson puts it on Lisan, etc. For the unnatural sins of their inhabitants Sodom, Gomorrha, Adama, and Seboin were destroyed by "brimstone and fire from the Lord out of heaven" (Gen., xiii, 13; xviii, 20; xix, 24, 29; Osee, xi, 8). Since then, their names are synonymous with impenitent sin, and their fall with a proverbial manifestation of God's just wrath (Deut., xxix, 23; xxxii, 32; Is., i, 10 sqq.; Ezech., xvi, 49; Matt., xi, 23 sq.; II Peter, ii, 6; Jude, 7). The Septuagint rendering katestrephe (Gen., xix, 25) probably led to the erroneous opinion that the destruction of Sodom was accompanied by great upheavals of the earth, and even to the formation of the Dead Sea.
HUMMELAUER, Comment. In Gen. (Paris, 1895), 376, 416 sq.; BUHL, Geog. des Alt. Pal. (Leipzig, 1896), 271-74; ROBINSON, Bibl. Researches in Palestine, II (Boston, 1847), 480 sqq.; Palestine Explor. Fund (1879), 15, 99, 144 (1881), 277 (1884), 126 (1886), 19-22; BLANCHENHORN in Zeirschr. des deutsch. Pal. Vercins (1896); CONDER, Handbook to the Bible (London, 1873), 38; IDEM, Heth and Moab (London, 1880), 154 sqq.
Nicholas Reagan.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Soli

From volume 14 of the work.
Soli, a titular see in Cyprus, suffragan of Salamis. Soli was an important port on the Clarius, on the southern side of the western portion of Cyprus. It was an Athenian colony founded by Demophon, son of Theseus, or, according to another tradition, by Phalerus and Acamas. At first called Œpea, it was transferred to a better site by Philocyprus, King of Œpea, on the suggestion of Solon, from whom it got its new name, becoming the capital of one of the nine kingdoms in the island. It possessed temples of Aphrodite and Isis. The rest of its history is unknown, though it is mentioned by many ancient geographers. Its ruins, called Palœa Chora, or old town, are near the village of Karavostasi, about two miles north-west of Lefka. Its first bishop was St. Auxibius, whose name occurs in the "Roman Martyrology" on 19 February; he is said to have been baptized by John Mark, the companion of St. Barnabus, and to have had for successors another Auxibius, his disciple, and his brother Themistagoras. The feasts of two other bishops of Soli, St. Marcellus and St. Eutychius, are celebrated in the Greek Church. Another, Peter, probably a legendary character, is mentioned in the calendar of the Abyssinian Church on 2 January. We find later: Evagrius, 431; Epiphanius, 451; Stratonicus, 680; Eustathius, 787; Leontius, 1222; Nibo, 1260; Neophytus, died in 1301; Leo, his successor; Theophanes, towards the close of the Venetian occupation. During this occupation Soli was the residence of the Bishop of Leucosia. We hear also of a Benjamin, Bishop of Soli in 1660, owing doubtless to a temporary restoration of the see by the Greeks.
SMITH, Dict. of Greek and Roman Geog. (London, 1870), s. v.; LE QUIEN, Oriens christianus, II (Paris, 1740), 1071; EUBEL, Hierarchia catholica medii œvi, I, 481; HACKETT, A History of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus (London, 1901), 240 sq., 323 sq.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Somaschi

From volume 14 of the work.
Somaschi, name of a charitable religious congregation of regular clerics, founded in the sixteenth century by St. Jerome Emiliani with the mother-house at Somasca (Venice), whence the name. For all particulars on development and history of the order see JEROME EMILIANI, SAINT. Following are the latest statistics, obtained from F. Gius. Landini of the Somaschi at the Curia Generalitia at Rome. The order counts in three provinces (Rome, Lombardy, and Liguria) 16 houses, all but one (in Bellinzona, Switzerland) in Italy, and about 180 members, of whom 100 are priests, 50 clerics, and 30 lay brothers. At Rome they have three houses: San Girolamo della Carità, residence of the general and one of the three novitiates (the other two being in Genoa and Somasca); Santa Maria in Aquiro with a parish and orphanage; San Alessio on the Aventine for blind boys. The congregation manages three colleges with classical and technical studies at Spello, Como, Nervi, and finally, including those already mentioned, three orphanages and five parishes.
LIVARIUS OLIGER.