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# The Sayings of Lao Tzŭ/Chapter 3

THE DOCTRINE OF INACTION
The Sage occupies himself with inaction, and conveys instruction without words.
Is it not by neglecting self-interest that one will be able to achieve it?
Purge yourself of your profound intelligence, and you can still be free from blemish. Cherish the people and order the kingdom, and you can still do without meddlesome action.
Who is there that can make muddy water clear? But if allowed to remain still, it will gradually become dear of itself. Who is there that can secure a state of absolute repose? But let time go on, and the state of repose will gradually arise. Be sparing of speech, and things will come right of themselves.
A violent wind does not outlast the morning; a squall of rain does not outlast the day. Such is the course of Nature. And if Nature herself cannot sustain her efforts long, how much less can man!
Attain complete vacuity, and sedulously preserve a state of repose.
Tao is eternally inactive, and yet it leaves nothing undone. If kings and princes could but hold fast to this principle, all things would work ​out their own reformation. If, having reformed, they still desired to act, I would have them restrained by the simplicity of the Nameless Tao. The simplicity of the Nameless Tao brings about an absence of desire. The absence of desire gives tranquillity. And thus the Empire will rectify itself.
The softest things in the world override the hardest. That which has no substance enters where there is no crevice. Hence I know the advantage of inaction.
Conveying lessons without words, reaping profit without action,—there are few in the world who can attain to this!
Activity conquers cold, but stillness conquers heat. Purity and stillness are the correct principles for mankind.
Without going out of doors one may know the whole world; without looking out of the window, one may see the Way of Heaven. The further one travels, the less one may know. Thus it is that without moving you shall know; without looking you shall see; without doing you shall achieve.
The pursuit of book-learning brings about daily increase. The practice of Tao brings about daily loss. Repeat this loss again and again, and you arrive at inaction. Practise inaction, and there is nothing which cannot be done.
The Empire has ever been won by letting things take their course. He who must always be doing is unfit to obtain the Empire.
Keep the mouth shut, close the gateways of sense, and as long as you live you will have no trouble. Open your lips and push your affairs, ​and you will not be safe to the end of your days.
Practise inaction, occupy yourself with doing nothing.
Desire not to desire, and you will not value things difficult to obtain. Learn not to learn, and you will revert to a condition which mankind in general has lost.
Leave all things to take their natural course, and do not interfere.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Waldenses

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Waldenses (wŏl-dĕn'sēz) or Vaudois, a Christian denomination in Italy, founded about 1170 by Peter Waldo, a rich merchant of Lyons, who sold his goods and gave them to the poor, and then went forth preaching voluntary poverty. His followers were called the Poor of Lyons. They did not intend to secede from the church; but, thinking it utterly corrupt, they sought to bring it back to its primitive purity. When the archbishop of Lyons commanded them to be silent, they appealed to Pope Alexander III, but he also forbade their meetings. Waldo, however, continued to preach, and with his followers was excommunicated. His doctrines spread in Italy, France and Bohemia, and especially in the valleys of Piedmont, where the Waldenses were greatly persecuted during the i6th and 17th centuries. In 1680 they suffered at the hands of an Italian and French army, 3,000 being killed, 10,000 imprisoned, and 3,000 of their children being placed in different Catholic towns and villages. They had permission to emigrate the next year, and about 5,000 went from Piedmont to Switzerland, Holland, Brandenburg, Hesse and Wurttemberg. There are now ten congregations in Wurttemberg, with over 16,000 members. When all Italy was opened to them in 1858, they chose Florence as their center, removing there their theological seminary and printing press. They formed an Italian evangelical publication society in 1861, and have been especially active in printing religious books. They accept the Bible as their only rule of faith, but hold their Confession of Faith, published in 1655, as the most correct interpretation of it.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Walfish Bay

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Wal'fish or Walvisch Bay, though a part of Cape Colony, is situated near the center of German Southwest Africa's coast. It has an area of 430 square miles, with a population of 997, of whom 144 are white. It has an excellent harbor frequented by whale-fishers, and was made a British possession in 1884.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Walhalla

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Walhalla (văl-hăl'lȧ) or Valhalla (the hall of the slain), in Scandinavian mythology the hall where were gathered the dead who had fallen in battle. The hall, according to the legend, was in Gladsheim (the house of joy), with a grove of golden-leaved trees around it. It was ornamented with shields and spears, and had 540 doors so wide that 800 people could walk abreast through them. Every morning the inmates marched out at the crowing of the cock, and fought furiously until noon, when all wounds were healed, and they sat down to a banquet with Odin, where they were waited on by the Walkyries or battle-maidens. See Valkyries.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Waldersee, Count Alfred von

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Waldersee (väl'dẽr-zā́ ), Count Alfred von, a German general, in command of the allied forces in China during the Boxer rising of 1900, was born at Potsdam, April 8, 1832, and entered the German army in 1850. He served with distinction through the war of 1866, and was chief of the general staff in the Franco-German War; he succeeded Von Moltke as chief of staff in 1888, and in 1891 became commander of the ninth army-corps. In 1895 he was created field-marshal, and in August, 1900, was appointed to the chief command in China of the allied armies engaged in suppressing the Boxer disturbances at Pekin and in the province of Pe-chili. In 1874 he married an American lady, widow of Prince Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein. He died in 1904.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Walker, Amasa

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Walker (wä'kẽr), Amasa, an American political economist, was born at Woodstock, Conn., May 4, 1799, and died at Brookfield, Mass., Oct. 29, 1875. His early career was spent chiefly in commercial pursuits, but for six years (1842-8) he lectured on political economy at Oberlin College and subsequently (1859-69) at Amherst. In 1848 he was a member of the Massachusetts assembly, and in the following year member of the state senate. In 1862-3 he sat in Congress as member (Republican) for Massachusetts. He was a zealous advocate of temperance, was active in the antislavery movement, and was one of the founders of Free Soil party. He was an authority in finance, and wrote a series of articles on political economy. In 1857 he published a work on the Nature and Uses of Money, and in 1866 issued The Science of Wealth.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Walker, Robert James

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Walker, Robert James, American statesman and financier, was born at Northumberland, Pa., July 19, 1801, and died at Washington, D. C., Nov. 11, 1869. Graduating at the University of Pennsylvania in 1819, he studied law and practiced first at Pittsburg, Pa., and then at Natchez, Miss. Here he came into notice as an opponent of nullification, and from 1836 to 1845 was United States senator from Mississippi. In 1845 he was secretary of the treasury in Polk's cabinet, and prepared and carried what was then known as the Walker tariff (q. v.). In 1857 he became governor of Kansas, and in 1863-4 was financial agent of the United States in Europe. Throughout the Civil War he remained loyal to the Union and advocated vigorous measures for the suppression of the rebellion. In later years he practiced law at the capital.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wales

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Wales, a part of Great Britain, is a peninsula on the western coast of England, lying between Bristol Channel and the Irish Sea. It is 136 miles long and about 90 wide, with an area of 7,442 square miles, making it about as large as Massachusetts. It has a broken coast-line of 360 miles, and is a mountainous country. The Snowdon Mountains in the north, the Plinlimmon and the Black Mountains are the main ranges, with peaks over 3,000 feet high. There are several small streams, and only one lake, Bala. The country abounds in minerals; copper, lead, iron, coal, zinc and silver are found, and remains of gold mines worked by the Romans. The climate is not severe, though somewhat cold and very damp. Butter, cheese, wool and grain are among the most important products, and iron and flannel are the principal manufactures. All children between the ages of five and fourteen are required to attend schools provided for them, which are practically free. In 1905-6 Wales expended over $1,000,000 on secondary and technical schools. Among the higher institutions are the University of Wales, consisting of the Aberystwith, Bangor and Cardiff Colleges; University College; St. David's College; St. Beuno's College; and colleges at Bala, Brecon, Llangollen and Trevesca. The people are of Celtic origin, and call themselves Cymri, the name Welsh being given them by the English. The English language is spoken in most of the large cities, but Welsh or Cymraeg, as they call it, is the language of the country. It is the best preserved of the Celtic dialects.
Wales was inhabited by three Celtic tribes when the Romans invaded it, but the latter never conquered it. It was in constant warfare with the Saxons and the Danes, paying tribute to Athelstan, king of England, and later to Harold. William the Conqueror subdued it, and the English kings have ever since claimed possession of the country. In 1267 Llewellyn ap Gryffith was acknowledged prince of Wales by Henry III, but, refusing to obey the call of Edward I to Parliament, was attacked and defeated. In 1282 he rebelled again, was slain in battle, his brother David, who succeeded him, was executed as a traitor, and Wales was united to England. The title Prince of Wales has been given ever since to the oldest son of the English sovereign. Under Owen Glendower the Welsh made a final effort for freedom, the struggle lasting 15 years from 1400 till his death in 1415. Population 2,037,610.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wales, Prince of

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Wales, Prince of (born 1865), heir-apparent to the British throne, also known as Duke of Cornwall and York. His parents are Edward VII, reigning king of the British Empire, and Queen Alexandra, oldest daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark. In 1893 he married Victoria Mary, daughter of the Duke of Teck, by whom he has six children, five sons and one daughter. See York, Duke of.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Walker, Francis Amasa

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​Walker, Francis Amasa, American statistician and political economist, was born at Boston, Mass., July 2, 1840, and died there Jan. 5, 1879. Graduating from Amherst in 1860, he took part in the Civil War and in 1865 rose to the brevet-rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. He was wounded at Chancellorsville, and for a time was an inmate of Libby Prison. In 1871-2 he was United States Indian commissioner; he was also chief of the bureau of statistics at Washington and superintendent of the 9th and 10th United States censuses. From 1873 to 1881 he was professor of political economy in the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, and in 1881 became president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at Boston. In 1898 he acted as United States commissioner to the international monetary conference at Paris, and in the same year was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and made an honorary fellow of the Royal Statistical Society of London. His published writings include The Indian Question; The Wage-Question; Money; Money, Trade and Industry; Land and Its Rent; Political Economy; Bimetalism; and a History of the Second Army-Corps.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sarto, Andrea del

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Sar′to, Andrea del, a painter of Florence, where he was born in 1487 or 1486. His family name was Vannucchi, but he was nicknamed Del Sarto — the tailor’s son — from his father’s business. He painted two series of frescos in Florence, the best of the first series being Nativity of the Virgin and Journey of the Three Kings. He spent a year in Paris at the invitation of Francis I, and was very popular among the French. The most celebrated of his single pictures are the Last Supper, the Madonna with the Harpies and Fathers of the Church Disputing. Del Sarto was a rapid worker, and excelled in accurate drawing. Michael Angelo rated him highly. He died at Florence in 1531. See Crowe and Cavalcaselle’s Painting in Italy.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sargon

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Sar′gon. See Assyria.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sarsaparilla

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Sar′saparil′la is the dried root of the smilax, a native plant of Central America. It is a twining shrub, which grows only where water is plenty. The brownish root is many feet long and about as thick as a goose-quill. A liquid extract is used as a flavoring and a medicine.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sassafras

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Sas′safras, the popular and the technical name of a genus which contains but a single species, native to eastern North America. The trees usually are small, but occasionally become 125 feet in height. The root is largely used for the aromatic oil.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sargent, John Singer

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Sar′gent, John Singer, an American painter, was born of American parents in Florence, Italy, in 1856. He was educated in Italy, France and Germany. His early art-training was under Carolus Duran by whom he was chosen to assist in the execution of important government commissions wherein he mastered the secrets of French technique. His chief works are in portrait and genre; among the former Carolus Duran, Joseph Jefferson, William M. Chase, Homer St. Gaudens, President Roosevelt; among the latter, Fishing for Oysters at Cancale and Neapolitan Children Bathing. His most ambitious and original works are the decorations in the Boston Library which include the famous Frieze of the Prophets. His portraits reflect clearly even the subtilest traits of individuality. His manner is French, and his treatment superior. His Dogma of the Redemption, a portion of the wall-painting in the Boston Library, is deeply devotional and one of the finest Christian paintings of the period. It is divided into an upper and lower panel, which seem to represent Heaven and Earth; in the upper are the three persons of the Trinity enthroned, redeeming the world; in the lower are angels bearing the reeds, nails, the spear and crown of thorns.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sarmatians

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Sarma′tians, a race who spoke the same language as the Scythians. They were nomads, wild and savage in looks, good horsemen and bowmen, and dressed in leather armor. Their young women went into battle on horseback, a custom, which may have caused the Greek stories about the Amazons. They were made of several tribes that roamed the wide plains from the Vistula and the Danube to the Volga and the Caucasus. In the second half of the 4th century B. C. they conquered the Scythians (q. v.). Their empire lasted till the 4th century A. D., when it was overthrown by the Goths.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Saskatchewan (province)

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Saskatche′wan, a province of the Dominion of Canada lying west of Manitoba and having Alberta on the west, Mackenzie on the north and the United States on the south. It has an area of 251,000 square miles. The province is a vast plain, containing 159,038,720 acres, and the greater portion of its southern two thirds is situated in the great wheat-growing belt. The portion adjoining or lying near to Manitoba possesses much of the characteristics of that province as to soil, topography, climate, rainfall and, consequently, productive adaptabilities. The soil is a friable loam, easily worked and producing excellent crops of wheat, coarse grains and vegetables. The winter climate answers all requirements, both as to degree of cold and as to sufficiency of snowfall, for the production of the No. 1, hard wheat for which Western Canada is now noted. The valleys along Saskatchewan, Qu’Appelle, Assiniboine and Souris Rivers, Pipestone, Long and other creeks, are specially adapted for mixed farming, and the open prairie beyond affords large areas for grazing or grain-growing. The region is well-served by the Canadian Pacific Railway. Southwestern Saskatchewan is entered at McLean station, and its first considerable town is Regina, the capital of the province. The land here is a rich, fertile loam, as well to the south as to the north. Several new and important towns have sprung into existence along the “Soo” line, as Halbrite, Weyburn, Yellow Grass, Estevan, Milestone and Rouleau. The cultivation of flax is carried on to a considerable extent. Wheat-raising, however, is the important industry of this district, and the yields are highly satisfactory to the producer. Between Regina and Moose Jaw there is splendid land, and mostly occupied by prosperous farmers. The central portion of the province is almost centrally divided by the main Saskatchewan River, which is altogether within the district, and by its principal branch, the North Saskatchewan — most of the navigable length of which lies within its boundaries. It includes, in the south, a small proportion of the great plains, and in its general superficial features may be described as a mixed prairie and wooded region, abounding in water and natural hay and well-suited by climate and soil for the raising of wheat, cattle and sheep. As a general thing, the surface is gently undulating prairie. Northern Saskatchewan consists of the eastern half of the late Territory of Athabasca and embraces an area of about 70,000,000 acres, enough for a fine-sized province in itself. As yet it is not opened for settlement because of its inaccessibility and distance from railway systems, the nearest railway station being Prince Albert. The province had a yield of wheat of 112,369,405 bushels in 1913 and of oats 110,210,436 bushels. The mean summer temperature at Regina is 62.7° and in winter is 6.9°. The population is 600,000. Its capital city, Regina, has a population of 45,000, Moose Jaw has 25,000, Prince Albert 12,300 and Saskaloon 27,500.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Saskatchewan (river)

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Saskatchewan (săs-kăch′ ḗ-won), a large river of Canada, draws its waters from the Rocky Mountains, and is formed by two head-waters called the south and the north branch. The northern branch rises among the glaciers near Mt. Hooker, the southern branch from a group of springs near the same locality but a short distance to the south. The former has a course of 770, the latter of 810, miles before they meet. The river then flows east 282 miles to Lake Winnipeg, from which its waters are carried to Hudson Bay by Nelson River. Including the Nelson, its whole length is 1,514 miles. Steamers run from Lake Winnipeg to Edmonton (700 miles); the Nelson is spoiled for navigation by rapids.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sargassum

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Sargas′sum, a genus of brown seaweeds whose species are often observed floating in great masses in the large eddies formed by oceanic currents. These regions of comparatively stagnant water covered by sea-weeds are known as Sargasso Seas, the prevailing type being a species of Sargassum. See Phæophyceæ.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sarnia, Can.

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Sar′nia, Can., stands where St. Clair River issues from Lake Huron. The submarine tunnel connecting the railway systems of Ontario with those of Michigan is here. Steamers leave Sarnia twice a week for Duluth. There is ferry-communication with Port Huron (Michigan). The oil-refineries, saltworks and lumber are extensive industries.
# The Revolt of the Angels

THE REVOLT OF THE ANGELS
BY ANATOLE FRANCE
THE MODERN LIBRARY PUBLISHERS : NEW YORK
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1924, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 99 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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