OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chalon, John James

​CHALON, JOHN JAMES (1778–1854), landscape and genre painter, born 27 March 1778, was of a French family which had resided at Geneva since the revocation of the edict of Nantes. In 1789 the family came to England, and Chalon's father was appointed professor of French language and literature at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. The son was intended for business; but his artistic proclivities were strongly marked, and in 1796 he became a student at the Royal Academy. In 1800 he exhibited his first picture, ‘Banditti at their Repast,’ shortly followed by ‘A Landscape’ and ‘Fortune Telling.’ Chalon's early practice was in oils, but in 1806 he began to exhibit at the gallery of the Water-colour Society, and in 1808 became a member of that body. He was among the seceders from the society in 1813. In 1816 he exhibited an important work at the Royal Academy, ‘Napoleon on board the Bellerophon,’ which he presented to Greenwich Hospital. This was followed by a fine painting, ‘A View of Hastings,’ which is now in the South Kensington Museum. In 1827 he was elected associate of the Royal Academy, and became a full member in 1841. Among his later works may be mentioned ‘Gil Blas in the Robbers' Cave,’ 1843, and the ‘Arrival of the Steam-packet at Folkestone,’ 1844. In 1847 he was stricken with paralysis, and died after a long illness on 14 Nov. 1854. He is said by Redgrave to have painted but few pictures, and to have supported himself by teaching. He exhibited, however, as many as 135 pictures in oils at the Royal Academy and at the British Institute, and had made his mark, moreover, as a water-colour painter. In 1820 he published a book of ‘Sketches of Parisian Manners,’ which was much admired by Stothard. He was a friend of C. R. Leslie, R.A., who greatly respected his genius, and wrote of him that few painters had so great a range, or attained to so equal an excellence, in so many departments of art. He painted landscapes, figure and animal subjects, and marine pictures with equal facility and success. He belonged, with his brother Alfred Edward [q. v.], to an evening sketching club, which included Leslie and Clarkson Stansfield among its members.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists; Art Journal, 1855, p. 24, article by Leslie, signed ‘C. R. L.;’ Athenæum, 18 Nov. 1854.]
E. R.
# County of Green v. Conners

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United States Supreme Court
109 U.S. 104
County of Green v. Conners
Henry C. Young, for plaintiff in error.
Jas. S. Botsford and R. G. Ingersoll, for defendant in error.
BRADLEY, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# County of Howard v. Paddock

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United States Supreme Court
110 U.S. 384
County of Howard v. Paddock
Jno. D. Stevenson, for plaintiff in error.
Jno. H. Overall, for defendant in error.
WAITE, C. J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# County of Howard v. Paddock/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
110 U.S. 384
County of Howard v. Paddock
It was conceded on the argument of this case that under the original charter of the Louisiana & Missouri River Railroad Company, granted in 1859, Howard county had authority to subscribe to the capital stock of the company without a vote of the people, and that this authority was not taken away by the constitution of 1865. The claim is, however, that the amending act of 1868 so changed the original charter as to subject it to the prohibitions of the constitution as to municipal subscriptions made after that act was passed and accepted by the company. As to this it is sufficient to say that in County of Callaway v. Foster, 93 U.S. 567, it was decided otherwise. By the act of 1868 power was given to build a branch through Callaway county, and to extend the road across the Missouri river, but no change was made in the direction of the main line. That was left to the discretion of the directors, who retained their original authority to build through Howard county on the way to Missouri. The original authority of Howard county to subscribe to the stock was consequently unimpaired. The fact that the branch through Callaway county was located, and the subscription of that county received, before Howard county made its subscription, is unimportant in this case, because the line through Callaway county was located as a branch, while that through Howard county was designated in express terms as the main line. If either part of the road was built under new authority conferred on the company by the act of 1868, it certainly was not the main line as located. The power to build the main line was clearly conferred by the act of 1859.
It follows that the judgment of the circuit court was right, and it is consequently affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# County of Jasper v. Ballou

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
103 U.S. 745
County of Jasper v. Ballou
ERROR to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of Illinois.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Mr. John M. Palmer for the plaintiff in error.
Mr. D. T. Littler, contra.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Churchill, John Spriggs Morss

​CHURCHILL, JOHN SPRIGGS MORSS (1801–1875), medical publisher, third son of the Rev. James Churchill, a dissenting minister, by his wife, a daughter of Mr. George Morss, was born at Ongar in Essex, 4 Aug. 1801. He was educated at Henley grammar school, under the Rev. Dr. George Scobell. In 1816 he was bound an apprentice for seven years to Elizabeth Cox & Son, medical booksellers, of 39 High Street, Southwark. Having served his time he became a freeman of the Stationers’ Company, and then for about eighteen months was employed in the house of Longman & Co. Aided by the fortune of his wife, whom he married in 1832, he started in business on his own account, purchasing the old-established retail connection of Callow & Wilson, 16 Princes Street, Leicester Square. Churchill attended book sales and the sales of medical libraries all over the country, and issued an annual catalogue. The business increased, but not satisfactorily, owing to the new practice of ‘underselling.’ Churchill therefore began to publish, and one of the earliest productions of his press was Liston’s ‘Practical Surgery,’ 1837, of which repeated editions have been demanded. A well-known series of manuals followed. The first was Erasmus Wilson's ‘Anatomist’s Vade Mecum,’ 1840, which was succeeded by Dr. Golding Bird’s ‘Manual of Natural Philosophy, and Diagnosis of Urinary Deposits,’ 1844, and by Fownes’s ‘Manual of Chemistry.' Churchill relied on his own judgment, and had few failures. Of the numerous pamphlets, however, which his house was employed to produce, it is said that only one paid its expenses (Mr. Lawrence's ‘Hunterian Oration,’ 834). In 1838 Churchill became the publisher of the ‘British and Foreign Medical Review.’ At extremely low prices he brought out expensively illustrated works, such as ‘Medical Botany,’ edited by Dr. Stephenson and by his brother James Mores Churchill; Dalrymple's ‘Morbid Anatomy of the Eye,’ Maclise's ‘Surgical Anatomy,’ Sibson’s ‘Medical Anatomy,’ and other works. He issued the anonymous ‘Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation,’ 1844 [see Chambers, Robert]. From 1842 to 1847 he was the publisher of the ‘Lancet,’ and in 1850 he began the ‘Medical Times,’ with which the ‘Medical Gazette’ was amalgamated in 1852. In 1854 he removed from Princes Street to New Burlington Street, gave up retail trade, and confined his attention solely to publishing. He built a house at Wimbledon in 1852; in 1861 he was made a county magistrate. He finally settled in 1862 at Pembridge Square, Bayswater. For many years he was a great invalid; in July 1875 he went to Tunbridge Wells, where he died on 3 Aug. He was buried in Brompton cemetery. The publishing business is carried on by his two sons, John and Augustus Churchill, to whom he had resigned it on his retirement in 1870.
[Bookseller, September 1875, p. 782; Medical Times and Gazette, 14 Aug. 1875, pp. 197-200.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Churchill, Winston

1904 Errata appended.
​CHURCHILL, Sir WINSTON (1620?–1688), politician and historian, was descended from an ancient family in Dorsetshire. He was the son of John Churchill of Nunthorn in that county, a lawyer of some eminence, and of Sarah, daughter and coheiress of Sir Henry Winston of Standistone, Gloucestershire, and was born at Wooton Glanville about 1620. In 1636 he entered St. John's College, Oxford, where he is said to have distinguished himself by his sedateness and great application to his studies, although he was obliged, on account of the circumstances of his family, to leave the university without taking a degree. Some time afterwards he married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Drake of Ashe, Devonshire, and Eleanor, his wife, sister of George Villiers, duke of Buckingham. Having during the civil war adhered to the party of the king, he was reduced to such extremities that his wife was obliged to retire for some time to her father's house at Ashe. After the Restoration he returned to his estate, and he was elected to represent the borough of Weymouth in the Parliament which met 8 May 1661. In Jan. 1663–4 he received the honour of knighthood, and in 1664 was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society. In the latter year he was appointed commissioner of the court of claims in Ireland, for the purpose of adjudging the qualifications of those who had forfeited their estates. On his return he was constituted one of the clerk comptrollers of the green cloth, an office of some importance at court. After the dissolution of the Pensionary parliament in 1679 he was dismissed from office, but shortly afterwards was restored by the king, and continued to hold it during the remainder of the reign of Charles II, and also during that of James II. During the reign of the latter monarch he represented the borough of Lyme Regis. He died 26 March 1688, and three days afterwards was buried in the church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Westminster. By his wife he had seven sons and four daughters, including John, duke of Marlborough [q. v.], and Arabella Churchill [q. v.]. Churchill's extreme royalist sentiments led him to devote his learning and leisure to the composition of a kind of apotheosis of the kings of England, which he dedicated to Charles II, and published in 1675 under the title 'Divi Britannici; being a Remark upon the Lives of all the Kings of this Isle, from the year of the World 2855 until the year of Grace 1660,' with the arms of all the kings of England, 'which made it sell among novices (Wood).
[Lediard's Life of Marlborough; Collins's Peerage, ed. 1812, i. 365-6; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 235.]
T. F. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.66 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Col. | Line | |
| ii | 25 | Churchill, Sir Winston: for Plymouth read Weymouth |
| | 26 | for 1668 read Jan 1663-4 |
| | 20 f.e. | for Lynn Regis read Lyme Regis |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Closse, George

​CLOSSE, GEORGE (fl. 1585), divine, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1579. In 1581 he was accused of obtaining the institution to the vicarage of Cuckfield by fraud, and was ejected by legal process. In 1585 he accused Sir Wolstan Dixie, lord mayor of London, in a sermon preached on 6 March at Paul's Cross, of partiality in the administration of justice. Accordingly he was summoned to appear at Guildhall before the mayor and aldermen, and complaint was subsequently lodged with the high commission court, who, Whitgift presiding, ordered him to make submission in a sermon to be preached at Paul's Cross on 27 March before three doctors and as many bachelors of divinity, who were to act as his judges. In this sermon he reiterated his charge, and the lord mayor made fresh complaint to the high commission. The certificate of the six clergymen was, however, in his favour, and though the lord mayor applied to the privy council he could get no redress. Closse sent his own account of the affair to Abraham Fleming for insertion in the next edition of Holinshed's ‘Chronicle.’
[Cal. State Papers, Dom. (1581–90), p. 24; Holinshed's Chron. (4to), iv. 888–91; Peck's Desid. Cur. (fol.), lib. vi. p. 51; Cooper's Athenæ Cantab.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clopton, Hugh

​CLOPTON, Sir HUGH (d. 1497), lord mayor of London and benefactor of Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire, was born at Clopton manor-house, a mile from the town of Stratford-on-Avon. His ancestors had been owners of Clopton manor since Henry III's time. His father, John de Clopton, received a license to erect an oratory in the manor-house in 1450, and his elder brother, Thomas, obtained permission from Pope Sixtus IV in 1474 to add a chapel for the celebration of divine service. Hugh, a younger son, left Clopton at an early age, and rapidly became a wealthy mercer in London. He was sheriff in 1486, when Sir Henry Colet [q.v.] was mayor, and was himself chosen mayor in 1492, when he was apparently knighted. His vast fortune enabled him, it is said, to become possessed of the family estates at Clopton, the inheritance of his elder brother, and it is certain that the neighbouring town, of Stratford was his favourite place of residence. About 1483 he erected there (in Chapel Street) 'a pretty house of brick and timber,' which was ultimately purchased by Shakespeare in 1597, and was, in a renovated form, the poet's residence, under the name of New Place, until his death in 1616. The nave of the chapel of the Stratford guild of the Holy Trinity, situated opposite his 'pretty house,' Clopton rebuilt, and he adorned the building with a steeple tower, glass windows, and paintings for the ceiling. He also removed at his own expense the old wooden bridge over the Avon, and substituted a remarkably fine stone structure resting on fourteen arches. Clopton's chapel and bridge are still notable features of modern Stratford. He died 15 Sept, 1497. By his will, dated a week earlier, he provided for the due completion of the Stratford improvements, and left a hundred marks to twenty-four maidens of the town, and 2001. for rebuilding the cross aisle of the parish church. He also instituted exhibitions of 4l. a year each for five years for three poor scholars at each university of Oxford and Cambridge; and gave 10l. to the common box of the Mercers' Company, and other sums to 'the Venturers' fellowship resident in Zeland, Brabant, and Flanders,' and to 'the fellowship of the staple of Calais.' Clopton desired to be buried in the parish church of Stratford, if he died in that town, where he spent much time in his later years. But his death took place in his London house, in the parish of St. Margaret's, Lothbury, and he finally 'bequeathed' his body to the church of that parish. Clopton never married.
The Clopton estates ultimately passed to Joyce (not Anne as is sometimes stated) Clopton, of the sixth generation in descent from Thomas, Sir Hugh's elder brother. She married Sir George Carew, created Baron ​Carew of Clopton and Earl of Totnes [q.v.], who thus became for a time master of the property.
[Stow's Survey, ed. Strype, bk. v. 175; Dugdale's Warwickshire, ed. Thomas, ii. 699-700; Fisher's Account of the Guild Chapel at Stratford-on-Avon; Leland's Itinerarium, ed. Hearne; Lee's Stratford-on-Avon from the Earliest Times (1885), pp. 23-5.]
S. L. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Close, Nicholas

​CLOSE, NICHOLAS, D.D. (d. 1452), bishop, a native of Westmoreland, was one of the six original fellows of King's College, Cambridge, appointed by the founder, Henry VI, in 1443. Of his previous life nothing has as yet been discovered. The accounts of King's College show that he was frequently employed on important business, and in 1447 he became overseer of the building works ('magister operum'). In 1448 he was made warden of King's Hall in the same university. In 1449 (10 July) he appears as one of the English commissioners for proclaiming a truce with Scotland, and is described in the letters patent as chancellor of the university of Cambridge. In the following year (14 March 1449–50) he was made bishop of Carlisle, at which time he was also archdeacon of Colchester. In 1451 he was a commissioner for investigating whether the conservators of the truce with Scotland had been negligent in their duty or not; and in 1452 (30 Aug.) he was translated to the bishopric of Coventry and Lichfield. He died before the end of October in the same year. Close received a grant of arms from Henry VI 'for the laudable services rendered by him in many diverse ways, both, in the works of the building of our College Royal and in other matters.' There is reason for believing that this grant should be dated 30 Jan. 1450. The arms are: Argent, on a chevron sable three passion-nails of the first; on a chief sable three roses argent. A nail, clou, was probably chosen as canting on the name Close. After he became a bishop he ​sent several valuable presents (jocalia) to King's College, and either gave or bequeathed his library to it.
[Willis and Clark's Arch. Hist. of the Univ. of Cambridge, i. 468 and notes; Rymer's Fœdera, ed. 1704–35, xi. 231, 284; Le Neve's Fasti Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ; Bentley's Excerpta Historica, p. 362.]
J. W. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clogie, Alexander

​CLOGIE or CLOGY, ALEXANDER (1614–1698), biographer, born in Scotland in 1614, probably graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, during the provostship of William Bedell [q. v.], whose chaplain, on his appointment in 1629 to the bishoprics of Kilmore and Ardagh, he became. In 1637 he married Lea Maw, daughter of a recorder of Bury St. Edmunds, and stepdaughter to Bishop Bedell. ​On 12 Nov. 1637 he became vicar of Dyne, continuing, however, to reside in the episcopal palace at Kilmore. In May 1640 he became vicar of Cavan, resigning Dyne. In December 1641 he, together with the bishop and several others, was seized by the rebels at Kilmore, and conveyed to the ruinous castle of Cloughboughter, where they were retained for three weeks, during which they suffered extremely from the vigorous winter, when they were exchanged for two rebels. During this time the bishop and Clogie constantly preached to and assisted the other prisoners. He remained with Bishop Bedell till his death (7 Feb. 1642), when, after officiating at his funeral, Clogie sought a temporary refuge in Dublin. At the end of 1643 he came to England as 'chaplain with the horse.' In 1646 he seems to have been residing in London, and in 1647 he was presented to the rectory of Wigmore in Herefordshire, which he held to the time of his death in 1698. On 11 Dec. 1655 he married his second wife, Susanna Nelme, by whom he had six children. Mrs. Clogie died in 1711. Burnet, whose 'Life of Bishop Bedell' was avowedly compiled from materials supplied by Clogie, says he was a venerable and learned divine. He assisted Bedell in comparing King's 'Translation of the Old Testament' into Irish with the original. His manuscript 'Life of Bedell,' written about 1675, was first published in 1862 under the title of 'Memoirs of the Life and Episcopate of W. Bedell' [see Bedell, William]. He also wrote 'Vox Corvi, or the Voice of a Raven that thrice spoke three words distinctly,' 1694, in the preface to which work he states that he was over eighty years old. The raven perched on a church-steeple on 3 Feb. 1691, and told a child who belonged to a quarrelsome family to look at Colossians, iii. 15. There are two editions of the book; each has a woodcut representing Clogie, the boy, the raven, and the quarrelsome family.
[Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. ix. 327, 411; Clogie's Memoir of W. Bedell; Burnet's Life of William Bedell; Life of Bedell, edited for the Camden Society in 1872 by T. Wharton Jones, pp. 211-20.]
A. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Close, Thomas

​CLOSE, THOMAS (1796–1881), antiquary, was born in 1796. He engaged in archaeological researches, and paid special attention to genealogy and heraldry. In several peerage cases he gave important evidence, especially in that of the Shrewsbury and Talbot succession. He published in 1866 ‘St. Mary's Church, Nottingham; its probable Architect and Benefactors. With remarks on the Heraldic Window described by Thoroton,’ Nottingham, 1866, 12mo. Close was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, a chevalier of the order of Leopold in Belgium, and of other foreign orders. He was also grand master of the masonic province of Nottingham, and one of the founders and original members of the Reform Club. He died at Nottingham on 25 Jan. 1881, three days after the death of his wife.
[Obituary notice in the Times, 31 Jan. 1881, p. 6.]
W. W.