OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Roger (d.1202)

​ROGER (d. 1202), bishop of St. Andrews, was second son of Robert de Beaumont, third earl of Leicester (d. 1190) [q. v.], by Petronil, daughter of Hugh de Grantmesnil [q. v.], lord high steward of England. The marriage in 1186 of his relative, Ermengarde, daughter of Richard, viscount de Beaumont, with William the Lion, king of Scotland, probably accounts for the description of him as cousin of the king. Craufurd states that Roger was dedicated to the church in his youth, and that his father caused him to pursue his studies for that purpose. Having taken orders, he was made lord high chancellor of Scotland by William the Lion in 1178, and held that office till 1189. For twelve years before that date the possession of the see of St. Andrews had been disputed by two claimants—John ​and Hugh—who were both described as bishops of St. Andrews. John died in 1187, and Hugh in the following year. Thereupon Roger was elected bishop (13 April 1189) (Chron. de Mailros), but, for some unexplained reason, was not consecrated until 1198. Spotiswood adds that the ceremony was performed by Richard, bishop of Moray, but Hoveden avers that Matthew, bishop of Aberdeen, officiated. It is possible that this delay arose through the oft-asserted claim of the archbishop of York [see Roger of Pont l'Evêque, d. 1181] to supremacy over the Scottish church, a claim which the Scottish king declined to acknowledge; the bull of Clement III declaring the independence of the Scottish church was promulgated in 1188. It has been stated that after his election to the bishopric Roger was made abbot of Melrose. This is not impossible, as Radulfus, the abbot, became bishop of Down in 1189. Between 1199 and 1201 Roger was often in England, and his name is found as witness to many charters by King John. Wyntoun says that the castle of St. Andrews was built by Roger as an episcopal residence in 1200. According to Fordun, Roger's last political act was the reconciliation of the king of Scotland and Harald, earl of Orkney, which he effected at Perth in the spring of 1202. He died at Cambuskenneth on 9 July 1202, and was buried within the chapel of St. Regulus at St. Andrews, beside his predecessors Robert and Arnold. Dempster states that Roger wrote ‘Sermones varios in Ecclesiast.’
[Balfour's Annales, i. 28; Chron. of Melrose, pp. 97, 103, 104; Rog. Hov. in Rolls Ser.; Spotiswood's Hist. of the Church of Scotland, i. 83; Registrum Vetus de Aberbrothock, pp. 6, 23, 101, 102, 103, 104, 141; Registrum Prioratus Sancti Andree, pp. 147, 158; Keith's Cat. of Bishops, p. 9; Lyon's Hist. of St. Andrews, i. 97; Gordon's Scotichronicon, i. 143; Craufurd's Officers of State, p. 10; Anderson's Scottish Nation, iii. 357.]
A. H. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Roestraten, Pieter van

​ROESTRATEN, PIETER van (1627–1700), painter of portraits and still life, son of Gerrit van Roestraten of Amsterdam, was born at Haarlem in Holland in 1627. He was a pupil of Frans Hals, whose daughter Ariaentge he married in 1654. Although he practised portrait-painting, Roestraten devoted himself principally to painting still life, this class of art being practised with great success in Haarlem by the sons and pupils of Frans Hals. Roestraten especially excelled in the delineation of gold and silver plate, musical instruments, &c. He came over to England, and was patronised by his fellow-countryman, Peter Lely, who showed some of his work to Charles II. Lely is doubtfully said to have been jealous of him as a portrait-painter, and therefore to have encouraged him to devote himself to still life. Roestraten met with great success in England, and his pictures are far from uncommon, although they have seldom met with the recognition they deserve. Two pictures by him are in the royal collection at Hampton Court, six at Newbattle Abbey, others at Chatsworth, Waldershare, and other seats of the nobility and gentry. During the fire of London Roestraten received an injury to his hip which lamed him for the rest of his life. A portrait of him (engraved in Walpole's ‘Anecdotes of Painting’) suggests that he was of a convivial disposition. In his will, dated 29 April 1700 (P. C. C. 105, Noel), he is described as of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, ‘picture-drawer.’ The will was proved on 24 July 1700 by his widow, Clara, who was his second wife.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lutwyche, Edward

​LUTWYCHE, Sir EDWARD (d. 1709), judge, son and heir of William Lutwyche of Shropshire, was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in June 1661, and was elected an ancient of the inn in 1671. He became a serjeant-at-law on 23 Feb. 1683, and king's serjeant on 9 Feb. 1684, when he was also knighted. In October 1685 he was appointed chief justice of Chester, and was promoted to a judgeship of the common pleas 21 April 1686; but having in Sir Edward Hale's case supported the royal claims to grant dispensations from the penal laws, he lost his seat on the abdication of James II, was excepted out of the Act of Indemnity, and returned to the bar. He continued to practise till 1704. With other members of the bar at York assizes in April 1693 he refused the oaths tendered by the grand jury, and was fined 40s., but he was sufficiently in favour with the crown to be consulted by the treasury on certain crown rights (Redington, Treasury Papers, 1697–1701, p. 352). He prepared and published, in French and Latin, in 1704, ‘Reports of Cases in the Common Pleas,’ which were published in English after his death in 1718, in two editions, folio and octavo. He died in June 1709, and was buried in St. Bride's Church, London. His son Thomas [q. v.] is noticed separately. Lord Campbell (Lives of the Chief Justices, ii. 93) pronounces him to have been an ignorant lawyer and an incompetent judge. Bain's ‘Catalogue of Pictures in Serjeants' Inn’ mentions a print after a portrait of him by T. Murray.
[Foss's Judges of England; Bramston, p. 207; Luttrell's Diary, iii. 83; 2 Shower's Reports, 475; Parl. Hist. v. 334.]
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Luttrell, Edward

​LUTTRELL or LUTTEREL, EDWARD (fl. 1670–1710), crayon painter and mezzotint engraver, appears to have been a native of Dublin, and to have come early in life to London, where he entered at New Inn as a student of law. After practising art for his own pleasure, he finally adopted it as a profession. He obtained some repute as a painter of portraits in crayons, and invented a method of laying a ground on copper on which to draw in crayons. In the National Portrait Gallery there are crayon portraits by Luttrell of Samuel Butler (drawn on an oak panel), Archbishop Sancroft, and Bishop George Morley. A portrait-drawing by him is in the print room at the British Museum. Luttrell was one of the earliest native practitioners of the art of mezzotint engraving. According to Vertue (Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 23068, f. 22) he was led to experiment with the rocker himself, in imitation of the engravings by Abraham Blooteling, and, not being very successful, induced Lloyd the publisher to bribe one Blois, an assistant to Blooteling, to reveal his master's method. Blois revealed it to Lloyd, but Lloyd refused to communicate it to Luttrell, and revealed it to another engraver, Isaac Beckett [q. v.] Luttrell continued his efforts unaided until he met with Jan Van Somer [q. v.], the mezzotint engraver, who gave him the required knowledge. Subsequently Luttrell worked with and for Beckett and Lloyd, and as he did not ​always put his name to his engravings, they are somewhat difficult to identify. Among those by him are portraits from his own drawings of Bishop Burnet, Dr. Robert Cony (1707), Rev. Francis Higgins, the two ambassadors from Bantam (drawn from life by Luttrell at the Duke's Theatre), and Robert, earl of Yarmouth, with other portraits after Sir P. Lely, John Greenhill, and others. From the address on the portrait of the Rev. F. Higgins, Luttrell would appear to have had a print-stall in Westminster Hall. Luttrell drew a series of portraits, which were engraved by Vanderbanck for Bishop Kennett's ‘History of England.’
[Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, ed. Wornum; Chaloner Smith's British Mezzotinto Portraits.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lutwyche, Thomas

​LUTWYCHE, THOMAS (1675–1734), lawyer, son of Sir Edward Lutwyche [q. v.], justice of the common pleas, was a king's scholar at Westminster School, and was elected to Christ Church, Oxford, where he matriculated 4 July 1692, but took no degree. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1697, was reader there in 1715, and treasurer of the inn in 1722. He sat in parliament for Appleby, Westmoreland, from 1710 to 1715, for Callington, Cornwall, between 1722 and 1727, and for Agmondesham, Buckinghamshire, from 1728 to his death, 13 Nov. 1734. He was buried in the Inner Temple Church. Lutwyche was made Q.C. towards the end of Queen Anne's reign, and was an able lawyer. He was a high tory, and delivered, on 6 Nov. 1723, a strong speech in parliament against the bill for laying a tax upon papists. He left some manuscript reports of ‘select cases, arguments and pleadings’ in the Queen's Bench in the reign of Queen Anne, first published in 1781 in pt. xi. of ‘Modern Reports.’ One of his opinions is printed in ‘Nichols's Literary Anecdotes,’ i. 315–16.
[Alumni Westm. p. 222; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714; Inner Temple Books; Hist. Reg. Chron. Diary (1734), p. 31; Parl. Hist. viii. 354–51; Members of Parliament (official lists); Luttrell's Diary, vi. 510.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Luttrell, Simon

​LUTTRELL, SIMON (d. 1698), colonel, was eldest son of Thomas Luttrell (d. 1674) of Luttrellstown, co. Dublin, by a daughter of William Segrave. Henry Luttrell (1655?–1717) [q. v.] was his brother. Simon married, in August 1672, Catherine, daughter of Sir Thomas Newcomen, bart., in whose regiment he was lieutenant-colonel, and succeeded to the family property on his father's death in 1674. Luttrell was a devoted adherent of James II, levied a regiment of dragoons for his service, and received from him the appointment of lord-lieutenant of the county of Dublin, and membership of the privy council in Ireland. He sat as one of the representatives of the county of Dublin in the Irish parliament of 1689, and was made military governor of that city. Two orders are extant issued by Luttrell in May and June 1690, in relation to the protestant inhabitants of Dublin at that time. To the measures adopted by Luttrell was ascribed the preservation of Dublin for the Jacobites against the designs of Schomberg. Luttrell retained the governorship of Dublin till the withdrawal of James II in July 1690. He was one of the Irish representatives who went to France in that year to urge on James II the propriety of removing the Duke of Tyrconnel from the office of viceroy. The Duke of Berwick, who was well acquainted with Luttrell, tells us that he always appeared to him to be an honest man, and that he was of an accommodating disposition. Luttrell was on board the French fleet which arrived too late to aid the Irish in October 1690, and returned to France, where he was appointed colonel of the queen's regiment of infantry in the army of King James. The treaty of Limerick contained a clause of indemnity to Luttrell and other Irish officers who should return to Ireland within eight months and swear allegiance to William and Mary. By ​not accepting this condition Luttrell became liable to attainder, which was duly put in force against himself and his wife. Luttrell served until 1696 in Italy as brigadier, under Marshal Catinat, and he was subsequently attached with his regiment to the forces of the Duke de Vendôme in Catalonia. The present writer possesses two official documents executed in Catalonia by Luttrell as ‘colonel du regiment d'infanterie de la Reine d'Angleterre & brigadier des armées du Roy.’ The first is dated at Girona 19 Dec. 1697; the second was signed at Perpignan 20 Feb. 1698. An inscription to Luttrell's memory in the Irish College at Paris records that his death took place on 6 Sept. 1698. Archdall in his ‘Peerage of Ireland,’ 1789, iii. 411, erroneously stated that Luttrell was slain at Landen in 1693. This error has been repeated in Burke's ‘Extinct Peerage.’
[King's State of the Protestants, 1692; Mémoires du Maréchal de Berwick, 1778; Life of James II, 1816; Macariæ Excidium, 1850; Dalton's Irish Army List, 1860; O'Callaghan's Hist. of Irish Brigades, 1860; J. T. Gilbert's Jacobite Narrative, 1892.]
J. T. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Young, John (1755-1825)

​YOUNG, JOHN (1755–1825), mezzotint engraver and keeper of the British Institution, was born in 1755, and studied under John Raphael Smith [q. v.] He became a very able engraver, working exclusively in mezzotint, and executed about eighty portraits of contemporary personages, from pictures by Hoppner, Lawrence, Zoffany, &c., as well as some subject pieces after Morland, Hoppner, Paye, and others. His finest plate is the prize fight between Broughton and Stevenson, after Mortimer. In 1789 he was appointed mezzotint engraver to the Prince of Wales. In 1813 Young succeeded Valentine Green [q. v.] in the keepership of the British Institution, an arduous post which he filled with unfailing tact and efficiency until his death. He was honorary secretary of the Artists' Benevolent Fund from 1810 to 1813, and then transferred his services in the same capacity to the rival body, the Artists' General Benevolent Institution. He died at his house in Upper Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, London, on 7 March 1825. Young published in 1815 ‘Portraits of the Emperors of Turkey from the Foundation of the Monarchy to the year 1808,’ thirty plates printed in colours, with English and French text; and between 1821 and 1825 a series of catalogues, illustrated with etchings by himself, of the Grosvenor, Leicester, Miles, Angerstein, and Stafford galleries.
[Gent. Mag. 1825, i. 466; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Smith's British Mezzotinto Portraits; Pye's Patronage of British Art.]
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Young, Robert (1822-1888)

​YOUNG, ROBERT (1822–1888), theologian and orientalist, son of George Young, manager of a flour mill, was born in Haddingtonshire on 10 Sept. 1822; his father died when Robert was a child. After education at some private schools, he was in 1838 apprenticed to the printing business, and in 1847 became a printer and bookseller on his own account. During his apprenticeship he employed his spare time in studying Hebrew and other oriental languages, and also interested himself in various forms of religious work; for three years he was connected with Dr. Chalmers's Territorial church sabbath school in the West Port, Edinburgh. On starting business as a printer he proceeded to publish a variety of works intended to facilitate the study of the Old Testament and its ancient versions, of which the first was an edition with translation of Maimonides's 613 precepts. From 1856 to 1861 he was literary missionary and superintendent of the mission press at Surat; and during this time he added Gujarati to his acquirements, which already included Gaelic and Finnish, in addition to the Romance and Teutonic languages; while he did not neglect his Semitic studies. From 1864 to 1874 he conducted the ‘Missionary Institute;’ in 1867 he visited the most important cities in the United States. The best known of his works is his ‘Analytical Concordance to the Bible’ (1879, 4to), which has gone through many editions. In 1871 he stood unsuccessfully for the Hebrew chair at St. Andrews. Most of his life was passed in Edinburgh, where he died on 14 Oct. 1888, leaving two sons and four daughters.
[Banner of Ulster, 18 Dec. 1855; Schaff's Encyclopædia of Living Divines, 1887.]
D. S. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warder, Joseph

​WARDER, JOSEPH (fl. 1688–1718), writer on bees, born before 1655, took up his residence at Croydon about 1688. He practised there as a physician for over thirty years, and was a leading member of the independent congregation, the pastor of which, Richard Conder, was his son-in-law. Warder made an especial study of the habits of bees, and in 1693 he embodied the results of many years of observation in a treatise entitled ‘The True Amazons, or the Monarchy of Bees’ (London, 8vo; the second edition of 1713 contains a dedication to Queen Anne). The work, which was considerably ​in advance of any former treatise and contained many curious particulars concerning the habits of bees as well as practical instructions for their management, went through nine editions, the last of which appeared in 1765 (London, 8vo). It remained the standard work on the subject until it was superseded by John Thorley's ‘Mελισσηλογία, or the Female Monarchy’ (London, 1744, 8vo). A portrait of Warder, engraved by Henry Hulsberg, was prefixed to his book on bees.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wardlaw, Walter

T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wardlaw, Elizabeth

​WARDLAW, ELIZABETH, Lady (1677–1727), the supposed authoress of the ballad of ‘Hardyknute,’ was the second daughter of Sir Charles Halket, bart., of Pitfirrane, Fifeshire. She was born in April 1677, and on 13 June 1696 she married Sir Henry Wardlaw, bart., of Pitcruivie. The ballad of ‘Hardyknute,’ which she was the first to make known to the world, was at first circulated by her as the fragment of an ancient ballad discovered in a vault in Dunfermline. But no original manuscript of this fragment is forthcoming; and while the ballad is manifestly in great part modern, several of her friends, professing to be intimately acquainted with the circumstances of its production, positively ascribe to her its authorship. It was nevertheless published in 1719, during her lifetime, as an ancient poem, at the expense of Lord-president Forbes and Sir Gilbert Eliot, and in 1724 Allan Ramsay included it as an ancient ballad in his ‘Evergreen.’ Lady Wardlaw is stated to have remodelled the ballad of ‘Gilderoy;’ and the ballad of ‘Sir Patrick Spens,’ published in Percy's ‘Reliques’ from two manuscripts sent from Scotland, has also been ascribed to her. This last hypothesis was first suggested by Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe [q. v.] in additional notes to Johnson's ‘Musical Museum,’ and the proposition was also supported, as regards other ballads, by Robert Chambers in his ‘Remarks on Scottish Ballads,’ 1859. A feasible reason for suggesting Lady Wardlaw as the writer of ‘Sir Patrick Spens’ is the reference to the king in Dunfermline; but it is so immensely superior to ‘Hardyknute’ that Lady Wardlaw's authorship of this last is rather presumptive evidence against than for her authorship of ‘Sir Patrick Spens.’ It is, however, by no means improbable that Lady Wardlaw amended ‘Sir Patrick Spens’ and other ballads.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Taylor, Simon

1904 Errata appended.
​TAYLOR, SIMON (d. 1772), botanical painter, was trained in the drawing-school of William Shipley [q. v.] About 1760 he was engaged by Lord Bute to paint the rare plants at Kew for him. John Ellis writes to Linnæus, 28 Dec. 1770: ‘We have a young man, one Taylor, who draws all the rare plants of Kew Garden for Lord Bute; he does it tolerably well: I shall employ him very soon’ (Correspondence of Linnæus, i. 255). He was also employed by John Fothergill [q. v.] He died in 1772. In 1794, after Lord Bute's death in 1792, a large collection of paintings of plants on vellum by Taylor was sold by auction. The paintings he executed for Fothergill were sold on Fothergill's death in 1780 to the Empress of Russia for 2,000l., not a high price considering that Taylor usually charged three guineas for each of his paintings. The date of his death is uncertain.
[Pilkington's Dict. of Painters; Bryan's Dict. of Painters and Engravers.]
G. S. B.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.262 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 465 | ii | 14-15 | Taylor, Simon: omit The date of his death is uncertain. |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Taylor, Thomas (1738-1816)

​TAYLOR, THOMAS (1738–1816), Wesleyan minister, son of Thomas Taylor, a tanner, was born on 11 Nov. 1738 at Royds Green in the parish of Rothwell, Yorkshire. His parents died before he was six years old, and most of his boyhood was passed in an unruly manner. When he was seventeen he heard Whitefield preach, but the good impression received was not lasting. Three years later he was ‘convinced of sin,’ joined the methodists, and began to preach. He met Wesley at Birstall in 1761, and by his advice attended the conference in London that year, when he was appointed the first travelling preacher of the connexion in Wales. A graphic account of his experiences in Glamorganshire and Pembrokeshire, and afterwards in various parts of England, Ireland, and Scotland, is given in his ‘Autobiography.’ Like many other early methodists, he had a full share of hardships and persecutions. He continued an itinerant minister until 1816, a period of fifty-five years. He was president of the conference in 1796 and 1809. On the former occasion Alexander Kilham [q. v.], the founder of the ‘methodist new connexion,’ was expelled from the society. Everett, in his ‘Wesleyan ​Takings’ (i. 345), says of Taylor: ‘Large in stature, plain features; a useful preacher; natural temper short and peevish, but subdued by divine grace; with a few drawbacks, a fine specimen of the old school.’ He was a close student, and mastered the original languages of the Bible. He died on 16 Oct. 1816 at Birch House, near Bolton, Lancashire, the residence of his friend Roger Hollond. Two days previously he had preached at Bolton, and his death inspired James Montgomery to write his poem ‘The Christian Soldier.’ While at Chester in 1767 he married the descendant of a French protestant family, by whom he had several children. A portrait of Taylor appeared in the ‘Arminian Magazine’ for April 1780, and another in ‘Wesley and his Successors,’ 1891.
In addition to many separate sermons and tracts, he wrote:
* ‘A New Concordance to the Holy Scriptures,’ York, 1782.
* ‘Ten Sermons on the Millennium, and Five on what will Follow,’ Hull, 1789.
* ‘The Hypocrite tried and cast out,’ Liverpool, 1792.
* ‘A Defence of the Methodists who do not attend the National Church,’ Liverpool, 1792.
* ‘History of the Waldenses and Albigenses,’ Bolton, 1793.
* ‘An Answer to Paine's “Age of Reason,”’ Manchester, 1796.
* ‘Sixteen Sermons on the Epistles to the Seven Churches,’ Bristol, 1800.
* ‘The Reconciler, or an humble Attempt to sketch the Doctrine and Discipline of the Church of Christ,’ &c., Liverpool, 1806.
[Autobiography in Jackson's Lives of Early Methodist Preachers, 1866, vol. v.; Osborn's Wesleyan Bibliography, 1869; Batty's History of Rothwell, 1877, p. 231; Tyerman's Life of John Wesley, 1871, vol. iii.; Green's Wesley Bibliography, 1896, p. 215.]
C. W. S.