# The Lusiads (tr. Burton)/Canto I

Os Lusiadas
(The Lusiads).
CANTO I.
ARGUMENT
OF THE FIRST CANTO.
The Portugueze navigate the Eastern Seas: The Gods hold their Council: Bacchus opposeth himself to this navigation: Venus and Mars favour the navigators: They arrive at Mozambíque, the Governor whereof attempteth to destroy them: Encounter and first military Action of our People with the Gentiles: They weigh anchor; and, passing Quiloa, they ride in the roadstead of Mombasah.
ANOTHER ARGUMENT.
Fazem Concilio os deoses na alta Côrte, Oppoem-se Baccho á Lusitana gente, Favorece-a Venus, e Mavorte, E em Moçambique lança o ferreo dente: Depois de aqui mostrar ssu brço forte, Destruindo, e matando juntamente, Torna as partes buscar da roxa Aurora, E chegando a Mombaça surge fora.
The Gods hold council Heaven's high court within,(20—41)
| Bacchus our Lusian braves to thwart doth seek Who meed of Mars, and grace of Venus gain, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | (73—81) |
Till cast the ferreous tooth in Mozambíque:
| Thence, when their arm of pow'r display'd had been, Death and destruction on the foe to wreak; | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | (85) |
Fareth the fleet where red Aurora bideth; And, reach'd Mombasah-town, outside it rideth.(103)
CANTO I.
The feats of Arms, and famed heroick Host,1 from occidental Lusitanian strand, who o'er the waters ne'er by seaman crost, farèd beyond the Taprobáne-land, forceful in perils and in battle-post, with more than promised force of mortal hand; and in the regions of a distant race rear'd a new throne so haught in Pride of Place:
And, eke, the Kings of mem'ory grand and glorious,2 who hied them Holy Faith and Reign to spread, converting, conquering, and in lands notorious, Africk and Asia, devastation made; nor less the Lieges who by deeds memorious brake from the doom that binds the vulgar dead; my song would sound o'er Earth's extremest part were mine the genius, mine the Poet's art.
Cease the sage Grecian, and the Man of Troy3 to vaunt long Voyage made in bygone day: Cease Alexander, Trajan cease to 'joy the fame of vict'ories that have pass'd away: The noble Lusian's stouter breast sing I, whom Mars and Neptune dared not disobey: Cease all that antique Muse hath sung, for now a better Brav'ry rears its bolder brow.
And you, my Tagian Nymphs, who have create4 in me new purpose with new genius firing; if 't was my joy whilere to celebrate your founts and stream my humble song inspiring; Oh! lend me here a noble strain elate, a style grandiloquent that flows untiring; so shall Apollo for your waves ordain ye in name and fame ne'er envy Hippokréné.
Grant me sonorous accents, fire-abounding,5 now serves ne peasant's pipe, ne rustick reed; but blast of trumpet, long and loud resounding, that 'flameth heart and hue to fiery deed: Grant me high strains to suit their Gestes astounding, your Sons, who aided Mars in martial need; that o'er the world be sung the glorious song, if theme so lofty may to verse belong.
And Thou! O goodly omen'd trust, all-dear6 to Lusitania's olden liberty, whereon assurèd esperance we rear enforced to see our frail Christianity: Thou, O new terror to the Moorish spear, the fated marvel of our century, to govern worlds of men by God so given, that the world's best be given to God and Heaven:
Thou young, thou tender, ever-flourishing bough,7 true scion of tree by Christ belovèd more, than aught that Occident did ever know, "Cæsarian" or "Most Christian" styled before: Look on thy 'scutcheon, and behold it show the present Vict'ory long past ages bore; Arms which He gave and made thine own to be by Him assumèd on the fatal tree:
Thou, mighty Sovran! o'er whose lofty reign8 the rising Sun rains earliest smile of light; sees it from middle firmamental plain; and sights it sinking on the breast of Night: Thou, whom we hope to hail the blight, the bane of the dishonour'd Ishmaëlitish knight; and Orient Turk, and Gentoo-misbeliever that drinks the liquor of the Sacred River:
Incline awhile, I pray, that majesty9 which in thy tender years I see thus ample, E'en now prefiguring full maturity that shall be shrin'd in Fame's eternal temple: Those royal eyne that beam benignity bend on low earth: Behold a new ensample of hero hearts with patriot pride inflamèd, in number'd verses manifold proclaimèd.
Thou shalt see Love of Land that ne'er shall own10 lust of vile lucre; soaring towards th' Eternal: For 't is no light ambition to be known th' acclaimèd herald of my nest paternal. Hear; thou shalt see the great names greater grown of Vavasors who hail thee Lord Supernal: So shalt thou judge which were the higher station, King of the world or Lord of such a nation.
Hark; for with vauntings vain thou shalt not view11 phantastical, fictitious, lying deed of lieges lauded, as strange Muses do, seeking their fond and foolish pride to feed: Thine acts so forceful are, told simply true, all fabled, dreamy feats they far exceed; exceeding Rodomont, and Ruggiero vain, and Roland haply born of Poet's brain.
For these I give thee a Nuno, fierce in fight,12 who for his King and Country freely bled ; an Egas and a Fuas ; fain I might for them my lay with harp Homeric wed! For the twelve peerless Peers again I cite the Twelve of England by Magriço led: Nay, more, I give thee Gama's noble name, who for himself claims all Æneas' fame.
And if in change for royal Charles of France,13 or rivalling Cæsar's mem'ories thou wouldst trow, the first Afonso see, whose conque'ring lance lays highest boast of stranger glories low : See him who left his realm th' inheritance fair Safety, born of wars that crusht the foe : That other John, a knight no fear deter'd, the fourth and fifth Afonso, and the third.
Nor shall they silent in my song remain,14 they who in regions there where Dawns arise, by Acts of Arms such glories toil'd to gain, where thine unvanquisht flag for ever flies, Pacheco, brave of braves ; th' Almeidas twain, whom Tagus mourns with ever-weeping eyes ; dread Albuquerque, Castro stark and brave, with more, the victors of the very grave.
But, singing these, of thee I may not sing,15 O King sublime ! such theme I fain must fear. Take of thy reign the reins, so shall my King create a poesy new to mortal ear : E'en now the mighty burthen hear I ring (and speed its terrors over all the sphere !)
of sing'ular prowess, War's own prodigies,
in Africk regions and on Orient seas.
Casteth on thee the Moor eyne cold with fright,16 in whom his coming doom he views designèd : The barb'rous Gentoo, sole to see thy sight yields to thy yoke the neck e'en now inclinèd ; Tethys, of azure seas the sovran right, her realm, in dowry hath to thee resignèd ; and, by thy noble tender beauty won, would bribe and buy thee to become her son.
In thee from high Olympick halls behold17 themselves, thy grandsires' sprites ; far-famed pair ; this clad in Peacetide's angel-robe of gold, that crimson-hued with paint of battle-glare : By thee they hope to see their tale twice told, their lofty memo'ries live again ; and there, when Time thy years shall end, for thee they 'sign a seat where soareth Fame's eternal shrine.
But, sithence antient Time slow minutes by18 ere ruled the Peoples who desire such boon; bend on my novel rashness favouring eye, that these my verses may become thine own : So shalt thou see thine Argonauts o'erfly yon salty argent, when they see it shown thou seest their labours on the raging sea: Learn even now invok'd of man to be.
They walked the water's vasty breadth of blue,19 parting the restless billows on their way; fair favouring breezes breathed soft and true, the bellying canvas bulging in their play : The seas were sprent with foam of creamy hue, flashing where'er the Prows wide open lay the sacred spaces of that ocean-plain where Proteus' cattle cleave his own domain:
When they who hold Olympick luminous height,20 the Gods and Governors of our human race, convened in glorious conclave, all unite the coming course of Eastern things to trace: Treading the glassy dome of lovely light, along the Milky Way conjoint they pace, gather'd together at the Thunderer's hest, and by old Atlas' gentle grandson prest.
They leave the reg'iment of the Firm'aments seven,21 to them committed by his high command, his pow'r sublime whose thoughtful will hath given Order to skies, and angry seas, and land: Then instant gather in th' assize of Heaven those who are throned on far Arcturus' strand, and those that Auster rule, and Orient tides, where springs Aurora and clear Phœbus hides.
Reposèd there the Sire sublime and digne,22 vibrates whose hand the fierce Vulcanian ray, on seat of starry splendour crystalline, grand in his lofty gest of sovran sway: Respirèd from his brow such air divine, that to divine could change dull human clay;
bearing the crown and sceptre rutilant, of clearer stone than clearest diamant.
On sparkling seats, with marquetry inlaid23 of gold and pearl-work, sat in lower state the minor Godheads, marshall'd and array'd, e'en as demanded reason, rank, and rate: Highest the seniors of most honour'd grade; lower adown the lower Deities sate: When thus high Jove the deathless throng addrest with awful accents, dealing gravest hest:—
"Immortal Peoples of the starlit Pole,24 whose seats adorn this constellated sphere; if the stout Race of valour-breathing soul from Lusus springing still to thought be dear, Your high Intelligences lief unroll the writ of mighty Fate: her will is clear,
this Deed to cold Oblivion's shade shall doom
the fame of Persia, 'Assyria, Greece, and Rome.
"To them 't was erst, and well you wot it, given,25 albeit a Pow'r so single, simple, small, to see the doughty Moor from 'trenchments driven where gentle Tagus feeds and floods the vale: Then with the dreadful Spaniard have they striven, by boon of Heav'n serene ne'er known to fail;
and urged their fortune's ever-glorious claim
to victor-trophies hung in fane of Fame.
"Godheads! I leave that antique fame unsaid,26 reft from the race of Romulus their foes; when, by their warrior Viriátus led, so high in Roman wars their names arose: Eke leave I mem'ries which to meritèd Honour obligèd when for chief they chose
that perfect Captain, erst a peregrine foe,
who feign'd a Dæmon in his milk-white Doe.
"Now well you see how steel'd their souls to steer27 a fragile barque through dubious wat'ery way, by paths unused, and holding nought in fear Notus and Afer's force, wax bolder they: How whilom ev'ry region left arear, where suns or shorten or draw long the day, on wings of stubborn will these men be borne to sight the cradles of the nascent Morn.
"Promised them Fate's eternal covenant,28 whose high commandments none shall dare despise, for years full many they shall rule th' extent of seas that see the ruddy suns arise. On wavy wastes hard winter have they spent; o'erworked they come by travailing emprize;
't were meet we show them, thus it seemeth me,
the fair new region which they fain would see.
"And as their valour, so you trow, defied29 on aspe'rous voyage cruel harm and sore, so many changing skies their manhood tried, such climes where storm-winds blow and billows roar; my sovereign mandate 't is, be theirs to ride in friendly haven, on the Blackmoor shore;
whence shall the weary Fleet, with ev'ery need
garnisht, once more her long-drawn voyage speed."
Thus hearing Jupiter's decree pronounced,30 each God responsive spoke, in order due, contrasting judgment one and all announced giving and taking various divers view. But Father Bacchus then and there renounced, homage to Jove's command, who right well knew his deeds on Orient-lond would leave no trace, were furtherance granted to the Lusian race.
The Fatal Sisters he had heard declare,31 how from Hispanian bounds a hero-band should span the pathless deep, and nought should spare wherever Doris batheth Indian strand: Should with new victories eve'ry deed out-dare done or by his or other stranger hand: Profound he sorrows lest he lose the glory, the name still cel'ebrate in the Nyssan story.
He sees, while Indus he of yore hath tamed,32 Fortune or favouring chance had aye denied to hear him India's conqueror acclaimed by bardic men who drain Parnassus' tide: And now he dreadeth lest a name so famed be doomed for ever in the mire to hide of Lethe-fountain, if on Inde debark these vagueing Portingalls so strong and stark.
But him opposed Venus, lovely fair,33 whose heart her Lusian sons had won the more, since in them seen the qualities high and rare, the gifts that deckt her Romans dear of yore: The heart of valour, and the potent star, whose splendour dazzled Tingitanan shore; and e'en the musick of their speech appears soft bastard Latin to her loving ears.
These causes moved Cytherea's sprite;34 and more when learnt she that the Fates intended the Queen of Beauty should be glorious hight where'er their warrior sway her sons extended. Thus He, who feared future stain and blight, and She, whose heart to honours high pretended urge the debate in obstinate strife remaining; with fav'ouring friends each rival right maintaining:
As the fierce South, or Boreas in the shade35 of sylvan upland where the tree-boles cluster, the branches shattering crash through glooming glade with horrid hurry and infuriate fluster: Roars all the mountain, Echo moans in dread; torn is the leaf ery, hill-heads boil and bluster:
Such gusty tumults rise amid the Gods
within Olympus' consecrate abodes.
But Mars, for ever wont t' espouse the part36 of his dear Goddess, whatsoe'er the case; or for old love that flicker'd in his heart, or for the merits of her fighting race; forth from the Gods upsprang with sudden start: Stern melancholy markt his gest and face; the pond'erous pavoise from his gorget hung behind his shoulders full of wrath he flung:
His beavoir'd helmet of the diamant stone37 opeing a little, of his strength right sure, his sense to speak he strode and stood alone Jupiter facing, armèd, dour and dure: Then with hard pen'etrant blow he bore adown his steely spear-heel on the pavement pure; quaked the welkin; and Apollo's ray waxt somewhat wan as though by cold dismay.
And thus:—"Omnipo'tent Sire ! whose awful reign38 perforce obeyeth all thy pow'er hath made; if these, who seek a new half-world to gain, whose deeds of brav'ery hast with love survey'd, thou wouldst not guerdon with a shame and stain, that erst were favoured through the years that fade listen no longer thou, sole Judge direct, to glozing reasons all we Gods suspect:
"For, did not Reason in this matter show39 herself the victim of unmeasure'd fear, better beseems it Bacchus love bestow on Lusus' children, once his comrade dear: But, let this vain and splen'etick purpose go, since bred of evil stomach; for 't is clear that alien envy ne'er shall turn to woes what weal men merit, and the Gods dispose.
"And thou, O Sire of surest constancy!40 from the determined purpose of thy mind turn thee not backwards; weakness 't were in thee now to desist thee from the thing design'd. Send forth thine agile herald, Mercury, fleeter than trimmèd shaft, or winnowing wind, and show, some happy hythe where Rest shall joy all weary breasts with news of India nigh."
As thus he said, the Sire of sov'ereign might41 assented, nodding grave his awful head to Mars' opinion, ever fain of fight, and o'er the Council show'ers of nectar shed. The Galaxy, the pathway glowing bright, the Deities all disparting rose to tread; royal obeisance making, and the road each took returning to his own abode.
While thus it happens in th' æthereal reign,—42 Omnipotent Olympick height serene,— the warrior People cut the curved main Austral and Oriental course between; where fronts the face of Æthiopick plain far-famed Saint Lawrence Isle; Sol's brightest sheen
upon the water-deities rained fire, who, changed to fishes, 'scaped Typhœus' ire.
The wafting winds so winsome urged their way,43 As though the smiling heav'ens dear friends defended; serene the welkin, and the lucid day dawn'ed sans a cloud nor aught of risk portended: Astern the leek-green point of Prasum lay an olden name where Æthiop coast extended; when Ocean op'ening broad a vista show'd of islets fondled by the circling flood.
Vasco da Gama, valiant Capitayne,44 for derring-do the noblest volunteer, of not'able courage and of noble strain, whom smile of constant Fortune loved to cheer; seeth no reason why he should remain where shows the shore-line desert, dark and drear: Once more determined he to tempt the sea; but as he willed Fortune nill'ed it be.
For look! appeareth a flotilla yonder,45 mosquito-craft that cleave the rolling tide; and with their flowing sails the surges sunder, from the small island next the cont'inent side: The crews rejoicing, in their hope and wonder could gaze on naught save what their hearts had joy'd. "Who may be these?" each ask'ed him in amaze; "What law be theirs, what ruler, what their ways?"
The boats appearèd in a manner new46 long-built and narrow-beamed, for swiftness plan'd; mats were the wings wherewith they lightly flew from certain palm-fronds wove by cunning hand: The people wore that veritable hue, Phaeton's boon to many a burning land, when work'ed his rashness on the world such ills: So Padus knows and Lampethusa feels.
They come costumèd all in cotton gear,47 of hues contrasting, stripèd, chequed, and white; one zone-girt cloth around the waist they wear, other they throw on back in airy plight: Above the waist-band each brown form is bare; dag-targe and matchet are their arms of fight: Scull-cap on head; and, as they wend their way, shriek shrilly shawms, and harsh-voiced trumpets bray.
Waving their raiment and their hands they signèd48 the Lusitanian folk to wait awhile: but our light Prores their course had now inclinèd to strike where shelter'd by the nearest isle: Soldiers and sailors in one toil conjoinèd as though were here the period of their toil: They take in sail, and strike the lofty spar, and Ocean, anchor-smit, froths high in air.
Nor had they anchor'd, when the stranger race49 the shrouds upswarming ready footing gainèd; joyous they cluster glad of gest and face; our Captain gracious greeting gives unfeignèd. He bids incontinent the board to grace with vinous liquor first Lyæus drainèd; they crown the chrystal cups, the proffer'd wine Phaëton's scorchèd folk nowise decline.
Afeasting cheery all the guests enquirèd50 in Arab language, Whence had come their hosts? Who were they? Where their land? What they desirèd? What seas their keels had cut and conn'd what coasts? The valiant Lusians answered with requirèd discretion, and eschewing foolish boasts,—
"We are the Occidental Portughuese; And, seeking Orient lands, we sail the seas.
"We now have coasted, running Ocean o'er,51 Callisto's Arctick and th' Antarctick lands; our course hath circled Africk's winding shore; strange skies exploring and yet stranger strands: Ours is a potent King, loved evermore, and we so prize his praise and his commands, with mien right joyful, not the sea and sky, but even Ach'eron Lake we dare defy.
"And wend we seeking by his royal will52 where farthest Indus wat'ereth Eastern plain: For him through wild wide waves we hoist the sail, where ugly seals and ores deform the Main. But Reason tells us that ye may not fail to answer, an of Truth your souls be fain, Who are ye ? What this land wherein ye wone? And sign of India is to you beknown?"
"We live," an island-man thus answ'ering said,53 "aliens in land and law and eke in blood ; where native races are by nature bred, a lawless, loutish, and unreasoning brood. We hold his certain Law, that Holy Seed, springing from Abram's loins, who hath subdued the nations subject to his sign'ory true; by sire a Gentile and by mother Jew.
"This little island, where we now abide,54 of all this seaboard is the one sure place for ev'ery merchantman that stems the tide, from Quiloa l or Sofálah or Mombas: Here, as 'tis necessary, long we've tried to house and home us, like its proper race: In fine to find you with the facts you seek, man calls our little island 'Mozambíque.'
"And, as far-faring now ye come to view55 Indic Hydaspes and his burning board, hence ye shall bear a Pilot, sure and true, whose skill the safest guidance shall afford: 'T were also well, ere you your toils renew, vittaile to ship, and let our island-lord, who governeth this land, his guests behold, and stock with needed store each empty hold."
His speech thus spake the Moor, and took his leave,56 he and his meiny where the bátels lay: formal farewells to chief and crews he gave, exchanging congees with due courtesy. Now weary Phœbus in the western wave had stalled the chrystal chariot of the Day, and gave his bright-brow'd sister charge t' illume the vast of Earth while lasted nightly gloom.
Aboard the way-worn Fleet blithe sped the night57 in careless joyaunce recking nought of fear; for the far land which long had ’scaped their sight at length gave tidings, and at last lay near. Now to take notice ’gins each curious wight of the strange people’s manners, ways, and gear, and much they marvell’ed how the sect misguided o’er Earth’s broad surface far and wide abided.
Rained Luna’s radiance shedding rutilant showers 58 o’er Neptune’s wavelets tipt with silver sheen: And like the May-mead fleckt with daisy flowers sprent with its sparkling stars the sky was seen: The blust’ring storm-winds slept in distant bowers, Antres obscure in regions peregrine; yet on th’ Armada’s decks a weapon’d guard kept, as so long they wont, good watch and ward.
But when Aurora with her marquetry 59 ’gan strew the glorious honours of her head o’er the clear Heav’ens, and oped the ruddy way to bright Hyperion rising from his bed; lief is the Fleet to dress in brave array of flags, and goodly awnings gay to spread, that all may greet with holiday and hail that island-lord who came with flowing sail
He came right merrily o'er the Main, and sought60 to view our nimble Lusitanian fleet; bringing his country-cates, for 't was his thought in the fierce foreigner perchance to meet the race inhuman, which hath ever fought to change its Caspian caves for happier seat in Asian cont'inent; and, by Will Divine, of rule imperial robbed Constantine.
With glad reception our Commander meets61 the Moorish chieftain and his whole convoy; whom with a gift of richest gear he greets whereof a store was shipped for such employ: He gives him rich conserves, he gives, rare treats, the liquors hot which fill man's heart with joy. Good be the gifts the Moor contented thinks, but more the sweetmeats prizes, most the drinks.
The sailor-people sprung from Lusus' blood62 in wond'ering clusters to the ratlines clung; noting the stranger’s novel mode and mood with his so barb'arous and perplexed tongue. Sometime the wily Moor confused stood eyeing the garb, the hue, the fleet, the throng; and asked, with questions manifold assailing, if they from Turkey-land, perchance, were hailing.
He further tells them how he longs to see63 what books their credence, law and faith contain; if these conforming with his own agree or were, as well he ween'd, of Christian grain: Nay more, that hidden naught from him may be, he prayed the Captain would be pleased t' ordain that be displayèd every puissant arm wherewith the foreigners work their foemen harm.
To this the doughty Chieftain deals reply,64 through one that óbscure jargon knowing well:— "Illustrious Signior! I fain will try all of ourselves, our arms, our creed to tell. Nor of the country, kith or kin am I of irksome races that in Turkey dwell; my home is warlike Europe and I wend Seeking the far-famed lands of farthest Inde.
"I hold the law of One by worlds obey'd,65 by visible things and things invisible: He who the hemispheres from naught hath made, with sentient things and things insensible: Who with vitup'erate foul reproach bewray'd was doomed to suffer death insufferable; And who, in fine, by Heav'n to Earth was given, that man through Him might rise from Earth to Heaven.
"Of this God-man most highest, infinite,66 The books thou wouldst behold I have not brought; we stand excused of bringing what men write on paper, when in sprite 'tis writ and wrought. But an with weapons wouldst refresh thy sight, As thou hast askèd, I deny thee nought; A friend to friends I show them; and I vow ne'er wouldst be shown their temper as my foe."
This said, he bids his armourers diligent67 bring arms and armour for the Moorman viewer: Come sheeny harness, corselets lucident, the fine-wove mail-coat and plate-armour sure; shields decorate with 'scutcheons different, bullets and spingards, th' ice-brook's temper pure; bows, quivers furnisht with the grinded pile, the sharp-edged partizan, the good brown bill:
Brought are the fiery bombs, while they prepare68 sulph'urous stink-pots and grenades of fire: But them of Vulcan biddeth he to spare their dread artill'ery belching flames in ire; naught did that gentle gen'erous spirit care with fear the few and fearful folk t' inspire, and right his reas'oning: 'Twere a boast too cheap to play the Lyon on the seely Sheep.
But from whate'er th' observant Moorman heard,69 and from whate'er his prying glance could see, a settled deadly hate his spirit stir'd, and evil crave of treach'erous cowardrie: No sign of change he showed in gest or word; but with a gay and gallant feigning he vowèd in looks and words to treat them fair, till deeds his daring purpose could declare.
The Captain prayed him Pilots to purvey,70 his Squadron far as Indian shore to guide; so should with wealthy hire and worthy pay the labourer's toil and moil be gratified. Promised the Moorman sorely led astray by ven'omous heart and with such poyson'd pride, that Death in place of Pilot, at that hour, his hand had given an it had the power.
So hot that hatred, sharp that enmity,71 wherewith his spirit 'gainst his guests was fraught, that knew them followers of that verity by the Seed of David to our fathers taught. Oh darkling secret of Eternity, whereof man's judgment may encompass naught! Why should they never lack perfidious foe, who such fair symbols of Thy friendship show?
beneath whose surface covered venom lay; for deadly hostile was their ev'ry thought and soon the hidden fraud uncover'd they. Oh dreadful dangers with destruction fraught! Oh line of life-tide, never certain way! where'er his dearest hope poor mortal hoardeth, such scant security life e'er affordeth.
By sea such tempests, such sore injury,106 with Death so often showing near and sure! By land such warfare, such foul treachery, so much of curst necessities t' endure! Ah! where shall weary man take sanctuary, where live his little span of life secure? and 'scape of Heav'n serene th' indignant storms that launch their thunders at us earthen worms?
* ↑ Ceylon.
* ↑ The "Tagides" are the Poet's Muses.
* ↑ Alluding to Eclogues, Pastorals, etc.
* ↑ Invocation to Dom Sebastiam.
* ↑ The Arms of Portugal (Canto III. 53, 54).
* ↑ The Ganges (not the Jordan).
* ↑ Ariosto, i. 2, etc.
* ↑ For the " Great Constable," Egas and Fuas, see Cantos IV. 23, and VIII. 13, 17.
* ↑ D. Joam III. and the Emperor Charles Quint.
* ↑ End of exordium: narrative begins.
* ↑ Sertorius
* ↑ Madagascar.
* ↑ Now Cabo-das-Correntes.
* ↑ African daggers and short swords.
* ↑ Mohammed Rasul Allah.
* ↑ Pronounced Kílwá
* ↑ Palæologus, A.D. 1453.
* ↑ Arabic.