OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Westward Ho!

Edition of 1905. See also Westward Ho (play) and Westward Ho! (novel) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WESTWARD HO! (1) A comedy by Webster and Dekker, printed in 1607, describing the suburban pastimes of contemporary London. (2) A novel (1855) by Charles Kingsley, whose scene is laid in Elizabethan England and in what is now Venezuela.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antipodal Cells

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Antip'odal Cells (in plants). A group of cells developed in the embryo-sac of Angiosperms. See Embryo-Sac.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antoninus Pius

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Antoni'nus (än' tō-nī' nŭs) Pius, a Roman emperor, was born in 86 A. D. He was adopted by the Emperor Hadrian and succeeded him in the year 138. His reign was peaceful and prosperous. He is quoted as saying: "I had rather preserve the life of a citizen than destroy a thousand enemies." He encouraged everything that was good, helped the poor, lessened the taxes and well earned the title: "Father of his Country." He was called Pius (pious), because he built a temple in honor of his adopted father Hadrian. He died 161 A. D.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antæus

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Antæus (ăn-tē' ŭs), in ancient fable, a giant of Libya, son of Neptune and Terra. He was a mighty wrestler and could not be conquered so long as he remained on and was in contact with the earth. Whoever came to Libya had to wrestle with him, and with the skulls of the slain he built a temple to his father Neptune. Hercules finally conquered him by lifting him from the ground and strangling him in the air.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antinous

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Antinous (ă-tin' ō-us), a beautiful youth of Bithynia. He was a favorite of the Emperor Hadrian, and went with him on his journey through Egypt. An oracle had told the emperor that a great danger which threatened him could be avoided only by the sacrifice of the person whom he loved most fondly. The youth hearing this, drowned himself in the Nile. In his honor, Hadrian built the splendid city of Antinoöpolis or Antinoë, in Egypt, and also gave his name to a newly-observed star. Antinous was made a god, and statues of him were set up throughout the Roman empire.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antioch

See also Antioch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Antioch (ăn' tĭ-ŏk), named from its founder, Antiochus, was long celebrated as one of the first cities of the east. The name Christians was first given to the disciples of Christ in this city. It was captured by the Saracens and the Crusaders. Once richer than Rome itself, but devastated by earthquakes and impoverished by conquests, it was finally razed to the ground by the Mamelukes, in 1269. The "Queen of the East," as it was called, is now only a small town.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antonelli, Cardinal Giacomo

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Antonel'li (än' tō-nĕl' lḗ), Cardinal Giacomo, was born in Italy in 1806, and died at Rome, November 6, 1876. He was raised to the cardinalate in 1847, and was for a time secretary of foreign affairs for the papal states. As a champion of the papal interest, he strenuously opposed the union of Italy, under Victor Emmanuel. He was chief adviser and prime minister of Pope Pius IX, and during the Italian revolution of 1848 he accompanied his Holiness in his flight to the seaport of Gaeta.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antrim

See also County Antrim on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
An'trim, a county and town in the northeast of Ireland, noted for its extensive manufactures of linen. The capital of the county, — which, as it was largely colonized from Scotland, is preponderatingly Protestant — is Belfast. Antrim is an old town, with considerable historic interest attached to it. Near it, in the reign of Edward III, a battle was fought between the English and the Irish; and, during the troubles of the year 1798, a British force encountered, at Antrim, a body of rebellious "United Irishmen," and defeated them. The county of Antrim has an area of 1,211 square miles, with a population of 478,603.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antony, Mark

See also Mark Antony on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
An′tony, Mark, a great Roman general, was born at Rome in 83 B. C. He fought bravely as a soldier in Syria, Egypt and Gaul under Cæsar, whose firm friend he became. He took part in Cæsar's great victory of Pharsalia, and with him was made consul in 44 B. C. After Cæsar was killed, Antony, with Augustus and Lepidus, formed a government called the Triumvirate, which defeated the republican army of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi. Some time after, Antony visited Greece and Asia, and met the beautiful Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. His love for her made him forget the provinces he was to govern. When at last he turned his attention to them, he ruled so much like a despot that Augustus sent an army against him, which defeated him in the naval battle of Actium, Cleopatra cowardly sailing away with her ships, and Antony too much in love to stay behind her even to fight for his honor. Soon afterward Mark Antony killed himself (30 B. C.).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antwerp

See also Antwerp on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ant'werp, the main seaport of Belgium. Its cathedral is a fine specimen of Gothic architecture. The paintings in it are by Rubens; among them is his best work, The Descent from the Cross. Antwerp is over a thousand years old. It is to-day the chief military arsenal and the principal commercial city and seaport of the kingdom. The province of the same name (Antwerp or Anvers), has an area of 1,093 square miles, with a population of 825,156. At the beginning of the 16th century the city was at the height of its prosperity, with a population of over 200,000, a world-wide commerce, and having 2,500 ships at a time in its harbor. Its noted citadel was built by the Duke of Alva, and has endured many sieges, especially one of thirteen months by the Duke of Parma. Population, 317,171.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anæsthetic

See also Anesthesia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
An'æsthet'ic, the name applied to any agency which causes either partial or complete insensibility to pain. There are two kinds of anæsthetics: those called local anæsthetics, which affect only a limited area; and those called general anæsthetics, which cause temporary insensibility of the whole body. Anæsthetics of various kinds were used by the ancient Greeks and by the Chinese as early as the third century A. D. When men began to study chemistry systematically, toward the close of the eighteenth century, various anæsthetics were discovered, but it was some time before they came into common use. In 1844 Dr. Horace Wells of Hartford, Conn., used nitrous oxide gas to render the extraction of teeth painless. In 1846 Dr. Morton of Boston employed the vapor of sulphuric ether for the same purpose, and afterwards applied it in cases requiring surgery. In 1847 Sir James J. Simpson of Edinborough announced the discovery of chloroform, and suggested its use instead of ether. These three anæsthetics are taken into the system by inhalation. Local anæsthesia is produced by chilling with ice or by the evaporation of some volatile substance like ether or rhigoline. Cocaine is also used extensively for this purpose.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newburgh

See also Newburgh (town), New York on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEW′BURGH. A city in Orange County, N. Y., 60 miles north of New York City; on the Hudson River, about five miles above the picturesque Highlands, and on the Erie and the West Shore railroads (Map: New York, F 4). It is built on a steep, terraced slope, rising about 300 feet above the river to an extended plateau. The city has a public library, a public park, Saint Luke's Home and Hospital, Home for the Friendless, and Home for Children. The river here expands into Newburgh Bay, giving the city a deep water front and exceptional facilities for traffic by water. There is a trade in agricultural and dairy products, and large quantities of coal from Pennsylvania are here transferred to barges and coasting vessels. Newburgh is of considerable importance as an industrial centre, having manufactories of cottons, woolens, silks, paper, powder, flour, felt hats, and carpet; shipyards; foundries and machine shops; tanneries and leatherette works; and plaster works. The government, as provided by the charter of 1898, is vested in a mayor, elected biennially; a common council; and administrative officials, the majority of whom are appointed by the executive, either absolutely or with the consent of the council. The city clerk, however, is elected by the council, and the water commissioners, board of education, and almshouse commissioners are chosen by popular vote. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 23,087; in 1900, 24,943. The first settlement at Newburgh was made in 1709 by German Lutherans from the Rhenish Palatinate, who named it the ‘Palatine Parish by Quassaic.’ By 1750 most of the Germans had been replaced by people of English and Scotch descent, who in 1752 changed the name to the ‘Parish of Newburgh’ (after Newburgh, Scotland). Newburgh was the headquarters of the American Army from March, 1782, until the latter part of 1783, and it was here that the Newburgh Addresses were circulated, that the army was disbanded, and that Washington received the famous Nicola letter, proposing that he become King. The ‘Hasbrouck House,’ then occupied by Washington, is now owned by the State and used as a museum for Revolutionary relics. On the grounds is the ‘Tower of Victory,’ an imposing stone structure erected by the United States and State governments to commemorate the close of the war. Newburgh was incorporated as a village in 1800 and was chartered as a city in 1865. Consult: Ruttenber, History of the Town of Newburgh (Newburgh, 1859); Powell (editor), Historic Towns of the Middle States (New York, 1899); Nutt (comp.), Newburgh (Newburgh, 1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newark Series

See also Newark Supergroup on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEWARK SERIES. The name given to the Triassic system in the eastern part of North America. Along the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to South Carolina there are many isolated areas of thick bedded red sandstones, conglomerates, and breccias, which throughout their extent exhibit marked uniformity of characteristics. The sedimentary rocks are accompanied by dikes and sheets of basalt indicating intense volcanic activity at the time of their formation. Fossils are rare and mostly of fresh-water or land types, the commonest being land plants and foot-prints of animals. The micaceous and feldspathic nature of the sandstone shows that it was derived from the waste of crystalline rocks. In North Carolina and Virginia the series contains workable coal seams; it also yields a good quality of building stone—the brown sandstone of Connecticut and New Jersey. See Triassic System.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newbery, John

Edition of 1905. See also John Newbery on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
NEWBERY, John (1713-67). A famous English bookseller and publisher, the son of a poor farmer of Waltham Saint Lawrence, in Berkshire. He attended the village school, but he educated himself mainly by reading. In 1730, he went to Reading, where he entered the service of William Carnan, editor of the Mercury. After the death of his employer, in 1737, he married his widow. Somewhat later, he opened in London a bookshop and publishing house in Saint Paul's Churchyard (1745). He started several newspapers. In The Universal Chronicle and Weekly Gazette (founded 1758) appeared Johnson's Idlers; and in The Public Ledger (founded 1760) appeared Goldsmith's Citizen of the World. Newbery was the first publisher to issue books especially for the young. His Juvenile Library was made up of dainty volumes bound in flowered and gilt Dutch paper. Among them were Goody Two Shoes (reprinted with introduction by C. Welsh, London, 1881) and Tommy Trip and his Dog Growler.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newark (Ohio)

See also Newark, Ohio on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEWARK. A city and the county-seat of Licking County, Ohio, 33 miles east of the State capital, Columbus; at the junction of the forks of the Licking River, and on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore and Ohio railroads (Map: Ohio, F 5). It has also good interurban electric railway service. Situated in a plain surrounded by hills. Newark is attractively laid out, twelve miles of its streets being paved with vitrified brick. The Auditorium, a memorial to the soldiers and sailors who died in the Civil War, is one of the finest theatres in the State. Two of the most extensive earthworks of the mound-builders are here, comprising a circular embankment, one mile in circumference, and a larger series of fortifications, called the Octagon Fort. Tributary to the city are fertile agricultural sections, and areas of natural gas, coal, and sandstone. The manufacturing interests are very important, the establishments including electric car works, table glassware and bottle works, locomotive shops of the Baltimore and Ohio, stove foundries, bent-wood works, rope-halter factory, hardwood sawmill, cigar factory, engine and machine works, and iron foundry, agricultural implement works, flouring mills, carriage factory, chemical laboratory, etc. Newark was settled in 1801, and was laid out as a town in the following year. Population, in 1890, 14,270; in 1900, 18,157.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newaygo

See also Newaygo, Michigan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEWAYGO, nē̇-wā′gō̇. A village and the county-seat of Newaygo County, Mich., 37 miles north of Grand Rapids; on the Muskegon River, and on the Pere Marquette Railroad (Map: Michigan, H 5). It is situated in a region that has attained considerable popularity as a place of resort, being noted particularly for its hunting and fishing. The village, especially known for its cement works, is engaged in manufacturing also furniture, flour, and lumber products. Population, in 1890, 1330; in 1900, 1172.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newbern

Edition of 1905. See also New Bern, North Carolina on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEWBERN. A city, port of entry of the Pamlico district, and the county-seat of Craven County, N. C., 107 miles southeast of Raleigh; on the Neuse River at its confluence with the Trent, and on the Atlantic and North Carolina and the Atlantic Coast Line railroads (Map: North Carolina, E 2). It is connected by steamships with New York, Baltimore, and Norfolk, passing through inland water routes, and exports fish, cotton, lumber, and vegetables. It has hosiery and knitting mills, cottonseed oil and lumber mills, machine shops, canning, barrel, carriage, fertilizer, and cigar factories, and extensive fish and oyster and truck-gardening interests. The most prominent architectural features of the city are the Government building, the county court house, and two bridges over the Neuse and Trent rivers, both affording fine views of river scenery. The government, under a charter of 1899, is administered by a mayor, elected every two years, and a unicameral council. The water-works and electric light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Newbern was settled by Swiss in 1710, was for a time the capital of the Province of North Carolina, and for many years was its most important seaport. It was strongly fortified during the Civil War, but was captured by General Burnside, March 14, 1862, after a severe engagement three miles from the city, the Union loss being about 100 killed and 500 wounded. Population, in 1890, 7843; in 1900, 9090.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newberry

Edition of 1905. See also Newberry, South Carolina on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEW′BERRY. A town and the county-seat of Newberry County, S. C., 43 miles west-northwest of Columbia; on the Southern and the Atlantic Coast Line railroads (Map: South Carolina, C 2). It has a fine city hall and court house, and Newberry College (Lutheran), which was opened in 1858. The centre of a productive cotton-growing section, Newberry carries on a considerable trade, and manufactures cotton goods, cottonseed oil, fertilizers, coffins, etc. The government is administered, under a charter of 1894, by an annually elected mayor and a unicameral council. The water-works and electric light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 3020; in 1900, 4607.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newark (New York)

See also Newark, New York on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEWARK. A village in Wayne County, N. Y., 32 miles east by south of Rochester; on the Erie Canal, and on the New York Central, the West Shore, and the Northern Central railroads (Map: New York, C 2). It has a public library of 3000 volumes and is the seat of the State Custodial Asylum for Feeble-Minded Women. The surrounding country is a productive agricultural section; and the chief industries of the village include the distillation of peppermint oil, fruit-preserving, the growing of rose- and nursery stock, and the manufacture of cut glass, tinware, boxes, flour, foundry products, etc. Population, in 1890, 3698; in 1900, 4578.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newark (Nottinghamshire)

See also Newark-on-Trent on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NEWARK, nū′ẽrk, or NEWARK-UPON-TRENT. A municipal borough and market-town of Nottinghamshire, England, on a navigable branch of the Trent, 16 miles southwest of Lincoln (Map: England, F 3). Newark is one of the most important malting towns in England, and has flour mills, breweries, manufactu7res of agricultural implements and boilers, gypsum and limestone quarries, and a trade in corn, malt, and flour. The corn market is one of the largest in the kingdom. The parish church, a large and elegant edifice, though often rebuilt, still shows traces of its original Norman eharaeter. The grammar and song school was founded in 1529. Newark was incorporated in the reign of Edward VI. and received further charters from Charles I. and Charles II. The town owns the water-works and markets, and maintains a free library and public baths. It dates from the Roman occupation. The castle, now in ruins, was built early in the twelfth century. King John died in it in 1216. From its position and great strength it was called ‘the Key of the North,’ and during the Civil War sustained three sieges for Charles I., finally surrendering at his request to the Scots in 1646. Population, in 1891, 14,450; in 1901, 15,000. Consult Cornelius Brown, Annals of Newark-upon-Trent (London, 1879).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mitchell, Maria

See also Maria Mitchell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Mitchell, Maria, an American astronomer, was born at Nantucket, Mass., Aug. 1, 1818. She helped her father, who was a teacher, in his work in astronomy, and soon became fitted to make investigations for herself. In 1847 she received a gold medal from the king of Denmark for the discovery of a comet. She was employed in observations connected with the coast survey and in compiling the nautical almanacs. She was the first woman made a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1865 she became professor of astronomy at Vassar College, holding the position until her death at Lynn, Mass., June 28, 1889.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Missouri, University of

See also University of Missouri on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Missouri, University of, comprises (1) a graduate department, (2) an academic department, (3) the department of education, (4) the law, (5) medicine, (6) military science, (7) agriculture and arts and (8) mines and metallurgy. The college of agriculture includes the schools of agriculture and engineering and the experiment-station. The degrees conferred are bachelor of arts, bachelor of laws, bachelor of science, doctor of medicine, master of arts, doctor of philosophy, master of science, master of laws and civil, electrical, mechanical, sanitary and mining engineers. Women are admitted on equal terms to all departments except military science. The libraries contain over 55,000 volumes. The endowment is about $2,500,000, the income annually about $425,000. The state sometimes appropriates additional amounts for particular purposes. The students number about 1,700, the faculty about 100.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Missouri (river)

​ Missouri, a river of the United States, the longest tributary of the Mississippi. The name means the Big Muddy. It is so much larger and longer than the Upper Mississippi that it ought to be considered the main river, and with the Lower Mississippi form the longest river in the world. It rises among the Rocky Mountains, near the border of Montana and Idaho, its general direction being southeast to the Mississippi, which it reaches, after crossing the whole state of Missouri, near St. Louis. It is 2,980 miles long, and can be navigated for about 2,500 miles. A narrow gorge made by walls 1,200 feet high and only 450 feet apart, called the Gates of the Rocky Mountains, through which the river flows, is about 400 miles from its source, and 145 miles further down are the Great Falls, of four cataracts, 26, 47, 19 and 87 feet high, separated by rapids.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mitchell, Donald Grant

See also Donald Grant Mitchell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mitch′ell, Donald Grant, American novelist and essayist, was born at Norwich, Conn., April 12, 1822. His college course was taken at Yale, and his law studies in New York city. He wrote under the name of Ik Marvel. In 1853 he was appointed United States consul at Venice, and in 1868 became editor of the Atlantic Monthly. His best-known works are Dream Life, Reveries of a Bachelor, My Farm at Edgewood, Wet Days at Edgewood, Doctor Johns, English Lands, Letters and Kings and American Lands and Letters. He died on Dec, 15, 1908
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mitchell, Silas Weir

See also Silas Weir Mitchell (physician) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Mitchell, Silas Weir, an American physician and writer, was born at Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 15, 1829. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania and took his medical degree at Jefferson Medical College. His earliest researches were in the study of poisons, and he became an authority on the venom of snakes. His subsequent work was in the study of diseases of the nerves, and he stood at the head of the profession in that department of medical science. He also published, in connection with others, Gunshot Wounds and Other Injuries to the Nerves, Injuries to the Nerves and their Consequences and Clinical Lectures on Nervous Diseases, and he made many contributions to medical journals. In another line of literary work he was author of five volumes of poems, grouped in 1896 in Collected Poems, and several novels, the more notable of the latter being Hugh Wynne, an admirable story of the Revolutionary War, The Adventures of François; and When All the Woods are Green. Among other stories are Dr. North and his Friends and In War Time. Among his more popular professional works are Doctor and Patient and Wear and Tear or Hints for the Overworked. He died Jan. 4, 1914.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Missouris

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​ Missouris, a tribe of Indians belonging to the Dakotah family, first found near the Missouri. They sided with the French against the English in the early struggles for the country. Lewis and Clark found them in 1805 on the Platte River, numbering about 300. They had left their home in Missouri and joined the Oto tribe, with whom they have since been connected. The United States pays them $9,000 a year.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mist

See also the disclaimer.
​ Mist. See Fog.