OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Simeon, The tribe of

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Simeon, The tribe of Was "divided and scattered" according to the prediction in Gen. 49:5-7. They gradually dwindled in number, and sank into a position of insignificance among the other tribes. They decreased in the wilderness by about two-thirds (comp. Num. 1:23; 26:14). Moses pronounces no blessing on this tribe. It is passed by in silence (Deut. 33).
This tribe received as their portion a part of the territory already allotted to Judah (Josh. 19:1-9). It lay in the south-west of the land, with Judah on the east and Dan on the north; but whether it was a compact territory or not cannot be determined. The subsequent notices of this tribe are but few (1 Chr. 4:24-43). Like Reuben on the east of Jordan, this tribe had little influence on the history of Israel.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Sisera

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Sisera: (Egypt. Ses-Ra, "servant of Ra").

### Captain of Jabin's army

Jabin's army (Judges 4:2) was routed and destroyed by the army of Barak on the plain of Esdraelon. After all was lost he fled to the settlement of Heber the Kenite in the plain of Zaanaim. Jael, Heber's wife, received him into her tent with apparent hospitality, and "gave him butter" (i.e., lebben, or curdled milk) "in a lordly dish." Having drunk the refreshing beverage, he lay down, and soon sank into the sleep of the weary. While he lay asleep Jael crept stealthily up to him, and taking in her hand one of the tent pegs, with a mallet she drove it with such force through his temples that it entered into the ground where he lay, and "at her feet he bowed, he fell; where he bowed, there he fell down dead." The part of Deborah's song (Judges 5:24-27) referring to the death of Sisera (which is a "mere patriotic outburst," and "is no proof that purer eyes would have failed to see gross sin mingling with Jael's service to Israel") is thus rendered by Professor Roberts (Old Testament Revision):
* "Extolled above women be Jael,
* The wife of Heber the Kenite,
* Extolled above women in the tent.
* He asked for water, she gave him milk;
* She brought him cream in a lordly dish.
* She stretched forth her hand to the nail,
* Her right hand to the workman's hammer,
* And she smote Sisera; she crushed his head,
* She crashed through and transfixed his temples.
* At her feet he curled himself, he fell, he lay still;
* At her feet he curled himself, he fell;
* And where he curled himself, there he fell dead."

### Ancestor of the Nethinim

The ancestor of some of the Nethinim who returned with Zerubbabel (Ezra 2:53; Nehemiah 7:55).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Sodom

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Sodom Burning; the walled, a city in the vale of Siddim (Gen. 13:10; 14:1-16). The wickedness of its inhabitants brought down upon it fire from heaven, by which it was destroyed (18:16-33; 19:1-29; Deut. 23:17). This city and its awful destruction are frequently alluded to in Scripture (Deut. 29:23; 32:32; Isa. 1:9, 10; 3:9; 13:19; Jer. 23:14; Ezek. 16:46-56; Zephaniah 2:9; Matt. 10:15; Rom. 9:29; 2 Pet. 2:6, etc.). No trace of it or of the other cities of the plain has been discovered, so complete was their destruction. Just opposite the site of Zoar, on the south-west coast of the Dead Sea, is a range of low hills, forming a mass of mineral salt called Jebel Usdum, "the hill of Sodom." It has been concluded, from this and from other considerations, that the cities of the plain stood at the southern end of the Dead Sea. Others, however, with much greater probability, contend that they stood at the northern end of the sea. [in 1897].
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Hsiao Yung-tsao

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​HSIAO Yung-tsao 蕭永藻, d. 1729 age 86 (sui), official, belonged to the Chinese Bordered White Banner, his father, Hsiao Yang-yüan 蕭養元, being a captain. Hsiao Yung-tsao was made a clerk at the Board of Punishments and in 1677 a secretary of the Grand Secretariat. After a number of promotions he was made governor of Shun-t'ien-fu in 1695, and in January 1697 governor of Kwangtung. His administration appears to have been honest but not entirely successful. In January 1701 the governor of Kwangsi, P'êng P'êng [q. v.], was sent to take his place and he was transferred to Kwangsi. Soon thereafter an imperial edict was issued instructing him to follow the good example of his predecessor in the conduct of government, and to be more careful than before in the choice of subordinates. In 1706 he was transferred to the post of junior vice-president of the Board of War, and after other promotions was made, in the following year, president of that Board. In 1710 he was transferred to the presidency of the Board of Civil Office and in January 1711 was made a Grand Secretary. In 1717 he became concurrently a member of the Council of Princes and High Officials (議政處). When Yin-chên [q. v.] ascended the throne in the last days of 1722 he lost no time in sending Hsiao to the undesirable post of custodian of the Imperial Mausolea at Ma-lan yü 馬蘭峪, seventy-five miles northeast of Peking; and in January 1728, on a charge of laxness in performing his duties, deprived him of his office and titles but required him to continue his residence and services at the mausolea. A reason for this treatment may be seen in the charge, contained in the imperial order of impeachment, that Hsiao had encouraged Yin-t'i [禵, q.v.], fourteenth son of Emperor Shêng-tsu—indicating that he was involved in the difficulties over the succession which disturbed the later K'ang-hsi period. He died early in 1729.
[1/273/7b; 2/12/47b; 3/12/24a; 11/27/1a; Pa-ch'i t'ung-chih (see under Li Fu) 202/13a.]
Dean R. Wickes
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Hsiao-kung Jên Huang-hou

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​Hsiao-kung Jên Huang-hou 孝恭仁皇后, 1660–1723, June 25, secondary consort of Emperor Shêng-tsu, and mother of his fourth son and successor (see under Yin-chên), was the daughter of Wei-wu 威武 (also written 衛武) of the Uya 烏雅 clan, a lieutenant-colonel belonging to the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner. In 1679, the year following the birth of Yin-chên, she was made secondary consort of the fourth rank with the title of Tê-pin 德嬪, and in 1682 after the Emperor's sixth son, Yin-tso 胤祚 (1680–1685), was born to her, she was raised to the third rank with the title of Tê-fei 德妃. She was also the mother of his ninth daughter, later called Princess Wên-hsien 温憲公主 (1683–1702), wife of Sunggayan (see under T'ung Kuo-wei); of his fourteenth son, Yin-t'i [q. v.]; and of two of his short-lived daughters. When her son Yin-chên ascended the throne as Emperor Shih-tsung in 1723, she was made Empress Dowager (皇太后) with the title Jên-shou 仁壽 but died in the same year, age sixty-four (sui). She was given posthumously the status of Empress with the title Hsiao-kung Jên Huang-hou, and was buried at Ching Ling 景陵, the tomb of Emperor Shêng-tsu.
[1/220/9b; 1/173/5b; Ch'ing lieh-ch'ao Hou-fei chuan-kao (see under Su-shun) shang 89b; Ch'ing Huang-shih ssŭ-p'u (see under Fu-lung-an), 2/11b, 4/12b, 4/13b, 3/13b, 3/15b.]
M. Jean Gates
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Hsiao Ch'i-chiang

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​HSIAO Ch'i-chiang 蕭啟江 (T. 濬川), d. June 16, 1860, was a native of Hsiang-hsiang, Hunan. In 1853 he joined the "Hunan Braves" (see under Tsêng Kuo-fan) against the Taiping rebels and participated in the campaign to recover Yochow and Wuchang (1854). He became commander of a battalion (1855) and fought bravely in Hunan and Kiangsi under the direct command of Liu Ch'ang-yu [q. v.]. As a reward for his part in taking the important cities of Yuan-chou and Lin-chiang in Kiangsi, he was promoted to the post of an intendant and to the rank of a provincial judge (1858).
Shih Ta-k'ai [q. v.] was in 1858 holding a large part of Kiangsi, and Hsiao Ch'i-chiang and other generals fought desperately against him. Whenever a city was retaken Hsiao usually called back the refugees, built up the defenses, and organized a militia. The troops under his control were known for maintaining good order, and for not disturbing the populace. For this reason the ​people of Kiangsi were glad to co-operate with him in driving Shih Ta-k'ai from the province into Hunan and finally to Szechwan where Shih was executed. The eventual success of Hsiao and others in dislodging Shih was doubtless an important step toward the suppression of the Rebellion.
In 1859 Shih Ta-k'ai invaded south Hunan, and furiously attacked Pao-ch'ing with a large force. Hsiao Ch'i-chiang and other generals were ordered to the relief of the city. When the siege of the city was raised (July 28) Hsiao was entrusted with the pursuit of Shih Ta-k'ai to Kwangsi where furious battles were fought to save Kweilin, the capital of the province, from seizure by the enemy. Hsiao was then summoned back to Hsiang-t'an, Hunan. Meanwhile Shih Ta-k'ai marched from Kweichow to Szechwan, and Hsiao was dispatched to the latter province to combat his old enemy. He arrived in Szechwan in the spring of 1860 but before long died of illness. He was granted the title of a provincial governor and the posthumous name, Chuang-kuo 壯果.
[1/438/1a; 2/65/45a; 5/36/14a; 8/19上/1a.]
Têng Ssŭ-yü
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Wayfaring-tree

Edition of 1802.
​Wayfaring-tree. See Mealy Guelder-rose.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Whale

Edition of 1802.
​WHALE, the Common, or Balæna mysticetus, L. is the largest inhabitant of the ocean, frequenting the north seas, where it is from 70 to 90 feet, and in those of the Torrid Zone, to 160 feet in length. Its head is uncommonly large, so that it is equal to one-third of its length: in the middle are two orifices, through which it spouts water to a considerable height; and towards the back, there are two small eyes, protected by eye-lashes, like those in quadrupeds. The tail has the form of a crescent; and the colour of the whole body is various, the backs of some being red, and the belly perfectly white. The female produces one, or not exceeding two young whales, after a gestation of nine or ten months, ​which are suckled in the manner of other mammillary animals.
The whale is a very useful fish: its flesh, however, is rank and unlit to be eaten; but the small laminae, known under the name of whale-bone, which are taken from the upper jaw, furnish a lucrative article in commerce. The tongue consists of a soft, spongy, fat substance; which, when boiled down, often yields five or six barrels of oil; though the most valuable part is the Blubber, or fat, found beneath the skin, to the depth of from eight to twelve inches, and which is convened into train-oil.
Whales are chiefly caught in the vicinity of Greenland; though a fishery has lately been successfully commenced in the South Sea: As their fat is of essential utility in domestic life, the maritime powers of the north annually send numerous vessels on this pursuit. Each ship is provided with six boats, which are respectively furnished with harpoons, appended to ropes from 200 to 300 fathoms in length. When a whale is perceived floating on the surface of the ocean, and spouting up torrents of water, the boats approach, and a harpoon is discharged. The wounded fish plunges into the deep; and, if the rope belonging to one boat be run-out, that of another is speedily fastened to it, to prevent the little bark from being carried down with the whale. As soon as the unwieldy creature re-appears, another, and, if necessary, a third harpoon, is discharged, till it rises to the surface, and at length expires. The whale-bone is then taken out, the blubber cut to pieces, and stowed in hogsheads.
The proper season for the whale-fishery, is from May to July; and so great are the advantages derived from it, not only as an object of commerce, but also as a nursery for British seamen, that the 26 Geo. III. c. 50, and 32 Geo. III. c. 22, §.4, permit the fins, blubber, &c. of whales caught by British mariners, to be imported duty free; provided they fulfil the conditions required by those acts, but which our limits will not permit us to specify.—A bounty of 20s. is also allowed for every ton of blubber, obtained by such fishery.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Whetstone

Edition of 1802.
​WHETSTONE, is a kind of sand-stone, dug up chiefly in Derbyshire, and other northern counties. It is of a dusky-yellow colour; resists the action of acids, though permeable to water: being of a rough, and coarse structure, it is easily crumbled or broken between the fingers, and will not strike fire against steel. This fossil affords an useful article of trade, and is employed for sharpening knives, scythes, bills, and other implements of rural and domestic economy.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Way-bread

Edition of 1802.
​Way-bread. SeeGreaterPlantain.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Wheat, the Cow

Edition of 1802.
​Wheat, the Cow. See Cow-wheat.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Wheel-carriages

Edition of 1802.
​Wheel-carriages. See Carriage; Cart; Waggon, &c.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Wheel-drag

Edition of 1802.
​Wheel-drag. See Drag.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Way-bennet

Edition of 1802.
​Way-bennet. See Wall-Barley.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Wheel

Edition of 1802.
​WHEEL, is a simple machine, consisting of a nave, fellies, and circular brim, or pieces of wood generally surrounded with iron; and thus revolving on its axis.
Wheels are of various breadths, according to the size of the carriages for which they are designed; Mr. Cumming (in his elaborate "Observations on the Effect which Carriage-wheels, with Rims of different Shapes, have on Roads;" published in the 2d vol. of "Communications to the Board of Agriculture"), has satisfactorily proved, that wheels, with cylindrical rims, are doubtless preferable to any other. Our limits will not permit us to analyze this valuable memoir: we shall, therefore, only remark, that such wheels advance in a straight line; being subject to little or no friction at the circumference: nor do they press against the linch-pin; or tend to displace, break the texture, or retard the induration of the parts on which they revolve; and, their motion on the soil meeting with the least possible resistance, they serve to improve the roads, to relieve the cattle, and to preserve the tires. On the contrary, conical rims require a constant force to keep them in a direct line, and that force occasions additional friction on the rim: farther, they increase the rubbing on the axis; and, in dry weather, reduce the best materials to powder; but, if the roads be soft, they break and disorder the texture of the ground; render the labour of cattle more ditficult; and contribute to the wearing of the tires.—Mr. Cumming, therefore, justly concludes, that great advantages may be derived, by substituting cylindrical for conical rims; and it must be ascribed to an unaccountable infatuation, that the bent axis, and conical rims, are still retained in use, particularly on turnpike-roads. Those of our readers, who wish more minutely to investigate this important subject, will consult Mr. C.'s essay before quoted; and which is illustrated by an engraving.
In the year 1793, the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, &c. rewarded Mr. Joseph Dixon with the sum of 15 guineas, for his contrivance of a Preservative Wheel, that may be affixed to a walking wheel-crane; by means of which all accidents to labourers will be obviated, in case the weight should at any time overcome the power. His implement is attached to the axis of the crane-wheel; over the latter are passed two ropes, of which the men may take hold, so as to suspend themselves with the greatest safety, during the time of danger. Pullies are likewise placed near such preservative wheels, over which the ropes turn, and are thus prevented from taking fire, in consequence of the friction.—For a more explicit account of this useful invention, we refer to the 11th vol. of the Society's "Transactions;" where his statement is elucidated by an engraving.
A patent was granted in August, 1799, to Messrs. George Dodson, and John Skidmore; for a method of making the naves or ​stocks of wheels, of cast-iron, brass, or compound metal. A description of their process is inserted in the 12th vol. of the "Repertory of Arts," &c.; together with an appropriate plate.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Fox

See also Fox on Wikipedia, Fox on Wikisource, fox on Wiktionary, and the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1st edition, disclaimer.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Fox-Glove

See also Foxglove on Wikipedia, foxglove on Wiktionary, and the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1st edition, disclaimer.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Fraga

See also Fraga on Wikipedia, Fraga on Wiktionary, and the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1st edition, disclaimer. Actually located at 41° 31′ N.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Chirvan

See also Shirvan on Wikipedia, Chirvan on Wiktionary, and the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1st edition, disclaimer.
​CHIRVAN, a province of Persia, lying on the western coast of the Caspian sea.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Fracture

See also Fracture on Wikipedia, fracture on Wiktionary, and the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1st edition, disclaimer.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Chisley-Land

See also Chisley-land on Wikipedia, chisley-land on Wiktionary, and the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1st edition, disclaimer.
​CHISLEY-LAND, in agriculture, a soil of a middle nature between sandy and clayey land, with a large admixture of pebbles.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Foy

See also Sainte-Foy-la-Grande on Wikipedia, Foy on Wiktionary, and the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1st edition, disclaimer.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Fraction

See also Fractions on Wikipedia, fraction on Wiktionary, and the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1st edition, disclaimer.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Decimal Fractions

See also Decimal fractions on Wikipedia, decimal fractions on Wiktionary, and the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1st edition, disclaimer.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Fragaria

See also Fragaria on Wikipedia, Fragaria on Wiktionary, and the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1st edition, disclaimer.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Thirty-three Collections of Ch'ing Dynasty Biographies

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THIRTY-THREE COLLECTIONS OF CH'ING DYNASTY BIOGRAPHIES
(Referred to by Numbers at the Left)
M 1 refers to the Ming Dynastic History (Ming-shih 明史).
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Tao-kuang

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​TAO-kuang. Reign-title of Min-ning [q. v.].
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Ting K'uei-ch'u

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​TING K'uei-ch'u 丁魁楚 (T. 光三), d. Mar. 3, 1647, Ming general, was a native of Yungch'êng, Honan. He passed the chin-shih examination in 1616. After several promotions he was appointed (1631) governor, stationed at Paoting, and three years later (1634) was made junior vice-president of the Board of War. When Fu Tsung-lung 傅宗龍 (T. 仲綸, 括蒼, 雲中, d. Oct. 23, 1641, chin-shih of 1610) was dismissed as governor-general of Chi-Liao and Paoting 薊遼保定, Ting K'uei-ch'u was put in his place. Accused of failure to resist the Manchu invasion in 1636, Ting was exiled, but was allowed to return in 1638 after contributing a substantial sum of money to the government. After the fall of Peking (June 1644) he was appointed (September 7) governor-general of Honan and Hu-kuang by the New Court of the Prince of Fu (see under Chu Yu-sung), but was transferred two months later (November 17) to the governor-generalship of Kwangtung and Kwangsi. During the reign of the Prince of Tang (see under Chu Yü-chien) in lukien (1645–46), he was ordered to serve in the same capacity, as governor-general of Kwangtung and Kwangsi, to assist the military campaign; and was granted the title, Earl P'ing-yüeh (平粵伯), for having arrested the pretender, Chu Hengchia (see under Ch'ü Shih-ssŭ). On October 6, 1646 the Prince of Tsang was captured by the Manchu troops, and Ting, together with Ch'ü Shih-ssŭ [q. v.], welcomed Chu Yu-lang [q. v.] to Chao-ch'ing, Kwangtung—the latter assuming the title, "administrator of the realm" 監國 (November 20, 1646). Thereupon Ting was made concurrently Grand Secretary of the Tung-ko 東閣 and president of the Board of Military Affairs (戎政). In order to retain his control in the government he maintained close relations with the influential eunuch, Wang K'un 王坤 (later known as Wang Chao-chi 王肇基), but paid little attention to military preparations. On January 20, 1647, the Ch'ing forces under Li Ch'êng-tung [q. v.] took Canton, and Chu Yu-lang fled westward to Wu-chou, Kwangsi. Instead of escorting Chu Yu-lang, Ting, with forty ship-loads of war supplies and treasure, proceeded (February 20) to Ts'ên-hsi, Kwangsi, where he secretly arranged terms of surrender to Li Ch'êng-tung. The latter, under the pretence of friendship, invited Ting to a banquet, and put him to death.
A nephew, Ting Ch'i-chün 丁啓濬 (T. 哲初, chin-shih of 1619), was president of the Board of War (1641) and in charge of the military affairs of six provinces, but was soon dismissed on grounds of incompetence. The Prince of Fu appointed him in 1644 president of the Board of War, but after the fall of Nanking (June 8, 1645) he retired to his native place.
[M.1/260/18a; M.2/365/27a; M.59/63/7a; Wang Fu-chih [q. v.], Yung-li shih-lu 3/1a; Ming-chi nan lüeh (see bibl. under Ma Shih-ying) 12/3b, 4b, 6b.]
Tomoo Numata
J. C. Yang
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/To-êr-kun

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​TO-êr-kun. See under Dorgon.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/To-to

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​TO-to. See under Dodo.