OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nicolay, John George

Edition of 1905. See also John George Nicolay on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
NICOLAY, nĭ'kṓ-lắ, John George (1832-1901). An American author, born in Essingen, Bavaria, February 22, 1832. He came to the United States in 1838, attended school in Cincinnati, Ohio, and later went to Illinois, where he edited the Pike County Free Press, at Pittsfield. Then be became assistant to the Secretary of State of Illinois, and while in this position met Abraham Lincoln. He served as private secretary to Lincoln during the Civil War (1861-65), and after the death of the President became United States Consul at Paris, France (1865-69). He was marshal of the United States Supreme Court (1872-87). Besides contributions to the leading magazines, his writings include books on the Civil War and on Lincoln, The Outbreak of the Rebellion (1881), and jointly with John Hay (q.v.) Abraham Lincoln: A History. This authoritative work appeared in the Century Magazine serially from 1886 to 1890, and was then issued in book form, together with the Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln, in 12 volumes (1890-94).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newport (Vermont)

See also Newport (city), Vermont on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NEWPORT. A village and the county-seat of Orleans County, Vt., 49 miles north by east of Montpelier; on Lake Memphremagog, and on the Canadian Pacific and the Boston and Maine railroads (Map: Vermont, F 2). It has the Goodrich Memorial Library (public), with 6500 volumes, and is a well-known summer resort. The village is surrounded by a farming region. There are some manufactures. Population, in 1890, 1730; in 1900, 1874.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newport (New Hampshire)

See also Newport, New Hampshire on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NEWPORT. A town and the county-seat of Sullivan County, N. H., 42 miles west-northwest of Concord; on the Sugar River, and on the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map: New Hampshire, F 8). The beautiful surroundings of the town make it of considerable importance as a summer resort. There is a public library of 7000 volumes. Newport has extensive manufactures of flannels, cotton underwear, shoes, agricultural implements, and lumber products. The water-works are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 2623; in 1900, 3126. Consult Wheeler, The History of Newport, N. H. (Concord, 1879).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newport, George

See also George Newport on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NEWPORT, George (1803-54). An English naturalist and physician, born at Canterbury, and educated at London University and at the College of Surgeons. He was one of the most skilled anatomists of his time, and his researches on the structure of insects and other arthropods are very important. His publications include: On the Respiration of Insects (1836); article on “Insecta” in Todd's Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology (1839); On the Use of Antennæ of Insects (1840); List of Specimens of Myriopoda in the British Museum (1844); Monograph of the Class Myriopoda, Order Chilopoda (1845); and On the Impregnation of the Ovum in the Amphibia (1851).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newport (Isle of Wight)

Edition of 1905. See also Newport, Isle of Wight on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NEWPORT. The chief town of the Isle of Wight, England, situated near the centre of the island, on the Medina (Map: England, E 6). It is the commercial centre of supply for the island, has breweries, cement factories, and trade in malt, wheat, and flour. Saint Thomas's Church, founded in 1854, is a handsome edifice, and contains a monument erected by Queen Victoria to ​the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of Charles I. Its grammar school, founded in 1612, was the scene of negotiations between Charles I. and the Parliament. The town, already favored with charters and privileges, was incorporated by James I. It owns the water supply and markets. Population, in 1891, 10,210; in 1901, 10,911.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newport (Kentucky)

See also Newport, Kentucky on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NEWPORT. A city in Campbell County, Ky., at the junction of the Ohio and Licking rivers, which separate it from Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington, Ky.; and on the Chesapeake and Ohio and the Louisville and Nashville railroads (Map: Kentucky, G 1). There are bridges across both rivers, and the cities of Cincinnati, Newport, and Covington are connected by electric railroad, the Kentucky cities being popular as places of residence for Cincinnati business men. A few miles distant, in the hills back of Newport, is the United States military post, Fort Thomas. Newport has a city park, and a public library, the library building ranking with other prominent edifices of the city—the court house, municipal building, and in addition the post office, Masonic Temple, and Newport and German national banks. The chief manufactured products are watch-cases, cast iron pipes, sheet iron, rails, carriage supplies, and cigar-box material. Settled about 1791, Newport was incorporated in 1795 as a town, and in 1850 received a city charter. The government, under a charter of 1894, is administered by a bicameral council and by a mayor, elected every four years. The executive appoints fire, police, and water-works commissioners, and, with the consent of the board of aldermen, the city auditor and superintendent of public works. The council is selected from the wards, but elected at large, and appoints bridge commissioners. Other municipal officials and the board of education are chosen by popular vote. Members of the municipal council and board of education hold office for two years, all other officers for four years. The city owns and operates the water-works. Population, in 1890, 24,918; in 1900, 28,301.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newport News

See also Newport News, Virginia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NEWPORT NEWS. A city and port of entry in Warwick County, Va., 12 miles north by west of Norfolk, and 75 miles southeast of Richmond; on the James River and Hampton Roads, and the terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad (Map: Virginia, H 5). It has also several coastwise and foreign steamship lines. A fine harbor and excellent shipping facilities have made Newport News the centre of large commercial interests, its foreign trade in 1901 being valued at $36,658,000, including exports to the amount of $32,568,000. Its industrial interests, too, are well developed. There is a shipyard employing 6000 men, with two dry docks, 600 and 900 feet in length; also grain elevators, lumber mills, iron works, and coal wharves. Casino Park, in the heart of the city and on the James River, is a popular place of resort. The government, under the original charter of incorporation, is vested in a mayor, elected every two years, and a city council, which confirms the executive's appointment of the police commissioners and elects all other municipal officials, excepting those chosen by the people. Settled in 1882, Newport News was incorporated first in 1896. Its growth during the decade 1890-1900 was exceedingly rapid, a population in 1890 of 4449 having increased to 19,635 in 1900.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newport, Christopher

See also Christopher Newport on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NEWPORT, Christopher (c.1565-1617). An English navigator. In 1591 he sailed from London as captain of the Golden Dragon with three other ships, on an expedition to the West Indies. After sacking four Spanish towns and capturing and sinking twenty Spanish merchantmen, the expedition turned back across the Atlantic laden with spoil. At Flores they joined Sir John Burgh and took part with him in the capture of the Madre de Dios, August 3, 1592. In 1606 Newport commanded the fleet of three ships which conveyed John Smith and his fellow colonists to Virginia. He spent some time in Virginia, and took part in an exploring expedition up the James River with Smith. In 1607-08 he made another voyage to Virginia, and in 1609 commanded the first expedition sent out under the second charter, which conveyed Sir Thomas Gates and Lord Somers to Virginia. Newport's ship, the Sea Venture, was cast ashore on the Bermudas, whence the colonists proceeded to Virginia in two small pinnaces, which they constructed from the wrecked ship. In 1611 he made a last voyage to Virginia. In the year following he entered the service of the East India Company. Between 1613 and 1617 he made four voyages to India for the company, finally dying at Bantam of a fever. An account of his voyages to America, entitled Newport's Discovcries in Virginia, and purporting to have been written by “a gentleman of the colony,” was published in the Archæologia Americana, vol. iv. (Boston, 1860).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dover, Strait of

Edition of 1905. See also Strait of Dover on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DOVER, Strait of. A strait separating England from France, and connecting the English Channel with the North Sea (Map: England, H 6). On the English coast its limits are defined by the promontories of Dungeness and South Foreland, and on the French coast it extends from Cape Gris-Nez to Calais. It is 20 to 27 miles wide and 1 to 20 fathoms deep. The Ridge Shoals near the middle of the strait are over 8 miles long, and have a depth of 10 to 24 feet. Both the English and French shores are formed by chalk cliffs. The strait has been carefully surveyed by engineers with a view to bridging or tunneling it. There is great opposition in England, on military grounds, against the construction of a tunnel. It is, perhaps, the most frequented maritime route in the world. Captain Webb, of the British mercantile navy, in August, 1875, swam the strait in 21¾ hours.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dover (Kent)

Edition of 1905. See also Dover on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DO′VER. A Parliamentary and municipal borough of Kent, England, on the Strait of Dover, at the mouth of the Dour. 66 miles east-southeast of London (Map: England, H 5). It is the headquarters of the southeastern district of the British Army, and is not only a charmingly situated watering-place, but, being the nearest point of the English coast to France, 21 miles distant, is a seaport of importance. Among the noteworthy buildings in Dover, aside from its fortifications, are the two ancient churches of Saint Mary and Old Saint James; the Maison Dieu, founded in the thirteenth century as a pilgrims' hospital, but now used for municipal purposes as a part of the new town hall; and the remains of Saint Martin's Priory, incorporated as a part of Dover College. The fortifications are very extensive. On the chalk cliffs to the east of the town rises Dover Castle, founded by the Romans and fortified and enlarged by the Saxons and Normans. It contains the remains of a Roman pharos, and an old fortress church, a unique specimen of Roman-British architecture. To the north of the castle is Fort Burgoyne, a drop redoubt, the north centre bastion and citadel. On these heights are large barracks, the ruins of another pharos, and a circular church of the Knights Templar.
In 1891 it was decided to form an enormous harbor by building out the Admiralty Pier to form the western boundary, and erecting a new pier east of the castle as the eastern boundary. The harbor facilities include two large docks. The corporation owns its water-supply and owns and operates electric street railways. It maintains public baths, markets, and a technical school. Dover returns one member to Parliament. The United States is represented by a consular agent. No special trade is attached to the town, which transacts a miscellaneous maritime business with the French and Belgian ports in the import of woolen and silk goods, lace, feathers, skins, artificial flowers, leather goods, wine, metal ores, and timber and in the export of wearing apparel, cotton yarn and manufactures, machinery and mill work, silverplate and plated ware, books, etc. The total value of exports and imports in 1900 exceeded £11,111,800 ($55,559,000). Dover offers excellent harbor accommodation for every variety of shipping. Population, in 1901, 41,800. In Roman days Dover was known as Dubris; the Normans called it Dovore; the French, Douvres. Fortified and walled by William the Conqueror, during whose reign it was nearly burned down, noted as the place of King John's submission to the Pope, besieged by the French, held during the Civil War by the Parliamentarians, threatened by the first Napoleon, and long celebrated as the headquarters of the lord wardens of the Cinque Ports. Dover holds a distinguished place in English history. Consult Statham, History of Dover, with a bibliography (London, 1899).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dover (New Jersey)

Edition of 1905. See also Dover, New Jersey on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DOVER. A town in Morris County, N. J., 42 miles west by north of New York City; on the Rockaway River, the Morris Canal, and the Lackawanna and the New Jersey Central railroads (Map: New Jersey, C 2). It has large iron interests, railroad car-shops, iron-works, machine-shops, stove, furnace, and range works, rolling-mills, drill-works, knitting and silk mills, and an overall factory. A national powder depot has been established five miles from Dover. The town government, under a charter amended in 1875, is vested in a mayor, biennially elected, a recorder, aldermen, and councilmen, who constitute a unicameral municipal council. Dover was first settled about the middle of the eighteenth century, though in 1792 it had only four dwellings and a forge. It was incorporated as a villase in 1826, and in 1869 as a town. Population, in 1900, 5938.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dove-Tick

Edition of 1905. See also Argas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DOVE-TICK. A blind tick (Argas reflexus), well known in Europe as a parasite of doves and some other birds. A closely related species is the Asiatic Argas Persicus, which dwells in houses “and by its punctures produces convulsions in man, and it is said that even death has resulted from its sting.” A third species, the pique (Argas nigra), is almost equally distressing. See Tick.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dover (Delaware)

Edition of 1905. See also Dover, Delaware on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DOVER. The capital of the State of Delaware, and the county-seat of Kent County, 48 miles south of Wilmington; situated on Jones Creek, and on the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad (Map: Delaware, P 4). It is regularly built on elevated ground. The Wilmington Conference Academy (Methodist Episcopal) and an agricultural and manual training school for colored students are located here. The public buildings include the State House, which contains a State library of 30,000 volumes, the county courthouse, and the Government post-office. There are monuments to persons distinguished in Revolutionary history. The city, situated in a noted fruit-growing region, has several fruit-canning and evaporating works. There are also planing and saw mills, foundry and machine shops, basket and crate factories, and other industrial establishments. Dover was laid out in 1717, became the capital of Delaware in 1777, and was incorporated as a town in 1829. Population, in 1890, 3061; in 1900, 3329.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dover (New Hampshire)

Edition of 1905. See also Dover, New Hampshire on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DOVER. A city and county-seat of Strafford County, N. H., 10 miles northwest of Portsmouth; on the Cocheco River, and on branches of the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map: New Hampshire, L 9). It is situated at the head of minor navigation on the Cocheco. The river here has a fall of over 30 feet, furnishing excellent water-power. Dover is an important shipping port. The chief industries include the manufacturing of cotton and woolen goods, machinery, castings, belting, bricks, lumber in various products, boots and shoes, etc.—industries which, in 1900, employed 3122 persons, represented a capital investment of $5,218,899, and produced an output valued at $6,057,719. Dover has a public library, and a fine town hall and opera house. Under the revised charter of 1881, the city is governed by a mayor, elected annually, and a bicameral council, which controls the appointments to the subordinate municipal offices, the street commissioner alone being elected by the people. The municipality owns and operates an efficient system of waterworks. First settled in ​1623, and therefore the oldest city in the State. Dover was organized as a town in 1633, received its present name in 1639, and was chartered as a city in 1855. It was a frontier town throughout the seventeenth century, and frequently suffered from Indian attacks, the most disastrous of which occurred on June 28, 1689, when 23 of the inhabitants were killed, 29 carried into captivity, and a number of houses destroyed. Population, in 1890, 12,790; in 1900, 13,207.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dove-Plant

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ DOVE-PLANT. See Holy-Spirit Plant.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dover's Powder

Edition of 1905. See also Dover's powder on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DOVER'S POWDER (named from Thomas Dover, an English physician of the eighteenth century, who first prepared the powder). An old preparation of powder of ipecacuanha 1 dram, opium in powder 1 dram, and sulphate of potash 1 ounce, the whole being thoroughly mixed. Sugar of milk is now substituted for the sulphate of potash, and occasionally saltpetre is added. The powder is largely used in domestic practice to abort a ‘cold’ (because of its causing a sweat), as well as at the beginning of any attack of fever; but it should be used cautiously, on account of the opium it contains.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dover (Tennessee)

Edition of 1905. See also Dover, Tennessee on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DOVER. A town and the county-seat of Stewart County, Tenn., 75 miles west-northwest of Nashville, on the Cumberland River (Map: Tennessee, D 4). It is a mile from Fort Donelson. There is here a national cemetery of 672 graves. Population, in 1900, 400.
# The New International Encyclopædia/West Virginia University

Edition of 1905. See also West Virginia University on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY. A co-educational State institution of higher learning at Morgantown, W. Va., founded in 1868. It absorbed the West Virginia Agricultural College (founded 1867), the Monongahela Academy (founded 1814), and the Woodburn Seminary. It now comprises colleges of arts and sciences, engineering and mechanical arts, agriculture, and law, schools of music, military science and tactics, and commerce, and preparatory schools at Morgantown, Montgomery, and Keyser, with an attendance of 1099 students in 1903, and 70 instructors. Its principal sources of support are the land grant of 1862, the Morrill and Hatch funds, and biennial State appropriations, the total income in 1902 being $218,124. The university has a campus of 50 acres bordering the Monongahela River, and a farm of about 100 acres for the use of the agricultural experiment station and the college of agriculture. The buildings and grounds were valued in 1900 at $675,000. The library contained 25,000 volumes.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Weyprecht, Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Weyprecht on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WEYPRECHT, vī′prĕKt, Karl (1838-81). A German Polar explorer, born near Michelstadt, Hesse. He entered the Austrian navy in 1856, and with Payer undertook, in 1871, an expedition to Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla, and in 1872-74 led the great Austrian Arctic expedition, the result of which was the discovery and exploration of Franz Josef Land. At the meeting of German naturalists at Gratz in 1875, he proposed a plan to substitute for the polar expeditions a systematic exploration by means of an international system of permanent observation stations. This plan was carried into effect in 1882-83, after Weyprecht had died at Michelstadt. He published: Die Metamorphosen des Polareises ( 1879); Astronomische und geodätische Bestimungen der österreichisch-ungarischen arktischen Expedition (1877); Praktische Anleitung zur Beobachtung der Polarlichter und der magnetischen Erscheinungen in hohen Breiten (1881), besides contributions to Petermann's Mitteilungen and other periodicals. Consult Littrow, Karl Weyprecht, Erinnerungen und Briefe (Vienna, 1881).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Weyr, Rudolf

Edition of 1905. See also Rudolf Weyr on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WEYR, vīr, Rudolf (1847—). An Austrian sculptor, born in Vienna. He was a pupil of Bauer and Cesar in the academy, where with his group of “Samson and Delilah” he won the Reichel prize in 1870. In 1878 he was awarded in competition the work of decorating the Grillparzer monument (reliefs of the Hexedra). He attained repute through his decorative reliefs and his experiments in polychrome sculpture. His works include the great fountain before the Imperial Palace, Vienna; his chef-d'œuvre, the great frieze of the “Triumphal Procession of Bacchus and Ariadne” for the pediment of the new Burgtheater; and numerous decorative features for the museum and university buildings.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Whaleback

Edition of 1905. See also Whaleback on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WHALEBACK. The name applied to a type of freight steamer developed on the Great Lakes and largely used on them. The sides of a ‘whaleback’ are curved in to meet a narrow flat deck several feet above the water line. Circular hatchways rise above this deck and support small deck-houses and (in some instances) a flying fore-and-aft bridge. The whaleback is well suited to the lake trade, but the poor accommodations for the crew on long voyages have prevented its general adoption in ocean traffic. The first whaleback to cross the Atlantic was the Charles W. Wetmore, of 3000 tons, which made the voyage to Liverpool in 1891. The shape of the ‘whaleback’ makes it particularly steady at sea, and it is possible that vessels of this type may have increased use in carrying ore and similar heavy cargoes. A modification of the type, called the ‘turret-deck,’ has been brought out in England. The sides are curved inward as in the ‘whaleback,’ but at about one-fourth the beam from the side they are curved up again to form a narrow superstructure, which extends from stem to stern. A typical lake ‘whaleback’ passing through the lock at the Sault Sainte Marie Canal is shown on the Plate accompanying the article Canal.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wesley, Samuel Sebastian

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
WESLEY, Samuel Sebastian (1810-76). An English composer, born in London. In 1832 he was organist at Hereford Cathedral, three years later went to Exeter Cathedral, and in 1842 to Leeds Parish Cathedral. In 1849 he was organist at Winchester Cathedral, and in 1865 became organist at the Cathedral at Gloucester. His works include anthems, glees, songs and part-songs, exercises and pieces for the organ, and four church services. He also wrote, in 1849, A Few Words on Cathedral Music and the Musical System of the Church, with a Plan of Reform.
# The New International Encyclopædia/West Springfield

Edition of 1905. See also West Springfield, Massachusetts on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WEST SPRING′FIELD. A town, including several villages, in Hampden County, Mass., on the Connecticut River, opposite Springfield, and on the Boston and Albany Railroad (Map: Massachusetts, B 3). It is the residence of many business people of Springfield. There is a public library with more than 7000 volumes. The community is chiefly interested in farming, market gardening, and the manufacture of paper and cigars. The Boston and Albany Railroad maintains extensive repair shops here. The waterworks are owned by the town. West Springfield, originally a part of Springfield, was settled about 1655, and was incorporated in 1774. Population, in 1890, 5077; in 1900, 7105.