OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ferguson v. Lines/Concurrence Harlan

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Burton Harlan
* Dissenting Opinion Frankfurter
United States Supreme Court
352 U.S. 521
Ferguson v. Lines
Argued: Dec. 10, 1956. --- Decided: Feb 25, 1957
Mr. Justice BURTON concurs in Part I of this opinion.
The CHIEF JUSTICE, Mr. Justice BLACK, Mr. Justice DOUGLAS, Mr. Justice CLARK, and Mr. Justice BRENNAN concur in Part I of this opinion except insofar as it disapproves of the grant of the writ of certiorari in these cases.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Ferguson v. Skrupa

Ferguson v. Skrupa 372 U.S. 726 (1963) was a case before the United States Supreme Court regarding the constitutionality of prohibiting debt adjustment. Warning: template has been deprecated.

## Concurring Opinion

    Harlan
United States Supreme Court
372 U.S. 726
Ferguson v. Skrupa
Argued: March 20, 1963. --- Decided: April 22, 1963
William M. Ferguson, Wellington, Kan., for appellants.
Lawrence Weigand, Wichita, Kan., for appellee.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Ferguson v. Skrupa/Concurrence Harlan

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinion Harlan
* Wikipedia article
United States Supreme Court
372 U.S. 726
Ferguson v. Skrupa
Argued: March 20, 1963. --- Decided: April 22, 1963
Mr. Justice HARLAN concurs in the judgment on the ground that this state measure bears a rational relation to a constitutionally permissible objective. See Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U.S. 483, 491, 75 S.Ct. 461, 466, 99 L.Ed. 563.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Gray v. Board of Trustees

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
342 U.S. 517
Gray v. Board of Trustees
Argued: Jan. 9-10, 1952. --- Decided: March 3, 1952
Mr. Robert L. Carter, Washington, D.C., for appellants and petitioners.
Mr. John J. Hooker, Nashville, Tenn., for Board of Trustees of University of Tennessee and others.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Gray v. Board of Trustees/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
342 U.S. 517
Gray v. Board of Trustees
Argued: Jan. 9-10, 1952. --- Decided: March 3, 1952
Appellants, on behalf of themselves and other Negroes 'similarly situated,' sued in the District Court to enjoin appellees from alleged violations of the Fourteenth Amendment in refusing to admit Negroes to the University of Tennessee. A three-judge court, convened at appellants' request, held that this case was not within the jurisdiction of a three-judge court under 28 U.S.C. (Supp. IV) § 2281, 28 U.S.C.A. § 2281, and ordered that the case proceed before a single district judge. D.C., 100 F.Supp. 113. The single judge held that appellants were entitled to relief but did not enter an order. D.C., 97 F.Supp. 463.
Appellants contend that only a court of three judges has jurisdiction over the cause. No. 120 is an appeal from the order dissolving the three-judge court brought directly to this Court under 28 U.S.C. (Supp. IV) § 1253, 28 U.S.C.A. § 1253. We set the appeal down for argument, postponing consideration of jurisdictional questions. In No. 159 Misc., appellants asked, in the alternative, that we issue a writ of mandamus to vacate the order dissolving the three-judge court. We issued a rule to show cause why the petition for mandamus should not be granted, 342 U.S. 846, 72 S.Ct. 84, and, upon the filing of a response to the rule, set the petition down for argument with the appeal.
At the argument, counsel for appellees stated that appellants would be admitted to the University of Tennessee as requested. Thereafter, appellants filed a motion stating that appellant Gray has been admitted to the University and that the other appellants were, because of changed circumstances, unable to avail themselves of the opportunity at present. Appellants moved this Court to vacate the order dissolving the three-judge court and to remand the case to that court for further proceedings. Since appellants' requests for admission to the University of Tennessee have been granted and since there is no suggestion that any person 'similarly situated' will not be afforded similar treatment, appellants' motion is denied and the judgments below are vacated and the District Court is directed to dismiss the action upon the ground that the cause is moot.
It is so ordered.
Judgment vacated with directions.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Gray v. Blanchard

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
97 U.S. 564
Gray v. Blanchard
MOTION to dismiss a writ of error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Western District of Michigan.
Mr. M. J. Smiley, for the defendants in error, in support of the motion.
Mr. J. W. Stone, contra.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Florida East Coast Railway Company v. United States (234 U.S. 167)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
234 U.S. 167
Florida East Coast Railway Company v. United States
Argued: January 15 and 16, 1913. --- Decided: June 8, 1914
Messrs. Fred. C. Bryan and Alexander St. Clair-Abrams for appellant.
Mr. Blackburn Esterline and Solicitor General Bullitt for the United states.
[Argument of Counsel from Pages 168-171 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Charles W. Needham for the Interstate Commerce Commission.
Mr. Frederick M. Hudson for the Railroad Commissioners of Florida.
[Argument of Counsel from page 172 intentionally omitted]
Mr. A. A. Boggs for intervening appellees.
Mr. Chief Justice White delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Florida East Coast Railway Company v. United States (386 U.S. 544)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
386 U.S. 544
Florida East Coast Railway Company v. United States (386 U.S. 544)
CITY OF TAMPA, FLORIDA
v.
UNITED STATES et al.
No. 639.
RAILWAY LABOR EXECUTIVES ASSOCIATION et al.
v.
UNITED STATES et al.
No. 640.
SOUTHERN RAILWAY SYSTEM
v.
UNITED STATES.
No. 641. Supreme Court of the United States
April 10, 1967
A. Alvis Layne, for appellant Florida East Coast Railway Co.
Wm. Reece Smith, Jr., for appellant City of Tampa, Fla.
Edward J. Hickey, Jr., James L. Highsaw, Jr., William G. Mahoney and William J. Hickey, for appellants Railway Labor Executives Ass'n and others.
W. Graham Claytor, Jr., and John K. Mallory, Jr., for appellant Southern Railway System.
Solicitor General Marshall, Assistant Attorney General Turner, Richard A. Posner, Edwin M. Zimmerman and Lionel Kestenbaum, for appellee United States.
Robert W. Ginnane, Fritz R. Kahn and Betty Jo Christian, for appellee Interstate Commerce Commission.
Paul A. Porter and Dennis G. Lyons, for appellees Seaboard Air Line R. Co. and others.
James M. Weaver, for Tampa Port Authority, amicus curiae.
Lewis W. Petteway and B. Kenneth Gatlin, for Florida Public Service Commission, amicus curiae.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul

In Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul, 373 U.S. 132 (1963), the Supreme Court of the United States declined to invalidate a Californian law that imposed minimum maturity standards on avocados sold in the state, including those imported from other states. The law prohibited the retail sale of avocados that did not contain at least 8% oil by weight. Florida, a major avocado producer, employed, for wholesale marketing purposes, a federal standard unrelated to oil content. Many Florida avocados that were marketable at home failed to meet the Californian standard, so Florida avocado growers brought this suit, arguing that the Californian law (1) was preempted by federal law, (2) violated equal protection, and (3) interfered with their right to engage in interstate commerce. Warning: template has been deprecated.

## Dissenting Opinion

    White
United States Supreme Court
373 U.S. 132
Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul
Argued: Jan. 8, 1963. --- Decided: May 13, 1963
See 374 U.S. 858, 83 S.Ct. 1861.
[Syllabus from pages 132-133 intentionally omitted]
Isaac E. Ferguson, Van Nuys, Cal., for appellants in No. 45 and for appellees in No. 49.
John Fourt, Sacramento, Cal., for appellees in No. 45 and for appellants in No. 49.
Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Florida East Coast Railway Company v. United States

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Florida East Coast Railway Company v. United States."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Florida East Coast Railway Company v. United States (234 U.S. 167)
* Florida East Coast Railway Company v. United States (386 U.S. 544)
# Florida East Coast Railway Company v. United States (386 U.S. 544)/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Per Curiam Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
386 U.S. 544
Florida East Coast Railway Company v. United States (386 U.S. 544)
The motions to affirm in Nos. 638, 639, and 641 are granted and the judgment is affirmed.
The motion to dismiss in No. 640 is granted and the appeal is dismissed as moot.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS is of the opinion that probable jurisdiction should be noted in Nos. 638, 639, and 641.
Mr. Justice FORTAS took no part in the consideration or decision of these cases.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Franklin D. Roosevelt to Winston Churchill (July 6, 1941)

* related portals: World War II.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
​TELEGRAM July 6, 1941
TO: AMEMBASSY LONDON
SECRET FROM THE PRESIDENT TO THE FORMER NAVAL PERSON REPLYING TO YOUR MESSAGE RELATIVE TO PROPOSED COMMITTE ON TANK AND TANK DESIGN I AM EXPLORING THIS AT ONCE AND WILL ADVISE YOU.
ROOSEVELT
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Franklin D. Roosevelt to Winston Churchill (May 29, 1941)

* related portals: World War II.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
​May 29, 1941To: AMEMBASSY To: LONDON
DRAFT OF SUGGESTED CABLE TO THE PRIME MINISTER
SECRET FROM THE PRESIDENT TO THE FORMER NAVAL PERSON IN SPITE OF THE BEST EFFORTS OF THE ORGANIZATION NOW HANDLING FLIGHT DELIVERY OF COMBAT AIRCRAFT FROM THIS COUNTRY TO ENGLAND I AM ADVISED THAT SUBSTANTIAL NUMBERS OF THESE PLANES ARE ACCUMULATING IN THIS COUNTRY AND THAT THIS CONDITION IS APT TO GROW WORSE AS PRODUCTION REACHES AN ACCELERATED RATE OVER THE NEXT FEW MONTHS PERIOD IN OUR COMMON INTEREST AND IN ORDER TO RELIEVE THE SITUATION AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE I AM PREPARED TO DIRECT THE ARMY AND NAVY TO ASSUME FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE TRANSFER OF AMERICAN BUILT AIRCRAFT FROM FACTORY TO THE POINT OF ULTIMATE TAKE OFF AND TO SUPPLY MAINTENANCE AND SERVICING FACILITIES ALONG THE WAY AND AT THE ULTIMATE STAGING FIELD PERIOD THIS SHOULD RELEASE A NUMBER OF CIVILIAN PILOTS NOW DELIVERING PLANES PERIOD MANY SUCH PILOTS CAN REASONABLY BE EXPECTED TO INCREASE THE POOL OF ATLANTIC FERRY PILOTS NOW ENGAGED IN THIS WORK PERIOD SINCE MILITARY AND NAVAL PILOTS AND GROUND CREWS WOULD BE ENGAGED IN DELIVERY OF PLANES I AM ADVISED THAT THE CLOSE COOPERATION NECESSARY TO CARRY THROUGH SUCCESSFULLY THIS CONTINUOUS OPERATION CAN BEST BE OBTAINED IF RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATLANTIC FLIGHT COULD BE UNDERTAKEN BY THEIR SISTER SERVICE UNDER THE AIR MINISTRY USING OF COURSE THE PRESENT CIVILIAN PILOTS AND SUCH ADDITIONAL ONES AS MAY BECOME AVAILABLE PERIOD THIS PROCEDURE WOULD ENABLE THE PLANES TO BE BROUGHT UNDER THE CONTROL AND DIRECTION OF THE ROYAL AIR FORCE PRIOR TOTHE SCHEDULING OF TAKE OFF AND APPROACH TO THEIR DESIGNATED LANDING FIELDS IN ENGLAND PERIOD THE SUCCESS OF THIS OPERATION WOULD DEPEND IN LARGE PART UPON THE PROVISION OF ADEQUATE WESTBOUND AIR TRANSPORTATION BUT I AM CONFIDENT THAT WITH GOOD WILL ON BOTH SIDES SUCH PROBLEMS CAN BE SOLVED AND GREATER ASSURANCES GIVEN OF THE ABILITY TO HANDLE DELIVERY OF THE INCREASED QUANTITY OF COMBAT AIRCRAFT ANTICIPATED DURING THE SUMMER MONTHS PERIOD I HOPE YOU WILL COMMENT FRANKLY ON THIS PROPOSAL. ¶. For example the American Army and Navy could deliver planes at Botwood Newfoundland ready and serviced for the R. A. F. to take them over and fly them across. Later and depending on developments we might be able to deliver them to your people in Iceland. Roosevelt
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Franklin D. Roosevelt to Winston Churchill (March 5, 1940) - Telegram Sent

* related portals: World War II.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
TELEGRAM SENT
3 p.m.
AMERICAN EMBASSY
LONDON
418
STRICLY CONFIDENTIAL
Your 490. February 28, 8 p.m.
Please convey following message to the Naval Person form the President.
QUOTEUpon my return to Washington, I received your message. I deeply appreciate your efforts. I am having the situation thoroughly studied and will communicate with you further as soon as possible.END QUOTE
Roosevelt.
HULL
(CWG)
REGRADED UNCLASSIFIED
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Franklin D. Roosevelt to Winston Churchill (May, 1941)

* related portals: World War II.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
​PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL
AMEMBASSY
FOR FORMER NAVAL PERSON
If Hess is talking, or does so in the future, it would be very valuable to public opinion over here if he can be persuaded to tell your people what Hitler has said about the United States, or what German plans really are in relation to the United States or to other parts of the Western Hemisphere, including commerce, infiltration, military domination, encirclement of the United States, etc.
From this distance I can assure you that the Hess flight has captured the American Imagination and the story should be kept alive for just as many days or even weeks as possible.
If he says anything about the Americans in the course of telling his story, it should be kept separate form other parts and featured by itself.
I have nothing specific from Vichy yet. I am not hopeful of any concrete orders to Darlan to resist but we may still pull some of the chestnuts out of the fire.
ROOSEVELT
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Franklin D. Roosevelt to Winston Churchill (March 5, 1940)

* related portals: World War II.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
March 5, 1940.
AMERICAN EMBASSY
    LONDON
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL.
Your 490, February 28, 8 p. m.
Please convey following message to the Naval person from the President:
QUOTEUpon my return to Washington, I received your message. I deeply appreciate your efforts. I am having the situation thoroughly studied and will communicate with you further as soon as possible.END QUOTE
(signed in pencil)
ROOSEVELT
REGRADED
UNCLASSIFIED
Eu:JDH:DG
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Franklin D. Roosevelt to Winston Churchill (May 30, 1940)

* related portals: World War II, Letters.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
May 30, 1940.
My dear Churchill:-
Ever so many thanks for that remarkably interesting story of the Battle of the River Plate—a grand job by your three cruisers.
You are much in my thoughts. I need not tell you that.
As ever yours,
Right Honorable Winston Churchill, Prime Minister, London, England.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Franklin D. Roosevelt to Winston Churchill (May 27, 1941)

* related portals: World War II.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
CABLEGRAM
May 27, 1941.
AMEMBASSY LONDON
FOR FORMER NAVAL PERSON
I hope you will like the speech tonight. It goes farther than I thought was possible even two weeks ago and I like to hope that it will receive general approval from the fairly large element which has been confused by details and unable hitherto to see the simple facts. All of us are made very happy by the find tracking down of the Bismarck and that she is literally gone for good.
ROOSEVELT
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Franklin D. Roosevelt to Winston Churchill (June 13, 1940)

* related portals: World War II.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
June 13, 1940 Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
​NOT SENT
NOT TO BE RECORDED OR CONFIRMED UNTIL THIS COUPON HAS BEEN DETACHED BY THE TELEGRAPH OPERATOR
PREPARING OFFICE WILL INDICATE WHETHER Collect Charge Department OR Charge to $
TO BE TRANSMITTED CONFIDENTIAL CODE NONCONFIDENTIAL CODE PARTAIR PLAIN
AMERICAN EMBASSY
PARIS
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL FOR THE AMBASSADOR FROM THE PRESIDENT.
Please do whatever may be possible to communicate the following message immediately to the Prime Minister:
QUOTE Your message of June 10 has moved me very deeply. As I have already stated to you and to Mr. Churchill, this Government is doing everything in its power to make available to the Allied Governments the material they so urgently require and our efforts to do still more are being redoubled. This is so because of our faith and in and our support of the ideals for which the Allies are fighting.
The magnificent resistance of the French and British armies has profoundly impressed the American people. They hope and they believe that the efforts of the Allied Governments to overcome the powers which are seeking to impose on the entire world the policies of force and tyranny can and must be successful in order that the cause of human liberty and
A
REGRADED
UNCLASSIFIED
Enciphered by ___________________
Sent by operator ___________ M., __________ 19 ___, ___________________
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Franklin D. Roosevelt to Winston Churchill (March 29, 1941)

* related authors: Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
​ N.ENG 387
US NAVAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE
SRS
FROM : THE PRESIDENT TO: NAVY DEPARTMENT
29 March 1941
REGRADED
UNCLASSIFIED
PRIORITY
FOR FORMER NAVAL PERSON LONDON I HAVE TODAY MADE ALLOTMENTS FOR SUBSTANTIAL QUANTITIES FOOD AND FOR IMMEDIATE PURCHASE FIFTYFOUR HUNDRED AIRPLANES FOUR HUNDRED THOUSAND THOMPSON SUBMACHINE GUNS THIRTYFOUR HUNDRED UNIVERSAL CARRIERS AND SUBSTANTIAL QUANTITIES OF OTHER MISCELLANEOUS MILITARY EQUIPMENT X I HAVE ALSO AUTHORIZED FIFTYFIVE HUNDRED OERLIKON GUNS AND AMMUNITON FOR THEM X SIXTY PATROL BOMBING XXXXX PLANES AND ONE HUNDRED EIGHTY NAVY FIGHTING PLANES X THESE ACTIONS WILL BE FOLLOWED IN THE NEAR FUTURE AS I HAVE HAD OPPURTUNITY TO CONFFER WITH YOUR REPRESENTATIVES AND THEIR OPPOSITES IN OUR GOVERNMENT X YOU CAN BE SURE THESE MATTERS WILL BE PROSECUTED XXX VIGOROUSLY HERE SIGNED ROSSEVELT
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Franklin D. Roosevelt to Winston Churchill (May, 1941) Telegram

* related portals: World War II.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
TELEGRAM
TO: WINANT
LONDON
SECRET FROM THE PRESIDENT TO THE FORMER NAVAL PERSON.
ALL PLANS DISCUSSED WITH YOU BY ARNOLD FOR TRAINING PILOTS HAVE BEEN APPROVED HERE. THERE ARE NO LEGAL DIFFICULTIES IN THE WAY AND THE TRAINING CAN BEGIN PROMPTLY. WE ARE RUSHING SIX ADDITIONAL SMALL AIRCRAFT CARRIERS FOR YOU. FIRST THREE SHOULD BE AVAILABLE IN THREE OR FOUR MONTHS.
This work is licensed under the United Kingdom Open Government Licence v3.0.
    You are free to:
   * copy, publish, distribute and transmit the Information;
   * adapt the Information;
   * exploit the Information commercially and non-commercially for example, by combining it with other Information, or by including it in your own product or application.
    You must, where you do any of the above:
   * acknowledge the source of the Information in your product or application by including or linking to any attribution statement specified by the Information Provider(s) and, where possible, provide a link to this licence.
   * If the Information Provider does not provide a specific attribution statement, you must use the following:
    Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
    This license does NOT cover:
   * personal data in the Information;
   * Information that has not been accessed by way of publication or disclosure under information access legislation (including the Freedom of Information Acts for the UK and Scotland) by or with the consent of the Information Provider;
   * departmental or public sector organisation logos, crests and the Royal Arms except where they form an integral part of a document or dataset;
   * military insignia;
   * third party rights the Information Provider is not authorised to license;
   * other intellectual property rights, including patents, trade marks, and design rights; and
   * identity documents such as the British Passport.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse