OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Agnes Sorel

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AGNES SOREL,
A native of Fromenteau, in Lorraine, was maid of honour to Isabella of Lorraine, sister-in-law of the queen of Charles the Seventh of France. The king became enamoured of her, and at last abandoned the cares of government for her society. But Agnes roused him from enervating repose, and induced him to attack the English, who were ravaging France. She maintained her influence over him till her death, 1450, at the age of thirty-nine. ​Some have falsely reported that she was poisoned by the orders of the dauphin, Louis the Eleventh. From her beauty, she was called the fairest of the fair, and she possessed great mental powers. She bore three daughters to Charles the Seventh, who were openly acknowledged by him.
She herself relates, that an astrologer, whom she had previously instructed, being admitted to her presence, said before Charles, that unless the stars were deceivers, she had inspired a lasting passion in a great monarch. Turning to the king, Agnes said, "Sire, suffer me to fulfil my destiny, to retire from your court to that of the king of England; Henry, who is about to add to his son the crown you relinquish, is doubtless the object of this prediction." The severity of this reproof effectually roused Charles from his indolence and supineness.
The tomb of Agnes was strewed with flowers by the poets of France. Even Louis, when he came to the throne, was far from treating her memory with disrespect. The canons of Loches, from a servile desire to gratify the reigning monarch, had, notwithstanding her liberalities to their church, proposed to destroy her mausoleum. Louis reproached them with their ingratitude, ordered them to fulfil all her injunctions, and added fix thousand livres to the charitable donations which she had originally made.
Francis the First, honoured and cherished her memory. The four lines made on her by that prince, are well known:—
Gentille Agnes! plus d'honneur tu merite. La cause etant do France recouvrer, Que ce que peut dans un cloitre ouvrer Clause Nonain, ou bien devote hermite.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Agnese

Agnes II, Abbess of Quedlinburg; Agnes of Meissen
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AGNESE.
Abbess of Quedlinburg was one of the most distinguished artists of the twelfth century, excelling both in miniature painting and embroidery. Among her works, some of which are still extant, is a piece of tapestry, in which the following Latin verses are wrought.
"Alme Dei vates, decus hoc tibi contulit Agnes, Gloria Pontiticum, famularum suscipe votum."
This talented lady died in 1205.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Agnesi, Maria Teresa

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AGNESI, MARIA TERESA,
Sister of the above, was a great musical genius, born at Milan 1750. She composed three operas, "Sophonisba," "Ciro," and "Nitocri."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Agnes de Merania

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AGNES DE MERANIA,
Daughter of the duke de Merania, married Philip Augustus, king of France, after he was divorced by his bishops from his wife, Ingeborge, sister of the King of Denmark. The Pope declared this second marriage null, and placed France under an interdict, till Philip should take back Ingeborge. Philip was at length obliged to do this, and Agnes died of grief the same year, 1201 at Poissy. Her two children were declared legitimate by the Pope.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Agnes of Hungary

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AGNES OF HUNGARY,
Wife of Andrew the Third, last king of Hungary, was the daughter of Albert the First, emperor of Germany. She distinguished herself by her address and political abilities; but appears to have had more Machiavellian policy than true greatness of mind. After the death of her father, she resided in Switzerland, where her finesse was of great service to her brother, Albert the Second, with whom the Swiss were at war. She died in 1559, having spent the last fifty years of her life in the convent of Kimysfelden, built by herself and mother, on the spot where the Emperor Albert was murdered, by a conspiracy headed by his nephew, in 1308. During this long period she never ceased to lament the death of her father, and to subject herself to the most ascetic discipline.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Agnesi, Maria Gaetana

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AGNESI, MARIA GAETANA,
A native of Milan, born March 16th., 1718, gave early indications of extraordinary abilities, devoted herself to the abstract sciences, and at the age of nineteen supported a hundred and ninety-one theses, which were afterwards published. She attained such consummate skill in mathematics, that the Pope allowed her to succeed her father as professor of Bologna. Her knowledge of ancient and modern languages was also extensive. She died in 1799, at Milan, where several years before she had taken the veil Her great work is "Analytical Institutions," and has been translated by the Rev. John Colson, of the University of Cambridge. This able mathematician considered "The Analytical Institutions" of Agnesi such an excellent work, that he studied Italian in order to translate it into English. At his death he left the manuscript ready for publication. The commentators of Newton were acquainted with her mathematical works, while they were in manuscript. ​In 1801, the works were published in two volumes, at the expense of Baron Maseres, to do honour to her memory, and also to prove that women have minds capable of comprehending the most abstruse studies. Her eulogy was pronounced in Italian by Frisé, and translated into French by Boulard. In her genius she resembled Mrs. Somerville.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ker, William Paton

See also W. P. Ker on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​KER, WILLIAM PATON (1855–), British man of letters, was born at Glasgow Aug. 30 1855. Educated at Glasgow University and Balliol College, Oxford, he became professor of English literature and history at Cardiff in 1883 and professor of English literature at University College, London, in 1889. In 1920 he was elected professor of poetry at Oxford. He made a special study of mediaeval literature, and amongst his publications are Epic and Romance (1897); The Dark Ages (1904); Essays on Mediaeval Literature (1905); Sturla the Historian (1907). An inspiring teacher, his pupils included many of the ablest littérateurs of the younger generation.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kielmansegg, Erich, Count

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KIELMANSEGG, ERICH, Count (1847- ), Austrian statesman, was born at Hanover on Feb. 13 1847, and emigrated in 1866, after the incorporation of Hanover in Prussia, to Austria, where he entered the service of the State in 1870. He became governor of Lower Austria (1880-95), carried through the union of Vienna with the suburbs (Greater Vienna), was Minister of the Interior (1895), Prime Minister (June 19-Sept. 29 1895), then again governor until 1911. He was, with the exception of the Chancellor Beust, the only Protestant minister of Austria.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kinnear, Alexander Smith Kinnear, 1st Baron

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KINNEAR, ALEXANDER SMITH KINNEAR, 1st Baron (1833-1917), Scottish judge, was born at Edinburgh Nov. 3 1833. He was educated at Glasgow and Edinburgh universities, and was called to the Scottish bar in 1856. For some years he acted as a law reporter, but in 1878 he was chosen leading counsel in the Court of Session for the liquidators in the case arising out of the failure of the City of Glasgow Bank, and henceforward his rise was rapid. In 1881 he became a Q.C., and the same year was chosen dean of the Faculty of Advocates. In 1882 he was
made a judge, with the courtesy title of Lord Kinnear, and in 1890 an appellate judge, retiring from the Court of Session in 1913, although he continued to sit in the House of Lords as a lord of appeal. Kinnear was raised to the peerage in 1897 in recognition of his services as chairman of the Scottish Universities Commission of 1889. He was also a member of the commission of 1904 for settling the question of the division of Scottish church property. He died at Edinburgh Dec. 20 1917.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/King, Leonard William

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KING, LEONARD WILLIAM (1860-1919), English archaeologist, was born in London Dec. 8 1869. Educated at Rugby and King's College, Cambridge, he obtained an appointment in the Egyptian and Assyrian department of the British Museum and conducted the Museum's excavations on the site of Nineveh. He also travelled widely in the Near East and collected rock inscriptions in Assyria, Persia and Kurdistan. He was for some years professor of Assyrian and Babylonian archaeology at King's College, London, and published a large number of works on these subjects, including Babylonian Magic and Sorcery (1896); Cuneiform Texts in the British Museum (1896-1909); Babylonian Religion and Mythology (1899) and many others. He died in London Aug. 20 1919.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovich

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​KERENSKY, ALEXANDER FEODOROVICH (1881–), Russian politician, was born in 1881, the son of the principal of a high school in Saratoff. He studied at the university of St. Petersburg, took part in students' disturbances there and was expelled, but was readmitted and eventually took his degree in law. He joined the St. Petersburg bar and practised for some years as a junior and as leader, often appearing in cases concerning abuses of the administration. When troubles broke out in Turkestan and were supported by military force, Kerensky went to the affected districts and published a scathing indictment of the policy of the Government in Central Asia. In 1912 he was elected to the Fourth Duma and joined the Group of Toil : he was in reality an adherent of the Social Revolutionary party, but as it was impossible in those days to enter the Duma under this flag he chose the Group of Toil in preference to the Social Democrats, whom he considered to be too pedantic and distant from the people. As a member of the Duma he attained a certain notoriety by impassioned speeches and appeals for root-and-branch reform, but he was never conspicuous for steady work or constructive statesmanship. When the first Revolutionary Government was formed people were astonished to hear that Kerensky had been nominated Minister of Justice. The explanation was that he served as a link between the new Government and the Soviet of Workmen and Soldiers. His career as member and head of the Provisional Government is described in the article Russia. He may be said to have played in Russia to some extent the part played by Lamartine in the French Revolution of 1848.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kiderlen-Wächter, Alfred von

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KIDERLEN-WÄCHTER, ALFRED VON (1852-1912), German diplomatist, was born at Stallgast July 10 1852, and was the son of a banker, Robert Kiderlen, who had married Baroness Marie von Wächter. He fought as a volunteer in the Franco-German War (1870-1) and then studied at different universities, retaining throughout his subsequent career a good deal of the jovial (burschikos) manner of a German student. In 1879 he entered the German Foreign Office, where he was regarded as one of the most promising members of the small clique that gathered round the celebrated and much over-rated Herr von Holstein. After holding various diplomatic posts, among them that of Prussian minister to Hamburg, he was sent to Bucharest in 1900 and remained there for 10 years, when he was recalled to occupy the post of Foreign Secretary under the somewhat inexperienced Chancellor, Herr von Bethmann Hollweg. He was soon in the thick of the negotiations with France (1911) which arose over
the Agadir incident, and which, owing to the state of Kiderlen-Wächter's health, were partly conducted between him and the French ambassador, Jules Cambon, at the Bavarian spa of Kissingen. The mystery which Kiderlen-Wächter, with the complicity of his chief, Bethmann Hollweg, chose to maintain with regard to Germany's ultimate intentions in Morocco, was largely responsible for the crisis which arose between the Western Powers and Germany and which necessitated very plain speaking in the House of Commons by Sir Edward Grey (Nov. 27 1911), and had previously given occasion for a very firm declaration on the British attitude by Mr. Lloyd George, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, at the Mansion House (July 21 1911). French public opinion was, moreover, indignant at certain negotiations which were secretly carried on with Berlin by the French Prime Minister, M. Caillaux, behind the back of the French Minister for Foreign Affairs, de Selves. An agreement on the basis of a cession of territory in the French Congo in exchange for a German declaration of complete désintéressement in Morocco was nevertheless ultimately effected. Kiderlen-Wächter died at Stuttgart Dec. 30 1912. (G. S.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kipling, Rudyard

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KIPLING, RUDYARD (1865-), British author (see 15.825), published (with C. R. L. Fletcher) a History of England (1911); Songs from Books (1913); and a play, The Harbour Watch (1913). After the outbreak of the World War, he wrote a number of descriptive studies of the forces, viz., The New Armies in Training (1914); France at War (1915); Fringes of the Fleet (1915); and Sea Warfare (1916), as well as a volume of short stories, A Diversity of Creatures (1917), and some small volumes of war poetry. In 1920 he published Letters of Travel, an account of various wanderings between 1892 and 1913.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kiepert, Richard

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KIEPERT, RICHARD (1846-1915), German cartographer, was born at Weimar Sept. 13 1846, the son of Heinrich Kiepert, also a noted cartographer. Richard pursued geographical and historical studies at Berlin and Heidelberg universities. In 1870 he travelled in Palestine and Asia Minor, returning to take part in the Franco-Prussian War. He received the Doctorate of Philosophy at Jena in 1874; from that year until 1878 he was engaged in the compilation of Richthofen's atlas of China, and from 1875 to 1887 he edited the geographical periodical Globus. He had to do with the preparation of maps from the data collected by many well-known German travellers, such as Rohlfs, Barth, Möllendorf and Lenz. In 1893 he published a Deutscher Kolonialatlas, and subsequently, among other works, a Spezialkarte von Deutsch-Ostafrika (1:300,000), and numerous school maps, being associated with the map-publishing firm of Dietrich Reimer in Berlin for 25 years. After his father's death in 1898 he completed or brought up to date many of his maps, including such historical works as the Formae Orbis Antiqui. Perhaps his most important single work was the Spezialkarte von Kleinasien (Asia Minor), (1:400,000) (1902-8). He received the Ritter medal in 1908, and the honorary title of professor in 1913. He died in Berlin Aug. 4 1915.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Günther, Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf

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​GÜNTHER, ALBERT CHARLES LEWIS GOTTHILF (1830–1914), German biologist, was born in Württemberg Oct. 3 1830 and educated at Tübingen, Berlin and Bonn universities. He entered the British Museum in 1856 and became keeper of the zoölogical department in 1875, holding that post for 20 years. He made a special study of fishes and reptiles, and published various works on the subject, as well as contributing a section of the article Ichthyology to the E.B. He received the gold medal of the Royal Society in 1878 and of the Linnean Society in 1904. He died at Kew Feb. 1 1914.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gwatkin, Henry Melvill

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​GWATKIN, HENRY MELVILL (1844–1916), English theological scholar, was born at Barrow-on-Soar, Leics., July 30 1844, the youngest son of the Rev. R. Gwatkin, formerly tutor at St. John's College, Cambridge. He was educated at Shrewsbury and St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated in theology in 1868, taking the Carus prize for Greek in 1865 and 1869, and the Tyrwhitt Hebrew prize in 1870. In 1868 he became a fellow of St. John's, and in 1874 theological lecturer. He succeeded Creighton as Dixie professor of ecclesiastical history at Cambridge (1891) and in 1903 gave the Gifford lectures at Edinburgh. He died at Cambridge Nov. 14 1916.
His chief works were Studies of Arianism (1882); The Knowledge of God (1906, the published version of his Gifford lectures) and Early Church History (1909).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hale, George Ellery

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HALE, GEORGE ELLERY (1868-), American astronomer, was born at Chicago, Ill., June 29 1868. He studied at the Harvard College Observatory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (B.S. 1890). He was director of the Kenwood Astrophysical Observatory, in Chicago, from 1890 to 1896. From 1892 to 1905 he was at the university of Chicago as associate professor of astrophysics, as professor (from 1897), and as director of the Yerkes Observatory (after 1895). In 1904 he became director of the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory (Cal.) of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. He invented the spectroheliograph first used in 1892 for photographing solar prominences and won an international reputation for his solar and stellar spectroscopic work. He was awarded the Janssen medal by the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1894, the Rumford medal by the American Academy in 1902, the Draper medal in 1903, a gold medal by the Royal Astronomical Society in 1904, the Bruce medal by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 1916, and the Janssen medal by the Astronomical Society of France in 1917. From 1892 to 1895 he was an editor of Astronomy and Astrophysics and thereafter of The Astrophysical Journal. He was the author of The Study of Stellar Evolution (1908) and Ten Years' Work of a Mountain Observatory (1915), besides numerous papers in the Contributions from the Mount Wilson
Observatory and other scientific publications. He was a member of many learned societies at home and abroad.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hammarskjöld, Hjalmar

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HAMMARSKJÖLD, HJALMAR (1862-), Swedish statesman, was born in 1862, and educated at Upsala University, where he became professor of civil law. He gradually established his reputation as a jurist, and took a prominent part in national politics. In 1901 he joined von Otter's Ministry, and was Minister of Justice till it resigned in 1902. In the latter year he was elected president of the Göta High Court. In 1905 he joined Lundeberg's Government, formed after the dissolution of the union with Norway, as Minister of Education. He was one of Sweden's four representatives in the negotiations with Norway at Karlstad. After the resignation of the Lundeberg Government he became, in Nov. 1905, Swedish Minister in Copenhagen, and in 1907 governor (landshövding) of the province (län) of Upsala. He had often acted meanwhile as expert in constitutional law on behalf both of Sweden and of other countries. He was Swedish delegate at the international conference in Paris with regard to literary copyright in 1896, and at the Hague conferences in regard to private international law in 1900 and 1904. From 1904 he was Swedish member of the Hague International Board of Arbitration, and in 1907 he was Sweden's leading delegate to the Hague Peace Conference. In 1908 he was appointed member of the Board of Arbitration in regard to the question of the sea boundary between Sweden and Norway, and in the same year he acted as president of the Franco-German Board of Arbitration in regard to the Casablanca affair. He was chairman of the Swedish committee for drafting the Swedish-German treaty of commerce in 1910-1; Swedish delegate at the Spitzbergen conferences of 1910 and 1912; in 1909 juridical adviser in the Swedish-Norwegian Board of Arbitration in regard to the right of Swedish Laplanders to graze their reindeer in
Norway; and in 1913 president of the Franco-Italian Board of Arbitration for the solution of certain freight disputes. In Feb. 1914 he succeeded Staaff as prime minister, retaining this post during the World War until 1917.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gérault-Richard, Alfred Léon

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​GERAULT-RICHARD, ALFRED LEON (1860–1911), French journalist and politician (see 11.766), died Dec. 6 1911.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hadley, Arthur Twining

See also Arthur Twining Hadley on Wikipedia, 12.798, and the disclaimer.
HADLEY, ARTHUR TWINING (1856-), American economist and educationist, was elected a director of the New York, New Haven & Hartford railway in 1913. In 1914 he lectured at the university of Oxford on “institutions of the United States.” In 1915 he evoked considerable discussion in America by declaring that young men who looked forward to a political career should have private means so as to avoid pecuniary temptations. In 1915 he endorsed college military camps and favoured counting military training for a degree. In 1920 he resigned as president of Yale University. The same year he was elected a director of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé railway.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hainisch, Michael

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HAINISCH, MICHAEL (1856-), Austrian official and writer, president of the Austrian Federal Republic from Dec. 8 1921, was born Aug. 15 1856. He was originally a lawyer and an official of the Treasury and of the Education Department, but retired to his estates in Lower Austria and Styria, where he carried on model farming, became a leader of the Austrian branch of the Fabian movement, and one of the founders of the Central People's Library. Holding aloof from political parties, he was chosen Federal president because of his personal authority, although he was not a member of Parliament, nor a candidate for the presidency. He was a fertile author of works on sociology and politics: Zukunft der Oesterreicher (1892); Zur Wahlreform (1895); Kampf ums Dasein und Sozialpolitik (1899); Heimarbeit (1906); Fleischnot und Alpine Landwirtschaft. Once a Radical Socialist, he became with advancing years a Conservative Agrarian. During the World War he introduced grain monopoly.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hammann, Otto

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HAMMANN, OTTO (1852-), German journalist and Foreign Office official, born Jan. 23 1852 at Blankenhain. He was engaged in journalism from 1877 to 1893 and was appointed, in 1894, Director of the Press Section of the German Foreign Office, a post which he continued to hold until 1916. Hammann was the trusted adviser of Prince Bülow, who always kept an attentive eye upon public opinion as reflected or created in the press. He had personally played a leading part in the defensive campaign of the Imperial Chancellor, Count Caprivi, and the Foreign Secretary, Baron Marshall von Bieberstein, in the early 'nineties, against the Bismarckian fronde. His business was to inspire the German and, as far as possible, the foreign press in a sense favourable to German policy and above all to obtain full and accurate information with regard to the personality and circumstances of journalists. His position enabled him to acquire a great deal of exclusive information with regard to the more secret ways of German policy and he embodied a considerable portion of what he knew in the three volumes of reminiscences which he published after the Revolution, Der neue Kurs, Erinnerungen (1918); Zur Vorgeschichte des Weltkriegs and Um den Kaiser, Erinnerungen aus den Jahren 1906-1909 (1919).