OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/McIntosh, James McKay

Edition of 1900.
​McINTOSH, James McKay, naval officer, b. in McIntosh county, Ga., in 1792; d. in Warrington, Fla., 1 Sept., 1860, entered the U. S. navy in 1811, became lieutenant in 1818, commander in 1838, captain in 1849, and flag-officer in 1857. He served with credit in the war of 1812, and participated in the fight between the U. S. brig “Enterprise” and the British “Boxer” off the coast of Maine in December, 1813. In 1820 he was attached to an expedition for the extermination of the West Indian coast pirates, was captured by Lafitte, their chief, and, although threatened with burning at the stake if he refused to be the bearer of an insolent message to his commander, defied ​the assembly of more than forty pirates, and so excited their admiration by his courage that they released him. He commanded the U. S. frigate “Congress,” of the Brazil squadron, in 1851-'2, and became flag-officer of the home squadron in 1857. During this period, under the declared purpose of suppressing the slave-trade, the British fleet in the Gulf of Mexico boarded and searched forty American vessels. McIntosh, however, denied their right to do so, and for his prompt and vigorous action in the matter received in 1858 the thanks of congress. — His sister, Maria Jane, author, b. in Sunbury, Ga., 1803; d. in Morristown, N. J., 25 Feb., 1878, was educated in the Academy of Sunbury, removed to New York in 1835, and, having lost her fortune in the financial crisis of 1837, adopted authorship as a means of support. Under the pen-name of “Aunt Kitty” she published a juvenile story entitled “Blind Alice” that at once became popular (1841), and was followed by others (New York, 1843), the whole series being issued in one volume as “Aunt Kitty's Tales” (1847). On the recommendation of the tragedian Macready, these and many of her subsequent tales were reprinted in London. Her writings are each illustrative of a moral sentiment, and include “Conquest and Self-Conquest” (1844); “Praise and Principle” (1845); “Two Lives, to Seem and to Be” (1846); “Charms and Counter Charms” (1848); “Woman in America: Her Work and Reward” (1850); “The Lofty and the Lowly” (1852); “Evenings at Donaldson Manor” (1852); “Emily Herbert” (1855); “Violet, or the Cross and Crown” (1856); “Meta Gray” (1858); and “Two Pictures” (1863).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/McGee, Thomas D'Arcy

Edition of 1900.
​McGEE, Thomas D'Arcy, statesman, b. in Carlingford, Ireland, 13 April, 1825; d. in Ottawa, Canada, 7 April, 1868. He was educated at Wexford, where his father was employed in the custom-house, emigrated to this country in 1842, and settled in Boston, where he wrote for the “Pilot,” a Roman Catholic newspaper, and soon became its editor. On his return to Ireland soon afterward he became parliamentary correspondent of the Dublin “Freeman's Journal,” and, identifying himself with the Young Ireland party, joined the staff of “The Nation” newspaper. In 1847 he made himself conspicuous by summoning a meeting to the Rotunda, Dublin, his object being to expose the later policy of Daniel O'Connell. Toward the end of 1848, having become compromised by the part he had taken in the Young Ireland movement, he made good his escape to the United States; and in New York he established a newspaper called “The American Celt,” and afterward “The Nation,” advocating the claims of Ireland to independent nationality. During the “Know-Nothing” excitement of 1854-'6 his views underwent a radical change, and he became an ardent royalist. He then removed to Canada, where he was gladly welcomed, established a paper called “The New Era,” and in 1857 was elected to the Canadian parliament as one of the members for Montreal. In 1864 he was made president of the executive council, which office he continued to hold till 1867. He took an active part in the movement that resulted in the confederation of the British North American colonies, framing the draft of the plan of union that was substantially adopted. He was re-elected after the union and sent to the parliament of Ottawa. McGee had rendered himself obnoxious to the members of the Fenian secret society, and on the evening of 7 April, 1868, when returning from a night session of parliament, he was assassinated at the door of his hotel. He was a man of more than ordinary culture, which was fully recognized. At ​the Paris exhibition in 1855, and at the Dublin exhibition in 1864, he represented Canada in the capacity of chief commissioner. His contributions to literature were “Historical Sketches of O'Connell and his Friends” (Dublin, 1845); “Irish Writers of the Seventeenth Century” (1846); “Memoir of the Life and Conquests of MacMurrough, King of Leinster” (1847); “Irish Letters” (New York, 1852); “Life of Edward Maginn, Coadjutor Bishop of Derry” (Montreal, 1857); “Canadian Ballads” (1858); “Popular History of Ireland” (New York, 1862); and “Speeches and Addresses on the British American Union” (London, 1865). A volume of his poems, with an introduction by Mrs. D. J. Sadlier, appeared after his death (New York, 1870).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/McGee, W J

Edition of 1900.
​McGEE, W J [he has no Christian name], geologist, b. in Dubuque county, Iowa, 17 April, 1853. He was self-educated, and in early life invented and patented several improvements on agricultural implements, subsequently he turned his attention to geology, and made important investigations in that direction, including researches on the loess of the Mississippi valley, the examination of the great quaternary lakes of Nevada and California, and the study of a recent fault-movement of great scientific interest in the middle Atlantic slope. In 1881 he received the appointment of geologist on the U. S. geological survey, and in that capacity he visited in 1886 the city of Charleston for the purpose of studying the earthquake disturbances in its vicinity. He is a member of many scientific societies in the United States, and has published nearly fifty scientific papers in the proceedings of the societies of which he is a member, and in various technical journals.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/McIntosh, William

Edition of 1900.
​McINTOSH, William, Creek chief, b. in Coweta, Ga., in 1775; d. near there, 29 April, 1825. His father, William, was a British officer, and his mother was a Creek Indian. The son was carefully educated and became a principal chief of his nation. During the war of 1812 he commanded the friendly Creeks who were in alliance with the U. S. government, did efficient service at the battles of Autossee and Horseshoe Bend, was promoted major, and was in the Florida campaign. In 1825 U. S. commissioners were appointed to meet Indian delegations to treat for the sale of their lands within the limits of the state of Georgia. McIntosh agreed to sell, sustaining his position with statesmanlike reasons. He said: “The white man is growing. He wants our lands; he will buy them now. By and by he will take them, and the little band of our people will be left to wander without homes, poor and despised, and be beaten like dogs. We will go to a new home and learn like the white man to till the earth, grow cattle, and depend on these for food and life. This knowledge makes the white men like leaves; the want of it makes the red men few and weak. Let us learn to make books as the white man does, and we shall grow again and become again a great nation.” McIntosh's proposition was accepted by the greater part of the Creeks; but Tuscahachees, headed by the chief Hopothlayohola, who had been his opponent during the war of 1812, refused to agree. Their hostility to McIntosh culminated in a conspiracy for his assassination. Fifty warriors and Hopothlayohola were selected for this purpose. One night they knocked at his door, but, knowing their purpose, he declared to his son that he would meet his doom like a warrior, and, taking his rifle, he opened the door, fired on them as he gave the war-whoop, and fell dead, pierced by twenty balls.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/McGroarty, Stephen Joseph

Edition of 1900.
​McGROARTY, Stephen Joseph, soldier, b. in Mount Charles county, Donegal, Ireland, in 1830; d. in College Hill, Ohio, 2 Jan., 1870. He was brought to the United States when three years of age. His parents settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was educated in St. Francis Xavier College. After graduation he engaged in the dry-goods business in partnership with an uncle, but left it at the end of five years to study law. He was admitted to the bar and began practice at Toledo, but subsequently returned to Cincinnati, where he achieved a reputation as a criminal lawyer. When the civil war began he raised a company of Irish-Americans for three months, with which he re-enlisted for three years. At Carnifax Ferry he received a gunshot wound through the right lung. As soon as he recovered he returned to the field as colonel of the 50th Ohio infantry, which was afterward merged in the 61st, and he commanded the latter till the end of the war. At Peach Tree Creek his left arm was shattered at the elbow in the beginning of the engagement, yet he remained with his men through the fight. He was accustomed to expose his life with the utmost hardihood, and during the war received twenty-three wounds. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on May 1, 1865. He was for two years collector of internal revenue, and just before his death, which resulted from injuries received in battle, was elected clerk of the Hamilton county courts.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/McGuffey, William Holmes

Edition of 1900.
​McGUFFEY, William Holmes, educator, b. in Washington county, Pa., 23 Sept., 1800; d. at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., 4 May, 1873. He was graduated at Washington college, Pa., in 1826, and immediately appointed professor of ancient languages in Miami university. He was licensed as a Presbyterian minister in 1829, and preached frequently during the remainder of his life. In 1832 he was transferred to the chair of moral philosophy. He became president of Cincinnati college in 1836, and in 1839 of Ohio university. In 1843-'5 he was a professor in Woodward college, Cincinnati. From 1845 till his death he occupied the chair of moral philosophy and political economy in the University of Virginia. While in Cincinnati he began the preparation of an “Eclectic” series of readers and spellers, which became popular, and have been many times revised and reissued.
# Anglo-Saxon Riddles of the Exeter Book/6

An annotated version of this text is available.
6 (K-D 33)
A thing came marvelously moving over the waves, comely from the keel up. It called out to the land, loudly resounding. Its laughter was horrible, awful in its place. Its edges were sharp; hateful it was, and sluggish to battle, bitter in its hostile deeds. It dug into shield-walls, hard, ravaging. It spread mischievous spells. It spoke with cunning craft about its creation: “Dearest of women is indeed my mother; she is my daughter grown big and strong.10 It is known to men of old, among all people, that she shall stand up beautifully everywhere in the world.”
Iceberg, slow but deadly as it damages ships. The mother–daughter relationship is simple: water into ice, ice into water.
# Anglo-Saxon Riddles of the Exeter Book/7

An annotated version of this text is available.
7 (K-D 68, 69)
I saw the wight going on its way. It was splendidly, wonderfully arrayed. The wonder was on the wave; water became bone.
Possibly Running Water, becoming ice in winter. The original has wiht (wight), which may be a thing or a creature; and there may be a pun in wĕg, with a short e, meaning way, and wēg with a long e, meaning wave. Moreover, the scribe placed the usual sign marking the end of a riddle after the second line as well as after l. 3; and further, since the first two lines are almost the same as those of 72 (K-D 36), q.v., it has been held that they represent the beginning of a riddle the rest of which is lost. The third line alone would then be a riddle by itself; which Tupper calls “admirably complete.” Norman E. Eliason (Philologica, Malone Anniversary Studies, Baltimore, 1949, pp. 18–19) has argued for a single riddle, describing Christ walking on the water; but later he withdrew the suggestion.
# Anglo-Saxon Riddles of the Exeter Book/9

An annotated version of this text is available.
9 (K-D 83)
Ancient my lineage . . . . . I lived in towns after the keeper of fire . . . . . encircled with flame purified by fire. Now earth’s brother, an enemy, guards me, who was first for me a bringer of sorrow. Full well I remember who in the beginning drove my lineage, destroyed all the world. I may do him no harm, but I raise up captivity from time to time, the wide world over. I have many glories,10 no little strength in all the land, but I must conceal from every man the secret power of precious skill and the path I follow. Tell what my name is.
The text is uncommonly difficult, as though the author tried too hard to be “poetical.” The answer must be Metal in some form: ore, gold, money. The keeper of the fire is Tubal Cain (Gen. 4:22).
# Anglo-Saxon Riddles of the Exeter Book/Annotated/10

This is a version of Anglo-Saxon Riddles of the Exeter Book/10 that has been annotated by the Wikisource community.
10 (k-d 43)
| I know a noble guest, dear to princes, whom grim hunger cannot harm, nor hot thirst, nor age nor illness. If kindly the servant always tend him, he who must go along on the journey; safe and certain they will find at home food and joy and countless kin; but sorrow if the servant obeys his lord badly, his master on their journey; nor will brother fear brother when unharmed they leave quickly the bosom of their kin, mother and sister. Let whoever will with fitting words name the guest or the servant I speak of here. | 10 | Ic wat indryhtne æþelum deorne giest In geardum · þam se grimma ne mæg hungor sceððan ne se hata þurst yldo ne adle gif him arlice esne þenað se þe a gan sceal on þam siðfate hy gesunde æt ham findað witode him wiste ⁊ blisse cnosles unrim care · gif se esne his hlaforde · hyreð yfle frean on fore ne wile forht wesan broþor oþrum him þæt bam sceðeð þōn hy from bearme begen hweorfað · anre magan ellorfuse moddor ⁊ sweostor mon se þe wille cyþe cyneqordum hu se cuma hatte eðþa se esne þe ic her ymb sprice |
Soul and Body. The guest is the soul; the servant, and brother, the body; they will both be harmed when they leave the earth. The mother and sister are the earth: mother since the body is dust, and sister since body and soul have the same father, God. This is a rather ambitious one, but metrically inferior. More often than is usually the case the word-order is determined by the alliteration. In l. 12 the guest is called “comer,” apparently for the alliteration; in the last lines the alliteration falls on the weak words “or,” “of.” The first three lines read literally: ‘I know a lordly dear to nobles guest in dwellings whom grim cannot hunger harm.’
# Anglo-Saxon Riddles of the Exeter Book/5

An annotated version of this text is available.
5 (K-D 84)
A thing there is strangely begotten, furious and fierce; runs a violent course ​rages grimly, moves over the ground, is mother of many marvelous creatures. Moving beautifully, it is ever striving; low-lying is its close grip. None to another can fairly with wise words describe its features or say how manifold is the multitude of its kin. Its ancient origin the Father watched over, beginning and end, and his only Son also,10 glorious child of God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mighty in strength the mother is; supported marvelously, laden with food, adorned with treasures, precious to heroes; her might is multiplied, strength made manifest, her face is honored with happy usefulness; a fair bright jewel for the proud to wear; cleanly and bountiful; mighty in craft. It is dear to the prosperous, to the poor soothing,20 goodly, excellent; boldest and strongest, greediest and eagerest— treads over the ground— of all that is grown up underneath the sky and that the sons of men ever saw with their eyes. So that glory weaves the might of mortals, although wise of mind . . . . . a man more knowing of heart, a crowd of wonders. Than earth it is harder, than heroes older, than gifts readier, than gems dearer; beautifies the world; increases in fruits;30 blots out crime … often casts from without a single covering wondrously beautiful, over all mankind, so that throughout the world men are astonished.
There were 56 lines in all, of which these are recoverable—some metrically dubious and obscure in meaning. The probable solution is Water in its various forms and uses—if one has the patience to identify them.
# Anglo-Saxon Riddles of the Exeter Book/8

An annotated version of this text is available.
8 (K-D 50)
A warrior is wondrously brought into the world for the use of lords by two dumb things; brightly extracted, which for his hurt foe bears against foe. Strong though he is a woman binds him. He obeys them well, serves them quietly, if maids and men tend him duly, feed him fairly. He exalts them in comfort for their joy in life, grimly rewards one who lets him grow proud.
Probably Fire, the two dumb things (l. 2) being flint and steel.
# Anglo-Saxon Riddles of the Exeter Book/4

An annotated version of this text is available.
4 (K-D 39)
The books tell us that this thing has been among mankind through many ages clear and manifest. A special power it has much greater than any men know.
It wishes to seek all living beings one by one; then goes its way; no second night in the same place; but homeless roves for ever and aye, the path of exile. It is none the poorer.
​It has neither foot nor hand, nor touches the ground,10 nor two eyes nor mouth nor speaks with men. It has no mind, but the books say it is quite the poorest of all creatures that were ever begotten according to nature.
It has no soul nor life, but makes its way far and wide through this wonderful world It has no blood, no bone, yet gives aid and comfort to many men the wide world over.
It never reached to heaven, it may not to hell, but forever it must live by the teachings20 of the King of Glory. Long is it to relate how its way of life will go thereafter fate’s crooked ways.
This is a marvelous thing to say: it is all true that ever with words is told about it. It has no limit. It lives nevertheless.
If you can straightway rede this riddle with true words, tell what its name is.
The usual answer is Moon and Day. The paradoxes remind one of 11 (k-d 40), with which it has some metrical and stylistic similarities. Both may be by the same author. Mrs. von Erhardt-Siebold, who regards it as “one of the finest” and praises its “ingenious and fascinating poetry,” offers the tempting solution (PMLA lxi [1946], 910–15) of given an identity Death, in the manner of Plato. She divides it into seven parts (as printed above): death is not real, not abstract; it comes privately and only once; it is a “suprasensible entity”; it is not really lifeless: it has eternal life; this is not conjecture, but fact; you first explain it and then name it.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rauch, Friedrich August

Edition of 1900.
​RAUCH, Friedrich August, educator, b. in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, 27 July, 1806; d. in Mercersburg, Pa., 2 March, 1841. He was graduated at the University of Marburg, afterward studied at Giessen and Heidelberg, and became extraordinary professor at the University of Giessen. He fled from the country on account of a public utterance on some political subject, and landed in the United States in 1831, learned English in Easton, Pa., where he gave lessons on the pianoforte, was professor of German in Lafayette college for a short time, was then chosen as principal of a classical school that had been established by the authorities of the German Reformed church at York, Pa., and a few months later was ordained to the ministry and appointed professor of biblical literature in the theological seminary at York, while retaining charge of the academy, which, in 1835, was removed to Mercersburg. Under his ​management the school flourished, and in 1836 was transformed into Marshall college, of which he became the first president. He published “Psychology, or a View of the Human Soul” (New York, 1840), and left in an unfinished state works on “Christian Ethics” and “Æsthetics.” A volume of his sermons, edited by Emanuel V. Gerhart, was published under the title of “The Inner Life of the Christian” (Philadelphia, 1856).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rapallo, Charles Anthony

Edition of 1900.
​RAPALLO, Charles Anthony, jurist, b. in New York city, 15 Sept., 1823; d. there, 28 Dec., 1887. His mother was a daughter of Benjamin Gould. He was educated exclusively by his father, Anthony, who was eminent for his accomplishments both as a lawyer and as a linguist, and from whom the son learned to speak English, French, Spanish, and Italian, and received seven years' instruction in law, obtaining admission to the bar on completing his twenty-first year. He became a successful practitioner, and was elected a judge of the New York court of appeals, taking his seat on the bench on 1 Jan., 1870, and in 1884 he was elected for a second term of fourteen years by the united vote of both political parties. He was made LL. D. by Columbia at its centennial celebration in 1887.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Raphall, Morris Jacob

Edition of 1900.
​RAPHALL, Morris Jacob, clergyman, b. in Stockholm, Sweden, in September, 1798; d. in New York city, 23 June, 1868. He was educated for the Jewish ministry in the college of his faith in Copenhagen, in England, where he went in 1812, and afterward in the University of Giessen, where he studied in 1821-'4. He returned to England in 1825, married there, and made that country his home. In 1832 he began to lecture on biblical Hebrew poetry, attaining a high reputation, and in 1834 he established the “Hebrew Review,” the first Jewish periodical in England. He went to Syria in 1840 to aid in investigating persecutions of the Jews there, and became rabbi of the Birmingham synagogue in 1841. He was an active advocate of the removal of the civil disabilities of the Jews, aided in the foundation of the Hebrew national school, and was an earnest defender of his religion with voice and pen. In 1849 he accepted a call from the first Anglo-German Jewish synagogue in New York city, in Greene street, and several years later he became pastor of the congregation B'nai Jeshurun, with which he remained till his death. On leaving Birmingham for this country he was presented with a purse of 100 sovereigns by the mayor and citizens, and an address thanking him for his labors in the cause of education. Dr. Raphall was a voluminous writer, and also translated many works into English from Hebrew, German, and French. The University of Giessen gave him the degree of Ph. D. after the publication of his translation of the “Mishna,” which he issued jointly with Rev. D. A. de Sola, of London (1840). His principal work was a “Post-Biblical History of the Jews,” a collection of his lectures on that subject (2 vols., New York, 1855; new ed., 1866). His other books include “Festivals of the Lord,” essays (London, 1839); “Devotional Exercises for the Daughters of Israel” (New York, 1852); “The Path to Immortality” (1859); and “Bible View of Slavery,” a discourse (1861). He also undertook, with other scholars, an annotated translation of the Scriptures, of which the volume on “Genesis” was issued in 1844.