OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zuccarelli, Francesco

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​ZUCCARELLI, FRANCESCO (1702-1788), Italian painter, was born at Pitigliano in Tuscany, and studied in Rome under Onesi, Morandi, and Nelli. At Rome, and later in Venice, he became famous as one of the best landscape painters of the classicizing 18th century. Having visited England on a previous occasion, he was induced by some patrons to return thither in 1752, remaining until 1773, when he settled in Florence, dying there in 1788. Zuccarelli, who was one of the foundation members of the Royal Academy, enjoyed the patronage of royalty and of many wealthy English collectors for whom he executed his principal works—generally landscapes with classic ruins and small figures. A large number of them are at Windsor Castle, and of the seven examples which formed part of the John Samuel collection two are now at the National Gallery. The royal palace in Venice contains as many as twenty-one, and the academy four. Others are at the Vienna Gallery and at the Louvre in Paris. His work was very unequal, but at his ​best he rivals the leading landscape painters of his time. His paintings often bear a mark representing a pumpkin, a pictorial representation of his name, which signifies “little pumpkin.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zula

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​ZULA, a small town near the head of Annesley Bay on the African coast of the Red Sea. It derives its chief interest from ruins in its vicinity which are generally supposed to mark the site of the ancient emporium of Adulis (Ἄδουλὶς, Ἀδουλεί), the port of Axum (q.v.) and chief outlet in the early centuries of the Christian era for the ivory, hides, slaves and other exports of the interior. Cosmas Indicopleustes saw here an inscription of Ptolemy Euergetes (247–222 B.C.); and hence as the earliest mention of Adulis is found in the geographers of the first century A.D., it is conjectured that the town must have previously existed under another name and may have been the Bererice Panchrysus of the Ptolemies. Described by a Greek merchant of the time of Vespasian as “a well arranged market,” the place has been for centuries buried under sand. The ruins visible include a temple, obelisks and numerous fragments of columns.
In 1857 an agreement was entered into by Dejaj Negusye, a chief of Tigré, in revolt against the Negus Theodore of Abyssinia, to cede Zula to the French. Negusye was defeated by Theodore, and the commander of a French cruiser sent to Annesley Bay in 1859 found the country in a state of anarchy. No farther steps were taken by France to assert its sovereignty, and Zula with the neighbourlng coast passed, nominally, to Egypt in 1866. Zula was the place where the British expedition of 1867–68 against Theodore disembarked, Annesley Bay affording safe and ample anchorage for the largest ocean-going vessels. The road made by the British from Zula to Senafé on the Abyssinian plateau is still in use. The authority of Egypt having lapsed, an Italian protectorate over the district of Zula was proclaimed in 1888, and in 1890 it was incorporated in the colony of Eritrea (q.v.).
See Eduard Rüppell, Reise in Abyssinien i. 266 (1838), G. Rohlfs in Zeitschr. d. Gesell. f. Erdkunde in Berlin, iii (1868), and, for further references, the editions of the Periplus by C. Müller (Geog. Gr. Min. i. 259) and Fabricius (1883) Consult also Ethiopia, The Axumite Kingdom.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Staraya Russa

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​STARAYA RUSSA, a town of Russia, in the government of Novgorod, 58 m. S. of the city of Novgorod, on the river Polista, by means of which and Lake Ilmen it is brought into steamer communication with St Petersburg. Pop., 15,234. Brine springs on the east of the town were used as a source for the supply of salt as late as 1865; at present they are used only as mineral waters (temperature 51-54° F.), having a great ​resemblance to those of Kreuznach in Germany. Some thousands of visitors resort to them every summer, and owing to this circumstance Staraya Russa is better built and better kept than any other town in the government of Novgorod. The inhabitants are supported chiefly by the summer visitors. There is a trade in rye, oats and flax shipped to St Petersburg. The name of Staraya Russa occurs in Russian annals as far back as 1167. It belonged to the republic of Novgorod, and suffered continually in the wars between Russia, Lithuania and Livonia. It was afterwards annexed to Moscow.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Star-nosed Mole

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​STAR-NOSED MOLE (Condylura cristata), a North American species, the single representative of its genus. In burrowing habits it resembles the European mole, but is distinguished from all other members of the family Talpidae by the presence of a ring of tentacles round the nostrils, probably serving as organs of touch.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stargard

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​STARGARD, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Pomerania, situated on the left bank of the navigable Ihna, 20 m. E. of Stettin on the railway to Danzig and at the junction of lines to Posen, Schneidemühl and Cüstrin. Pop. (1905), 26,908. Formerly a member of the Hanseatic League, the town retains memorials of its early importance in the large church of St Mary, built in the 14th century, the 16th-century town-hall, and some gateways and towers dating from the 14th century. The walls which formerly surrounded it have been mostly converted into promenades. Extensive new law-courts and three large barracks are among the modern buildings. Stargard has a considerable market for cattle and horses, and carries on trade in grain, spirits and raw produce. Its manufactures include cigars, tobacco, wadding and stockings; and there are also iron-foundries, and linen and woollen factories in the town.
Stargard, mentioned as having been destroyed by the Poles in 1120, received civic rights in 1229, and became the capital of eastern Pomerania. As a Hanseatic town it enjoyed considerable commercial prosperity, but it had also to undergo siege and capture in the middle ages and during the Thirty Years’ War. In 1807 it was taken by Schill. The name Stargard (from the Slavonic Starogad or Starigrod, meaning “old town”) is common to several other towns in the north of Germany, of which the chief are Preussisch-Stargard, near Danzig, and Stargard an der Linde in Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
See Zuck, Führer durch Stargard (Stargard, 1900).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stara Zagora

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​STARA ZAGORA (Turk. Eski-Zagra), the capital of a department of Bulgaria, in Eastern Rumelia, on the southern slope of the Karaja Dagh, 70 m. N.W. of Adrianople, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. (1906), 20,647. It is surrounded by vineyards, and has also cloth and carpet manufactures, copper foundries and tanneries. The production of silk and attar of roses is carried on in the district, which contains numerous mineral springs. The town having been almost wholly destroyed during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, was rebuilt on a regular plan, with wide and broad streets radiating from a fine central square, where are situated the principal public buildings. During the rebuilding, important Thracian, Roman, Byzantine and Turkish antiquities were discovered.
Stara Zagora, founded probably by the Macedonians, was known to the Romans as Augusta Traiana, but afterwards, to distinguish it from a Macedonian town of this name, it was named Beroe or Berrhoea. By the Turks the name was changed in the 17th century to Eski-Zagra or Eski-Zaara, but after 1878 the Bulgarian name of Stara Zagora came into general use.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stark, James

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​STARK, JAMES (1794-1859), British painter, was born in Norwich, and as he showed strong artistic inclinations early in life was, at the age of seventeen, articled to John Crome for three years. He was elected in 1812 a member of the Norwich Society, to the exhibitions of which he had already contributed; but in 1817 he migrated to London and entered the Royal Academy Schools. He soon returned to Norwich and did not finally settle in the metropolis until 1830, though he was meanwhile a regular contributor to the British Institution and Suffolk Street Galleries. In 1840 he moved to Windsor, but after an interval of some years went back to London, where he died in 1859. Between 1831 and 1859 most of his pictures were shown at the Royal Academy, though he still continued to exhibit occasionally in other galleries. He undertook in 1827 the publication of a work on The Scenery of the Rivers of Norfolk, which was completed seven years later; the illustrations he ​prepared for it have much topographical and artistic interest and show well the better qualities of his work. In his pictures the influence of Crome is plainly perceptible, and there is evidence also of his study of the Dutch landscape painters; but he had little of Crome’s largeness and power and his works charm rather by their gentle truth and quietness of manner than by their robustness of view or by their decisiveness of execution. There is one picture by him, “The Valley of the Yare,” in the National Gallery of British Art.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Starboard and Larboard

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​STARBOARD and LARBOARD, nautical terms for the right and left sides respectively of a ship, looking towards the bows. The final part of these is Old English bord, board, the side of a ship, now used for a plank of wood. In starboard (O. Eng. steorbord) the first part certainly means " steer," and " steering side " therefore refers to the time when vessels were steered by a paddle or sweep worked from the right side. In Old English the left side of a ship was known as baecbord, back board, the side of the vessel to the back of the steersman. This is paralleled in all other Teutonic languages, cf. German backbord, and has been adopted in Romanic languages, cf. French bâbord. Baecbord did not survive in Middle English, in which its place was taken by laddeborde or latheborde. In the 16th century the word takes the forms lerbord, leerebord or larbord, probably by assimilation to ster-, steere-, and starboard. There is much doubt as to the origin of the term and the curious change from laddebord to larboard. Skeat (Etym. Dict.) suggests that these may be two distinct words. The earlier form is usually connected with " lade," to put cargo on board a vessel, the left side being that on which this was usually done, for the ship when in port would lie with her left side against the quay wall, her head pointing to the entrance. If the later form is not due to mere assimilation to starboard, it may contain a word meaning empty (O. Eng. gelär;, Ger. leer), and refer to that side of the vessel where the steersman does not stand. Owing to the similarity in sound between starboard and larboard, the word port is now used for the left side. The substitution of this for the older term was officially ordered in the British navy by an admiralty order of 1844, and in the United States of America by a navy department notice in 1896. The use of port in this sense is much older; it occurs in Manwaring's Seaman's Dictionary (1625–1644). In this usage port may either mean, " harbour " (Lat. portus), the ship lying with its left side against the port or quay for unloading, or " opening," " entrance " (Lat. porta, gate), for the cargo to be taken on board; cf. " porthole."
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Antigua, (Maria de la)

ANTIGUA, (MARIA DE LA),
A Spanish nun, who lived at the beginning of the seventeenth century. She was not learned; but composed, with prodigious facility, many treatises on religious matters, which are yet extant.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Antiope

ANTIOPE, Queen of the Amazons.
That such a people did exist, among the Scythians, there is little reason to doubt; but, whether they consisted of a separate society of women, or, that the girls of those districts were brought up in a hardy manner, and instructed in warlike exercises, may be disputed; but the last opinion seems the most probable. Much historical mention is made of their queens, particularly of Antiope. It was one of the twelve labours of Hercules, to bring the girdle, or, as others say, the scarf of this queen of the Amazons, to Euristheus, king of Mycena. ​He went, accompanied by the bravest Grecian warriors, and besieged her capital—when, after many skirmishes, in which numbers on both sides perished, Antiope and two sisters were taken prisoners; and, believing it wiser to give up the contested ornament, than be carried into captivity, she yielded it to Hercules, and recovered her liberty, and that of her sister Menalippe. The other, Hypolita, was married to Theseus, king of Athens, who, according to some, was principal in this expedition.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Antoinette

ANTOINETTE.—See MARY ANTOINETTE.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Anyta

ANYTA.
A Famous Grecian poetess, some verses written by whom, were printed at Antwerp, in 1568, in a collection intituled, Carmina novem Poetarum foeminamm.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Anne Stuart

ANNE STUART, Queen of England.—See STUART.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Anicia

ANICIA, or VALERIA, (PROBA FALCONIA)
Wife of Anicius Probus, who was a Roman consul, in 371, with the emperor Gratian. She rendered herself illustrious by her understanding, and her piety. St. Augustin, Chrysostom, and Jerome, have all praised her in the highest manner. She composed a life of our Saviour, by putting together divers lines and passages of Virgil, with which she formed what the Latins called Centos, a sort of composition with more conceit than merit attached to it.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Anna

ANNA, a Jewish Prophetess, Daughter of Phanuel, of the Tribe of Aser,
Losing a husband with whom she had lived seven years, she devoted herself to the service of God, by prayers and fastings, night and day, in the temple, which she never left. When the Saviour of the world was there presented an infant, she announced his greatness; and joined her public testimony of his mission to that of Simeon. She died in the course of the same year.
Bible. F. C.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pervigilium Veneris

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​PERVIGILIUM VENERIS, the Vigil of Venus, a short Latin Poem. The author, date, and place of composition are unknown. The poem probably belongs to the 2nd or 3rd century A.D. An article signed L. Raquettius in the Classical Review (May 1905) assigns it to Sidonius Apollinaris (5th cent.) It was written professedly in early spring on the eve of a three-nights’ festival of Venus (probably April 1–3). It describes in poetical language the annual awakening of the vegetable and animal world through the goddess. It consists of ninety-three verses in trochaic septenarii, and is divided into strophes of unequal length by the refrain:
“Cras amet qui nunquam amavit; quique amavit cras amet.”
Editio princeps (1577); modern editions by F. Bucheler (1859), A Riese, in Anthologia latina (1869), E. Bahrens in Unedierte lateinische Gedichte (1877), S. G. Owen (with Catullus, 1893). There are translations into English verse by Thomas Stanley (1651) and Thomas Parnell, author of The Hermit; on the text see J. W. Mackail in Journal of Philology (1888), vol. XVII.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peshin

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​PESHIN, or Pishin, a district of Baluchistan. Area 2717 sq. m. Pop. (1901), 50,200. It consists of a large plain surrounded on three sides by hills, which formerly belonged to Afghanistan but was ceded to the British by the treaty of Gandamak in 1879 This plain is of considerable strategic importance, as it forms the focus of a great number of routes leading from Sind and the Punjab frontier districts to Kandahar, and is intersected by the Sind-Peshin railway. The agricultural wealth of Peshin, and consequently its revenues, have increased greatly under British administration.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peschiera sul Garda

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​PESCHIERA SUL GARDA, a fortress of Venetia, Italy, in the province of Verona, on an island in the Mincio at its outlet from the lake of Garda, 77 m. by rail E. of Milan. It was one of the famous fortresses of the Quadrilateral, the chief bulwark of the Austrian rule in Italy until 1866 (Mantua, Legnago and Verona being the other three) and has played a prominent part in all the campaigns conducted in north Italy, more especially during the Napoleonic wars. It was taken by the Piedmontese from the Austrians, after a gallant defence by General Rath lasting six weeks, on the 30th of May 1848, and since that date has been in Italian hands.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pescara

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​PESCARA, a river of Italy, formed by the confluence of the Gizio and Aterno, and flowing into the Adriatic at the small town of Pescara. This town occupies the site of the ancient Aternum, the terminus of the Via Claudia Valeria, and up to 1867 a fortress of some importance. The railway from Sulmona follows the Pescara valley and joins the coast line to Brindisi at Pescara. In this valley, 22 m. from the sea, was the site of the ancient Interpromium, a town belonging probably to the Paeligni; and not far off is the very fine Cistercian abbey church of S. Clemente di Casauria, founded by the emperor Louis II. in 871. The present building belongs to the 12th century. The sculptures of the portals, the pulpit, the Paschal candelabrum, &c., and the bronze doors of this period are important. The chronicle of the abbey, of the end of the 12th century, is in the Bibliothèque nationale at Paris.
See V. Bindi, Monumenti degli Abruzzi (Naples, 1889), pp. 405 sqq.; P. L. Calore in Archivio storico dell' arte (Rome, 1891), iv. 9 sqq.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pescadores

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​PESCADORES (i.e. fishers,) a group of islands (called by the Japanese Hōkō tō or Hōko Guntō) lying 30 m. west of Formosa, from which they are separated by the Pescadores Channel, about the tropic of Cancer. The islands number 48 (21 inhabited), have a coast-line of 98·67 miles, a total area of 85·50 sq, m., and a population of about 55,000, principally Chinese. Flat and with unproductive soil, they are swept during one ​half of the year by violent N.E. winds, and also lie full in the path of the numerous typhoons that rush up the Strait of Formosa. Meteorological observations taken by the Japanese during a period of three years show that the annual average number of stormy days is 237. The anchorage is at Mako (Makyū or Makun) on the principal island of Penghu. The chief industry is fishing (whence the old Spanish name which has come into general use) and dried fish are exported.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pescia

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​PESCIA, a town of Tuscany, Italy, in the province of Lucca, from which it is 15 m. E.N.E. by rail, 203 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901), 12,400 (town); 18,000 (commune). The cathedral, restored in 1693, contains the fine chapel of the Turini family, built for Baldassare Turini (d. 1540) by Giuliano di Baccio of Florence, with his tomb by Raffaello da Montelupo. The town also has some buildings by Lazzaro Buggiano, the pupil and adoptive son of Brunelleschi. It has silk and paper manufactures.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peseta

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​PESETA, a silver coin and unit of value, the Spanish equivalent of the French, Belgian and Swiss franc, the Italian lira and the Greek drachma in the Latin monetary union. The peso (Lat. pensum, weight), of which peseta is a diminutive, was a Spanish coin of gold, peso de oro, or silver, peso de plata, once current in Spain and her colonies, and now the name of a silver coin of many South American states. The peso is also the name of the Mexican dollar.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chêng Chan-yin

​263 Chêng Chan-yin 鄭詹尹. The Chief Augur to whom Ch'ü Yüan applied for advice as to whether he should give up official life. But the Chief Augur gathered up his divining apparatus and ​saluted him, saying, "A foot is oft-times too short; an inch, too long. The implements of my art are not adequate to your requirements. Think for yourself and translate your thoughts into action. The divining-rod and the tortoise-shell would avail you naught."
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fa Shun

​527 Fa Shun 法順. Died A.D. 640. A Buddhist priest, surnamed 杜, a native of Wan-nien in Kiangsi, who founded at 慶 Ch'ing-chou the exoteric school usually known as the 法性宗 "School of the True Nature" of the written doctrine. He devoted his attention chiefly to the 華嚴 Hua-yen sûtra. He is said to have possessed marvellous healing powers, and is popularly supposed to have been a re-incarnation of 文殊 Manjusri.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Ch'êng-ta

​530 Fan Ch'êng-ta 范成大 (T. 致能. H. 石湖). A.D. 1126-1193. A poet and official of the Sung dynasty. The first Emperor of the Southern Sung dynasty made him a secretary in the Board of Civil Office; but the Censors objecting to such rapid promotion, he was forced to become magistrate at 處 Ch'u-chou in Chehkiang, where he improved the system of public labour and restored the old irrigation works. In 1170 he was sent as envoy to the Chin$^a$ Tartars, and later on to Ssŭch'uan, where he put the frontier defences in order. In 1179 he was a Minister of State. Besides a collection of poems, entitled 石湖詞, he wrote the 范材菊譜, a work on 35 varieties of chrysanthemum cultivated in his own gardens. He also published various records of his long journeys, especially that from Ssŭch'uan to Hangchow in 1177, entitled 吳船錄. This last work contains notes of a mission of 300 priests to India in search of Buddhist relics. Canonised as 文穆.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chêng Chih-lung

​267 Chêng Chih-lung 鄭芝龍 (T. 飛皇). Died A.D. 1662. A native of Nan-an, near Amoy. As a young man, he visited Macao and Japan, and married a Japanese wife, by whom he had a son, the famous Koxinga (see Chêng Ch'êng-kung). Having obtained the leadership of a large fleet of junks, traders or pirates as occasion served, he was compelled to place his services at the command of the last sovereign of the Ming dynasty, in whose cause he fought against the Manchu invaders. In 1628 he tendered his submission ​to the latter, and for a time was well treated, and cleared the seas of other great pirates. Gradually however he became too powerful, and it was deemed necessary to restrain him by force. He was finally induced to surrender to the Manchu general in Fuhkien; and having been made a prisoner was sent to Peking with two of his sons, Chêng 世恩 Shih-ên and Chêng 世蔭 Shih-yin, together with other of his adherents, all of whom were executed upon arrival.