OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ainmiller, Max Emanuel

Edition of 1905. See also Max Emanuel Ainmiller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AINMILLER, īn′mīl-lẽr, Max Emanuel (1807-70). A German painter of architectural subjects, born iu Munich. He studied at the Munich Academy, devoted himself to the revival of stained-glass painting, and in 1844 became director of the royal manufactory of stained glass, where, under his supervision, a great deal of work was done for the cathedrals of Cologne, Ratisbon, and Speier, St. Paul's in London, and the St. Peter's College, Cambridge. His interiors were hard and cold in color, but in the ornamentation of Gothic interiors he showed a good knowledge of architecture. He also won a reputation as a painter of architectural subjects. Two interior views of Westminster Abbey done by him hang in the Munich Gallery; similar views and others are in the National Gallery of Berlin; there are interiors of the Church of Our Lady in Munich, and views of St. Lawrence Church in Nuremberg and other places. He died in Munich.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ainslie, Hew

Edition of 1905. See also Hew Ainslie on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AINSLIE, ānz′lī, Hew (1792-1878). A Scottish-American poet, born at Bargeny Mains, Ayrshire. While a clerk in the register house at Edinburgh he acted as amanuensis to Professor Dugald Stewart. He emigrated to the United States in 1822, and joined for a year Robert Owen's venture at New Harmony, Ind. (See Harmonists.) He subsequently went into business. His numerous dialect poems had extended his reputation to Scotland, where he was enthusiastically received by literary folk in 1864. These poems, many of which were highly esteemed by Sir Walter Scott, were collected and edited by a friend, W. Wilson (1855). Some of them are also to be found in Wilson's Poets and Poetry of Scotland (1876).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ainsworth, Robert

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Ainsworth (lexicographer) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AINSWORTH, Robert (1660-1743). An English lexicographer, author of a Latin dictionary which was once extensively used. He was born near Manchester and taught school in London. He began his dictionary in 1714; it was first published in 1736.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arachnida

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Arachnida. Scorpions, spiders and mites. See Spiders.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Araguay

See also Araguaia River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Araguay (ä-rä-gwī), an affluent of the Tocantins, an important river of central and northern Brazil, which reaches the Atlantic through the Para River. Total length, including the Tocantins and the Para, 1,900 miles. In the lower reaches of the river, some 200 miles above Para, the navigation is much interrupted by rapids. About 500 miles from its source, the Araguay incloses the island of Santa Anna, about 210 miles long.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arabian Literature

See also Arabic literature on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Arabian Literature. See Literature.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aragon

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Aragon (ăr' ȧ-gŏn), an ancient Spanish kingdom, now a district of Spain, embracing the provinces of Huesca, Teruel and Zaragoza (Saragossa), and through which the Ebro and Jalen Rivers flow. It embraces an area of 18,294 square miles, and has a population under a million. It is mountainous, skirted by the Sierras and the highest range of the Pyrenees. Of its many products, the grape and the olive are the finest. Aragon was conquered by the Romans, by the Goths and lastly by the Moors in 714. Later it was governed by its own kings till it became, in 1479, a part of Castile and Leon, by the marriage, in 1469, of Ferdinand and Isabella.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aral, Sea of

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Aral, Sea of, next to the Caspian Sea, the largest inland body of water in Asia. It is 265 miles long by 145 miles broad, and is situated in Asiatic Russia. It receives several rivers, but has no outlet. Its waters are salt. It is a remarkable fact that twice, first in the Greco-Roman period and afterward during the 13th and 14th centuries, the present bed of the Aral is known to have become dry, while its rivers flowed to the Caspian.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aram, Eugene

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Aram (ä' ram), Eugene (born 1704, died 1759), an English felon, born in Yorkshire. He had a good knowledge of a number of languages and became a schoolmaster. A man named Clark disappeared, leaving his debts unpaid, and Aram was tried as his accomplice. It was discovered later that he and another man had killed Clark. Aram made his own defense at his trial, but was convicted and hanged. He is known as the subject of a poem of Hood's and also of one of the novels of Bulwer.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arapahoes

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Arap'ahoes, a tribe of American Indians who roamed over the country east of the Rocky Mountains; but chiefly inhabiting Indian Territory and Wyoming. The name is said to signify "tattooed people." They were noted robbers and are very cruel. They number about 5,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arabian Gulf

See also Red Sea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Arabian Gulf. See Red Sea.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arabian Sea

See also Arabian Sea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Arabian Sea, the upper part of the Indian Ocean, situated to the south of Persia and flanked by Arabia on the west and British India on the east. It has two extensions of its waters, northwest by way of the Gulf of Oman into the Persian Gulf, and southwest by way of the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The latter, with its connection with the Mediterranean, through the Gulf of Suez, makes the Arabian Sea a great highway of traffic to Bombay and to Madras and Calcutta in the Bay of Bengal. The eastern inlets of the sea are the Gulfs of Cutch and Cambay in northwestern India, where it receives the waters of the Indus River.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Arago, Francois Jean Dominique

* related authors: François Arago.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, quotes, Wikidata item.
See also the disclaimer.
Ar'ago (är' ȧ–go), Francois Jean Dominique (born 1786, died 1853). A leading man of science in France during the first half of the 19th century, he was distinguished alike in astronomy and in physics. At the early age of 23, he had acquired a brilliant reputation by three years of strenuous labor and hardship spent in determining the length of the earth's meridian from Dunkirk to Barcelona. In this work he was assisted by Biot; and from the measures of these two men was computed the distance from the pole to the equator of the earth. Our international standard of length, the metre, is one ten-millionth part of this quadrant. In 1809, Arago was appointed to the Paris observatory where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1816 he joined hands with Gay-Lussac in founding the great French journal, Annales de Chimie et de Physique. It was about this time that Arago "discovered Fresnel," and made it possible for the latter to carry out his investigations in optics. In this manner Arago, perhaps, did more to establish the wave theory of light than by his own experiments, which, however, were a contribution of no mean order. In 1830, he became director of the Observatory and member of the chamber of deputies. A little later he held, at the same time, the portfolios of minister of war and minister of marine. His lectures on astronomy and his eulogies on deceased members of the Academy of Sciences are models of clearness and elegance. Arago's works are published in 17 octavo volumes. The first of these opens with his Histoire de ma Jeunesse, which is already a classic among autobiographies, and should be read by everyone interested in the development of this remarkable man.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, Frederick W.

Edition of 1905. See also Frederick W. Adams on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, Frederick W. (1787-1859). An American physician and violin-maker. He was born at Pawlet, Vt.. studied at Dartmouth College, and practiced with much success as a physician. He made a number of excellent violins of wood selected by himself from the forests of Vermont and Canada. He published Theological Criticism (1843).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, Charles R.

Edition of 1905. See also Charles R. Adams on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, Charles R. (1848-1900). An American dramatic tenor. He was born at Charlestown, Mass. He studied in Vienna, and sang for three years at the Royal Opera, Berlin, and for nine years at the Imperial Opera, Vienna. Though he was an American, his reputation, especially as a Wagnerian singer, was earned chiefly abroad. In 1879 he look up his residence in Boston, where he was highly esteemed as a teacher.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, Edwin

Edition of 1905. See also Edwin Adams on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, Edwin (1834-77). An American actor. He was born in Massachusetts, and first appeared at the Boston National Theatre, August 29, 1853, as Stephen in The Hunchback. He played Hamlet with Kate Bateman and J. W. Wallack at the New York Winter Garden in 1860, and then starred in all the principal cities; reappeared in New York in 1866, as Robert Landry in The Dead Heart; was in the company when Booth's Theatre opened, February 3, 1867, and played Mercutio, Iago, and Enoch Arden in that house. It was in the latter character that he attracted the most attention. He visited Australia, where his health failed.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, Hannah

* related authors: Hannah Adams.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
See also the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, Hannah (1755-1832). One of the earliest American women writers. She was the author of Views of Religious Opinions (1784); History of New England (1799); Evidences of Christianity (1801) and a History of the Jews (1812), all of which brought fame, but little money. Her home was in Brookline, Mass.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, Henry Carter

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Carter Adams on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, Henry Carter (1852—). An American economist. He was born in Davenport, Ia., and was educated at Iowa College and Johns Hopkins University. He was statistician to the Interstate Commerce Commission and special agent of the eleventh census, in charge of the department of transportation, and is professor of political economy and finance at the University of Michigan. His publications, besides reports, include: Taxation in the United States, 1789-1816 (1884); Public Debts (1887); Relation of the States to Industrial Action (1887); Relation of American Municipalities to Quasi-Public Works (1888).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, Charles Francis, Jr.

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, Charles Francis, Jr. (1835—). An American soldier, financier, and writer. He is a son of Charles Francis Adams, and was born in Boston. Mass., May 27, 1835. He graduated at Harvard in 1856, studied law in the office of Richard Henry Dana, Jr., and was admitted to the bar in 1858. He entered the Union Army as first lieutenant in a Massachusetts cavalry regiment in 1861, became a captain in 1862, served as chief of squadron at Gettysburg, and at the close of the war was in command, as colonel, of a regiment of colored cavalry. In May, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army, and in July retired from active service. From 1884 to 1890 he was president of the Union Pacific Railroad Company. From 1893 to 1895 he was chairman of the Massachusetts Park Commission, and as such took a prominent part in planning the present park system of the State. Since about 1874 he has devoted much of his time to the study of American history, and in recognition of his work in this field was chosen president of the Massachusetts Historical Society in 1895, and of the American Historical Association in 1901. His writings and addresses both on problems of railway management and on historical subjects are marked by a singular clarity of statement and a degree of intellectual independence that has frequently given rise to widespread controversy. He has written: Railroads, Their Origin and Problems (New York, 1878); Notes on Railway ​Accidents (New York, 1879); Richard Henry Dana: A Biography (Boston, 1891); Three Episodes of Massachusetts History (Boston, 1892), a work which gives an account of the settlement of Boston Bay, of the Antinomian controversy, and of church and town government in early Massachusetts; Massachusetts: Its Historians and Its History (Boston, 1893), an excellent Life of Charles Francis Adams (Boston, 1900), in the American Statesmen Series, and Lee at Appomattox, and Other Papers (1902). In collaboration with his brother, Henry Adams, he also published Chapters of Erie, and Other Essays (New York, 1871).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, Herbert Baxter

Edition of 1905. See also Herbert Baxter Adams on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, Herbert Baxter (1850-1901). An American educator and historian. He was born at Amherst, Mass., and educated at Amherst College. He took his doctor's degree at Heidelberg and then became connected with the Johns Hopkins University at its inception in 1870. He was made associate professor of history in 1883 and professor in 1891. Owing to ill health, he resigned in 1901. He edited the valuable Johns Hopkins Studies in History and Political Science from the beginning, and an important series of monographs on American educational history published by the United States Bureau of Education. Among his many monographs may he cited: The Germanic Origin of the New England Towns, Maryland's Influence Upon Land Cessions to the United States, and Thomas Jefferson and the University of Virginia. His most important work is The Life and Writings of Jared Sparks (2 volumes, 1893). Dr. Adams's influence upon historical studies in America, especially through the numerous pupils whom he trained, was very beneficial. He took great interest in university extension, and in the work of the American Historical Association, of which he was secretary from its founding in 1884 until 1900, when he resigned and was made first vice-president.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, Isaac

Edition of 1905. See also Isaac Adams on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, Isaac (1803-83). An American inventor. He was born at Rochester, N. H. He was at first an operative in a cotton factory and afterward a cabinet maker, and in 1824 began work in a Boston machine shop. In 1828 he invented the printing press now known by his name, and in 1834 greatly improved it. The original feature of the press was the elevation of a flat bed against a stationary platen. Mr. Adams was a member of the senate of Massachusetts in 1840.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, Charles Kendall

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Kendall Adams on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, Charles Kendall, LL.D., J.U.D. (1835-1902). An American educator and historian. He was born in Derby, Vt.; removed to Iowa in 1855, and in 1861 graduated at the University of Michigan, where he was assistant professor of Latin and history from 1863 to 1867, and full professor of history from 1867 to 1885. Having studied in Germany, France, and Italy in 1867 and 1868, he followed the German method of instruction, and in 1869 and 1870 established an historical seminary which proved of great value in promoting the study of history and political science. In 1881 he was made non-resident professor of history at Cornell, and in 1885 succeeded Andrew D. White as president of that university. This position he resigned in 1892, and from then until 1902 was president of the University of Wisconsin. In 1890 he was president of the American Historical Association. He was editor-in-chief of Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia (now the Universal Cyclopædia) from 1892 to 1895. Among his publications are Democracy and Monarchy in France (1872); a valuable Manual of Historical Literature (1882); British Orations (1884), and Christopher Columbus, His Life and Work (1892).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Adams, Henry

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Adams on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ADAMS, Henry (1838—). An American historian, third son of Charles Francis Adams (q.v.). He was born in Boston and graduated at Harvard in 1858. He was private secretary to his father when the latter was Minister to England, assistant professor of history at Harvard from 1870 to 1877, and editor of the North American Review in 1875 and 1876. One of the fruits of his original methods of instruction was a volume of Essays on Anglo-Saxon Law (1876), of which he wrote the first, on Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law. The others were by H. C. Lodge. E. Young, and J. L. McLaughlin. He subsequently made his home in Washington, and devoted himself to a study of the administrations of Jefferson and Madison, the results of which appeared in nine volumes as a History of the United States from 1801 to 1817 (1889-90), a work of original research. He previously edited the writings of Albert Gallatin (3 volumes, 1879), and wrote a life of John Randolph (1882; second edition, 1898) for the American Statesmen Series.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Flood-Plains

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​Flood-Plains are level tracts of land which have been formed by the sediment deposited by a river when in flood. The flood-plains of the Nile, the Mississippi, the Po and other rivers are of great extent and very fertile. Frequently the course of a river changes by a gradual swing to one side, owing to the settling of sediment in its own channel, and in this way a delta of flood-plains is apt to be formed, as in the case of the Nile and the Mississippi, at its mouth.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fitchett, Rev. William Henry

See also William Henry Fitchett on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Fitchett, Rev. William Henry, was educated at Melbourne University, has been president of the general conference of the Methodist church of Australasia, is principal of the Methodist Ladies' College at Melbourne, was former editor of the Melbourne Daily Telegraph, and is now in charge of the editorial interests of The Southern Cross and Life. He is even better known for his stirring recitals of British fighting on land and sea, his published works including Deeds that Won the Empire, Fights for the Flag, How England Saved Europe, Wellington's Men, Nelson and His Captains and The Commander of the Hirondelle. These works are circulated and read throughout the English-speaking world.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fitzpatrick, Hon. Sir Charles

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​ Fitzpatrick, Hon. Sir Charles, was born in the city of Quebec in 1853, and educated at Laval University. For six years (1890-6) a member of the Quebec Legislature, he was elected to the House of Commons in 1896. He was solicitor-general and, afterwards, minister of justice in the Laurier administration. He became chief-justice of the supreme court in 1906.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Flodden, Battle of

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​Flodden, Battle of, fought on Flodden Hill on the Scottish borders, between James IV of Scotland and an English army under the Earl of Surrey, Sept. 9, 1513, was the most grievous defeat that Scotland ever suffered. King James had 30,000 men, and the Earl of Surrey 32,000; the former lost from 5,000 to 12,000 men, including the archbishop of St. Andrews and 12 earls, and the latter 4,000 men. The sixth canto of Sir Walter Scott's Marmion contains a splendid and fairly accurate description of the battle. See Robert White's The Battle of Flodden and Scott's Marmion.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Five Forks

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​ Five Forks is a place in Dinwiddie County, Virginia, known to history as the site of a battle fought between the Union forces under Gen. Phil. Sheridan and the Confederate army under General Lee, on April 1, 1865. General Sheridan won the battle, the result of which was the evacuation of Petersburg on April 2, Richmond falling shortly afterward.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Flora

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​Flora, an ancient Italian deity, the Roman goddess of flowers. At Rome she had two temples. She was represented as a flower-crowned maiden, in the full bloom of maidenly beauty. On the occasion of her festival, held at the end of April, the dwellings were decked with flowers, and feasting, dancing and singing prevailed everywhere.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Flint, Mich.

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​Flint, Mich., the capital of Genesee County, in southeastern Michigan, is situated on Flint River, 60 miles northwest of Detroit, and is served by the Chicago and Grand Trunk and Flint and Pére Marquette railroads. Flint is known as the vehicle-city, because of its extensive factories. The Buick Motor Co. at completion will be the largest in the world. It is the seat of the state Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and of Oak-Grove Home, a private establishment for the care of the feeble-minded. Population 38,550.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Flint-Implements

See also Stone tool on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Flint-Implements of the primitive people of prehistoric times are commonly found on the graves or on the sites of settlements of the earlier inhabitants of almost every country in Europe. They consist of spearheads, arrowheads, daggers, knives, saws, borers, scrapers, chisels and axes. No modern savages or barbarous tribes have produced anything so finely finished as the weapons and implements of the prehistoric peoples. Some of them, as the knife-blades and dagger-blades of Denmark and Sweden, are marvels of workmanship. Flint is the only kind of stone capable of being worked into a variety of shapes by flaking and chipping. See Ancient Stone Implements by Evans.