OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marcet, Alexander John Gaspard

​MARCET, ALEXANDER JOHN GASPARD, M.D. (1770–1822), physician, was born in 1770 at Geneva, and received his school education there. He went to the university of Edinburgh, where he became M.D. on 24 June 1797, writing a thesis on diabetes, printed at Edinburgh in the same year. On the title-page he uses only the first of his Christian names. The essay is for the most part a compilation, and contains no evidence of clinical experience, but is interesting as showing in several passages that the author had already an inclination for chemical experiments. He took a house in London, and was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians on 25 June 1799. Guy's Hospital did not then require any higher diploma, and he became one of its physicians on 18 April 1804. In 1805 he contributed an essay, 'A Chemical Account of the Brighton Chalybeate,' to a new edition of the 'Treatise on Mineral Waters' of his colleague, Dr. William Saunders [q. v.] This was also published in the same year as a separate octavo pamphlet of seventy-four pages. He describes a variety of experiments of the rudimentary chemistry of that period made with the water of a chalybeate spring called the Wick, and shows that, unlike the Tonbridge spa, it might be drunk warm without any precipitation of iron. He took charge of the temporary military hospital at Portsmouth in 1809 for some months, when it contained invalids from Walcheren. He married Jane Haldimand [see Marcet, Jane], lived in Russell Square, and, as he grew wealthier, grew less and less inclined for medical practice. He became lecturer on chemistry at Guy's Hospital, and published in 1817 'An Essay on the Chemical History and Medical Treatment of Calculous Disorders.' This contains much information and some good drawings. He complains that he was unable to give full statistics, as no great London hospital then kept any regular record of cases. He was probably the first to remark that the pain of a renal calculus is oftenest due to its passage down a ureter, and that it may grow in the kidney without the patient suffering acutely at all. He retired from the staff of Guy's Hospital 10 March 1819, and went to live in Geneva, where he was appointed honorary professor of chemistry. He visited England in 1821, and died, when preparing to return to Geneva, in Great Coram Street, London, 19 Oct. 1822. He had been elected F.R.S. in 1815, and published some chemical papers in the 'Philosophical Transactions.' His portrait was painted by Raeburn and was engraved by Meyer.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys.ii. 466; Works.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mar, Donald (d.1297)

​MAR, DONALD, tenth Earl of (d. 1297), was the son of William, ninth earl [q. v.], and Elizabeth Comyn, his first wife. He was knighted by Alexander III at Scone in 1270, and succeeded as earl before 25 July 1281, when he took oath at Roxburgh to observe the treaty for the marriage of Princess Margaret of Scotland and Eric, king of Norway. At Scone in 1284 he similarly undertook to acknowledge their daughter, the Maid of Norway, as queen of Scotland in the event of Alexander's death, and in 1289 he united with the community of Scotland in recommending to Edward I of England the marriage of the Prince of Wales and the Maid of Norway. This was agreed to, and the marriage arranged at Birgham, Berwickshire, in July 1290, in a treaty to which Mar was a party. After the death of the Maid of Norway, when different claimants appeared for the Scottish crown, Mar united in the Scots' appeal to Edward to be their arbiter. Personally he supported the claim of Robert Bruce, whose son, the future king, married his daughter Isabel, and whose daughter,Christian, married his son, Gratney. He swore allegiance to Edward at Upsettington, Berwickshire, on 13 June 1291, and was a witness to Edward's protest at Berwick as to his claim to be lord superior of Scotland. Under Edward's suzerainty he held the office of bailie of Aboyne. In 1294 Mar, with other Scottish nobles, was summoned to London to attend Edward on foreign service. Rather than obey they revolted. But after the battle of Dunbar, in ​1296, Mar came to Edward at Montrose, and afterwards swore fealty again at Berwick. He was, notwithstanding, carried prisoner to England, but was released on parole, 23 June 1297, in order to visit Scotland, Edward at the same time exacting from him a pledge that he would serve him against France. He died about this time, leaving a son and successor, Gratney, eleventh earl of Mar, and father of Donald, twelfth earl of Mar [q. v.]; he also left two daughters, Isabel, wife of Robert the Bruce, and Mary, who married Kenneth, earl of Sutherland.
[Bain's Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, vol. ii. passim; Antiquities of Aberdeenshire (Spalding Club), iv. 198, 600, 698-704; Rymer's Fœdera, i. 596, 638, 730-74, 791, 804.]
H. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sainsbury, William Noel

​SAINSBURY, WILLIAM NOEL (1825–1895), historical writer, third son of John and Mary Ann Sainsbury, was born at 35 Red Lion Square, Holborn, London, on 7 July 1825. On 1 April 1848 he entered the old state paper office as an extra temporary clerk. On 28 Nov. he was confirmed in the appointment, and eventually was transferred to the record office when it absorbed the state paper office in 1854. In August 1862 he became a senior clerk, and in November 1887 an assistant-keeper of the records.
Sainsbury chiefly devoted himself to calendaring the records which bore on the history of America and the West Indies. The first volume of his calendar of the colonial state papers relating to America and the West Indies was published in 1860. That on the papers of East India, China, and Japan followed in 1862. At intervals of three or four years other volumes have appeared, making nine in all. The value of his public work was not greater than that of the aid which he gave unofficially to the historians and historical societies of the United States. In his early days he collected for Bancroft, the American historian, from the papers of the board of trade, all evidence bearing upon the history of the American colonies. In recognition of his services to American historical writers he was made an honorary or corresponding member of the principal historical societies in the States.
Sainsbury retired from the public service in December 1891, but continued, with the help of a daughter, to edit the calendar up to the time of his death, which took place on 9 March 1895. Besides various uncollected papers on colonial history, he published:
* ‘Original unpublished Papers illustrative of the Life of Sir P. P. Rubens as an artist and diplomatist,’ London, 1859, 8vo.
* ‘Hearts of Oak: stories of early English Adventure,’ London, 1871, 8vo.
He married twice: first, in 1849, Emily Storrs, second daughter of Andrew Moore, by whom he had two sons and eight daughters; secondly, in 1873, Henrietta Victoria, youngest daughter of John Hawkins, and widow of Alfred Crusher Auger, whom he also survived.
[Proceedings of American Antiquarian Society, 1895, vol. x. pt. i. p. 28; Times, 14 March 1895; private information.]
C. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Saint-George, Henry (1581-1644)

​SAINT-GEORGE, Sir HENRY (1581–1644), Garter king-of-arms, eldest son of Sir Richard Saint-George [q. v.], born on 27 Jan. 1581, was created Rouge Rose pursuivant-extraordinary in May 1610; Bluemantle pursuivant-in-ordinary on 23 Dec. 1611; and Richmond herald on 22 March 1615–16. In 1624 he was one of the learned persons recommended by Edmund Bolton [q. v.] to be members of the projected Academy Royal or College and Senate of Honour. In 1625 he and William Le Neve, York herald, were sent to France by Charles I to conduct the princess Henrietta Maria to England. They performed this duty so much to the satisfaction of the court of France that Louis XIII gave them a thousand French crowns. In 1627 Saint-George was joined in a commission with Lord Spencer and Peter Young to present the insignia of the order of the Garter to Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, who conferred upon Saint-George the honour of knighthood on 23 September (Metcalfe, Book of Knights, p. 188; Addit. MS. 32102, f. 200 b). He was created Norroy king-of-arms on 24 June 1635. At the commencement of the civil war he attended the royal standard and remained with the king at Oxford, where he was created a doctor of medicine 9 May 1643 (Wood, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 67). He was advanced to the dignity of Garter king-of-arms in April 1644, in succession to Sir John Borough [q. v.] He died in Brasenose College on 5 Nov. 1644, and was buried in the cathedral of Christ Church, Oxford.
Saint-George drew up in 1628 a ‘Catalogue of the Nobility of England,’ manuscript folio. This is ‘involved’ in ‘A New Catalogue of the Dukes, Marquesses, Earls, Viscounts, Barons, &c.,’ published by Thomas Walkley, London, 1658, 8vo.
Of the heraldic visitations held by him the following have been printed: Cornwall (1620), edited by Lieut.-Col. J. L. Vivian and H. H. Drake, 1874; Somerset (1623), edited by F. T. Colby for the Harleian Society, 1876; London (1633–5), edited by J. J. Howard and J. L. Chester for the Harleian Society, 2 vols. 1880–83; Wiltshire (1623), edited by G. W. Marshall, Exeter, 1882, 8vo; and Dorset (1623), edited by J. P. Rylands for the Harleian Society, 1885.
Saint-George married, in 1614, Mary, daughter of Sir Thomas Dayrell, knight, of Lillingston Dayrell, Buckinghamshire. Among his children was Sir Thomas Saint-George (1615–1703), who became Somerset herald in July 1660, Norroy king-of-arms in January 1679–80, and Garter king-of-arms in February 1685–6, in succession to Dugdale; he left in manuscript a treatise on ‘Titles of Honour,’ printed in London, 1864. Another son, Sir Henry Saint-George the younger (1625–1715), became Richmond herald on 18 June 1660, Norroy king-of-arms on 27 April 1677, Clarenceux king-of-arms on 25 Jan. 1678–9, and Garter king-of-arms on 26 April 1703; and Richard Saint-George, who became Ulster king-of-arms.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Saint-George, Richard

​SAINT-GEORGE, Sir RICHARD (d. 1635), Clarenceux king-of-arms, belonged to an ancient family which traced its descent from Baldwin Saint-George, who is said to have fought at Hastings under the banner of William the Conqueror. He was the second son of Thomas Saint-George of Hatley Saint-George, Cambridgeshire, by Rose, daughter of Thomas Hutton of Dry Drayton in that county. He was appointed Berwick pursuivant-extraordinary in 1602; afterwards he held for a brief period the office of Windsor herald, and in 1603 he was created Norroy king-of-arms in succession to Sir William Segar [q. v.] During his tenure of the latter office he held heraldic visitations in the counties of Derby, York, Chester, Lancaster, Stafford, Cumberland, Durham, Northumberland, and Westmorland. He was knighted at Hampton Court, 28 Sept. 1616 (Metcalfe, Book of Knights, p. 168; Addit. MS. 32102, f. 179 b). He obtained a patent on 17 Sept. 1623 for the post of Clarenceux king-of-arms, and was created at Arundel House on 23 Dec. following, in succession to William Camden [q. v.] Subsequently he received a commission, jointly with Sir John Borough, Norroy king-of-arms, to institute visitations in any part of England. They accordingly visited, either personally or by deputies, London, Sussex, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Derbyshire, Essex, Herefordshire, Hertfordshire, Leicestershire, Middlesex, and Rutland. Saint-George died on 17 May 1635, and was buried in the chancel of St. Andrew's Church, Holborn.
He married, in 1575, Elizabeth, daughter of Nicholas Saint John of Lidiard-Tregoz, ancestor of the Viscounts Saint John and Bolingbroke [see under Saint-John, Oliver, first Earl of Bolingbroke]. By her he had issue William and John, who were both slain in Ireland; Sir Henry Saint-George [q. v.], Garter king-of-arms; and Sir George Saint-George, who settled at Carrick-Drumrusk, co. Leitrim.
He was the friend and companion of Sir Robert Cotton, Spelman, Camden, Weever, and other eminent antiquaries. His ‘Col​lectanea Historica et Genealogica,’ written in 1606, are in Addit. MS. 10108, and three other volumes of similar collections by him are in the Landsdowne MSS. 861, 862, 863. He also compiled ‘Pedigrees, Evidences, and other Matters relating to Nottinghamshire’ (Lansdowne MS. 871). Transcripts of many of the visitations held by him are also in the British Museum, and the following have been printed: Durham (1615), printed at Sunderland [1816?]; Westmoreland (1615), London, 1853, 8vo; Lancashire (1613), edited by F. R. Raines for the Chetham Society, 1871; Cumberland (1615), edited by J. Fetherston for the Harleian Society, 1872; Yorkshire (1612), edited by Joseph Foster, 1875; Northumberland (1615), edited by G. W. Marshall, London, 1878, 8vo; Hertfordshire (1634), edited by Walter C. Metcalfe for the Harleian Society, 1886.
In the British Museum there is a copy of Guillim's ‘Display of Heraldrie,’ 1638, with manuscript additions by Saint George.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Saint-German, Christopher

​SAINT-GERMAN, CHRISTOPHER (1460?–1540), legal writer and controversialist, born about 1460, was son of Henry Saint-German, knight, and his wife Anne, daughter of Thomas Tindale. He was born probably about 1460 at Shilton, Warwickshire; both his parents are buried in the church there. He was educated at Oxford, as a member, it is said, of Exeter College. He then entered the Inner Temple, where he studied law and was called to the bar. According to Wood he became a ‘counsellor of note,’ and ‘won immortal fame among the citizens of London.’ In July 1534 some of Cromwell's agents requested his services in legal matters, and in 1536 the northern rebels mentioned him as one of those whose heresies should be destroyed (Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vii. 1008, xi. 1246). But as a rule Saint-German avoided politics, and confined himself to legal and literary work, and to the collection of a library which exceeded that of any other lawyer. He died an octogenarian in September 1540, and was buried near Thomas Lupset [q. v.] in the church of St. Alphage-within-Cripplegate, in which parish he had lived during his latter years. No mention of wife or children appears in his will (dated 10 July 1540 and proved 30 May 1541); but the confused wording of a letter to Cromwell (Letters and Papers, xiv. pt. i. No. 1349) seems to imply that he was twice married and had three children. By his will he desired alms to be given at Shilton till 1550, and left other sums to Lawford and Builton in Warwickshire.
In religious matters Saint-German was a moderate reformer. Probably in 1532 he issued, anonymously, his ‘Treatise concernynge the diuision betwene the spiritualtie and the temporaltie’ (8vo, Th. Berthelet, n.d.). This work is very rare, but copies are in the British Museum and Huth Libraries. In it Saint-German lays the blame of the division on the clergy. It is said to have been commended to Sir Thomas More for its moderation, in contrast to his own intemperance of language. Early in 1533 More made a vigorous attack upon it in his ‘Apology,’ referring to the author as ‘the pacifier.’ This provoked a reply from Saint-German entitled ‘A Dialogue betwixte two Englishmen, whereof one was called Salem and the other Bizance’ (Th. Berthelet, 1533, 8vo), and More retorted in the same year with his ‘Debellacyon of Salem and Bizance,’ which ended the controversy. Another work by Saint-German of a similar character—‘A Treatise concernynge the power of the clergye and the lawes of the realme’—was issued with no date by Thomas Godfrey.
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Saint Leger, William (1600-1665)

​SAINT LEGER or Salinger, William (1600–1665), Irish jesuit, was born in the county of Kilkenny in 1600, entered the Society of Jesus at Tournai in 1621, studied afterwards in Sicily, and was professed of the four vows in 1635. After his return to Ireland he became superior of his brethren in that country during the time of the rebellion, which began in 1641. He was rector of the college of Kilkenny in 1650, and, when the former city was taken by Cromwell's army, he removed to Galway. At the end of the rebellion he escaped to Spain, and succeeded Father John Lombard as rector of the residence of Compostella, where he died on 9 June 1665.
He wrote ‘De Vita et Morte Illustrissimi Domini Thomæ Valesii [Walsh] Archiepiscopi Casiliensis in Hibernia,’ Antwerp, 1655, 4to, a work of great rarity.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Saker, Edward

​SAKER, EDWARD (1831–1883), actor and theatrical manager, son of W. Saker, a well-known low comedian at the London minor theatres, was born in London in 1831. He was placed with a firm of architects, but early showed a strong taste for a theatrical career, which he adopted when about twenty-five years of age. In 1857 he joined the Edinburgh company, then under the management of Robert H. Wyndham, his brother-in-law. It was in this excellent school that he learnt his profession, and soon became a clever member of the company. In addition he filled the post of treasurer for several years. He made a tour in Scotland with Henry Irving, when the latter played Robert Macaire to Saker's Jacques Strop. With Lionel Brough he also gave an entertainment, under the name of the ‘So-Amuse Twins,’ which is said to have been exceedingly amusing. He first attempted management during a summer season in 1862, when he rented the Edinburgh Royal from Wyndham, and opened with the ‘Lady of the Lake.’ In 1865 he removed to Liverpool. After remaining as an actor there for two years he became manager of the Alexandra Theatre in December 1867, and carried on the enterprise till his death on 29 March 1883.
As an actor Saker had much talent, and was most successful in parts requiring drollery and facial expression. His Shakespearean clowns were wonderful exhibitions of low-comedy acting. As a manager, however, he made his chief reputation. His period of management at the Alexandra, Liverpool, was rendered notable by a series of splendid revivals of Shakespearean plays, including ‘A Winter's Tale,’ ‘Much Ado about Nothing,’ ‘A Midsummer Night's Dream,’ and the ‘Comedy of Errors.’ In all his undertakings he was ably assisted by his wife, who survived him.
Saker's elder brother, Horatio (fl. 1850), joined the Royal, Edinburgh, in 1850, when it was under William Henry Murray [q. v.] He also played low comedy. His farewell benefit was on 30 Aug. 1852 at the Adelphi, Edinburgh, after which he went to the Princess's, London, where he remained till his death. He never gained the front rank in his profession, but possessed a great fund of original humour, and was the father of several clever sons, who adopted the stage as a profession.
[J. C. Dibdin's Annals of the Edinburgh Stage; Brereton's Dramatic Notes; playbills and private information.]
J. C. D.
# Divers voyages touching the discouerie of America/List of Travellers

The names of certaine late trauaylers,
both by sea and by lande, which
also for the most part haue written of
their owne trauayles and voyages.
The yere of
our Lorde.
1178 Beniamin Tudelensis a Iewe.
1270 Marcus Paulus a Venetian.
1300 Harton an Armenian.
1320 Iohn Mandeuile knight, englishman.
1380 Nicolaus and Antonius Zeni, venetians. 1444 Nicolaus Conti venetian.
1492 Christopher Columbus a Genoway.
1497 Sebastian Gabot, an egnlishman the sonne of a venetiã.
1497 M. Thorne and Hugh Eleot of Bristowe, englishmen.
1497 Vasques de Gama a portingale.
1500 Gasper Corterealis a portingale.
1516 Edoardus Barboso a portingale.
1519 Fernandus Magalianes a portingale.
1530 Iohn Barros a portingale.
1534 Iaques Cartier a Briton.
1540 Francis Vasques de Coronado Spaniarde.
1542 Iohn Gaetan Spaniarde.
1549 Francis Xauier a portingale.
1553 Hugh Willowbie knight, & Richard Chauncellor Eng.
1554 Francis Galuano a portingale.
1556 Stenen and William Burros Englishmen.
1562 Antonie Ienkinson Englishman.
1562 Iohn Ribault a Frenchman.
1565 Andrewe Thenet a Frenchman.
1576 Martin Frobisher Englishman.
1578 Francis Drake Englishman.
1580 Arthur Pet, and Charles Iackmã Englishmen.
1582 Edwarde Fenton, and Luke warde, Englishmen.
1582 Humfrey Gilbert knight, Edward Heyes, and Antonie
Brigham Englishmen.
# Divers voyages touching the discouerie of America/List of Geographers

The names of certaine late writers of Geographie, with the yeere wherein they wrote.
The yeere of our Lorde. 1300ABelsada Ismael prince of Syria, Persia, and Assyria.
1320 Iohn Mandeuill Englishman. 1500 Albertus Crantzius of Hamburge.
1520 Peter martyr Millanoyse.
1525 Gonsaluo Ouiedo Spaniarde.
1527 Robert Thorne Englishman.
1530 Hieronymus Fracastor Italian.
1539 Gemma Frisius.
1540 Antonie di Mendoza Spaniard.
1541 Gerardus Mercator Fleming.
1549 Iohn Baptista Guicchardine Florentine.
1553 Iohn Baptista Ramusius, hee gathered many notable things.
1554 Sebastian Munster Germane.
1554 Thomas Giunti Venetian.
1555 Clement Adams Englishman. 1555 Orontius Finæus Frenchman.
1564 Abraham Ortelius Fleming.
1574 Hierome Osorius Portingall.
1575 Andreas Theuet Frenchman.
1575 Francis Belforest Frenchman.
1576 Humfrey Gilbert knight, Englishman.
1577 Dionyse Settle Englishman.
1578 George Beste Englishman.
1580 Nicolas Chauncellor Englishman.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Needham, Charles

​NEEDHAM, CHARLES, fourth Viscount Kilmorey (d. 1660), descended from Thomas, elder brother of Sir John Needham [q. v.], was second son of Robert (d. 1653), second viscount, by his second wife, Eleanor, daughter of Thomas Dutton of Dutton, Cheshire, and widow of Gilbert, lord Gerard of Gerard's Bromley, Staffordshire. He succeeded to the title in January 1657 on the death, without issue, of his brother Robert, third viscount, who had three years previously surrendered to him his interest in the family estates at Shavington, Shropshire. He was a staunch royalist, and these estates suffered in consequence by sequestration and otherwise (cf. Act of Parliament for the Payment of the Debts of Charles, late Lord Viscount Kilmorey, 29 Charles II, ch. v.). In August 1659 he joined with Sir George Booth and the Earl of Derby in an attempt to restore Charles to the throne, which was defeated by General Lambert [q. v.]; and Lord Kilmorey was taken prisoner to London, where he died suddenly the following year.
He married, in February 1654, Bridget, eldest daughter of Sir William Drury of Drury House, London (which occupied the site of the present Drury Lane theatre), and Beesthorpe, Norfolk, by whom he had five sons (Charles, who died in infancy; Robert and Thomas, who succeeded to the family honours as fifth and sixth viscounts respectively; Byron, and a second Charles) and one daughter. His widow remarried Sir John Shaw, bart. His descendant, Francis Jack Needham, twelfth viscount Kilmorey, is noticed separately.
T. H.