# Cassell's Illustrated History of England/Volume 2

Entry of Anne Boleyn Into London.
Cassell's Illustrated
HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
New and Revised Edition.
CONTINUED TO THE END OF 1873.
VOL. II.
FROM THE REIGN OF EDWARD THE FOURTH TO THE DEATH OF QUEEN ELIZABETH.
Cassell Petter & Galpin:
London, Paris & New York.
PREFACE.
In our tracing of these events we have taken an impartial view of the character and conduct of Queen Elizabeth. Perhaps with no other monarch is it so necessary to discriminate between fond traditions and the cold facts of history. Elizabeth was a woman of a masculine and penetrating mind; no ruler ever knew more ably how to select capable ministers, and surround herself with the splendour of statesmanlike talent, bravery, and genius. With a stout heart, and assisted by the counsels and the gallant deeds of those men, she carried the country through an arduous crisis proudly, and bore down and broke to atoms every foreign influence and the Armada which was directed against the Protestant ascendancy of England. All honour to her and to them on that account. But when we penetrate through the splendour of such glories, and through the extravagant adulations of the Elizabethan courtiers, we come to some deeds and characteristics which demand just reprehension.
We must remind our readers that we are not writing romance, in which we can at will colour, turn, and dispose of things as we please; but our object and bounden duty is historic truth. We are tied up to that standard inexorably by harsh and unbendable official documents, which, like the rocks about our coast, may not be shaken in their place or changed in their hard outline. The modern ​researches in the archives of the Tower and the State Paper Office, and the publication of many of the documents there remaining, the journals of the Lords and Commons, the rolls of Parliament and the patent rolls, and the mass of original letters collected by Howell, Ellis, Nicolas, &c., enable us and compel us to draw a somewhat different picture from that which was presented to the last generation. In our portraiture of "good Queen Bess" we have used the facts left under the very hands of herself and her ministers, and from these there can be no appeal. On the other hand, it should be remembered by those who are startled into too severe a judgment of this queen, that the Elizabethan age, though the bright dawn of happier times, lies far behind our own in moral strength and purity; that the darkness of the Middle Ages was not yet quite banished, and threw still its shadow even upon high places; and that consequently our verdict upon this great and imperious monarch must have its just relation to those precedents and traditions which no longer attach to the throne.
Again, some readers may be ready to accuse us of placing the Roman Catholics of those times in too favourable a light. We can only reply that the same undoubted authorities have guided our pen. We will yield to no man in our attachment to Protestant principles, nor in our estimation of their paramount truth and value. We regard the liberation of mind effected by the Reformation as the source of all our present blessings, and our national preeminence. We believe that our firm stand by the truths of the Bible, and the spirit of liberty and law which is their direct result, is the reason why the Almighty has seen fit to place us at the head of nations, and to give to the language, the institutions, the dominion, and the glory of England a pre-eminence and an expanse such as no nation ever before enjoyed; that this is the secret of our invincible arms in all quarters of the globe, of our being chosen as the founders of the new and vast people of North America, of India, South Africa, and Australia, who form the links of a chain of British life, enlightenment, manliness, and religious reverence which encircles the globe as with an imperial zone. But as we hold and must hold the right of every man to maintain the independence of his creed and conscience, we are bound as citizens and subjects to deal out justice and impartiality to Roman Catholics as to Protestants; and were we to sketch and colour the religious partisans of the periods over which we have passed in this Volume, not by the undoubted documents which those times furnish, but by the colours in which the opponents on each side arrayed them to themselves, we should commit a gross and unpardonable violation of the truth of history, and be unworthy to hold the high and responsible position of the narrators of the veritable past in its many-sided completeness.
ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE SECOND VOLUME.
* PAGE
* Frontispiece—Entry of Anne Boleyn into London.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
* Louis XI. and the Herald ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
* Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI., and Edward IV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
* Queen Elizabeth Wydville, with her children, taking Sanctuary at Westminster ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
* Edward V. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
* The Death of Clarence ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................15
* Parting of Queen Elizabeth Wydville and her son, the Duke of York ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
* The Penance of Jane Shore ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................19
* Great Seal of Edward V. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
* Richard III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................25
* Great Seal of Richard III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
* The Murder of the Princes in the Tower ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
* Battle of Bosworth Field. Lord Stanley bringing the Crown of Richard to Richmond ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
* "Jockey of Norfolk," killed at Bosworth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36
* House of the 15th Century, in which Richard is said to have slept on the night before the Battle of Bosworth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................37
* Tournament, Harl. MS., 4,379 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42
* Criminals conducted to Execution, 15th Century. Harl. MS., 4,374 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43
* Execution of a Criminal, from a MS. of Froissart's Chronicles, 15th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43
* Friar preaching from a movable Pulpit, Royal MS., 14 E. 3 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................45
* Isabel Hervey, Abbess of Elstow, from a Brass ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................45
* Pilgrim buying a Glass Mirror. From a MS. of Lydgate's Poem of "The Pilgrim" ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................47
* Parish Priest in Ordinary Costume, and attired for the Altar, 15th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................47
* Earl Rivers presenting William Caxton to Edward VI. From a MS. in the library of Lambeth Palace ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................49
* Fac-simile from the Bible printed at Mayence in 1450, by Gutenberg ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................49
* Fragment Fac-simile of the 98th page of the Psalter, printed at Mayence in 1457 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................50
* Fac-simile of Caxton's Printing in the "Dictates and Sayings of Philosophers," printed in 1477 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................50
* Copyist at Work ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................51
* Physician bleeding a Patient, Harl MS., 4,425 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................51
* Abbot Whetbamstede of St. Albans, from the register book of the Abbey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................52
* Richard III. and his Queen, engraved from the Warwick roll ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................52
* Mason and Carpenter of the 15th Century, MS. Reg. 15 E. 11 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................53
* Gatehouse of the Priory at Montacute, Somersetshire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................54
* Gatehouse at Helmingham, Suffolk ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................54
* Red Mount Chapel, at Lynn, Norfolk ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................55
* Window of Crosby Hall, London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................56
* Buttress of Beauchamp Chapel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................57
* Staircase at Charlton House, Kent ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................58
* Fireplace at Charlton House, Kent ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................58
* Bay Window at Speke Hall ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................58
* Smithell's Hall, Lancashire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................59
* Staircase leading to the Chapel, Smithell's Hall ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................59
* Amusements of People of Rank, 15th Century, Harl. MS., 4,425 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................61
* Organ of the 14th Century, MS. 175, Imp. Lib. of Paris ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................61
* Cannon of the 15th Century, MS. Reg. 15 E. iv. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................61
* Hand-gun, reign of Edward IV., MS. Reg., 15 E. iv. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................62
* Cannon, end of 15th Century. From an engraving by J. Van Mechlin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................62
* Soldier in a Floating Battery, with Hand-gun fitted on Stock. Printed at Verona in 1472 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................62
* Ship of War and Galley of the 15th Century, Harl. MS. 4,374-9 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................63
* Groat of Richard III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................65
* Penny of Richard III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................65
* Half-groat of Henry V. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................65
* Angel of Edward IV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................65
* Half-groat of Edward IV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................65
* Bedstead of the 15th Century. From a MS. romance of the Comte d'Artois ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................66
* Bedroom Furniture, time of Henry VI. Harl. MS., 2,278 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................66
* Kitchen of the 15th Century. Harl. MS., 4,375 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................66
* The Knight's Return from the War. MS. in the British Museum. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................67
* Costume of the Middle Classes in the 15th Century. Cotton MSS., Nero, D. 7 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................68
* Costume of Gentlemen, A.D. 1460. From a MS. History of Thebes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................68
* Male Costume of Henry IV.'s reign. Harl. MS., 2,332 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................68
* Ladies' Head-dresses ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................69
* Costume of the Reign of Henry V. Royal MSS., 15 D 3 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................69
* Lady Margaret Pennebrygg ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................69
* Robert Skerne and Joan his wife. From a Brass ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................69
* Female Costume. Royal MS. 16. G. 5 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................69
* Male Costume. From various MSS. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................70
* —Reign of Edward IV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................70
* Hats and Caps. Harl MSS., 4,379-80 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................70
* Ladies' Head-dresses. Harl. MS., 2,278 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................70
* —From a MS. of Froissart's Chronicles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................70
* Female Costume. From a MS. History of Thebes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71
* Couvrechef or Kerchief ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71
* Seals, Kings, and portions of Chains ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71
* From a Brass of Sir John Drayton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71
* Knight in complete Armour, A.D. 1461-80 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72
* Mace, Hand-cannon, Hand-gun, and Battle-axe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72
* Effigy of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, A.D. 1442-65 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72
* The Standards taken at Bosworth laid on the Altar of St. Paul's Cathedral ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................73
* Great Seal of Henry VII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................75
* Henry VII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................78
* Simnel presented to the Earl of Kildare ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................79
* Elizabeth, Queen of Henry VII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
* Remains of Bermondsey Abbey, in which Queen Elizabeth Wydville was confined ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................90
* An Old English Merrymaking, 15th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................91
* London in the 15th Century. From Royal MS. 16, F. 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................97
* Knight in complete Armour. Harl. MSS., 4,379-80 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................98
* Bowmen of the 14th and 15th Centuries ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................100
* Beaulieu Abbey, where Perkin Warbeck took Sanctuary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................103
* Henry VII. at the Dispatch of Business ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................103
* The White Rose of Scotland ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................106
* Thomas Stanley, first Earl of Derby ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................109
* The Port of Weymouth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................114
* Interior of Henry VII.'s Chapel in Westminster Abbey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................115
* Great Seal of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................120
* Curious Antique Clock, belonging to Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................120
* Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................121
* Death of Gaston de Foix, at Ravenna ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................126
* The Battle of Spurs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................127
* Costume of an English Gentleman in the time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................130
* —Lady in the time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................130
* Great Ship of King Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................132
* The Shrine of Prince Arthur, brother of Henry VIII., in Worcester Cathedral ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................133
* The Lord Cardinal Thomas Wolsey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................138
* The Scottish Peers demanding the Children of Queen Margaret ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................139
* Henry VIII., Catherine of Arragon, and Thomas Wolsey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................144
* King Henry VIII. retiring from Council ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................145
* Meeting of Henry VIII. and Francis I on the Field of the Cloth of Gold ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................150
* The Field of the Cloth of Gold. From a Bas-relief on the Hotel dn Bourtheroulde, at Rouen................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................151
* Execution of the Duke of Buckingham ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................154
* The City of Bruges—Palace of the Franks ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................156
* Queen Catherine of Arragon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................157
* Hampton Court Palace, the Residence of Cardinal Wolsey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................159
* Erasmus and Sir Thomas More ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................162
* Windsor Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................163
* Old Greenwich Palace, as it appeared in the Reign of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................168
* King Henry VIII. and his Council. From Hall's Chronicle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................168
* Francis I., King of France, taken Prisoner at the Battle of Pavia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................169
* Louise reading of the Capture of the King ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................174
* Bird's-eye View of Rhodes in the 16th Century. From an ancient Manuscript ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................175
* Boudoir of Anne Boleyn, in the Gateway of Hever Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................178
* Hever Castle, Kent. Residence of Anne Boleyn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................180
* Entrance to Wolsey's College, Ipswich ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................181
* Queen Anne Boleyn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................186
* Ball at old Greenwich Palace. Henry VIII. dancing with Anne Boleyn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................187
* Ante-chamber in Hever Castle, Kent: Residence of Anne Boleyn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................192
* Trial of Queen Catherine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................193
* The Dismissal of Cardinal Wolsey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................198
* Wolsey at Leicester ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................199
* Ruins of Leicester Abbey, the Scene of the Death of Cardinal Wolsey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................203
* Thomas Cranmer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................204
* Private Marriage of Anne Boleyn to Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................205
* Cardinal Pole ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................210
* Place of Execution within the Tower of London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................211
* Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................216
* Margaret Roper taking leave of her Father, Sir Thomas More, on the Tower Wharf ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................217
* Tomb of Catherine of Arragon in Peterborough Cathedral ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................222
* Arrest of Anne Boleyn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................223
* Chapel on the Tower Green, where Anne Boleyn was buried ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................228
* Henry VIII. at the Royal Hunt in Epping Forest, on the morning of the Execution of Anne Boleyn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................229
* Jane Seymour ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................231
* The Pilgrimage of Grace ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................235
* Miles Coverdale ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................240
* Henry VIII. delivering the translated Bible to his Lords ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................241
* Anne of Cleves ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................246
* Henry VIII. granting the Charter to the Worshipful Company of Barber-Surgeons ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................247
* City Watchmen of the time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................252
* The Block and Axe in the Tower of London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................252
* Old Richmond Palace ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................253
* Queen Catherine Howard ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................258
* King Henry and his Parliament. From an Engraving of the period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................259
* Henry VIII. delivering the Translated Bible to the Lords. From Cranmer's Bible ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................263
* Chained Bibles set up in the Churches, by the order of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................264
* Instruments of Torture used in the reign of Henry VIII., and still preserved in the Tower of London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................264
* Domestic Architecture in the reign of Henry VIII. Old Houses at Shrewsbury ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................265
* PAGE
* Catherine Parr ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................270
* Marriage of Henry VIII. and Catherine Parr ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................271
* View of Portsmouth Harbour, as it appears at the present time ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................277
* The Palace of Nonsuch, on London Bridge, erected in the reign of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................282
* Death of Cardinal Beaton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................283
* Conduit in London Streets, with Stocks, Pillory, and Whipping Post ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................288
* Henry VIII. and Catherine Parr ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................289
* Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................291
* Edward VI. entering London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................295
* Great Seal of Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................300
* Rearing the Fire Cross for the Assembly of the Highland Clans, before the battle of Pinkie................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................301
* The Duke of Somerset ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................306
* The Herald delivering a Challenge to single combat from Lord Huntly to the Duke of Somerset ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................307
* Latimer preaching before Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................312
* Pillory at the Gateway of old London Bridge ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................313
* Traitors' heads over the Gateway of London Bridge ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................313
* Old Somerset House, the Residence of the Protector during the reign of Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................318
* An assembly in Ket's Camp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................319
* St. James's Palace, Westminster Abbey, and ancient Conduit, in the reign of Edward VI.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................324
* Edward VI. presenting the Warrant for the Execution of Joan Bocher to Archbishop Cranmer................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................325
* Dulley, Duke of Northumberland ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................330
* Edward VI. granting the Charter to Bridewell ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................331
* Lady Jane Grey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................336
* King Edward's last Physician ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................337
* Edward VI. in Council. From an old Engraving ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................339
* Queen Mary I ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................342
* The Crown of England offered to Lady Jane Grey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................343
* Lady Jane Grey and Roger Aschau ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................343
* Execution of the Duke of Northumberland on Tower Hill ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................349
* Philip of Spain ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................354
* Allington Castle, the Residence of Sir Thomas Wyatt ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................355
* Great Seal of Queen Mary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................358
* Autograph of Queen Mary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................358
* Queen Mary in her Private Oratory ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................360
* Wyatt on his way to Execution, solemnly exonerating the Princess Elizabeth and Courtenay from participation in his Rebellion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................361
* Lady Jane Grey watching the Execution of her Husband ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................363
* Carving ascribed to John Dudley, in the Beauchamp Tower ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................365
* Inscription cut by the husband of Lady Jane Grey on the Walls of his Prison ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................365
* The Princess Elizabeth at Traitor's Gate ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................365
* Reception of the first Russian Embassy in England ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................367
* Room in which Lord Guildford Dudley was imprisoned in the Beauchamp Tower ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................373
* Burning of Archbishop Cranmer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................378
* Recantation of Archbishop Cranmer, in St. Mary's Church, Oxford ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................379
* Place of Execution, Smithfield ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................384
* Martyr's Stone at Hadleigh ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................384
* Siege of Calais. Departure of the Citizens ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................385
* Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................390
* Queen Elizabeth acknowledged by the Bishops ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................391
* Queen Elizabeth entering London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................397
* John Knox ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................402
* Destruction of the Carthusian Monastery, Perth, by Rioters ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................403
* Great Seal of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................408
* Mary Queen of Scots landing at Leith ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................409
* Mary Queen of Scots ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................414
* State Progress of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................415
* Queen Elizabeth and her Suitors ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................421
* The Earl of Murray ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................426
* The Dismission of the Earl of Murray and the Abbot of Kilwinning by Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................427
* Murder of Rizzio ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................432
* Holyrood House ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................433
* Lord Darnley ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................438
* Queen Elizabeth and her Parliament ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................439
* Surrender of Mary Queen of Scots at Carberry Hill ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................445
* Mary Stuart about to sign her Resignation at Lochleven Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................450
* Mary Queen of Scots in Imprisonment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................451
* Queen Mary protesting against the Commissioners appointed to inquire into her Conduct ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................457
* Memento Mori Watch of Mary Queen of Scots ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................459
* Assassination of the Regent Murray ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................462
* Queen Elizabeth's Kitchen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................463
* Place of Imprisonment in the Tower ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................468
* A London Street on a Rainy Day, in the time of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................469
* The first Royal Exchange, erected by Sir Thomas Gresham ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................474
* Trial of the Duke of Norfolk ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................475
* House of Sir Thomas Gresham, in Bishops-gate Street ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................480
* John Fox, the Martyrologist ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................481
* Bear Baiting, as practised in the time of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................486
* Reception of Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................487
* The French Ambassador at the Court of Queen Elizabeth, after the Massacre of St. Bartholomew ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................492
* Edmund Spenser ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................493
* William Cecil, Lord Burleigh ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................498
* Execution of Two Brownists ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................499
* Court of Henry III of France. Ball at the Palace ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................504
* Queen Elizabeth knighting Francis Drake ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................505
* Sir Philip Sydney ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................510
* Death of Sir Philip Sidney at the Battle of Zutphen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................511
* Sir Francis Walsingbam ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................516
* Dudley, Earl of Leicester ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................517
* Sir Francis Drake ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................522
* Mary Queen of Scots taking Leave of her Attendants ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................523
* The Custom House in the reign of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................528
* Earl of Essex ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................529
* Wreck of one of the Armada Vessels on the Irish Coast ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................534
* Queen Elizabeth at Tilbury ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................535
* Tilbury Fort, on the Thames ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................538
* Destruction of the Spanish Armada ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................540
* Sir Walter Raleigh ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................541
* Essex House, in the Strand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................546
* Henry of Navarre (afterwards Henry IV. of France) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................547
* A Barber's Shop in the reign of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................552
* James VI. of Scotland ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................553
* The Reconciliation between Queen Elizabeth and the Earl of Essex ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................558
* Confession of the Countess of Nottingham ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................559
* An Irish Trooper. From an old Manuscript ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................564
* The Death of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................565
* Autograph of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................566
* Tomb of Queen Elizabeth in Westminster Abbey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................570
* A Trial for High Treason, in Westminster Hall, during the Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................571
* The Star Chamber ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................576
* William Tyndale ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................577
* Branding Iron ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................578
* Permanent Pillory ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................578
* A Friar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................579
* Sanctuary, Westminster ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................579
* Pulpit Hour-glass, time of Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................580
* Bishop of the Reformed Church ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................580
* Luther Denouncing the Romish Ritual ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................582
* Destruction of the Cross in Cheapside ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................583
* Punishment of the Pillory ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................583
* Punishment of the Stocks ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................583
* Doing Penance in a Church ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................585
* Cathedral of Geneva ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................585
* Arms of Geneva ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................586
* Christ's Hospital. Founded by Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................588
* Shakespeare's Birthplace, at Stratford-on-Avon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................589
* William Shakespeare ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................594
* Representing Shakespeare's Plays in the Hall of the Middle Temple ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................595
* Globe Theatre, Bankside ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................600
* Music Book and Musical Instrument belonging to Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................601
* Andley Gate. Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................601
* Gateway of Speke Hall. Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................601
* Helmingham Hall, Suffolk. Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................603
* Gate house, Westwood House. Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................603
* Entrance from the Courtyard of Burghley House ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................606
* Couch used by Mary Queen of Scots during her Imprisonment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................606
* Arras in Knowle House ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................607
* Fire Dogs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................607
* Nursery Chair of James VI. of Scotland ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................607
* Armour of the Reign of Henry VII., from the Effigy of Sir Thomas Peyton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................609
* Armour of the Reign of Henry VIII., from the Effigy of Richard Gyll ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................609
* Foot Soldier in the Reign of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................609
* Helmets and Headpieces ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................609
* Guards of the Reign of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................609
* Group of Weapons, &c., preserved in the Tower ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................610
* Artillery of the Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................610
* Group of Arms of the Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................610
* Dandies of the time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................611
* Dress of the Commonalty in the time of Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................611
* A Gentleman of Fashion in the time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................612
* Lady and Countrywoman of the days of Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................612
* A Beggar of the time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................612
* Ladies' Head-dress of the time of Henry VII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................612
* Ladies' Head-dress of the time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................612
* Ordinary Costume of the Days of Queen Mary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................613
* Beards of the 16th Century: 1. The Spade. 2. The Stiletto. 3. Double Stiletto. 4. Round Beard ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................613
* Beards of the 16th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................613
* Head-dresses of the 16th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................613
* Female Costume, 1600 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................613
* Ladies' Head-dresses, 16th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................613
* Dress of a Lady, 1485 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................613
* Ordinary Costume, time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................613
* A Courtier of Queen Bess's time ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................615
* Gentlemen of the Queen's Chapel, in the time of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................615
* Sovereign of Henry VII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................616
* Gold Real of Mary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................616
* Milled Sixpence of Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................616
* Crown of Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................616
* George Noble of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................617
* The Ships of Columbus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................617
* A Ship of the 16th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................617
* Sir Thomas Gresham, Founder of the Royal Exchange ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................618
* State Coach of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................619
* Side Saddle of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................619
* Charing Cross and the Strand in the days of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................619
* Pack Horses of the Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................621
* A Statute Fir in the days of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................621
* Sections showing the Increase of London since the latter part of the reign of Henry VIII.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................622
* Outline Plan, showing the Extent of London in the Reigns of King Henry VIII. and Queen Victoria ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................622
* Hunting the Hare in St. Giles's Fields, in the days of Queen Mary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................623
* Chapter 1
* Chapter 2
* Chapter 3
* Chapter 4
* Chapter 5
* Chapter 6
* Chapter 7
* Chapter 8
* Chapter 9
* Chapter 10
* Chapter 11
* Chapter 12
* Chapter 13
* Chapter 14
* Chapter 15
* Chapter 16
* Chapter 17
* Index