# The New International Encyclopædia/Iowa (State)

Edition of 1905. See also Iowa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​IOWA, ī′ō̇-wȧ (popularly known as the ‘Hawkeye State’). One of the North Central States of the United States. It lies between latitudes 40° 30′ and 43° 30′ N., and between longitudes 89° 5′ and 90° 31′ W., and is bounded on the north by Minnesota, on the east by Wisconsin and Illinois, from which States it is separated by the Mississippi River, on the south by Missouri, and on the west by Nebraska, from which it is separated by the Missouri River, and by South Dakota. Its shape is nearly that of a rectangle, measuring 310 miles from east to west and 205 miles from north to south; its area is 56,025 square miles, and it ranks twenty-second in size among the States of the Union.
Topography. Iowa lies entirely within the great central prairie belt. Its surface is a plateau with an average height of 1000 feet in the northwestern corner of the State, the highest point, Waneta in O'Brien County, being 1562 feet above sea-level. The plateau slopes gradually in gently rolling prairies toward the southeast, where its average altitude is about 400 feet. It is only where the rivers have eroded their channels through the glacial drift, forming steep bluffs, and in some places rocky cañons, that the country is at all rugged. The greater portion of its area, though not perfectly level, is so free from natural obstructions that the country roads are laid out in squares, crossing at right angles with the absolute regularity of a checker-board. The State is divided into two hydrographic systems, the eastern two-thirds being drained by the direct affluents of the Mississippi, and the western third by those of the Missouri. The divide between the two systems runs obliquely across the State from northwest to southeast. From this the Mississippi affluents flow all in a southeast direction, and the Missouri affluents all to the southwest. The principal of the former are the Turkey, Wapsipinicon, Red Cedar, Iowa, Skunk, and Des Moines rivers, the last being the largest river within the State. The principal Missouri affluents are the Big Sioux, forming most of the South Dakota boundary, the Little Sioux, the Nishnabotna, and the Nodaway. Many of these streams are navigable for very small craft, but, owing to the railroads, they are unnecessary as waterways and little used. Like all typical glaciated areas, Iowa is dotted, especially in the northern part, with numerous small but often beautiful lakes, several of which are favorite resorts, such as Spirit Lake in Dickinson County near the north boundary, a beautiful sheet of water, 2½ by 5 miles, with picturesque, wooded shores. Forest areas are small in Iowa; they are chiefly confined to the faces of the bluffs along the river-courses. The most common trees are the oak, elm, cottonwood, hickory, and maple, while scanty forests of pine and cedar are found on some of the bluffs. Grasses are the predominating feature of the landscape as well as of the flora of the State.
* COPYRIGHT, 1891 AND 1902, BY DODD, MEAD & COMPANY.
AREA AND POPULATION OF IOWA BY COUNTIES.
Population. :
| County | Map Index. | County Seat. | Area in square miles. | 1890. | 1900. |
| Adair | C 3 | Greenfield | 576 | 14,534 | 16,192 |
| Adams | C 4 | Corning | 432 | 12,292 | 13,601 |
| Allamakee | F 1 | Waukon | 615 | 17,907 | 18,711 |
| Appanoose | E 4 | Centerville | 500 | 18,961 | 25,927 |
| Audubon | B 3 | Audubon | 432 | 12,412 | 13,626 |
| Benton | E 3 | Vinton | 720 | 24,178 | 25,177 |
| Blackhawk | E 2 | Waterloo | 576 | 24,219 | 32,399 |
| Boone | C 3 | Boone | 576 | 28,772 | 28,200 |
| Bremer | E 2 | Waverley | 432 | 14,630 | 16,305 |
| Buchanan | F 2 | Independence | 576 | 18,997 | 21,427 |
| Buena Vista | B 2 | Storm Lake | 576 | 13,518 | 16,975 |
| Butler | E 2 | Allison | 576 | 15,463 | 17,955 |
| Calhoun | C 2 | Rockwell City | 576 | 13,107 | 18,569 |
| Carroll | C 3 | Carroll | 576 | 18,828 | 20,319 |
| Cass | B 3 | Atlantic | 576 | 19,645 | 21,274 |
| Cedar | F 3 | Tipton | 576 | 18,253 | 19,371 |
| Cerro Gordo | D 1 | Mason City | 576 | 14,864 | 20,672 |
| Cherokee | B 2 | Cherokee | 576 | 15,659 | 16,570 |
| Chickasaw | E 1 | New Hampton | 504 | 15,019 | 17,037 |
| Clarke | D 4 | Osceola | 432 | 11,332 | 12,440 |
| Clay | B 1 | Spencer | 576 | 9,309 | 13,401 |
| Clayton | F 2 | Elkader | 745 | 26,733 | 27,750 |
| Clinton | G 3 | Clinton | 680 | 41,199 | 43,832 |
| Crawford | B 2 | Denison | 720 | 18,894 | 21,685 |
| Dallas | C 3 | Adel | 576 | 20,479 | 23,058 |
| Davis | E 4 | Bloomfield | 500 | 15,258 | 15,620 |
| Decatur | D 4 | Leon | 534 | 15,643 | 18,115 |
| Delaware | F 2 | Manchester | 576 | 17,349 | 19,185 |
| Des Moines | F 4 | Burlington | 400 | 35,324 | 35,989 |
| Dickinson | B 1 | Spirit Lake | 408 | 4,328 | 7,995 |
| Dubuque | F 2 | Dubuque | 604 | 49,848 | 56,403 |
| Emmet | C 1 | Estherville | 408 | 4,274 | 9,936 |
| Fayette | F 2 | West Union | 720 | 23,141 | 29,845 |
| Floyd | D 1 | Charles City | 504 | 15,424 | 17,754 |
| Franklin | D 2 | Hampton | 576 | 12,871 | 14,996 |
| Fremont | B 4 | Sidney | 514 | 16,842 | 18,546 |
| Greene | C 2 | Jefferson | 570 | 15,797 | 17,820 |
| Grundy | E 2 | Grundy Center | 504 | 13,215 | 13,757 |
| Guthrie | C 3 | Guthrie Center | 576 | 17,380 | 18,729 |
| Hamilton | D 2 | Webster City | 576 | 15,319 | 19,514 |
| Hancock | D 1 | Carthage | 576 | 7,621 | 13,752 |
| Hardin | D 2 | Eldora | 576 | 19,003 | 22,794 |
| Harrison | B 3 | Logan | 684 | 21,356 | 25,597 |
| Henry | F 4 | Mount Pleasant | 432 | 18,895 | 20,022 |
| Howard | E 1 | Cresco | 460 | 11,182 | 14,512 |
| Humboldt | C 2 | Dakotah | 432 | 9,836 | 12,667 |
| Ida | B 2 | Idagrove | 432 | 10,705 | 12,327 |
| Iowa | E 3 | Marengo | 576 | 18,270 | 19,544 ​ |
| Jackson | G 2 | Maquoketa | 619 | 22,771 | 23,615 |
| Jasper | D 3 | Newton | 720 | 24,943 | 26,976 |
| Jefferson | E 3 | Fairfield | 432 | 15,184 | 17,437 |
| Johnson | F 3 | Iowa City | 578 | 23,082 | 24,817 |
| Jones | F 2 | Anamosa | 576 | 20,233 | 21,954 |
| Keokuk | E 3 | Sigourney | 576 | 23,862 | 24,979 |
| Kossuth | C 1 | Algona | 984 | 13,120 | 22,720 |
| Lee | F 4 | Fort Madison | 490 | 37,715 | 39,719 |
| Linn | F 2 | Marion | 720 | 45,303 | 55,392 |
| Louisa | F 3 | Wapello | 396 | 11,873 | 13,516 |
| Lucas | D 4 | Charlton | 432 | 14,563 | 16,126 |
| Lyon | A 1 | Rock Rapids | 600 | 8,680 | 13,165 |
| Madison | C 3 | Winterset | 576 | 15,977 | 17,710 |
| Mahaska | E 3 | Oskaloosa | 576 | 28,805 | 34,273 |
| Marion | D 3 | Knoxville | 576 | 23,058 | 24,159 |
| Marshall | D 2 | Marshalltown | 576 | 25,842 | 29,991 |
| Mills | B 3 | Glenwood | 445 | 14,548 | 16,764 |
| Mitchell | E 1 | Osage | 480 | 13,299 | 14,916 |
| Monona | A 2 | Onawa | 482 | 14,515 | 17,980 |
| Monroe | E 4 | Albia | 432 | 13,666 | 17,985 |
| Montgomery | B 4 | Redoak | 432 | 15,848 | 17,803 |
| Muscatine | F 3 | Muscatine | 435 | 24,504 | 28,242 |
| O'Brien | B 1 | Primghar | 576 | 13,060 | 16,985 |
| Osceola | B 1 | Sibley | 408 | 5,574 | 8,725 |
| Page | B 4 | Clarinda | 528 | 21,341 | 24,187 |
| Palo Alto | C 1 | Emmetsburg | 576 | 9,318 | 14,354 |
| Plymouth | A 2 | Lemars | 820 | 19,568 | 22,209 |
| Pocahontas | C 2 | Pocahontas | 576 | 9,553 | 15,339 |
| Polk | D 3 | Des Moines | 576 | 65,410 | 82,624 |
| Pottawattamie | B 3 | Council Bluffs | 876 | 47,430 | 54,336 |
| Poweshiek | E 3 | Montezuma | 576 | 18,394 | 19,414 |
| Ringgold | C 4 | Mountayr | 545 | 13,556 | 15,325 |
| Sac | B 2 | Sac City | 576 | 14,522 | 17,639 |
| Scott | C 3 | Davenport | 447 | 43,164 | 51,558 |
| Shelby | B 3 | Harlan | 576 | 17,611 | 17,932 |
| Sioux | A 1 | Orange City | 768 | 18,370 | 23,337 |
| Story | D 2 | Nevada | 576 | 18,127 | 23,159 |
| Tama | E 2 | Toledo | 720 | 21,651 | 21,585 |
| Taylor | C 4 | Bedford | 549 | 16,384 | 18,784 |
| Union | C 3 | Creston | 432 | 16,900 | 19,928 |
| Van Buren | E 4 | Keosauqua | 502 | 16,253 | 17,354 |
| Wapello | E 3 | Ottumwa | 432 | 30,426 | 35,426 |
| Warren | D 3 | Indianola | 576 | 18,269 | 20,376 |
| Washington | F 3 | Washington | 576 | 18,468 | 20,718 |
| Wayne | D 4 | Corydon | 528 | 15,670 | 17,491 |
| Webster | C 2 | Fort Dodge | 720 | 21,582 | 31,757 |
| Winnebago | D 1 | Forest City | 408 | 7,325 | 12,725 |
| Winneshiek | F 1 | Decorah | 696 | 22,528 | 23,731 |
| Woodbury | A 2 | Sioux City | 864 | 55,632 | 54,610 |
| Worth | D 1 | Northwood | 408 | 9,217 | 10,887 |
| Wright | D 2 | Clarion | 576 | 12,057 | 18,227 |
​Climate and Soil. The climate in different parts of the State shows only slight variations, which are due to differences in latitude and altitude. It is of the continental type, with great variations in temperature between summer and winter. The mean annual temperature is 47.4° F., and the extremes recorded during the past decade are -40° and 110°, showing an extreme range of 150°. The average annual rainfall is 30.11 inches, more than two-thirds of which usually falls during the six crop months, April to October. These copious but not excessive rains, coinciding with continued high temperature during the summer months, are, next to the rich soil, the chief cause of Iowa's agricultural prosperity.
Practically the whole of Iowa is arable land. The soil may be divided into three distinct kinds, alluvial soil, glacial drift, and loess. The alluvial soil consists of recent deposits on the bottom ​lands of the principal rivers; the principal tract is the Missouri Bottoms, 150 miles long, and from a to 20 miles wide. This is, of course, the richest soil of the State, but is, nevertheless, rivaled by the drift soil. The latter consists of a fine loamy mixture of clay and sand, with a little gravel. It is of almost inexhaustible richness, and scarcely needs fertilizing. It covers by far the greater part of the State. The loess is a fine yellowish sand highly charged with carbonate of lime. It is found in various parts of the State, generally along the margins of the various drift areas, and is generally considered to be of glacial origin.
For flora and fauna, see United States.
Geology and Mineral Resources. Owing to the heavy covering of drift, a thorough geological survey of Iowa is attended with diliiculties. Nevertheless our knowledge of the rock formations is fairly complete. In more than three-fourths of the State the surface consists of Paleozoic rocks appearing in parallel belts running northwest to southeast. Beginning at the northeastern corner, there is a narrow belt of Cambrian formation consisting of Potsdam sandstone; then follow the Silurian, Devonian, and the Lower and Upper Carboniferous formations, the latter occupying the southwest corner of the State. The northwestern part is covered by extensive Cretaceous beds deposited across and over the belts of the older strata. Finally, in the extreme northwest corner there are outcroppings of metamorphosed rock of the Algonkian period, known as Sioux quartzite, the oldest formation in the State. Over the entire surface, with the exception of a small driftless area in the northeastern corner, is a deposit of glacial drift from a few inches to several hundred feet in thickness. It consists mainly of fine rock fragments with but few boulders and pebbles. The limits of the various drift sheets, the older in the south and the later in the north, are clearly defined, although there are no typical moraines.
The most valuable of Iowa's mineral resources are the extensive bituminous coal beds found in the southeastern quarter of the State. Lead and zinc ores have been mined in considerable quantities in the Galena limestone of the Lower Silurian formation of the northeast. Extensive deposits of gypsum are also found, and various other minerals occur in smaller quantities, limonite iron ore being the only metallic deposit besides lead which seems at all promising. The limestones of the Devonian and Upper Silurian formations furnish an inexhaustible supply of building-stone of the finest quality.
Mining. Bituminous coal is extensively mined in the eastern part of the State. An average of over 10,000 men are employed annually in the industry. In the early part of the decade 1890-1900, the production averaged a little in excess of 4,000,000 tons annually, but in the latter years of that period it exceeded 5,000,000 tons annually. The value of the product at the mine in 1900 was $6,968,866. Only one State west of the Mississippi River, Colorado, exceeds Iowa in the value of its coal output. The coal-fields are of great importance, not only to the State, but to the northwest region. Increasing quantities of limestone are quarried in the State, the value of the annual output having nearly doubled in the decade 1890-1900, being estimated in the latter year at $800,000. Clays suitable for brick manufacture are abundant and are extensively utilized. Small quantities of zinc and gypsum are mined.
Agriculture. Iowa is preëminently an agricultural State, and in the census year 1900 exceeded every other State in the value of farm products. Of its total land area, 97.4 per cent. is included in farms, and of this, 86.5 per cent. is improved. In neither of these respects was Iowa exceeded in 1900. The average size of farms decreased decidedly between 1850 and 1880, but increased again during the two succeeding decades, the average number of acres per farm in 1900 being 151.2. In the northwestern part of the State the average was much in excess of this figure, exceeding 200 acres in a few counties. There are indications of a considerable decrease in the number of farm laborers as compared with the number of owners and tenants since the census year 1880. For the succeeding two decades the number of farms operated by tenants increased 80.5 per cent., as compared with an increase of only 5.5 per cent. for the farms operated by owners. The increase in the number of rented farms was wholly on the part of those rented according to the cash system, the number of these being five times greater in 1900 than in 1880, and constituting 19.5 per cent. of the total number of farms, while the farms rented on shares were but 15.4 per cent. of the total. The soil is well drained, producing abundantly without the aid of artificial fertilizers. The greater certainty of the rainfall exempts the State from crop failures such as occur in the States farther west. There are only two or three States which rival Iowa in the production of cereals. Nearly one-half of its entire land surface is devoted to these products. The State is noted especially for its corn crops, the acreage for which amounts to over one-fourth of its total area, and contributes about one-half of the total value for all crops. Every decade in the State's history shows an increase in the acreage and production of this crop, the largest gain being in the decade 1870-80. The crop is grown most extensively in the central and southwestern counties. Oats rank next in importance, with about one-half the acreage and one-third the value of corn. The State usually takes first place in the production of this cereal. Like corn, each census has shown a large gain over the preceding. The crop is grown most extensively in the northern part of the State. The attention given to wheat is in marked contrast with that given to corn and oats. In 1880 it was five times as great as in 1890. There has since been a revival in the cultivation of wheat, the increase during the decade 1890-1900 being nearly threefold. It is raised most extensively in the northern and northwestern counties. The State ranks second in the production of barley, this crop also being most extensively grown in the northern part. Less important cereals are rye and buckwheat. Flaxseed is also grown. The large stock interests of the State make heavy demands upon hay and forage crops, and the State ranks second in the acreage devoted to these products. The area devoted to them continued to increase rapidly until 1890, but in the following decade it fell off 15.4 per cent. The soil is well adapted to vegetables, and the State ranks second in the production of Irish potatoes. The fruit ​industry is rapidly developing, the total number of trees for all fruits having more than doubled during the decade 1890-1900. Over 71 per cent. of the total are apple-trees. Grapes and small fruits are successfully grown.
Stock-Raising. Stock-raising is naturally associated with the raising of corn, oats, and forage crops. Compared with other States, stock-raising holds a still higher rank than the raising of crops. Texas alone rivals Iowa in the value of live stock, and is the only State which exceeds it in the number of cattle. Iowa is far in advance of all others in the number of swine, and leads also in the number of horses. A very low rank, however, is taken in the number of mules and sheep. The number of neat cattle, horses, and swine has increased for every decade between 1850 and 1900. The decrease in the number of dairy cows, as shown by the census for the decade 1890-1900, is probably due to the change in the method of making the count, and is therefore more apparent than real. Much attention is given to the improvement of the breed of stock, and the effect of this is shown in the high average of the per head value. The number of dairy cows being exceeded only in New York, the value of the dairy product is naturally great. $18,819,000 being realized from the sales of these products for the year 1899, of which amount $12,275,000 represented the receipts from milk. The value of poultry and eggs was even greater, being $19,508,000. The following tables show the number of acres devoted to the leading crops and the number of domestic animals for the census years 1890 and 1900:
Potatoes,  acres :
| 1900 | 9,804,076 | 4,695,391 | 1,689,705 | 627,851 | 126,453 | 4,644,378 | 175,888 |
| 1890 | 7,585,522 | 3,752,141 | 585,548 | 518,729 | 230,085 | 5,490,027 | ? |
Swine :
| 1900 | 1,423,648 | 3,943,982 | 1,392,573 | 57,579 | 657,568 | 9,723,791 |
| 1890 | 1,498,418 | 3,397,132 | 1,312,079 | 41,648 | 547,394 | 8,266,779 |
Manufactures. Iowa's prosperity is based upon agriculture and not manufacturing. Notwithstanding the excellence of the transportation facilities and the abundant coal-supply, the State depends upon the East in a large measure for its manufactured supplies, and a large portion of the farm products of the State are shipped to outside points to be manufactured. In the decade 1880-90 the number of wage-earners engaged in manufacturing increased 79.9 per cent., while in the following decade the increase was 14.7 per cent. The wage-earners in 1900 numbered 58,500, or 2.6 per cent. of the population. The total value of products, including custom work and repairing, was $164,617,800. Of this, $22,236,700 represented the products of hand trades. The remainder represents manufactures proper, which include a great variety of industries.
Comparative Summary of Eleven Leading Industries
Value of  products, including   custom work and  repairing :
| Total for selected industries for State  $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1900 | 3,821 | 27,108 | $95,924,681 |
| Total for selected industries for State  $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1890 | 2,613 | 28,707 | 79,751,171 |
| Increase, 1890 to 1900 | ...... | 1,208 | 1,659 | $16,173,510 |
| Per cent. of increase | ...... | 46.2 | 5.8 | 20.3 |
| Per cent. of total of all industries in State $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1900 | 25.8 | 46.3 | 58.3 |
| Per cent. of total of all industries in State $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1890 | 35.1 | 56.4 | 63.8 |
| Slaughtering and meat-packing $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1900 | 27 | 2,887 | 25,695,044 |
| Slaughtering and meat-packing $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1890 | 29 | 2,575 | 23,425,576 |
| Cheese, butter, and condensed milk, factory product  $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1900 | 907 | 1,133 | 15,846,077 |
| Cheese, butter, and condensed milk, factory product  $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1890 | 497 | 2,355 | 10,545,182 |
| Flouring and grist-mill products $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1900 | 702 | 1,285 | 13,823,083 |
| Flouring and grist-mill products $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1890 | 441 | 1,248 | 11,833,737 |
| Food preparations $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1900 | 16 | 609 | 3,604,031 |
| Food preparations $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1890 | 8 | 147 | 900,811 |
| Lumber and timber products $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1900 | 264 | 2,793 | 8,677,058 |
| Lumber and timber products $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1890 | 143 | 6,819 | 12,056,302 |
| Lumber, planing-mill products, $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$  including sash, doors, and blinds | 1900 | 65 | 2,372 | 5,295,546 |
| Lumber, planing-mill products, $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$  including sash, doors, and blinds | 1890 | 46 | 1,983 | 3,588,856 |
| Carriages and wagons $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1900 | 211 | 1,692 | 3,931,067 |
| Carriages and wagons $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1890 | 294 | 1,602 | 3,168,545 |
| Cars and general shop construction $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$  and repairs by steam railroad companies | 1900 | 58 | 5,497 | 6,221,378 |
| Cars and general shop construction $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$  and repairs by steam railroad companies | 1890 | 41 | 3,812 | 4,473,089 |
| Printing and publishing: Total $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1900 | 1,025 | 4,248 | 6,145,563 |
| Printing and publishing: Total $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1890 | 699 | 3,296 | 4,551,548 |
| Foundry and machine-shop products $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1900 | 190 | 2,372 | 4,460,914 |
| Foundry and machine-shop products $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1890 | 126 | 2,142 | 3,432,360 |
| Clay products: Total $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1900 | 356 | 2,220 | 2,224,920 |
| Clay products: Total $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | 1890 | 289 | 2,768 | 1,775,165 |
The table above covers the eleven leading industries for the census years 1890 and 1900. It will be seen that considerably over half of the total product of these industries is ​obtained from the manufacture of food products, and is the natural outgrowth of the great agricultural importance of the State. Over a fourth of the product, or 15.6 per cent. of the total value of the products, is represented by the slaughtering and meat-packing industry. This, however, falls much below the value of the same products in a number of the other Mississippi Valley States. The factory products of cheese, butter, and condensed milk rank next in importance. In this industry the State is surpassed by only two others. During the decade 1890-1900 the industry increased 50.3 per cent. Flouring and grist mill products are next in rank, but the value of these is much less than it is in most of the other North Central States. The manufacturing of food preparations is still of minor importance, but showed a very significant gain during the decade.
Another important group of manufactures depends upon the timber resources of the State for its raw materials. The forests, largely limited to the river-courses in the eastern part of the State, have now become greatly reduced. The larger and finer trees throughout the forest area have generally been removed. There has been a resulting decrease in the value of the lumber and timber products. Nevertheless, the products of the planing-mills and of the carriage and wagon factories have recently increased in value.
The extensive development of railroads in the State gives occasion for the construction of cars and for repair-shop works, and this industry employs more wage-earners than does any other branch of manufacturing. Printing and publishing, and the making of foundry and machine-shop products, are important industries. The manufacture of pearl buttons has developed during the decade into a thriving industry. The material out of which the buttons are made is the shell of the fresh-water mussel. None of the foregoing industries is centralized at any one place. The lumber industry is greatest along the Mississippi River, but the industries in general are well distributed throughout the State. Sioux City, Davenport, Dubuque, and Des Moines are the leading centres.
Transportation. Iowa is admirably provided with transportation facilities. Water transportation is afforded by the Mississippi River on the east. Owing to the State's situation, a large number of the most important railroad lines of the country pass through it. Des Moines is the centre of a large number of lines, and every section of the State is amply provided. It is interesting to note that in the western part most of the railroads follow the course of some river, so that all the larger tributaries to the Missouri River are paralleled by a railroad, thus giving them a northeast and southwest direction. The first railroad was constructed in Scott County, in 1854. In 1860 there were 655 miles of railroad; in 1890, 8416; and in 1900, 9391 miles. The decade of greatest increase was that between the years 1880 and 1890. There are 16.56 miles of line to every 100 square miles of territory, and 41.15 miles to every 10,000 inhabitants. Only three States exceed Iowa in actual mileage, and only one of these—Texas—is west of the Mississippi River. A railroad commission fixes rates, and its schedules are to be deemed reasonable until disproved.
Banking. Iowa is remarkable in that it has a larger number of banks and banking houses than has any other State in the Union. In 1902 it had 230 national banks, with loans amounting to $74,032,000; cash, etc., $5,533,000; capital, $15,485,000; and deposits, $66,585,000. The 508 State banks had in the same year a capital of $18,131,400, and a surplus of $2,312,061. The private banks numbered 667 and had a capital of $12,612,339 and a surplus of $1,754,489.
Finance. According to the Constitution, the credit of the State cannot be loaned to any individual, association, or corporation, nor can the State become responsible for the debts or liabilities of any of these. Unless for war purposes, the State cannot incur an indebtedness greater than $250,000. No county or other political or municipal corporation can incur an indebtedness exceeding 5 per cent. of the value of its taxable property. In 1900 the State indebtedness amounted to only $10,936. For the year ending June, 1900, the receipts amounted to $2,592,496; the disbursements to $2,056,027. Property is assessed at its full value, one-fourth of which constitutes its taxable value.
Government. Iowa has its second Constitution, the present one being adopted in a convention, and in turn by a general election in 1857. Each tenth year the question “Shall there be a convention to revise the Constitution and amend the same?” is voted upon at a general election, and if a majority of the qualified electors approve the proposition, a convention must be called by the General Assembly. A proposed amendment must receive a majority vote of the members elected to each of the two Houses at two consecutively chosen Legislatures and then be approved by a majority of the State electors at a popular election. Male citizens who have resided in the State six months, and in the county sixty days, and who are accounted of sane mind and have not been convicted of any infamous crime, are allowed to vote.
Legislative. The capital is Des Moines. The day on which elections occur is the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November. The Legislature consists of a Senate of not exceeding fifty members, elected for four years, half of them biennially, and a House of not exceeding one hundred members, elected biennially. Each member receives a compensation fixed by law. The sessions are biennial, occurring in the even years. Senators must be twenty-five years of age; Representatives, twenty-one years; and the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, thirty years. Bills may originate in either House, and every bill requires the assent of a majority of all the members elected to each branch in order to become a law. A majority of two-thirds of the members of each House overcomes the Governor's veto. All impeachments must be made by the House and tried by the Senate.
Executive. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Attorney-General, and Treasurer, are elected for terms of two years. The Lieutenant-Governor, president pro tempore of the Senate, and the Speaker of the House, are in the line of succession to the Governorship, in case of vacancy in that office. The Governor has the usual pardoning power, under regulations, and may convoke extraordinary sessions of the Legislature.
Judicial. The Supreme Court consists of a chief judge and five associate justices. The State ​is divided by the Legislature into districts, in each of which a district judge is elected for a term of four years. Other courts are established by the Legislature. Each county elects a county attorney, who serves for two years.
The property rights of husbands and wives are equal, each upon the death of the other inheriting one-third in value of his or of her real estate, while neither is liable for the separate debts of the other. The contracts made by the wife in her own name are enforced by or against her precisely as if she were unmarried. A married woman may sue or be sued without the husband being joined in the action. Women are by law eligible to all offices connected with the public schools. The legal rate of interest is 6 per cent., but 8 per cent. is allowed by contract. The State sends eleven members to the National House of Representatives.
Militia. In 1900 the total number of males of militia age was 475,760. In 1899 the organized militia, including men and officers, numbered 1873.
Population. The population of Iowa by decades is as follows: in 1840, 43,112; in 1850, 192,214; in 1860, 674,913; in 1870, 1,194,020; in 1880, 1,624,615; in 1890, 1,911,896; in 1900, 2,231,853. From twenty-seventh in rank in 1850, it advanced to tenth in 1880, which position it has since held. The per cent. of increase for the last decade of the century was 16.7, as compared with 20.7 for the United States. The native American settlers in Iowa came almost wholly from the older Northern States. The State was being settled during the period of heavy German and Scandinavian immigration, and a large number of these immigrants, particularly the former, secured homes; and the two combined constitute nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population, which numbered, in 1900, 305,920. The negro population numbered 12,693. In the total population the males are about 81,000 in excess of the females. There were, at the last census, 40.2 people to the square mile. There is no large centre of population in Iowa, and the percentage of the urban population is resultingly small as compared with most of the North Central States. In 1900 the 33 towns having a population exceeding 4000 each, contained 20.5 of the total population.
In 1900 the following cities exceeded 25,000 in population: Des Moines, 62,139; Dubuque, 36,297; Davenport, 35,254; Sioux City, 33,111: Council Bluffs, 25,802; Cedar Rapids, 25,656.
Religion. While the Catholics have the largest number of members of any Church, the membership of the Methodist Church, together with its adherents, is much stronger, and is almost twice as great as that of any other Protestant denomination. Among a large number of other churches represented, the largest in their order are: Lutherans, Presbyterians, Baptists, Disciples of Christ, and Congregationalists.
Charitable and Penal. There is a Board of Control of State Institutions appointed by the Governor and Senate. The board is vested with full power to manage, control, and govern the charitable and penal institutions of the State and to fix the salaries of officers and employees other than the chief executive officers. The following table shows the situation of the various institutions, the number of inmates on June 30, 1890, and the total and per capita expenditure of each for the year ending with that date:
Per capita  expenditure :
| Soldiers' Orphans' Home, Davenport | 445 | $47,599 | $102.96 |
| Soldiers' Home, Marshalltown | 665 | 75,428 | 139.40 |
| College for Blind, Vinton | 228 | 25,692 | 164.10 |
| Industrial Home for Blind, Knoxville | 50 | 8,348 | |
| School for the Deaf, Council Bluffs | 265 | 43,321 | 157.18 |
| Institution for Feeble-Minded Children, Glenwood | 815 | 115,222 | 152.01 |
| Industrial School for Boys, Eldora | 473 | 50,668 | 104.15 |
| Industrial School for Girls, Mitchellville | 189 | 19,497 | 110.40 |
| Hospital for Insane, Mount Pleasant | 896 | 119,885 | 139.57 |
| Hospital for Insane, Independence | 1,050 | 137,563 | 136.60 |
| Hospital for Insane, Clarinda | 851 | 120,922 | 148.00 |
| State Penitentiary, Fort Madison | 524 | 81,493 | 156.72 |
| State Penitentiary, Anamosa | 529 | 120,849 | 207.28 |
| | 6,980 | $966,487 | |
The expenditure for the year given is considerably reduced from that of the preceding, although the care of the inmates improved decidedly during the same period. Under the new board, supplies for the various institutions are purchased at wholesale prices and under competitive bids. The graded system has been introduced in the penitentiaries, and the Anamosa prison has adopted the Bertillon system of measurements. On June 30, 1899, the various counties supported 621 insane patients in county asylums and 659 others at poorhouses. More than twenty counties have erected asylums for the care of the insane. There are also four private asylums, containing about 400 insane patients.
Education. According to the census of 1900, no State has a lower per cent. of illiterates than Iowa, the figure being only 2.3 per cent. of the population over ten years of age, as compared with 10.7 for the whole country. This showing is noteworthy in view of the fact that there is no compulsory school-attendance law. In 1899 76.2 of the population between five and twenty-one years were enrolled in public schools, of whom 65.6 attended ‘regularly.’ The average length of the school term in 1900 was 158 days, which was lower than it had been before for more than a decade. The State has had some very great administrative problems to contend with, notably the difficulty occasioned by too great multiplication of school districts, together with a decreasing rural population and the lack of gradation common in the country schools. In 1899, 34 per cent. of the independent schools and 54 per cent. of the sub-district schools had an average daily attendance of less than fifteen. In a few places the difficulty is being solved by the method of consolidation and transportation. In the above year 12,616 schools in the State were ungraded, as against 5561 that were graded. The ​county system of superintendents is at the disadvantage of being made a political matter, and the popularly elected superintendents serve for only the brief term of two years. With one exception, Iowa pays the lowest average monthly salary to both male and female teachers of any State west of the Mississippi. Before 1900 the State provision for normal training was inadequate, and but a comparatively small per cent. of the teachers received special training. In 1900 a law was passed establishing a new State normal college, to be situated at Cedar Falls. In 1900 the female teachers numbered 22,839, and the males 5855. The State board of examiners issues, upon examination, life and five-year licenses valid throughout the State, and the county superintendents issue certificates for different grades, each good for one or two years in the county in which it is issued.
High schools are maintained in nearly all the cities, towns, and villages, and in a few counties there are township high schools, but the high school courses are characterized by great lack of uniformity, there being no localized or well-established standard to which they must conform. In 1900 the total wages received by teachers and superintendents amounted to $5,417,603, and the total cost of education to the State was $7,978,060, or $15.37 for each child enrolled. The total school fund in 1899 was $4,724,804. The State maintains a university (q.v.) at Iowa City, and a State agricultural college at Ames. There are also a large number of denominational institutions: namely, Upper Iowa University at Fayette (Methodist Episcopal); Tabor College at Tabor (Congregational); German College at Mount Pleasant (Methodist Episcopal); Iowa Wesleyan University at Mount Pleasant (Methodist Episcopal); Cornell College at Mount Vernon (Methodist Episcopal); Central University of Iowa at Pella (Baptist); Amity College at College Springs (non-sectarian); Des Moines College at Des Moines (Baptist); Iowa College at Grinnell (Congregationalist); Penn College at Oskaloosa (Friends); Simpson College at Indianola (Methodist); Norwegian Lutheran College at Decorah (Lutheran); Drake University at Des Moines (Church of Christ); Morningside College at Sioux City (Methodist Episcopal); Coe College at Cedar Rapids (Presbyterian); Parsons College at Fairfield (Presbyterian).
History. The aboriginal inhabitants of the State were the Indian tribes of Iowa (q.v.) and Illinois (q.v.), who in the course of time were driven from their homes by the Sacs and Foxes. Marquette and Joliet, in 1673, and Hennepin, in 1680, touched on the borders of the State. In 1788 Julien Dubuque, a Frenchman from Canada, obtained from the Indians the grant of a large tract of land, including the site of the city now bearing his name, and the rich mineral country surrounding it. He built a fort there, carried on the mining of lead, and traded with the Indians, but on his death, in 1810, the settlement was abandoned. In 1803 the region passed to the United States as a part of the Louisiana cession, and Indian titles to the land were extinguished by treaties in the years 1804, 1832, and subsequently. It formed, in turn, a part of the Territories of Louisiana (organized in 1804), Missouri, Michigan, and Wisconsin. On June 12, 1838, it was organized as the Iowa Territory. In 1832 a number of emigrants settled on the site of Fort Madison, which had been erected by the United States Government in 1808 and abandoned five years later. About the same time a settlement was made in the neighborhood of Burlington, and in 1833 Dubuque was founded. Six years later the Government was removed to Iowa City, and in 1844 a State constitution was framed and admission to the Union sought for. After some delay, caused by the action of Congress in restricting greatly the boundaries of the new State, and after the rejection of two constitutions, the State was admitted on December 28, 1846. Immigration into the State was rapid, and continued in spite of a bloody massacre of whites by Sioux Indians at Spirit Lake in March, 1857. In the same year the original Constitution of 1846 was revised and Des Moines was made the capital. In the Civil War, Iowa, whose fundamental law prohibited slavery, took a zealous part. The two most important questions of public moment since 1870 have been railway legislation and prohibition. The development of the State was greatly accelerated by the building of railroads, of which there were, in 1900, nearly 10,000 miles, but with the rise of powerful railway corporations, there ensued a continuous conflict between the Legislature and the companies in regard to the taxation of railway property and the regulation of rates. In 1872 an act taxing railway property was passed, and in 1873 a powerful agitation stirred up by the Patrons of Husbandry (see Grange) against the extortionate rates imposed by the companies led to the creation of a board of railroad commissioners for the purpose of determining a maximum rate and preventing discrimination. Radical action on the part of the commissioners caused repeated appeals to the courts, and though many concessions were wrung from the companies, the advantage in general remained with them. A Prohibition amendment adopted in 1882 was promptly declared unconstitutional by the courts. A new law went into effect in 1884, and for some years proved fairly adequate. A very large part of the population, however, was opposed to sumptuary legislation, and in 1890, under the protection of the interstate commerce laws, a successful attempt was made to evade the anti-liquor regulations by the importation of alcoholic products from other States. In 1894 the courts declared the prohibitory laws unconstitutional. From 1846 to 1854 the State was Democratic both in National and State politics. Since 1854 its vote in national elections has always been cast for the Republican candidate. The State government, as a whole, has always been in the hands of the Republicans, and only in 1889 and 1891, years of stormy railway and liquor legislation, was a Democratic Governor elected.
The Governors of Iowa since its organization as a Territory have been as follows:
TERRITORIAL :
| Robert Lucas | | 1838-41 |
| John Chambers | | 1841-46 |
| James Clark | | 1846 |
| STATE |||
| Ansel Briggs | Democrat | 1846-50 |
| Stephen Hempstead | “ | 1850-54 |
| James Wilson Grimes, Whig and Free-Soil Democrat ||
| | | 1854-58 |
| Ralph P. Lowe | Republican | 1858-60 |
| Samuel J. Kirkwood | “ | 1860-64 |
| William M. Stone | “ | 1864-68 |
| Samuel Merrill | “ | 1868-72 ​ Cyrus C. Carpenter  Republican  1872-76 Samuel J. Kirkwood “ 1876-77 Joshua G. Newbold “ 1877-78 John H. Gear “ 1878-82 Buren R. Sherman “ 1882-86 William Larrabee “ 1886-90 Horace Boies Democrat 1890-94 Frank Darr Jackson Republican 1894-96 Francis Marion Drake “ 1896-98 Leslie Mortimer Shaw  “ 1898-1902 Albert B. Cummins “ 1902— Bibliography. Monette, History and Discovery of the Mississippi Valley (New York, 1846); Hyatt, Manufacturing, Agricultural, and Industrial Resources of Iowa (Des Moines, 1873); Iowa Geological Survey Publications (Des Moines, 1893 et seq.); State Historical Society Annals (Iowa City); Shambaugh, Documentary Material Relating to the History of Iowa (Iowa City, 1898). |