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# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tipperah

See also Tipperah on Wikipedia; Tipperah in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TIPPERAH, a district of British India, in the Chittagong division of the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, situated between 23° 0′ and 24° 16′ N. lat. and 90° 36′ and 91° 39′ E. long., with an area of 2491 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Maimansinh and Sylhet, on the S. by Noakhdlf, on the W. by the river Meghna, separating it from Maimansinh, Dacca, and Bakarganj, and on the E. by the state of Hill Tipperah. The district presents a continuous flat and open surface, with the exception of the isolated Lalmai range (100 feet), and is for the most part laid out in well-cultivated fields, intersected in all directions by rivers and khals (creeks), which are partially affected by the tides. In the lowlands the soil is uniformly light and sandy; but in the higher parts a deep alluvial soil alternates with bands of clay and sand. The principal rivers are the Meghna, which is navigable through out the year for boats of 4 tons burden, and the Gumti, Dakatia, and Titas, which are also navigable for craft of 4 tons for a considerable portion of their course. There are many marshes or bhils. The principal road is the grand trunk (63 miles), which traverses the district from east to west. The wild animals include elephants, tigers, leopards, wild boars, jackals, and buffaloes. The climate is mild, agreeable, and healthy.
The population of the district in 1881 was 1,519,338 (males 770,893, females 748,445); of these Hindus numbered 511,025, Mohammedans 1,007,740, and Christians 199. There are only two towns with more than 10,000 inhabitants each, viz., Comillah (13,372) and Brahmanbaria (17,438). Comillah is the chief town of the district and is situated on the south bank of the Gumti, in 23 28 N. lat. and 91 14 E. long. Rice is the staple crop of the district; wheat and barley, Indian corn and millet, pease, gram, and several other pulses are also cultivated, as well as betel-leaf and betel-nut, sugar-cane, tobacco, &c. The chief exports are rice, jute, and betelnuts; and the principal imports sugar, timber, cotton goods, cocoanut oil, bamboos, spices, salt, tobacco, &c. In 1885-86 the net revenue of the district amounted to 181,481, the land-tax contributing 102,866. Tipperah came under the East India Company in 1765; but more than a fifth of its present area was under the immediate rule of the raja of Hill Tipperah, who paid a tribute of ivory and elephants. At that time Tipperah formed part of Jalalpur; but in 1822 it was separated, and since then great changes have been made in its boundaries. With the exception of a serious raid in 1860 by the Kukis or Lushais, nothing has disturbed the peace of the district.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tiraboschi, Girolamo

See also Girolamo Tiraboschi on Wikipedia; Tiraboschi, Girolamo in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TIRABOSCHI, Girolamo (1731–1794), the first historian of Italian literature, was born at Bergamo on 18th December 1731. He studied at the Jesuit college at Monza, entered the order, and was appointed in 1755 professor of eloquence in the university of Milan. Here he produced (1766-68) Vetera Humiliatorum Monumenta (3 vols.), a his tory of the extinct order of the Umiliati, which gave him at once a distinguished place in literature. Nominated in 1770 librarian to Francis III., duke of Modena, he turned to account the copious materials there accumulated for the composition of his Storia della Letteratura Italiana. This vast work, in which the progress of Italian literature from the time of the Etruscans to the end of the 17th century is traced in detail, occupied eleven assiduous years, 177182, and the thirteen quarto volumes embodying it appeared successively at Modena during that period. A second enlarged edition (16 vols.) was issued from 1787 to 1794, and was succeeded by many others, besides abridgments in German, French, and English. Tiraboschi died at Modena on 3d June 1794, leaving a high reputation for virtue, learning, and piety.
Tiraboschi wrote besides Biblioteca Modcnese (6 vols., 1781-86); Xotizic de Pittori, Scullori, Incisori, ed Architetfi Modenesi (1786); Memorie Storiche Modenesi (5 vols., 1793-94), and many minor works. He edited the Nuovo Giomale dei Letterati d Italia (177390), and left materials for a work of great research entitled Dizionfirio Topografico-Storico degli Stati Estcnsi (2 vols. 4to, Modena, 1824-25).
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tiresias

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TIRESIAS, a famous Theban seer of Greek legend, was a son of Everes and Chariclo, and a descendant of Udaeus, one of the men who had sprung up from the serpent's teeth sown by Cadmus. He was blind, for which various causes were alleged. Some said that the gods had blinded him because he had revealed to men what they ought not to know. Others said that Athene (or Artemis) blinded him because he had seen her naked; when his mother prayed Athene to restore his sight, the goddess instead purged his ears so that he could understand the speech of birds and gave him a staff wherewith to guide his steps. Another story was that on Mount Cyllene (or on Cythaerurn) he saw two snakes coupling; he killed the female and became himself a woman. Seven years afterwards he saw the same sight, and killing the male became himself a man again. When Zeus and Hera disputed whether more pleasure was enjoyed by the male or the female sex, they referred the question to Tiresias, as he had experience of both. He decided in favour of the female sex, and Hera in her anger blinded him; but Zeus gifted him with long life and infallible divination. He lived for seven or, according to others, nine generations. In the war of the Seven against Thebes he foretold to the Thebans that they would be victorious if Menceceus offered himself in sacrifice. In the war of the Epigoni he advised the Thebans to flee. They fled, and he with them; but coming to the Tilphusian well he drank of it and died. According to others, Tiresias was taken prisoner by the victorious Argives and died while they were taking him to Delphi. The Argives took his daughter Manto (or Daphne) prisoner and sent her to Apollo at Delphi, where, being as skilled a seer as her father, she gave oracles. A different version of the legend of Tiresias was given by the elegiac poet Sostratus (reported by Eustathius on Od., x. 492). According to him, Tiresias was originally a girl, but had been changed into a boy by Apollo at the age of seven; after undergoing several more transformations from one sex to the other, she (for the final sex was feminine) was turned into a mouse and her lover Arachnus into a weasel. Tiresias's grave was at the Tilphusian spring; but there was a cenotaph of him at Thebes, where also in later times his "observatory," or place for watching for omens, was pointed out. He had an oracle at Orchomenus, but during a plague it became silent and remained so in Plutarch's time. According to Homer, Tiresias was the only person in the world of the dead whom Proserpine allowed to retain intelligence. He figured in the great paintings by Polygnotus in the Lesche at Delphi. The story of his transformation into a woman is perhaps to be explained by the custom of medicine-men dressing like women, which prevails in Borneo, Patagonia, Kadiak (off Alaska), and probably elsewhere.
# Ephemera (Buck)/Dionysia

DIONYSIA
Through the deep shadows of the trees and the vine-laden trellises, a maddened crowd rushed like an avalanche of furies, brandishing thyrsi and flaring torches, beating drums and cymbals.
Young men clad like sileni, frenzied with wine, darted like flames through the tumult. Grown men, crimsoned and crowned with bedraggled ivy, danced like satyrs to the screaming music. And, on the seething crest, rushed a man dragging a young girl who stumbled, panting and crazed with fear, her chiton, half torn from her glistening body, smeared with blood.
—Io Iacchos! they cried, flourishing gleaming kanthari, writhing in ecstasy. They staggered, leaped, rolled upon the grass, swarmed like bees; and then, suddenly dispersing, ran shrieking in groups among the trees . . .
# Ephemera (Buck)/Introduction

INTRODUCTION
Twenty-five of these pastels, under the title of "Syrinx," were published in the spring of 1914. The others, which make up the present volume, have never before appeared in print.
In contrast to the simpler forms and vistas of Syrinx, a new series has been drawn from the more complex, more voluptuous, life of Æolia and the Archipelago.
On the isles beyond the shores of Hellas, many races lived and mingled, rising and falling, migrating, building and destroying. Perhaps the one direct ideal shining through this exotic kaleidoscope was the reflection of that idealism of Beauty which transfigured all lands and peoples where the influence of the Hellenes was felt.
Decadent and distorted though this may, at times, have been, in its true form the influence was not without admirable results—an outflow of literature and art which is handed down to the modern world as a precious heritage—flowers of that clean sensual delight which has been, in all ages, the companion of Genius and the liberator of the Soul.
# Ephemera (Buck)/Iris

IRIS
Iris, little flute-player, thy rosy mouth drooping, thine eyes brimming with tears, why dost thou crouch alone against the rough wall, thy reeds lying neglected in the dust?
Are they broken, the wax-tipped friends of thy song? Art thou hurt, or hungry, or weary of thy life? Has thy loved one flown away? . . .
Listen, child. In my garden are roses and a pool where thou canst wash away thy sorrow, perfumes which will delight thee and golden ribbons to bind the soft crown of thy hair. To-night and to-morrow and for many days, thou shalt play only when thou wishest and dance only when it pleases thee.
Then, when thou smilest again, I will find thee a new Belovèd, fairer and kindlier than the last; yes, truly—though I drag her to thee, shrieking and bewailing, and chain her with golden fetters to thy couch.
# Ephemera (Buck)/Isis

ISIS
Thine eyes gaze into the vague distances and thy lips curve in a proud smile. Thine hands are motionless and cold, thy slender limbs are relaxed and thy feet are united upon the stones.
Mother of all Nature: Goddess, fecund, inexhaustible: what is thy mystery we know not—we who also love? Why dost thou always smile, even when quite alone in the dim sanctuary?
Thy voice, kept for the ears of gods, must be very sweet. The ardor of thy limbs must be joyous to thy lord . . .
Dreamest thou, formless and beyond all things, drifting through the eternal silence of thy love? . . . Or hast thou never truly known of life and desire and fear—thou who speakest not nor communest, save in the shadowy visions of thine own soul?
# Ephemera (Buck)/False Dawn

FALSE DAWN
O friend, I am not She thou seekest. My hair is warm and golden, mine eyes are blue; like hers, my lips are sweet—thou knowest.
But in thine ears my voice echoes like a voice heard long ago which calls thee still across the vast solitudes. The touch of my hand is but the shadow of some past caress which distant memory recalls to thee.
Because I too have loved, I know. And I have seen her image weaving like a phantom through the desire of thine eyes.
Because I too have loved, O friend, search on: I am not She thou seekest.
# Ephemera (Buck)/Foreword

​SYRINX
​One drowsy day of summer, Syrinx wandered in the cool depths of the forest. And there Pan found her, singing and garlanded with flowers.
—Brown-limbed and supple nymph, all the pine-crowned satyrs and the dryads babble thy name. Now even Pan himself desires—thou art very fair . . . I love thee.
But pale Syrinx only smiled in disdain for words too often heard.
The god's quick eyes darkened. He smiled. His ready hand leapt out . . . The frail virgin darted away like a shadow among the trees and over the fields. . . .
Her soft lips open to her striving breath, her eyes appealing, the nymph slips over the flowered bank of a clear stream . . . The waters ripple about her thighs.
—O naiads, help me quickly!
Pan reaches out . . . His arms enfold a thicket of sighing reeds.
Later, he culls the swaying reeds to cut them in uneven lengths and bind them side by side. Then, placing them to his lips, he sighs . . .
The clear notes glide out across the fields. Sometimes they are very sad and men who ​hear them weep; sometimes they are loud and clear and men who hear them laugh and sing; sometimes they shrill and men draw their cloaks about them, dreaming of singular things.
# Ephemera (Buck)/Hymeneal

​LESBIA
HYMENEAL
Hasten, Belovèd. The torches flicker in the cool night wind and the court pales in the moonlight. The guests laugh and sing, the flutes shrill and the floor slips with wine under the sandals of the dancing-girls.
Yet thou delayest, watching me from the corners of thine eyes, while the slave patiently fills thy cup once more . . . Hasten, Belovèd, ere I weep and be ashamed.
Somewhere the flowers wither upon a threshold—warm roses, slender myrtle and crocus from the sunny fields. They too have waited so long for thee . . .
Hasten, Belovèd. Surely the east is brightening for the sun. It is the breeze of morning that swirls the flaring torches . . . Hasten, Belovèd, ere I weep and be ashamed.
# Ephemera (Buck)/In the Forest

IN THE FOREST
Down the shadowed forest glade, the nymph flashes like a silver arrow from a bow. Her golden hair streams out like a flying veil; her eyes are bright with terror; her crimson, sobbing lips are salt with tears.
Behind her, a dark shadow darting nimbly over the silent earth, a satyr speeds, his cheeks all flushed with red, his clutching hands stretched out.
—Ho, ho, ho! chuckles an old man, leaning upon a staff. Ho, ho, ho! Why dost thou run? Thou wilt be caught! Thou wilt be caught!
High overhead in the sunlight, a bird sings gloriously to the open sky. On the forest path, a squirrel rushes madly over the grass and scampers up a mossy trunk.
A gasp—quick steps upon the earth—a cry.
—Ho, ho, ho! chuckles an old man, leaning upon a staff. Ho, ho, ho! Why didst thou run? Why didst thou run?
# Ephemera (Buck)/Lesbos

LESBOS
Upon the bosom of this sun-kissed sea, beneath fair skies, caressed by gentle southern winds perfumed like enamored sighings, lies the Isle of Dreams.
Its marble cliffs, bright with anemone, fragrant with myrtle, rest like glorious temples on the blue waters. On the flowered grass among the olive groves or shadowed by the pines where lapping waves caress the sandy shore, virgins and youths, inspired with beauty, walk singing, hand in hand.
In the bright cities, laughter fills the air, mingling with pulsing music and fresh voices. From the altars of the sanctuaries, thin filaments of incense waver out, diffusing through the sunlight.
There Sappho lives to sing of love. There young Larichus, white-limbed and beautiful, pours from the glittering wine cups crimson libations to the gods. And over all, the breath of desire floats like a perfumed cloud.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Rosemary

See also Rosemary on Wikipedia; the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​ ROSEMARY (Rosmarinus), a well-known Labiate plant, the only representative of the genus and a native of the Mediterranean region. It is a low shrub with linear leaves, dark green above, white beneath, and with margins rolled back on to the under surface. The flowers are in small axillary clusters. Each has a two-lipped calyx, from which projects a bluish two-lipped corolla enclosing two stamens, the other two being deficient. The fruit consists of four smooth nutlets. Botanically the genus is near to Salvia, but it differs in the shorter connective to the anther. Rosemary was highly esteemed by the ancients for its aromatic fragrance and medicinal uses. In modern times it is valued mainly as a perfume, for which purpose the oil is obtained by distillation. It doubtless has slight stimulant properties, which may account for the general belief in the efficacy of the plant in promoting the growth of the hair. Rosemary plays no unimportant part in literature and folk-lore, being esteemed as an emblem of remembrance. “There's rosemary, that's for remembrance,” says Ophelia. Its use in connexion with funeral ceremonies is not extinct in country places to this day, and it was formerly as much valued at wedding festivities. The name “ros marinus” or “ros maris” was probably given in allusion to its native habitat in the neighbourhood of the sea.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Rufus Festus Avienus

See also Avienius on Wikipedia; Avienus and Festus on Wikipedia, Avienus in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​AVIENUS, Rufus Festus, a Latin poet, who appears to have flourished in the latter half of the 4th century. Any knowledge we have of the facts of his life is derived from a Latin inscription, printed by Meyer (Anthologia Latina, 278), which has been supposed to refer to him. He is in all probability the Festus who was proconsul in Africa in 366 and following years, and in Achaia in 372. He is the author of thefollowing works: 1. Descriptio Orbis Terræ, sometimes called Metaphrasis Periegeseos Dionysii, being derived from the περιήγησις of that writer; 2. Ora Maritima, of which there is extant only a fragment describing the Atlantic coast, and the Mediterranean as far as Marseilles; 3. Aratea Phœnomena, and Aratea Prognostica, which are paraphrases of two works of Aratus. These poems, with the exception of the Aratea, are contained in Wernsdorf's Poëtœ Latini Minores, vol. v. pt. ii.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Robert Young Hayne

See also Robert Y. Hayne on Wikipedia; Robert Y. Hayne on Wikipedia, Robert Young Hayne in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
HAYNE, Robert Young (1791–1840), American statesman, was born in St Paul’s parish, Colleton district, South Carolina, on November 10, 1791. He studied law at Charleston, S.C., and in his twenty-first year was admitted to the bar there, but in the same year (1812) served for a short time as a soldier in the war with Great Britain. Returning to practise in Charleston, Hayne was elected a member of the State legislature in 1814, and four years later became speaker. Shortly afterwards he accepted the post of attorney-general for his native State, though he declined the same office for the United States. On being elected a senator of the United States, Hayne at once showed himself an active foe to protective legislation, and vigorously combated the tariffs of 1824 and 1828. A bill having been passed in 1832 removing the duty from those imports only which were not in competition with home manufactures, the state of South Carolina passed an ordinance nullifying the bill, on the ground that it was unconstitutional. President Jackson denounced this proceeding, and South Carolina, appointing Hayne governor, was preparing to defend its position by arms, when Congress made the desired change in the tariff, and South Carolina repealed its act. Hayne, on retiring from the governorship in 1834, was elected mayor of Charleston, and continued to take an active interest in public affairs till his death at Ashville, North Carolina, September 24, 1840. See Life and Speeches of R. Y. Hayne, 1845.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Rosetta

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​ ROSETTA (see Egypt, vol. vii. p. 768). The celebrated Rosetta Stone, a basalt stele containing a decree of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes in hieroglyphics, demotic, and Greek, which supplied the key for the decipherment of the ancient monuments of Egypt, was found near Fort St Julien, 4 miles north of the town, in 1799, by Boussard, a French officer. It is now in the British Museum.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Rowley, William

See also William Rowley on Wikipedia; Rowley, William in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​ROWLEY, William, actor and dramatist, collaborated with several of the celebrated dramatists of the Elizabethan period—Dekker, Middleton, Heywood, Fletcher, Webster, Massinger, and Ford. Nothing is known of his life except that he was an actor in various companies, and married in 1637. There was another Rowley, an actor and playright in the same generation, Samuel, and probably a third, Ralph. Four plays by W. Rowley are extant,—A Woman never Vext (printed 1632), A Match at Midnight (1633), All's Lost by Lust (1633), and A Shoemaker a Gentleman (1638). From these an opinion may be formed of his individual style. Effectiveness of situation and ingenuity of plot are more marked in them than any special literary faculty, from which we may conjecture why he was in such request as an associate in play-making. There are significant quotations from two of his plays in Lamb's Specimens. It is recorded by Langbaine that he "was beloved of those great men Shakespeare, Fletcher, and Jonson"; and the tradition of his personal amiability is supported by the fact of his partnerships with so many different writers.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Rowley Regis

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​ROWLEY REGIS, an urban sanitary district of Staffordshire, is situated on the Birmingham Canal, and on the Stourbridge branch of the Great Western Railway, 6 miles west of Birmingham. The original village surrounds the parish church, dating from the 13th century, but rebuilt in 1840 with the exception of the tower, which was also rebuilt in 1858. The village is situated in a rich coal and ironstone district, and round it numerous hamlets have grown up within recent years. Lately the parish has been erected into an urban sanitary district, governed by a local board of fifteen members. Besides collieries, iron works, and extensive quarries for "Rowley rag" (a basaltic intrusion), there are potteries, rivet, chain, and anchor works, breweries, and agricultural implement works, the district being one of the most important manufacturing centres of Staffordshire. The population of the urban sanitary district (area 3670 acres) in 1871 was 23,534 and in 1881 it was 27,385.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Sainfoin

See also Onobrychis on Wikipedia; Sainfoin on Wikipedia, Sainfoin in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
SAINFOIN (Onobrychis sativa) is a low-growing perennial plant with a woody root-stock, whence proceed the stems, which are covered with fine hairs and bear numerous long pinnate leaves, the segments of which are elliptic. The flowers are borne in close pyramidal or cylindrical clusters on the end of long stalks. Each flower is about half an inch in length with lanceolate calyx-teeth shorter than the corolla, which latter is papilionaceous, pink, with darker stripes of the same colour. The indehiscent pods or legumes are flattened from side to side, wrinkled, somewhat sickle-shaped and crested, and contain only a single seed. In Great Britain the plant is a native of the calcareous districts of the southern counties, but elsewhere it is considered as an escape from cultivation. It is native throughout the whole of central Europe and Siberia; but it does not seem to have been cultivated in Great Britain till 1651, when it was introduced from France or French Flanders, its French name being retained. It is grown as a forage plant, being especially well adapted for dry limestone soils. It has about the same nutritive value as lucerne, and is esteemed for milch cattle and for sheep in winter. Sinclair speaks in high terms of its value for this latter purpose.