# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Volume XIII

See also the scan index; and the disclaimer.
| | Volume XIII Infant — Kant | Volume XIII Infant — Kant | |
| In – Iz | J – Ji | Jo – Ju | K – Ka |
| Infant, in law. Infanticide. Infantry, of British Army (See Army). Infinitesimal Calculus. Historical Introduction. Differential Calculus. Integral Calculus. ... Influenza, disease. Information, in law. Infusoria, or Protozoa (q.v.). Ingelheim, Ober- and Nieder-, towns, Germany. Ingemann, Berhard Severin, Danish poet and novelist. Ingolstadt, town, Bavaria. Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique, French painter. Ingulphus, or Ingulf, English abbot. Inheritance, in law. Injunction, in law. Ink. Inlaying, method of ornamentation. Innkeepers, Law relating to. Innocent I., pope. Innocent II., pope. Innocent III., pope. Innocent IV., pope. Innocent V., pope. Innocent VI., pope. Innocent VII., pope. Innocent VIII., pope. Innocent IX., pope. Innocent X., pope. Innocent XI., pope. Innocent XII., pope. Innocent XIII., pope. Innsbruck, or Innspruck, town, Tyrol, Austria. Inns of Court, English legal societies. Inoculation, of smallpox (q.v.). Inowrazlaw, town, Prussia. Inquest, coroner's (See Coroner). Inquition, of Roman Catholic Church. Insanity. ... Inscriptions, Ancient. ... Insectivorous Plants. Insects. ... Inspiration, Theological doctrine of. Insterburg, town, Prussia. Instinct. Institute of France. Insurance. Fire Insurance. ... Interdict, Papal. Interdict, in Scots law. Interdiction, in Scots law. Interest, in law. Interlaken, or Interlachen, town, Switzerland. International, working men's association. International Law. Interpleader, in English law. Intestacy, in law. Inveraray, town, Scotland. Inverness, county & town, Scotland. Investiture, in feudal law. Io, in Greek mythology. Iodine, chemical element. Ion, of Chios, Greek poet. Iona, or Icolmkill, island, Scotland. Ionia, district, Asia Minor. Ionian Islands, Greece. Iowa, State, U.S.A. Iowa City, town, Iowa, U.S.A. Ipecacuanha, plant and drug. Ipek, town, Albania, Turkey. Iphicrates, Athenian general. Iphigeneia, of Greek legend. Ipswich, town, England. Ipswich, town, Queensland, Australia. Iquique, town, South America. Irak Adjemi, province, Persia. Irak Arabi, district, Syria. Irawadi, or Irrawaddy, river, Burmah. Ireland. Geography and Statistics. Ireland, Samuel, English writer. Ireland, Samuel William Henry, Shakespearean forger. Irenæus, bishop of Lyons. Irene, empress of the East. Ireton, Henry, Parliamentary general. Iriarte, or Yriarte, Tomas de, Spanish poet. Iridium, chemical element. Iris, in Greek mythology & plant. Irish Moss, or Carrageen, sea-weed. Irkutsk, government & town, Asiatic Russia. Irnerius, Italian jurist. Iron, metal. Iron, Therapeutic uses of. Iron Mask, Man in the. Ironton, town, Ohio, U.S.A. Iron-Wood, timber. Irrawaddy (Irawadi, q.v.), river, Burmah. Irrigation. Irun, town, Spain. Irvine, town, Scotland. Irving, Edward, Scottish theologian and preacher. Irving, Washington, American writer. Isaac, of Scripture. Isaac I., Comnenus, Byzantine emperor. Isaac II., Angelus, Byzantine emperor. Isabella, the Catholic, queen of Castile. Isabey, Jean Baptiste, French painter. Isæus, Attic orator. Isaiah, Old Testament prophet. Isauria, district, Asia Minor. Ischia, island, Italy. Ischl, spa, Austria. Iseghem, town, Belgium. Isère, department, France. Iserlohn, town, Prussia. Isernia, town, Italy. Ishmael, of Scripture. Ishpeming, town, Michigan, U.S.A. Isidorus Hispalensis, or Isidore of Seville, Spanish mediæval writer. Isinglass, or Fish Glue (See Gelatin). Iskelib, or Eskilup, town, Asiatic Turkey. Isla, José Francisco de, Spanish satirist. Islamabad, town, Punjab, India. Islay, island, Scotland. Ismail, town, Roumania. Ismailia, town, on Suez Canal, Egypt. Ismailia, or Gondokoro, town, Upper Egypt. Ismid, Iskimid, or Isnikmid, town, Asiatic Turkey. Isnik, town, Asiatic Turkey (See Nicæa). Isocrates, Attic orator. Isomerism, in chemistry (q.v.). Isothermal Lines, in meteorology (q.v.). Ispahan, or Isfahan, town, Persia. Israel, People of, their history. Issachar, of Scripture. Issik-Kul, lake, Central Asia. Issoire, town, France. Issoudun, town, France. Istalif, town, Afghanistan (q.v.). Isthmian Games. Istib, or Ishtib, town, European Turkey. Istria, district, Austria. Italy. Geography and Statistics. ... Ithaca, island, Greece. Ithaca, town, New York, U.S.A. Itinerarium, Roman road-book. Itius Portus, Cæsar’s point of embarkation for Britain. Iturbide, or Yturbide, Augustin de, emperor of Mexico. Itzehoe, town, Holstein, Germany. Ivan I., grand-duke of Moscow. Ivan II., of Moscow. Ivan III., the Great, of Moscow. Ivan IV., the Terrible, first czar of Russia. Ivan V., of Russia. Ivan VI., of Russia. Ivanovo, or Ivanovo-Voznesensk, town, Russia. Ivory. Ivory, Vegetable. Ivory, James, Scottish mathematician. Ivory Coast, West Africa. Ivrea, town, Italy. Ivry-sur-Seine, town, France. Ivy, plant. Ixion, in Greek legend. | J, the tenth letter of the alphabet. Jabalpur, or Jubbulpore, district & town, Central India. Jabiru, bird. Jaborandi, plant and drug. Jaca, town, Spain. Jacamar, bird. Jacana, bird. Jacinth, or Hyacinth, gem. Jackal, carnivorous mammal. Jackdaw, bird. Jackson, town, Michigan, U.S.A. Jackson, town, Mississippi, U.S.A. Jackson, town, Tennessee, U.S.A. Jackson, Andrew, president of the United States. Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall Jackson), American Confederate general. Jackson, William, English musician. Jacksonville, town, Florida, U.S.A. Jacksonville, town, Illinois, U.S.A. Jacob, Hebrew patriarch. Jacobabad, town, India. Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, German philosopher. Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jacob, German mathematician. Jacobite Church, or Jacobites. Jacobs, Christian Friedrich Wilhelm, German scholar. Jacotot, Joseph, French educationalist. Jacquard, Joseph Marie, inventor of silk-weaving loom. Jade, precious stone. Jaen, province and town, Spain. Jaffa (Joppa, q.v.), town, Palestine. Jaffna, or Jaffnapatam, town, Ceylon. Jagadhri, town, India. Jaguar, carnivorous mammal. Jahanabad, town, India. Jahn, Johann, German Orientalist and Biblical critic. Jahn, Otto, German philologist and art critic. Jains, Indian sect. Jaintia Hills, district, Assam, India. Jáipur (Jeypore, q.v.), state, India. Jaismalmir, Rajput state, India. Jajpur, or Jajpore, town, India. Jakob, Ludwig Heinrich von, German political economist. Jalalabad, town, Afghanistan (q.v.). Jalandhar, or Jullundur, district & town, India. Jalap, drug. Jalapa, or Xalapa, town, Mexico. Jalaun, district & town, India. Jalna, or Jaulna, town, India. Jalpaiguri, or Julpigoree, district and town, India. Jam, conserve of fruit (See Jams and Jellies). Jamaica, island, West Indies. James, the Lord’s brother, son of Alphæus, and son of Zebedee. James, General Epistle of. James I., king of Scotland. James II., of Scotland. James III., of Scotland. James IV., of Scotland. James V., of Scotland. James I., king of England. James II., of England. James Frederick Edward Stuart (The Pretender). James, George Payne Rainsford, English novelist. James, John Angell, English Independent minister and author. Jameson, Anna, English writer. Jameson, or Jamesone, George, Scottish painter. Jameson, Robert, Scottish naturalist. Jamestown, town, New York, U.S.A. Jami, Nuruddin Abdurrahman ibn Ahmed, Persian poet. Jamieson, John, Scottish lexicographer. Jamnia, town, Palestine. Jamrud, fort, Punjab, India. Jams and Jellies. Jamu, or Jummoo, town, India. Janesville, town, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Jangipur, or Jahangirpur, town, India. Janin, Jules Gabriel, French critic. Janina, Joannina, or Yanina, town, Albania, Turkey. Janissaries, Ottoman troops (See Army). Jansen, or Jansenius, Cornelius, Dutch theologian. Jansenism, religious movement in France. Janssen, or Jansen, Cornelius, Dutch painter. Janssens Van Nuyssen, Abraham, Flemish painter. Janssens, or Jansens, Victor Honorius, Flemish painter. Januarius, St, or San Gennaro. January, month. Janus, Roman god. Japan, country, Asia. Japanning, industrial art. Japheth, of Scripture. Jarchi (Rashi, q.v.), Jewish rabbi. Jarnac, town, France. Jaromierz, town, Bohemia. Jarrah Wood, Australian tree. Jarrow-on-Tyne, town, England. Jashar, Book of (See Hebrew Language and Literature). Jashpur, state, India. Jasmin, Jacques, French poet. Jasmine, or Jessamine, plant. Jason, of Greek mythology. Jasper, precious stone. Jassy, or Jaschi, town, Roumania. Jasz-Bereny, town, Hungary. Játiva, San Felipe de Játiva, or Xátiva, town, Spain. Jats, race of people, India. Jaubert, Pierre Amédée Émilien Probe, French Orientalist. Jauer, town, Prussia. Jauhary, Arabic lexicographer. Jaulna (Jalna, q.v.), town, India. Jaundice, or Icterus, disease. Jaunpur, district, India. Java, island, Indian Archipelago. Jawarow, town, Austria. Jaxartes (Syr-Daria, q.v.), river, Asia. Jay, bird. Jay, John, American statesman. Jay, William, English Dissenting preacher and writer. Jean d'Angély, Saint, town, France. Jebeil, Jubeil, or Djebail, ancient town, Syria. Jedburgh, town, Scotland. Jefferson, Thomas, president of the United States. Jefferson City, town, Missouri, U.S.A. Jeffersonville, town, Indiana, U.S.A. Jeffrey, Francis, Scottish lawyer and critic. Jeffreys, George Jeffreys, Lord, Scottish judge and lord chancellor. Jehol, or Cheng-te-fu, town, China. Jehovah, divine name. Jejeebhoy, Sir Jamsetjee, Indian merchant. Jelal-ed Din, Mohammed er-Rumi, Persian poet. Jemmapes, or Jemappes, town, Belgium. Jena, town, Germany. Jenghiz Khan, Mongol emperor. Jenner, Edward, English physician. Jenyns, Soame, English writer. Jephthah, judge of Israel. Jerboa, rodent mammal. Jerdan, William, journalist. Jeremiah, Old Testament prophet. Jerez de la Frontera, town, Spain. Jerez de los Caballeros, town, Spain. Jericho, town, Palestine. Jerome, St, early Christian writer. Jerome of Prague, Reformer and martyr. Jerrold, Douglas William, English humorist. Jersey, Channel Islands, England. Jersey City, town, New Jersey, U.S.A. Jerusalem, town, Palestine. ... Jesi, town, Italy. Jesse, Edward, English naturalist. Jesse, John Heneage, English writer. Jesselmere (Jaisalmir, q.v.), state, India. Jessor, or Jessore, district, India. Jesuits, or Company of Jesus. Jesus Christ. Jesus, son of Sirach. Jet, mineral. Jew, The Wandering. Jewel, or Jewell, John, bishop of Salisbury. Jewellery. Jews, Modern. Jew’s Harp, or Jew’s Trump, musical instrument. Jeypore, or Jaipur, state & town, India. Jezreel, town, Palestine. Jhalawar, state, India. Jhang, district & town, India. Jhansi, district, division, & town, India. Jhelum, or Jhilam, district & town, India. Jhind, state, India. Jiddah, or Juddah, town, Arabia. Jilolo, Gilolo, or Djilolo, island, Indian Archipelago. Jimenes, or Ximenes, Francisco, Spanish cardinal and statesman. Jitomir (Zhitomir, q.v.), town, Russia. | Joachim, abbot of Floris, mystic. Joachimsthal, town, Bohemia. Joan of Arc, maid of Orleans. Job, Book of. Job’s Tears, plant and seeds. Jodhpur, state and town, India. Joel, Book of. John, the apostle. John, Epistles of. John, Gospel of (See Gospels). John, the Baptist. John, popes. John I., pope. John II., pope. John III., pope. John IV., pope. John V., pope. John VI., pope. John VII., pope. John VIII., pope. John IX., pope. John X., pope. John XI., pope. John XII., pope. John XIII., pope. John XIV., pope. John XV., pope. John XVI., pope. John XVII., pope. John XVIII., pope. John XIX., pope. John XXI., pope. John XXII., pope. John XXIII., pope. John I., Greek emperor. John II., Greek emperor. John III., Greek emperor. John IV., Greek emperor. John V., Greek emperor. John VI., Greek emperor. John VII., Greek emperor. John, king of England. John I., king of France. John II., king of France. John II., Casimir, of Poland. John III., Sobieski, of Poland. John (João) I., king of Portugal. John II., of Portugal. John III., of Portugal. John IV., of Portugal. John V., of Portugal. John VI., of Portugal. John, king of Saxony. John I. (Juan), king of Aragon. John II., of Aragon. John I., king of Castile and Leon. John II., of Castile and Leon. John, Don, of Austria. John of Damascus (Joannes Damascenus, q.v.), Byzantine theologian. John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (q.v.). John, St, of Nepomuk, patron saint of Bohemia. John of Salisbury, early English writer. John, Prester (Prester John, q.v.), of mediæval writers. Johnson, Andrew, president of the United States. Johnson, Samuel, English essayist and lexicographer. Johnston, Albert Sidney, American general. Johnston, Alexander Keith, Scottish geographer. Johnstone, town, Scotland. Johnstown, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Johore, state, Malay Peninsula. Joigny, town, France. Joinery, in building (q.v.). Joint, in law. Joints, in mechanics. Joint Stock Companies (See Company). Joinville, Jean de, French historian. Joliet, town, Illinois, U.S.A. Jomini, Baron, French military tactician. Jommelli, Niccolò, Italian musician. Jonah, Book of. Jonah, Rabbi, of Cordova, Jewish philologist. Jonas, Justus, German Reformer. Jones, Inigo, English architect. Jones, John Paul (Paul Jones), naval adventurer. Jones, Owen (1741–1814), Welsh antiquary. Jones, Owen (1809–1874), English art decorator. Jones, Sir William, English Orientalist. Jones, William, English divine. Jonköping, town, Sweden. Jonson, Ben, English dramatist. Joplin, town, Missouri, U.S.A. Joppa, ancient seaport, Palestine. Jordaens, Jacob, Flemish painter. Jordan, river, Palestine. Jordan, Camille, French politician. Jordanes, or Jornandes, historian of the Goths. Jortin, John, English theological writer. Joseph, tribe of Israel. Joseph, husband of the Virgin Mary. Joseph I., emperor. Joseph II., emperor. Joséphine, wife of Napoleon I. Josephus, Flavius, Jewish historian. Joshua, of Scripture. Josiah, king of Judah. Josika, Miklos or Nicholas, Baron, Hungarian novelist. Josquin (Deprès, q.v.), French musical composer. Jost, Isaak Markus, German historical writer. Jouffroy, Théodore Simon, French philosopher. Jourdain, Alfonse, count of Toulouse. Jouvenet, Jean, French painter. Jovellanos, or Jove Llanos, Gaspar Melchor de, Spanish statesman and writer. Jovianus, Flavius Claudius, or Jovian, Roman emperor. Jovinianus, or Jovianus, Roman monk and heretic. Jovius, Paulus, or Paolo Giovio, Italian historian. Juanes, or Joanes, Vicente, Spanish painter. Juan Fernandez, island, South Pacific. Juarez, Benito Pablo, president of Mexico. Juba I., king of Numidia. Juba II., king of Numidia. Jubbulpore (Jabalpur, q.v.), district & town, India. Jubilee, or Jubile, Year of, in Israel. Jubilee Year, in Roman Catholic Church. Jubilees, Book of the, apocalyptic work (See Apocalyptic Literature). Judæa (Palestine, q.v.). Judah, tribe of Israel. Judas Iscariot, apostle. Judas Maccabæus, Jewish leader (See Israel and Maccabees). Judas Tree, plant. Jude, or Judas, St, of Scripture. Judge, Judges. Judgment, in law. Judicature Acts. Judith, Book of, in Apocrypha. Judson, Adoniram, American missionary. Jugurtha, Numidian prince. Jujube, tree and fruit. Jukes, Joseph Beete, English geologist. Julian, the Apostate, Roman emperor. Jülich (Juliers), town, Prussia. Julien, Noel (Stanislas Aignen Julien), French Orientalist. Juliers (Jülich, q.v.), town, Prussia. Julius I., pope. Julius II., pope. Julius III., pope. July, month. Jumet, town, Belgium. Jumièges, town, France. Jumilla, town, Spain. Jumna, or Jamuna, river, India. Junagarh, state and town, India. June, month. Jung, Johann Heinrich (Heinrich Stilling), German mystic. Juniper, tree. Junius, Letters of. Junius, Franciscus (1545–1602), Huguenot divine. Junius, Franciscus (1589–1677), philologist. Juno, Roman goddess (the Greek Hera). Junot, Andoche, duke of Abrantes, French general. Junot, Laure Permon, duchess of Abrantes. Jupiter, Roman god (the Greek Zeus). Jura, mountain range, France and Switzerland. Jura, department, France. Jura, island, Scotland. Jurieu, Pierre, French Protestant theologian. Jurisprudence (See Law). Jury, Trial by. Jussieu, De, family of French botanists and naturalists. Justice, judicial title. Justice of the Peace, magistrate. Justiciary, High Court of, in Scotland. Justin (Justin Martyr), apologist and martyr. Justin, Latin historian. Justin I., emperor of the East. Justin II., emperor of the East. Justinian I. (Flavius Anicius Justinianus), emperor of the East. Justinian II., emperor of the East. Jute, vegetable fibre. Jüterbogk, town, Prussia. Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis), Latin poet and satirist. Juxon, William, archbishop of Canterbury. | K, the eleventh letter of the alphabet. Kaaba, or Kaba, sacred shrine, at Mecca. Kaaden, town, Bohemia. Kabbalah, Jewish theosophy. Kabul, or Cabul (q.v.), town and province, Afghanistan. Kabyles, North-African tribes. Kadom, town, Russia. Kadur, or Cadoor, district, India. Kaempfer, Engelbrecht, German traveller. Kaffa (Theodosia, q.v.), town, Crimea, Russia. Kaffa, or Gomara, district, Abyssinia. Kaffraria, Kaffres, South Africa. Kafiristan, country, Asia. Kahlur, or Bilaspur, hill state, Punjab, India. K’ai-fung Foo, town, China. Kaira, district and town, India. Kairwan, or Kairawan, town, Tunis. Kaisarieh (Cæsaria Palestina, q.v.), town, Palestine. Kaiserslautern, town, Bavaria. Kaiserswerth, town, Prussia. Kaithal, town, India. Kakapo, New Zealand bird. Kalabagh, town, India. Kalamata, town, Greece. Kalamazoo, town, Michigan, U.S.A. Kalatch, town, Russia. Kalbe, town, Prussia. Kaleidoscope, optical instrument. Kalgan, town, China. Kalidasa, Sanskrit writer. Kalinga, ancient kingdom, India. Kalingapatam, town, India. Kalish, town, Russian Poland. Kalitvenskaya, Don Cossack village, Russia. Kalna, town, India. Kalocsa, or Kalocza, town, Hungary. Kalpi, town, India. Kaluga, government & town, Russia. Kalvariya, town, Russia. Kalw, town, Würtemberg. Kamala, drug. Kamchatka, peninsula, Siberia. Kamenets, town, Podolia, Russia. Kamenz, town, Saxony. Kames, Lord, Scottish philosopher and judge. Kammin, town, Prussia. Kampen, town, Holland. Kamptulicon, floor-cloth (q.v.). Kamrup, district, India. Kamthi, town, India. Kamuishin, or Kamyshin, town, Russia. Kananur, town, India. Kanara, North, district, India. Kanara, South, district, India. Kanauj, town, India. Kandahar, town, Afghanistan. Kandi, town, India. Kandy, town, Ceylon. Kane, Elisha Kent, American explorer. Kaneff, town, Russia. Kangaroo, marsupial mammal. Kangra, district, India. Kanizsa-Nagy, town, Hungary. Kankakee, town, Illinois, U.S.A. Kano, town, Central Africa. Kansas, State, U.S.A. Kansas City, town, Missouri, U.S.A. Kant, Immanuel, German philosopher. |