OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Brine, George

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​BRINE. (Captain, 1818. f-p., 22; h-p., 280.)
George Brine is son of the late Admiral Jas. Brine, who commanded the Belliqueux 64, in Sir Thos. Graves’ action with the Comte de Grasse, 5 Sept. 1781, and died in 1814; and brother of Rear-Admiral Augustus Brine, who died about the early part of 1840.
This officer entered the Navy, in Feb. 1797, as Midshipman, on board the Glory 98, commanded by his father in the Channel; removed, in 1799, to the Prince 98, flag-ship of Sir Roger Curtis, with whom he shortly afterwards proceeded to the Cape of Good Hope in the Lancaster 64; became, 23 July, 1802, Acting-Lieutenant of the Diomede 50, into which ship the latter officer had shifted his flag; was officially promoted 15 April, 1803; and afterwards served in the same ship under Sir Jas. Saumarez on the Guernsey station. In 1804-5 Mr. Brine officiated as Flag-Lieutenant to his father, who at that time held the second command at Plymouth; from 18 June in the latter year, until 1808, he was employed on board the Rose sloop, Capts. Lucius Curtis and Philip Pipon, in the Channel, Mediterranean, and Baltic; and he then served for four years in the Victory 100, flag-ship of Sir Jas. Saumarez, also in the Baltic, where he was advanced to the command of the Sheldrake sloop, 13 Aug. 1812. His last appointment was, 12 Aug. 1815, to the Mosquito 18, which vessel, after an employment of three years on the St. Helena station, he paid off within a few days of the receipt of his Post-commission, which was dated 7 Dec. 1818. He accepted the Retirement 1 Oct. 1846.
Capt. Brine married, 26 Aug. 1836, Caroline, eldest daughter of the late Michael Bush, Esq., of Great Ormond-street. He became a widower 7 Oct. 1846. Agent – J. Hinxman.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Briggs, David

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​BRIGGS. (Lieut., 1814. f-p., 10; h-p., 31.)
David Briggs entered the Navy, 21 March, 1806, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Renown 74, ​Capt. Philip Chas. Durham; attained the rating of Midshipman in Oct. following; and, after serving for upwards of four years off L’Orient, and in blockading the Rochefort and Toulon squadrons, was paid off 28 March, 1810. He joined, in Aug. of the same year, the Armada 74, Capt. Adam M‘Kenzie, employed off Cadiz and in the North Sea; removed, as Master’s Mate, in Nov. 1811, to the Hannibal 74, flag-ship off the Texel of his former Captain, Rear-Admiral Durham; was discharged, in Feb. 1812, into the Christian VII. 74, Capts. Thos. Browne and Hen. Lidgbird Ball; passed his examination in March following; rejoined the Rear-Admiral, soon afterwards, in the Bulwark 74; and, while subsequently proceeding with him to the West Indies, in the Venerable 74, assisted at the capture, off Madeira, by that ship and the Cyrene sloop, of the French 44-gun frigates Iphigénie and Alcmène, 16 and 20 Jan. 1814. On 28 of the ensuing month Mr. Briggs became Acting-Lieutenant of the Fox sloop, Capt. Frank Gore Willock; and, on arriving in England, he was officially promoted by commission dated 8 July in the same year. After attending, in 1814-15, as First of the Fox, the expedition to New Orleans, whence he conveyed back to Jamaica part of the 2nd West India Regiment, he returned to the Vehekable 10 Aug. in the latter year, and came home and was paid off 3 May, 1816. He has not since been employed.
Lieut. Briggs married in Nov. 1841, and has issue one daughter.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Briggs, Francis

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​BRIGGS. (Retired Commander, 1837. f-p., 16; h-p., 34.)
Francis Briggs, born 18 May, 1784, is nephew, maternally, of the late Sir Boss Donnelly, K.C.B., Admiral of the Blue, who died, 30 Sept. 1840, in his 77th year; and first cousin of the Dowager Lady Audley.
This officer entered the Navy, 11 Aug. 1797, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Vestal 28, Capt. Chas. White, on the North Sea station; served from May, 1798, to Aug. 1803, as Midshipman and Master’s Mate, in the Maidstone and Narcissus 32-gnn frigates, commanded by his uncle, Capt. Ross Donnelly, in the West Indies, Channel, and Mediterranean; passed his examination in Sept. 1803; was immediately appointed by Lord Nelson Acting-Lieutenant of the Halcyon 18, Capt. Henry Whitmarsh Pearse; and received his official promotion by commission dated 8 May, 1804. While First-Lieutenant of the last-mentioned vessel, he was present in various engagements with the gun-boats in the Gut of Gibraltar; assisted at the capture, 20 Sept. 1804, of L’Esperance French privateer, of 10 guns and 54 men; retook, when in charge of one of the Halcyon’s boats, a brig which had just before been captured by a privateer; contributed, after the battle of Maida, to the destruction of the enemy’s batteries along the coast of Calabria, where, vpith a party of seamen under his orders, he served on shore at the reduction of Reggio; drove on shore several merchant-vessels when in command of a gunboat in the Faro of Messina; acquired credit and was wounded by a splinter in the arm, 13 Dec. 1806, in an action, fought with great spirit for three hours, between the Halcyon, singly, and three Spanish national vessels of far superior force, which terminated in the capture of one of the latter, the Neptuno corvette, of 14 guns and 72 men; received in consequence a pecuniary reward from the Patriotic Fund, but no promotion, although recommended by his Captain; and on subsequently attending the expedition to Copenhagen, in Aug. and Sept. 1807, witnessed the bombardment of that city and seizure of the Danish fleet. Lieut. Briggs’s next appointment was, in March, 1808, to the Invincible 74, Capts. R. Donnelly and Chas. Adam, in the Mediterranean, from which ship he was detached in command of a gun-vessel to assist at the defence of Cadiz, where the latter was unfortunately sunk by a shell falling into her while engaging the batteries. In Oct. 1812, he joined the Merope 16, commanded by Capts. Edw. Flinn, – Roberts, and ultimately, for two months, by himself, on the east coast of Spain. He was placed on half-pay in Dec. 1813; remained unemployed from that period; and accepted his present rank 25 Jan. 1837.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Brigstocke, Thomas Robert

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​BRIGSTOCKE. (Commander, 1821. f-p., 11; h-p., 29.)
Thomas Robert Brigstocke entered the Navy, 8 Oct. 1807, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Marlborough 74, Capt. Graham Moore, in which ship, after escorting the Royal family of Portugal to the Brazils, he attended, as Midshipman, the expedition to Flushing, and was employed, on the evacuation of Walcheren, in destroying the basin, arsenal, and sea-defences. He removed, in May, 1811, to the Acasta 40, Capt. Alex. Robt. Kerr, employed in the Bay of Biscay, Channel, and off St. Helena; rejoined Capt. Moore in the Chatham 74, on the North Sea station, in June, 1812; and, on his ensuing transference to the Java, of 46 guns and 377 men, was present, 29 Dec, off S. Salvador, in the gallant action that rendered the latter a prize to the American ship Constitution, of 55 guns and 480 men, after an obstinate conflict of 3 hours and 40 minutes, in which the British lost 22 men killed and 102 (including her Captain, Henry Lambert, mortally) wounded. In April, 1813, Mr. Brigstocke, who had been exchanged, joined the Eurotas, of 46 guns and 320 men, Capt. John Phillimore, under whom he witnessed, 23 Oct. following, the Andromache’s capture of La Trave; and was wounded, 25 Feb. 1814, in a successful engagement of 2 hours and 10 minutes, fought between the Eurotas and La Clorinde French frigate, mounting 44 guns and 12 brass swivels, with a complement of 360 picked men, of whom 120 were killed and wounded, with a loss to the British of 20 slain and 40 wounded. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant on 29 Nov. in the same year, and afterwards served, from 13 Dec. 1817, until advanced to his present rank, 31 Jan. 1821, in the Lee 20, Capt. John Pasco, lying at Plymouth, and, as Flag-Lieutenant to Sir Geo. Campbell, in the Queen Charlotte first-rate, at Portsmouth. He has not since been afloat.
Commander Brigstocke married, 24 July, 1822, Elizabeth Lydia, daughter and co-heiress of Geo. Player, Esq., of Ryde House, Isle of Wight; and has, with other issue, a daughter, Eustatia Georgina Player, married, 8 April, 1846, to James Butler Fellowes, Esq., 45th Regt., eldest son of Sir Jas. Fellowes. Agents – Messrs. Halford and Co.
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# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Briggs, Stephen

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​BRIGGS. (Retired Commander, 1844. f-p., 12; h-p., 34.)
Stephen Briggs entered the Navy, 1 March, 1801, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Loire 38, Capt. Jas. Newman Newman, stationed in the Channel. He joined, in June, 1802, the Cambrian 38, Capt. Wm. Bradley, at Halifax; there removed, as Midshipman, in Jan. 1804, to the Leander 50, flag-ship of Sir Andrew Mitchell, afterwards commanded by Capt. John Talbot, under whom he assisted at the capture, 23 Feb. 1805, of the Ville de Milan, of 46 guns, and retaking of her prize the Cleopatra 32; and, on his subsequent transference to the Northumberland 74, bearing the flag of the Hon. Alex. Cochrane, was present, 6 Feb. 1806, in the battle off St. Domingo. His succeeding appointments were – 19 Nov. in the same year, as Acting Sub-Lieutenant, to the Maria 10, Lieut.-Commander John Anderson – 14 Jan. 1807, as Acting-Lieutenant, to the Galatea 32, Capt. Geo. Sayer, in which frigate he was confirmed 20 Oct. following – 13 Oct. and 6 Dec. 1808, to the command of the Mozambique 14, and Grenada 10 – and 7 April, 1813, after nearly two years of half-pay, to the Cleopatra 32, all on the West India station, where he obtained charge, 23 July ensuing, of a Signal station in the Saintes. Having been unemployed since 14 Dec. 1814, Mr. Briggs at length, on 30 April, 1844, accepted the rank he now holds. Agents – Messrs. Halford and Co.
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# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Brine, George Augustus

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​BRINE. (Lieutenant, 1845.)
George Augustus Brine entered the Navy in 1832; passed his examination 15 March, 1840; and served as Mate, in the East Indies, and on the S.E. coast of America, in the Blenheim 72, Capt. Sir Thos. Herbert, and Curaçao 24, Capt. Sir Thos. Sabine Pasley. He obtained his commission 9 Dec. 1845; and since 13 of the same month has been employed in the Pacific on board the Carysfort 26, Capt. Geo. Henry Seymour.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Bridges, Philip Henry

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​BRIDGES. (Captain, 1827. f-p., 23; h-p., 28.)
Philip Henry Bridges entered the Navy, in May, 1796, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Bristol, Lieut.-Commander Sibley; was next employed for five years, as Midshipman, in the Agamemnon 64, Capt. Robt. Devereux Fancourt, in the Channel, North Sea, and Baltic; removed, in April, 1802, to the Jalouse 18, Capt. Christopher Strachey, lying at Sheerness; passed his examination in the course of the same year; and, after a further servitude, as Admiralty-Midshipman, in the Amazon 38, Capt. Sam. Sutton, and Loire 38, Capt. Fred. Lewis Maitland, was promoted – for his gallant conduct, on 27 June, 1803, at the cutting out, under the batteries of Ile de Bas, by two boats of the latter frigate, of Le Venteux national brig, of 10 guns and 82 men, after a sanguinary deck-fight of 10 minutes – to a Lieutenancy in, we believe, the Tartarus bomb, Capt. Fras. Temple, 4 July following. He next served – from 1804 until 1807, in the Veteran 64, Capt. Jas. Newman Newman, flag-ship, afterwards, of Rear-Admiral Jas. Rich. Dacres, Franchise 38, Capt. Chas. Dashwood, and Pique 36, Capt. Chas. Bayne Hodgson Ross, all on the Jamaica station – from Jan. 1808 to June 1810, in the Foxhound 18, Capt. Pitt-Barnaby Greene, Pompée 80, Capt. Geo. Cockburn, both in the Channel, and Aigle frigate, Capt. Geo. Wolfe, with whom he assisted, 12 April, 1809, at, the destruction of the shipping in Aix Roads, and, in August following, in the expedition to the Scheldt – and, from Jan. 1811, to Oct. 1815, in the Hussar, Leda, and Theban frigates, Capts. Jas. Coutts Crawford, Geo. Sayer, and Sam. Leslie, on the East India station, where he was present, under Capt. Crawford, at the reduction of Java, in Aug. 1811. On 8 Dec. 1815, Lieut. Bridges was promoted to the acting-command of the Zebra sloop. He was confirmed into the Challenger, of 18 guns, 15 Nov. 1816; brought home and paid off the Trincomalee, of 46 guns, 26 April, 1819; became Second-Captain of the Prince Regent 120, flag-ship at Chatham of Sir Robt. Moorsom, 12 May, 1827; and obtained his Post-commission 29 Sept. following. He has since been on half-pay.
For his “distinguished merit” at the capture of Le Venteux the Patriotic Fund voted Capt. Bridges a sword of 30l. value. Agent – J. Hinxman.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Briggs, George Campbell

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​BRIGGS. (Lieutenant, 1838.)
George Campbell Briggs was born in 1819, and died 1 April, 1845. He was eldest son of Vice-Admiral Sir Thos. Briggs, G.C.M.G.
This officer entered the Navy 2 April, 1832; passed his examination 11 May, 1838; served for some time, as Mate, on board the Pique 36, Capt. Edw. Boxer, in North America and the West Indies; was promoted out of the Vanguard 80, Capt. Sir David Dunn, on the Mediterranean station, 10 May, 1841; rejoined the latter ship 13 June following; and was next appointed, 31 Aug. 1843, to the Pilot 16, Capt. Wm. Henry Jervis, on board which vessel he died, as above, off Pointe de Galle, in the East Indies, from the effects of a coup-de-soleil. His remains were interred, on 2 of the same month, at Pointe de Galle, with the honours due to his rank, and followed by the officers of the garrison and the officers and crew of the Pilot. Lieut. Briggs was an officer of the greatest promise. Agents – Messrs. Chard.
# A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages

* related portals: Roman Catholicism.
* sister projects: Commons category, Wikidata item.
1887
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A History of the Australian Ballot System in the United States/Preface

PREFACE
The purpose of this dissertation is to trace the introduction and development of the Australian ballot system in the United States of America.
The first portion of the thesis discusses the demand for reform which grew out of the evils of the unofficial ballot. The unofficial ballot developed from the use of voting papers by certain American colonies, in particular New England; and it gradually superseded the viva voce method. This plan proved very defective, and in the period of corruption following the Civil War it was made the instrument of great abuse. This led to the introduction of the Australian system, which provided a secret ballot, furnished by the state and supplied to the electors on the day of election within the polling-place, and marked in secret by the electors. The second portion of the thesis treats in detail the development and present status of the Australian ballot in the United States. The third portion of the thesis discusses the attitude which the courts have taken toward the secret ballot. In Appendix A is printed the text of the original South Australian Ballot Act, the text of which is not in print in any of the large libraries of the United States.
This dissertation takes up a study of the ballots used in the election of public officers only. Primary ballots are not included.
The material used has been primarily the session laws, digests, and codes of the states, and the decisions of the courts, although newspapers and periodicals and the debates of constitutional conventions were also employed. A bibliography covering the field is given in Appendix B.
The writer wishes to acknowledge the assistance given by Professor Charles E. Merriam and Professor Ernst Freund of the Department of Political Science at the University of Chicago, and by Dean John H. Wigmore of Northwestern University Law School.
# A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages/Volume I/Appendix

Henry Charles Lea (1825-1909), a historian of medieval Europe, wrote extensively on the institutional and legal history of the Catholic Church. His active writing career on historical subjects spanned more than fifty years, during which he published ten books and numerous articles. He wrote a series of books on the Inquisition, beginning with A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (1888) and continuing with A History of the Inquisition of Spain (1906-1907) and The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies (1908). He collected materials related to witchcraft beliefs, the prosecution of witches by the Inquisition, and contemporary reports of witchcraft. These notes and drafts, which Lea was working on at the time he died, were published posthumously. In order to conduct his research using primary sources in European and Latin American archives, Lea arranged to have documents in those archives copied and sent to him. Through purchases, Henry Charles Lea acquired a major library of primary and secondary source materials relating to medieval European history, all of which were donated
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Pascal Bruno

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Pasdeloup, Jules

From volume 2 of the work.
​PASDELOUP, Jules Etienne, born in Paris Sept. 15, 1819, gained the 1st prize of the Conservatoire for solfeggio in 1832, and the ist for the piano in 1834. He then took lessons in harmony from Dourlen, and in composition from Carafa. Though active and ambitious, he might have had to wait long for an opportunity of making his powers known, had not a post in the Administration des Domaines fallen to his lot during the political changes of 1848, and enabled him to provide for his family. As Governor of the Château of St. Cloud, he was not only thrown into contact with persons of influence, but had leisure at command for composition. The general refusal of the societies in Paris to perform his orchestral works had doubtless much to do with his resolve to found the 'Société des jeunes artistes du Conservatoire,' the first ​concert of which he conducted on February 20, 1851. M. Pasdeloup had now found his vocation, which was neither that of a government official, nor a composer, but of an able conductor, bringing forward the works of other masters native and foreign. At the concerts of the 'Société des jeunes artistes' in the Salle Herz, Rue de la Victoire, he produced the symphonies of Gounod, Lefebure-Wely, Saint-Saëns, Gouvy, Demersseman, and other French composers, and there Parisians heard for the first time Mozart's 'Entführung,' Meyerbeer's 'Struensee,' and several of Schumann's standard works. After two years spent in forming his young band, and struggling against the indifference of the paying portion of the public, M. Pasdeloup resolved on a bold stroke, and moved his quarters to the Cirque d'hiver, then the Cirque Napoléon, where on October 27, 1861, he opened his 'Concerts populaires,' given every Sunday at the same hour as the concerts of the Conservatoire. The striking and well-deserved success of these entertainments roused universal attention, and procured their conductor honours of various kinds. Baron Hausmann had already requested him to organise and conduct the concerts at the Hôtel de Ville; the Prefect of the Seine appointed him one of the two directors of the Orphéon [Orphéon]; and M. de Nieuwerkerke, Surintendant des Beaux Arts, frequently called upon him to select and conduct the concerts which formed the main attraction of the soirées given by the Director of the Museum of the Louvre. He also received the Legion of Honour. Time passed on, and M. Pasdeloup increased his exertions, striving year by year to add fresh interest to the 'Concerts Populaires,' at which he produced much music previously unknown in Paris. By engaging the services of first-rate artists, and by care in the selection and execution of works classical and modern, he has done much to form the taste and enlarge the knowledge of his audiences, and has thus contributed to raise the level of music throughout France.
[ G. C. ]
Appendix, p.744:
[ A. J. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Pasqualati

From volume 2 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
* ↑ 'Biogr. Notzen,' pt. ii. p. 112. He gives the name incorrectly—Pasquillati. See also Thayer ii. 258.
* ↑ See Beethoven, vol. i. 172.
* ↑ Or Melker-Bastei, so called from the large house belonging to the monastery of Melk, which adjoins it.
* ↑ His only son, Baron Joseph Benedict von Pasqualati-Osterberg, born in 1802, and still living, confirms the statement.
* ↑ See vol. 1. 493.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Passacaglia

From volume 2 of the work.
​PASSACAGLIA, PASSACAGLIO, or PASSECAILLE, an early Italian or Spanish dance, similar in character to a Chaconne. The name (according to Littré) is derived from the Spanish pasar, to walk, and calle, a street, in which case a Passacaglia may mean a tune played in the streets by itinerant musicians. This derivation is confirmed by Walther's Lexicon, where the name is translated by 'Gassenhauer.' Other authorities have attempted to connect the word Passacaglia with gallo, a cock; thus Mendel translates it 'Hahnentrapp.' The original dance was performed by one or two dancers; it survived in France until the iSth century, and directions for dancing it may be found in Feuillet's 'Chorégraphie.' But the feature which, in common with the Chaconne, has elevated the Passacaglia above the majority of dance forms, is the construction of the music on a ground bass, generally consisting of a short theme of two, four, or eight bars. This form attracted the attention of the organ and harpsichord composers of the 17th and 18th centuries, with whom the construction of elaborate Passacaglias and Chaconnes became a favourite exercise for contrapuntal skill. It is somewhat difficult to ascertain in what the difference between these two dance forms consists. Matheson, a contemporary authority, distinguishes four points:—the Chaconne was slower and more stately than the Passacaglia; the former was always in a major key, the latter in a minor; Passacaglias were never sung; and Chaconnes were always on a ground-bass. The above distinction of keys is not borne out by the specimens that have come down to us, and the Passacaglia is, if anything, generally of a more solemn character than the Chaconne. The only material difference between the two seems to be that in the Chaconne the theme is kept invariably in the bass, while in the Passacaglia it was used in any part, often so disguised and embroidered amid ever varying contrapuntal devices as to become hardly recognisable. Among the most celebrated Passacaglias may be mentioned those by Buxtehude, Bach (Bach Gesellschaft, vol. xv.), Frescobaldi (Toccate d'Intavolatura, vol. i.), and Handel (Suite VII). The following less-known instance is from Sonata 4 of Handel's 'VII Sonatas or Trios.'
[ W. B. S. ]