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# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Ch'un-jen

​534 Fan Ch'un-jen 范純仁 (T. 堯夫). Son of Fan Chung-yen. On one occasion, when returning home with a boatload of grain, he fell in with a friend, named Shih Yen-nien; and learning that the latter was in difficulty about the burial of three relatives he at once presented him with all the grain, to help defray expenses. Further, when he heard that two of Shih's daughters were still unmarried he handed over the boat too as a ​contribution to their dowry. Arriving at his home, he reported all this to his father who at once approved of what he had done.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Ch'ung

​536 Fan Ch'ung 樊崇. A brigand chief, who ravaged north-western China about A.D. 30. He and his soldiers all dyed their eyebrows red, in order to inspire terror, and he himself adopted the name ​赤眉 Red Eyebrows. After setting up a temporary claim to the sovereignty, he submitted to the Emperor Kuang Wu Ti.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Chih

​532 Fan Chih 范質 (T. 文素). Died A.D. 954. A native of 宗城 Tsung-ch'êng in Chihli, who graduated as chin shih in 933. At his final examination he was placed thirteenth on the list, "in order," as 和凝 Ho Ning the Grand Examiner told him, "that you may hand down my robe and bowl (q.d. follow in my footsteps), though you really ought to have been higher." Ho Ning himself had been thirteenth, and rose to be a Minister of State, a dignity which was subsequently attained by Fan Chih.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Ch'êng-hsün

​528 Fan Ch'êng-hsün 范承勳. Died A.D. 1714. Third son of Fan Wên-ch'êng, and distinguished as a provincial administrator, especially in subjugating the aborigines of Yünnan.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Ch'êng-mo

​529 Fan Ch'êng-mo 范承謨 (T. 覲公). Died A.D. 1676. Graduating in 1652, by 1668 he had risen to be Governor of Chehkiang, where he earned a name for sympathy with the people. Promoted to be Viceroy of Fuhkien, he was seized by Kêng ​Ching-chung on the outbreak of his rebellion in 1674; and after an attempt to starve him into complicity had failed, he was kept in close confinement. He employed his leisure in composing verses and essays, which he scrawled with a bit of charcoal on the white-washed walls of his cell. In 1676 Kêng Ching-chung himself was forced to submit. He first compelled Fan to hang himself, after which he burnt Fan's corpse and dispersed the ashes, in the hope of destroying all traces of his crime. Fan's constancy however was reported to the Emperor K'ang Hsi, who caused his ashes to be collected and interred with high honours. A collection of his works, composed in prison, was published with a preface by the Emperor. Canonised as 忠貞.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Chi

​531 Fan Chi 樊姬. The consort of Prince 莊 Chuang of the Ch'u State. Because her lord was too much devoted to the chase she abstained for two years from animal food; until ​at length, touched by her determination, he gave up hunting altogether.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Suleiman II.

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​SULEIMAN II. (1641–1691), sultan of Turkey, was a son of Sultan Ibrahim, and succeeded his brother Mahommed IV. in 1687. Forty-six years of enforced retirement had qualified him for the cloister rather than for the throne, and his first feeling when notified of his accession was one of terror for his brother’s vengeance. Nor were the circumstances following on his elevation to the throne of a nature to reassure him, as one of the most violent of the revolts of the janissaries ended in the murder of the grand vizier and the brutal mutilation of his family, with general massacre and pillage throughout Constantinople. The war with Austria was for Turkey a succession of disasters. At this time, fortunately for the Ottoman Empire, a third great kuprili (Mustafa) arose and re-established order in the sorely-tried state (see Kuprili). In the reforms which followed, whereby the situation of the Christian subjects of the Porte was greatly improved, Suleiman is at least to be given the credit of having allowed Mustafa Kuprili a free hand. With an improved administration Turkey’s fortunes in the war began to revive, and the reconquest of Belgrade late in 1690 was the last important event of the reign, which ended in 1691 by Suleiman’s death. (See also Turkey: History.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sukhum-Kaleh

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​SUKHUM-KALEH, a seaport of Russian Caucasia in the government of Kutais. Pop. (1900), about 16,000. It is situated 106 m. N. of Batum, and has the best road stead on the east coast of the Black Sea, being sheltered by mountains on three sides and never freezing. In spite of the difficulties of communication with the interior, and the malarial marshes which surround the town, it has become important for the export of grain (chiefly maize). There is also a trade in tobacco. It stands on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Dioskurias. The annual mean temperature is 59° F. There are here a cathedral and a botanical garden. The town was captured by the Russians in 1809, but not formally relinquished by Turkey until 1829. In 1854 and again in 1877 it was occupied by the Turks.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Suleimanieh

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​SULEIMANIEH, or Suleimania, the chief town of a sanjak of the same name in Asiatic Turkey, in the vilayet of Mosul, situated on a treeless plain in the Kurdistan Mountains, in the region known as Shehrizor, some 40 or 50 m. from the Persian frontier, at an elevation of 2895 ft. It is a military station, and was founded towards the close of the 11th century. The estimated population is about 12,000, of whom 11,000 are Kurds, and the majority of the remaining 1000 Jews.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Suliman Hills

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​SULIMAN HILLS, a mountain system on the Dera Ismail Khan border of the north-west frontier of India. From the Gomal river southward commences the true Suliman system, presenting an impenetrable barrier between the plains of the Indus and Afghanistan. The Suliman Mountains finally merge into the hills of Baluchistan, which are inhabited by the Marri and Bugti tribes. The chief mass of the range is known as ​Takht-i-Suliman or Solomon’s throne. It may be seen on the western horizon from Dera Ismail Khan, a grey, flat-looking rampart rising from the lower line of mountains north and south of it, slightly saddle-backed in the middle, but culminating in a very well-defined peak at its northern extremity. The legend of the mountain is that Solomon visited Hindostan to marry Balkis, and that as they were returning through the air, on a throne supported by genii, the bride implored the bridegroom to let her look back for a few moments on her beloved land. Solomon directed the genii to scoop out a hollow for the throne on the summit of the mountain. The hollow is a cavity some 30 ft. square cut out of the solid rock, at the southern extremity of the mountain and is a place of pilgrimage for both Hindus and Mahommedans. The actual shrine is about two m. south of the highest peak. The whole mountain was traversed and surveyed by the Takht-i-Suliman Survey Expedition of 1883 (see Sherani) and was found to consist of two parallel ridges running roughly north and south, the southern end of the eastern ridge culminating in a point 11,070 ft. high, which is the Takht proper on which the shrine is situated, and the western ridge culminating at its northern nd in a point 11,300 ft. high known as Kaisargarh. Between these two ridges is a connecting tableland about 9000 ft. high. This plateau and the interior slopes of the ridges are covered with chilghosa (edible pine) forests. The mass of the mountain is composed of nummulitic limestone. No water is to be found on the summit.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Suina

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​SUINA, a group of non-ruminating artiodactyle ungulate mammals typihed by the swine (Suidae), but also including the hippopotamus (Hippopotamidae), and certain extinct forms. (See Artiodactyla; Hippopotamus; Peccary; Swine.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sula Islands

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​SULA ISLANDS (Sulla, Xuila; Dutch Soela), a chain of islands forming a prolongation of the eastern peninsula of Celebes and the Banggai Islands, Dutch East Indies. The three main islands are long and narrow (Taliabu, 68 m. long, Mangoli or Mangala, 63 m. and Besi, 30 m.). The two first lie in line, separated by the narrow Chapalulu Strait; Besi extends at right angles to the south coast of Mangoli. The natives of Taliabu are allied to those of the Banggai Islands and the eastern peninsula of Celebes; but immigrant Malays are the principal inhabitants. Economically, Besi is the most important island. A Dutch commissioner resides at Sanana, at its northern extremity. It is fertile, and produces wax and honey, and coal has been found.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sukkur

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​SUKKUR, or Sakhar, a town and district of British India, in Sind, Bombay. The town is situated on the right bank of the Indus, 24 m. N.W. of Skikarpur. Pop. (1901), 31,316. Sukkur has always commanded the trade of Sind, and the river is now crossed by a cantilever bridge carrying the North-Western railway to Kotri. The town was ceded to the Khairpur mirs between 1809 and 1824. In 1833 Shah Shuja defeated the Talpurs here with great loss. In 1842 it came under British rule.
The District of Sukkur was created in 1901 out of part of Shikarpur district, the remainder of which was formed into the district of Larkana. Area, 5403 sq. m. It is chiefly alluvial plain, but there are slight hills at Sukkur and Rohri. In the higher-lying parts are salt lands (Kalar), or even desert in the area known as the Registan. The climate is hot, dry and enervating. The annual rainfall at Sukkur town averages only 4½ in. The population in 1901 was 523,345, showing an increase of 10% in the decade. A considerable part of the district is irrigated, the principal crops being wheat, millets, rice, pulses and oil seeds. Earthen, leathern and metal ware, cotton cloth and tussore silk are manufactured, also pipe-bowls, snuff-boxes and scissors. Lines of the North-Western railway serve the district, and there is a branch from Sukkur towards Quetta.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sarzana

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​SARZANA, a town and episcopal see of Liguria, Italy, in the province of Genoa, 9 m. E. of Spezia, on the railway to Pisa, at the point where the railway to Parma diverges to the north, 59 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901) 6531 (town); 11,850 (commune). The handsome cathedral of white marble in the Gothic style, dating from 1355, was completed in 1474. It contains two elaborately-sculptured altars of the latter period. The former ​citadel (now gaol), built by the Pisans, was demolished and re-erected by Lorenzo de’ Medici. The castle of Sarzanello was built by Castruccio Castracani (d. 1328), whose tomb by the Pisan Giovanni di Balducci is in S. Francesco. The Palazzo del Capitano, by Giuliano da Maiano (1472), has been entirely altered. Sarzana has one of the most important glass-bottle factories in Italy, also brick-works and a patent fuel factory.
Sarzana was the birthplace of Pope Nicholas V. Its position at the entrance to the valley of the Magra (anc. Macra), the boundary between Etruria and Liguria in Roman times, gave it military importance in the middle ages. It arose as the successor of the ancient Luna, 3 m. S.E.; the first mention of it is found in 983, and in 1202 the episcopal see was transferred hither. A branch of the Cadolingi di Borgonuovo family, lords of Fucecchio in Tuscany from the 10th century onwards, which had acquired the name of Bonaparte, had settled near Sarzana before 1264; in 1512 a member of the family took up his residence in Ajaccio, and hence, according to some authorities, was descended the emperor Napoleon I. Sarzana, owing to its position on the frontier, changed masters more than once, belonging first to Pisa, then to Florence, then to the Banco di S. Giorgio of Genoa and from 1572 to Genoa itself. In 1814 it was assigned to the kingdom of Sardinia, the frontier between Liguria and Tuscany being now made to run between it and Carrara.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sash

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​SASH. (1) A framework of wood in which glass is fixed for a window, particularly a framework for large panes of glass in two parts which open and shut by sliding up or down. The word is a corruption of the Fr. châssis, châsse, Lat. capsa, box, case, capere, to hold. The word is, therefore, a doublet of “case” and “cash” (qq.v.) (2) A long band of silk or other fine or ornamented material worn round the waist or over the shoulders as part of a woman’s or child’s dress, or as a sign or badge of office, or as part of an official costume or uniform. The word is an adaptation of the Arab. shāsh, muslin, especially used (of the soft muslin or silken bands used for wrapping round the head in the form of a turban). In its early uses in English it appears as a term used by oriental travellers and writers on the East as an equivalent for a Mahommedan.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Saskatchewan (river)

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​SASKATCHEWAN (Cree: “Rapid River”), a river of Alberta and Saskatchewan provinces, Canada. Two large streams known as the North and South Saskatchewan unite near Prince Albert, and thence flow E. into Lake Winnipeg. The North Saskatchewan rises in the Rocky Mountains in 52° 07' N..and 117° 06′ W., and flows east, though with many windings, receiving several important tributaries, including the Clearwater, Brazeau and Battle. The South Saskatchewan is formed by the union of the Bow and the Belly, the former and larger of which rises in western Alberta in one of the highest districts of the Rockies. Flowing east in an extremely tortuous course, it receives the waters of the Red Deer, and farther on turns abruptly north to its junction with the other branch. The length of the united Saskatchewan is about 300 m.; shallow draught steamers ascend from its mouth to Edmonton on the North Branch, a distance of about 850 m.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sartain, John

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SARTAIN, JOHN (1808-1897). American artist, was born in London, England, on the 24th of October 1808. At the age of twenty-two he emigrated to America, and settled in Philadelphia. He was the pioneer of mezzotint engraving in America. Early in his career he painted portraits in oil and made miniatures; he engraved plates in 1841-1848 for Graham's Magazine, published by George Rex Graham (1813-1894); became editor and proprietor of Campbell's Foreign Semi-Monthly Magazine in 1843; and from 1849-1852 published with Graham Sartain's Union Magazine. He had charge of the art department of the Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, in 1876; took a prominent part in the work of the committee on the Washington Memorial, by Rudolf Siemering, in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia; designed medallions for the monument to Washington and Lafayette erected in 1869 in Monument Cemetery, Philadelphia; and was a member of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and a cavaliere of the Royal Equestrian Order of the Crown of Italy. He died in Philadelphia on the 25th of October 1897. His Reminiscences of a Very Old Man (New York, 1899) are of unusual interest. Of his children William Sartain (b. 1843), landscape and figure painter, was born at Philadelphia on the 21st of November 1843, studied under his father and under Léon Bonnat, Paris, was one of the founders of the Society of American Artists, and became an associate of the National Academy of Design. Another son, Samuel Sartain (1830-1906), and a daughter, Emily Sartain (b. 1841), who in 1886 became principal of the Philadelphia School of Design for Women, were also American artists.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sarti, Giuseppe

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​SARTI, GIUSEPPE (1729–1802), Italian composer, was born at Faenza on the 28th of December 1729. He was educated by Padre Martini, and appointed organist of the cathedral of Faenza before the completion of his nineteenth year. Resigning his appointment in 1750, Sarti devoted himself to the study of dramatic music, becoming director of the Faenza theatre in 1752. In 1751 he produced his first opera, Pompeo, with great success. His next works, Il Rè Pastore, Medonte, Demofoonte and L'Olimpiade, assured him so brilliant a reputation that in 1753 King Frederick V. of Denmark invited him to Copenhagen, with the appointments of Hofkapellmeister and director of the opera. Here he produced his Ciro riconsosciuto. In 1765 he travelled to Italy to engage some new singers; meanwhile the death of King Frederick put an end for the time to his engagement. In 1769 he went to London, where he could only contrive to exist by giving music lessons. In 1770 he obtained a post in Venice as music master at the Conservatorio dell' Ospedaletto. In 1779 he was elected maestro di cappella at the cathedral of Milan, where he remained until 1784. Here he exercised his true vocation—composing, in addition to at least twenty of his most successful operas, a vast quantity of sacred music for the cathedral, and educating a number of clever pupils, the most distinguished of whom was Cherubini. In 1784 Sarti was invited by the empress Catherine II. to St Petersburg. On his way thither he stopped at Vienna, where the emperor Joseph II. received him with marked favour, and where he made the acquaintance of Mozart. He reached St Petersburg in 1785, and at once took the direction of the opera, for which he composed many new pieces, besides some very striking sacred music, including a Te Deum for the victory of Ochakov, in which he introduced the firing of real cannon. He remained in Russia until 1801, when his health was so broken that he solicited permission to return. The emperor Alexander dismissed him in 1802 with a liberal pension; letters of nobility had been granted to him by the empress Catherine. His most successful operas in Russia were Armida and Olega, for the latter of which the empress herself wrote the libretto. Sarti died at Berlin on the 28th of July 1802.
Sarti's opera I Due Litiganti has been immortalized by Mozart, who introduced an air from it into the supper scene in Don Giovanni. It should be noted that Mozart's Nozze di Figaro owed a great deal to the influence of this opera, which was performed in Vienna in 1784. The admirable libretto by Da Ponte, author of the libretti of Figaro and Don Giovanni, shows similar situations, and the complicated finale of the first act served as a model to Mozart for the finale of the last act of Figaro.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sasaram

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​SASARAM, a town of British India, in the Shahabad district of Bengal, with a station on the East Indian railway, 406 m. N.W. from Calcutta. Pop. (1901) 23,644. It is famous as containing the tomb of the Afghan Sher Shah, who defeated Humayun and became emperor of Delhi (1540–1545). The tomb, which is the finest example of Mahommedan architecture in Bengal, stands on an island in the middle of an artificial lake. Close by is the tomb of Sher Shah’s father.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Pheretima

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PHERETIMA,
Wife of Battus, King of Cyrene, and the mother of Arcesilaus, who was driven from his kingdom in a sedition, and assassinated. After her son's death, she recovered the kingdom by the aid of Amasis, King of Egypt; and to avenge the murder of Arcesilaus, she caused all his assassins to be crucified round the walls of Cyrene, and she cut off the breasts of their wives, and hung them near their husbands. It is said she was devoured by worms; which probably had reference to the remorse she must have felt for her cruelties. She lived about 624 B.C.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Phebe

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PHEBE,
A deaconess of the port of Corinth called Cenchrea. St. Paul had a particular esteem for her, and Theodoret thinks he lodged at her house while at Corinth. She brought to Rome the epistle he wrote to the Romans, wherein she is so highly commended.
In this epistle, the apostle names, with warm approval, the faith and works of a number of women who appear to have been devoted, ​and important servants of the church at Rome. Priscilia, Mary, Junia, Tryphena and Tryphosa, Persia, Julia, the sister of Nereas and the mother of Rufus, whom the apostle calls "mine;" a touching tribute to the virtues of this Christian woman. There was no man among the Christian converts ever saluted by Paul with the title of father; and that he found a woman worthy of the tender, holy title of mother, shows how highly, in his estimation, ranked the piety of the gentle sex. The important trust reposed in Phebe proves, also, the efficient help he derived from woman's ministry in the cause of Christ. See Romans, chap. xvi. A.D. 60.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Petronilla, Dona

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PETRONILLA, DONA,
Daughter of Ramiro the monk, was betrothed in her infancy to Raymond, Count of Barcelona. The conditions of this marriage, that united Catalonia to Arragon, in 1137, were, that the count himself should never bear the title of "King," but merely that of "Prince" of Arragon, and that the offspring of the queen should succeed to the throne and kingship; that the arms of Catalonia should be united with those of Arragon, but that the standard-bearer should always be an Arragonian; and that the Arragonians should invoke the name of St. George, as that of their patron.
Petronilla gave birth, in 1150, to her eldest son, Raymond, who succeeded to the throne under the name of Alfonso; and subsequently to Pedro, who inherited Sardinia, Carcassone, and Narbonne. She had also two daughters, Aldonza or Dulcis, who, in 1181, married Sancho, Prince of Portugal, and another, whose name is not recorded, though she is said to have married Armengaul, Count of Urgel.
The queen, being extremely ill previous to the birth of her eldest child, made a will, providing that should the infant prove a son, he should succeed to the crown, but, if a daughter, the throne should be inherited by her husband. This will, excluding a female from inheriting the crown, was ever after quoted as a precedent against the sovereigns of Arragon, when they attempted to bequeath the crown to a daughter.
Raymond dying in August of 1162, Petronilla reigned one year, during the minority of her son, but on his attaining his thirteenth year, in 1163, by the advice of the nobles, resigned the crown to him. The queen died on the 3rd. of October, 1173, in Barcelona. She was a wise and good ruler over her people.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Pfeifer, Charlotte Birch

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PFEIFER, CHARLOTTE BIRCH,
Is noted as an actress and play-writer. She entered upon the ​stage in Munich in the year 1821, and was immediately received with great enthusiasm. She afterwards abandoned the stage to devote herself to the preparing of plays. Her best efforts are "The Fair of Frankford in the year 1297;" "Hinks and the Freedman."