OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bora, Katharina von

Edition of 1920. See also Katharina von Bora on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BORA, Katharina von, wife of Luther: b. Klein-Laussig, near Bitterfeldt, Saxony, 29 Jan. 1499; d. 20 Dec. 1552. She took the veil very early in the nunnery of Nimptschen, near Grimma; but becoming imbued with Reformation doctrines, and feeling very unhappy in her situation, she applied, with eight other nuns, to Luther, whose fame had reached them. Luther gained over a citizen of Torgau, by the name of Leonard Koppe, who, in union with some other citizens, undertook to deliver the nine nuns from their convent. This was done the night after Good Friday, 4 April 1523. Luther brought them to Torgau and from thence to Wittenberg. At the same time, to anticipate the charges of his enemies, he published a letter to Koppe, in which he frankly confessed that he was the author of this enterprise and had persuaded Koppe to its execution; and he also exhorted the parents and relations of the virgins to admit them again into their houses, who, however, declined to receive them. Some of them were received by citizens of Wittenberg; others who were not yet too old Luther advised to marry. Among the latter was Katharina, whom Philip Reichenbach, at that time mayor of the city, had taken into his house. Luther proposed to her several of his friends. She declined these proposals, but declared her willingness to bestow her hand on Nicholas von Amsdorf, or on Luther himself. Luther, who in 1524 had laid aside the cowl, was not averse to matrimony, yet appears to have been led to the resolution of marrying by reason rather than by passion. His marriage (13 June 1525) gave rise to many disadvantageous rumors, some of them as shameful as they were unfounded. Three sons and three daughters were born of the union. After Luther's death Katharina removed from Wittenberg to Leipzig, where she was compelled to take boarders for her support. She afterward returned to Wittenberg and finally removed to Torgau, where she died. In the church of Torgau her tombstone is still to be seen, on which is a life-size image of her. Consult ‘Lives’ by Hofmann (1845); Kroken (1900); Stein (1879); and Thoma (1900).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bohme, Jakob

Edition of 1920. See also Jakob Böhme on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BOHME, be'me, or BOHM, Jakob, one of the most renowned mystics of modern times: b. 1575, Altseidenberg, a village in upper Lusatia; d. Görlitz, November 1624. Böhme, being the son of poor peasants, remained to his 10th year without instruction, and employed in tending cattle. Raised by contemplation above his circumstances, and undisturbed by exterior influences, a strong sense of the spiritual, particularly of the mysterious, was awakened in him, and he saw in all the workings of nature upon his mind a revelation of God, and even imagined himself favored by divine inspirations. He became afterward a shoemaker; and this sedentary life seems to have strengthened his contemplative habits. In 1594 Böhme became a master shoemaker in Görlitz, married, and continued a shoemaker during his life, but withdrew himself more and more from the world. If we take into view his retirement, his piety, his rich and lively imagination, his imperfect education, his philosophical desire for truth, together with his abundance of ideas, and his delusion in considering many of those ideas as immediate communications of the Deity, we have the sources of his doctrine and his works. His first work, ‘Aurora, oder die Morgenröte,’ was written in 1616, and contains his revelations on God, man and nature. This gave rise to a prosecution against him; but he was acquitted, and called upon from all sides to continue writing. One of his most important works is ‘Description of the Three Principles of the Divine Being.’ His works contain profound and lofty ideas, mingled with many absurd and confused notions, but the basis of his thought is the theory that everything exists and becomes intelligible only through its opposite. The first collection of his writings was made in Holland in 1675 by Henry Betke; a more complete one in 1682 by Gichtel (10 vols., Amsterdam), from whom the followers of Böhme, a religious sect highly valued for their silent, virtuous and benevolent life, have received the name Gichtelians. Another edition appeared in Amsterdam in 1730 under the title ‘Theosophia Revelata’ (2 vols.); the most complete in six volumes. In England, also, Böhme's writings have found many admirers. William Law published an English translation of them, two volumes. A sect, taking their name from Böhme, was likewise formed in England, and in 1697 Jane Lead, an enthusiastic admirer of his, established a particular society for the explanation of his writings, under the name of the Philadelphists. In very recent years his views have taken on fresh importance, his fundamental principle having been perceived as akin to that underlying the philosophical systems of Spinoza, Schelling and Hegel. Consult Hartmann, ‘Life and Doctrines of Böhme’ (1893).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bohor

Edition of 1920. See also Bohor Reedbuck on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BOHOR, an East African antelope (Cervicapra bohar), one of the larger reitboks. It ranges in East Africa from Abyssinia to Rhodesia. See Reitbok.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Boston (England)

Edition of 1920. See also Boston, Lincolnshire on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BOSTON, England, a municipal and parliamentary borough and port of Lincolnshire,
situated on the river Witham, about five miles from the sea, 30 southeast from Lincoln. It derived its name (a corruption of Botolph's town) from Saint Botolph, who founded a monastery here about the year 650. Its chief interest for Americans lies in the fact that it was the English home of the most influential of the settlers of Boston, Mass. The port had formerly a flourishing trade, but owing to various causes, and especially the fact that in dry seasons the river became choked up with sand brought in by the tides, this trade greatly declined. In 1881 a new channel was constructed so as to bring the town within three miles of the sea by navigable water; and a new dock of seven acres area, capable of admitting vessels of 3,500 tons at the highest tides, was opened three years later. Boston contains some fine buildings, notably the parish church of Saint Botolph, the Cotton chapel and various other places of worship, a grammar school dating from 1554, the Athenaeum, the Guildhall and the Assembly rooms, under which are arranged the butter-market, poultry-market and the police-station. Saint Botolph's Church is a very large and handsome Gothic structure, with a tower, known as Boston Stump, 282 feet high, containing a carillon of 36 bells cast at Louvain. In the upper part of the tower, octagonal in shape, lights used to be suspended for the guidance of mariners at sea and travelers crossing the fens by night. The town is now well supplied with water brought from a reservoir distant about 14 miles. The leading industries comprise iron and brass foundries, the manufacture of farm implements, sails, ropes and bricks, and tanning, brewing and malting. Fishing also gives occupation to many of the inhabitants, and there is steam communication with Hull and London. Pop. (1911) 16,673. The borough returns one member to Parliament.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bohol

Edition of 1920. See also Bohol on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BOHOL, Philippines, an island belonging to the Visayas or Bisayas group. It has an area of about 1,511 square miles and an estimated population (1903) of 243,148. The interior is mountainous; Mount Copton, in the northeast, reaches 10,150 feet. Sugar-cane, rice, coffee and tobacco are grown and the island is reputed rich in gold deposits. The numerous rivers dry up after the rainy season. The most important town is Tagbilaran (pop. 12,000), a port on the southwest coast. The Visayas dialect prevails throughout Bohol.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bohtlingk, Otto von

Edition of 1920. See also Otto von Böhtlingk on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BOHTLINGK, bėt'lĭnk, Otto von, Russian Sanskrit scholar: b. Saint Petersburg, 30 May 1815; d. 1 April 1904. He received his education in his native city, and in 1853 removed to Germany. In 1842 he returned to Saint Petersburg, but subsequently lived much in Jena and Leipzig. His chief work is a Sanskrit-German dictionary in seven volumes, prepared in conjunction with Professor Roth of Tübingen (1853-75). In 1879-89 he issued a smaller edition giving the meanings (with considerable additions), but omitting the quotations.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Boott, Francis

Edition of 1920. See also Francis Boott (composer) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BOOTT, Francis, American musician and composer: b. Boston, Mass., 1813; d. 1904. He issued his first compositions under the name of Telford. His works comprise a mass for voices and instruments, a Miserere, Te Deum, Maria Mater and numerous songs including ‘The Sands of Dee,’ a setting of Kingsley's poem. He was an honorary professor of the Academy of Fine Arts and bequeathed to Harvard University $10,000 as a prize fund for compositions by native composers.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bohlen, Peter von

Edition of 1920. See also Peter van Bohlen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BOHLEN, Peter von, German Orientalist: b. Wüppels, Oldenburg, 9 March 1796; d. Halle, 6 Feb. 1840. He spent the first 20 years of his life in straitened circumstances, but his talents and perseverance attracted attention, and he obtained admission to the Hamburg gymnasium. He afterward studied the Eastern languages at Halle and Bonn; and he obtained an appointment at Königsberg, first in 1825 as
extraordinary, and afterward in 1830 as ordinary professor of Oriental literature. Bohlen has left many works which fully support his title to the high place which he held among Oriental scholars. One of the most important is a work entitled ‘Das alte Indien’ (2 vols., 1830-31), not yet superseded by any other work on the same subject. Other publications of his are ‘Die Genesis historisch-kritisch erläutert’ (1835) and editions of Bhartrihari's ‘Sententiæ’ (1833) and Kalidasa's ‘Ritusanhara’ (1840). The details of his life are given with great minuteness and honesty in an ‘Autobiography’ (Königsberg 1841), which is full of interest, and cannot be read without producing a full conviction that he was no less distinguished by his amiability in private life than by his literary acquirements.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bohn, Henry George

Edition of 1920. See also Henry George Bohn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BOHN, bōn, Henry George, English publisher, of German parentage: b. London, 4 Jan. 1796; d. Twickenham, 22 Aug. 1884. On completing his education he worked for a time under his father, but about 1831 started business on his own account as a second-hand bookseller, and in 1846 began the issue of his famous libraries, the first of a solid and instructive
kind published in England at a popular price. The first of these was the Standard, succeeded in the following year by the Scientific and the Antiquarian, in 1848 by the Classical, and from then till 1853 by the Illustrated, the Shilling, the Ecclesiastical, the Philological and the British Classics libraries. The whole number of volumes contained in these series exceeded 600. In 1864 and subsequent years he sold all his copyrights and other business properties, thus realizing a sum of nearly $500,000. Among his own works were ‘The Origin and Progress of Printing’ (1857); ‘Biography and Bibliography of Shakespeare’ (1863); ‘Dictionary of Quotations’ (1867): ‘Handbook of Proverbs’; ‘Handbook of Games’; ‘Guide to the Knowledge of Pottery and Porcelain’; and editions of Lownde's ‘Bibliographer's Manual’ and Addison's Works.
# The Exchange

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "The Exchange."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* The Exchange, short story by Author:Svatopluk Čech
* The Exchange, poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
# The Excellent Old Scots Song of the Blaeberry Courtship, to which is added, The Crook and Plaid/The crook and plaid

Dated from the Scottish Book Trade index and external evidence.
The Crook and Plaid.
If lassies loe the laddies, they surely should confess, For every lassie has a lad she loes aboon the rest; He’s dearer to her bosom whatever be his trade, And through life I’ll loe the laddie that wears the Crook and Plaid. He’s aye true to his lover, aye true to me.
He climbs the mountains early, his fleecy flocks to view, He spier the little laverocks spring out frae ’mang the dew; His faithful little dogie, so frolicsome and glad, Wanders forward with the laddie that wears the Crook and Plaid.
For he’s, &c.
​He pues the blooming heather, he pues the lilly meek, Calls the lily like my bosom the heather like my cheek, His words are aye so tender, my heart is aye so glad, There’s nae wooer like the laddie that wears the Crook and Plaid.
For he’s &c.
I winna hae the laddie that ca’s the cart & plough, Although he may be tender, although be may be true, But I will hae the laddie, that has my heart betrayed He’s the faithful shepherd laddie, that wears the Crook and Plaid.
For he’s &c.
It’s down beside the hawthorn that blooms in the vale, I’ll meet him in the gleaming far frae the noisy gale, His words are aye sae tender, my heart is aye sae glad, For he kens the way sae nicely to row me in his Plaid.
or he’s, &c.
To such a faithful lover, oh, who would not comply, True love gives purer pleasure than aught beneath the sky, If love be in your bosom, my heart can ne’er be sad, And thro’ life I’ll lo’e the laddie that wears the Crook and Plaid.
For he’s, &c.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Excellent old Scottish song of The blaeberry courtship/The Crook & Plaid

The Crook and Plaid.
If lassies love the laddies they surely should confest, For every lassie has a lad she loes aboon the rest, He’s dearer to her bosom whatever be his trade, And through life I’ll loe the laddie that wears the Crook and Plaid. He’s aye true to his lover, aye true to me.
He climbs the mountains early, his fleecy flocks to view, He spies the little laverocks spring out frae ’mang the dew, His faithful little doggie, so frolicsome and glad, Wanders forward with the laddie that wears the Crook and Plaid. For he’s aye, &c.
He pu’s the bloomin heather, he pu’s the lily meek, Calls the lily like my bosom, the heather like my cheek, His words are aye so tender, my heart is aye so glad, There’s nae wooer like the laddie that wears the Crook and Plaid. For he’s, &c.
​I winna hae the laddie that ca’s the cart and plough, Although he may be tender, although he may be true, But I will hae the laddie that has my heart betrayed, He’s the faithful shepherd laddie, that wears the Crook and Plaid. For he’s, &c.
It’s down beside the hawthorn that blooms in yonder vale, I’ll meet him in the gloaming far frae the noisy gale, His words are aye so tender, my heart is aye so glad, For he kens the way sae nicely to row me in his plaid, For he’s &c.
To such a faithful lover, oh who would not comply! True love gives purer pleasure than aught beneath the sky. If love be in your bosom my heart can ne’er be sad. And through life I’ll loe the laddie that wears the Crook and Plaid. For he’s &c.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Excellent Old Scots Song of the Blaeberry Courtship, to which is added, The Crook and Plaid

Dated from the Scottish Book Trade index and external evidence.
THE EXCELLENT
Old Scots Song
OF THE
Blaeberry Courtship,
TO WHICH IS ADDED,
THE CROOK AND PLAID.
FALKIRK: PRINTED FOR THE BOOKSELLERS
* The Blaeberry Courtship
* The Crook and Plaid
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Excellent old Scottish song of The blaeberry courtship

The Excellent Old
SCOTTISH SONG
OF THE
BLAEBERRY COURTSHIP.
TO WHICH IS ADDED
The Crook & Plaid.
PRINTED FOR THE BOOKSELLERS.
* The Blaeberry Courtship
* The Crook & Plaid
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lutz, Frank Eugene

Edition of 1920. See also Frank Eugene Lutz on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LUTZ, loots', Frank Eugene, American biologist: b. Bloomsburg, Pa., 15 Sept. 1879. He was graduated (1900) at Haverford College, Pennsylvania, studied (1902) at University of Chicago, then entered University College, London, England. He was (1904-09) resident-investigator at the station for experimental evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, then (1909-16) assistant curator of invertebrate zoology at American Museum of Natural History, New York City, to become associate curator in the latter year. He has written “Field Book of Insects” (1917) and numerous contributions to the scientific journals on the subjects variation, heredity, assortive mating, entomology, etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lübeck

Edition of 1920. See also Lübeck on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LÜBECK, Germany, one of the three free city-states (see Free Cities) and a constituent of the German confederation, situated on a low ridge at the confluence of the Wackenitz with the Trave, 38 miles northeast of Hamburg and 12 miles from the Gulf of Lübeck, on the Baltic. It was anciently surrounded by walls and bastions, which have been leveled and converted into pleasant walks; but it is still entered by four gates and furnishes striking specimens of the architecture of the 15th and 16th centuries. Among the buildings are the cathedral, a structure of red brick, begun in 1173, surmounted by two spires 416 feet high, and containing a finely carved choir-screen; the Marienkirche (Saint Mary's Church), a fine specimen of early Gothic, the Ægidienkirche (Saint Giles' Church) and the Petrikirche (Saint Peter's Church); the town or senate house, an ancient Gothic building; the Hospital of the Holy Ghost (13th century); the Holstein Gate, with its two lofty towers, etc. There is a public library of about 130,000 volumes. Scholastic establishments include technical, architectural and naval schools. The city has fine municipal waterworks, electric lighting and a system of electric street railroads connecting the suburbs. The manufactures are comparatively unimportant, but the trade is extensive, especially with Hamburg, the Baltic ports and the interior of Germany. The Elbe-Trave Canal connects Lübeck and Lauenburg. Lübeck possesses a territory of 116 square miles and includes the port of Travemünde and several isolated portions in Holstein and Lauenburg. It has a senate of 14 members and a
council of burgesses of 120 members. It became an imperial free city in 1226, and about 30 years later it became the head of the Hanseatic League. It is represented by one member in the Bundesrat and one in the Reichstag (q.v.). There is a court of first instance and a high court. Pop. of city about 116,599; of city and state about 130,000. The principality of Lübeck belongs to the grand duchy of Oldenburg and lies north of the state (pop. 41,300). Consult King, Wilson, ‘Three Free Cities: Hamburg, Bremen, Lübeck’ (London 1914).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lutzk

Edition of 1920. See also Lutsk on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LUTZK, lůtsk, Polish LUCK, Russia, town in the government Volhynia, on the river Styr and a branch of the South-West Railway. It has a 16th century castle, three Greco-Catholic and two Roman Catholic churches, two convents, two synagogues, Catholic seminary, etc. This is the centre of a great German colony. In the 11th century it was the capital
of an independent principality but fell (1791) into the possession of Germany. Its population is about 31,806.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lützen

Edition of 1920. See also Battle of Lützen (1632) and Battle of Lützen (1813) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LÜTZEN, lüt'sĕn, Germany, small town of Prussian Saxony, nine miles southwest of Leipzig. It derives all its interest from the two battles fought in its neighborhood. The first belongs to the Thirty Years' War, being fought on 16 Nov. 1632, between the Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus, and the Imperialists under Wallenstein. The Swedish monarch, having joined his forces with those of Bernard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, attacked the enemy in a strongly intrenched position. The issue was long doubtful, but the Swedes finally triumphed, though Gustavus fell in the action. The place of his death is marked by a square block of granite, called the Schwedenstein (the Swedes' stone). The second battle was fought 2 May 1813, somewhat farther south, at Gross-Görschen. It was the first important conflict between the allied Russian and Prussian armies and the French under Napoleon in that decisive campaign. The French numbered 115,000, while the allies had only 70,000. Napoleon maintained his position though at a loss of 18,000 men, against 10,000 of the allies killed and wounded. Napoleon being unable to press his advantage owing to lack of cavalry, the allies retreated in good order. Pop. about 4,086.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lusitania

Edition of 1920. See also Lusitania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LUSITANIA, lū-sĭ-tā'nĭ-a, Spain, the name of an ancient region of Hispania, the boundaries of which appear to have varied at different times: (1) on south by the Tagus and the ocean on the north and west; (2) bounded on the north by the Douro; (3) one of the three provinces in which Augustus divided the Iberian Peninsula, and lying south of the Tagus. The inhabitants were warlike and brave, lived upon plunder and were rude and unpolished in their manners. The Romans had great difficulty in conquering them, being frequently defeated by Viriathus, chief of the Lusitanians, who was captured by treachery and put to death, about 140 B.C., Lusitania shortly afterward coming under Roman control.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lübke, Wilhelm

Edition of 1920. See also Wilhelm Lübke on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LÜBKE, Wilhelm, vĭl'hĕlm lüb'kė, German historian of art: b. Dortmund, Westphalia, 17 Jan. 1826; d. Karlsruhe (Baden), 5 April 1893. He studied at Bonn and Berlin; held the chair
of architecture at the Building Academy of Berlin in 1857-61; was professor of the history of art and archæology at the polytechnic school at Zürich 1861-65, at Stuttgart 1866-85 and at the high school in Karlsruhe 1885-93. Chief among his works are ‘Mediæval Art in Westphalia’ (1853), which at once gave him a high place among art critics; the ‘History of Architecture’ (‘Geschichte der Architektur,’ 1855), the first popular manual of. the subject, and a great success; ‘Outlines of the History of Art’ (1860; 11th ed., 1891), translated into English by Clarence Cook, 1880; ‘History of the Renaissance in France’ (1868); ‘History of the Renaissance in Germany’ (1873); ‘Ecclesiastical Art in Germany’ (Eng. trans. by Wheatley, 1876); ‘History of Sculpture’ (Eng. trans, by Bunnet, 1878); ‘History of German Art’ (1888); ‘Recollections’ (1891). He was extremely versatile and previous to his work in art gave instruction in vocal and pianoforte music.