# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute/Volume 38

TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE
TRANSACTIONS
AND
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE
1905
VOL. XXXVIII
(Twenty-first of New Series)
EDITED AND PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE INSTITUTE
By
A. HAMILTON
Issued June, 1906
WELLINGTON
JOHN MACKAY, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD, LONDON
F. W. Hutton, F.R.S.
IN MEMORIAM.
Captain F. W. Hutton, F.R.S. (1836–1905).—Captain F. W. Hutton, who was President of the New Zealand Institute at the time of his death, was born in Lincolnshire in November, 1836, and received his earlier education at Southwell Grammar School and at the Royal Naval Academy at Gosport. After serving for some time as a midshipman he left the sea and studied at King's College, London. Soon, however, he received a commission in the Royal Welsh Fusiliers, and saw active service in the Crimea and in the Indian Mutiny.
He had already devoted some attention to geology, and on his return to London in 1860 he was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society of London, and during the next few years gained further practical knowledge of this science by accompanying the officers of the Geological Survey, and in 1862 he published a paper on "The Use of Geology to Military Officers."
In 1866 he resigned his commission in the army, and came to New Zealand and settled for a time in the Waikato district. Before long he was appointed to the Geological Survey Department, and commenced his geological work in New Zealand by making a geological survey of the Lower Waikato district, and this was soon followed by reports of the geology of other parts of Auckland. In 1871, on his appointment as Assistant Geologist, he removed to Wellington, and resided there for nearly three years, when he was appointed Provincial Geologist of Otago, and took up his residence in Dunedin. Here he continued his geological work and published a geological map of Otago, and, in connection with the late Professor Ulrich, brought out a work on the geology of Otago.
He had already commenced work also at the zoology of New Zealand, where the labours of a systematist were greatly needed, and in 1871 had published a catalogue with specific diagnoses of the birds of New Zealand. This was soon followed by a catalogue of the fishes, and papers on the bats and lizards, and in 1873 his catalogue on the marine Mollusca appeared, thus laying the foundation for the large amount of work which he afterwards did on the New Zealand Mollusca.
In 1876 he was appointed Professor of Natural Science at Otago University, and had charge of the Otago Museum, which indeed he may be said to have founded, for the building was designed and all the internal arrangements fitted up under his direction, and a large part of the natural-history specimens were brought together by his exertions.
About four years later he was appointed Professor of Biology at Canterbury College, and about the time of his removal to Christchurch he published a little work, "Zoological Exercises," in which he adapted the method of instruction in natural science by Huxley to the special ​requirements of New Zealand students. In Christchurch he continued to publish papers on various branches of New Zealand zoology, but these were varied with others on various geological questions, and for some time, owing to the wants of his students, he devoted considerable attention to botany. Later on he had temporary charge of the Canterbury Museum after the death of Sir Julius von Haast, and in 1893 he succeeded Mr. H. O. Forbes as Curator, and acted also as lecturer on geology—for this purpose resigning the professorship of biology.
About three years ago, feeling the strain of lecturing too much for him, he gave up his lectureship, but continued as Curator of the Museum. In March, 1905, he left for England on leave of absence, but almost immediately after his arrival there he had a second attack of the severe illness from which he had suffered about two years before, and though he recovered to some extent he did not survive to reach New Zealand, but died during the return voyage.
Captain Hutton naturally took a large share in the work of tne various scientific societies of New Zealand and Australia. He was successively a member of the Institutes at Auckland, Wellington, Dunedin, and Christchurch, and served several times as Secretary, Treasurer, or President in the two last named. He was also an honorary member of the Linnæan Society of New South Wales, Fellow of the Zoological and Geological Societies, and member and President of the Australasian Ornithological Union. In the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science he served as General Secretary for the Christchurch meeting in 1891, President of Section C (Geology) in 18S0 and 1898, and President of the Association at the Hobart meeting in 1902. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1892, and in 1904, after the reconstitution of the New Zealand Institute, he was unanimously elected its first President.
Of Captain Hutton's work on the geology and zoology of New Zealand some mention has been already made. Naturally a great part of his time was devoted to systematic work, and many papers dealing with practically all classes of animals will be found in the "Transactions of the New Zealand Institute," and in the scientific journals of Australia and Europe. To the birds he devoted special attention, and his important paper on the "Moas of New Zealand" (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xxiv) requires special mention. He also gave much time to the study of the Mollusca, and in addition to many papers in the Transactions published several catalogues of them, the most important of them being his "Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca," issued separately in 1880, and in the same way he catalogued many of the different groups of insects. His systematic work was summed up and brought so far as possible to a conclusion in the "[[Index Faunæ Novæ-Zealandiæ," edited by him and published by the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury in 1904, and a glance through its pages will show how large a number of the animals recorded from New Zealand have been named and described by him. Two more popular works written in conjunction with Mr. James Drummond deserve mention—viz., "Nature in New Zealand" and "The Animals of New Zealand," the latter being a beautifully illustrated account of the air-breathing vertebrates of New Zealand.
But Captain Hutton was far more than a systematist, and as far back as 1873 he dealt with the origin of the fauna and flora of New Zealand in a paper "On the Geographical Relations of the New Zealand Fauna" (Trans. N.Z. Inst., v, p. 227), and he returned to the subject again in 1884 and 1885, and a concise and judicial summing-up of our knowledge of the subject will be found in the introduction to the "Index Faunæ Novæ-Zealandiæ." Of the various explanations offered by him ​to account for some of the difficult questions in connection with this subject it is not necessary to speak here in detail—they are well known to all students of the subject, and have long since established Captain Hutton as a leading authority on the distribution of animals and plants.
During the whole course of his career Captain Hutton gave much thought to the fundamental questions of biology. In 1861 he wrote a review of Darwin's "Origin of Species" for the "Geologist," which showed that even thus early he had grasped and accepted the fundamental principles of the theory of descent, and he continued to deal with various aspects of the question in numerous addresses and lectures. In 1899 he published his "Darwinism and Lamarckism, Old and New": and in 1902 appeared "The Lesson of Evolution," containing his Presidential Address to the Hobart meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, and other essays.
In addition to the large amount of work that he personally performed. Captain Hutton greatly aided and advanced our knowledge of the natural history of New Zealand by the advice, stimulus, and assistance which he at all times so willingly gave to younger workers, and his name will always remain inseparably connected with the foundation of New Zealand geology and zoology.
CONTENTS.
TRANSACTIONS.
I.—Miscellaneous. :
| | | | PAGES. |
| Art. | I. | Early Native Records of the Manawatu Block. By P. E. Baldwin | 1–11 |
| | XVIII. | Maori Place-names, with Special Reference to the Great Lakes and Mountains of the South Island. By James Cowan | 113–120 |
| | XIX. | Some Historic Maori Personages. By T. W. Downes | 120–127 |
| | XX. | The Winged Pilot of Hawaiki. By Archdeacon Walsh | 127–130 |
| | XXI. | On a Stone-carved Ancient Wooden Image of a Maori Eel-god. By A. K. Newman | 130–134 |
| | XXII. | On the Musical Notes and Other Features of the Long Maori Trumpet. By A. K. Newman. And Notes on the Maori Trumpet, by W. H. Warren | 134–139 |
| | XXV. | Maori Eschatology: The Whare Potae (House of Mourning) and its Lore; being a Description of many Customs, Beliefs, Superstitions, Rites, &c, pertaining to Death and Burial among the Maori People, as also some Account of Native Belief in a Spiritual World. By Elsdon Best | 148–239 |
| | LV. | Notes upon a Find of Kauri-gum in Rangitikei, Wellington Province. By S. A. R. Mair | 499–501 |
| II.—Zoology. ||||
| | XI. | Notes on the Hemiptera of the "Index Faunæ Novæ-Zealandiæ." By G. W. Kirkaldy | 61–62 |
| | XII. | Note on a Water-beetle found in Sea-water. By Charles Chilton | 63 |
| | XIII. | On the Occurrence of Metoponorthus pruinosus, Brandt, in New Zealand. By Charles Chilton | 64–65 |
| | XVI. | Results of Dredging on the Continental Shelf of New Zealand. By Charles Hedley | 68–76 |
| | XVII. | On some Foraminifera and Ostracoda obtained off Great Barrier Island, New Zealand. By Frederick Chapman | 77–112 |
| | XXVI. | Additional Notes on the Earthworms of the North Island of New Zealand. By W. B. Benham | 239–245 |
| | XXVII. | On a Large Pterotracheid from the Pacific Ocean. By W. B. Benham | 245–248 ​ |
| | XXVIII. | An Account of some Earthworms from Little Barrier Island. By W. B. Benham | 248–256 |
| | XXIX. | On the Anatomy of Hyla aurea. By George Marriner | 257–265 |
| | XXX. | Report of some Crustacea dredged off the Coast of Auckland. By Charles Chilton | 265–269 |
| | XXXI. | List of Crustacea from the Chatham Islands. By Charles Chilton | 269–273 |
| | XXXII. | Description of a Species of Phreatoicus from the Surface Waters of New Zealand. By Charles Chilton | 274–276 |
| | XXXIII. | Note on the Occurrence in New Zealand of Dipterous Insects belonging to the Family Blepharoceridæ. By Charles Chilton | 277–278 |
| | XXXIV. | Results of Dredging on the Continental Shelf of New Zealand. By R. Murdoch and H. Suter | 278–305 |
| | XXXV. | Results of Dredging on the Continental Shelf of New Zealand. By W. H. Webster | 305–308 |
| | XXXVI. | Additions to the New Zealand Fauna. By W. H. Webster | 309–312 |
| | XXXVII. | On the Anatomy of Paryphanta atramentaria, Shuttleworth. By R. Murdoch | 313–316 |
| | XXXVIII. | Notes on New Zealand Mollusca, with Descriptions of New Species and Subspecies. By H. Suter | 316–333 |
| | XXXIX. | Genus Isidora: Correction of Article XVI in Last Year's Transactions (Volume XXXVII). By H. Suter | 333 |
| | XL. | On Flabellum rugulosum, Tenison-Woods. By H. Suter | 334 |
| | XLI. | Notes on Insect Swarms on Mountain-tops in New Zealand. By G. V. Hudson | 334–336 |
| | XLII. | Notes on some South Island Birds, and Maori Associations connected therewith. By James Cowan | 337–341 |
| | LVII. | Note on the Occurrence of Two Rare and Two Introduced Moths. By G. Howes | 509 |
| | LVIII. | Some New Species of Lepidoptera. By G. Howes | 510–511 |
| | LXI. | The Portobello Marine Fish-hatchery and Biological Station. By G. M. Thomson | 529–558 |
| III.—Botany. ||||
| | XLIII. | On a Specific Case of Leaf-variation in Coprosma baueri, Endl. (Rubiaceæ). By L. Cockayne | 341–345 |
| | XLV. | Notes on a Brief Botanical Visit to the Poor Knights Islands. By L. Cockayne | 351–360 |
| | XLIV. | On the Supposed Mount Bonpland Habitat of Celmisia lindsayi, Hook. f. By L. Cockayne | 346–350 |
| | XLVI. | Notes on the Subalpine Scrub of Mount Fyffe (Seaward Kaikouras). By L. Cockayne | 361–374 |
| | XLVII. | Notes on the Growth of certain Native Trees in the Auckland Domain. By J. Stewart | 374–377 |
| | XLVIII. | On the Leaf-structure of some Plants from the Southern Islands of New Zealand. By Miss E. M. Herriott | 377–422 |
| | XLIX. | Description of a New Native Grass. By D. Petrie | 423–434 |
| | L. | Appendix to List of Seaweeds of Norfolk Island. By R. M. Laing | 424 |
| | LIV. | Two New Ferns. By H. C. Field | 495–498 ​ |
| IV.—Geology. ||||
| | II. | Magmatic Segregation in its Relation to the Genesis of certain Ore-bodies. By James Park | 11–16 |
| | III. | Contact Metamorphism in its Relation to the Genesis of certain Ore-deposits. By James Park | 16–20 |
| | IV. | Thermal Activity in its Relation to the Genesis of certain Metalliferous Veins. By James Park | 20–33 |
| | V. | On the Rôle of Metasomatism in the Formation of certain Ore-deposits. By James Park | 33–36 |
| | VI. | The Deposition of Mineral Matter from Aqueous Solutions in its Relation to the Filling of Cavities and Vein-fissures. By James Park | 36–39 |
| | VIII. | Technical Analyses of Coal, and Coal-testing. By A. M. Wright | 42–45 |
| | XIV. | On Crassatellites trailli. By Captain Hutton | 65–66 |
| | XV. | On a Skeleton of Emeus crassus from the North Island. By Captain Hutton | 66–67 |
| | LI. | The Occurrence of Gold at Harbour Cone. By C. N. Boult | 425–446 |
| | LII. | On the Geology of the Clarendon Phosphate-deposits, Otago, New Zealand. By Arthur Robert Andrew | 447–482 |
| | LIII. | The Gem Gravels of Kakanui; with Remarks on the Geology of the District. By J. Allan Thomson | 482–495 |
| | LXII. | On the Treatment of Partially Decomposed Pyritic Tailings by the Cyanide Process. By H. Frank Shepherd | 558–560 |
| | LXIII. | Geological Notes on the Country North-west of Lake Wakatipu | 560–567 |
| V.—Chemistry, Physics, etc. ||||
| | VII. | The Temperature of Combustion of Methane in the Presence of Palladiumised Asbestos (Abstract). By H. G. Denham | 39–41 |
| | IX. | Some New Compounds of a Similar Nature to Antifebrine. By P. W. Robertson | 45–50 |
| | X. | The Estimation and Detection of the Alkaloids by means of their Double Sulphocyanides. By P. W. Robertson | 51–61 |
| | XXIII. | On Temporary Stars. By M. Chapman | 139–143 |
| | XXIV. | Notes on a Meteoric Appearance. By M. Chapman | 143–148 |
| | LIX. | The Effect on Temperature of Molecular Association and Dissociation. By W. S. Page | 512–515 |
| | LX. | The Resistance of Steel to Mechanical Shock, and the Determination of Material suitable for Machinery. By Professor Scott | 515–529 |
| | LVI. | Brief Notes on the Theory of New Zealand Earthquakes. By G. Hogben | 502–509 |
| | | Records of Milne Seismographs— |
| | | No. 16, Christchurch: Observer, H. F. Skey | 568–571 |
| | | No. 20, Wellington: Observer, G. Hogben | 572–574 ​ |
| REPORTS AND PROCEEDINGS. ||||
| Annual Report of the New Zealand Institute | Annual Report of the New Zealand Institute | Annual Report of the New Zealand Institute | 577 |
| Proceedings— | Proceedings— | Wellington Philosophical Society | 583 |
| {{{1}}}„ | {{{1}}}„ | Auckland Institute | 591 |
| {{{1}}}„ | {{{1}}}„ | Philosophical Institute of Canterbury | 594 |
| {{{1}}}„ | {{{1}}}„ | Otago Institute | 600 |
| {{{1}}}„ | {{{1}}}„ | Westland Institute | 606 |
| {{{1}}}„ | {{{1}}}„ | Hawke's Bay Philosophical Institute | 607 |
| {{{1}}}„ | {{{1}}}„ | Nelson | 609 |
| {{{1}}}„ | {{{1}}}„ | Manawatu Philosophical Society | 610 |
LIST OF PLATES AT THE END OF THE VOLUME.
| Plate | | To illustrate Article |
| I., II. | Results of Dredging.—Hedley | XVI. |
| III. | Deep-sea Foraminifera.—Chapman | XVII. |
| IV.–VIII. | Clarendon Phosphates.—Andrew | LII. |
| IX.–XIII. | Gold at Harbour Cone.—Boult | LI. |
| XIV.–XVII. | Sketches by Gilfillan.—Downes | XIX. |
| XVIII. | Chiton and Helcioniscus.—Suter | XXXVIII. |
| XIX. | Species of Isidora.—Suter | XXXIX. |
| XX. | Anatomy of Paryphanta.—Murdoch | XXXVII. |
| XXI.–XXVII. | Deep-sea Mollusca.—Suter and Murdoch | XXXIV. |
| XXVIII.–XXXVII. | Plant Structure.—Herriott | XLVIII. |
| XXXVIII. | Deep-sea Mollusca.—Webster | XXXV. |
| XXXIX. | New Zealand Mollusca.—Webster | XXXVI. |
| XL.–XLII. | Earthworms.—Benham | XXVI. |
| XLIII. | Firola coronata.—Benham | XXVII. |
| XLIV. | New Zealand Lepidoptera.—Howes | LVIII. |
| XLV. | Hyla aurea.—Marriner | XXIX. |
| XLVI. | Larva of Curupira.—Chilton | XXXIII. |
| XLVII.–LI. | Trees in Auckland Domain.—Stewart | XLVII. |
| LII. | Leaf-variation in Coprosma.—Cockayne | XLIII. |
| LIII., LIV. | New Zealand Earthquakes.—Hogben | LVI. |
| LV.–LIX. | Portobello Fish-hatchery.—Thomson | LXI. |
| LX. | Maori Eel-god.—Newman | XXI. |
| LXI.–LXVII. | Records of Milne Seismographs.—Skey and Hogben. |
FRONTISPIECE.
Portrait of the late Captain Hutton.