# Report to the Deputy Attorney General on the Events at Waco, Texas/Appendix D
## Appendix D: Arson Report

REPORT OF FIRE SCENE INVESTIGATION
This report relates to the cause and origin of a fire that occurred on April 19, 1993 at the structure known as the "Branch Davidian compound" located near Waco, Texas.

### STATUTES VIOLATED

This report establishes that the fire was the result of an intentional act by a person or persons inside the compound and in in violation of state and federal criminal laws including but limited to: Title 7, Section 28.02 of the Texas Penal Code (Arson), and Title 18, Section 844(i) of the U. S. Code.
Furthermore, if the prosecution establishes that a person intentionally causes the death of an individual in the course ot committing or attempting to commit Arson, the person may be trie,j for Capital Murder as defined under Title 5, Section 19.03 T.P.C. punishable by life imprisonment or death.

### BUILDING DESCRIPTION

The involved structure was a multi-storied, wood framed building in an irregular shape with a ground floor area of approximately 12,500 square feet. Contained within the buildinq on the ground floor were the men's living quarters, a kitchen an"i dining room with adjacent food storage area, several utility rooms, a chapel, and a gymnasium.
The second floor was located over the entire length of the front of the building and above the food storage area, as well as in an area above the northeast portion of the chapel. The second floor was apparently used as quarters for women and children, and also contained Vernon Howell's quarters. Both corners on the front of the building contained a third floor. A third and fourth floor were located over the food storage area.
The building appeared to have been constructed haphazardly over a period of time with no attention to any building or fire codes. No bathroom or plumbing fixtures were found within the building with the exception of,sinks located in the kitchen area. Used lumber had been employed in construction. Most of the building's interior lacked wallboard. Foundation, slabs, and piers were unreinforced concrete of inferior quality.
A poured, unreinforced concrete foundation wall approximately 1001 x 241 was located on the southeast section of the building. Cinder blocks with a poured concrete cap set directly on the earth made up the remainder of the exterior foundation on the front. The remaining structural foundation was either cinder blocks set directly on the earth or homemade unreinforced concrete blocks.
Most of the interior foundation was made of poured unreinforced concrete blocks or cinder blocks set directly on the earth, unreinforced concrete slabs, or poured concrete blocks formed from five gallon cans and/or half gallon milk containers.
Floor joists were identifiable from remains found on the ground floor only. Most appear to have been wooden 2" x 6"s. There were no mechanical connections to foundations or piers, with the exception of the 100' x 2' section previously noted. Several materials used for flooring on the ground floor were noted, including 1/21 plywood, 1" particle board and 1" particle board over 1" x 6"s.
The exterior framing in the 100' x 24' area on the ground floor appeared to be 2" x 6"s. The remaining exterior framing appeared to be 2" x 4"s. Exterior walls throughout were covered with 1/2" exterior masonite. The entire front section of the building's ground floor (176' x 24') appears to have had interior walls covered with 1/211 sheetrock ' wallboard. The remains of 1/2" sheetrock were also found in the chapel area. No remains of interior wallboard were found in either the dining room or the gymnasium. The interior wall coverings above the first floor are unknown.
The only materials known to have been used for roof construction were found at the rear of the gymnasium. In this area, 3/8" plywood had been laid over 2" x 8" homemade wooden trusses. The roof of the entire structure was covered with rolled asphalt composition roofing material.
Electrical power to the building had been turned off prior to the day of the fire. No evidence of any energized electrical service to the building was observed.
There were also several underground storage rooms that appeared to have been dug directly under the existing structure. A school bus had been buried at the west end of the building. The bus was a part of a tunnel system extending from the west end of the building to a large concrete walled structure (unfinished construction) partially roofed by plywood covered with tar paper.
The only entrance to the tunnel system from the main building was through an opening in the floor of the main building, west end. This opening led to a small underground room with access to the rear door of the aforementioned school bus.

### OCCUPANCY

The structure was occupied as a multi-family residential building with shared common areas including a single kitchen and dining area, a chapel, and a gymnasium. The gymnasium was being used as a storage area.
The interior of the building was compartmented into many smaller rooms presumed to have been used as sleeping quarters.
The building also contained a small machine shop in which the remains of a metal lathe and mill were found. There were also identifiable remains of a large amount of firearms, ammunition, and devices resembling explosive ordinance.

### CAUSE AND ORIGIN

This fire was caused by the intentional act(s) of a person or persons inside the compound. Fires were set in three separate areas of the structure identified as points of origin 1, 2, and 3. This investigation establishes that these fires occurred in areas significantly distant from each other and in a time frame that precludes any assumption of a single ignition source or accidental cause.
Furthermore, the physical evidence collected at the scene included the remains of several metal containers commonly used for the storage of flammable liquids. These containers were collected by members of the Texas Rangers crime scene team and remain in their custody. Samples of fire debris were also collected and proof of flammable liquids was established through the use of an accelerant detection dog and through laboratory analysis. Further details are included in other sections of this report.
Point of origin #1 is further identified as the second floor, front section of the building, southeast corner.
Point of origin #2 is further identified as the first floor, mid section of the building in or near the area identified as the dining room.
Point of origin #3 is further identified as the first floor, right side (east) of the building identified as the chapel area.
Investigative findings further confirm that flammable liquids were used to accelerate the spread and intensity of the fire.

### CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS
#### HISTORY

on or about and for several weeks prior to April 19, 1993, the above described structure, also known as the Mount Carmel Compound, was occupied by several dozen members of a religious cult who called themselves "Branch Davidians". The cult was allegedly led by a person identified as Vernon Howell, aka: David Koresh.
This location was the scene of a federal law enforcement operation in which hostage negotiators were attempting to effect the release of persons inside the compound and/or surrender of Howell and others charged with criminal violations.
At or about 6:00 am on April 19, 1993, federal officers began to breach the walls of the building using vehicles described as combat engineering vehicles (CEV's). Other military vehicles were also used at the scene as transport for law enforcement officers.
During the next six hours, ending shortly after 12:00 noon, several large portions of the building's exterior walls were destroyed by the CEV's. The area of deepest penetration by the vehicles was in the rear section known as the gymnasium located on the northeast side of the building. During this period of time, law enforcement officers reported seeing persons moving about inside the building. Also during this same time period, tear gas was inserted inside the building by means of pressurized injectors mounted on the CEV's and hand held launchers. At or about 9:17 am, the front door of the building was breached by CEV.
The last contact by a CEV was at or about 12:06 pm. This contact resulted in the removal of a part of the southeast corner of the exterior wall, ground floor level.
There was no evidence-or indication of fire at any time during the approximate six hours of intermittent physical contact between the vehicles and the building. At the conclusion of the breaching and tear-gassing operation, the building had sustained several large openings in the exterior walls.
THE EVENTS DESCRIBED IN THE ABOVE CHRONOLOGY ARE DOCUMENTED BY EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS, FBI RADIO LOGS, AND PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, FORWARD LOOKING INFRARED (F.L.I.R.) VIDEO TAPE, STILL PHOTOGRAPHY AND BROADCAST NEWS VIDEO.

#### THE FIRE

The intensity levels described in this section refer to the relative growth and flame spread characteristics observed in the F.L.I.R. video tape. They are applied to this particular case for claiification purpos es only and do not refer to the commonly applied "phases of fire" theory.
Intensity levels are defined as follows:
    I.L.(1) Visible flame or observable heat at the incipient fire stage.
    I.L.(2) A fire which has progressed from incipient (I.L.1) to the point of full room involvement.
    I.L.(3) A fire which his reached a point greater than I.L.2 and has visible flame extending beyond the room or area of origin.
12:07:41 - Fire is first observed in point of origin one (southeast corner, second floor). This fire is at I.L.1 (incipient).
12:08:49 - Fire is observed at area of origin two (dining area). This fire is already at or near I.L.2 when first observed.
12:09:30 - Fire at point of origin one is observed reaching I.L.2
12:09:42 - Flames at point of origin one are observed venting through windows, second floor.
12:09:45 - Fire is visible in point of origin three (inside chapel). This fire is observed at I. L. 1 and rapidly intensifit~s to I.L.3.
12:10:22 - Point of origin three (chapel) spreading to full involvement of gymnasium (I.L.3+).
12:11:00 - Fire rapidly spreading to involve entire building.

### CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS

The spread of this fire was enhanced by a combination of several factors in addition to the multiple points of origin and the use of flammable liquids. These factors include the following:
* Building construction: This building, as mentioned above, was very poorly constructed with no apparent consideration to fire safety. Although constructed in a rural area and possibly not legally bound to fire code restrictions, this building appears to have been built with a total disregard to any reasonable concern for fire prevention, especially considering it's intended use as living quarters for numerous people.
* Wind: The spread of any fire is naturally affected by the wind. This fire was certainly intensified by a very strong wind from the general direction of the south.
* Law enforcement breaching operations: During the approximate six hours prior to the fire, in their efforts to allow access to the interior of the building, and allegedly to allow escape from within, the FBI removed several large sections of the building's exterior walls. When added to the aforementioned strong wind, these openings are contributory to the fire's spread. However, another factor to consider is that the allowance of additional fresh air into the building, while fanning the flames, would have also lowered the concentration of carbon monoxide thus allowing a greater amount of "breathable" air and increasing the amount of time a person might have survived if trapped inside.
* Contents within the building: One aspect of particular concern, somewhat unique to this fire scene, is the unusual amount of highly combustible products stored inside the building, such as bailed hay, large quantities of paper products and other flammables.
* Delayed fire suppression: The building was virtually destroyed before fire fighting operations began. However, even under more favorable circumstances, including the time required for detection, reporting, response and suppression, a fire such as this would have likely been too far advanced for effective extinguishment, salvage or rescue.

### OTHER INCENDIARY INDICATORS
#### ACCELERANT DETECTION DOG

During the fire scene examination, an accelerant detection dog was used to assist in locating areas within the compound that may have contained the presence of hydrocarbons or flammable liquids (possibly used to accelerate the fire). The dog alerted in numerous areas throughout the compound including the points of origin mentioned above. Additionally, the dog was allowed controlled access to articles of clothing removed from the residents of the compound who escaped after the fire began. The dog alerted on many of the articles of clothing.
A DETAILED REPORT ENTITLED "ACCELERANT DETECTION CANINE ASSIST REPORT" COMPILED BY J.M. KAUS AND J.D. HUDEC IS INCLUDED AS A PART OF THIS REPORT. THE AREAS OF ALERTS INSIDE THE COMPOUND WILL BE INDICATED ON THE CRIME SCENE DRAWING.
Of particular interest is the fact that the dog is capable of making distinctions of relative intensity between areas of the same garment. Although incapable of identifying a particular flammable liquid, the dog is much more sensitive than commonly used electronic equipment and can often alert on samples containing minute quantities of flammables, that cannot be detected by the gas chromatographic instrument.

#### FORENSIC LABORATORY FINDINGS

Approximately one hundred samples of fire debris and clothing were submitted for scientific analysis. These items had been alerted on by the canine prior to submission for identification. Many could not be identified by scientific means. However, those that were identified include the following:
| DPS # |
| 0018B | shoes - Misty Ferguson KEROSENE |
| 0019C | shoes - Clive Doyle CAMP STOVE FUEL |
| 0024 | clothing - Derek Lovelock CAMP STOVE FUEL |
| 0024A | clothing - Derek Lovelock KEROSENE |
| 0024B | shoes - Derek Lovelock CAMP STOVE FUEL |
| 0026A | shoe (left) - Graeme Craddock KEROSENE AND GASOLINE |
| 0022A | shoes - Jaime Castillo CAMP STOVE FUEL |
| 0037 | jacket CHARCOAL STARTER FUEL |
| 0189 | shirt, shirt, pants CHARCOAL STARTER FUEL |
| 0255 | soil GASOLINE |
| 0735 | raincoat GASOLINE |
| 0796 | cloth HEAVY PETROLEUM DISTILLATE |
| 0925 | carpet GASOLINE |
| 0928 | debris GASOLINE |
| 0932 | latex gloves CHARCOAL STARTER FUEL |
| 0934 | cartridge belt GASOLINE |
| 0936 | coat CHARCOAL STARTER FUEL |
| 0938 | camo pants HEAVY PETROLEUM DISTILLATE |
| 0939 | gas mask GASOLINE |
| 1176 | unknown sample GASOLINE |
| 1404 | debris GASOLINE |
| 1415 | concrete KEROSENE |
| 1417 | concrete KEROSENE |
| 1418 | soil KEROSENE |
| 1419 | soil KEROSENE |
| 1420 | concrete KEROSENE |
THE ITEMS LISTED IN THE SECTION ABOVE ARE INCLUDED IN A DETAILED REPORT BY DR. ANDREW ARMSTRONG WHICH WILL BE INCLUDED AS A PART OF THIS REPORT.

### ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

The following is provided for informational purposes concerning the tear gas used by the FBI at the compound. We are of the opinion that this fire was not caused by nor was it intensified by any chemicals present in the tear-gassing operations.
There were two methods of delivery. 1) The 40mm Ferret cartridge which is a plastic projectile delivered by an M79 hand held launcher.
The irritant mixture is a nonburning nonexplosive liquid agent containing CN and Methylene Chloride as a carrier. Each Ferret contained 25cc (1.53 cu.in.) of the mixture. The effectiveness of this product is diminished proportionally to the amount of air available for dissipation, which is why it is intended for enclosed space application.
Although capable of limited penetration, many of these rounds did not penetrate the exterior of the building. Those that did enter the building were probably incapable of penetrating beyond the first room of entry.
Although Methylene Chloride can be made to support weak flame propagation under some controlled laboratory conditions, it most likely would have acted as a flame inhibitor if introduced into a room during the incipient stage of a fire, and probably could not have been ignited during deployment and delivery by any common ignition source present in this application. 2) The pressurized CN carried aboard the CEV's had a maximum delivery rate of twelve to fifteen seconds and was sprayed through a nozzle using Carbon Dioxide as the propellant. Not only incapable of igniting, this product may have been an effective extinguishing medium if applied to a fire already in progress.

### EFFECTIVENESS OF TEAR GAS

It is apparent that a conscious decision to use the above described methods of tear gas delivery included some concern for potential fire hazards. In choosing the products selected, a significant degree of effectiveness may have been sacrificed in favor of safety. In fact, when all factors are considered, including the strong winds, the large openings in the building as a result of the CEV operations, the relative weakness of the tear gas selected, and the use of gas masks by the occupants, the entire gassing operation may be viewed as a failure with the possible exception of a psychological effect. Nevertheless, we are of the opinion that these operations did not contribute to the ignition or spread of the fire.

### CONCLUDING POINTS FOR CONSIDERATION

A scenario involving the Ferret round as a cause of this fire includes some unlikely coincidental occurrences which would have required the projectile to enter a room, striking a lighted liquid fueled lantern, spilling the fuel without extinguishing the burning mantel, and allowing the burning mantel to ignite the spilled fuel. Such a scenario would have resulted in an immediate flash ignition at a single point of origin with a natural fire spread from that point. As reflected earlier in this report, multiple points of origin occurring after cessation of the gassing operation eliminates this hypothetical explanation.
Another theoretical explanation reported by the media in this case involves the rupture of a propane cylinder or flammable liquid container as a result of being crushed by one of the vehicles breaching the walls of the compound. If this had happened, an immediate vapor air explosion or flash fire would have occurred involving the vehicle itself. It did not happen. All law enforcement vehicles were well away from the building prior to the start of the fire. Although explosions did occur during this fire, some of which were likely caused by propane cylinders rupturing from overpressure due to external heat, there were no explosions during the early stages of the fire.
It should be pointed out that there was certainly a significant amount of structural damage done to the building during this operation which would naturally include it's interior and contents. Therefore, it is possible that some flammables were spilled inside the building as a result. These flammables could have contributed to the destruction of the building as the fire spread to them. There is no positive proof of this but it cannot be eliminated.
One final observation, though not relative to the cause and origin of this fire, concerns the possibility of escape from the building after the fires began. A great many of the occupants could have escaped to the outside of the compound even as the building burned. An exact number cannot be determined. However, considering the observable means of exit available, we must assume that many of the occupants were either denied escape from within or refused to leave until escape was not an option.
It is also possible that the escape route planned included the aforementioned tunnel system accessible through an opening in the floor at the west end of the building. A significant amount of structural debris was found in this area indicating that the breaching operations could have caused this route to be blocked.
THIS REPORT REFLECTS THE FINDINGS OF THE INVESTIGATORS LISTED BELOW AND IS BASED ON ALL AVAILABLE'EVIDENCE INCLUDING THEIR OWN PROFESSIONAL OPINIONS.
    Paul C. Gray
    John T. Ricketts
    William S. Cass
    Thomas W. Hitchings

## LABORATORY REPORT: 93FR1212

Mr. Paul Gray Assistant Chief Arson Investigator Houston Arson Bureau 410 Bagby, Suite 400 Houston, TX 77002
Re: Mt. Carmel Investigation
LABORATORY REPORT: 93FR1212
On April 24, 1993, twenty-four containers of items were received by Dr. Andrew T. Armstrong from Ranger Sergeant Jim Miller and Ranger Sergeant Lane Akin of the Texas Department of Public Safety. Some containers were comprised of single items and some of multiple samples. All had been sealed and secured by the collecting officers. The items submitted are outlined in Appendix I and are identified by the laboratory number, the DPS number and other numbers when applicable. All are described and all markings are indicated. This report will refer to samples in accordance with the DPS marking, a twelve digit number where the last four places are significant.
On April 26, 1993, thirty-six additional samples were delivered to the laboratory by Ranger Sergeant Lane Akin and on April 28, 1993, twenty-two additional samples were received from the same officer. These samples were entered into evidence and described in the same manner as previously outlined. On May 4, 1993, the laboratory received one additional sample for analysis from Sergeant Akin.
The samples were subjected to dynamic head space recovery in accordance with ASTM E1412-91 or passive collection in accordance with ASTM Method E1413-91, where required. Collection of the volatiles was on SKC charcoal with carbon disulfide extraction and analysis by- capillary column gas chromazzography with cross column confirmation. Sefected samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. The gas chromatographic analyses. and classification of flammable and combustible recoveries are in accordance with ASTM E1387-90.
Results of the testing are itemized individually for each sample tested beginning on page two in the conclusion to the report. Samples with similar flammable liquid or combustible liquid identifications are included in common parag-ra-ahs in the data summary.

### DATA ANALYSES:

- Data analyses achieved from the testing establishes that samples known as DPS Numbers 0026B, 0255, 0733, 0925, 0928, 0934, 0939, 1176, 1404 and 1415 contained a refined petroleum fuel mixture consistent with gasoline. Gasoline is a Class 2 petroleum distillate.
- Data analyses establishes that DPS Samples 0037 (left sleeve), 0037 (right sleeve), 0189 (shirt), 0189 (shirt) , 0189 (pants), 0932 and 0936 contained a midrange petroleum distillate known as a deparaffinated kerosene. This range of petroleum distillate can be found as a solvent but is more commonly available as a fuel in some charcoal starters. This type of product is a Class 0 petroleum distillate.
- Data analyses establishes that DPS Samples 0019C, 0022A (left shoe), 0022A (right shoe), 0024 and 0024B contained a light petroleum distillate known as petroleum naphtha. Petroleum naphtha is available commercially as a solvent or as a fuel in lighter fluids and campstove products. This range of petroleum product is a Class 1 petroleum distillate.
- DPS Samples 0024A, 0026B, 1415, 1417., 1418, W.9 and 1420 contained broad range, straight run petroleum distillates of the fuel oil series. The range of components recovered is consistent with a kerosene, a Class 4 petroleum distillate.
- DPS Sample 0018B contained a medium petroleum distillate consistent with a mineral spirits of kerosene, a Class 3 petroleum distillate.
- DPS Samples 0030, 0796 and 0938 contained resides of heavy petroleum distillates. Further characterization could not be achieved.
- Other samples submitted may have contained singular, identifiable components that may, or may not, have originated from flammable mixtures. These samples are considered as negative for identifiable flammable liquid residues. Failure to identify an accelerant in any sample of fire debris should not be interpreted to mean that an accelerant could not have been present. It means only that, none could be recovered from that particular debris.

### CONCLUSION:

| DPS No: 00000000- | AFL No: | Description | Results: |
| 0004 | 3 | Camo shirt | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0005 | 11 | Camo shirt | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids |
| 0006 | 13 | Vest magazine | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids |
| 0014 | 8 | Ammo pouch | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids |
| 0017 | 19A | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids |
| 0017A | 19B | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids |
| 0017B | 19C-1 | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0017B | 19C-2 | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids |
| 0017C | 19D | Shoes | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids |
| 001-ID | 19E | Passport | Not tested |
| 0017E | 19F | Passport | Not tested |
| 0017F | 19G | Personal items | Not tested |
| 0017G | 19H | Personal items | Not tested |
| 0018 | 12A | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0018A | 12B | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0018B | 12C | Reebok shoe | Contained a medium petroleum distillate, a Class 3 product. |
| 0018C | 12D | Personal items | Not tested |
| 0018D | 12E | Magazine pouch | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0019 | 22A | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0019A | 22B | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0019B | 22 C | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0019C | 22D | Shoe | Contained a petroleum naphtha, a Class 1 petroleum distillate. |
| 0019D | 22E | Lighter | Not tested |
| 0020 | 24A | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0020A | 24B | Jacket | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0020C | 24C | Tennis shoe | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0020B | 24D | Lighter | Not tested |
| 0021 | 18A | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0021A | 18B | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0021B | 18C | Right shoe | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0021 | 18D | Left shoe | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0022 | 17A | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0022A | 17B | Right shoe | Contained a petroleum naphtha, a Class 1 petroleum distillate. |
| 0022A | 17C | Left shoe | Contained a petroleum naphtha, a Class 1 petroleum distillate. |
| 0024 | 23A | Clothing | Contained a uetroleum naphtha, a Class 1 petroleum distillate. |
| 0024A | 23B | Clotbing | Contained kerosene, a Class 4 petroleum distillate. |
| 0024B | 23C | Tennis shoes | Contained a petroleum naphtha, a Class 1 petroleum distillate. |
| 0024C | 23D | Lighter | Not tested |
| 0025 | 20A | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0025A | 20B | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0025A | 20B-S | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0025B | 20C | Bible | Not tested |
| 0025C | 20D | Computer disk | Not tested |
| 0025D | 20E | Personal items | Not tested |
| Q026 | 16A | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0026A | 16B | Right shoe | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0026B | 16C | Left shoe | Contained a mixture of gasoline and kerosene, a mixture of a Class 2 and a Class 4 petroleum distillate. |
| 0026 | 16D | Watch | Not tested |
| 0028 | 15 | Vest-bullet | Not tested |
| 0030 | 10 | Ammo pouch | Contained the residue of a heavy petroleum distillate. |
| 0037 | 14S-1 | Left sleeve | Contained a deparaffinated kerosene, a Class 0 petroleum distillate. |
| 0037 | 14S-2 | Right sleeve | Contained a deparaffinated kerosene, a Class 0 petroleum distillate. |
| 0183 | 4 | Control/dog | Not tested |
| 0188 | 7 | Control/dog | Not tested |
| 0189 | 9S1 | Shirt | Contained a deparaffinated kerosene, a Class 0 petroleum distillate. |
| 0189 | 9S2 | Shirt | Contained a deparaffinated kerosene, a Class 0 petroleum distillate. |
| 0189 | 9S3 | Pants | Contained a deparaffinated kerosene, a Class 0 petroleum distillate. |
| 0255 | 6 | Soil | Contained gasoline, a Class 2 petroleum distillate. |
| 0263 | 1 | Water | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0735 | 2 | Raincoat | Contained gasoline, a Class 2 petroleum distillate. |
| 0755 | 3 | Wood | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0786 | 26 | Debris | No identffiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0787 | 27 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0788 | 28 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0789 | 29 | Rock debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0790 | 30 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0791 | 31 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0792 | 32 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0793 | 33 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0794 | 34 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0795 | 35 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0796 | 36 | Cloth | Contained the residue of a heavy petroleum distillate |
| 0797 | 37 | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0798 | 38 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0922 | 39 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0923 | 40 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0924 | 41 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0925 | 42 | Carpet | Contained gasoline, a Class 2 petroleum distillate |
| 0926 | 43 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0928 | 44 | Debris | Contained gasoline, a Class 2 petroleum distillate. |
| 0929 | 45 | Glove | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0930 | 46 | Nylon pouch | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0931 | 47 | Leather glove | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0932 | 48 | Latex glove | Contained a deparaffinated kerosene, a Class 0 petroleum distillate. |
| 0933 | 49 | Knife holster | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0934 | 50 | Cartridge' belt | Contained gasoline, a Class 2 petroleum distillate. |
| 0935 | 51 | Belt holster | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids |
| 0936 | 32 | Navak coat | Contained a deparaffinated kerosene, a Class 0 petroleum distillate. |
| 0937 | 53 | Camo shirt | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0938 | 54 | Camo pants | Contained the residue of a heavy petroleum distillate. |
| 0939 | 55 | Gas mask | Contained gasoline, a Class 2 petroleum distillate. |
| 0940 | 56 | Vest | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0973 | 57 | Floor joist | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 09.74 | 58 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0976 | 59 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 0977 | 60 | Particle board | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 1176 | 61 | Not identified | Contained gasoline, a Class 2 petroleum distillate. |
| 1402 | 62 | Carpet & plastic | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 1403 | 63 | Carpet | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 1404 | 63A | Debris | Contained gasoline, a Class 2 petroleum distillate. |
| 1405 | 64 | Cloth | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 1406 | 65 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 1407 | 66 | Cloth | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 1408 | 67 | Clothing | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 1409 | 68 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 1410 | 69 | Debris | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 1411 | 70 | Flooring | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 1412 | 71 | Concrete | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 1413 | 72 | Concrete | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 1414 | 73 | Concrete | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 1415 | 74 | Concrete | Contained a mixture of gasoline and kerosene; a mixture of a Class 2 and a Class 4 petroleum distillate. |
| 1416 | 75 | Concrete | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 1418 | 77 | Soil & debris | Contained kerosene, a Class 4 petroleum distillate. |
| 1419 | 78 | Soil & debris | Contained kerosene; a Class 4 petroleum distillate. |
| 1420 | 79 | Concrete | Contained kerosene, a Class 4 petroleum distillate. |
| 1421 | 80 | Concrete | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 1422 | 81 | Concrete | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
| 2018 | 82 | Torch | No identifiable flammable/ combustible liquids. |
Lab Sample No: 21 was included in DPS No: 18. Lab Sample Nos: 63 and 63A were two different DPS sites but received the same lab number through a typing duplication.
Respectfully submitted, ARMSTRONG FORENSIC LABORATORY, INC.
Andrew T. Armstrong, PhD Certified Professional Chemist, AIC AIHA Accreditation: 363
John M. Corn, MS Senior Chemist

### APPENDIX

Laboratory Report 93FR1212
Sample Descriptions
FIRE INVESTIGATION TEAM REPORT BRANCH DAVIDIAN COMPOUND WACO., TEXAS APRIL, 1993
ACCELERANT DETECTION CANINE ASSIST REPORT
COMPILED BY:
JOHN M. KAUS ALLEGHENY COUNTY FIRE MARSHAL AND JOHN D. HUDEC DETECTIVE
ALLEGHENY COUNTY POLICE FIRE MARSHAL'S OFFICE PENN-LIBERTY PLAZA 1520 PENN AVENUE PITTSBURGH, PA 15222-4333 (412) 392-8552 FAX: (412) 392-2896
[Scan omitted: Accelerant Detection Canine Team Assist Report]
On Thursday, April 22, 1993 around 1200 hours Fire Marshal John Kaus received a telephone call from Deputy Fire Marshal Thomas Hitchings, a member of the Fire Investigation Team in Waco, TX. Informing him that he Onyx (Allegheny County's Accelerant Detection Canine and I were requested for assistance at the scene with evidence collection.
On Friday, April 23, 1993 the three of us left Pittsburgh around 1010 hours, arriving in Waco, TX at 1515 hours. After receiving our identification cards we arrived at the Branch Davidian Compound around 1700 hours. At this time we were introduced to the Fire Investigation Team and briefed as to that would be required of us.
The Fire Investigation Team consisted of :
    Paul Gray- Houston (TX) Fire Department - Team Leader
    John Ricketts - San Francisco (CA) Fire Department
    William Cass - Los Angeles City (CA) Fire Department
    Thomas Hitchings - Allegheny County (PA) Fire Marshal's Office
    N. Lane Akin - Texas Rangers
Around 1615 hours Onyx was requested to conduct a search of several items of clothing already in evidence. This search was conducted in a small empty building that would later be used for fuming items for possible fingerprints. The first search was conducted using six (6) gallon cans containing items of clothing and two (2) gallon cans containing a cloth sample known not to contain an accelerant. I calibrated Onyx using one drop of 50% evaporated gasoline prepared by the Allegheny County (PA) Crime Lab. Onyx and I then conducted this search at 1815 hours. She did alert to three (3) cans containing items of clothing. These three (3) cans were set aside for another search.
Around 1830 hours several items of clothing were laid out on the floor of the trailer known not to contain an accelerant and one othere item, a jacket already in evidence. Onyx handled by John Kaus was calibrated using the same drop of gasoline and then conducted a search of these items. Onyx did alert to both sleeves of the jacket.
Around 1854 hours the items of clothing that had been in the three (3) cans were laid out on the trailer floor along with other items of clothing known not to contain an accelerant. Again, I claibrated Onyx using the same drop of gasoline and then Onyx and I then conducted a search of the items of clothing. She did again alert to all three (3) items. Onyx alerted to certain areas of each item of clothing as follows:
    Camouflage shirt - alerts on the right collar and sleeve
    Ammunition vets - middle clip pouches on each side
    Camouflage shirt - right sleeve, right collar, left front pocket and left sleeve
Items of evidence that Onyx alerted to are as follows:
    Item(01) - Jacket: DPS 0037
    Item(02) - Camouflage shirt: DPS 0004
    Item(03) - Ammunition vest: DPS 0009
    Item(04) - Camouflage shirt: DPS 0005
At the conclusion of the searches the Fire Investigation Team took John Kaus and I on a walk through inspection of the actual fire scene to determine what areas Onyx could search safely at this time.
Around 1920 hours Onyx was calibrated outside the fire scene using one drop of 50% evaporated gasoline prepared by the Allegheny County Crime Lab and then Onyx and I did conduct a general search of the fire scene and Onyx did alert in seventeen (17) areas. All alerts were marked using small orange flags with the letter "A" and a number 1 through 17 on them. This search lasted approximately 30 minutes.
Around 1950 hours the search was suspended in order to give Onyx a break. The search would continue in the morning.
On Saturday, April 24, 1993 around 0915 hours John Kaus and I, along with the Fire Investigation Team conducted another walk through inspection to determine other areas that could be searched by Onyx.
Around 0930 hours, John Kaus calibrated Onyx outside the fire scene using one drop of 50% evaporated gasoline prepared by the Allegheny County Crime Lab and then he and Onyx conducted a search of some partially charred wood in front of the compound directly in front of the bunker. She did alert to three (3) pieces of wood.
Around 0940 hours, John Kaus and Onyx conducted a search of the area known as the bunker. Onyx did alert to four (4) areas within this area. After a rest period John Kaus Onyx conducted a search of the areas known as the dining room and weight room with Onyx alerting in two (2) different spots.
Onyx was again given a break and around 1015 hours she was calibrated using one drop of 50% evaporated gasoline and she and John Kaus conducted a search of a small concrete block building at the base of the water tower in the area of the chicken coop. She alerted inside this building in the general area of a wheel barrel near a pile of clothing. She also alerted to a cloth glove.
Around 1035 hours John Kaus again calibrated Onyx using one drop of 50% evaporated gasoline in the rear of the compound and then he and Onyx conducted a search in the area known as the gym. She alerted to a crushed one gallon Coleman fuel can and in the area of a partially burnt bale of hay.
The following samples were collected and canned to be sent to Armstrong Forensic Laboratory:
    Item(49): Fire debris: A40: DPS 924
    Item(50): Charred wood: A41: DPS 928
Around 1535 hours the investigation moved to the cafetria style dining room. John Kaus and Onyx conducted a search of the area with Onyx alerting several times.
Around 1550 hours a team working in the kitchen uncovered part of a wooden floor with carpet attached and requested that Onyx conduct a search of the section of flooring. Onyx did alert on the carpeting and a sample was collected:
    Item(51): Carpet: A42: DPS 925
Moving back to the dining area the areas of her alerts were removed from the area and placed in piles to have conduct a second search.
The following samples were collected and canned to be sent to Armstrong Forensic Laboratory:
    Item(52): Fire debris: A43: DPS 926
    Item(53): Partial concrete block: A44 1/2: DPS 922
    Item(54): Partial concrete block: A44 2/2: DPS 923
At this time Onyx was given a break and placed in the van. Also, an alert on Saturday was to a cloth glove that was located in a small block building a the base of the water tower. This item was collected at this time:
    Item(55): Glove: A30: DPS 929
Around 1730 hours a team collecting munitions requested that Onyx conduct a search of clothing found in the small block building at the base on the water tower. John Kaus acclimated her to the area and calibrated her. They then conducted a search of clothing, the following items were collected and canned to be sent to the Armstrong Forensic Laboratory:
    Item(56): Camouflage shirt: A45: DPS 937
    Item(57): Gas Mask: A46: DPS 939
    Item(58): Pistol Belt/Holster, ex: 935: A47
    Item(59): Ammunition pouch: A48: DPS 930
    Item(60): Camouflage Pants: A49: DPS 938
    Item(61): Vest, ex: A50: DPS 940
    Item(62): Leather Glove: A51: DPS 931
    Item(63): Cartridge belt w/mag pack: a52: DPS 934
    Item(64): (4) latex gloves: A33: DPS 932
    Item(65): Knife holster: A54: DPS 933
    Item(66): Navak Coat: A55: DPS 936
At the conclusion of this search Onyx was released for the day. The search would continue in the morning.
On Monday, April 25, 1993 at 0910 hours after acclimating Onyx to the area and calibrating her, she and John Kaus conducted a search in Sector IA1 - the area in front of the bunker near the front wall of the compound. Onyx did alert in that area previously. She did alert again in the same area and fire debris was removed from the scene and broken up into piles. Onyx and I conducted a second search of the piles and a sample was collected of what she alerted to.
    Item(67): A sample of wood: A11: DPS 973
Onyx was given a break an around 1045 hours she and John Kaus conducted a search in the dining room area after a lot of debris and propane bottles had been carefully removed. At this time she did alert to areas where she had previously alerted and to several new areas. Debris from these areas was removed to another area and piles were set out for her to conduct a second search. The results of the second search resulted in the following samples being collected:
    Item(68): A sample of wood: A56: DPS 977
    Item(69): A sample of concrete block along with dirt and debris: A57: DPS 976
    Item(70): A sample of dirt and debris: A21: DPS 974
Onyx was again given a rest while debris removal was in progress. Around 1630 hours clothing was uncovered in Sector IB1, in front and to the left of the bunker. All of the clothing appeared to have come from the second floor. Onyx was again acclimated to the area, calibrated and she I conducted a search of eleven piles of clothing. The following samples were collocted:
    Item(71): Clothing: A58 1/7
    Item(72): Clothing: A58 2/7
    Item(73): Clothing: A58 3/7
    Item(74): Clothing: A58 4/7
    Item(75): Clothing: A58 5/7
    Item(76): Clothing: A58 6/7
    Item(77): Clothing: A58 7/7
Also during debris removal in the same sector burlap was found along the front wall and had an odor to it. Onyx and John Kaus conducted a search of six piles of burlap and Onyx did alert to one particular pile:
    Item(78): Cloth burlap: A39: DPS 1176
Onyx was again given a test while debris removal continued. It was later determined and there was nothing further found that day to have her check.
On Tuesday, April 27, 1993 Onyx was on the scene for debris removal in the southeast corner of the compound in an area believed to be a sewing area and computer room. Around 1300 hours during debris removal a section of flooring, carpet and a chair pad were found in the debris along with several items of clothing. These items were removed and spread out in piles for Onyx to search. She was acclimated to the area calibrated and then she and John Kaus conducted a search. The following samples were collected:
    Item(79): Carpet/chair pad: A50 1/3: DPS 1402
    Item(80): Carpet: A60: 2/6: DPS 1403
    Item(81): Soil and debris: A60 3/8: DPS 1404
    Item(82): Cloth: A60 4/8: DPS 1405
    Item(83): Clothing: A60 5/8: DPS 1406
    Item(84): Clothing: A60 6/8: DPS 1407
    Item(85): Clothing: A60 7/8: DPS 1408
    Item(86): Clothing: A60 8/8: DPS 1409
Onyx then also conducted a search of the sector in the southeast corner and did alert to several areas debris was removed and placed into piles for Onyx to conduct another search. She did alert and samples were collected:
    Item(87): Dirt and debris: A61: DPS 1410
    Item(88): Flooring material: A62: DPS 1411
    Item(89): Concrete: A63 1/2: DPS 1412
    Item(90): Concrete: A63 2/2: DPS 1413
Onyx was given a rest while debris was being removed from the area known as the chapel. Around 1500 hours she was acclimated to the area and calibrated by John Kaus and then conducted a search of the chapel and she did alert in several areas. Samples were collected from these areas:
    Item(91): Debris: A64: DPS 1414
    Item(92): Debris: A65: DPS 1415
    Item(93): Debris: A66: DPS 1416