OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vitry-le-François

See also Vitry-le-François on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VITRY-LE-FRANÇOIS, a town of north-eastern France, capital of the department of Marne, on the right bank of the Marne, 20 m. S.E. of Châlons, on the railway from Paris to Strassburg. Pop. (1906) 7985. The Marne-Rhine canal, the Haute-Marne canal, and the lateral canal of the Marne unite at Vitry. Its church of Notre-Dame is a 17th-century building with fine 18th-century monuments. A convent of the Récollets now contains the town hall, the court-house, a library and a small museum. There is a bronze statue of P. P. Royer-Collard (1763–1845), the politician and philosopher, a native of the district. The industrial establishments include important cement works and the manufacture of faïence is carried on. The present town was built in 1545 on a uniform plan by Francis I. to replace the older one of Vitry-en-Perthois, 21/2 m. to the north-east, burned in the previous year by Charles V.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vives, Juan Luis

See also Juan Luis Vives on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VIVES, JUAN LUIS (1492-1540), Spanish scholar, was born at Valencia on the 6th of March 1492. He studied at Paris from 1509 to 1512, and in 1519 was appointed professor of humanities at Louvain. At the instance of his friend Erasmus he prepared an elaborate commentary on Augustine's De Civitate Dei, which was published in 1522 with a dedication to Henry VIII. Soon afterwards he was invited to England, and is said to have acted as tutor to the princess Mary, for whose use he wrote De ratione studii puerilis epistolae duae ​(1523). While in England he resided at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he was made doctor of laws and lectured on philosophy. Having declared himself against the king's divorce from Catherine of Aragon, he lost the royal favour and was confined to his house for six weeks. On his release he withdrew to Bruges, where he devoted himself to the composition of numerous works, chiefly directed against the scholastic philosophy and the preponderant authority of Aristotle. The most important of his treatises is the De Caucis corruptarum Artium, which has been ranked with Bacon's Organon. He died at Bruges on the 6th of May 1540.
A complete edition of his works was published by Gregorio Mayans y Siscar (Valencia, 1782). Adolfo Bonilla y San Martin's Luis Vives y la filosofía del renacimiento (Madrid, 1903) is a valuable and interesting study which includes an exhaustive bibliography of Vives's writings and a critical estimate of previous monographs. The best of these are A. J. Namèche, “Mémoire sur la vie et les écrits de Jean Louis Vives” in Mémoires couronnés par l'Académie Royale des sciences et belles-lettres de Bruxelles (Brussels, 1841), vol. xv.; A. Lange's article in the Encyklopädie des gesammten Erziehungs- und Unterrichtswesens (Leipzig, 1887), vol. ix.; Berthe Vadier, Un Moraliste du XVI$^{me}$ siècle: Jean-Louis Vives et son livre de l'éducation de la femme chrétienne (Geneva, 1892); G. Hoppe, Die Psychologie von Juan Luis Vives (Berlin, 1901).
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ngwan
### Ngwan.
#### 元$^{-1}$

    The first cause; origin; commencement; the first; the chief. ​

#### 黿$^{-1}$

    A kind of fabulous tortoise.

#### 原$^{-1}$

    A level waste ground or common; origin; commencement; again.

#### 源$^{-1}$

    A source or spring of water; a source; cause.

#### 顏$^{-1}$

    The countenance; forehead; color; appearance; reputation.

#### 玩$^2$

    A precious stone; to be fond of; play with; seduce.

#### 阮$^2$

    Name of a hill and of a certain kind of barrier.

#### 頑$^2$

    Simple; foolish; stupud; obstinate.

#### 愿$^{-3}$

    Reverential; sincere; pious; virtuous; used for the next.

#### 願$^{-3}$

    To desire; wish for; an object of desire; a vow; willing.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ngák
### Ngák.
#### 崿$^{-4}$

    A high, abrupt bank.

#### 愕$^{-4}$

    Struck with sudden surprise; astonishment.

#### 諤$^{-4}$

    Plain, straight forward language; honest.

#### 鄂$^{-4}$

    A limit; boundary; surprise.

#### 蕚$^{-4}$

    The central parts of a flower.

#### 噩$^{-4}$

    Alarm; fright; reverential awe; sincere. ​

#### 腭$^{-4}$

    An alligator; sea-monster.

#### 岳$^{-4}$嶽$^{-4}$

    Lofty or craggy summit of a mountain.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ngó
### Ngó.
#### 禺$^{-1}$

    Solitary; none to associate with.

#### 愚$^{-1}$

    Simple; ignorant; stupid; used for I.

#### 㥥$^{-1}$

    Pleased; cheerful.

#### 隅$^{-1}$

    A corner; an angle; a nook; rigid integrity.

#### 俄$^{-1}$

    Hasty; momentary; sudden; appearing to fall. ​

#### 哦$^{-1}$

    To recite; the tone of recitative.

#### 娥$^{-1}$

    Good; a name.

#### 峨$^{-1}$

    High; lofty.

#### 莪$^{-1}$

    Name of an edible plant.

#### 蛾$^{-1}$

    A silkworm; an insect.

#### 虞$^{-1}$

    To consider; weigh; anxious thought; impediment.

#### 圄$^{-1}$

    To detail; hold fast; to imprison; a prison.

#### 梧$^{-1}$

    Name of a remarkable tree.

#### 悟$^{-3}$

    To arouse or awaken the mind; to notice; perceive.

#### 晤$^{-3}$

    Light; bright; to meet or speak together; explain.

#### 寤$^{-3}$

    To awake from sleep; talking; to dream.

#### 寓$^{-3}$

    A temporary lodging; to lodge; to pertain to.

#### 遇$^{-3}$

    To meet unexpectedly; to occur; to happen.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ngiáng
### Ngiáng.
#### 仰$^2$

    To look up to, as with regard, admiration, or a sense of dependence; to rely on.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ngo
### Ngo.
#### 偶$^2$

    A carved image of a man; two; a pair; of the same class; to pair; to happen.

#### 耦$^2$

    To plough or work in pairs; to pair; to occur; to meet.

#### 藕$^2$

    Name of a water plant.

#### 伍$^2$

    A file of five men; five families; mutually responsible.

#### 午$^2$

    A horary character, from 11 o'clock A.M. to 1. P.M.

#### 忤$^2$

    Disobedient; rebellious; undutiful.

#### 迕$^2$

    To meet; encounter; oppose; confused.

#### 五$^{-3}$

    Five.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ngáng
### Ngáng.
#### 卬$^1$

    Used by females for I; great; high; dear in price.

#### 昂$^1$

    To elevate; to rise as the sun; lofty; a dignified carriage.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ngán
### Ngán.
#### 言$^{-1}$

    To speak; say; a word or sentence; words; discourse.

#### 眼$^2$

    The eye.

#### 彥$^{-3}$

    Eminent; excellent; much extolled.

#### 喭$^{-3}$

    To mourn and grieve for the sufferings of men.

#### 諺$^{-3}$

    A proverb; maxim; a plain pithy saying.

#### 鴈$^{-3}$

    Geese of the smaller sort.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ngio
### Ngio.
#### 堯$^{-1}$

    High; eminent; a famous ancient king of China.

#### 蕘$^{-1}$

    Stubble or rushes used for fuel.

#### 譊$^{-1}$

    Noisy; clamorous; contentious; debate.

#### 鐃$^{-1}$

    A kind of bell used in the army; trumpets &c.

#### 猫$^1$

    A cat.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ngui
### Ngui.
#### 危$^{-1}$

    Dangerous; situated on an eminence; ready to fall; danger.

#### 峗$^{-1}$嵬$^{-1}$

    Hilly; mountainous; danger.

#### 巍$^{-1}$

    High; lofty; name of a kingdom.

#### 僞$^{-3}$

    False; counterfeit; not. genuine; fraudulent.

#### 詭$^{-3}$

    To reprimand; deceive; impose upon.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ngám
### Ngám.
#### 巖$^{-1}$

    A precipitous shore or cliff; lofty; mountainous.

#### 閻$^{-1}$

    An iner gate; to stimulate; stir up; reform.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sorghum

See also Sorghum on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
* Sorghum vulgare.
SORGHUM, a genus of grasses belonging to the tribe Andropogoneae, and including one of the most important tropical grains, Sorghum vulgare, great millet, Indian millet or Guinea corn. In India it is known as jawari (Hindustani), jowari (Bengali), cholum (Tamil), and jonna (Telugu), and in the West Indies as Negro or Guinea Corn. It is a strong grass, growing to a height of from 4 to 8 or even 16 ft.; the leaves are sheathing, solitary, and about 2 in. broad and 21/2 ft. in length; the panicles are contracted and dense, and the grains, which are enclosed in husks and protected by awns, are round, hard, smooth, shining, brownish-red, and somewhat larger than mustard seeds. The plant is cultivated in various parts of India and other countries of Asia, in the United States, and in the south of Europe. Its culms and leaves afford excellent fodder for cattle; and the grain, of which the yield in favourable situations is upwards of a hundredfold, is used for the same purposes as maize, rice, corn and other cereals.
Speaking of its cultivation, Eduard Hackel (in his article on “Grasses” in Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien) says the culture of Sorghum probably had its origin in Africa, where a variety ​known as durra is now cultivated over the entire continent, and has become the most important cereal; the natives also chew the stem, which contains sugar. In Europe it is raised less for bread than for mechanical purposes; the panicles are made into the so-called rice-brooms and into brushes. In Germany it is occasionally raised for green fodder. From the fruit the Kaffirs make an alcoholic drink, Tialva, and the negroes one known as Merisa. Allied species are S. tricolor, much valued in India as a forage-plant, and S. saccharatum, commonly called sorghum or Chinese sugar-cane, which is extensively cultivated in China, North India and Africa. The latter species is grown in America chiefly for the manufacture of molasses from its juice, and in France as a source of alcohol.
A full account of the cultivation and use of the species in India will be found in Sir G. Watt’s Dictionary of the Economic Products of India (1893).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Soria (city)

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​SORIA, the capital of the Spanish province of Soria; on the right bank of the river Duero (Douro), 155 m. N.E. of Madrid by the Madrid-Alcuneza-Soria railway. Pop. (1900), 7151. Soria has a provincial institute, schools for teachers of both sexes, many primary schools, savings banks, two hospitals, barracks, a theatre and a bull-ring. The churches of Santo Domingo and San Nicolas, the cloisters of the convent of San Juan, and several other ecclesiastical buildings are fine specimens of Romanesque work of the 12th and 13th centuries. Near the Duero are the ruins of the old citadel, and in many places the remains of the 13th century walls of the city are yet standing. The more modern streets are clean and well paved. The bridge across the Duero is a massive structure which formerly had a tower in the centre. The population is chiefly agricultural; but there are also flour mills, tanneries, potteries, &c.; and some trade in timber, wool and fruit is carried on. The Iberian and Carthaginian city of Numantia, captured in 133 B.C. by the Romans, after a long and heroic resistance, was situated 3 m. N., on a hill overlooking the confluence of the small river Tera with the Duero.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Soria (province)

See also Province of Soria on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SORIA, a province of Spain, formed in 1833 of districts belonging to Old Castile, and bounded on the N. by Logroñio, E. by Saragossa, S. by Guadalajara and W. by Segovia and Burgos. Pop. (1900), 150,462; area, 3983 sq. m. Soria is a bleak and lofty region, bounded on three sides by mountains. A range of sierras culminating in the peaks of Urbion (7389 ft.) and Cebollera (7139 ft.) on the north, and the great Sierra del Moncayo (7707 ft.) on the east, separate the valley of the Duero (Douro) from that of the Ebro, while on the south it is divided from the valley of the Tagus by a continuation of the Sierra Guadarrama. Almost the whole of the province belongs to the region watered by the Duero and its affluents. This river rises among the southern slopes of Urbion and traverses the province in a circuitous course, first to the south and then to the west. The other rivers are mostly affluents of the Duero, but a few of the tributaries of the Ebro have their sources within the limits of the province. The soil is not remarkable for fertility; a large proportion of the area being occupied with barren mountains, which are covered with snow for a great part of the year. There are, however, in some places extensive forests of pine, oak and beech; while in others there are large tracts of pasture land, on which numbers of cattle, sheep and swine are reared. Grain and vegetables are raised, but neither of very good quality nor in sufficient quantities to supply the wants of the population. The climate is cold and dry, and the scenery grand, but austere. Most of the people are employed in farming and rearing cattle; but the cutting and sawing of timber and the preparation of charcoal also occupy a considerable number. There is a great want of roads; and, although three railways traverse the province, commerce is consequently very limited. Fine wool was formerly produced; but the only important articles of trade at present are timber, salt, asphalt, leather and cheese, which are sent to Madrid and Aragon. Salt and asphalt are the only minerals worked, though others are known to exist. The capital, Soria, is described below. The only other town with more than 3500 inhabitants is El Burgo de Osma (3509), an episcopal see. Between 1887 and 1900 the population decreased by nearly 7000; its density in the last-named year was 37·7 per sq. m., or lower than that of any other Spanish province except Cuenca (37·6). The gradual depopulation of many districts is due to the stagnation of industry, and the attraction of emigrants to large towns outside the province.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sorel

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​SOREL, a town and port of entry of Quebec, Canada, capital of Richelieu county, 42 m. N.E. of Montreal, at the confluence of the Richelieu and St Lawrence rivers. Pop. (1901), 7057. It is on the Grand Trunk and the Quebec Southern railways, and is a port of call for the Montreal and Quebec river steamers. It contains iron and leather manufactories, and shipbuilding is carried on. It occupies the site of a fort built in 1665 by A. de Tracy to guard the route by way of the Richelieu to Lake Champlain and the Hudson, and is named after the first commandant of the garrison.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sordello

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​SORDELLO, a 13th-century Italian troubadour, born at Mantua, who is praised by Dante in the De vulgari eloquio, and in the Purgatorio made the type of patriotic pride. He is also the hero of a well-known poem by Robert Browning. The real Sordello, so far as we have authentic facts about his life, hardly seems to justify these idealizations, though he was the most famous of the Italian troubadours. About 1220 he appears at Florence in a tavern brawl; and in 1226, while at the court of Richard of Bonifazio at Verona, he abducts his master's wife, Cunizza, at the instigation of her brother, Ezzelino da Romano. The scandal resulted in his flight (1229) to Provence, where he seems to have been for some tune. He entered the service of Charles of Anjou, and probably accompanied him (1265) on his Naples expedition; in 1266 he was a prisoner in Naples. The last documentary mention of him is in 1269, and he is supposed to have died in Provence. His didactic poem, L'Ensenhamen d'onor, and his love songs and satirical pieces have little in common with Dante's presentation, but the invective against negligent princes which Dante puts into his mouth in the 7th canto of the Purgatorio is more adequately paralleled in his Serventese (1237) on the death of his patron Blacatz, where he invites the princes of Christendom to feed on the heart of the hero.
For Sordello's life and works see the edition of Cesare de Lollis (Halle, 1896); for Browning's poem see Stopford Brooke's Browning (1902).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sorel, Charles

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​SOREL, CHARLES, Sieur de Souvigny (1597–1674), French novelist and miscellaneous writer, was born in Paris about 1597. Very little is known of his life except that in 1635 he was historiographer of France. He wrote on science, history and religion, but is only remembered by his novels. He tried to destroy the vogue of the pastoral romance by writing a novel of adventure, the Histoire comique de Francion (1622). The episodical adventures of Francion found many readers, who nevertheless reserved their admiration for the Astrée it was intended to ridicule. Sorel decided to make his intention unmistakable, and in Le Berger extravagant (3 vols., 1627) he wrote a burlesque, in which a Parisian shop-boy, his head turned by sentiment, chooses an unprepossessing mistress and starts life as a shepherd with a dozen sheep on the banks of the Seine. Sorel did not succeed in founding the novel of character, and what he accomplished was more in the direction of farce, but he struck a shrewd blow at romance. Among his other works are Polyandre (1648) and La Connaissance des bons livres (1673). He died in Paris on the 8th of March 1674.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sorel, Agnes

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​SOREL, AGNES (c. 1422–1450), mistress of King Charles VII. of France, was born of a family of the lesser nobility at Fromenteau in Touraine. While still a girl she was attached to the service of Isabel of Lorraine, queen of Sicily, wife of René of Anjou, the brother-in-law of Charles VII. From 1444 until her death in 1450 she was the acknowledged mistress of the king, the first woman to hold that semi-official position which was to be of so great importance in the subsequent history of the old régime. Her ascendancy dated from the festivals at Nancy in 1444, the first brilliant court of Charles VII. Here her great beauty captivated the king, whose love for her remained constant until her death. He gave her wealth, castles and lands, and secured for her the state and distinction of a queen. This first public recognition of his mistress by a king of France scandalized all good people and awakened jealousy and intrigue. Her sudden death from dysentery, shortly after the birth of her fourth child, was accordingly attributed to poison. Burgundian historians even openly accused the Dauphin, afterwards Louis XI., of her death, and later the enemies of Jacques Cœur, in their search for crimes to be brought against him, used this rumour to charge him with the one crime most likely to turn the king against him. Her heart was buried in the abbey of Jumièges, her body in the collegiate church of Loches. Contemporary writers all bear witness to her extraordinary beauty, but no genuine portraits of her have come down to us.
Legend has made an entirely different character of this first official mistress of the French kings. The date of her birth was placed at about 1409, her liaison with the king dated from 1433. Then, so the story ran, she drew him from his indolence, continuing the work of Joan of Arc, both by nerving the king to warlike enterprises—she did apparently induce him to take part personally in the conquest of Normandy—and by surrounding him with that band of wise advisers who really administered France during her ascendancy. Recent investigation has exploded this romantic story by simply showing that Charles VII. had not met her until ten years later than in the legend. Instead of being his sole good angel, she seems rather to have demoralized the king, who, hitherto chaste, henceforth gave himself up to courtesans. Yet she favoured the best advisers of the king, and at least in this deserved the gratitude of the realm. Pierre de Brézé seems especially to have used Agnes to gain his ascendancy over the king.
See A. Vallet de Viriville’s articles in Bibliothèque de l’École des chartes(3rd series, tom. i.); and R. Duquesne, Vie et aventures galantes de la belle Sorel (1909).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Soroki

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​SOROKI, a town of south Russia, in the government of Bessarabia, 81 m. N.N.W. of Kishinev, in a narrow ravine on the right bank of the Dnieper. Pop. (1900), 25,523, half of whom were Jews. It is an important river port for the export of corn, wool, fruit, wine and cattle. Formerly it was the old Genoese colony of Olchionia, and has still the ruins of a 13th-century Genoese castle. In the 15th century the Moldavians erected here a fort, which the Poles took in the 17th century. Peter the Great captured the place in 1711, but it was returned to the Turks, and was only definitely annexed to Russia in 1812. (M. H. S.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 21:4

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