OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Woodford, William

Edition of 1889.
​WOODFORD, William, soldier, b. in Caroline, county, Va., in 1735 ; d. in New York city, 13 Nov., 1780. He served with credit during the French and Indian war, and in the autumn of 1775, on the assembling of the Virginia troops at Williamsburg, was chosen colonel of the 2d Vir- ginia regiment. At Hampton Roads, the first bat- tle of the Revolution in Virginia, he was engaged in preventing the destruction of the town of Hampton by Lord Dunmore, and sank five of his vessels. Col. Woodford had command of the Vir- ginians that defended Great Bridge on Elizabeth river, and defeated the force that was sent by Lord Dunmore to take it, after a sharp battle in which the British suffered a loss of fifty-five, while not a single Virginian was killed. He called the militia of Norfolk and Princess Anne counties to arms, and on 14 Dec, 1775, occupied Norfolk. He was appointed brigadier-general on 21 Feb., 1777, and given command of the 1st Virginia brigade. At the battle of the Brandywine he was wounded in the hand, but he took an active part in the battles of Germantown and Monmouth. He was then ordered to the relief of Charleston, S. C, and marched 500 miles with the Virginia and North Carolina troops in twenty-eight days. He reached Charleston in April, and was taken prisoner on 12 May, 1780. The British sent him to New York, where he died. Counties in Kentucky and Illi- nois bear his name.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wollenweber, Louis August

Edition of 1889.
​WOLLENWEBER, Louis August, author, b. in Speyer, on the Rhine, Germany, 5 Dec., 1807; d. in Reading, Pa., 25 July, 1888. He was educated at Speyer for the trade of a printer, was employed at his vocation at Homburg, and was compelled to emigrate to this country in consequence of his being one of the agitators of the “Hambacher Volksfest.” After his arrival in Philadelphia he was first engaged on the “Schnellpost,” afterward founded a new German paper, “Der Freimuethige,” and subsequently acquired possession of the “Demokrat,” the chief German newspaper in Philadelphia. In 1853 he sold the “Demokrat,” and afterward resided in the Lebanon valley and in Reading. He was a frequent correspondent of the German newspapers, and published “Sketches of Domestic Life in Pennsylvania,” a collection of poems and sketches in the mixed German and English of the Pennsylvania Germans (Philadelphia, 1869); “Treu bis in den Tod” (1875); and “Zwei treue Kameraden” (1878).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wood, Reuben

Edition of 1900.
​WOOD, Reuben, lawyer, b. in Rutland county, Vt., in 1792; d. in Rockport, Cuyahoga co., Ohio, 2 Oct., 1864. He served in the war of 1812 as captain of Vermont volunteers, and after studying law was admitted to the bar, began to practise in Cleveland, Ohio. From 1825 till 1828 he was a member of the state senate. In 1830 he was appointed president-judge of the 3d district, and in 1833 he became judge of the state supreme court, which office he held until 1845. In 1849 he was elected governor by the Democrats, and he was re-elected in 1850, when the new constitution went into effect. In 1852 the Democratic national convention discussed the nomination of Gov. Wood for the presidency, but finally united upon Franklin Pierce. In 1853 he was appointed U.S. consul at Valaparaiso, and he resided there eighteen months, when he resigned and retired from public life.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Anthony, Susan Brownell

Edition of 1900.
ANTHONY, Susan Brownell, reformer, b. in South Adams, Mass., 15 Feb., 1820. Daniel Anthony, her father, a cotton manufacturer, was a liberal Quaker, who educated his daughters with the idea of self-support, and employed skilful teachers in his own house. After completing her education at a Friends' boarding-school in Philadelphia, she taught in New York state from 1835 to 1850. Her father removed in 1826 to Washington co., N. Y., and in 1846 settled at Rochester. Miss Anthony first spoke in public in 1847, and from that time took part in the temperance movement, organizing societies and lecturing. In 1851 she called a temperance convention in Albany, after being refused admission to a previous convention on account of her sex. In 1852 the Woman's New York State Temperance Society was organized. Through her exertions, and those of Mrs. E. C. Stanton, women came to be admitted to educational and other conventions with the right to speak, vote, and serve on committees. About 1857 she became prominent among the agitators for the abolition of slavery. In 1858 she made a report, in a teachers' convention at Troy, in favor of the co-education of the sexes. Her energies have been chiefly directed to securing equal civil rights for women. In 1854-'55 she held conventions in each county of New York in the cause of female suffrage, and since then she has addressed annual appeals and petitions to the legislature. She was active in securing the passage of the act of the New York legislature of 1860, giving to married women the possession of their earnings, the guardianship of their children, etc. During the war she devoted herself to the women's loyal league, which petitioned congress in favor of the 13th amendment. In 1860 she started a petition in favor of leaving out the word “male” in the 14th amendment, and worked with the national woman suffrage association to induce congress to secure to her sex the right of voting. In 1867 she went to Kansas with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucy Stone, and there obtained 9,000 votes in favor of woman suffrage. In 1868, with the coöperation of Mrs. Stanton and Parker Pillsbury, and with the assistance of George F. Train, she began, in New York city, the publication of a weekly paper called “The Revolutionist,” devoted to the emancipation of women. In 1872 Miss Anthony cast ballots at the state and congressional election in Rochester, in order to test the application of the 14th and 15th amendments of the U. S. constitution. She was indicted for illegal voting, and was fined by Justice Hunt, but, in accordance with her defiant declaration, never paid the penalty. Between 1870 and 1880 she lectured in all the northern and several of the southern states more than one hundred times a year. In 1881 she wrote, with the assistance of her co-editors, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Matilda Joslyn Gage, “The History of Woman Suffrage,” in two volumes.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Anthony, William Arnold

Edition of 1900.
​ANTHONY, William Arnold, physicist, b. in Coventry, R. I., 17 Nov., 1835. He was educated at the Yale (now Sheffield) scientific school, and received his degree in 1860. From 1857 to 1860 he was principal of a graded school in Crompton, R. I. During 1860-'61 he taught the sciences in the ​Providence Conference Seminary, East Greenwich, R. I., after which, from 1861 to 1868, he followed his profession in various capacities and in different localities. Again, from 1863 to 1867, he taught the sciences in Franklin, N. Y., and in 1867 he became professor of physics and chemistry in Antioch College, where he remained until 1870, when he was called to occupy a similar chair in Iowa Agricultural College. During 1872 he accepted the professorship of physics in the then recently established Cornell University, which he still occupies. Although his work has been principally that of teaching, he has found time to gratify his fondness for mechanics. He designed and constructed, during the years 1857-'61, two turbines, one of which gave an efficiency of 81 per cent., whose floats were carefully formed to curves deduced from a mathematical investigation of the flow of fluids. In 1875 he constructed a Gramme dynamo-electric machine for 25 ampères and 250 volts. This was built at a time when only the most general descriptions of such machines were at hand. He has also made a large tangent galvanometer which measures accurately currents from 1/10 to 250 ampères. Prof. Anthony is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. His published papers include contributions read before these societies, and other numerous scientific articles which have appeared in the “American Journal of Science,” “Journal of the Franklin Institute,” the “Popular Science Monthly,” and several electrical journals. He is joint author with Prof. C. F. Brackett of an “Elementary Text-book on Physics” (New York, 1885).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Anthony, John Gould

Edition of 1900.
​ANTHONY, John Gould, naturalist, b. in Providence, R. I., 17 May, 1804; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 16 Oct., 1877. His school education was slight, and was entirely discontinued when he became twelve years of age. Business pursuits then occupied his attention, and, settling in Cincinnati, he continued there for thirty-five years, actively engaged in commercial occupations. Meanwhile his interest in natural history had developed, his publications attracted the attention of Prof. Agassiz, and in 1863 he was asked to take charge of the conchological department of the museum of comparative zoology, where he remained until his death. He accompanied Agassiz on the Thayer expedition to Brazil in 1865. His writings include the following papers: “A New Trilobite (Ceratocephala ceralepta)” (1838); “Fossil Encrinite” (1838); “Description of a New Fossil (Calymene Bucklandii)” (1839); “Descriptions of Three New Species of Shells” (1839); “Description of Two New Species of Anculotus” (1839); with G. Graham and W. P. James, “Two Species of Fossil Asterias in the Blue Limestone of Cincinnati” (1846); “Description of New Fluviate Shells of the Genus Melania, Lam., from the Western States of North America” (1854); “Descriptions of New Species of American Fluviate Gasteropods” (1861); “Descriptions of Two New Species of Monocondytoca” (1865); “Description of a New Exotic Melania” (1865); “Description of a New Species of Shells” (1865); and “Descriptions of New American Fresh-Water Shells” (1866). Mr. Anthony was recognized as an authority on the American land and fresh-water mollusca.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Anthony, Susanna

Edition of 1900.
​ANTHONY, Susanna, author, b. in Rhode Island in 1726; d. in Newport, 23 July, 1791. Extracts from her writings on religious subjects were published, with a memoir by Dr. Hopkins, in 1739.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Anthony, Andrew Varick Stout

Edition of 1900.
​ANTHONY, Andrew Varick Stout, artist, b. in New York city in 1835. He studied drawing and engraving under the best teachers in New York, and was one of the original members of the American water-color society. His most conspicuous success has been achieved in the line of engraving. Among his best-known works are the illustrations for Whittier's “Snow Bound” (1867), “Ballads of New England” (1870), and “Mabel Martin” (1876); Longfellow's “Skeleton in Armor” (1877), and Hawthorne's “Scarlet Letter” (1878). He has passed part of his professional life in New York and California, but settled in Boston in 1878.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Appleton, James

Edition of 1900.
​APPLETON, James, temperance reformer, b. in Ipswich, Mass., 14 Feb., 1786; d. there, 25 Aug., 1862. When a young man he was elected to the legislature of his native state, and during the war with Great Britain he served as a colonel of Massachusetts militia, and after the close of the war was made a brigadier-general. During his subsequent residence at Portland, Me., he was elected to the legislature in 1836-'37, but he returned finally to his native town, where he died. By his speeches and publications he exercised great influence upon public sentiment in favor of total abstinence. In his report to the Maine legislature in 1837 he was the first to expound the principle embodied in the Maine law. See his “Life,” by Sydney Howard Gay.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Antonelli, Juan

Edition of 1900.
​ANTONELLI, Juan, engineer, b. in Gaeta, Italy, about the middle of the 16th century; d. in Spain in 1616. He went to Cuba in 1584, where he made the plan and superintended the construction of the Morro Castle and Punta Fortress in Havana, in 1589. Before they were finished he went to Vera Cruz, Mexico, and planned the famous fortress of San Juan de Ulua. He returned to Cuba, and afterward went to Spain, where he died.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Apologetic/To Scapula/Chapter III

Chapter III.
However, as we have already remarked, it cannot but distress us that no state shall bear unpunished the guilt of shedding Christian blood; as you see, indeed, in what took place during the presidency of Hilarian, for when there had been some agitation about places of sepulture for our dead, and the cry arose, “No areæ—no burial-grounds for the Christians,” it came that their own areæ, their threshing-floors, were a-wanting, for they gathered in no harvests. As to the rains of the bygone year, it is abundantly plain of what they were intended to remind men—of the deluge, no doubt, which in ancient times overtook human unbelief and wickedness; and as to the fires which lately hung all night over the walls of Carthage, they who saw them know what they threatened; and what the preceding thunders pealed, they who were hardened by them can tell. All these things are signs of God’s impending wrath, which we must needs publish and proclaim in every possible way; and in the meanwhile we must pray it may be only local. Sure are they to experience it one day in its universal and final form, who interpret otherwise these samples of it. That sun, too, in the metropolis of Utica, with light all but extinguished, was a portent which could not have occurred from an ordinary eclipse, situated as the lord of day was in his height and house. You have the astrologers, consult them about it. We can point you also to the deaths of some provincial rulers, who in their last hours had painful memories of their sin in persecuting the followers of Christ. Vigellius Saturninus, who first here used the sword against us, lost his eyesight. Claudius Lucius Herminianus in Cappadocia, enraged that his wife had become a Christian, had treated the Christians with great cruelty: well, left alone in his palace, suffering under a contagious malady, he boiled out in living worms, and was heard exclaiming, “Let nobody know of it, lest the Christians rejoice, and Christian wives take encouragement.” Afterwards he came to see his error in having tempted so many from their stedfastness by the tortures he inflicted, and died almost a Christian himself. In that doom which overtook Byzantium, Cæcilius Capella could not help crying out, “Christians, rejoice!” Yes, and the persecutors who seem to themselves to have acted with impunity shall not escape the day of judgment. For you we sincerely wish it may prove to have been a warning only, that, immediately after you had condemned Mavilus of Adrumetum to the wild beasts, you were overtaken by those troubles, and that even now for the same reason you are called to a blood-reckoning. But do not forget the future.
* ↑ [An obvious play on the ambiguity of this word.]
* ↑ [Notes of the time when this was written. See Kaye, p. 57.]
* ↑ [Christians remembered Herod (Acts xii. 23) very naturally; but we may reserve remarks on such instances till we come to Lactantius. But see Kaye (p. 102) who speaks unfavourably of them.]
* ↑ [Notes of the time when this was written. See Kaye, p. 57.]
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Ethical/Ad Martyras/Chapter III

Chapter III.
Grant now, O blessed, that even to Christians the prison is unpleasant; yet we were called to the warfare of the living God in our very response to the sacramental words. Well, no soldier comes out to the campaign laden with luxuries, nor does he go to action from his comfortable chamber, but from the light and narrow tent, where every kind of hardness, roughness and unpleasantness must be put up with. Even in peace soldiers inure themselves to war by toils and inconveniences—marching in arms, running over the plain, working at the ditch, making the testudo, engaging in many arduous labours. The sweat of the brow is on everything, that bodies and minds may not shrink at having to pass from shade to sunshine, from sunshine to icy cold, from the robe of peace to the coat of mail, from silence to clamour, from quiet to tumult. In like manner, O blessed ones, count whatever is hard in this lot of yours as a discipline of your powers of mind and body. You are about to pass through a noble struggle, in which the living God acts the part of superintendent, in which the Holy Ghost is your trainer, in which the prize is an eternal crown of angelic essence, citizenship in the heavens, glory everlasting. Therefore your Master, Jesus Christ, who has anointed you with His Spirit, and led you forth to the arena, has seen it good, before the day of conflict, to take you from a condition more pleasant in itself, and has imposed on you a harder treatment, that your strength might be the greater. For the athletes, too, are set apart to a more stringent discipline, that they may have their physical powers built up. They are kept from luxury, from daintier meats, from more pleasant drinks; they are pressed, racked, worn out; the harder their labours in the preparatory training, the stronger is the hope of victory. “And they,” says the apostle, “that they may obtain a corruptible crown.” We, with the crown eternal in our eye, look upon the prison as our training-ground, that at the goal of final judgment we may be brought forth well disciplined by many a trial; since virtue is built up by hardships, as by voluptuous indulgence it is overthrown.

## Footnotes

* ↑ 1 Cor. ix. 25.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Apologetic/To Scapula/Chapter V

Chapter V.
Your cruelty is our glory. Only see you to it, that in having such things as these to endure, we do not feel ourselves constrained to rush forth to the combat, if only to prove that we have no dread of them, but on the contrary, even invite their infliction. When Arrius Antoninus was driving things hard in Asia, the whole Christians of the province, in one united band, presented themselves before his judgment-seat; on which, ordering a few to be led forth to execution, he said to the rest, “O miserable men, if you wish to die, you have precipices or halters.” If we should take it into our heads to do the same thing here, what will you make of so many thousands, of such a multitude of men and women, persons of every sex and every age and every rank, when they present themselves before you? How many fires, how many swords will be required? What will be the anguish of Carthage itself, which you will have to decimate, as each one recognises there his relatives and companions, as he sees there it may be men of your own order, and noble ladies, and all the leading persons of the city, and either kinsmen or friends of those of your own circle? Spare thyself, if not us poor Christians! Spare Carthage, if not thyself! Spare the province, which the indication of your purpose has subjected to the threats and extortions at once of the soldiers and of private enemies.
We have no master but God. He is before you, and cannot be hidden from you, but to Him you can do no injury. But those whom you regard as masters are only men, and one day they themselves must die. Yet still this community will be undying, for be assured that just in the time of its seeming overthrow it is built up into greater power. For all who witness the noble patience of its martyrs, as struck with misgivings, are inflamed with desire to examine into the matter in question; and as soon as they come to know the truth, they straightway enrol themselves its disciples.
* ↑ [Compare De Fuga, cap. xii. It is incredible that our author could exaggerate in speaking to the chief magistrate of Carthage.]
* ↑ [Mosheim’s strange oversight, in neglecting to include such considerations, in accounting for the growth of the church, is justly censured by Kaye, p. 124.]
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Ethical
## Contents

* Title Page
* On Repentance
* On Baptism
* On Prayer
* Ad Martyras
* The Passion of the Holy Martyrs Perpetua and Felicitas
* On Patience
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Ethical/Ad Martyras

IV.
Ad Martyras.
[Translated by the Rev. S. Thelwall.]
Chapter I.
Blessed Martyrs Designate,—Along with the provision which our lady mother the Church from her bountiful breasts, and each brother out of his private means, makes for your bodily wants in the prison, accept also from me some contribution to your spiritual sustenance; for it is not good that the flesh be feasted and the spirit starve: nay, if that which is weak be carefully looked to, it is but right that that which is still weaker should not be neglected. Not that I am specially entitled to exhort you; yet not only the trainers and overseers, but even the unskilled, nay, all who choose, without the slightest need for it, are wont to animate from afar by their cries the most accomplished gladiators, and from the mere throng of onlookers useful suggestions have sometimes come; first, then, O blessed, grieve not the Holy Spirit, who has entered the prison with you; for if He had not gone with you there, you would not have been there this day. Do you give all endeavour, therefore, to retain Him; so let Him lead you thence to your Lord. The prison, indeed, is the devil’s house as well, wherein he keeps his family. But you have come within its walls for the very purpose of trampling the wicked one under foot in his chosen abode. You had already in pitched battle outside utterly overcome him; let him have no reason, then, to say to himself, “They are now in my domain; with vile hatreds I shall tempt them, with defections or dissensions among themselves.” Let him fly from your presence, and skulk away into his own abysses, shrunken and torpid, as though he were an outcharmed or smoked-out snake. Give him not the success in his own kingdom of setting you at variance with each other, but let him find you armed and fortified with concord; for peace among you is battle with him. Some, not able to find this peace in the Church, have been used to seek it from the imprisoned martyrs. And so you ought to have it dwelling with you, and to cherish it, and to guard it, that you may be able perhaps to bestow it upon others.

## Contents

* Chapter II
* Chapter III
* Chapter IV
* Chapter V
* Chapter VI

## Footnotes

* ↑ Written in his early ministry, and strict orthodoxy. [It may be dated circa a.d. 197, as external evidence will shew.]
* ↑ Eph. iv. 30. [Some differences had risen between these holy sufferers, as to the personal merits of offenders who had appealed to them for their interest in restoring them to communion.
* ↑ [He favours this resource as sanctioned by custom, and gently persuades them, by agreeing as to its propriety, to bestow peace upon others. But, the foresight of those who objected was afterwards justified, for in Cyprian’s day this practice led to greater evils, and he was obliged to discourage it (ep. xi.) in an epistle to confessors.]