OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zaire

See also Congo River on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZAIRE, a name by which the river Congo was formerly known. Zaire is a Portuguese variant of a Bantu word (nzari) meaning river. In the 16th and 17th centuries the powerful native kingdom of Congo possessed both banks of the lower river, and the name of the country was in time given to the river also. Until, however, the last quarter of the 19th century “Zaire” was frequently used to designate the stream. It is so called by Camoens in the Lusiads. Since H. M. Stanley’s discoveries “Congo” has become the general name for the river from its mouth to Stanley Falls, despite an effort on the part of Stanley to have the stream re-named Livingstone. (See Congo, river.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zaisan

See also Zaysan (town) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZAISAN, or Zaisansk, a town of Russian Central Asia, in the province of Semipalatinsk, near the Chinese frontier, at an altitude of 2200 ft. and near the S.E. corner of Lake Zaisan. Pop. (1897) 4471. Lake Zaisan, situated in an open valley between the Altai range on the north-east and the Tarbagatai on the south, lies at an altitude of 1355 ft. It has a length of 65m., a width of 14 to 30m., an area of 707 sq. m., and a maximum depth of 50 ft. Its water is fresh, as it receives the Black Irtysh and the Kendyrlyk from the east, and several small streams from the west, all of which leave the lake at its north-west extremity by the White Irtysh. The fisheries, which yield abundantly, are in the hands of the Siberian Cossacks. The lake is generally frozen from the beginning of November to the end of April.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Gerard, (Madame)

GERARD (MADAME), a most excellent Painter.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Gethin, (Lady Grace)

Her mother, a lady of piety, gave her all the advantages of a liberal education; and the quick advances she made in knowledge, were an ample recompence for all the care and pains taken with her. Her reading and observations were extraordinary; for she had considered the human passions, with unusual penetration and accuracy of judgment; and laid such a substantial foundation for her conduct in life, as would have made her a shining example of every Christian virtue; but she died early, though not unprepared, and was buried in Westminster abbey; on the south side of which, is erected to her memory a beautiful monument of black and white marble.
She wrote, and left behind her, in loose papers, a ​work, which, soon after her death, was methodized, and published with the following title, Reliquiæ Gethinianæ; or some Remains of the most ingenious and excellent Lady Grace, Lady Gethin, lately deceased; being a collection of choice Discourses, pleasant Apothegms, and witty Sentences. Written by her, for the most part, by way of essay, and at spare hours. London, 1700, 4to. with her picture before it. This work consists of ingenious discourses on Friendship, Love, Gratitude, Death, Speech, Lying, Idleness, the World, Secresy, Prosperity and Adversity, of Children, Cowards, Bad Poets, Indifferency, Censoriousness, Revenge, Boldness, of Youth and Age, Custom, Charity, Reading, Beauty, Flattery, Riches, of Honour and high Places, of Pleasure, Suspicion, Excuses, and, lastly, Miscellanies.
Among Mr. Congreve's poems are to be found verses to the Memory of Grace, Lady Gethin, occasioned by reading her book, entitled, Reliquiæ Gethinianæ; in which that agreeable poet, after speaking of the shortness of life, and the difficulties of obtaining knowledge, proceeds thus:
Whoe'er on this reflects, and then beholds With strict attention what this book unfolds, With admiration struck, shall question, who So very long could live so much to know? For so complete the finish'd piece appears, That learning seems combin'd with length of years, And both improv'd by purest wit to reach At all that study, or that time can teach. But to what height must his amazement rise, When having read the work, he turns his eyes
Again to view the foremost opening page, And there the beauty, sex, and tender age Of her beholds, in whose pure mind arose Th' ethereal source from whence this current flows?
For perpetuating her memory, provision was made for a sermon to be preached in Westminster abbey, on Ash Wednesday for ever.
Female Worthies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Godewyck, (Margerita)

GODEWYCK, (MARGERITA) a Dutch Paintress, born at Dort 1627, died 1677.
She had a fine taste for painting landscapes, and also excelled in working embroidery.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Golindo, (Beatrice)

The perfect knowledge she had of Latin made her be called La Latina; a name which an hospital at Madrid, founded by her, still bears.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Geoffreyn, (Madame)

GEOFFREYN (MADAME), a Parisian Lady of Talents,
Who employed her great riches to succour misfortune and protect the learned, by whom she was much esteemed. Her fame was spread all over Europe, and even crowned heads sought to honour her by public marks of respect. She died 1777.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Germain, (Madame de Saint)

GERMAIN (MADAME DE SAINT), a French Lady of Genius,
Who took infinite pains to read and well understand the British authors; and, if we may judge by the ​manner in which she points out their different excellencies, with good success.
Madame de Saint Germain was born at Paris, and lived there, greatly respected by persons of learning and condition. She seems, in respect to her disposition, very unlike the generality of her countrywomen, being rather of a melancholy contemplative turn, and consequently fond of retirement.
Her writings abound with sentiment and good sense. I find only the title of one of them in Mrs. Thicknesse; Henry and Emilia.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Godiva

GODIVA, Wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, temp. Edward the Confessor,
Famed as the deliverer of Coventry from many oppressive laws. The story, as taken from a M.S. in Bib. Bod and Math. Paris, is as follows:
"This Leofric married Godiva, a most beautiful and devout lady, sister of one Thorold, sheriff of ​Lincolnshire in those days, and founder of Spalding Abbey: which countess bearing an extraordinary affection to Coventry, often and earnestly besought her husband that, for the love of God and the blessed Virgin, he would free it from that grievous servitude to which it was subject. But he, rebuking her for importuning him in a matter so inconsistent with his profit, commanded that she should thenceforth forbear to move therein. Yet she, out of her womanish pertinacity, continued to solicit him, insomuch that he told her, if she would ride on horseback naked, from one end of the town to the other, he would grant her request. Whereunto she returned;—But will you give me leave to do so? And he replying, Yes; the noble lady, upon an appointed day, got on horseback, with her hair loose, so that it entirely covered her; and thus performing the journey, returned with joy to her husband, who thereupon granted to the inhabitants a charter of freedom."
Again,—"And now, before I proceed," says he, "I have a word more to say of the noble countess Godiva, which is, that besides her devout advancement of that pious work of his, i.e. her husband Leofric, in this magnificent monastery, of Monks at Coventry, she gave her whole treasure there; and sent for skilful goldsmiths, who, with all the gold and silver she had, made crosses, images of saints, and other curious ornaments." Which, perhaps, may serve as a specimen of the devotion and patriotism of the times.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Ginasj, (Caterina)

GINASJ, (CATERINA)
An excellent female painter, of whom it suffices to say, that all the pictures in the church of the monastery of S. Lucia, in Rome, are the work of her hands, although designed by Lanfranck.
Abec. Pitt.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Gillot, (Louisa)

GILLOT, (LOUISA, &c.)
A French lady, known in the nineteenth century by many works which were well received.
F.C.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Canzonet

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Canto Fermo

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Canzona

From volume 1 of the work.
[ E. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cantus Fictus

​CANTUS FICTUS. See Musica Ficta.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Capo Tasto

From volume 1 of the work.
​CAPO TASTO (Ital., from Capo, head, and tasto, touch, or tie; Germ. Capotaster, sometimes Capo d'astro). In Italian the nut of a lute or guitar, but also the general name of a contrivance for shortening the vibratory lengths of strings, thus forming a second nut, expressed in French by 'barre,' to facilitate change of key. The construction of a capo tasto varies according to the stringing and shape of the neck of the instrument it is to be applied to, but it may be described as a narrow rail of hard wood, metal, or ivory, clothed with leather or cloth, and often fastened by a screw upon the fret from which it is intended to mark off the new length of the strings. There are other but less simple ways of attaching it. The technical advantage of using a capo tasto is that higher shifts can be more easily obtained; and the use of open strings, upon which the possibility of chords often depends, is facilitated in a higher compass than that natural to the instrument. How much transposition may be facilitated by it is thus shown by Herr Max Albert in Mendel's Lexicon. ​Take a guitar the strings of which are tuned in real notes
the basis of sharp keys: with a capo tasto on the first semitone fret we have
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Canto

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cantor

​CANTOR (Mediæval Lat. Primicerius; Eng. Precentor, Chanter; Fr. Chantre, Grand Chantre).
I. A title given, in Cathedral and Collegiate Churches, to the leader of the singing. In English Cathedrals, the Precentor is usually second only in dignity to the Dean; the Precentor of Sarum claiming still higher rank, as representing the entire Province of Canterbury—an honour which has long existed only in name. His seat is the first return-stall, on the north side of the Choir, facing the Altar; for which reason the north side is called Cantoris, or the Chanter's side. In some few Cathedrals in this country, the familiar term, Chanter, is still retained; and the Succentor is called the Sub-Chanter. The Latinised form, Cantor, is always used in Germany; but, in France, Chantre is frequently exchanged for Maître de Chapelle.
The duty of the Precentor is, to intone the Psalms and Canticles—at least, where Gregorian Services are used; to exercise a general supervision over the singing; to select the music; and, to take care that it is properly performed. It is from the first of these functions that he derives his title; but, in consequence of the high rank attached to the preferment, it is generally given to a beneficed Clergyman who performs its duties by deputy.
II. A name given to the Principal of a College of Church Music.
We hear of the foundation of such a College, in Rome, as early as the 4th century; but it was not until the Pontificate of S. Gregory the Great (590–604) that the Roman Scholæ Cantorum began to exercise any very serious influence upon the development of Church Music. A sketch of their subsequent history will be found in vol. iii. p. 519. Charlemagne founded Singing Schools in many parts of his dominions; and watched over them with paternal care. Every such School was governed by its own special Primicerius, or Cantor; and, as the curriculum was not confined to singing, but comprised a complete course of instruction in music, the influence of a learned Cantor was very great.
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cantoris

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cantiones Sacræ

[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Capella

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chie
### Chie.
#### 招$^1$

    To beckon; call by motion of the hand; to assume; ocnfess.

#### 樵$^1$

    Fuel; a woodcutter.

#### 蕉$^1$

    A plantain; banana.

#### 椒$^1$

    Pepper.

#### 照$^{3-}$

    To illumine; take care of; according to; like as.

#### 譙$^{3-}$

    To censure; blame; to ridicule.

#### 醮$^{3-}$

    To burn incense of victims & pour out oblations; to complete; to invite to take wine.

#### 石$^{-4}$

    A stone.

#### 借$^4$

    To borrow or lend; to pretend; suppose.

#### 質$^4$

    The substantialpart of; sincere; to realize; to substantiate.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chien
### Chien.
#### 顫$^1$

    Trembling with cold; the head inclined to one side.

#### 鸇$^1$

    A certain bird of prey.

#### 箋$^1$

    To note down memorands.

#### 殄$^2$

    To end; terminate; destroy.

#### 畛$^2$

    A dike that serves as a path and a division of fields; to terminate; to announce.

#### 疹$^2$

    A disease that breaks out in pustules with fever; pox.

#### 紾$^2$

    Bent; perverse; to twist; single garments.

#### 袗$^2$

    A black garment; single raiment; garments with flowers.

#### 診$^2$

    To examine; try or verify.

#### 趁$^2$

    To walk briskly up to; to embrace an opportunity.

#### 俴$^2$

    Shallow; thin; thin metal.

#### 踐$^2$

    To tread upon; to talk in a certain path.

#### 餞$^2$

    To present with food or drink; to make a present.

#### 剪$^2$

    To cut with scissors; shear.

#### 翦$^2$

    Even and regular; scissors; to cut with scissors.

#### 燼$^2$

    The residue of what is consumed by fire; ashes.

#### 濺$^{-3}$

    A rapid purturbed current.

#### 戰$^{3-}$

    To fight; war; battle; to be struck with fear.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chiet
### Chiet.
#### 即$^4$

    That is; then; forthwith; urgent.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chit
### Chit.
#### 疾$^{-4}$

    Urgent; vehement; to envy; to hate; disease; sick.

#### 嫉$^{-4}$

    Jealous; envy.

#### 蒺$^{-4}$

    A medicinal plant.

#### 織$^4$

    To weave.

#### 脊$^4$

    The spine; back; ridge of a house or mountain.

#### 瘠$^4$

    Lean; poor; to restrict.

#### 鶺$^4$

    A species of bird.

#### 析$^4$

    To split wood; to divide; to discriminate.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chiu
### Chiu.
#### 周$^1$

    To provide for; to perform a circle; to complete; surround; a curve; circle.

#### 賙$^1$

    To bestow charity; relieve.

#### 週$^1$

    To turn or go around; circulate. ​

#### 州$^1$

    A province; a district.

#### 洲$^1$

    An island.

#### 舟$^1$

    A boat or vessel; to transfer.

#### 輈$^1$

    A certain pole in the fore part of a carriage.

#### 酒$^2$

    Wine; spirituous liquor.

#### 肘$^2$

    The fore arm; elbow; the muscles of the legs and arms.

#### 就$^{-3}$

    To go to; approach; immediately; then; to complete.

#### 咒$^{3-}$

    To curse; to rail.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chiàng
### Chiàng.
#### 將$^1$

    Take and do; to receive; a sign of the future.

#### 嫜$^1$

    A husband's parents; to make obeisance to them.

#### 彰$^1$

    Elegant composition; to manifest; exhibit.

#### 暲$^1$

    Clear and bright.

#### 漳$^1$

    Name of a stream.

#### 璋$^1$

    A kind of sceptre made of chrysoprasus; a play thing.

#### 麞$^1$

    A small species of deer.

#### 長$^2$

    To increase by growth; to extend.

#### 丈$^{-3}$

    A measure of ten cubits; an aged man.

#### 仗$^{-3}$

    Weapons of war—as sword, spear, lance.

#### 杖$^{-3}$

    A staff; a cudgel; to lean upon; hold; to beat with a staff; iron bar.

#### 匠$^{-3}$

    A mechanic; artificer.

#### 瘴$^{3-}$

    A distemper caused by pestilential vapors; a hot, feverish disease.

#### 障$^{3-}$

    A separating dike; to separate; divide.

#### 將$^{3-}$

    A general; captain.

#### 獎$^{3-}$

    To assist; praise; encourage.

#### 傽$^{3-}$

    Madly; blindly; to fall down.

#### 悵$^{3-}$

    Regret; disappointment.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chim
### Chim.
#### 斟$^1$

    To pour out or into; to add; to deliberate.

#### 枕$^2$

    A post or block to fasten cattle or horses to.

#### 浸$^{3-}$

    To soak into; to soak.

#### 𣹦$^{3-}$

    To water; to drench to saturate; gradually.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chio
### Chio.
#### 昭$^{-1}$

    Bright; splendid; light; to illumine.

#### 焦$^{-1}$

    Burned; seared; vexatious; anxiety; distress.

#### 僬$^{-1}$

    Clear discernment; having examined fully.

#### 噍$^{-1}$

    To eat; chew; a hurried voice of tone. ​

#### 憔$^{-1}$

    Lean from hunger and distress of mind.

#### 椎$^{-1}$

    A bludgeon; club; hammer; mallet.

#### 釗$^{-1}$

    Distant; to exert strength.

#### 朝$^{-1}$

    Morning; to wait on the emperor or other high officers.

#### 鳥$^2$

    A bird; fowl.

#### 詔$^{3-}$

    To declare; promulgate; teach; a proclamation.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chip
### Chip.
#### 集$^{-4}$

    To collect; to mix.

#### 執$^{-4}$

    To take hold of; grasp; apprehend; persecute.

#### 縶$^{-4}$

    To tie; bind; fasten.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chin
### Chin.
#### 眞$^1$

    True; sincere; genuine; truth.

#### 津$^1$

    A ford or ferry; a creek; to ford; to moisten.

#### 薪$^1$

    Fuel; brambles; to collect fuel.

#### 榛$^1$

    Trees; brushwood; a small fruit like a chestnut.

#### 溱$^1$

    Affluence; at ease; many; a multitude.

#### 蓁$^1$

    Exuberant foliage; a great accumulation; many.

#### 臻$^1$

    To extend to the utmost limit; highest degree.

#### 搢$^2$

    To insert; attach to; to introduce; to take.

#### 拯$^2$

    To deliver; draw out.

#### 侲$^2$

    Boys from ten to twelve years of age; good.

#### 娠$^2$

    To be pregnant; motion of the child in the womb.

#### 振$^2$

    To shake; excite; adjust; repair.

#### 賑$^2$

    Rich; to enrich; to supply the wants of; give to.

#### 震$^2$

    To shake; agitate; begin.

#### 盡$^{-3}$

    To exhaust; finish; entirely; the extreme point.

#### 進$^{3-}$

    To advance; to introduce; recommend, exert one's self.

#### 薦$^{3-}$

    To introduce; recommend; pasture; grass.

#### 荐$^{3-}$

    Grass; vegetables; pasture; to continue still as before.

#### 晋$^{3-}$

    To increase; attach to; name of a Chinese dynasty.

#### 縉$^{3-}$

    To attach to one; wrap around; carnation color; silk.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Agnes

Agnes of Poitou; Agnes of Aquitaine, Holy Roman Empress
Layout 2
AGNES,
A German Empress. She was the daughter of Duke William of Aquitaine, and in the year 1043, on the death of his first wife, was espoused by King Henry the Third, of Germany. In 1047 she and her husband received the imperial crown at Rome, from the hands of Pope Clement the Second. By this marriage Agnes bad five children, two sons and three daughters, and her eldest son, Henry, being only five years old when the death of his father took place, the empress was entrusted by the princess of the empire, with the regency. She is generally praised for the manner in which, during several years, she discharged the important duties of this office; but a woman's hand could scarcely have sufficient power to control the unruly spirits of those stormy times. With the view of conciliating the dukes who had been hostile to the late king, she bestowed upon them several vacant duchies, and the power thus given into their hands was turned against her. One of them carried off her daughter Matilda, when only eleven years of age, and others formed a conspiracy for the purpose of getting possession of the young king, and the administration of the affairs of the empire; the former object they accomplished in the year 1062, when Agnes resolved to withdraw from public life; her friends, however, persuaded her to remain in the regency, which she did for a time; but being unable to obtain the restoration of her son, she finally retired to a monastery in Italy, where she died in 1077.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Agnes, Saint

Agnes of Rome
Layout 2
AGNES, SAINT,
A Christian martyr at Rome during the persecutions of Dioclesian, whose bloody edicts appeared in March, A. D. 303. She was but thirteen at the time of her glorious death. Her riches and beauty excited many of the young noblemen of Rome to seek her in marriage; but Agnes answered them all, that she had consecrated herself to a heavenly spouse. Her suitors accused her to the governor as a Christian, not doubting that threats and torments would overcome her resolution. The judge at first employed the mildest persuasions and most inviting promises, to which Agnes paid no attention; he then displayed before her the instruments of torture, with threats of immediate execution, and dragged her before idols, to which she was commanded to sacrifice; but Agnes moved her hand only to make the sign of the cross. The governor, highly exasperated, ordered her to be immediately beheaded; and Agnes went cheerfully to the place of execution. Her body was buried at a small distance from Rome, near the Nonietan road. A church was built on the spot in the time of Constantine the Great. The old Latin martyrologies assign to St. Agnes the 21st. and 28th. of January; the Greek the 14th. and 21st. of that month; which latter date is now called her day in the Roman church.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Agnes of France

Layout 2
AGNES OF FRANCE,
The only child that Louis the Seventh, of France, had by his third wife, Alix de Champagne, was sent before she was ten years old to marry Cesar Alexis, the young son of Emmanuel Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople. The marriage was celebrated with great pomp, 1179, and the next year Alexis, though then only thirteen, succeeded his father in the government. But in 1183 a prince of the same family, Andronicus, deposed and murdered Alexis, ​forced Agnes to marry him, and ascended the throne. In 1185, Andronicus was deposed and killed. Being thus left a second time a widow, before she was sixteen, Agnes sought for a protector among the Greek nobility, and her choice fell on Theodore Branas, who defended her cause so well, that when the crusaders took Constantinople, they gave him the city of Napoli, and that of Adrianople, his country, and of Didyraoticus. He soon after married Agnes, and the rest of her life, so stormy in its commencement, was passed very tranquilly.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Agnodice

Layout 2
AGNODICE,
An Athenian virgin, who disguised her sex, to learn medicine. She was taught midwifery by Herophilus, an eminent physician, was born in B. C. 506, and when employed, always discovered her sex to her patients. This procured her so much practice, that the male physicians accused her of corruption before the Areopagus. She confessed her sex to the judge, and a law was immediately made, allowing all free-born women to learn midwifery.