OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hegat, William

​HEGAT, WILLIAM (fl. 1600), professor at Bordeaux, was a native of Glasgow. Several Hiegaits are mentioned in connection with Glasgow between 1570 and 1590 (Reg. Mag. Sig. and Reg. P. C. Scotl.) If the ascription to Hegat of the ‘Pædagogiæ’ is correct, he must have gone to France before 1563 as a very young man. Dempster, who knew him well, says that after teaching at Poitiers, Paris, Lisieux, and Dijon, he finally settled at Bordeaux. On 9 June 1581 Vinetus wrote to George Buchanan [q. v.] that there were then at Bordeaux two Scottishmen, ‘one of whom is professor of Philosophy.’ Hegat is undoubtedly meant; the other was Robert Balfour (1550?–1625?) [q. v.], who was later an intimate friend of Hegat. The ‘Gallia Victrix’ and ‘Recidivæ Athenæ’ show that Hegat made a visit to Poitiers in 1598–9. Hegat was alive as late as 1621. Dempster says he was living at the time he wrote, and describes him as ‘a man skilled in all polite literature and human sciences, whose manners were tempered with a festive gaiety.’ Vinetus more soberly calls him ‘a good, honest, learned man, who enjoys the favour of his auditors.’
Hegat wrote: 1. ‘Pædagogiæ, liber primus, et Galliarum Delphini Genethliacon, carmine,’ Paris, 1563, 4to (Tanner; Watt, Bibl. Brit.) 2. ‘Gallia Victrix,’ Poitiers, 1598, 8vo (a Latin dramatic poem in four acts, dedicated to Walter Stuart, lord Blantyre, who was a pupil of George Buchanan); the Sieur de la Valletrye addressed a sonnet to Hegat on this poem. 3. ‘Recidivæ Athenæ. Oratio Panegyrica habita Pictarii in Aula Pygarræa,’ Poitiers, 1599, 8vo. 4. ‘Ludovico et Annæ clementissimis regibus … Capitulatio sive Amnestia. Oratio habita in aula majori Acquitanica, solemnibus studiorum auspiciis ix Kal. Nov. 1616,’ Bordeaux, 1616, 8vo. 5. ‘Carthusiæ Burdigalensis Encænia. Et religiosis Adventoria,’ Bordeaux, 1621, 8vo (partly prose and partly verse; it is addressed to Francis de Sourdis, archbishop of Bourges). 6. A poem prefixed to the poetical works of the Sieur de la Valletrye, Paris, 1602. 7. A poem in twenty-one hexameter lines, beginning ‘Gloria quanta fuit cæli super ardua ferri,’ prefixed to Balfour's ‘Cleomedis,’ Bordeaux, 1605. 8. Two poems and an address to the reader prefixed to Balfour's ‘Commentary on Aristotle,’ 1618–20. Dempster in his usual manner gives a list of writings which are otherwise unknown: ‘Poemata Græca,’ ‘Epigrammata Latina,’ ‘Orationes eloquentissimæ,’ ‘Epithalamium Henrici Quarti et Mariæ Mediceæ Franciæ regum,’ and adds that he was said to be preparing a commentary on Ausonius.
[Dempster's Hist. Eccl. Gentis Scotorum, p. 687 (Bannatyne Club); Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib. p. 388; D. Irving's Lives of Scottish Writers, i. 237; Michel's Les Écossais en France, ii. 194 sqq.; Burton's Scot Abroad; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
C. L. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heemskerk, Egbert van

​HEEMSKERK, EGBERT van (1645–1704), painter, born at Haarlem in Holland in 1645, was son of a painter of the same name in that town, who painted clever pictures in the style of Teniers and Brouwer. Heemskerk studied under Pieter de Grebber, and followed the same style as his father, painting drinking scenes, village schools, humorous subjects, temptations of St. Anthony, and the like. He lived most of his life in London, where he was patronised by the Earl of Rochester. His paintings, though often gross in subject, were cleverly executed, and were very popular. Many were engraved, especially in mezzotint, by R. Earlom, J. Smith, and others, including some of ‘Quakers' Meetings,’ which are well known. He died in London in 1704, leaving a son of the same name, who was also a painter, but turned out badly, and eventually took to the stage at Sadler's Wells Theatre.
In the print room at the British Museum there are two portraits of Heemskerk, engraved in mezzotint, perhaps by himself, and published by I. Oliver, and also a portrait of Pierce Tempest after Heemskerk, engraved by F. Place. He frequently introduced his own portrait into his pictures. Vincent Bourne [q. v.] wrote poems on two of his pictures.
[Immerzeel's (and Kramm's) Levens en Werken der Hollandsche Kunstschilders; De Piles's Lives of the Painters (supplement); Granger's Biog. Hist. of England.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hecht, Eduard

​HECHT, EDUARD (1832–1887), musician, son of Heinrich Hecht, a musician and teacher of singing at Frankfort, was born on 28 Nov. 1832 at Dürkheim-on-the-Haardt, Rhenish Bavaria. As a child he studied music under his father, and subsequently under Jacob Rosenhain, I. Christian Hauff, and F. Mosser. In November 1854 he came to England, and settled in Manchester as a pianoforte teacher. Associated with Mr. (now Sir) Charles Hallé in his concerts from an early date, he acted as his chorus-master from 1870, and afterwards as sub-conductor. In addition to a large private practice as singing and pianoforte master, he was conductor of the Manchester Liedertafel from 1859 to 1878; was conductor of the St. Cecilia Choral Society from 1860, and conductor of the Stretford Choral Society from 1879. He became in 1875 lecturer on harmony and composition at Owens College, and was conductor of the Bradford and Halifax Musical Society. A man of artistic instinct and energy, he composed many well-known works, which extend to Op. 28. Among them are a symphony played at Hallé's concerts, a chorus, ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade,’ ‘Eric the Dane,’ a cantata, pianoforte pieces, part-songs, trios, two string quartets, marches for military band, &c. He died suddenly at Manchester on 6 March 1887.
[Grove's Dict. of Music and Musicians, iv. 670; Manchester Evening News, 7 March 1887; private information.]
A. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Galfridus

​GALFRIDUS. [See Geoffrey.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Galgacus

​GALGACUS, or (according to the best readings) CALGACUS (fl. circa A.D. 84), Caledonian chieftain, held the command of the native tribes when Agricola, the Roman governor of Britain, invaded Caledonia in his last campaign. Agricola found him encamped near Mons Graupius (Tacitus, Agric. xxix.; so in the editions of Wex, Kritz, and Orelli, 2nd edit.; Church and Brodribb read 'Grampius;' Skene, Celt. Scotl. i. 52, 'Granpius'), and a great battle ensued in which the Romans were victorious. The scene of this engagement has been variously identified with Dealgan Ross near Comrie, Ardoch, Fife, and Urie in Kincardineshire. Skene (Celt. Scotl. i. 54) supposes that previous to the battle the Romans occupied the peninsula formed by the junction of the Isla with the Tay, being protected by the rampart of the Cleaven Dyke, and that Galgacus was encamped at Buzzard Dykes. The date of the battle is usually given as A.D. 84. (Skene, 'A.D. 86;' on the chronological difficulty, see Celt. Scotl. i. 51 note; Merivale, Hist. of the Romans, vii. 329). Before the fight Galgacus is represented by Tacitus (Agric. xxx-xxxii.) as delivering an harangue, denouncing the Roman plunderers of the world. ('Raptores orbis . . . ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant,' &c.) His personal fortunes in the battle are not stated, nor is his name subsequently mentioned. Tacitus speaks of him as 'inter plures duces virtute et genere præstans.'
W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gale, Miles

​GALE, MILES (1647–1721), antiquary, eldest son of John Gale. His father, a descendant of the Gales of Scruton and Masham in Yorkshire, served under Count Mansfeld in the Low Countries (1622–5), returned to England, and lived in retirement on his estate at Farnley, near Leeds, refusing a commission ​from the parliament on the outbreak of the civil war. His mother was Joanna, daughter of Miles Dodson of Kirkby Overblow, Yorkshire. Miles was born at Farnley Hall on 19 June 1647. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1666 and M.A. in 1670. Having taken holy orders he was presented to the rectory of Keighley (1680), which he continued to hold until his death in the night of 2–3 Jan. 1720–1. Gale was a friend of Gyles, the eminent glass-painter of York, and was much interested in antiquarian research. He compiled and presented to Thoresby's Museum, Leeds (1) ‘Memoirs of the Family of Gale, particularly of the learned Dr. Thomas Gale, Dean of York, and Christopher Gale, Esq., Her Majesty's Attorney-general in North Carolina,’ 1703; (2) ‘A Description of the Parish of Keighley.’ He married Margaret, daughter of Christopher Stones, D.D., chancellor of York (1660–87), by whom he had issue four sons and one daughter. Of his sons the eldest, Christopher, was attorney-general of North Carolina in 1703, judge of the admiralty of that province in 1712, and chief justice of Providence and the Bahama Islands in 1721. Several of his letters are printed in Nichols's ‘Illustrations,’ iv. 489–92. He married Sarah, relict of Harvey, governor of North Carolina.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gale, Thomas (1507-1587)

​GALE, THOMAS (1507–1587), surgeon, was born in London in 1507, and was apprenticed with John Field, also a well-known surgeon, to Richard Ferris, one of the chief barber-surgeons of the time. After practicing for some time in London, he served in the army of Henry VIII at Muttrell in France in 1544 (Treatise of Gunshot, p. 74 b), and there had the good sense to refuse to imperil the lives of eleven soldiers by removing bullets the lodgments of which were uncertain. In 1557 he served under Philip II of Spain at the siege of St. Quentin, and two years later was established in practice in London Institution, p. 8 b). He was master of the Barber-Surgeons' Company in 1561, and published a volume on surgery in 1563, dedicated to Lord Robert Dudley. It contains four separate treatises. 'The Institution of Chirurgerie,' the first, is a sort of catechism of surgery, in which Gale and his friend Field answer the questions of a surgical student named John Yates. The second is 'The Enchiridion of Surgery,' a compilation on general surgery, which contains the prescription for Gale's styptic powder often mentioned in contemporary works. Its chief ingredients were alum, turpentine, arsenic, and quicklime. The third is a treatise on gunshot wounds, in which he shows that gunpowder is not a poison, and the fourth is an antidotary or collection of prescriptions. A second volume appeared in 1566 containing some translations from Latin versions of Galen, 'A brief Declaration of the Worthy Art of Medicine,' and 'The Office of a Chirirgeon.' Gale knew but little Latin, and the translations are the work of his friend Dr. Cuningham. The writings of Gale are mainly compilations and contain few cases from his own practice. They show him to have had less mother wit than his contemporary William Clowes the elder [q. v.], and less reading than John Banister (1540-1610) [q. v.] He died in 1587, and left a son, Thomas, also a surgeon, admitted to the guild 18 Jan. 1597.
[Works; MS. Transcript of Records at Barbers' Hall by Sidney Young.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Galeon, William

​GALEON, WILLIAM (d. 1507), learned Augustinian, was born in Norfolk, and became a friar eremite in the Augustinian monastery of Lynn Regis. Bale says that he was already of 'mature years' when he went to Oxford, where he studied for several years among the brethren of his order in their college. He was chiefly renowned for his minute knowledge of theology, and took a D.D. degree probably before he left the university. He was much esteemed by his contemporaries, and ' having moved through several honourable stations, was chosen provincial of his order in England. He died at Lynn in 1507 in the prime of life, and was buried in the church of his order there. Galeon was looked upon as a great ornament to his society, which he is said to have roused from slothfulness. Bale says that he gave many of his writings in his lifetime to his own religious house at Lynn. Bishop Pamphilus is incorrect in his statement that Galeon died in 1500, aged 90. The works ascribed to him are: 'Lectiones in Theologia,' 'Disputationes Variæ' Conciones per Annum.'
E. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Murrell, John

​MURRELL, JOHN (fl. 1630), writer on cookery, was a native of London and by profession a cook. He had travelled in France, Italy, and the Low Countries, and his foreign experiences greatly improved his knowledge of his art. With the methods of both French and Dutch cookery he was intimately acquainted. He was author of a popular treatise on his art, which was licensed for the press to John Browne on 29 April 1617, under the title 'The Ladies' Practise, or plaine and easie Directions for Ladies and Gentlewemen.' It was first published in 1621 as 'A Delightfull Daily Exercise for Ladies and Gentlewomen, whereby is set foorth the secrete Misteries of the purest Preservings in Glasse and other Confrictionaries, as making of Breads, Pastes, Preserves, Suckets, Marmalates, Tart Stuffes, Rough Candies, with many other Things never before in print, whereto is added a Booke of Cookery by John Murrell, professor thereof' (12mo, Brit. Mus.) In an address to 'all ladies and gentlemen and others whatsoever,' Murrell speaks of the favour previously extended to other books by him, none of which seem extant. Thomas Dewe, the publisher, advertises his readiness to sell the ' moulds ' described by Murrell in the text. About 1630 Murrell published another volume called 'A new Booke of Cookerie, with the newest art of Carving and Serving.' The first edition of 'Murrels Two Books of Cookerie and Carving 'a compilation from earlier works appeared in the same year. A long title-page describes the recipes as 'all set forth according to the now new English and French fashion.' The first book on cookery is dedicated, under date 20 July 1630, to Martha, daughter of Sir Thomas Hayes, lord mayor ; the second book to the wife of Sir John Brown. A fifth edition ' with new additions ' is dated 1638 (Brit. Mus.) Another edition was issued in 1641 (Bodl. Libr.), and a seventh in 1650. Murrell's writings especially his first volume which deals mainly with ornamental cookery give an attractive picture of the culinary art of his day. But they have their barbarous episodes. Murrell strongly recommended for invalids 'an excellent and much approved' beverage, of which the chief ingredients were white snails.
[Murrell's Works ; Quart. Rev. January 1894; Arber's Stationers' Registers, iii. 608.]
S. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Musgrave, Anthony

​MUSGRAVE, Sir ANTHONY (1828–1888), colonial administrator, son of Anthony Musgrave, M.D., of the island of Antigua, was born in 1828. He acted as private secretary to Mr. Mackenzie when governor-in-chief of the Leeward Islands in 1850-1. In the latter year he entered as a student at the Inner Temple, but was never called to the bar. He was appointed treasury accountant at Antigua in 1852, and colonial secretary there in 1854; administrator at Nevis in October 1860 and at St. Vincent's in April 1861, and lieutenant-governor of St. Vincent's in May 1862; governor of Newfoundland in April 1864, of British Columbia in January 1869, lieutenant-governor of Natal in May 1872, governor of South Australia in June 1873, governor-in-chief and captain-general in Jamaica in January 1877, and governor and commander-in-chief in Queensland in 1888.
Musgrave was made C.M.G. in 1871 and K.C.M.G. in 1875, and died at Brisbane, Queensland, in October 1888. He was twice married : first in 1854 to Christiana Elizabeth, daughter of the Hon. Sir William Byam of Antigua (she died in 1859); secondly, to Jeannie Lucinda, daughter of David Dudley Field of New York.
Musgrave was author of 'Studies in Political Economy,' London, 1875, 8vo, and of some pamphlets.
[Dod's Knightage, 1888; Colonial List, 1888; Times, 6 Oct. 1888.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henstridge, Daniel

​HENSTRIDGE, DANIEL (d. 1736), organist and composer, was organist of Rochester Cathedral for some years until 1700, when he succeeded Nicholas Wootton as organist of Canterbury Cathedral. Of his anthems very little besides a few organ parts still exist. Henstridge died in 1736, and was buried on 4 June in Canterbury Cathedral.
In a collection of manuscript anthems made by Flackton, a Canterbury bookseller, and preserved in the British Museum Library, are several compositions by Henstridge. They include three hymns and an anthem in E minor for three voices, ‘Hear me when I call’ (Addit. MS. 30932, Nos. 100, 101), in the handwriting of the composer; the organ part of his ‘Morning and Evening Service in D;’ and an anthem, ‘The Lord is King’ (Addit. MS. 30933, Nos. 20, 21).
[Dict. of Music, 1827, i. 361; Harleian Soc. Registers, ii. 140.]
L. M. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hepburn, Francis (1779-1835)

​HEPBURN, FRANCIS or FRANCIS KER (1779–1835), major-general, born 19 Aug. 1779, was second son of Colonel David Hepburn of the 39th foot and 105th highlanders, by his wife Bertha Graham of the family of Inchbrakie, Perthshire. His grandfather, James Hepburn of Brecarton and Keith Marshall, spent his fortune in the Stuart cause. Francis was appointed ensign in the 3rd foot-guards (now Scots Guards) 17 Dec. 1794; became lieutenant and captain 23 April 1798; captain and lieutenant-colonel 23 July 1807; brevet colonel 4 June 1814; regimental 2nd major 25 July 1814; and major-general 19 July 1821. He served with his regiment in Ireland in 1798 and in Holland in 1799; was aide-de-camp to General W. P. Acland [q. v.] at Colchester, and afterwards in Malta and Sicily; but was laid up with fever and ophthalmia during the descent on Calabria and battle of Maida. He joined his battalion at Cadiz in 1809, and his leg was shattered at the battle of Barossa 5 March 1811. He refused to submit to amputation, and by the autumn of 1812 had recovered sufficiently to rejoin his battalion, although his wound remained open and caused frequent and severe suffering during the subsequent campaigns. He was placed in command of the detached light companies of the Coldstream and 3rd Guards in 1812; was present at Vittoria, Nivelle, and the Nive; and at the end of 1813 was ordered home to assume command of the 2nd battalion of his regiment in the expedition to Holland. Delayed by contrary winds, he arrived after the expedition had sailed, but followed the battalion to the Low Countries, and commanded it there during the winter of 1814–15. He joined the Duke of Wellington's army in April 1815. Hepburn was in temporary command of the 2nd brigade of guards until the arrival of Sir John Byng [q. v.] in May. He commanded his battalion at Quatre Bras and Waterloo. The light company of the battalion was sent with other troops under Lord Saltoun to occupy Hugoumont on the night of 17 June. Other companies of the battalion were sent to reinforce the post soon after the battle had commenced next day, and later Hepburn was sent with the rest of the battalion, when he took command of the troops posted in the orchard of the chateau, an important service, the credit of which, by some official blunder, was given to a junior officer, Colonel Hume. The mistake was explained officially, but never notified publicly, and, it is said, was the means of depriving Hepburn of the higher honours awarded to other senior officers of the division of guards. Hepburn was made C.B., and had the fourth-class decorations of the Netherlands Lion and St. Alexander Nevski in Russia. He married in 1821 Henrietta, eldest daughter and coheiress of Sir Henry Poole, last baronet of Poole Hall, Cheshire, and Hook, Sussex, by whom he had two sons and a daughter. He died at Tunbridge Wells on 7 June 1835, aged 56 years.
[Army Lists; Hamilton's Hist. Grenadier Guards, iii. 13–48; Colburn's United Service Mag. November 1835, pp. 383–4; Gent. Mag. new ser. iv. 101, 650.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hensman, John

​HENSMAN, JOHN (1780–1864), divine, son of Thomas and Anne Hensman, born at Bedford on 22 Sept. 1780, was educated at Bedford grammar school, whence he proceeded with an exhibition to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in 1797. Ninth wrangler in 1801, he was elected a fellow. Taking orders, he for a time assisted the Rev. Charles Simeon at Cambridge. In 1803 he became curate to James Vaughan, rector of Wraxall, Somerset, and married his rector's sister, Elizabeth, on 16 Sept. 1808. The next year he went to Clifton, near Bristol, as curate in charge of the parish church, the living being at that time under sequestration. Clifton had then only one small church with a chapel of ease in Dowry Square, and was little more than a village with a few wealthy inhabitants. During the next few years it increased rapidly, and, chiefly owing to Hensman's exertions, the old church, which had been rebuilt in the seventeenth century, was replaced by the present parish church, consecrated on 12 Aug. 1822. When in the course of that year the sequestration was removed and the incumbent returned, Hensman, at the bishop's request, took charge of Dowry Chapel as curate. In 1830 his friends built Trinity Church, Hotwells, for him; it was consecrated on 10 Nov. He held the incumbency from 10 Jan. following till 8 Oct. 1844, when he accepted the perpetual curacy of Christ Church, Clifton; the church here was built for him. In March 1847 he was instituted to the living of Clifton on his own presentation. He was instrumental in building St. Paul's Church, consecrated on 8 Nov. 1853, and St. Peter's, consecrated 10 Aug. 1855. On the completion of fifty years of his Clifton ministry, a chapel of ease was built as a memorial of him, and was consecrated in December 1862. He was for some years an hon. canon of Bristol Cathedral. He died at Clifton on 23 April 1864, exactly fifty-five years from the day on which he preached his first sermon at Clifton. He was buried at Wraxall. Hensman was highly esteemed, not only in his parish and in the adjoining city of Bristol, but more widely as one of the wisest and oldest members of the evangelical party. He declined all part in controversy, nor did he in his sermons, which were persuasive rather than eloquent, ever touch on any disputes about doctrine or practice. He was always gentle and forbearing. His wife predeceased him in November 1860. He left one daughter, Harriet, married to her cousin, the Rev. Edward P. Vaughan, rector of Wraxall.
[Private information and personal knowledge.]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henson, Gravener

​HENSON, GRAVENER (1785–1852), commercial historian, was born in 1785 in humble circumstances at Nottingham. His education was scanty, but hard study and a retentive memory enabled him to acquire much valuable information, including an accurate knowledge of the commercial law of England and France. While still young he ​was engaged in the hosiery trade, and became familiar with the inventors then busy in improving the stocking-frame. He began a ‘Civil, Political, and Mechanical History of the Framework-Knitting and Lace Trades,’ of which the first volume appeared in 1831. It stopped from want of support. Felkin says that he had ‘a practical knowledge of most kinds of looms, and describes them correctly, though in a technical manner.’ In 1828 he had published a list of a hundred inventions and alterations in the stocking and lace machines, and he left behind him at his death the manuscripts of ‘Notes of Inventions and Improvements of Lace Machines down to the year 1850.’ He wrote voluminously upon local trade, the claims of workmen, combination laws, and other kindred subjects. He wandered about the coast of England, Scotland, and of northern France, discovering and exposing the tricks of the smugglers. He gave valuable parliamentary evidence on his own subjects, but was more than once imprisoned for complicity in the Luddite riots. He died in poverty at Nottingham in 1852.
[Felkin's History of Machine-Wrought Hosiery and Lace; Wylie's Old and New Nottingham; contemporary local papers.]
W. E. D.