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# Aviation Accident Report: United Air Lines crash on 20 December 1934

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF AIR COMMERCE Washington
REPORT OF THE ACCIDENT BOARD BUREAU OF AIR COMMERCE
Statement of probable cause concerning an aircraft accident which occurred to an airplane of United Air Lines, Incorporated, at Western Springs, Illinois on December 20, 1934
To the Director of Air Commerce.
On December 20, 1934 at approximately 6:15 p.m. at Western Springs, Illinois, an airplane of United States registry, piloted by licensed airmen while being operated in scheduled flight carrying mail and express, a crew of three and one other company employee, crashed with resultant serious injuries to the pilot, minor injuries to the copilot and major damage to the aircraft.
The airplane, a Boeing, model 247, bore Department of Commerce license number NC-13328 and was being operated between Chicago, Illinois, and Omaha, Nebraska, by United Air Lines, Incorporated. The pilot, David L. Behnoke, held a Department of Commerce transport pilot's license and a scheduled air transport rating. The copilot, Kenneth W. Quayle, held a Department of Commerce transport pilot's license. The stewardess, Barbara Berner, and John Wolfe, a company employee, were not injured.
The take-off from Chicago, Illinois, was accomplished at about 7:53 p.m. At this time the ceiling was established at 700 feet, visibility one and one-quarter miles and a light snow was falling. The weather was worse at Waterman, the next check point west of Chicago, but from Waterman on was very good.
After the airplane had flown on course for about fifteen minutes, the right engine slowed down, then stopped. The pilot circled to the left to return to Chicago and the copilot radioed Chicago of the fact and requested that the radio range beam be left on, which was done. About this time the left engine slowed down to the point that a forced landing was inevitable. During this time efforts were made by both pilot and copilot to keep the engines running.
The pilot headed south in an effort to land outside of the tower but was unsuccessful. The airplane came to rest at a 45° angle with the nose in some trees and the tail on the ground. The right engine was torn free of the airplane by the force of impact.
Investigation failed to disclose any malfunctioning of the aircraft or any mechanical failure of the engines. Both engines functioned satisfactorily through full throttle range when set up for test after the accident. The pilot states that all instruments registered normal conditions and that the carburetor heat controls had been fully on prior to the difficulty.
It is the opinion of the Accident Board that the probable cause of this accident was ice forming in the carburetors which resulted in loss of power.
Respectfully submitted, ACCIDENT BOARD
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Aviation Accident Report: United Air Lines Flight 4/Appendix 1

APPENDIX
United States Weather Bureau observations feeds at the Salt Lake City Airport from 10:00 to 11:30 p.m. on May 1, 1942.
| 10:00 p.m. | Classification contact; ceiling 2000 feet, overcast with scattered clouds at 1200 feet; visibility 8 miles limited to 3 miles to the southeast by light smoke; light rain; temperature 42, dew point 41; wind north-northwest, 18 m.p.h. |
| 10:12 pm. (Special) | Classification instrument; ceiling 700 feet variable, overcast, with lower broken clouds; visibility 8 miles, limited to 3 miles to the southeast by light smoke; light rain; temperature 42, dew point 41; wind north-northwest, 20 m.p.h. |
| 10:30 p.m. | Classification contact; ceiling 1600 feet, overcast, with scattered clouds at 700 feet; visibility unlimited, limited to 3 miles to the southeast by light smoke; light rain; temperature 40, dew point 38; wind north-northwest, 20 m.p.h. |
| 11:00 p.m. | Classification contact; ceiling 1600 feet, overcast, with scattered clouds at 700 feet; visibility unlimited, limited to 3 miles to the southeast by light smoke; light rain; temperature 40, dew point 38; wind north-northwest, 20 m.p.h. |
# Aviation Accident Report: United Air Lines Flight 26/Appendix

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# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Blair, Henry William

Edition of 1900.
​BLAIR, Henry William, senator, b. in Campton. N. H.. 6 Dec, 1834. His parents died before he had completed his thirteenth year, and his boyhood was spent in the family of Richard Bartlett, of Campton, where he worked on the farm, and attended school at intervals until he was seventeen, when he began to teach, hoping to earn enough money to take him through college. Compelled by ill health to give up this plan, he read law with William Leverett, of Plymouth, N. H., was admitted to the bar in 1859, and in 1860 was elected prosecuting attorney for Grafton co. When the civil war began he enlisted in the 15th New Hampshire volunteers; was chosen captain of his company, soon became major, and finally lieutenant-colonel. He was twice wounded severely at the siege of Port Hudson, and was prevented by his wounds, and disease contracted in service, from taking any active part in the remainder of the war. He was elected to the New Hampshire house of representatives in 1866, and in 1867 and 1868 to the state senate. He served in the U, S. house of representatives from 1875 till 1879, and, declining a re-nomination, was elected to the U. S. senate in the latter year, and reelected in 1885. Senator Blair has given much attention to social questions, and is an ardent temperance reformer. He is the author of the "Blair Common School Bill," which was introduced by him in the 47th congress. As passed by the senate in April, 1884, the bill appropriates 177,000,000 to be distributed among the states in proportion to their illiteracy. In the original bill the amount was $105,000,000. In the 49th congress the senate again passed the bill, making the appropriation |79,000,000. Senator Blair has also introduced prohibitory temperance and woman suffrage amendments to the national constitution, is the author of the Blair scientific temperance education bill and the Blair pension bill, and has made important speeches on financial subjects.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Blake, Eli Whitney

Edition of 1900. Two words have been inserted from the 1891 edition into the son's biography.
​BLAKE, Eli Whitney, inventor, b. in Westborough, Mass., 27 Jan., 1795; d. in New Haven,Conn., 18 Aug., 1886. He studied at Leicester (Mass.) Academy, and was graduated at Yale in 1816, after which he studied law with Judge Gould in Litchfield, Conn. But this he soon abandoned at the request of his uncle, Eli Whitney, who desired his assistance in erecting and organizing the gun-factory at Whitneyville. Here he made important improvements in the machinery and in the processes of manufacturing arms. On the death of Mr. Whitney in 1825 he associated with himself his brother Philos, and continued to manage the business. In 1836 they were joined by another brother, John A., and, under the firm-name of Blake Brothers, established at Westville a factory for the production of door-locks and latches of their own invention. The business was afterward extended so as to include casters, hinges, and other articles of hardware, most of which were covered by patents. In this branch of manufacture, Blake Brothers were among the pioneers, and long held the front rank. The ideas that they originated still characterize the forms of American locks, latches, casters, hinges, and other articles of house-furnishing hardware wherever manufactured. In 1852 Mr. Blake was appointed to superintend the macadamizing of the city streets, and his attention was directed to the want of a proper machine for breaking stone. This problem he solved in 1857 by the invention of the Blake stone-breaker, which, for originality, simplicity, and effectiveness, has justly been regarded by experts as unique. This crusher is now used in all parts of the world for breaking ores, road metal, and similar purposes. Mr. Blake was one of the founders, and for several years president, of the Connecticut Academy of Science. He contributed valuable papers to the “American Journal of Science” and other periodicals, the most important of which he published in a single volume as “Original Solutions of Several Problems in Aërodynamics” (1882). — His son, Eli Whitney, b. in New Haven, 20 April, 1836; d. in Hampton, Conn., 1 Oct., 1895, was graduated at Yale, and at Sheffield Scientific School, after which he studied chemistry and physics in the Universities of Heidelberg, Marburg, and Berlin. Prof. Blake was professor of chemistry in the University of Vermont (1867); professor of physics at Cornell (1868-'70); acting professor of physics at Columbia (1868-'9); and professor of physics at Brown (1870-'86). He was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of other scientific bodies, to whose proceedings he frequently contributed valuable papers.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Blackwell, Antoinette Louisa Brown

Edition of 1900.
BLACKWELL, Antoinette Louisa Brown, author and minister, b. in Henrietta, Monroe co., N. Y., 20 May, 1825. When sixteen years old she taught school, and then, after attending Henrietta academy, went to Oberlin, where she was graduated in 1847. She spent her vacations in teaching and in the study of Hebrew and Greek. In the winter of 1844 she taught in the academy at Rochester, N. Y., where she delivered her first lecture. After graduation she entered upon a course of theological study at Oberlin, and completed it in 1850. When she asked for the license to preach, usually given to the theological students, it was refused; but she preached frequently on her own responsibility. The four years following her graduation were spent in study, preaching, and in lecturing on literary subjects, temperance, and the abolition of slavery. At the woman's rights convention in Worcester, Mass., in 1850, Miss Brown was one of the speakers, and she has since been prominent in the movement. In 1853 she was regularly ordained pastor of the orthodox Congregational church of South Butler and Savannah, Wayne co., N. Y., but gave up her charge in 1854 on account of ill health and doctrinal doubts. In 1855 she investigated the character and causes of vice in New York city, and published, in a New York journal, a series of sketches entitled “Shadows of our Social System.” In 1856 she married Samuel C. Blackwell, brother of Elizabeth Blackwell. They have six children, and now live in Elizabeth, N. J. Mrs. Blackwell still preaches occasionally, and has become a Unitarian. She is the author of “Studies in General Science” (New York, 1869); “The Market Woman”; “The Island Neighbors” (1871); “The Sexes Throughout Nature” (1875); and “The Physical Basis of Immortality” (1876). She has in preparation (1886) “The Many and the One.”
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Blair, Austin

Edition of 1900.
​BLAIR, Austin, governor of Michigan, b. in Caroline, Tompkins eo., N. Y., 8 Feb., 1818 ; d. in Jackson, Mich., G Aug.. 1894. He was educated at Union college, being graduated in 1889, studied law, and removed to Michigan. He was county clerk of Eaton county, member of the legislature in 1846, and prosecuting attorney of Jackson county from 1852 till 1854. He was state senator from 1854 till 1856, and from 1861 till 1865 was governor of the state, in which office he was active in his support of the national government. In 1866 he was elected as a republican to congress, where he was a member of the committees on foreign affairs, rules, and militia, and was twice re-elected in succession, serving on the committee on land-claims. In 1878 he resumed law practice in Jackson, Mich.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Bishop, Richard Moore

Edition of 1900.
​BISHOP, Richard Moore, merchant, b. in Fleming co., Ky., 4 Nov., 1812; d. in Jacksonville, Fla., 2 March, 1893. He received a limited education, became a clerk when he was seventeen years old, and was admitted to partnership with his employer when he was twenty-one. Later he removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, and established himself as a wholesale grocer. He was elected a member of the city council, 1857, its presiding officer, 1858, and mayor on a citizens' ticket, 1859. During the latter service he rigidly enforced the ​laws that provided for observance of the Sabbath, laws that provided for observance of the Sabbath, received President-elect Lincoln, then on his way to Washington, and the Prince of Wales, and presided over the great Union war meeting. He was president of the national commercial convention in Baltimore in 1871, in 1873 was a member of the last constitutional convention of Ohio, and in 1877 was elected governor as a Democrat. He was a member of the Disciples or Christian church, was president of the Ohio state missionary society from 1859 till 1869, succeeded Alexander Campbell as president of the general Christian missionary convention, and held office till 1875. Gov. Bishop was connected with many of the benevolent interests of his city and state, and gave largely of his means to the institutions of his church, and to educational and charitable enterprises.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Blake, Lillie Devereux

Edition of 1900.
BLAKE, Lillie Devereux, reformer, b. in Raleigh, N. C., 12 Aug., 1835. She was educated in New Haven at Miss Apthorp's school, and ​consequently took the Yale course with tutors at home. She became interested in woman's enfranchisement in 1869, and has since spoken extensively on that subject, addressing committees of congress and state legislatures on the question. In 1876 she was a member of the delegation from the national association, that presented the woman's declaration of rights in Philadelphia on 4 July, 1876. For five years she has been president of the New York State Woman Suffrage Association, and she was the first person to ask that Columbia college be open to women. Mrs. Blake has taken an active interest in many political campaigns, and was instrumental in securing the passage of the law giving school-suffrage to the women of New York state. She has been twice married: in 1855 to Frank G. Quay Umsted, who died in 1859, and in 1866 to Grenfill Blake. She has written serial stories, short sketches, and letters, for various periodicals and newspapers. Her published works include “Southwold” (New York, 1859); “Rockford, or Sunshine and Storm” (1863); “Fettered for Life” (1873); and “Woman's Place To-day,” a series of lectures in reply to Dr. Morgan Dix's lenten sermons on the “Calling of a Christian Woman” (1883).
# Bohemia's claim for freedom/In conclusion…

​IN conclusion, it may be of interest to add that the three decorations in this book (on pages 4, 49, 58) are from actual designs by an old Czech peasant woman, and were originally intended for embroidery; they are, therefore, genuine examples of Czech peasant art. The two medallions, referring to the Signs of Zodiac (on pages 6, 52) have been adapted for book decoration from oil-paintings by J Manes. On page 7 is reproduced the autograph signature of John Hus.
The London Czech Committee desire also to express their indebtedness and sincere thanks to Mr. G. K. Chesterton for his beautiful humanistic introduction; to the Rev. H. B. Workman, D.Litt., D.D., for placing his important work, "Letters of John Hus," at their disposal; and to Mr. Geoffrey Whitworth for the correction of the English text. Only those who had to deal with the Czechs' MSS. can appreciate the generous and disinterested help of Mr. Whitworth.
We Czechs residing in England cannot let this opportunity pass without thanking the whole British nation for the sympathetic treatment that we at the present time enjoy, and for the freedom with which we are permitted to organize our national affairs against the common enemy. Nor is this generous trust misplaced. We hope that in the near future we shall give some more practical and conclusive proofs of our loyalty.
The London Czech Committee.
July, 1915.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# Bohemia's claim for freedom/Old Hussite war hymn

OLD HUSSITE WAR HYMN
Ye Soldiers of our God and of His Law, Him ye shall pray to, Him adore, And He shall crown the fight With victory.
'Tis He commands us, recking nought of death, For love of neighbours to resign our breath If need be. Courage, therefore, And be men!
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# Bohemia's claim for freedom/Dedication

DEDICATION
IN memory of the great man John Hus the London Czech Committee presents this little work to the English public. And as this act is but a token of our admiration of the noble death of John Hus for the cause of the intellectual freedom of Europe, even so in that same spirit should the reader open these few pages. We invite not criticism, but a sympathetic understanding. Those of our compatriots who had a free choice are dying to-day on the side of England, France and Russia. We look expectantly to the great day of Peace, when, we have the right to hope, our national aspirations will be crowned with the full independence of our beloved country; we desire to shake off the German yoke that weighed us down for so many unhappy centuries.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
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# Bohemia's claim for freedom/Introduction

INTRODUCTION
IT is to be feared that the average educated Englishman knows very little about Bohemia. Very likely he would never have known even that it has no sea-coast if Shakespeare had not inadvertently said that it had. But the present war is teaching the English what their school-masters, for some reason, have never taught them—a little history and geography. And the ancient though fallen kingdom of Bohemia, like the ancient though fallen kingdom of Poland, is likely to play a considerable part in the coming resurrection of the nations. Austria has been to Bohemia, as to Poland, an influence almost more unpardonable than that of the savages of Prussia, not because she did worse, but because she knew better. Austria built, and is still building, her power upon the ruin of Christian countries which have been her own bulwarks against the heathen. As she repaid the rescue by Sobiesky with annexation, and the Crusade of Servia with conspiracy, so she owed her possession of Bohemia to the Moslem victory at Mohacz.
Austria has never grudged the blood of her neighbours in defence of her religion. But the Prussianised Austria of to-day is confronted in Bohemia and elsewhere with something which the Prussianised spirit can never understand—the rejuvenation of defeat. An English neo-pagan poet said that only one god had ever died: but he might have added that only one has ever risen from the dead. This conception of the birth that ​begins in death is inconceivable to the northern barbarian; and the immortality of the martyred nations bewilders and confounds him. These small Christian States not only survive defeat, but celebrate defeat. They date from defeat; not, like the heathens ab urbe condita, but rather ab urbe capta. The Bohemian song and proverb says, "More was lost on Mohacz's field," as the English (perhaps recalling their naval adventures) say, " Worse things happen at sea." And a modern Servian sculptor is planning a colossal monument for the scene of the Servian ruin at Kosovo. The Prussians have no colossal monument upon the field of Jena.
G. K . CHESTERTON.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Green, Ezra

Edition of 1900.
​GREEN, Ezra, physician, b. in Maiden, Mass., 17 June, 1746; d. in Dover, N. IL, 35 July, 1847. He was graduated at Harvard in 1765, and began the practice of medicine in 1768. In June, 1775, he joined the continental army as surgeon, was on the Canada expedition, and in the sloop-of-war " Ranger," under Paul Jones, in 1777. He remained in the service until 1781, when he resigned and engaged in trade. Dr. Green was a Federalist in polities, and a delegate to the New Hampshire constitutional convention of 1830.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Groesbeck, William Slocum

Edition of 1900.
​GROESBECK, William Slocomb, lawyer, b. in New York city, 24 July, 1815. He received an academic education, studied law, practised in Cincinnati, and was in 1851 a member of the state constitutional convention. In 1852 he was a member of the commission to codify the laws of Ohio. He was in congress from 7 Dec., 1837 till 3 March, 1859, serving on the committee on foreign affairs, was a member of the peace congress in 1861, and in 1862 a member of the Ohio state senate. He was elected a delegate to the National union convention held in Philadelphia in 1866, and was one of the counsel for President Johnson in the impeachment trial of 1868. Mr. Groesbeck was nominated for the presidency in 1872 by a convention of Liberal Republicans who were dissatisfied with Horace Greeley, but the ticket was entirely forgotten during the excitement of the canvass, although Mr. Groesbeck received a single electoral vote for the vice-presidency. He was appointed in 1878 U.S. delegate to the International monetary congress held in Paris.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Griswold, Stanley

Edition of 1900.
​GRISWOLD, Stanley, senator, b. in Torringford, Conn., 14 Nov., 1763; d. in Shawneetown, Ill., 21 Aug., 1815. After working on his father's farm and attending a district-school, he entered Yale, where he graduated in 1786. He was then principal of a high-school for a year, studied divinity, and on 20 Jan., 1790, was installed as colleague pastor at New Milford, Conn., where his eloquence and social qualities made him popular. He early became an admirer of Thomas Jefferson, who was then regarded by most of the New England clergy as little less than an athiest, and in 1797 he was excluded from the association of ministers of which he was a member on account of alleged heterodoxy. His congregation, however, supported him, and he continued to preach in New Milford till 1802, when he resigned. In 1801 he delivered a sermon at a Democratic jubilee in Wallingford, Conn., avowing political sentiments so unusual for a New England clergyman the he became widely known. After preaching for a short time in Greenfield, Mass., he abandoned the pulpit, and in 1804 edited with spirit and ability a Democratic newspaper at Walpole, N.H. In 1805 he was appointed by President Jefferson secretary of Michigan territory, but shortly afterward resigned on account of some difficulty with the governor, Gen. William Hull, and removed to Ohio. In 1809-'10 he served in the U.S. senate, having been appointed to fill a vacancy, and was afterward U.S. judge for the Northwest territory, holding that office at the time of his death. He published the sermon alluded to above, with the title “Overcome Evil with Good” (Hartford, 1801 ; 2d ed. New Haven, 1845).