OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Roger of Waltham

Roger Waltham in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​ROGER of Waltham (d. 1336), author, was a clerk in the service of Antony Bek (d. 1310) [q. v.], bishop of Durham (Reg. Pal. Dunelm. i. 530; Cal. Close Rolls, Edward II, i. 257). On 30 April 1304, being then rector of Langnewton, Durham, he obtained license to hold another benefice together with his prebend of Sakynton at Darlington (Bliss, Cal. Pap. Reg. i. 613). On 23 March 1314 he was rector of Eggescliffe, and held canonries or prebends at Loddon, Darlington, Auckland (East Marle), and Chester-le-Street (Reg. Pal. Dunelm. i. 523, iii. 102–4). In 1316 he occurs as prebendary of Cadington Minor at St. Paul's, London, and is said to have been also precentor. He was keeper of the king's wardrobe from 1 May 1322 to 19 Oct. 1323, for which period he delivered his account at the exchequer on 22 May 1329 (Bernard, Cat. MSS. Angliæ, s.v. Bodl. MS. 4177; Cal. Close Rolls, Edw. II, iii. 626, 634; Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edw. III, i. 131). In 1322 he was nominated to the archdeaconry of Buckingham, but the appointment was cancelled (Cal. Close Rolls, Edw. II, iii. 602). One Roger de Waltham was keeper of rebels' lands in Stafford in 1322 (ib. iii. 572–3, 576–579, &c.). On 1 Feb. 1325 the canon was present at St. Paul's for the translation of the remains of St. Erkenwald. During the next two years he commenced to provide for a chantry with two priests at St. Paul's; the ordinance was finally completed in 1329 (Dugdale, St. Paul's, pp. 21, 26, 382, 383; (Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. pp. 28 b, 40 a, 45 a). Roger was alive in 1332 (ib. p. 2 a), but probably died before 1337, when Thomas Bradwardine held Cadington Minor, and certainly before 20 Oct. 1341, when his successor was appointed at Auckland. His ‘obit’ was kept at St. Paul's on 12 Oct. (Simpson, pp. 71, 98).
​Roger was author of: 1. ‘Compendium Moralis Philosophiæ,’ which is extant in Laud. Misc. MS. 616, and Bodleian 2664, both in the Bodleian Library; there was anciently a copy at Durham Cathedral (Cat. Vet. Script. Dunelm. p. 137, in Surtees Soc.) Roger's ‘Compendium’ was used by Sir John Fortescue (1394?–1476?) [q. v.] in his ‘Governance of England.’ It is not really a treatise of moral philosophy, but a series of moral disquisitions on the virtues and duties of princes. It is largely derived from Seneca among classical, and Helinand of Froidmont among mediæval writers. 2. ‘Imagines Oratorum,’ of which Leland says that he had seen a copy at St. Paul's. 3. ‘A manuscript at St. Paul's marked ‘W. D. 5,’ contains on folios 56–60 a list of pittances of the church of St. Paul, drawn up by Roger of Waltham (Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. p. 69 a).
A table to Roger of Waltham's ‘Compendium Morale,’ compiled by Thomas Graunt (d. 1474), is in Fairfax MS. 4 in the Bodleian Library.
C. L. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Roger of Hereford

Duplicate: the ODNB identifies Roger of Hereford with Roger Infans.
​ROGER of Hereford (fl. 1178), mathematician and astrologer, seems to have been a native of Herefordshire, and is said to have been educated at Cambridge. He was a laborious student, and was held in great esteem by his contemporaries. His chief studies were natural philosophy and astrology, and he was an authority on mines and metals. The following tracts are attributed to him: 1. ‘Theorica Planetarum Rogeri Herefordensis’ (Digby MSS. in Bodl. Libr. No. 168). 2. ‘Introductorium in artem judiciariam astrorum.’ 3. ‘Liber de quatuor partibus astronomiæ judiciorum editus a magistro Rogero de Herefordia’ (Digby MSS. in Bodl. Libr. No. 149). 4. ‘De ortu et occasu signorum.’ 5. ‘Collectaneum annorum omnium planetarum.’ 6. ‘De rebus metallicis.’ In the Arundel collection in the British Museum is an astronomical table by him dated 1178, and calculated for Hereford.
W. F. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Roger Infans

Duplicate: the ODNB identifies Roger Infans with Roger of Hereford.
​ROGER INFANS (fl. 1124), writer on the ‘Compotus’ (i.e. the method of computing the calendar), states that he published his treatise in 1124, when still a young man, though he had already been engaged for some years in teaching. For some reason he was called ‘Infans,’ which Leland, without sufficient justification, translated Yonge. Wood, whom Tanner follows, puts Roger's date at 1186, and absurdly calls him rector of the schools and chancellor of the university of Oxford. The only known manuscript of his Treatise is Digby MS. 40, ff. 25–52, where it commences with a rubric (of the thirteenth century): ‘Præfatio Magistri Rogeri Infantis in Compotum.’ Wright has printed an extract from this preface. Roger's chief authorities are Gerland and Helperic, whom he frequently corrects.
C. L. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Roger of Croyland

Roger of Crowland in the ODNB.
​ROGER of Croyland (d. 1214?), biographer of Becket, was one of the many monks employed at the close of the twelfth century and early in the thirteenth in compiling lives of St. Thomas of Canterbury (cf. Herbert of Bosham). In 1213 he revised the compilation made by an Evesham monk in 1199. The work was undertaken at the request of Henry, abbot of Croyland, to whom it was dedicated by Roger (letter printed by Giles, Vita et Epistolæ S. Thom. Cant. ii. 40–5). The abbot presented it to Stephen Langton on the translation of the martyr, 27 June 1220 (ib.) The work is of no original value, though the author had known Becket during his life. Roger after 1213 became prior of Preston, and is supposed to have died in the following year (ib.) Manuscripts of Roger's life of Becket are in the Bodleian Library (E. Mus. 133, 3512), in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris (5372, 1), and at University College, Oxford.
[Hardy's Cat. ii. 344–5, iii. 34; Leland's De Script. Brit. i. 219; Magnusson's Preface to Thomas Saga (Rolls Ser.), ii. xcv.]
W. H. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Roger of Ford

1904 Errata appended. Roger of Forde in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​ROGER of Ford (fl. 1170), called also Roger Gustun, Gustum, and Roger of Cîteaux, hagiographer, was a Cistercian monk of Ford in Devonshire. He went to Schonau, and while there wrote, at the order of William, abbot of Savigny, ‘An Account of the Revelations of St. Elizabeth of Schonau,’ with a preface addressed to Baldwin (d. 1190) [q. v.], abbot of Ford, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury. The preface begins ‘Qui vere diligit semper,’ and the text ‘Promptum in me est, frater.’ A manuscript of this work is in St. John's College, Oxford, cxlix, No. 8; another copy is in Bodleian MS. E. 2. Roger also wrote a sermon on the eleven thousand virgins of Cologne, beginning ‘Vobis qui pios affectus,’ and an encomium of the Virgin Mary in elegiacs, both of which are contained in the ​St. John's College MS. clxix. No. 8, and the latter in Bodleian MS. E. 2 as well.
M. B.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.237 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 106 | ii | 15 f.e. | Roger of Ford: for and wrote read and while there wrote |
| | | 14 f.e. | for of Savigny, abbot of Schonau read abbot of Savigny |
| | | 6 f.e. | for clxix read cxlix |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Skelton, William

Contains subarticle Joseph Skelton (fl. 1820–1850).
​SKELTON, WILLIAM (1763–1848), engraver, was born in London on 14 June 1763. He studied in the schools of the Royal Academy, and was a pupil first of James Basire [see under Basire, Isaac, (1704–1768)], and later of William Sharp [q. v.] He became an engraver in the line manner, and was employed upon the illustrations of many of the fine publications of the day, notably Boydell's ‘Shakespeare,’ Macklin's Bible, Bowyer's edition of Hume's ‘History of England,’ Sharpe's ‘British Classics,’ ‘Lord Macartney's Embassy to China,’ 1797, the ‘Museum Worsleyanum,’ ‘Ancient Marbles in the British Museum,’ and ‘Specimens of Ancient Sculpture’ published by the Dilettanti Society, 1810. Skelton is best known by his many fine portraits of contemporary notabilities, chiefly from pictures by Beechey, the majority of which he published himself between 1790 and 1820; these include a series of George III and his sons, which became extremely popular; Robert Markham, D.D., 1790; Thomas Denman, M.D., 1792; Jean F. Lamarche, bishop of Leon, 1797; Henry, lord Mulgrave, 1808; Spencer Perceval, 1813; and Warren Hastings, 1817. One of his latest plates was a portrait of the queen of Würtemberg after P. Fischer, which he issued in 1828. Skelton executed in lithography portraits of himself and Sir W. Beechey. He resided for many years at Stafford Place, Pimlico, London, and afterwards in Upper Ebury Street, where he died on 13 Aug. 1848, having long previously retired from the profession. He was a man of great benevolence, and for fifty years served on the committee of the Female Orphan Asylum.
Joseph Skelton (fl. 1820–1850), brother of the above, was born in 1781 or 1782, and became an engraver exclusively of topographical and antiquarian subjects. Before 1819 he went to reside at Oxford, where he published ‘Oxonia Antiqua Illustrata,’ 1823; ‘Antiquities of Oxfordshire,’ from drawings by F. Mackenzie, 1823; ‘Pietas Oxoniensis, or Records of Oxford Founders,’ 1828; and ‘Engraved Illustrations of Antient Arms and Armour from the Collection at Goodrich Court from the Drawings, and with the Descriptions of Dr. Meyrick,’ 2 vols. 1830. He also engraved the heading to the Oxford almanacks for the years 1815 to 1831, from drawings by F. Mackenzie and C. Wild; and executed a set of fifty-six etchings of the antiquities of Bristol after H. O'Neill. Later Skelton settled in France, where he engraved many of the plates to Gavard's ‘Galeries Historiques de Versailles,’ 1836; Vatout's ‘Le Château d'Eu,’ 1844; and Girault's ‘Les Beautés de la France,’ 1850. He was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1825, but his name disappeared from the lists in 1844.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sketchley, Arthur

​SKETCHLEY, ARTHUR (1817–1882), pseudonym. [See Rose, George.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Skerning, Roger de

​SKERNING or SKERVINGE, ROGER de (d. 1278), bishop of Norwich, possibly took his name from Scarning in Norfolk. Becoming a Benedictine monk of Norwich, he was elected prior of his house in 1257 (Cotton, p. 137). On 23 Jan. 1266 he was chosen bishop of Norwich; he received the royal assent on 9 Feb., the temporalities were restored on 17 March, and on 19 Sept. he was consecrated by the legate Ottobon at Canterbury (Le Neve, Fasti Eccl. Angl. ii. 461). On 16 Dec. 1266 ‘the Disinherited’ then holding out in the Isle of Ely took Norwich by storm, and Skerning had to seek refuge at Bury St. Edmunds (Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey, vol. ii. p. xxxvi, iii. 31). The great event of his episcopate was the burning of Norwich Cathedral and monastery by rioters on 11 Aug. 1272. On 29 Aug. Skerning held an assembly at Eye, and excommunicated the rioters, putting Norwich under an interdict. On 14 Sept. King Henry came to Norwich to hold an inquiry into the disturbance, and stayed with the bishop twelve days. As a consequence William de Brunham the prior was removed from his office, and on 1 Oct. Skerning confirmed William de Kyrkely as his successor at Thorp. At the king's wish Skerning had relaxed the interdict, but he renewed it in October, and sent messengers to the Roman curia to report the matter to the pope. The interdict was relaxed again for a time at Christmas 1272, but was not finally removed till 15 Oct. 1275. Skerning died at South Elmham on 22 Jan. 1278, and was buried in the re-edified Norwich Cathedral on 28 Jan. (Cont. Flor. Wig. ii. 219).
[Cotton's Chronicle, pp. 137, 141, 148–50, 153, 156, and De Episcopis Norwicensibus, p. 395; Flores Historiarum, iii. 10, 19, 25–7, 50 (both in Rolls Ser.); Blomefield's Hist. Norfolk, iii. 493–494; other authorities quoted.]
C. L. K.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Dungeon

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Dungeon : Different from the ordinary prison in being more severe as a place of punishment. Like the Roman inner prison (Acts 16:24), it consisted of a deep cell or cistern (Jer. 38:6). To be shut up in, a punishment common in Egypt (Gen. 39:20; 40:3; 41:10; 42:19). It is not mentioned, however, in the law of Moses as a mode of punishment. Under the later kings imprisonment was frequently used as a punishment (2 Chron. 16:10; Jer. 20:2; 32:2; 33:1; 37:15), and it was customary after the Exile (Matt. 11:2; Luke 3:20; Acts 5:18, 21; Matt. 18:30).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Dwellings

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Dwellings : The materials used in buildings were commonly bricks, sometimes also stones (Lev. 14:40, 42), which were held together by cement (Jer. 43:9) or bitumen (Gen. 11:3). The exterior was usually whitewashed (Lev. 14:41; Ezek. 13:10; Matt. 23:27). The beams were of sycamore (Isa. 9:10), or olive-wood, or cedar (1 Kings 7:2; Isa. 9:10).
The form of Eastern dwellings differed in many respects from that of dwellings in Western lands. The larger houses were built in a quadrangle enclosing a court-yard (Luke 5:19; 2 Sam. 17:18; Neh. 8:16) surrounded by galleries, which formed the guest-chamber or reception-room for visitors. The flat roof, surrounded by a low parapet, was used for many domestic and social purposes. It was reached by steps from the court. In connection with it (2 Kings 23:12) was an upper room, used as a private chamber (2 Sam 18:33; Dan. 6:11), also as a bedroom (2 Kings 23:12), a sleeping apartment for guests (2 Kings 4:10), and as a sick-chamber (1 Kings 17:19). The doors, sometimes of stone, swung on morticed pivots, and were generally fastened by wooden bolts. The houses of the more wealthy had a doorkeeper or a female porter (John 18:16; Acts 12:13). The windows generally opened into the courtyard, and were closed by a lattice (Judg. 5:28). The interior rooms were set apart for the female portion of the household.
The furniture of the room (2 Kings 4:10) consisted of a couch furnished with pillows (Amos 6:4; Ezek. 13:20); and besides this, chairs, a table and lanterns or lamp-stands (2 Kings 4:10).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Dye

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Dye : The art of dyeing is one of great antiquity, although no special mention is made of it in the Old Testament. The Hebrews probably learned it from the Egyptians (see Ex. 26:1; 28:5-8), who brought it to great perfection. In New Testament times Thyatira was famed for its dyers (Acts 16:14). (See COLOUR.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Dung-hill

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Dung-hill : To sit on a, was a sign of the deepest dejection (1 Sam. 2:8; Ps. 113:7; Lam. 4:5).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Dwarf

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Dwarf : A lean or emaciated person (Lev. 21:20).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/E

* Eagle
* Ear
* Earing
* Earnest
* Earrings
* Earth
* Earthquake
* East
* East, Children of the
* Easter
* East gate
* East sea
* East wind
* Eating
* Ebal
* Ebed
* Ebed-melech
* Eben-ezer
* Eber
* Ebony
* Ebronah
* Ecbatana
* Ecclesiastes
* Eclipse
* Ed
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* Eden
* Eder
* Edom
* Edrei
* Effectual call
* Effectual prayer
* Egg
* Eglah
* Eglaim
* Eglon
* Egypt
* Ehud
* Ekron
* Elah
* Elam
* Elasah
* Elath
* El-Bethel
* Eldad
* Elder
* Elealeh
* Eleazar
* Election of Grace
* Elect lady
* El-elohe-Israel
* Elements
* Elephant
* Elhanan
* Eli
* Eliab
* Eliada
* Eliakim
* Eliam
* Elias
* Eliashib
* Eliathah
* Elidad
* Eliel
* Eliezer
* Elihu
* Elijah
* Elika
* Elim
* Elimelech
* Elioenai
* Eliphalet
* Eliphaz
* Elipheleh
* Eliphelet
* Elisabeth
* Elisha
* Elishah
* Elishama
* Elishaphat
* Elisheba
* Elishua
* Elkanah
* Elkosh
* Ellasar
* Elm
* Elnathan
* Elon
* Elparan
* Eltekeh
* Elul
* Elymas
* Embalming
* Embroider
* Emerald
* Emerod
* Emims
* Emmanuel
* Emmaus
* Emmor
* Encamp
* Enchantments
* End
* Endor
* En-eglaim
* En-gannim
* Engedi
* Engines
* Engraver
* En-hakkore
* Enmity
* Enoch
* Enos
* En-rogel
* En-shemesh
* Ensign
* Entertain
* Epaenetus
* Epaphras
* Epaphroditus
* Ephah
* Epher
* Ephes-dammim
* Ephesians, Epistle to the
* Ephesus
* Ephod
* Ephphatha
* Ephraim
* Ephraim, Gate of
* Ephraim in the wilderness
* Ephraim, Mount
* Ephraim, The tribe of
* Ephraim, Wood of
* Ephratah
* Ephrathite
* Ephron
* Epicureans
* Epistles
* Erastus
* Erech
* Esaias
* Esarhaddon
* Esau
* Eschew
* Esdraelon
* Esek
* Eshbaal
* Eshcol
* Eshean
* Eshtaol
* Eshtemoa
* Espouse
* Essenes
* Esther
* Esther, Book of
* Etam
* Eternal death
* Eternal life
* Etham
* Ethan
* Ethanim
* Eth-baal
* Ethiopia
* Ethiopian eunuch
* Ethiopian woman
* Eunice
* Eunuch
* Euodias
* Euphrates
* Euroclydon
* Eutychus
* Evangelist
* Eve
* Evening
* Everlasting
* Evil eye
* Evil-merodach
* Evil-speaking
* Example
* Executioner
* Exercise, bodily
* Exile
* Exodus
* Exodus, Book of
* Exorcist
* Expiation
* Eye
* Ezekias
* Ezekiel
* Ezekiel, Book of
* Ezel
* Ezer
* Ezion-geber
* Ezra
* Ezra, Book of
* Ezrahite
* Ezri
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Dura

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Dura : The circle, the plain near Babylon in which Nebuchadnezzar set up a golden image, mentioned in Dan. 3:1. The place still retains its ancient name. On one of its many mounds the pedestal of what must have been a colossal statue has been found. It has been supposed to be that of the golden image.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Dust

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Dust : Storms of sand and dust sometimes overtake Eastern travellers. They are very dreadful, many perishing under them. Jehovah threatens to bring on the land of Israel, as a punishment for forsaking him, a rain of "powder and dust" (Deut. 28:24).
To cast dust on the head was a sign of mourning (Josh. 7:6); and to sit in dust, of extreme affliction (Isa. 47:1). "Dust" is used to denote the grave (Job 7:21). "To shake off the dust from one's feet" against another is to renounce all future intercourse with him (Matt. 10:14; Acts 13:51). To "lick the dust" is a sign of abject submission (Ps. 72:9); and to throw dust at one is a sign of abhorrence (2 Sam. 16:13; comp. Acts 22:23).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Dwell

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Dwell : Tents were in primitive times the common dwellings of men. Houses were afterwards built, the walls of which were frequently of mud (Job 24:16; Matt. 6:19, 20) or of sun-dried bricks.
God "dwells in light" (1 Tim. 6:16; 1 John 1:7), in heaven (Ps. 123:1), in his church (Ps. 9:11; 1 John 4:12). Christ dwelt on earth in the days of his humiliation (John 1:14). He now dwells in the hearts of his people (Eph. 3:17-19). The Holy Spirit dwells in believers (1 Cor. 3:16; 2 Tim. 1:14). We are exhorted to "let the word of God dwell in us richly" (Col. 3:16; Ps. 119:11).
Dwell deep occurs only in Jer. 49:8, and refers to the custom of seeking refuge from impending danger, in retiring to the recesses of rocks and caverns, or to remote places in the desert.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Dung-gate

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Dung-gate : (Neh. 2:13), a gate of ancient Jerusalem, on the south-west quarter. "The gate outside of which lay the piles of sweepings and offscourings of the streets," in the valley of Tophet.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Raca

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Raca