OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Valhalla

See also Valhalla on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Valhalla (văl-hăl′lȧ), in Scandinavian mythology, the "hall of the slain"—the abode of Odin in Asgard, the palace of Immortality, inhabited by the souls of heroes slain in battle. In the old Norse or Viking era, the Eddas relate, Odin and his chiefs dwelt in a sort of Olympus (Asgard)—the Norse Pantheon—which had two mansions, Gladsheim for the gods and Vingolf for the goddesses. There also was Walhalla, wherein Odin placed one half of the heroes slain in battle, the other half being received by Freja, the wife of Odin, who presided over smiling nature, sending sunshine, rain and harvest. The roof of Valhalla was resplendent with gold; spears, shields and armor adorned its walls. Out of this abode rode forth Valkyrs (or choosers of the slain) on invisible horses, to the battles of men on earth, and with their spears pointed out the heroes who should fall, whom they caught as they fell and bore to Valhalla in their arms. Troops of these invisible horsemen issued daily to engage in combat and return at night to be entertained with the never-ending hospitality of Odin. See the Norse prose Edda. Figuratively, Valhalla (or Walhalla) has come to mean a hall or temple adorned with statues and memorials of a nation's great ones, especially its soldier heroes.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Swan, Joseph Wilson

Edition of 1905. See also Joseph Swan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SWAN, Joseph Wilson (1828—). An English inventor, born at Sunderland, and there educated. He made several inventions of great value, among them the carbon process for making permanent photographs, called autotypes, a miner's electric safety lamp, improvements in electro-metallurgical deposition, but most notable of all the incandescent electric lamp which bears his name, the forerunner of all the electric lamps now in use. These inventions brought him many honors, including a fellowship in the Royal Society.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Swan, Knight of the

Edition of 1905. See also Knight of the Swan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SWAN, Knight of the. A very old and popular myth found in French, German, and English mediæval romances, first mentioned by William of Tyre about 1180. Helias, Knight of the Swan, is one of eight children of Oriant of Lilefort. Seven are changed to swans, one drawing the hero in a boat to become champion for Clarissa of Bouillon, the ancestor of Godfrey, thus connecting the story with the Crusades. After marriage the knight departs when his wife breaks the taboo on his name, a Grail feature common to all variants, as Lohengrin, showing its partly Celtic origin. The scene is generally on the Lower Rhine, connecting it with the dukes of Brabant and Cleves, whose symbol was a swan.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Swiss Family Robinson

Edition of 1905. See also The Swiss Family Robinson on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SWISS FAMILY ROBINSON. A story by the Swiss writer J. R. Wyss, begun by his father and published by him under the title Der Schweizerische Robinson. It is the account of a family wrecked on an uninhabited island, whose wants are provided for by the most remarkable resources of the island. The tale is based on the idea of Robinson Crusoe, and has been widely popular in many languages.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Swan, John Macallan

Edition of 1905. See also John Macallan Swan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SWAN, John Macallan (1847—). An English painter and sculptor, born at Old Brentford. He studied in London and in Paris. In 1889 his “Prodigal Son” (bought by the Chantrey Fund) established his reputation. His sculptured works—in nearly every material—are usually studies of cats, and his modeling is broad, flexible, and naturalistic, “The Jaguar,” “Puma and Macaw,” “Wounded Leopard,” and “Leopard Running,” challenge comparison with Barye. His subjects in oil include animals, figures, and
landscapes, and are distinguished by massive, simple treatment, and a strongly imaginative element. His color is delicate and discriminating, but nearly always low in tone. Notable paintings are: “Ocelot and Fish;” “Tigers;” “Tigers Drinking;” “Ceylon Leopards;” “Lioness Defending Her Cubs;” and “Polar Bear Swimming.” He was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1894.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Swan, Order of the

Edition of 1905. See also Order of the Swan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SWAN, Order of the. A religious association of princes and nobles formed in 1440 by Elector Frederick II. of Brandenburg for benevolent purposes. It was extinguished during the Reformation, but was renewed in 1843 by Frederick William IV. of Prussia as an association, open to men and women of all creeds, for the amelioration of physical and moral ills.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sweating System

Edition of 1905. See also Sweatshop on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SWEATING SYSTEM. The practice pursued by certain manufacturers, particularly of clothing, of giving out piece work to individuals on which the work is to be done at home and at starvation wages.
The system is a survival of the household form of industry that still exists in certain trades in large cities. The term ‘sweater’ was used first by journeymen tailors in London, who worked long hours. As more work was given out, the home worker employed his family and outsiders, and thus a system of sub-contract developed in which the middleman was called the sweater. To-day ‘the sweating system’ designates the fag end of all industries where low wages and bad conditions prevail. The work is on a cheap grade of goods, principally cigars, bread made in cellars, candy, and garments. The people sweated belong to a low class of unskilled labor, generally foreign born. The sub-contractors usually are Jews.
Evils of the sweat shop are long hours—ten to eighteen hours a day, including Sunday; overcrowding in the shops and surrounding tenements; unsanitary conditions in the work rooms and tenement houses, lacking in light, air, and cleanliness; child labor, very young girls and boys often running the machines; disease and deformity brought on by confinement and dust; irregularity of the work; and poor pay. The chief causes of the sweating system are (1) the excessive supply of unskilled labor; (2) an economic advantage to large dealers, in having their work done in small shops, thereby saving rent and evading factory laws, in cheap labor, in the inability of isolated workers to combine, and in the irregularity of work; (3) finally, the irresponsibility of employers, and the indifference of the public.
Among proposed remedies may be mentioned (1) stringent legislation, backed by public opinion, to force these kinds of work into large shops and factories; (2) coöperative production; (3) trade unions for unskilled workers; (4) public workshops; (5) restriction of foreign immigration; (6) an eight-hour day; (7) consumers' league. Factory laws of Ohio, Massachusetts, Illinois, and New York require licenses, or permits,
describing rooms in which work may be done. Massachusetts only enforces such laws successfully; and she cannot protect herself against sweatshop goods from elsewhere.
Bibliography. Banks, White Slaves (Boston, 1892); Hobson, Problem of Poverty (London, 1891); Hull House Maps and Papers (New York, 1898); American Social Science Association Journal, 30, 57; United States Labor Commission Bulletin IV. (May, 1896); Factory Inspectors' Report (Illinois, 1895-96). See Consumers' League; Labor Problems; Factories and the Factory System; Factory Inspection.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Blaine, James Gillespie

See also James G. Blaine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Blaine (blān), James Gillespie, an American statesman, was born at West Brownsville, Pa., Jan. 31, 1830. He graduated at Washington College in 1847, and then taught for two years in the Western Military Institution, Georgetown, Ky. After studying law and being admitted to the bar, he removed to Augusta, Me., where he took charge of the Kennebec Journal. When the Republican party was formed, he became prominent as a public speaker; was chairman of the state committee of that party; and served four years in the state legislature, being speaker of the house for two years. He edited the Portland Advertiser, and in 1862 entered Congress, where he soon showed himself an able and ready debater, and, on the death of Thaddeus Stevens, became leader of his party in the house. Prom 1869 to 1875 he was speaker, and in the latter year was chosen senator from Maine. During the short administration of President Garfield, Blaine was secretary of state, and, on the death of his chief, he retired to his home in Augusta, having first delivered an eulogy on Garfield before the two houses of Congress, He now began to prepare his Twenty Years of Congress, a review of American political history during 1861–81, and had issued the first volume when he was nominated for the presidency in 1884, but was defeated by Mr. Cleveland. The next few years were spent in literary work and in visiting Europe, and when Mr. Harrison became president, in March, 1889, Blaine again became secretary of state. Here he carried out the scheme of a Pan-American congress, which he had begun in his former short term, and was chosen chairman of the meeting. The policy of reciprocity with other American states, at his suggestion, became a feature of the McKinley tariff law. In June, 1892, Blaine resigned from the cabinet. He died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 28, 1893.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Blanc, Mont

See also Mont Blanc on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Blanc, Mont. See Alps.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Blast Furnace

See also Blast furnace on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Blast Furnace, a furnace in which the burning of fuel is increased greatly by a blast blown from a bellows or by means of fans or other blowing-engines. Blast furnaces are used mainly for smelting iron, copper and lead ores. See Metallurgy.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bleaching

See also Textile bleaching on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bleaching (from the Anglo-Saxon blaec, pale), the process of whitening textile fabrics (cotton, linen and silk, also wool) by removing coloring matters and substances naturally present, or adhering to them in the course of their manufacture. In early days it used to be the custom to send Scotch linens to be bleached in Holland, and the latter name is still used for a kind of unbleached linen. The term lawn, which continues in use, received its name from being spread on lawns or cultivated grass fields for bleaching purposes. Besides linen and cotton, wool, silk, jute, paper and now even wood are submitted to the bleaching process. The term bleaching is moreover applied to the decolorizing of castor-oil, bees-wax and other fatty materials by exposure to sunlight. Scouring and bleaching are now largely effected by the use of chemicals and volatile liquids, soda ash, resin soaps and more or less caustic alkalis being utilized in place of baths of lime, lye and sulphuric acid. For the bleaching of silk, after scouring, sulphur dioxide is used, or, better still, hydrogen peroxide. As a bleaching agent, chloride of lime or bleaching powder is resorted to for the removal of metallic and other colors in calico-printing.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Blavatsky, Madame Helena Petrovna

See also Helena Blavatsky on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Blavatsky (blä-vät′ski), Madame Helena Petrovna, a Russian theosophist and founder of the Theosophical Society, was born in Russia in 1831. She was of noble descent and married a Russian councillor of state, from whom, however, she separated early in her married life. Fond of travel, she found her way to Tibet, where she claims she received the theosophical doctrines connected with her name. From 1873 to 1879 she was a resident of New York, when she founded the Theosophical Society and published Isis Unveiled. Her other writings include The Key to Theosophy, The Secret Doctrine, The Voice of Silence, etc. She died in London, May 8, 1891.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Blair, Francis Preston

See also Francis Preston Blair on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Blair, Francis Preston, journalist and politician, and founder and editor for a time of the Washington Globe, was born in Virginia in 1791, and died in Maryland, Oct. 18, 1876. He took an active part in politics before and after the War of the Rebellion, and on both the Democratic and the Republican side. In 1856 he was instrumental in organizing the republican party and in 1860 was one of the leaders who nominated Lincoln for the presidency. During the war he sought to bring about peace in the South. After Lincoln’s death he was, however, opposed to the Republican reconstruction policy, and returned to the Democratic camp.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Blair, Hon. Andrew George

See also Andrew George Blair on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Blair, Hon. Andrew George, born in Frederickton, New Brunswick, in 1844. Called to the Bar in 1866. Entered New Brunswick Legislature in 1878. Leader of the Opposition in 1879. Remained in the Legislature until 1896. In 1883 defeated the Hannington Government and formed a new Government. His Government was sustained at four general elections. Member of the Inter-Provincial Conference held at Quebec, 1887. Elected to the House of Commons and joined the Laurier Administration in 1896 as Minister of Railways and Canals. Secured the extension of the Intercolonial Railway from Levis to Montreal in 1898. While he was Minister the St. Lawrence canals were deepened to 14 feet from the Great Lakes to the sea.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis

See also Louis Blanc on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Blanc (blän), Jean Joseph Louis, a noted French socialist and historian, was born at Madrid in 1811. He studied at Paris and wrote for several newspapers, and in 1839 founded the Review of Progress, in which he brought out his chief work on socialism, the Organization of Labor. This work, which proposed to establish social workshops connected with the government, and witn an equal profit ti the laborers, was at once widely popular among the French workmen. His next work, The History of Ten Years, was aimed at the royal government. It was followed by his History of the French Revolution. In the revolution of 1848 Blanc took some part, but was soon after accused, without reason, of participating in the civil disturbances which took place in Paris, and he escaped to England. Here he remained many years, engaged in writing, and on the fall of the empire, in 1871, he returned to France. He was elected to the national assembly, and later became a member of the chamber of deputies. He died at Cannes, Dec. 6, 1882.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Blasting

See also Drilling and blasting on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Blasting, the method of loosening or breaking in pieces masses of rock by means of the explosion of gunpowder or dynamite. It is used in sinking shafts, cutting tunnels, building roads and railroads and clearing channels. Formerly a form of slow burning gunpowder was used, but in 1868 nitroglycerine was used for the first time in boring the Hoosac tunnel. Now similar high explosives are universally used for blasting. Nitroglycerine is an explosive chemical compound made by treating glycerine with nitric and sulphuric acids. It is often mixed with an absorbent material, as sawdust, and dynamite is a general term for high explosives of this kind. The explosive is placed in holes which are drilled in the rock by hand or power drills, and exploded either by slow burning fuses or more generally by an electric spark. The removal of Flood Rock at Hell Gate in the East River, New York, October, 1885, was done by this method, and was the largest blast ever made. The rock covered about nine acres, 21,669 feet of tunnel were made, over 40,000 pounds of high explosives were used, and 80,232 cubic yards of rock excavated.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Blarney Stone

See also Blarney Stone on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Blarney Stone, a famous stone in the ruins of old Blarney castle, near Cork, which is said to give to one who kisses it the power of saying agreeable things. From this story comes the word Blarney, a term for complimentary or flattering talk.
# The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898/Volume 8

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
1493–1898
The PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1493–1898
Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and their Peoples, their History and Records of the Catholic Missions, as related in contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts, showing the Political, Economic, Commercial and Religious Conditions of those Islands from their earliest relations with European Nations to the close of the Nineteenth Century
TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINALS
Edited and annotated by Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson, with historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne. With maps, portraits and other illustrations
Volume VIII—1591–1593
The Arthur H. Clark Company Cleveland, Ohio MCMIII
COPYRIGHT 1903 THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
CONTENTS OF VOLUME VIII
ILLUSTRATIONS
Layout 2
# The Poetical Works of Elizabeth Margaret Chandler/The Wife's Lament
## The Wife's Lament

Loud howls the wintry blast, the rain descends, And patters heavy on the ice-glazed roof; But yet he comes not. 'T is a dreary night— Long since, the midnight bell hath toll'd the hour. And long, long since, my womanish fears had framed Some reason dread, for absence thus prolong'd, But that so oft 't is thus. Oh! had I once But even thought that thus thy love might change, I should have shudder'd at the bare surmise, And chid myself in anger for the thought. But now, I feel it true, and yet I live, I live to feel thy heart, thyself estranged, From all that once it loved—to sit alone, And number out the weary midnight hours That waste with thee in revelry and mirth, And weep in sadness at thy long delay. Oh, Henry! once—but I will not look back, Nor think of present, past, or future scenes, Or thought would madden me. But hark! again The watch proclaims the second morning hour, And still he lingers. Sure, some dire mischance Delays his coming—but it is not so— How often I have wept in terror wild, And almost wish'd 't were rather guilt, than harm, That kept him from my arms—and he has come, And I have half forgotten all my woe, In joy at his approach, till his cold frown Has chill'd my heart to stone! And yet this night, While all the elements seem bent on war, He surely could not, would not, leave me thus, And join the laugh of riot. Oh, Henry, Henry, Changed, cruel, as thou art, I love thee still! My peace, my life, are woven in thy fate, And freely would I give that life for thine. And thou—thou couldst not change, so wholly change From all I knew thee once—thou lov'st me yet; It is some secret anguish breaks thy peace, And thence thine alter'd looks—But, hark! he comes, Thank heaven, he is safe! Be dry, my tears! My face must wear a smile at his approach; I will not greet him save with looks of joy, Although my aching heart in anguish bleeds, And mourns his early alienated love!
# The Poetical Works of Elizabeth Margaret Chandler/The Woods Wanderer
## The Woods Wanderer

Day after day, I wander'd on alone— The stricken heart is fearless; and the woods, Amidst whose far-stretch'd depths a solemn moan Of winds was ever sounding, and whose floods, Pour'd ‘midst unbroken solitudes, had ceased To waken mine to terror. I had learn'd, E'en when no moon-beam the pale night clouds fleeced, To thread their trackless mazes, while I turn'd For guidance to the stars that high above me burn'd.
They who have never seen the broad blue sky, Save through the smoke-dimm'd air of crowded streets, Can never know how truly gloriously It bendeth o'er the wilderness, and meets The tall brows of the mountains. It must be The veriest clod that wears a human form, Who round him those majestic forms could see, And o'er his head the eagle and the storm, Nor feel a nobler pulse within his bosom warm.
I had laid down to slumber—but there came A sound that night upon the fitful wind, That kept me waking. No electric flame Flash'd o'er the heavens—yet my thoughts could find No sound more like to it, than the low growl Of worn-out thunder; wrapt in thought I lay, With nature's glory telling to my soul Of God's own presence, till the coming day O'er the fair orient stole, to light me on my way.
I stood, at sunrise, where Lake Erie's wave Caught on its foamy crest the rosy light; All round was solitude and silence, save The voice of nature's joy. Against the bright And pearly sky, a thin blue smoke-curl rose From the far shore, and floated on the air, And the slant sunbeam might to view disclose One distant piroque that its waters bare; All else was lone and wild, as it was lovely, there.
Still sent that deep sound forth its solemn tone, Louder and louder, as I onward fared, Northward where Niagara led me on, O'er tangled brake, and green, and flower-strewn sward. At length I reached the spot—and such a sight! Even now the wild blood rushes through my brain, And my heart reels with faintness, as the light Of memory restores that scene again, And paints it to my view as I beheld it then.
Broad, dark, and deep, the river hurried on, Pouring the volume of its mighty flood Right to the yawning steep!—no pause—down—down The gather'd sea was hurl'd! half stunn'd I stood Upon the shaken earth, and almost wept With awe and fear and admiration, wild And passionate;—like clouds on high were swept In spray the shatter'd waves; while bending mild, Over the turbulent gulf, a gorgeous rainbow smiled.
The sun went down on that vast solitude,— And underneath the solemn stars, alone With God, and his stupendous works, I stood; Where, since their first creation, haply none Save the rude Indian, e'er had trod or gazed On that magnificence! to earth I bent My humbled brow, yet with a soul upraised, And conscious of a nobler being, bent By the felt presence of the great Omnipotent.
# The Poetical Works of Elizabeth Margaret Chandler/Think of Our Country's Glory
## Think of Our Country's Glory

Think of our country's glory, All dimm'd with Afric's tears— Her broad flag stain'd and gory With the hoarded guilt of years!
Think of the frantic mother, Lamenting for her child, Till falling lashes smother Her cries of anguish wild!
Think of the prayers ascending, Yet shriek'd, alas! in vain, When heart from heart is rending Ne'er to be join'd again.
Shall we behold, unheeding, Life's holiest feelings crush'd?— When woman's heart is bleeding, Shall woman's voice be hush'd?
Oh, no! by every blessing That Heaven to thee may lend— Remember their oppression, Forget not, sister, friend.
# The Poetical Works of Elizabeth Margaret Chandler/Think of the Slave
## Think of the Slave

Think of the slave, in your hours of glee, Ye who are treading life's flowery way; Nought but its rankling thorns has he, Nought but the gloom of its wintry day.
Think of the slave, in your hours of woe!— What are your sorrows, to that he bears? Quenching the light of his bosom's glow, With a life-long stain of gushing tears.
Think of the slave, in your hours of prayer, When worldly thoughts in your hearts are dim, Offer your thanks for the bliss ye share, But pray for a brighter lot for him.