OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frick, Henry Clay

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FRICK, HENRY CLAY (1849-1919), American manufacturer and philanthropist, was born at West Overton, O., June 17
1849. As a boy he was a clerk for his grandfather who was a distiller and flour merchant; but he early became interested in the coke business. In 1871 he organized the firm of Frick & Co., which ultimately acquired large coal deposits and ran 12,000 coke ovens. He was chairman of the board of Carnegie Bros., from 1889 to 1892, and in the latter year, during the Homestead strike, was shot and stabbed by Alexander Berkman, an anarchist. He was a director of the Pennsylvania, the Santa Fé, and other railways, and of the U.S. Steel Corporation. He died in New York Dec. 2 1919.
To his family and friends he left $25,000,000, estimated at the time to be one-sixth of his estate. To his daughter he left about $6,500,000 to be expended in educational and charitable work. To the city of Pittsburgh he left land for a park (its value being estimated at $500,000), together with endowment of $2,000,000. His New York mansion, with its collection of paintings, bronzes, and enamels, he bequeathed to the city on the death of his wife; and he added an endowment of $15,000,000 for the support of this “Frick Art Collection.” He divided his residuary estate into 100 equal parts, each of a tentative value of $500,000. One share was left to many Pennsylvania hospitals and charitable homes, three shares to the Lying-in Hospital (New York), ten shares to the Mercy Hospital (Pittsburgh), ten shares to the Frick Educational Fund, ten shares to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ten shares to Harvard University and thirty shares to Princeton University. The value of his New York mansion and its art collection was estimated, in 1920, to be $50,000,000. Among the chief treasures are the Fragonard panels, purchased from the Morgan collection in 1915 for $1,250,000, Bellini's “St. Francis in the Desert” (costing $250,000), Velasquez's “Philip IV.” (costing $400,000), Van Dyck's “Paola Adorno” (costing $400,000), Rembrandt's “Portrait of Himself,” Gainsborough's “The Mall” (costing $300,000), and the same artist's “The Hon. Anna Duncan” (costing $400,000). Other paintings are fine examples of Titian, Vermeer, Frans Hals, Ruysdael, Cuyp, Rubens, El Greco, Goya, Sir Thomas Lawrence, Millet, Raeburn, Reynolds, Romney and Turner.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frost, Robert

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FROST, ROBERT (1875-), American writer, was born in San Francisco, March 26 1875. His father was a New Englander and his mother was born in Edinburgh. In 1885 he moved with his parents to Lawrence, Mass., studied in the public schools, and entered Dartmouth College in 1892, remaining there one year. During 1897-9 he was a student at Harvard. During 1905-11 he taught English in the Pinkerton Academy, Derry, N.H., and then for a year taught psychology at the N.H. Normal School at Plymouth. In 1912 he went to England, where he remained three years and published his first two volumes of verse. On his return to America he retired to a farm at Derry and gave much time to active farming. During 1916-20 he was professor of English at Amherst College. His poems portray in realistic fashion every-day country life in New England. Some of the work of his first volume had been denied publication for 20 years, and some of the second for 10 years. He was the author of A Boy's Will (1913); North of Boston (1914); Mountain Interval (1916) and A Way Out, a play (1917).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fryatt, Charles

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FRYATT, CHARLES (1872-1916), British sea-captain, was born at Parkeston, near Harwich, Essex, Dec. 2 1872. He entered the service of the Great Eastern Railway Co., and in 1904 became chief officer in their service of vessels plying between Harwich and Rotterdam, in 1913 becoming captain. He continued to navigate his ship, the “Brussels,” to Rotterdam and back for the first two years of the World War. At the end of July 1916 it was announced that the “Brussels” had been captured and the captain himself arrested and tried by court-martial on a charge of having attempted on March 28 1916 to ram the German submarine U33 near the Maas lightship. The German authorities stated that Captain Fryatt had confessed during his examination that he had acted under orders from the Admiralty, but the trial was suspiciously hurried and secret, an application for postponement being refused, and no intervention on the part of neutrals was allowed. The captain was condemned to death and shot at Bruges July 28 1916. Half an hour after the execution had been carried out a telegram arrived from the army headquarters at Berlin ordering the sentence to be postponed. The news of the execution aroused great indignation in England, and on two occasions it was stated by Mr. Asquith in the House of Commons that due reparation would be exacted for this and similar murders. Ample provision was made for Captain Fryatt's family, his widow being awarded a pension of £100 a year over and above the amount to which she was already entitled under the Government compensation scheme, while the Great Eastern Railway Co. also gave Mrs. Fryatt an annuity of £250 a year for life. The captain's body was on July 7 1919 brought from Belgium to England. A memorial service was held at St. Paul's on July 8, and the body was buried at Dovercourt church, near Harwich.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Garfield, Harry Augustus

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GARFIELD, HARRY AUGUSTUS (1863-), American educator, son of James A. Garfield, 20th president of the U.S., was born at Hiram, O., Oct. 11 1863. After graduating from Williams College in 1885, he taught for a year in St. Paul's school, Concord, N.H., and from 1888 to 1903 practised law in
Cleveland. He was professor of contracts in the Law school of Western Reserve University from 1891 to 1897; helped to organize, in 1896, the municipal association of Cleveland; and served as president of the Cleveland chamber of commerce, 1908-9. He was professor of politics at Princeton University from 1903 to 1908 and in the latter year became president of Williams College. In Aug. 1917 he was appointed Federal fuel administrator by President Wilson. His duty was to conserve the coal supply and keep the price within reasonable bounds. Local committees were appointed throughout the country to study local conditions and their reports formed the basis for the prices fixed in different localities. The ensuing winter was unusually severe, and serious shortage of coal threatened. This led to his issuing his “idle Mondays” order in Jan. 1918, closing non-essential industries for five consecutive days beginning Jan. 18 and on every Monday thereafter up to March 25. This roused a storm of protest from many manufacturers; and the U.S. Senate voted a resolution, requesting postponement, but this reached him after the order had been signed. On Feb. 14, however, the order was suspended and priority for certain shipments substituted. He disapproved of the method of settling the coal strike in Dec. 1919 and resigned his office, resuming that of president of Williams College.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frenssen, Gustav

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FRENSSEN, GUSTAV (1863- ), German author, was born at Barlt Oct. 19 1863, and was educated at the universities of Tübingen, Berlin and Kiel. He took orders and from 1892 to 1902 was pastor at Hemme, taking his degree as doctor of theology at Heidelberg in 1903. But he had already for some years been known as a writer of novels, and in 1902, a year after his great success with Jörn Uhl (1901), he gave up his pastorate and devoted all his time to literature. His work in fiction includes Die Sandgräfin (1895, 3rd ed. 1902); Die drei Getreuen (1898); Hilligenlei (1905); Peter Moor's Fahrt nach Süd-West (1906); Klaus Henrich Baas (1909) and Die Brüder (1918). He also published sermons (Dorfpredigten, 1899-1902), and two plays, Das Heimatsfest (1903) and Sönke Erichsen (1912).
See H. M. Elster, Gustav Frenssen, sein Leben und sein Schaffen (1912); also studies by E. Muesebeck (1908) and T. Rehtwisch (1902); and Gustav Frenssen: Hilligenlei als Kunstwerk und als Tendenzschrift (1906).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Friedrich, Johann

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FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836-1917), German theologian (see 11. 216), died in 1917.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frohman, Charles

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FROHMAN, CHARLES (1860-1915), American theatrical manager, was born at Sandusky, O., June 17 1860. At the age of twelve he started to work at night in the office of the New York Tribune, attending school by day. In 1874 he began work for the Daily Graphic and at night sold tickets at Hooley's theatre, Brooklyn. In 1877 he took charge of the Chicago Comedy Co., with John Dillon as star in Our Boys. He next joined William Haverly and his Mastodon Minstrels as manager, touring the United States and Europe. Then for a time he was associated with his brother Daniel in managing the Madison Square theatre, New York. In 1888 he presented Bronson Howard's Shenandoah in a revised form, which was a great success. In 1890 he organized the Charles Frohman Stock Co. On Jan. 25 1893 he opened his Empire theatre, New York, with The Girl I Left Behind Me, and here he presented many of his stars. Other New York theatres with which he was at various times connected were the Criterion, Garrick, Knickerbocker, Lyceum, and Savoy. He was an adept in developing talent. Among his successful players were Maude Adams, Ethel Barrymore, Blanche Bates, Billie Burke, William Gillette, and Otis Skinner. During 1905-6 he presented E. H. Sothern and Julia Marlowe in Shakespearean plays. Sir James Barrie's plays were favourites with him, and he produced many of Henry Arthur Jones's and Pinero's. He was one of the organizers of the syndicate which for several years controlled the American theatres. Beginning with 1897 he presented many plays in London, leasing at different times such houses as the Duke of York's, Globe, Comedy, Vaudeville and Adelphi. He perished when the “Lusitania” was sunk by a German submarine May 7 1915.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Félix, Lia

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​FÉLIX, LIA (1830-1908), French actress (see 10.239). Her appearance in Sardou's La Haine in 1874 marked the end of her theatrical career. Inferior in talent to Rachel, she possessed a beauty which her more famous sister had not. She died in Paris on Jan. 15 1908.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Freud, Sigmund

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FREUD, SIGMUND (1856- ), Austrian physician and psycho-analyst, was born on May 6 1856 at Freiberg in Moravia, and studied medicine and psychology at Vienna, being strongly influenced by Brücke in the latter subject. He took his doctor's degree in 1881, became a member of the teaching faculty in 1885, extraordinary professor in 1902 and ordinary professor in 1919. After working in Paris under Charcot in 1885-6, he devoted himself, under his influence and in coöperation with the Viennese physician, Josef Breuer, to the study of nerve cases. The results of their joint investigations were published in 1895 as Studien über Hysterie, of which several editions have appeared, expounding a new treatment, the so-called catharsis. This consisted in putting the patient in a hypnotic state, and the examination by the physician, while under this condition, of the forgotten original circumstances under which the symptoms first appeared. Subsequently Freud pursued a path of his own, and developed a special technique, abandoning hypnosis in favour of the so-called “psycho-analytic” method, under which the pathogenic material of which the patient was unconscious was revealed by means of free association and by the interpretation of dreams, etc. The technique and the results of this research work are explained in Freud's most important works: Die Traumdeutung (6th ed. 1921), Psychopathologie des Alltags (7th ed. 1920), Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie (4th ed. 1920). Freud's smaller works were collected in four volumes under the title, Kleinere Beiträge zur Neurosenlehre. Freud also published two general sketches of his theory: a shorter one, Fünf Vorlesungen über Psychoanalyse (delivered at Worcester, Mass., in 1909), and a comprehensive one in Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Pyschoanalyse. These medical-psychological studies yielded surprising results in relation to other subjects, and in the possibilities of their adaptation in other branches of knowledge, e.g. mythology and the history of religion, civilization and literature. The principal works in this connexion are Totem und Tabu (2nd ed. 1920), Der Witz (3rd ed. 1921), Eine Kindheitserinnerung: Leonardo da Vinci (1916), Jenseits des Lustprinzips (1920), Massenpsychologie und Ich-analyse (1921). Freud's works have been translated into English in collected form. He was given an honorary degree by Clark University, Worcester, Mass.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sibelius, Jean Julius Christian

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​SIBELIUS, JEAN JULIUS CHRISTIAN (1865–), Finnish musical composer, was born at Tavastehus, Finland, Dec. 1865. He was educated at Helsingfors, and later studied music at Berlin and Vienna. In 1916 he became a professor of literature at Helsingfors. His orchestral works include "Romance in C" (1890); Karelia (1893); Frühlingslied (1893); Finlandia (1905) and five symphonies (1897, 1901, 1905, 1910, 1915). He also composed many songs and pianoforte pieces. His music to the tragedy Kaolema (1904) contains the "Valse triste," which has gained wide popularity. In 1921 he visited England and produced his 5th symphony.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schuster, Sir Arthur

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SCHUSTER, SIR ARTHUR (1851- ), British physicist, was born in Frankfort-on-Main Sept. 12 1851, the son of Francis Joseph Schuster, of Frankfort, who in early life made his home in London, where he carried on a successful business as merchant-banker in Cannon St., his three sons, Ernest Joseph (b.1850), subsequently a well-known lawyer, Arthur, and Felix (see below), being brought up, like himself, as British subjects. Arthur Schuster was educated at Owens College, Manchester, and at Heidelberg University, and devoted himself to a scientific career as an astronomer and mathematical physicist. He was chief of the “Eclipse” expedition to Siam in 1875, and from 1888 to 1907 was professor of physics in Manchester University, his main work for many years being connected with advanced research in spectroscopy, on which subject he contributed the article in the 9th ed. of the E.B. in 1887 (as also to the 11th ed. in 1910). He was awarded the royal medal of the Royal Society in 1893, and was one of the secretaries of the Royal Society from 1912 till 1920. He was president of the British Association in 1915, having in 1892 acted as sectional president for astronomy, and he became well known throughout the scientific world, receiving hon. degrees from both Oxford and Cambridge. He was also secretary of the International Research Council, and during the World War, both in that capacity and as a representative of the Royal Society, he did invaluable work as a scientific adviser in connexion with the organization of research in various departments. He was knighted in 1920, and was appointed a member of the royal commission on the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. His numerous publications include works on Theory of Optics (2nd ed. 1909), The Progress of Physics (1911) and Britain's Heritage of Science (1917).
His brother, Sir Felix Schuster, Bart. (1854- ), was also educated at Owens College, Manchester, and studied further abroad, afterwards making his career in London banking. From 1895 he was identified, as governor, with the Union Bank of London, afterwards the Union of London & Smiths Bank, and in 1918 amalgamated with the National Provincial Bank as the National Provincial & Union Bank of England. He was a member of the Council of India from 1906 to 1916, and became chairman both of the Central Association of Bankers and of the Committee of London Clearing Banks. In these years he established for himself a leading position in financial and economic circles, and was made a member of several important Government committees and royal commissions, his annual addresses to the shareholders of his bank being recognized, with those of Sir Edward Holden (of the London, City & Midland Bank), as among the most important contributions of the day to sound thinking on current monetary problems. He was created a baronet in 1906.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schultz, Hermann

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SCHULTZ, HERMANN (1836-1903), German theologian (see 24.382), died in 1903.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scott-Gatty, Sir Alfred Scott

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​SCOTT-GATTY, SIR ALFRED SCOTT (1847–1918), British herald and genealogist, was born at Ecclesfield, Yorks, April 26 1847, the son of the Rev. Alfred Gatty, vicar of Ecclesfield and sub-dean of York, by his wife Margaret Scott (see 11.530), a popular writer. One of his sisters was Juliana Horatia Orr-Ewing (see 10.40), the writer of children’s books. The additional name of Scott was assumed by him by royal licence in 1892. He was educated at Marlborough and Christ’s College, Cambridge. In 1880 he entered the Heralds’ College and became Rouge Dragon pursuivant, and in 1886 was appointed York herald. In 1899 he became registrar of the college, and in 1904 was made Garter principal king-at-arms and knighted. Sir Alfred Scott-Gatty was an authority on heraldry and genealogy, and presented many copies of records to the Heralds’ College. He was also an accomplished musician, many of whose songs became popular. In 1911 he was created K.C.V.O. He died in London Dec. 18 1918.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schurman, Jacob Gould

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SCHURMAN, JACOB GOULD (1854-), American educationist (see 24.386), was appointed in 1912 U.S. minister to Greece and Montenegro, serving one year. During the World War, when Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare, he urged that American rights be firmly insisted upon; he pointed out that the destruction of the “Lusitania” in 1915 threatened to efface the distinction between combatants and non-combatants long recognized by civilized peoples. In 1915 he was first vice-president of the N.Y. State Constitutional Convention. In Oct. 1917 he was appointed a member of the N.Y. State Food Commission, resigning in June 1918 to go to France as lecturer to American soldiers under the auspices of the Y.M.C.A. He was opposed to many of President Wilson's policies, especially in connexion with Mexico, and also to Article X. of the Covenant of the League of Nations, believing that it would involve the United States in war. As early as 1913 he urged the independence
of the Philippines in the near future; in 1914 he declared in favour of woman suffrage. He resigned the presidency of Cornell University in 1920. He was appointed minister to China in 1921. He was the author of The Balkan Wars 1912-1913 (1914, lectures at Princeton).
# A Century of Roundels/Not a Child

NOT A CHILD.
I.
'Not a child: I call myself a boy,' Says my king, with accent stern yet mild, Now nine years have brought him change of joy; 'Not a child.'
How could reason be so far beguiled, Err so far from sense's safe employ, Stray so wide of truth, or run so wild?
Seeing his face bent over book or toy, Child I called him, smiling: but he smiled Back, as one too high for vain annoy— Not a child.
II.
Not a child? alack the year! What should ail an undefiled Heart, that he would fain appear Not a child?
Men, with years and memories piled Each on other, far and near, Fain again would so be styled:
Fain would cast off hope and fear, Rest, forget, be reconciled: Why would you so fain be, dear, Not a child?
III.
Child or boy, my darling, which you will, Still your praise finds heart and song employ, Heart and song both yearning toward you still, Child or boy.
All joys else might sooner pall or cloy Love than this which inly takes its fill, Dear, of sight of your more perfect joy.
Nay, be aught you please, let all fulfil All your pleasure; be your world your toy: Mild or wild we love you, loud or still, Child or boy.
# A Century of Roundels/On an Old Roundel

ON AN OLD ROUNDEL.
Translated by D. G. Rossetti from the French of Villon.
I.
Death, from thy rigour a voice appealed, And men still hear what the sweet cry saith, Crying aloud in thine ears fast sealed, Death.
As a voice in a vision that vanisheth, Through the grave's gate barred and the portal steeled The sound of the wail of it travelleth.
Wailing aloud from a heart unhealed, It woke response of melodious breath From lips now too by thy kiss congealed, Death
II.
Ages ago, from the lips of a sad glad poet Whose soul was a wild dove lost in the whirling snow, The soft keen plaint of his pain took voice to show it Ages ago.
So clear, so deep, the divine drear accents flow, No soul that listens may choose but thrill to know it, Pierced and wrung by the passionate music's throe.
For us there murmurs a nearer voice below it, Known once of ears that never again shall know, Now mute as the mouth which felt death's wave o'erflow it Ages ago.
# A Century of Roundels/One of Twain

ONE OF TWAIN.
I.
One of twain, twin-born with flowers that waken, Now hath passed from sense of sun and rain: Wind from off the flower-crowned branch hath shaken One of twain.
One twin flower must pass, and one remain: One, the word said soothly, shall be taken, And another left: can death refrain?
Two years since was love's light song mistaken, Blessing then both blossoms, half in vain? Night outspeeding light hath overtaken One of twain.
II.
Night and light? O thou of heart unwary, Love, what knowest thou here at all aright, Lured, abused, misled as men by fairy Night and light?
Haply, where thine eyes behold but night, Soft as o'er her babe the smile of Mary Light breaks flowerwise into new-born sight.
What though night of light to thee be chary? What though stars of hope like flowers take flight? Seest thou all things here, where all see vary Night and light?
# A Century of Roundels/Past Days

PAST DAYS.
I.
Dead and gone, the days we had together, Shadow-stricken all the lights that shone Round them, flown as flies the blown foam's feather, Dead and gone.
Where we went, we twain, in time foregone, Forth by land and sea, and cared not whether, If I go again, I go alone.
Bound am I with time as with a tether; Thee perchance death leads enfranchised on, Far from deathlike life and changeful weather, Dead and gone.
II.
Above the sea and sea-washed town we dwelt, We twain together, two brief summers, free From heed of hours as light as clouds that melt Above the sea.
Free from all heed of aught at all were we, Save chance of change that clouds or sunbeams dealt And gleam of heaven to windward or to lee.
The Norman downs with bright grey waves for belt Were more for us than inland ways might be; A clearer sense of nearer heaven was felt Above the sea.
III.
Cliffs and downs and headlands which the forward-hasting Flight of dawn and eve empurples and embrowns, Wings of wild sea-winds and stormy seasons wasting Cliffs and downs,
These, or ever man was, were: the same sky frowns, Laughs, and lightens, as before his soul, forecasting Times to be, conceived such hopes as time discrowns.
These we loved of old: but now for me the blasting Breath of death makes dull the bright small seaward towns, Clothes with human change these all but everlasting Cliffs and downs.