OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boyle, Henry (1682-1764)

1904 Errata appended.
​BOYLE, HENRY, Earl of Shannon (1682–1764), born at Castlemartyr, county Cork, in 1682, was second son of Lieutenant-colonel Henry Boyle, second son of Roger Boyle, first earl of Orrery [q. v.] Henry Boyle's mother was Lady Mary O'Brien, daughter of Murragh O'Brien, first earl of Inchiquin, and president of Munster. Henry Boyle's father died in Flanders in 1693, and on the death of his eldest son, Roger, in 1705, Henry Boyle, as second son, succeeded to the family estates at Castlemartyr, which had been much neglected. In 1715 he was elected knight of the shire for Cork, and married Catherine, daughter of Chidley Coote. After her death he married, in 1726, Henrietta Boyle, youngest daughter of his relative, Charles, earl of Burlington and Cork. That nobleman entrusted the management of his estates in Ireland to Henry Boyle, who much enhanced their value, and carried out and promoted extensive improvements in his district. In 1729 Boyle distinguished himself in parliament at Dublin in resisting successfully the attempt of the government to obtain a vote for a continuation of supplies to the crown for twenty-one years. Sir Robert Walpole is stated to have entertained a high opinion of the penetration, sagacity, and energy of Boyle, and to have styled him 'the King of the Irish Commons.' Boyle, in 1733, was ​made a member of the privy council, chancellor of the exchequer, and commissioner of revenue in Ireland. He was also in the same year elected speaker of the House of Commons there. Through his connections, Boyle exercised extensive political influence, and was parliamentary leader of the whig party in Ireland. In 1753 Boyle acquired high popularity by opposing the government proposal for appropriating a surplus in the Irish exchequer. In commemoration of the parliamentary movements in this affair, medals were struck containing portraits of Boyle as speaker of the House of Commons. For having opposed the government, Boyle and some of his associates were dismissed from offices which they held under the crown. After negotiations with government, Boyle, in 1756, resigned the speakership, and was granted an annual pension of two thousand pounds for thirty-one years, with the titles of Baron of Castlemartyr, Viscount Boyle of Bandon, and Earl of Shannon. He sat for many years in the House of Peers in Ireland, and frequently acted as lord justice of that kingdom. Boyle died at Dublin of gout in his head, on 27 Sept. 1764, in the 82nd year of his age. Portraits of Henry Boyle were engraved in mezzotinto by John Brooks.
[Account of Life of Henry Boyle, 1754; Journals of Lords and Commons of Ireland; Peerage of Ireland, 1789, ii. 364; Hardy's Life of Charlemont, 1810; Charlemont MSS.; Works of Henry Grattan, 1822; Hist. of City of Dublin, 1854-59.]
J. T. G.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.34 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 110 | ii | 19 f.e. | Boyle, Henry, Earl of Shannon: after neglected insert He was M.P. for Middleton 1707-13 and for Kilmallock 1713-5 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boyle, Henry (d.1725)

1904 Errata appended.
​BOYLE, HENRY, Lord Carleton (d. 1725), politician, was the third and youngest son of Charles, lord Clifford, of Lanesborough, by Jane, youngest daughter of William, duke of Somerset, and grandson of Richard Boyle, second earl of Cork [q. v.] He sat in parliament for Tamworth from 1689 to 1690, for Cambridge University—after a contest in which Sir Isaac Newton supported his opponent—from 1692 to 1705, and for Westminster from 1705 to 1710. Although he was at the head of the poll at Cambridge in 1701, he did not venture to try his fortune in 1705. From 1699 to 1701 he was a lord of the treasury, and in the latter year he became the chancellor of the exchequer; from 1704 to 1710 he was lord treasurer of Ireland, and in 1708 he was made a principal secretary of state in the room of Harley. Two years later he was displaced for St. John, and the act formed one of those bold steps on the part of the tory ministry which 'almost shocked' Swift. Boyle is generally said to have been the messenger who found Addison [q. v.] in his mean lodging, and by his blandishments, and a definite promise of preferment and the prospect of still greater advancement, secured the poet's pen to celebrate the victory of Blenheim and its hero. In return, it is said, for his good offices on this occasion, the third volume of the ‘Spectator’ was dedicated to Boyle, with the eulogy that among politicians no one had 'made himself more friends and fewer enemies.' Southerne, the dramatist, was another of the men of letters whom he befriended. Boyle was engaged as one of the managers of the trial of Sacheverell. On 20 Oct. 1714 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Carleton of Carleton, Yorkshire, and from 1721 to 1725 was lord president of the council in Walpole's administration. He died a bachelor at his house in Pall Mall on 14 March 1725. He left this house, known as Carlton House, to the Prince of Wales, and it was long notorious as the abode of the prince regent: the name is still perpetuated in Carlton House Terrace. The winning manners and the tact of Lord Carleton have been highly praised. He was never guilty, so it was said by his panegyrists, of an imprudent speech or of any acts to injure the success of the whig cause. Swift, however, accuses him of avarice.
[Budgell's Lives of Boyles, 149-55; Swift's Works; Chalmers; Cooper's Annals of Cambridge, iv. 19, 40, 47; Lodge's Peerage, i. 175.]
W. P. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.34 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 110 | ii | 15-14 f.e. | Boyle, Henry, Lord Carleton: for in the latter year he became the read from 1701 to 1708 |
| | | 13 f.e. | for 1710 read 1715 |
| | | 11 f.e. | after state insert of the Northern Department |
| | | 6 f.e. | before Boyle insert He was lord-lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire 1702-15 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boyle, John (1563?-1620)

1904 Errata appended.
​BOYLE, JOHN (1563?–1620), bishop of Roscarberry, Cork, and Cloyne, a native of Kent and elder brother of Richard, first earl of Cork [q. v.], was born about 1563. John Boyle obtained the degree of D.D. at Oxford, and is stated to have been dean of Lichfield in 1610. Through the interest and pecuniary assistance of his brother, the Earl of Cork and other relatives, he was in 1617 appointed to the united sees of Roscarberry, Cork, and Cloyne. His consecration took place in 1618. He died at Cork on 10 July 1620, and was buried at Youghal.
[Ware's Bishops of Ireland, 1739; Fasti Ecclesiæ Hibernicæ, 1851; Brady's Records of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, 1863.]
J. T. G.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.34 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 112 | i | 29-30 | Boyle, John (1563 ?-1620) : for is stated . . . 1610 read was collated prebendary of Lichfield on 5 Feb. 1610-1 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boyle, Michael (1580?-1635)

1904 Errata appended.
​BOYLE, MICHAEL, the elder (1580?–1635), bishop of Waterford and Lismore, born in London about 1580, was son of Michael Boyle, and brother of Richard Boyle, archbishop of Tuam [q. v.] Michael Boyle entered Merchant Taylors' School, London, in 1587, and proceeded to St. John's College, Oxford, in 1593. He took the degree of B. A. 5 Dec. 1597, of M.A. 25 June 1601, of B.D. 9 July 1607, and of D.D. 2 July 1611. He became a fellow of his college, and no high opinion was entertained there of his probity in matters affecting his own interests. Boyle was appointed vicar of Finden in Northamptonshire. Through the influence of his relative, the Earl of Cork, he obtained the deanery of Lismore in 1614, and was made bishop of Waterford and Lismore in 1619. He held several other appointments in the protestant church, and dying at Waterford on 27 Dec. 1635, was buried in the cathedral there.
[Ware's Bishops of Ireland, 1739; Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 30; Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses (Bliss), ii. 88; Wood's Fasti (Bliss), i. 275, 292, 321, 344; Elrington's Life of Ussher, 1848; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesiæ Hibernicæ, 1851; Brady's Records of Cork, Cloyne, and Eoss, 1863.]
J. T. G.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.34 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 112 | i | 6 f.e. | Boyle, Michael the elder: before obtained insert was archdeacon of Cork 1613-4 and |
| | | 4 f.e. | after 1619 insert resigning the Lismore deanery in 1621 |
| | | 4-3 f.e. | for several . . . church read till death the chancellorship of Lismore and Cashel, and the treasurership of Waterford |
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Leontius, a scholasticus of Byzantium

Leontius (62), a scholasticus of Byzantium, and afterwards a monk in Palestine, who wrote c. 610 a Gk. treatise de Sectis (Patr. Gk. lxxxvi. 1193; Cave, i. 543; Ceillier, xi. 666). Cf. Fessler Jungmann, Inst. Patr. ii. 2, p. 95; but esp. F. Loofs, Leontius von Byzanz and die Gleichnamigen Schrifts teller der Griechischen Kirche (Leipz. 1887); also Herzog's Encycl. 3rd ed. s.v. "Leonz. von Byzanz."
[T.W.D.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Leontius, priest and martyr of Armenia

Leontius (74), priest and martyr of Armenia in the reign of Isdigerd II. of Persia. He acted a conspicuous part in the stand of the Armenian church against the court of Persia, as related chiefly in the History of Varian by Elisha Vartabed and in the historical work of Lazarus of Barb. In Nov. 450 700 magian priests, sent under escort to instruct the Armenians in the court religion, arrived at Ankes in the centre of Armenia. There having lain encamped for 25 days, they ordered the church to be broken open. Thus
commenced the persecuting violence of Persia. Leontius, putting himself at the head of his people, drove the magian party to flight, after which divine service went on in the church unmolested through the day. A general rising followed, and in 451 66,000 Armenian Christians mustered under prince Vartan in the plain of Artass to encounter the Persian army. Joseph and a large body of his clergy, including Leontius, were present to encourage the Christian forces (Lazarus, § 34 in Langl. ii. 296, 297; Elisha, u. inf.). Leontius, who is everywhere mentioned with Joseph, and is usually the orator, as he is the chief inspirer, of the whole movement, delivered a fervent address before the battle (given fully by Langlois), dwelling on the examples of Phineas, Elijah, Gideon, and other famous believers in O.T. (Langl. ii. 218). The battle (June 2, 451, ib. 298 note) was lost and a remnant found refuge in the stronghold of Pag. This too was taken and many clergy were put to death. Joseph, Leontius, and their companions, were taken to the court of Persia, and put on their defence. Finally they and four others were executed on the 25th of the month Hroditz in the 16th year of Isdigerd (a.d. 455), in the province of Abar, near a village of the Mogs named Révan. The account of the martyrdom has every appearance of being a genuine coeval record, simple, natural, unlegendary. Lazarus himself wrote in the following generation, and his position gave him access to the best authorities, which he describes, especially assuring his readers that he faithfully reports the last words of the martyrs. The most severely dealt with was Leontius, he being regarded as the chief instigator of the Armenian resistance. The general history of these events may be read in Saint-Martin's Le Beau, t. vi. pp. 258–318.
[C.H.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Laurentius (15)

Laurentius (15), surnamed Mellifluus, thought to have been bp. of Novara c. 507. A Laurentius, surnamed Mellifluus, from the sweetness with which he delivered homilies, is mentioned by Sigebert (Scr. Eccl. c. 120 in Patr. Lat. clx. 572) as the author of a treatise de Duobus Temporibus, viz. one period from Adam to Christ, the other from Christ to the end of the world. That this Laurentius was the presbyter who instructed Gaudentius the first bp. of Novara was maintained by Cotta, an outline of whose arguments may be seen in the Acta Eruditorum (suppl. t. ii. pp. 525, 526, ed. Lips. 1696). La Bigne (Max. Bibl. Pat. t. ix. p. 465, Lugd. 1677) suspects that Laurentius Mellifluus was bp. of Novara, and subsequently the 25th bp. of Milan who is praised by Ennodius in his first Dictio. La Bigne grounds his opinion on certain allusions of Ennodius in his second Dictio, which was sent to Honoratus, bp. of Novara (e.g. Patr. Lat. lxiii. 269 B). Other corroborative passages have been adduced by Mabillon (ut inf.), as where Ennodius describes Laurentius bp. of Milan pacifying his haughty brethren by honeyed words of conciliation ("blandimentorum melle," ib. 267 A). The historians of literature usually therefore designate Laurentius Mellifluus bp. of Novara, but he is not admitted by the historians of the see, as Ughelli (Ital. Sac. iv. 692) and Cappelletti (Le Chiese d᾿Ital. xiv. 526). Three extant treatises are ascribed to Laurentius Mellifluus, viz. two homilies, de Poenitentia and de Eleemosyna, printed by La Bigne in his Bibliotheca and a treatise de Mulieye Cananaea, printed by Mabillon with a note on the author, supporting the view of La Bigne, in his Analecta (p. 55, ed. 1723). The homilies are in La Bigne (Max. Bib. Pat. t. ix. p. 465, Lug. 1677) and the three treatises in Migne (Patr. Lat. lxvi.87) with both La Bigne's and Mabillon's notices of the author. Cave mistakenly says (i. 493) that the de Duobus Temporibus is lost, for it is evidently the homily de Poenitentia, which opens with an exposition of the "duo tempora," which terms he employs somewhat in the sense of the two dispensations for the divine pardon of sin. The sin inherited from Adam is in baptism entirely put away through the merits of Christ. Christ the second Adam simply cancelled the sin derived from the first Adam. Original sin therefore corresponds, in a manner, with the pre-Christian period. For actual transgression each person is himself alone responsible and is to be released from it by penitence, with which the treatise is mainly occupied, and so has received its present title. For other notices see Ceillier (xi. 95), Dupin (Eccl. Writ. t. i. p. 540, ed. 1722), Tillem. (Mém. x. 259, 260).
[C.H.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Laurentius (36)

Laurentius (36), Aug. 10, archdeacon of Rome, and martyr under Valerian, a.d. 258. Cyprian (Ep. 82 al. 80 ad Successum) mentions the rescript of Valerian directing that bishops, presbyters, and deacons should forthwith be punished, and records the martyrdom of Xystus bp. of Rome, in accordance with it on Aug. 6. Laurentius, the first of the traditional seven deacons of Rome, suffered four days afterwards. The genuine Acts of this martyrdom were lost even in St. Augustine's time, as he tells us (Ser. 302, de Sancto Laurent.) that his narration was gained from tradition instead of reciting the Acts as his custom was (S. Ambr. de Off. i. 41). Laurentius suffered by burning over a slow fire, the prefect thinking thus to extort the vast treasures which he believed the Christians to have concealed. He was buried in the Via Tiburtina in the cemetery of Cyriaca by Hippolytus and Justinus, a presbyter, where Constantine the Great is said to have built a church in honour of the martyr, which pope Damasus rebuilt or repaired. Few martyrdoms of the first three centuries are better attested than this one. St Laurentius is commemorated in the canon of the Roman Mass. His name occurs in the most ancient Calendars, as Catalog. Liberianus or Bucherianus (4th cent.), in the Calendar of Ptolemeus Silvius (5th cent.), and in others described under CALENDAR In D. C. A. (cf. Smedt, Introd. ad Hist. Ecclesiast. pp. 199–219, 514). He is commemorated by Prudentius in his Peristeph. (Mart. Rom. Vet.; Mart. Adon., Usuard.; Tillem. Mém. iv. 38; Ceillier, ii. 423; Fleury, H. E. vii. 38, xi. 36, xviii. 33). Cf. Fronton, Ep. et Dissert. Eccl. p. 219 (1720), where, in a note on Aug. 10, in Rom. Kai., an accurate account is given of the churches built at Rome in his honour.
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chorley, John Rutter

​CHORLEY, JOHN RUTTER (1807?–1867), poet and scholar, brother of Henry Fothergill Chorley [q. v.], was born about 1807 at Blackley Hurst, Lancashire, and entered the same mercantile house as his brother, finding the employment no less distasteful. He displayed, however, much greater perseverance and capacity for business; and at the termination of his engagement obtained, through a solicitor, who had been struck by his ability, the highly responsible office of secretary to the Grand Junction railway between Liverpool and Birmingham. After years of work, interspersed with hard literary study, he became independent in his circumstances through the bequest of his uncle, and removed to London. Here he was successively called upon to assume the charge of an invalid mother and an invalid sister, and the harassing confinement, combined, as his brother admits, with the haughtiness and unsociability of his own temperament, made him almost a recluse. He devoted himself especially to the Spanish drama, and formed a ​superb collection of plays, which he partly gave, partly bequeathed, to the British Museum. The enumeration of his manuscript notes in separate dramas occupies between six and seven columns of the museum printed catalogue. Many of these plays were restored by himself out of a number of mutilated copies, and missing title-pages were imitated with most deceptive skill. Between 1846 and 1854 he wrote on foreign literature for the ‘Athenæum,’ and in 1865 published ‘The Wife's Litany,’ a drama in rhyming verse, an early work inspired by a singularly vivid dream. It is original in form, elegant in diction, and by no means devoid of true poetical spirit. It would probably have been successful if published thirty years earlier, but was unsuited to the taste of the day, and attracted little attention, notwithstanding the warm commendation of Ticknor. Many other poems were destroyed or suppressed by the writer. He died of atrophy 29 June 1867. Among his few intimate friends was Carlyle, who says in a letter to Henry Chorley: ‘He could have written like few men on many subjects, but he had proudly pitched his idea very high. I know no man in these flimsy days, nor shall ever again know one, so well read, so widely and accurately informed, and so completely at home, not only in all fields of worthy literature and scholarship, but in matters practical, technical, naval, mechanical.’
[Chorley's Autobiography, ii. 254–92.]
R. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christian, Thomas

​CHRISTIAN, THOMAS (d. 1799), Manx writer, was the son of the Rev. John Christian, vicar of Kirk Marown in the Isle of Man. He succeeded his father in 1779. In 1796 he published at Douglas a translation of about four thousand lines of ‘Paradise Lost’ into Manx, which was reprinted by the Manx Society in vol. xx. of their publications. The work has no great merit, but is of some value to students of the language. Christian is said to have been ‘chiefly distinguished for his utter unfitness for the clerical office in every respect,' but he inherited the property of Ballakilley and Ballayemmy in the parish of Marown, and was appointed to the living through family influence. He died in 1795.
[Information supplied by Mr. A. W. Moore; Manx Soc. Pub. vol. xx.]
H. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christie, Alexander

​CHRISTIE, ALEXANDER (1807–1860), painter, eldest son of David Christie, a grand-nephew of Hugh Christie [q. v.], was born in 1807 in Edinburgh, and educated at the academy, and afterwards at the university there. Intended for the law, he served an apprenticeship to a writer to the signet, but was never admitted W.S., his father's death leaving him free to follow his own wishes, and to devote himself to art, for which he had shown great feeling from his early youth. Giving up excellent professional prospects, he entered in 1833 as a pupil at the ‘Trustees’ Academy’ ​in Edinburgh, then under the direction of Sir William Allan [q. v.] After studying in London and Paris he returned to Edinburgh and settled there. In 1843 he was appointed an assistant, and in 1845—in succession to Thomas Duncan, R.S.A.—first master or director of the ornamental department of the School of Art, under the board of trustees for manufactures in Scotland. In 1848 he was elected an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy, where for some years one or more of his pictures appeared in every exhibition. He exhibited only once in the Royal Academy in London, sending in 1853 ‘A Window-seat at Wittemburg, 1526—Luther, the married priest.’ He possessed much originality and taste in design, and was a bold and efficient colourist. One of his most successful pictures, ‘An Incident in the History of the Great Plague,’ is in the National Gallery of Scotland, which also possesses a copy, by the artist himself, of a large picture painted by him as an altar-piece for the chapel at Murthley Castle, ‘The Apparition of the Cross to Constantine.’ Several of the illustrations of the Abbotsford edition of ‘The Bride of Lammermoor’ are from his designs. Christie delivered several courses of lectures at the Philosophical Institution in Edinburgh, and elsewhere, on various subjects connected with art. A paper by him ‘On the Adaptation of previous styles of Architecture to our present Wants' is printed in the ‘Transactions of the Architectural Institute of Scotland,’ vol. iii. (1854). He died 5 May 1860.
[Redgrave’s Dict. of British Artists, 1878; family papers]
R. C. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christie, Hugh

​CHRISTIE, HUGH (1710–1774), school-master and grammarian (erroneously called by Chalmers and Rose, William), was the third son of Alexander Christie, great-uncle of William Christie, unitarian writer [q. v.] He was born at Garvock, Kincardineshire, in 1710, and educated at King's College, Aberdeen, where he took the degree of M.A. in 1730. He was licensed to reach as a probationer of the church of Scotland, but never held any parochial charge. Soon after taking his degree he was a pointed rector of the grammar school of Brechin, an office which-the held until he was elected rector of the grammar school of Montrose, where he remained until his death (1774), and where he obtained considerable popularity and success.
He is the author of: 1. ‘A Grammar of the Latin Tongue, after a New and Easy Method adapted to the capacities of Children,’ Edinburgh, 1758, 2nd edit. 1768 sm. 8vo. 2. ‘A New and Easy Introduction to the making of Latin adapted to the Latin Grammar lately published by H. C., with remarks upon the Idioms of the Roman Language,' Edinburgh, 1760, 1780 sm. Bvo. (There were probably other editions of both books, as they were extensively used in and about Montrose and Brechin in the early part of this century.)
[Chalmers's Biog. Dict.; family papers.]
R. C. C.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Hermocrates 2.

​2. Father of Dionysius the elder, tyrant of Syracuse.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Hermocrates 5.

​2. A rhetorician, a native of Phocaea. He was the grandson of the sophist Attalus, and studied under Claudius Rufinus of Smyrna. He died at the age of twenty-five, or twenty-eight, according to other accounts. Philostratus (Vit. Sophist. ii. 25) pronounces him one of the most distinguished rhetoricians of his age. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vi. p.131.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Hermocrates 7.

​HERMO'CRATES (Ἑρμοκράτης), a physician mentioned by Martial in one of his epigrams (vi. 53), the point of which seems to be borrowed from one by Lucilius in the Greek Anthology (xi. 257, vol. ii. p. 59, ed. Tauchn.) If the name is not a fictitious one, Hermocrates may have lived in the first century after Christ. [W. A. G.]