OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Petigny, Maria-Louise, Rose Levèsque

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PETIGNY, MARIA-LOUISE, ROSE LEVESQUE,
Was born at Paris, in 1768. Her father, Charles Peter Levèsque, was a well-known French writer on history and general literature, and became a member of the National Institute. His daughter, educated by him, displayed a genius for poetry; her "Idylles" and fugitive pieces were highly praised by Palesot and Florian. Gessner called her his "petite fille." She married M. Petigny, of Saint-Romain. The time of her death is not mentioned.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Phantasia

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PHANTASIA,
Daughter of Nicanchus of Memphis, in Egypt. Chiron, a celebrated personage of antiquity, asserted that Phantasia wrote a poem on the Trojan war, and another on the return of Ulysses to Ithaca, from which Homer copied the greater part of the Iliad and Odyssey, when he visited Memphis, where these poems were deposited. She lived in the twelfth century before Christ.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Philippa of Hainault

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PHILIPPA OF HAINAULT.
Daughter of the Earl of Hainault, married Edward the Third, of England, in 1327. In 1346, when, after the victorious battle of Cressy, Edward lay before Calais, David Bruce, King of Scotland, invaded the north of England, and ravaged the country as far as Durham. He was there met by Queen Philippa, at the head of twelve thousand men, commanded by Lord Percy; after a fierce engagement, the Scots were entirely defeated, and their king and many of the nobility taken prisoners. As soon as Philippa had secured her royal captive, she crossed the sea at Dover, and was received in the English camp, before Calais, with all the eclât due to her rank and her victory. Here her intercession is said to have saved the lives of the six citizens of Calais, who were condemned to death by Edward.
Philippa's conduct was always marked by wisdom and generosity, and she was on all occasions the confidant and adviser of her husband. She died before Edward, leaving several children, the eldest of whom was the celebrated Black Prince. Philippa is said to have founded Queen's College, Oxford; but her agency in establishing a manufacturing colony of Flemings at Norwich, in the year 1335, was of for greater importance to the prosperity of the nation. "Blessed be the memory of Edward the Third and Philippa of Hainault, his queen, who first invented clothes," says a monastic chronicler. He meant that by the advice of the queen, the English first manufactured cloth.
Philippa was also the Mend and patroness of Chaucer and Froissart.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Philips, Catharine

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PHILIPS, CATHARINE,
Was the daughter of Mr. Fowler, a merchant of London, and was born there in 1681. She was educated at a boarding-school in Hackney, where she distinguished herself by her poetical talents. She married James Philips, Esq., of the Priory of Cardigan; and afterwards went with the Viscountess of Dungannon into Ireland. She translated from the French Corneille's tragedy of Pompey, which was acted several times in 1663 and 1664. She died in London of the small-pox, in 1664, to the regret of all; "having not left," says Langbaine, "any of her sex her equal in poetry." Cowley wrote an ode on her death; and Dr. Jeremy Taylor addressed to her his "Measures and Offices of Friendship." She wrote under the name of Orinda; and, in 1677, her works were printed as "Poems by the most deservedly admired Mrs. Catharine Philips, the matchless Orinda. To which is added several translations from the French, with her portrait."
# 1914 and other poems/A Memory

​A MEMORY (From a sonnet-sequence)
Somewhile before the dawn I rose, and stept Softly along the dim way to your room, And found you sleeping in the quiet gloom, And holiness about you as you slept. I knelt there; till your waking fingers crept About my head, and held it. I had rest Unhoped this side of Heaven, beneath your breast. I knelt a long time, still; nor even wept.
It was great wrong you did me; and for gain Of that poor moment's kindliness, and ease, And sleepy mother-comfort! Child, you know How easily love leaps out to dreams like these, Who has seen them true. And love that's wakened so Takes all too long to lay asleep again.
Waikiki, October 1913
# 1914

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "1914."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* 1914 (Owen), a poem by Wilfred Owen
* 1914 (Brooke), poems by Rupert Brooke
# 1914 and other poems

​1914 & other Poems
By the same Author
POEMS
(Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd.)
First edition, 1911 Reprinted 1913 May 1915 (twice)
1914 & other Poems
By Rupert Brooke
London: Sidgwick & Jackson, Limited 3 Adam Street, Adelphi, W.C. 1915
First Edition, May 1915
Second and Third Impressions, June 1915
Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Impressions, July 1915
Seventh Impression, August 1915
Eighth Impression, September 1915
Ninth Impression, October 1915
Tenth Impression, November 1915
Copyright 1915 by Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd.
All rights reserved
PRINTED AT THE COMPLETE PRESS
WEST NORWOOD
LONDON
​RUPERT BROOKE
Born at Rugby, August 3, 1887
Fellow of King's, 1913
Sub-Lieutenant, R.N.V.R., September 1914
Antwerp Expedition, October 1914
Sailed with British Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, February 28, 1915
Died in the Ægean, April 23, 1915
​These poems have appeared in New Numbers, the old Poetry Review, Poetry and Drama, Rhythm, The Blue Review, The New Statesman, The Pall Mall Magazine, and Basileon. Acknowledgements are due to the Editors who have allowed them to be reprinted.
The Author had thought of publishing a volume of poems this spring, but he did not prepare the present book for publication.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 1914 and other poems/Beauty and Beauty

​BEAUTY AND BEAUTY
When Beauty and Beauty meet All naked, fair to fair, The earth is crying-sweet, And scattering-bright the air, Eddying, dizzying, closing round, With soft and drunken laughter; Veiling all that may befall After—after—
Where Beauty and Beauty met, Earth's still a-tremble there, And winds are scented yet, And memory-soft the air, Bosoming, folding glints of light, And shreds of shadowy laughter; Not the tears that fill the years After—after—
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ṭabarī

See also Al-Tabari on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ṬABARĪ [Abū Ja‘far Mahommed ibn Jarīr ut-Ṭabarī] (838-923), Arabian historian and theologian, was born at Amol in Tabaristan (south of the Caspian), and studied at Rei (Rai), Bagdad, and in Syria and Egypt. Cast upon his own resources after his father's death, he was reduced to great poverty until he was appointed tutor to the son of the vizier ‘Ubaidallāh ibn Yaḥyā. He afterwards journeyed to Egypt, but soon returned to Bagdad, where he remained as a teacher of tradition and law until his death. His life was simple and dignified, and characterized by extreme diligence. He is said to have often refused valuable gifts. A Shāfi‘ite in law, he claimed the right to criticize all schools, and ended by establishing a school of his own, in which, however, he incurred the violent wrath of the Hanbalites.
His works are not numerous, but two of them are very extensive. The one is the Tārīkh ur-Rusul wal-Mulūk (History of the Prophets and Kings), generally known as the Annals (cf. Arabia, Literature, “History”). This is a history from the Creation to A.D. 915, and is renowned for its detail and accuracy. It has been published under the editorship of M. J. de Goeje in three series, comprising thirteen volumes, with two extra volumes containing indices, introduction and glossary (Leiden, 1879-1901). A Persian digest of this work, made in 963 by the Samanid vizier al-Bal‘amī, has been translated into French by H. Zotenberg (vols. i.-iv., Paris, 1867-1874). A Turkish translation of this was published at Constantinople (1844). His second great work was the commentary on the Koran, which was marked by the same fullness of detail as the Annals. The size of the work and the independence of judgment in it seem to have prevented it from having a large circulation, but scholars such as Baghawī and Suyūṭī used it largely. It has been published in thirty vols. (with extra index volume) at Cairo, 1902-1903. An account of it, with brief extracts, has been given by O. Loth in the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. xxxv. (1881), pp. 588-628. Persian and Turkish translations of the commentary exist in manuscript. A third great work was projected by Ṭabarī. This was to be on the traditions of the Companions, &c., of Mahomet. It was not, however, completed. Other smaller works are mentioned in the Fihrist, pp. 234-235.  (G. W. T.)
# 1914 (Owen)

War broke: and now the Winter of the world With perishing great darkness closes in. The foul tornado, centred at Berlin, Is over all the width of Europe whirled, Rending the sails of progress. Rent or furled Are all Art's ensigns. Verse wails. Now begin Famines of thought and feeling. Love's wine's thin. The grain of human Autumn rots, down-hurled.
For after Spring had bloomed in early Greece, And Summer blazed her glory out with Rome, An Autumn softly fell, a harvest home, A slow grand age, and rich with all increase. But now, for us, wild Winter, and the need Of sowings for new Spring, and blood for seed.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Taurida

See also Taurida Governorate on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TAURIDA, a government of southern Russia, including the peninsula of Crimea and a tract of mainland situated between the lower Dnieper and the coasts of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. It is bounded by these two seas on the S., while it has on the N. the governments of Kherson and Ekaterinoslav. The area is 24,532 sq. m., of which 9704 sq. m. belong to the Crimea. The continental part consists of a gently undulating steppe (from sea-level up to 400 ft. in the north-east) of black earth, with only a few patches of saline clay on the shores of the Sivash or Putrid Sea, and sand along the lower Dnieper. The government is drained by the Dnieper, which flows along the frontier for 180 m., and by two minor streams, the Molochnaya and Berda. Many small lakes and ponds occur in the north, as well as on the Kinburn peninsula, at the mouth of the Dnieper, where salt is made. There are no forests. The climate is continental, and resembles that of central Crimea and Kherson. The population in 1906 was estimated at 1,634,700. The continental portion, although less mixed than that of the peninsula, consists of Great and Little Russians, who constitute 83 per cent. of the whole, Germans (5.4 per cent.), Bulgarians (2.8 per cent.), Jews (3.8 per cent.), and Armenians. The chief occupation of the people is agriculture, and every available patch of land has been brought under the plough. In 1900 no less than 43 per cent. of its area was under cereal crops alone. The principal crops are rye, wheat, oats, barley and potatoes(Tobacco is also grown, and over 32,000 acres are under vineyards, while gardens extend to some 15,500 acres in Crimea. Live-stock breeding is extensively engaged in. Salt is the only mineral raised, but the iron industry, and especially the manufacture of agricultural machinery (e.g. at Berdyansk), has greatly developed. The export trade is considerable, the chief ports being Sevastopol, Eupatoria, Theodosia, and Yalta on the Black Sea, and Azov and Berdyansk on the Sea of Azov. The fisheries along the coast are active. Manufactures are insignificant, but there is a brisk export trade in grain, salt, fish, wool and tallow. The government is divided into eight districts, the chief towns of which are Simferopol, capital of the government, Eupatoria and Theodosia, in Crimea, and Aleshki, Berdyansk, Melitopol, Perekop and Yalta on the continent.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tavern

See also Tavern on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TAVERN, the old name for an inn, a public house where liquor is sold and food is supplied to travellers. It is, however, now usually applied to a small ale-house where liquor only is supplied. The word comes through Fr. from Lat. taberna, a booth, shop, inn. It is usually connected with the root seen in “tabula,” board, whence Eng. “table;” and thus meant originally a hut or booth made of planks or boards of wood.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Taurini

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​TAURINI, an ancient Ligurian people, although the name may be of Celtic origin, who occupied the upper valley of the Padus (Po) in the centre of the modern Piedmont. In 218 B.C. they were attacked by Hannibal, with whose friends the Insubres they had a long-standing feud, and their chief town (Taurasia) was captured after a three days' siege (Polybius iii. 60, 8). As a people they are rarely mentioned in history. It is not known when they definitely became subject to the Romans, nor when the colony of (Julia) Augusta Taurinorum (Torino, Turin) was founded in their territory (probably by Augustus after the battle of Actium). Both Livy (v. 34) and Strabo (iv. p. 209) speak of the country of the Taurini as including one of the passes of the Alps, which points to a wider use of the name in earlier times.
See H. Nissen, Italische Landeskunde, ii. (1902), p. 163; and ancient authorities quoted in A. Holder, Altceltischer Sprachschatz, ii. (1904).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Taurobolium

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​TAUROBOLIUM, the sacrifice of a bull, usually in connexion with the worship of the Great Mother of the Gods, though not limited to it. Of oriental origin, its first known performance in Italy occurred in A.D. 134, at Puteoli, in honour of Venus Caelestis. Prudentius describes it in Peristephanon (x., 1066 ff.): the priest of the Mother, clad in a toga worn cinctu Gabino, with golden crown and fillets on his head, takes his place in a trench covered by a platform of planks pierced with fine holes, on which a bull, magnificent with flowers and gold, is slain. The blood rains through the platform on to the priest below, who receives it on his face, and even on his tongue and palate, and after the baptism presents himself before his fellow-worshippers purified and regenerated, and receives their salutations and reverence.
The taurobolium in the 2nd and 3rd centuries was usually performed as a measure for the welfare of the Emperor, Empire, or community, its date frequently being the 24th of March, the Dies Sanguinis of the annual festival of the Great Mother and Attis. In the late 3rd and the 4th centuries its usual motive was the purification or regeneration of an individual, who was spoken of as renatus in aeternum, reborn for eternity, in consequence of the ceremony (Corp. Insc. Lat. vi. 510–512). When its efficacy was not eternal, its effect was considered to endure for twenty years. It was also performed as the fulfilment of a vow, or by command of the goddess herself, and the privilege was limited to no sex nor class. The place of its performance at Rome was near the site of St Peter's, in the excavations of which several altars and inscriptions commemorative of taurobolia were discovered.
The taurobolium was probably a sacred drama symbolizing the relations of the Mother and Attis (q.v.). The descent of the priest into the sacrificial foss symbolized the death of Attis, the withering of the vegetation of Mother Earth; his bath of blood and emergence the restoration of Attis, the rebirth of vegetation. The ceremony' may be the spiritualized descent of the primitive oriental practice of drinking or being baptized in the blood of an animal, based upon a belief that the strength of brute creation could be acquired by consumption of its substance or contact with its blood. In spite of the phrase renatus in aeternum, there is no reason to suppose that the ceremony was in any way borrowed from Christianity.
See Esperandieu, Inscriptions de Lectoure (1892), pp. 94 ff.; Zippel, Feslschrtft zum Doctorjubilaeum, Ludwig Friedlander, 1895, p. 48 f.; Showerman, The Great Mother of the Gods, Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, No. 43, pp. 280-84 (Madison, 1901); Hepding, Attis, Seine Mythen und Sein Kult (Giessen, 1903), pp. 168 ff., 201; Cumont, Le Taurobale et le Culte de Bellone, Revue d'histoire et de littémtufe feligieuses, vi., No. 2, 1901.
(G. SN.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Taussig, Frank William

See also Frank William Taussig on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TAUSSIG, FRANK WILLIAM (1859–), American economist, was born at St Louis, Missouri, on the 28th of December 1859. He was educated in his native city and at Harvard University, where he became professor of political economy in 1892. He has made a particular study of finance, and has written Tariff History of the United States (1888); The Silver Situation in the United States (1892); Wages and Capital (1896). He was for some time editor of the American Quarterly Journal of Economics.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tavastehus

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​TAVASTEHUS, a province of Finland, bounded by the provinces of Nyland, Viborg, Vasa and St Michel. Pop. (1904) 317,326. The province is largely unproductive, much of the surface being composed of hills and lakes, but in favourable districts agriculture is successfully pursued, and there is a school of agriculture and an institute of forestry.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Taurus

See also Taurus (constellation) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TAURUS (“the Bull”), in astronomy, the second sign of the zodiac (q.v.), denoted by the symbol ♉︎. It is also a constellation of very great antiquity, the Pleiades and Hyades, two star clusters, being possibly referred to in the Old Testament; Aldebaran, a star, is mentioned by Hesiod and Homer. Ptolemy catalogued 44 stars, Tycho Brahe 43, Hevelius 51. The Greeks fabled this constellation to be the bull which bore Europa across the seas to Crete, and was afterwards raised to the heavens by Jupiter. α Tauri, or Aldebaran, is a brilliant star of a reddish colour and magnitude 1.2; this star is the principal object of the group named the Hyades, named after the seven daughters of Atlas and Aethra—Ambrosia, Coronis, Eudora, Pasithoë, Plexaris, Pytho and Tycho—fabled by the Greeks to have been transformed into stars by Jupiter for bewailing the death of their brother Hyas. Another star group in this constellation is the Pleiades. λ Tauri is an “Algol” variable, varying in magnitude from 3.4 to 4.2. Nebula M.1 Tauri is a famous “crab” nebula, so named by Lord Rosse from its clawlike protuberances; it is the first of the series of nebula on the enumeration of Messier.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tautphoeus, Jemima, Baroness von

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​TAUTPHOEUS, JEMIMA, Baroness von (1807–1893), British novelist, was born at Seaview, Co. Donegal, on the 23rd of October 1807, her maiden name being Montgomery. In 1838 she married the Baron von Tautphoeus of Marquartstein (1805–1885), chamberlain to the king of Bavaria, and in Bavaria she passed most of the rest of her life. She was the author of several novels, written in English, describing South German life, manners and history. The Initials (1850), Quits (1857), and At Odds (1863) are the best known of these. She died on the 12th of November 1893.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Singer, Simeon

See also Simeon Singer on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SINGER, SIMEON (1846–1906), Jewish preacher, lecturer and public worker. He was born in London, and after a short stay at a Hungarian school, entered as one of its pupils the Jews’ College, of which he was subsequently for a time the headmaster. In 1867 he became minister of the Borough Synagogue, London. In the following year he married. He moved to the new West End Synagogue in 1878, and remained the minister of that congregation until his death. He was the first to introduce regular sermons to children; as a preacher to the young Singer showed rare gifts. His pulpit addresses in general won wide appreciation, and his services were often called for at public functions. In 1897 he strongly opposed the Diggle policy at the London School Board, but he refused nomination as a member. In 1890 the Rabbinical Diploma was conferred on him by Lector Weiss of Vienna, but again he evidenced his self-denial by declining to stand for the post of associate Chief Rabbi in the same year. Singer was a power in the community in the direction of moderate progress; he was a lover of tradition, yet at the same time he recognized the necessity of well-considered changes. In 1892 at his instigation the first English Conference of Jewish Preachers was held, and some reforms were then and at other times introduced, such as the introduction of Bible Readings in English, the admission of women as choristers and the inclusion of the express consent of the bride as well as the bridegroom at the marriage ceremony.
Singer did much to reunite Conservatives and Liberals in the community, and he himself preached at the Reform Synagogue in Manchester. He had no love for the minute critical analysis of the Bible, but he was attracted to the theory of progressive revelation, and thus was favourably disposed to the modern treatment of the Old Testament. His cheery optimism was at the basis of this attitude, and strongly coloured his belief in the Messianic ideals. He held aloof, for this very reason, from all Zionist schemes. His interest in the fortunes of foreign Jews led him to make several continental journeys on their behalf; he was one of the leading spirits of the Russo-Jewish Committee, of the International Jewish Society for the Protection of Women and of other philanthropic organizations. Despite his devotion to public work, Singer published some important works. In 1896 the Cambridge University Press published Talmudical Fragments in the Bodleian Library of which Singer was joint author. But his most famous work was his new edition and English translation of the Authorized Daily Prayer Book (first published in 1870), a work which has gone through many large editions and which has probably been the most popular (both with Jews and Christians) of all books published by an English Jew.
See The Literary Remains of the Rev. Simeon Singer (3 vols., 1908), with Memoir. (I. A.)