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# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Bache, Sarah

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BACHE, SARAH,
The only daughter of Benjamin Franklin, was born at Philadelphia, September, 1744. But little is known of her early years, yet, as her father knew well the advantages of education, it is probable that hers was not neglected. In 1767, Miss Franklin was married to Richard Bache, a merchant of Philadelphia, but a native of Yorkshire. In the troublous times which preceded the American Revolutionary War, Dr. Franklin had acted a conspicuous part; his only daughter was thus trained in the duty of patriotism, and she was prepared to do or to suffer in the cause of her country. Mrs. Bache took an active part in providing clothing for the American soldiers, during the severe winter of 1780. The marquis de Chastellux notices a visit he made to her about this time.
A letter of M. de Marbois to Dr. Franklin, the succeeding year—thus speaks of his daughter:—"If there are in Europe any women who need a model of attachment to domestic duties and love for their country, Mrs. Bache may be pointed out to them as such. She passed a part of the last year in exertions to rouse the zeal of the Pennsylvania ladies, and she made on this occasion such a happy use of the eloquence which you know she possesses, that a large part of the American army was provided with shirts, bought with their money, or made by their hands. In her applications for this purpose, she showed the most indefatigable zeal, the most unwearied perseverance, and a courage in asking, which surpassed even the obstinate reluctance of the Quakers in refusing."
Such were the women of America during the long and fearful struggle which preceded the Independence of the United States. Few, indeed, had the talents and opportunities to perform so many benevolent deeds as Mrs. Bache; her patriotism has made her an example for her countrywomen. She died in 1808, aged sixty-four years.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Bacon, Anne

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BACON, ANNE,
A Lady distinguished by her piety, virtue, and learning, was the second daughter of Sir Anthony Cook, preceptor to king Edward ​the Sixth, and was born about the year 1528. She bad a very liberal education, and became eminent for her skill in the Greek, Latin, and Italian languages. She was married to Sir Nicholas Bacon, by whom she had two sons, Anthony and Francis, whose distinguished abilities were greatly improved by the tender care of so accomplished a mother. Her task was, however, rendered very easy, because her daughter. Lady Bacon, displayed, at an early age, her capacity, application, and industry, by translating from the Italian of Bernardine Octine, twenty-five sermons, on the abstruse doctrines of predestination and election. This performance was published about the year 1550. A circumstance took place soon after her marriage, which again called forth her talents and zeal. The Catholics of that period, alarmed at the progress of the formation, exerted, in attacking it, and throwing an odium upon the Reformers, all their learning and activity. The Council of Trent was called by pope Pius the Fourth, to which queen Elizabeth was invited. The princes of Christendom pressed her, by their letters, to receive and entertain the nuncio, urging her, at the same time, to submit to the Council. Bishop Jewel was employed, on this occasion, to give an account of the measures taken in the preceding parliament, and to retort upon the Romanists, in "An Apology for the Church of England," the charges brought against the Reformers. The work of the bishop obtained great reputation, but, being written in Latin, was confined to the learned. A translation was loudly called for by the common people, who justly considered their own rights and interests in the controversy. Lady Bacon undertook to translate the bishop's "Apology," a task which she accomplished with fidelity and elegance. She sent a copy of her work to the primate, whom she considered as most interested in the safety of the church; a second copy she presented to the author, lest, inadvertently, she had in any respect done injustice to his sentiments. Her copy was accompanied by an epistle in Greek, to which the bishop replied in the same language. The translation was carefully examined, both by the primate and author, who found it so chastely and correctly given, as to stand in no need of the slightest emendation. The translator received, on this occasion, a letter from the primate, full of high and just compliments to her talents and erudition.
Lady Bacon survived her husband, and died about the beginning of the reign of James the First, at Gerhamburg, near St. Albans, in Hertfordshire.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/West Ham

See also West Ham on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WEST HAM, a municipal, county, and parliamentary borough of Essex, England, forming an eastward suburb of London. Pop. (1891) 204,903, (1901) 267,358. The parish stretches north and south from Wanstead and Leyton to the Thames, and east and west from East Ham to the river Lea. It is divided into four wards—Church Street, Stratford-Langthome, Plaistow and Upton. The church of All Saints has a good Perpendicular tower, but the remainder is extensively restored. There are a number of old monuments. In the restoration of 1866 some early mural painting was discovered, and a transition Norman clerestory was discovered, remaining above the later nave. There are several modern churches, and a Franciscan monastery end school (St Bonaventure's). West Ham Park (80 acres) occupies the site of Ham House and park, for many years the residence of Samuel Gurney, the banker and philanthropist. The place was purchased for £25,000, and vested in the corporation of London for the use of the public. Of this amount the Gurney family contributed £10,000 and the corporation the same sum, the remaining £5000 being collected from the inhabitants of West Ham. The house was taken down, and the park was opened in 1874. Mrs Elizabeth Fry lived in a house in Upton Lane, on the confines of her brother's park. In 1762 the number of houses in West Ham parish was stated to be 700, of which "455 are mansions and 245 cottages." Now few large houses remain, but the smaller houses have greatly increased. There are numerous chemical and other manufactures which have been removed from London itself; and the large population can also be traced in part to the foundation of the Victoria and Albert docks at Plaistow. Included within the borough are the extensive railway works of the Great Eastern railway at Stratford. This industrial centre is continued eastward in the urban district of East Ham (pop. 96,018), where the old village church of St Mary Magdalene retains Norman portions. West Ham is governed by a mayor, 12 aldermen and 36 councillors. Area 4683 acres.
At the time of the Conquest West Ham belonged to Alestan and Leured, two freemen, and at Domesday to Ralph Gernon and Ralph Peverel. West Ham village was included in the part which descended to the Gernons, who took the name of Montfichet. The manor of West Ham was settled upon Stratford Langthorne Abbey, founded by William de Montfichet in 1135 for monks of the Cistercian order. The abbey stood in the marshes, on a branch of the Lea known as the Abbey Creek, about ½ m. south of Stratford Broadway. West Ham received the grant of a market and annual fair in 1253. The lordship was given to the abbey of Stratford, and, passing to the crown at the dissolution, formed part of the dowry of Catherine of Portugal, and was therefore called the Queen's Manor. In 1885 the urban sanitary district was erected into a parliamentary borough, returning two members for the northern and southern divisions respectively. It was incorporated in 1886.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/West Hoboken

See also West Hoboken, New Jersey on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WEST HOBOKEN, a town of Hudson county. New Jersey, U.S.A., in the N.E. part of the state,—adjoining Hoboken and Jersey City. Pop. (1890) 11,665; (1900) 23,094, of whom 9119 were foreign-born; (1910, census) 35,403. For transportation facilities the town depends upon the railways serving Hoboken and Jersey City. West Hoboken lies about ¼ m. W. of the Hudson river, occupies a pleasant site somewhat higher than that of its neighbouring municipalities, and commands a fine view of the surrounding country. Among the prominent buildings are a Carnegie library, St Michael's Monastery (containing a theological school), a Dominican Convent, and several fine churches; and there are two Roman Catholic orphanages. The town is an important centre for the manufacture of silk and silk goods; in 1905 the value of these products was $4,211,018. West Hoboken was created a separate township in 1861, from a part of the township of North Bergen, and in 1884 was incorporated as a town.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/West Haven

See also West Haven, Connecticut on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WEST HAVEN, a borough of Orange township. New Haven county, Connecticut, U.S.A., on New Haven Harbor and separated from New Haven by the West river. Pop. (1900) 5247 (893 foreign-born); (1910) 8543. West Haven is served by the New York, New Haven, & Hartford railway. It is mainly a residential suburb of New Haven. There is a public park, and Savin Rock, rising from Long Island Sound, is a summer resort. West Haven was set apart from New Haven in 1822 and was united with North Milford to form the township of Orange; it was incorporated as a borough in 1873.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/West Orange

See also West Orange, New Jersey on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WEST ORANGE, a town of Essex county, New Jersey, U.S.A., in the N.E. part of the state, about 13 m. W. of New York City. Pop. (1890) 4358, (1900) 6589 (1772 foreign-born); (1905, state census) 7872; (1910) 10,980. It is served by the Orange branch of the Erie railroad, and is connected with neighbouring towns and cities by electric hues. The town has an area of about 7 sq. m. It is crossed in a N.E. and S.W. direction by two ridges—the First (also called the Orange or Watchung) Mountain and the Second Mountain. Eagle Rock (about 650 ft.), on the summit of First Mountain, commands a splendid view. On the eastern slope of First Mountain are Hutton Park, containing the grounds of the Essex County Country Club, and Llewellyn Park, a beautiful residential tract of 750 acres, named in honour of its originator, Llewellyn S. Haskell (1815—1872). West Orange has various manufactures, including phonographs, lawn mowers and felt hats. In 1862 parts of the townships of Orange, Caldwell and Livingston were united into a new township named Fairmount. In 1863 another part of Orange was added and the name of the new township was changed to West Orange. In 1900 West Orange was chartered as a town.
See H. Whittemore, The Founders and Builders of the Oranges (Newark, 1896).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/West Springfield

* related portals: Massachusetts.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
See also West Springfield, Massachusetts on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WEST SPRINGFIELD, a township of Hampden county, Massachusetts, U.S.A., on the Connecticut river, opposite Springfield. Pop. (1890) 5077; (1900) 7105 (1501 foreign-born); (1910) 9224. Area, about 18 sq. m. The township is served by the Boston & Albany railway, and by interurban ​electric railways to Holyoke and Hartford. The principal villages are Merrick and West Springfield on the Connecticut river and Mittineague on the Westfield river. West Springfield was originally a part of Springfield. The first settlement was not made, however, until about 1653, and there were few settlers until after King Philip's War (1676). In 1696 West Springfield was organized as a separate parish, and in 1774 was made a separate township. Holyoke was set off from it in 1860, and Agawam in 1855.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/West Chester

See also West Chester, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WEST CHESTER, a borough and the county-seat of Chester county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., about 20 m. W. of Philadelphia. Pop. (1890) 8028; (1900) 9524, of whom 566 were foreign-born and 1777 were negroes; (1910 census) 11,767. West Chester is served directly by the Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington railways and by an interurban electric line to Philadelphia, electric lines connect with the Philadelphia & Reading at Lenape, 4 m. to the south-west, and at Coatesville, 10 m. to the west. The borough lies about 450 ft. above sea-level in an undulating country. At West Chester are the West Chester State Normal School (1871), the Darlington Seminary (non-sectarian; for girls), founded in 1851 by Smedley Darlington (1827–1899; principal of the school in 1851–1861 and a representative in Congress in 1887–1891), the Friends’ Graded School and the Friends’ (Orthodox) Select School. There are fine botanical gardens in Marshall Square. Among the public buildings are a county court house (1847–1848), a county jail and a county hospital (1892–1893), the public library and a large Y.M.C.A. building. The colonial Turk’s Head Hotel here has been so called since 1768 and was probably first opened in 1762. West Chester is in a farming country with important market gardens and dairy farms; among its manufactures arc dairy implements, foundry and machine-shop products and carriage and wagon materials. The factory product in 1905 was valued at $2,121,185. There are several large nursery farms here. West Chester was first settled in 1713, succeeded Chester as the county-seat in 1784–1786, and was incorporated as a town in 1788 and as a borough in 1799. During the War of Independence the battle of Brandywine was fought about 7 m. S. of West Chester on the 11th of September 1777, and on the 20th General Anthony Wayne, with a small force, was surprised and routed by the British at Paoli, about 8 m. N.E.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Bougnet, Madame

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BOUGNET, MADAME,
Is celebrated for her humanity during the French revolution of 1793, in concealing some of the proscribed deputies, though death was the consequence of this mark of friendship. After supporting those unfortunate men for some time, and seeing them escape from her abode only to perish on the scaffold, she was herself dragged before the tribunal of Bordeaux, and suffered death with Christian resignation.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Bovey, Catharine

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BOVEY, CATHARINE,
Married, at fifteen, William Bovey, an English gentleman of opulence and respectability in Gloucestershire. To great beauty, she added the highest degree of benevolence, and all the gentle virtues of private life; so that she is deservedly extolled by Sir Richard Steele, in his dedication of the two volumes of his "Ladies' Library." She was left a widow at the age of twenty-two, and died at Haxley, in 1728, aged fifty-seven. Her maiden name was Riches.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Bourget, Clemence de

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BOURGET, CLEMENCE DE,
A lady born of respectable parents at Lyons. She possessed so much merit as a writer, a musician, and a poetess, that she was presented to two monarchs, who passed through Lyons, as the greatest ornament of her native city. She died of a broken heart, in consequence of the loss of her lover, John de Peyrat, who fell at the siege of Beaurepaire, in 1561. She was the contemporary of Louise Labbé, la belle Corrdiére, and was very much attached to her, but the conduct of Louise at length compelled her more exemplary friend to withdraw her friendship.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Borgia, Lucrezia

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BORGIA, LUCREZIA,
Sister of Cesare Borgia, and daughter of Rodriguez Borgia, afterwards Pope Alexander the Fifth, was married in 1493, to Giovanni Sforza, Lord of Pessaro, with whom she lived four years, when her father being Pope, dissolved the marriage, and gave her to Alfonso, Duke of Bisceglia, natural son of Alfonso the Second, Duke of Naples. On this occasion she was created Duchess of Spoleto and of Sermoneta. She had one son by Alfonso, who died young. In June, 1500, Alfonso was stabbed by assassins, supposed to have been employed by the infamous Cesare Borgia, so that he died two months after, at the pontifical palace, to which he had been earned at the time. Lucrezia has never been accused of any participation in this murder, or in any of her brother's atrocious deeds. She then retired to Nepi, but was recalled to Rome by her father. Towards the end of 1501, she married Alfonso d'Este, son of Ercole, Duke of Ferrara, and made her entrance into that city with great pomp, on the 2nd. of February, 1502.
She had three sons by Alfonso, who intrusted her with the government when he was absent in the field, in which capacity she gained general approbation. She was also the patroness of literature, and her behaviour after she became Duchess of Ferrara, affords no grounds for censure. Her conduct while at Rome with her father has been the subject of much obloquy, which seems to rest chiefly on her living in a flagitious court among profligate scenes. No individual charge can be substantiated against her. On the contrary, she is mentioned by contemporary poets and historians in the highest terms; and so many different writers would not have lavished such high praise on a person profligate and base as she has been represented. Many of the reports about her were circulated by the Neapolitans, the natural enemies of her family. She died at Ferrara, in 1523. In the Ambrosian Library there is a collection of letters written by her, and a poetical effusion. A curiosity which might be viewed with equal interest, is to be found there—a tress of her beautiful hair, folded in a piece of parchment.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Boullougne, Magdelaine de

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BOULLOUGNE, MAGDELAINE DE,
Was born at Paris in 1644. She painted historical pieces, but excelled in flowers and fruits. She died in 1710. Her sister, Genevieve, painted in the same style, and with equal merit. She died in 1708, aged sixty-three.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Bourette, Charlotte

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BOURETTE, CHARLOTTE,
Whose first husband was M. Curé, was a French poetess and lemonade-seller, called la Muse limonadiere. She was born at Paris in 1714, and died there in 1784. Madame Bourette kept the Café Allemand, and was celebrated for her numerous productions in prose and verse. Her writings introduced her to the notice of several sovereigns, princes, and princesses of the blood royal, and many of the most celebrated men of her time. Her poetry is careless and prosaic, but her prose compositions poetic and brilliant. She also wrote a comedy, "The Coquette Punished," which was acted with success in the Théatre Français.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Bovette de Blemur, Jacqueline

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BOVETTE DE BLEMUR, JACQUELINE,
Was the author of several theological works. The place of her birth is not recorded. She appears to have embraced a religious life quite early, and to have died at Chatillon, at the age of seventy-eight years.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Brachman, Louise

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BRACHMAN, LOUISE,
Born in 1778, at Rochlitz. She was an intimate friend of Schiller and Novalis, and contributed, in 1799, over the signature of Louise, a number of poems to the Musen-Almenach, (Calendar of the Muses,) a periodical edited by those two authors. She was of a very uneven temperament, and subject to long-continued fits of melancholy. Disappointed in two different affairs of the heart, and afterwards in some other expectations of minor importance, she committed suicide, in 1822, while on a visit to some friends in Italy, by drowning herself in the River Saale. She has written "Poems," published in Dessau and Leipzig, 1800; "Blossoms of Romance," Vienna, 1816; "The Ordeal," "Novelettes," "Scenes from Reality," and "Errors."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Bourgain, Therese

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BOURGAIN, THERESE,
Engaged at the Théatre Français, in Paris, acted the parts of heroines in tragedy, and the young artless girls in comedy. She was a native of Paris. Palissot encouraged her, and the celebrated Dumesnli, then eighty years old, gave her instructions. "Pamela," (by F. de Neufchateau,) "Melanie," (by La Harpe,) and "Monime," (a character in "Mithridat," by Voltaire,) were her most successful parts in tragedy; but in comedy she was greater. She avoided the common fault of most actresses who wish to excel in both kinds, namely, the transferring of the tragic diction to that of comedy, which latter requires, in dialogue, an easy, free, and well-supported style. If she did not reach the accomplished Mile. Mars, her graceful vivacity, sufficiently aided by study and art, had peculiar charms. She acted also male parts, and her triumph in this kind was the "Page," in the "Marriage of Figaro." She was one of the members of the Théatre Français, whom Napoleon had selected to entertain the congress of kings at Erfurt; at the demand of Alexander the First, she went, 1809, to St. Petersburg, where she was much applauded as Eugenia; in Königsberg, she gave recitations before the late Queen Louisa of Prussia, who rewarded her liberally; and in the same year she returned to Paris, where justice has always been done to her eminent talents.
# A Christmas Garland/Note

NOTE
Stevenson, in one of his essays, tells us how he "played the sedulous ape" to Hazlitt, Sir Thomas Browne, Montaigne, and other writers of the past. And the compositors of all our higher-toned newspapers keep the foregoing sentence set up in type always, so constantly does it come tripping off the pens of all higher-toned reviewers. Nor ever do I read it without a fresh thrill of respect for the young Stevenson. I, in my own very inferior boyhood, found it hard to revel in so much as a single page of any writer earlier than Thackeray. This disability I did not shake off, alas, after I left school. There seemed to be so many live authors worth reading. I gave precedence to them, and, not being much of a reader, never had time to grapple with the old masters. Meanwhile, I was already writing a little on my own account. I had had some sort of aptitude for Latin prose and Latin verse. I wondered often whether those two things, essential though they were (and are) to the making of a decent style in English prose, sufficed for the making of a style more than decent. I felt that I must have other models. And thus I acquired the habit of aping, now and again, quite sedulously, this or that live writer--sometimes, it must be admitted, in the hope of learning rather what to avoid. I acquired, too, the habit of publishing these patient little efforts. Some of them appeared in "The Saturday Review" many years ago; others appeared there more recently. I have selected, by kind permission of the Editor, one from the earlier lot, and seven from the later. The other nine in this book are printed for the first time. The book itself may be taken as a sign that I think my own style is, at length, more or less formed.
M.B.
Rapallo, 1912.
# A Comparative Grammar (Bopp 1885)

In three volumes
A
COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR
OF THE
SANSKṚIT, ZEND,
GREEK, LATIN, LITHUANIAN, GOTHIC, GERMAN,
AND SCLAVONIC LANGUAGES.
BY
PROFESSOR F. BOPP.
TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN
BY
EDWARD B. EASTWICK, F.R.S., F.S.A.
VOL. I.
FOURTH EDITION.
WILLIAMS AND NORGATE:
14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON,
AND
20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.
1885.
Contents.
* First Volume
** Preface
** Comparative Grammar
*** Characters and Sounds
*** Of the Roots
*** Formation of Cases
*** Adjectives
*** Numerals
**** Cardinal numbers
**** Ordinal numbers
**** Numeral adverbs
* Second volume
* Third volume
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse