OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Markham, Sir Albert Hastings

See also Albert Hastings Markham on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​MARKHAM, SIR ALBERT HASTINGS (1841–1918), British admiral and Arctic explorer, was born at Bagnères, France, Nov. 11 1841, the son of a naval captain. Entering the Royal Navy in 1856, he served during the next 16 years in the Far East (where he took a prominent part in reprisals upon the Japanese of Kagoshima for the murder of an Englishman) and on the Mediterranean and Australian stations. In 1873 he shipped as A.B. on a whaler for Davis Straits and Baffin Bay with a view to investigating that route for polar research; he took an active share in the work of the vessel, and wrote a fascinating narrative of the voyage (A Whaling Cruise to Baffin’s Bay). In 1875 and following years he commanded H.M.S. “Alert” on the Arctic expedition under Nares, and at the head of a sledge-party he reached the highest latitude attained up to that time (83° 20′ N.). Subsequently, after further service in the Pacific and as captain of the “Vernon” torpedo school, he visited Novaya Zemlya with Sir H. Gore-Booth, and also Hudson Strait and Bay, upon which he reported to the Canadian Government as to their suitability for a commercial route. In 1886 he was appointed to command the training squadron; he was promoted rear-admiral in 1891, and in 1892 became second-in-command of the Mediterranean squadron under Sir George Tryon. His flagship was the “Camperdown” when she was rammed and sunk by the “Victoria”; he was acting under superior orders and was not censured. Subsequently he was placed in command at the Nore. He was created K.C.B. in 1903 and retired in 1906, devoting himself thereafter to literary work (including a biography of his cousin Sir Clements Markham), to the furtherance of polar exploration, and, during the World War, to the mine-sweeping service. He died in London on Oct. 28 1918.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Markham, Sir Clements Robert

See also Clements Markham on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​MARKHAM, SIR CLEMENTS ROBERT (1830–1916), English geographer (see 17.734), died in London Jan. 30 1916 of shock following an accidental fire. The principal work of his later years was connected with the two Antarctic expeditions under Capt. R. F. Scott, for whom he entertained a warm personal affection, suffering a grievous blow at his loss. Markham’s long-standing interest in South American geography, history and affairs led to his election as president of the International Congress of Americanists in 1912. An important history of Arctic and Antarctic exploration by Markham was completed posthumously by Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard and published in 1921 under the title of The Lands of Silence.
A Life, written by his cousin, Adml. Sir A. H. Markham, was published in 1917.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hⁿi
### Hⁿi.
#### 弦$^{-1}$

    The string of a bow or of a musical instrument.

#### 絃$^{-1}$

    Strings of a music instrument.

#### 耳$^{-3}$

    The ear; an ear or handle of a cup, pitcher, etc.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hán
### Hán.
#### 寒$^{-1}$

    Cold; winter; poor; solitary.

#### 翰$^{-1}$

    Wings of a bird; ornaments; a pencil; quill; high; white.

#### 韓$^{-1}$

    A wall round a well; name of an ancient state.

#### 扞$^2$

    A shield; to shield; keep off; oppose; desist.

#### 罕$^2$

    Infrequent; rare; seldom.

#### 閈$^2$

    A door or gate; a lane; to shut or close.

#### 僩$^2$

    A martial, commanding appearance.

#### 看$^1$

    To watch; look after.

#### 悍$^2$

    Ardent disposition; energy; fierce.

#### 捍$^2$

    To grasp; lift up; shake; to drive away; resist.

#### 稈$^2$

    Stubble; straw; dry stalks of grain.

#### 旱$^{-3}$

    Drought; want of rain.

#### 趕$^{-3}$

    To pursue after.

#### 拫$^{-3}$

    To lead or drag along by force; to oppose.

#### 限$^{-3}$

    To impede; to limit; to set a time; a limit.

#### 漢$^{3-}$

    Name of an ancient Chinese dynasty; name of a river.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hùn
### Hùn.
#### 殷$^1$

    Diligent; flourishing; right; name of an ancient dynasty.

#### 慇$^1$

    Mournful; careful.

#### 忻$^1$欣$^1$惞$^1$

    Joy; delight; to be pleased; to rejoice.

#### 掀$^1$

    To pull or drag about; to lay hold of; grasp.

#### 軒$^1$

    A carriage; the high front of a carriage; play; enjoyment.

#### 熏$^1$

    Vapor; fumes; steam; to give offence to.

#### 勳$^1$

    Well-deserving; loyal; meritorious.

#### 壎$^1$

    A certain instrument of music.

#### 燻$^1$

    To fumigate; to evaporate; apply fire to. ​

#### 薰$^1$

    Fragrance of plants; fragrant plants.

#### 很$^2$

    Disobedient; quarrelsome.

#### 狠$^2$

    Sign of the superlative degree; very.

#### 恨$^{-3}$

    Indignation; anger; regret; repentance.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Háp
### Háp.
#### 盍$^{-4}$

    Why? Why not?

#### 𤸱$^4$

    Shortness of breath; disease of the throat; lameness.

#### 䐦$^4$

    Sleepy; desire to sleep.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hák
### Hák.
#### 學$^{-4}$

    To learn; receive instruction; to practice; a school.

#### 壑$^4$

    A ditch; valley; creek; bed of a torrent; a pit.

#### 洫$^4$

    A ditch for water in a field; moat round a city; to overflow.

#### 涸$^4$

    Dried up; exhausted.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Háng
### Háng.
#### 行$^{-1}$

    A street; a factory; a storehouse; a kind or sort.

#### 降$^{-1}$

    To yield; submit; be conquered.

#### 杭$^{-1}$

    Name of a place.

#### 航$^{-1}$

    A boat or ship; to sail in a boat or ship.

#### 項$^{-1}$

    The back of the neck; large; a sort; species; item.

#### 巷$^{3-}$

    A public path, lane or street.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hó
### Hó.
#### 何$^{-1}$

    Which? who? what? how?

#### 河$^{-1}$

    A river.

#### 好$^2$

    Good.

#### 和$^{-3}$

    To respond; modify; cause to unite.

#### 賀$^3$

    To congratulate; to carry a burden; to bear.

#### 號$^3$

    A title; signature; appellation; trumpet; to cry.

#### 耗$^{3-}$

    To injure; diminish; spoilt; confused.

#### 訛$^{3-}$

    False; to spread a false report; to excite.

#### 鶴$^{-4}$

    A bird that flies high, resembling a stork.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hù
### Hù.
#### 魚$^{-1}$

    A fish.

#### 漁$^{-1}$

    To fish; catch fish.

#### 虛$^1$

    Empty; vacant; unmeaning.

#### 噓$^1$

    To blow; breath gently; recommend; speak in favor of.

#### 𭭔$^1$

    A mountain; a common; a place of concourse.

#### 𭭔$^1$

    Fearful; timid; to cry; to sigh; tone of sighing.

#### 翊$^2$

    To flap the wings; to assist

#### 詡$^2$

    Boasting talk; to speak clearly and boldly; wide spreading.

#### 許$^2$

    To accede to; grant; permit; to promise; give.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hám
### Hám.
#### 咸$^{-1}$

    All; the whole number; completely.

#### 諴$^{-1}$

    Union; harmony; sincere; cordiality; to excite.

#### 函$^{-1}$

    To contain; enfold; an envelope; a letter.

#### 涵$^{-1}$

    To steep or soak in water; to contain.

#### 啣$^{-1}$

    To contain or carry in the mouth; to sustain; receive.

#### 銜$^{-1}$

    To contain in the mouth; a horse's bit; to guide; control. ​

#### 含$^{-1}$

    To hold in the mouth; to restrain; endure; forbear.

#### 頷$^{-1}$

    The jaws; chin.

#### 蚶$^{-1}$

    Name of an insect.

#### 酣$^1$

    Excited by wine but not drunken; cheerful.

#### 憾$^{-3}$

    To feel indignation, resentment or regret.

#### 陷$^3$

    To fall down; sink; to be ruined; to ruin or injure.

#### 喊$^{3-}$

    To call aloud.

#### 撼$^3$

    To shake; to move.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hát
### Hát.
#### 曷$^4$

    Why? Why not? to intimidate, as by a sharp question.

#### 喝$^4$

    To thirst; a guttural sound; an angry exclamation.

#### 褐$^4$

    Hair cloth; coarse cloth; poor.

#### 謁$^4$

    To state; to declare; to petition; to visit a superior.

#### 害$^4$

    An interrogative particle; who? what? why?

#### 瞎$^4$

    Blind; ignorant.

#### 轄$^4$

    Noise of wheels; the iron at the end of an axle; to rule; regulate; authority.

#### 豁$^4$

    A valley; enlarge; liberal; to open and expand.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Pickering, Ellen

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PICKERING, ELLEN,
An English novel-writer, of whom it may truly be said that she has given more innocent amusement in the way of this literature; with less of dangerous excitement, than any one author of her class. She wrote rapidly, having in the course of a few years sent ​forth a dozen or more works; among which, "The Grumbler;" "The Fright;" "Nan Darrell;" and "The Quiet Husband," are distinguished for the unflagging interest, which they exercise over the imagination of young readers.
Miss Pickering, judging from her books, must have had a mind which felt and cultivated the feminine qualities of delicacy and purity; her principles are excellent; nothing coarse in thought or language ever sullied her page. Her enthusiasm is always in favour of virtue and truth. But she too often sacrifices probability to the wish of showing the perfection of her heroine in the most attractive light. For instance, the "Admirable Crichton" could hardly have equalled the facility with which her poor heroine, under the most adverse circumstances, becomes perfectly accomplished; arts and sciences which usually require time, money, and excellent instructors, are attained by her in one brief visit, where a well-educated friend imparts both practice and theory; or the crumbs let fall by a half-educated governess, work miracles for the neglected child. The young lady, too, is at fifteen or sixteen equal to the most complicated situations; her judgment is never at fault; and as to human frailty, that is an inadmissible supposition.
As a pendant, the uncle, grandfather, cousin, or whoever may be the oppressor, is a wretch quite devoid of the milk of human kindness. All the mixed motives that sway this earth's denizens have been without impression upon the adamant of his heart, until the right moment comes for him to show the sunny side of his nature; the habits of thirty or forty years are laid aside as easily as gloves when we return from a walk. These are blemishes in the character of Miss Pickering's novels, and may have an injurious influence on those who expect to realise scenes similar in actual life. But the author is always sedulous to point a wise moral, though not always judicious in the means.
Miss Pickering's last work was "The Grandfather," which she did not live to finish. She died near London, in 1843. The novel was completed by her friend, Elizabeth Youatt, and published in 1844. All her works have been republished in the United States, and widely circulated, in the cheap form principally.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Philistes

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PHILISTES,
An ancient qneen, whose coin is still extant, but of whose life, reign, country, and government nothing can be ascertained. Herodotus speaks of her coin, so she must have flourished before he lived, that is, B.C. 487; but says nothing else of her. Some persons think that she was Queen of Sicily, others of Malta or Cossara.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Phryne

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PHRYNE,
A Grecian courtezan, flourished at Athens, about B.C. 328. Society alone can discover the charms of the understanding, and the virtuous women of ancient Greece were excluded from society. The houses of the courtezans, on the contrary, were frequented by the poets, statesmen, philosophers, and artists of Athens, and became schools of eloquence. Phryne was one of the most distinguished of that class of women. She served as a model for Praxiteles, and a subject for Apelles, and was represented by both as Venus. Her statue in gold was placed between those of two kings at Delphi. She offered to rebuild at her own expense the walls of Thebes, if she might be allowed to inscribe on them, "Alexander destroyed Thebes, Phryne rebuilt it." She was born in Thespis, in Boeotia. She was accused of disbelief in the gods, but Hyperides obtained her acquittal by exposing her charms to the venerable judges of the Helica.
But though all these honours and favours were bestowed on Phryne, she was not allowed to rebuild the walls of Thebes; and this shows there still remained in the hearts of those old Greeks, corrupted as they were, the sentiment of respect for female virtue; and also a fear of degradation if they permitted such a woman to immortalize her name.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Phædyma

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PHÆDYMA,
Daughter of Olanes, one of the seven Persian lords who conspired against Smerdis the Magian. Being married to Smerdis, who pretended to be the son of Cyrus the Great, she discovered his imposture to her father, by his want of ears, which Cambyses had cut off. She lived B.C. 621.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Piccolomini, Maria

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PICCOLOMINI, MARIA,
One of the stars of the London season of 1856, is a native of Tienna, in Tuscany, where she was born in 1834; she is consequently yet quite young. She is extremely beautiful, a delightful singer, an impressive actress, and noble in her family connections. All these circumstances combined to raise quite a furor among the excitable people of Turin, where she made her first appearance in Verdi's opera La Traviata. On the last night of her engagement at the theatre called Carignan, a vast conccurse of people assembled to greet her as she came forth, and were about to take the horses from her carriage, but she told them, with flushed cheek and flashing eyes, that men should not put themselves in the place of beasts—that Italy had other and nobler uses for her sons; and finding them set on paying her this degrading homage, she passed out of the theatre by a back door, and made her way to her hotel on foot. On a subsequent occasion her residence was surrounded at night by an excited crowd bent on manifesting their frantic delight at her musical powers. She sternly rebuked the young men of Italy for their levity, and pointed out how they could more nobly fulfil the great object of their existence. All this gives us the impression that Maria Piccolomini is not only a great musical artiste, but that she is great also in mind and character. A London audience would not manifest delight in so rapturous a manner as an Italian would, yet it was evident that on her first public appearance in our metropolis she made a great impression. Her voice is rather sweet than powerful, and she has the disadvantage of being small of stature; but her rich warbling melody, bursting forth in bird-like trills and gushes, is a thing to dwell in the memory, and remain "a joy for ever."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Pienne, Joan de Halluin

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PIENNE, JOAN DE HALLUIN,
Maid of honour to Catharine de Medicis, was passionately beloved by Francis de Montmorenci, eldest son of the constable, Aun de Montmorenci. He engaged himself to her, but his parents opposed it, as they wished him to marry the widow of the Duke de Castro, Henry's natural daughter. They sent to Pope Paul the Fourth, to obtain a dissolution of the engagement, which he would not grant, as he wished the Duchess de Castro to marry a nephew of his. Henry the Second then published an edict declaring clandestine marriages null and void, and ordered the Lady de Pienne to be shut up in a monastery, and Francis de Montmorenci married the duchess. The Lady de Pienne was married some time after, to a man inferior in rank to her first lover.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Pilkington, Letitia

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PILKINGTON, LETITIA,
Was the daughter of Dr. Tan Lewen, a Dutch gentleman, who settled in Dublin, where she was born, in 1712. She wrote verses ​when very young, and this, with her vivacity, brought her many admirers. She married the Rev. Matthew Pilkington; but she says that soon after their marriage he became jealous of her abilities and her poetical talents. However, it is said that she gave him other and strong grounds for jealousy; so that, after her father's death, having no farther expectation of a fortune by her, Mr. Pilkington took advantage of her imprudence to obtain a separation from her.
She then came to London, where, through Colley Cibber's exertions, she was for some time supported by contributions from the great; but at length these succours failed, and she was thrown into prison. After remaining there nine weeks, she was released by Gibber, who had solicited charity for her; and, weary of dependence, she resolved to employ her remaining five guineas in trade; and taking a shop in St. James' Street, she furnished it with pamphlets and prints. She seems to have succeeded very well in this occupation; but she did not live long to enjoy her competence, for she went to Dublin, and died there, in her thirty-ninth year.
She wrote, besides poems, her own memoirs, a comedy called "The Turkish Court, or London Apprentice," and a tragedy called "The Roman Father."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Philotis

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PHILOTIS,
A servant-maid at Rome, saved her countrymen from destruction. After the siege of Rome by the Gauls, about 381 B.C., the Fidenates marched with an army against the capital, demanding all the wives and daughters in the city, as the only conditions of peace. Philotis advised the senators to send the female slaves, disguised in matrons' clothes; she offered to march herself at their head. The advice was followed, and when the Fidenates, having feasted late, had fallen asleep intoxicated, Philotis lighted a torch, as a signal for her countrymen to attack the enemy. The Fidenates were conquered; and the senate, to reward the fidelity of the slaves, allowed them to appear in the dress of the Roman matrons.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Philla

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PHILLA
Was daughter of Antipater, governor of Macedon, daring the absence of Alexander, B.C. 834. She was a woman of remarkable powers of mind, being consulted when quite young by her father, one of the wisest politicians of the time, on affairs of the greatest moment. By skilful management she prevented an army, full of factions and turbulent spirits, from making an insurrection; she married poor maidens at her own expense, and opposed the oppressors of innocency with such vigour, that she preserved the lives of many guiltless persons. Philla first married Craterus, one of Alexander's captain's, and the favourite of the Macedonians; and after his death Demetrius the First, son of Antigonus, King of Asia. He was a voluptuous man, and though she was the chief of his wives, she had little share in his affections. Philla poisoned herself on hearing that Demetrius had lost his possessions in Asia, in a battle at Ipsus, B.C. 301, with three of Alexander's former generals. She had by Demetrius a son and a daughter, the famous Stratonice, who was the wife of Seleucus, and yielded to him by his son Antiochus. Diodorus Siculus gave a history of this excellent princess but unfortunate woman, in which he extolled her character and talents.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Turner, Sir William

See also William Turner (anatomist) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​TURNER, SIR WILLIAM (1832–1916), British anatomist, was born at Lancaster Jan. 7 1832. He was educated at various private schools, and afterwards studied medicine at St. Bartholmew's hospital, and graduated M.B. at London University. In 1854 he became senior demonstrator in anatomy at Edinburgh University, in 1867 professor of anatomy, and in 1903 was elected principal and vice-chancellor of the university. He was from 1898 to 1904 president of the General Medical Council, and in 1900 was president of the British Association. He was knighted in 1886 and made a K.C.B. in 1901. Turner was best mown as a brain surgeon, and published various valuable papers on the subject. He died at Edinburgh Feb. 15 1916.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tyrrell, Robert Yelverton

See also Robert Yelverton Tyrrell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TYRRELL, ROBERT YELVERTON (1844―1914), Irish classical scholar, was born at Ballingarry, co. Tipperary, Jan. 21 1844. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he subsequently became a fellow in 1868 and professor of Latin in 1871. From 1880 to 1898 he was Regius professor of Greek at Dublin, and from 1900 to 1904 professor of ancient history. He was a
Commissioner of Education for Ireland and one of the original fellows of the British Academy. Amongst his published works were an edition of Cicero's Letters (7 vols., the later vols. with Dr. Purser, 1879―1900); Latin Poetry (1893); Sophocles (1897); Terence (1902), and Essays on Greek Literature (1909). He died in Dublin Sept. 19 1914.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trench, Frederick Herbert

See also Herbert Trench on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Trench, Frederick Herbert (1865–), British poet and playwright, was born at Avoncore, co. Cork, Nov. 12 1865. Educated at Haileybury and Keble College, Oxford, he was elected a fellow of All Souls’ College, and in 1891, after some years spent in travelling, was appointed an examiner in the Board of Education. This appointment he gave up in 1908 in order to devote himself to literary work. In 1908 he also became director of the Haymarket theatre, London, and during a short tenure of this position he staged King Lear and Maeterlinck’s Blue Bird . During the World War he worked in Florence for the establishment of a better understanding between Great Britain and Italy. From his school days he had been a writer of verse, and his first volume of poems, Deirdre Wedded, appeared in 1901. It was followed by further poems, notably “Apollo and the Seaman,” included in New Poems (1907), and Lyrics and Narrative Poems (1911). Among his later publications were an Ode from Italy in Time of War (1915); Poems with Fables in Prose (1917); and a poetic play Napoleon (1918), which was produced in London by the Stage Society in 1919.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trenchard, Sir Hugh Montague

See also Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TRENCHARD, SIR HUGH MONTAGUE, Bart. (1873- ), British air marshal, was born Feb. 3, 1873 and joined the army in 1893. He served through the S. African War, was danger- ously wounded, and was promoted brevet major. He was then for seven years with the W. African Frontier Force and during that time took part in three campaigns, receiving the D.S.O. in 1906. After returning home in 1910 he joined the Royal Flying Corps and he became assistant commandant at Upavon in 1912. On the outbreak of war in 1914 he was at first left in charge of the central depot at Farnborough, but before the end of the year he was summoned to the front and he shortly afterwards became head of the military wing of the air forces under Sir J. French; this appointment he filled with signal success for nearly three years. He was promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel and brevet colonel in 1915, and advanced to the rank of major-general at the beginning of 1917. On the formation of the Air Ministry at the end of that year he was brought home to become chief of the staff, but he resigned the position in the following April; he was however a few weeks later given command of the "Independent Force," which carried out extensive raids into German territory during the closing months of the struggle. He had been made a K.C.B. in 1918, and on the final distribution of honours for the war he was given a baronetcy and received a grant of £10,000. He was gazetted air vice-marshal on the introduction of the new designations of rank in the air service, and in 1919 he was pro- moted air marshal and became chief of the air staff.