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# The American Carbon Manual/A Hint on the Preparation of Solution of India-rubber in Benzole

A HINT ON THE PREPARATION OF SOLUTION OF INDIA-RUBBER IN BENZOLE.
A scientific friend has directed our attention to a curious circumstance which he has observed in preparing a solution of India-rubber in benzole; and, as many of our readers have met with difficulties in the direction which we shall now mention, we throw out the hint here. Our friend had great difficulty in preparing a ​solution of the gum even moderately clear, and, as he wished to have some perfectly bright for particular work, he made many experiments upon the subject. On thinking over the matter, he came to the conclusion that it is the moisture of the India-rubber which communicates the milky appearance to the benzole solution. On boiling the liquid for a minute or less, all this moisture was found to be given off in addition to a little benzole, and, on cooling, the liquid remained perfectly clear, although rather thickened. The addition of a very small quantity of water caused the resumption of the original opalescent appearance, thus proving clearly the cause of the peculiar properties of the solution.
On repeating this experiment before us, we suggested to our friend that the addition of any very hygroscopic substance which would remove the water from the liquid should produce the same result as boiling, and in a very much more simple way. A few fragments of fused chloride of calcium were, therefore, added to some of the opalescent liquid, and with the result of rendering the liquid perfectly clear after a few minutes' standing upon the salt. The chloride of calcium can then be removed, as it is quite insoluble in the benzole, and the liquid then preserved for use.
There is another fact in connection with this subject which it may be interesting to mention. When a dark-colored sample of India-rubber is used in preparing the benzole solution, the brown color may be almost completely removed by the addition of a little water to the liquid. An emulsion is then formed of a milky appearance, and which leaves, on evaporation, a film but slightly colored.—Br. Jour.
# The American Carbon Manual/Coloring Carbon Prints

COLORING CARBON PRINTS.
Carbon photographs, finished as described in the chapter on Mr. Swan's process, admit of coloring in oil, water or powder colors, with the greatest facility, and without risk of damage; the manipulation is easier than that upon albumenized silver prints.
Powder Colors adhere very readily to the surface of these prints. By breathing on the picture, a still more adherent surface is obtained. If greater depth of tint than can be secured in one application of the colors be required, a coating of a very thin varnish may be applied after the first tinting, and on a second application of the color, considerable depth and brilliancy will be obtained.
Water Colors.—If, after the final transfer of the print, the gelatine employed in the operation were not rendered insoluble by a solution of alum, or the chrome salt, the use of water colors on the print would be attended with danger, as the moisture would be absorbed by the gelatine used in transferring, and this film which forms the back of the picture would be apt to be disturbed by the abrasion of the pencil. When the print is properly finished, however, according to the instructions we have already given, there is no such danger. The water colors take kindly without any preparation, washing well, and permitting tint to be worked over tint without difficulty. The surface may be rendered still more pleasant for working on by the application of any good “sizing preparation.” Nothing can be better for water colors than the carbon print so treated. The plain carbon print so treated acquires an even, clear surface, losing all gloss without any loss of depth or transparency, which is very pleasing.
​Oil Colors.—The best mode of preparing a carbon print for the reception of oil colors consists in sizing it with isinglass. A solution of about two per cent, of isinglass in equal parts of hot water and spirits of wine, carefully applied (not too hot) to the surface of the carbon print, with a flat camel's-hair brush, yields a surface upon which oil colors work admirably.
Retouching Carbon Prints.—In the ordinary process of retouching carbon prints, to remove small imperfections, it is only necessary to use the proper color in the usual way; but if a little gelatine, with a trace of a chromic salt, be employed with the color, or if any good "Sizing Preparation" be employed as the medium, instead of water, the color will, when dry, become insoluble, like the rest of the picture. If the retouching be effected with the same materials before transferring the print, it will, when the picture is finished, be under the image, and no inequality of surface, usually apparent after touching, will be seen. This method permits the character of a print to be considerably modified, without the manipulation being obtrusively apparent in the finished picture.
# The American Carbon Manual

Specimen of Carbon Printing. Swan's Process.
Negatives and Prints by Wenderoth, Taylor & Brown, Philadelphia.
THE AMERICAN CARBON MANUAL:
OR,
THE PRODUCTION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTS IN PERMANENT PIGMENTS.
By EDWARD L. WILSON, Editor of The Philadelphia Photographer.
NEW YORK: SCOVILL MANUFACTURING COMPANY. 1868.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868,
By EDWARD L. WILSON,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the
Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
CONTENTS.
| Specimen Carbon Print, | Vignette |
| | page |
| Preface, | 3 |
| Introduction, | 9 |
| Swan's Carbon Process, | 15 |
| Crosman's Carbon Tissue, | 25 |
| Details of Manipulation, | 28 |
| Preparing the Non-Sensitive Tissue, | 28 |
| Sensitizing the Tissue, | 32 |
| Exposure Under the Negative, | 35 |
| Mounting and Preparation for Development of the Image, | 36 |
| Development and Washing, | 39 |
| Transferring the Prints, | 43 |
| The Sensitive Collodio-Gelatine Tissue, | 48 |
| Carbon Printing in the Solar Camera, | 52 |
| Swan's Actinometer, | 54 |
| Vogel's New Photometer, | 56 |
| The Chromic Salts, | 60 |
| Physiological Effects of Chromic Salts, | 61 |
| The Pigments Employed, | 63 |
| The Gelatine, | 65 |
| A Hint on the Preparation of Solution of India-rubber in Benzole, | 66 |
| Coloring Carbon Prints, | 67 |
| Practical Notes on the Carbon Process, | 68 |
| Transferring Without a Press, | 68 |
| Transferring Without Gelatine | 69 |
| Carbon Prints on Porcelain Glass, | 70 |
| Carbon Negatives, | 71 ​ |
| Failures, Faults, and Remedies, | 71 |
| Spontaneous Insolubility of the Tissue, | 71 |
| Tardy Solution of the Superfluous Gelatine in Development, | 72 |
| Bichromate of Potash Crystallizing on the Tissue in Drying, | 72 |
| Uneven Development, | 72 |
| Blisters During Development, | 73 |
| Over Exposure, | 73 |
| Under Exposure, | 74 |
| Weak and Flat Prints, | 74 |
| Hardness and Excessive Contrast, | 74 |
| An Uneven Texture in the Finished Print, | 75 |
| Portions of the Image Tearing Off in Transferring, | 75 |
| A Green Tint Pervading the Blacks, | 75 |
| Unequal Sensitiveness, | 75 |
| The Gelatinous Coating Runs in Sensitizing, | 76 |
| Dark Spots, | 76 |
| A Sparkling Appearance in the Prints after Transfer, | 76 |
| Cracking of the Film, | 76 |
| Many Mites from Many Minds, | 76 |
| Historical Notes on Carbon Printing, 1814 to 1868, | 83 |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The American Carbon Manual/Carbon Printing in the Solar Camera

CARBON PRINTING IN THE SOLAR CAMERA. By Antonio Montagna.
The process I use to make enlarged carbon prints consists of six successive operations:
1st. Choice and Preparation of the Glass.—The glass ​must be pure white, and the surfaces flat and parallel. After cleaning it in the ordinary manner, I cover it with alcohol 30 grammes, water 8 grammes, and nitric acid 10 drops. I dry it, and throw on the surface a small quantity of dry soap powder, the excess of which I remove by gentle touches of a fine brush.
2d. Coating with Collodion.—My collodion consists of ether 150 grammes, alcohol 80 grammes, and gun cotton 6 grammes, and the glass is covered with it in the usual manner. After drying, I proceed to
3d. Application of the Sensitized Gelatine.—This preparation consists of
| Distilled water, | 90 grammes. |
| Pure gelatine, | 10 grammes. |
| Bichromate of ammonia, | 1.25 grammes. |
| Liquid Indian-ink, | 15 grammes. |
To this is added a sufficient quantity of some aniline color; for instance, Magenta, to give a warm tone to the picture.
This preparation is poured over the dry collodion film, and dried in a horizontal position, so that the film attains the same thickness throughout.
4th. Exposure in the Solar Camera.—The printing is done from behind. The side not coated is exposed to the image of the negative, and the time of this exposure is only half as long as that required to obtain a print on chloride of silver paper.
5th. Development.—This is simply done by repeated washings in warm water, and, when the soluble gelatine is removed, washing is continued with cold water; then the glass is dried in an oblique position.
​6th. Mounting of the Print and Separation from the Glass.—As soon as dry the print may be retouched, if necessary. This retouching must be done by looking at it by transmitted light. To mount it I paste, by means of gelatine, one or more sheets of white on very light tinted papers or cardboard on the print, taking great care to remove all air-bubbles which may be entrapped between the paper and the moist glue. I place it under pressure, and leave it for twenty-four hours; then I cut the edges loose with a penknife, and leave it exposed to the air; when in a short time the paper spontaneously detaches from the glass, the print adhering firmly to it.
When the paper used has a proper tint in harmony with the subject, and with the carbon and Magenta color of the print, it has all the appearance of a varnished oil painting.
The author liberally offers any more information on the subject to all who desire it.
Note.—Notwithstanding this process is a little laborious, and more adapted for amateur performance than for the regular profession, it contains so many practical hints that it was thought its publication might be of benefit to those who desire large carbon prints.
# Swift Company v. Wickham

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Douglas
United States Supreme Court
382 U.S. 111
Swift Company v. Wickham
Argued: Oct. 13, 1965. --- Decided: Nov 22, 1965
William J. Condon, New York City, for appellants.
Samuel A. Hirshowitz, New York City, for appellee.
Mr. Justice HARLAN delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Swift Company v. United States (343 U.S. 373)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinions

    Reed
    Frankfurter
United States Supreme Court
343 U.S. 373
Swift Company v. United States (343 U.S. 373)
Argued: March 6, 1952. --- Decided: May 5, 1952
[Syllabus from pages 373-374 intentionally omitted]
Frederick Bernays Wiener, Washington, D.C., for appellant.
Daniel W. Knowlton, Washington, D.C., for appellees, United States and Interstate Commerce Commission.
Douglas F. Smith, Chicago, Ill., for appellees, railroad defendants.
Lee J. Quasey, Chicago, Ill., for appellees, National Live Stock Producers Assn. and others.
Nuel D. Belnap, Chicago, Ill., for appellees, Chicago Live Stock Exchange and others.
Guy A. Gladson, Bryce L. Hamilton, Chicago, Ill., for appellees Union Stock Yard and Transit Co. of Chicago.
Mr. Justice MINTON delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Swift Company v. United States (343 U.S. 373)/Dissent Frankfurter

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Dissenting Opinions Reed Frankfurter
United States Supreme Court
343 U.S. 373
Swift Company v. United States (343 U.S. 373)
Argued: March 6, 1952. --- Decided: May 5, 1952
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER, dissenting.
The conflicting views of my brethren imply serious differences in interpreting the meaning and scope of the report of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Plainly, therefore, that report does not speak with the needed clarity. Therein lies my difficulty with the case. If what the Commission has done is ambiguous, how can I decide whether it was authorized to do what it did? Dubiety in the administrative order precludes intelligible judicial review.
As the Court views the matter, the Commission had before it merely a rate-fixing controversy and more specifically whether relevant transportation considerations justified imposition of a local switching charge of 4.8 cents per 100 pounds in combination with the line-haul charge as a fair rate for delivery of livestock to private sidings. And the record, according to the Court, amply sustains the finding of the Commission that such a combination did not constitute an unreasonable rate. Mr. Justice REED and Mr. Justice DOUGLAS interpret the order not to be a rate-fixing order at all, but, in effect, a determination by the Interstate Commerce Commission that livestock, unlike all other Commodities, may be excluded from private sidings in the stockyards area, although this is done not in terms but by a designedly preferential rate. The difficulty is, of course, intensified in that the rate is in fact prohibitive.
Where, as here, this Court can draw only conflicting strands of reason from the explanation given by the Interstate Commerce Commission, we have not been spoken to with sufficient clearness. 'We must know what a decision means before the duty becomes ours to say whether it is right or wrong.' United States v. Chicago, M., St. P. & P.R. Co., 294 U.S. 500, 511, 55 S.Ct. 462, 467, 79 L.Ed. 1023. Therefore, I think the decision below should be reversed with direction to remand the case to the Interstate Commerce Commission for appropriate action.

## Notes

* ↑ This rate, in effect when the hearing was held, was based on a minimum of 60,000 pounds.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Swift Company v. United States (316 U.S. 216)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
316 U.S. 216
Swift Company v. United States (316 U.S. 216)
Argued: March 6-9, 1942. --- Decided: May 4, 1942
As Amended on Denial of Rehearing June 1, 1942.
Appeal from the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of Illinois.
Mr. Ross Dean Rynder, of Chicago, Ill., for appellants Swift & Co. et al.
Mr. Paul E. Blanchard, of Chicago, Ill., for appellant Armour & Co.
Mr. Hugh B. Cox, of Washington, D.C., for appellees the United States and Interstate Commerce Commission.
Mr. Douglas F. Smith, of Chicago, Ill., for appellees Alton R. Co. et al.
Mr. Justice JACKSON delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Anatomy of Love

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Extracted from Smith's magazine, August 1916, pp. 721–770. Accompanying illustrations by Edmund Fredericks may be omitted.
The Anatomy of Love
By ARTHUR STRINGER
Author of “The Prairie Wife,” “Phantom Wires,” etc.
A delightful romance by a writer new to the pages of SMITH’S. Mr. Stringer’s “Prairie Wife” has been one of the big literary successes of the year.
* Chapter I. 721
* Chapter II. 725
* Chapter III. 729
* Chapter IV. 731
* Chapter V. 735
* Chapter VI. 738
* Chapter VII. 741
* Chapter VIII. 744
* Chapter IX. 749
* Chapter X. 752
* Chapter XI. 754
* Chapter XII. 757
* Chapter XIII. 759
* Chapter XIV. 761
* Chapter XV. 765
* Chapter XVI. 767
* Chapter XVII. 770
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1950, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 73 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# The Anarchists' Case

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
123 U.S. 131
The Anarchists' Case
[Statement of Case from pages 132-143 intentionally omitted]
Moses Salomon, W. P. Black, Roger A. Pryor, and J. Randolph Tucker, for petitioners.
B. F. Butler, for Spies and Fielden.
Geo. Hunt, Atty. Gen. Ill., in opposition.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 143-163 intentionally omitted]
WAITE, C. J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Baden-Baden

Edition of 1879. See also Baden-Baden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BADEN-BADEN, a German watering place, in the grand duchy of Baden, situated on the Oos, at the foot of the Black Forest, 18 m. S. S. W. of Carlsruhe; permanent pop. in 1871, 10,083. There are nearly 30 hot springs, flowing from the rock at the foot of the castle terrace. The waters vary in temperature from 115° to 154° F., and are carried in pipes to the different baths throughout the town. A pint of water from the Ursprung, one of the hottest and most copious of the springs, weighs 7,392 grains, and contains 23.3 grains of solid matter, 16 of which consist of common salt, 6½ of sulphate, muriate, and carbonate of lime, and the remainder of a small portion of magnesia, traces of iron, and about half a cubic inch of carbonic acid gas. The number of visitors to the baths has of late been about 50,000 a year, the season being at its height in July and August. There are numerous hotels and several public baths. The principal place of resort for visitors is the
Conversationshaus, which is surrounded by pleasure grounds and contains an assembly room, restaurant, library and reading room, and the formerly so celebrated gaming tables, the licenses of which expired in 1872, and have not been renewed. The drives and promenades about the town are beautiful. There is a parish church containing the remains of the margraves of Baden, who resided here for several centuries, an English church built in 1867, and a Greek chapel. The remains of Roman vapor baths have been discovered just beneath the new castle. The picturesque ruins of the old castle of the margraves still crown the summit of the Schlossberg, and the new castle, the summer residence of the grand duke, stands lower down on the hill directly overlooking the town. It was founded in 1471, burned by the French in 1688, and subsequently restored.
Beneath are curious dungeons connected with the old Roman baths, and in the upper part are portraits of the Baden family.
Baden-Baden.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Austin (county)

Edition of 1879. See also Austin County, Texas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
AUSTIN, a S. E. county of Texas, intersected by Brazos river; area, 1,024 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 15,087, of whom 6,574 were colored. The Texas Central railroad passes through the county. Stock-raising is carried on to a large extent. Timber is abundant. In 1870 the county produced 444,544 bushels of Indian corn, 65,745 of sweet potatoes, 11,967 bales of cotton, and 19,362 lbs. of wool. There were 60,058 cattle, 5,768 horses, 7,554 sheep, and 15,657 hogs. Capital, Bellville.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Axel

Edition of 1879. See also the disclaimer.
AXEL. See Absalon.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Baden-Baden, Ludwig Wilhelm I., margrave of

Edition of 1879. See also Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BADEN-BADEN, Ludwig Wilhelm I., margrave of, a German general, born in Paris, April 8, 1655, died at Rastadt, Jan. 4, 1707. Louis XIV. was his godfather. He served first under Montecuculi against Turenne, and then under the duke of Lorraine. At the siege of Vienna by the Turks, in 1683, he threw his forces into the city, and by a brilliant sally effected a junction with King Sobieski and the duke of Lorraine, who had come to its relief. In 1689 he defeated the Turks at Nissa, and in 1691 at Salankamen. He also took an active part in the war against France in 1693, and after the death of Sobieski in 1696 aspired to the crown of Poland; but the elector of Saxony was preferred to him. He again commanded in the
campaign of 1702, in the war of the Spanish succession, and took Landau, but was subsequently defeated by Villars at Friedlingen and at Höchstädt. He built the famous lines of Stollhofen from the Black Forest through Bühl and Stollhofen to the Rhine.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Austerlitz

Edition of 1879. See also Battle of Austerlitz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
AUSTERLITZ, a town of Moravia, in the circle and 12 m. E. of Brünn on the Littawa river; pop. about 2,400. It owes its celebrity to the battle won here by Napoleon over the united Austrian and Russian armies, Dec. 2, 1805. After the capture of the Austrian general Mack at Ulm, Oct. 17, and the occupation of Vienna by the French, Nov. 13, the Austrian
and Russian forces were concentrated near Olmütz, and under command of the czar advanced upon Napoleon, whose forced were ranged in a semicircle having its centre near Brünn. The allies chose their position wrongly; and Napoleon, perceiving their error, ordered an instant attack, and routed them after a most severe contest. The allies lost about 30,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners. Austria was compelled to make the peace of Presburg; the emperor of Russia to return to his dominions; and the campaign ended leaving a large part of central Europe subject to Napoleon. The news of this disastrous battle is said to have hastened the death of William Pitt.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Austin (city)

Edition of 1879. See also Austin, Texas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
AUSTIN, a city of Texas, capital of the state and of Travis county, on the Colorado river, 160 m. (direct) from its mouth, and 200 m. N. W. of Galveston; pop. in 1860, 3,494; in 1870, 4,428, of whom 1,615 were colored. The Colorado is navigable to this point in winter by steamboats. Austin is built on an amphitheatre of hills, and overlooks the valley of the Colorado and the rich prairies beyond. The public buildings are of a white stone called marble, but too soft to admit of polish. An artesian well has been sunk just north of the capitol, to the depth of 1,300 feet, from which a small stream constantly issues. The water is impregnated with lime, and has some medicinal qualities. It has been proposed to supply the city with water from the Colorado by an aqueduct. There are 8 or 10 churches in the city, and about 20 schools. The first free public schools in Texas were opened at Austin in 1871. There are 2 weekly newspapers published here, 1 triweekly, and 3 daily. The western division of the Houston and Texas Central railroad connects the city by way of Hempstead with Houston and the diverging railroads.