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# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Gregory, Isabelle Augusta, Lady

Edition of 1920. See also Lady Gregory on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GREGORY, Isabelle Augusta, Lady, Irish authoress. She is the youngest daughter of Dudley Persse of Roxborough, County Galway, and in 1881 married Sir William Gregory, formerly member of Parliament for County Galway and for Dublin, and Governor of Ceylon. He died in 1892. Lady Gregory edited his letters two years later, and subsequently launched upon a literary career. In 1898 appeared ‘Mr. Gregory's Letter-Box,’ an edition of die letters of Wilham Gregory, her husband's grandfather, who had been undersecretary of State for Ireland. About this time the movement which came to be known as the Irish Literary Revival (q.v.) held the attention of all those who were interested in national literary history. Through her friendship with William Butler Yeats (q.v.), Lady Gregory became deeply engrossed in this movement and soon occupied a conspicuous place in its promotion. Her first important contributions were her translations of ‘Cuchulain of Muirtemne’ (1902), and ‘Gods and Fighting Men,’ in which she displayed that rare felicity in translation and keen sympathy with her subject which became the distinguishing characteristics of her later work. It was in connection with the Irish Literary Theatre (now the Abbey Theatre, Dublin) that Lady Gregory's best talents were displayed. Her lively dramatic sense and ability to render fluently the quaint turns of the Anglo-Irish idiom, combined with her rare judgment and managerial ability were important factors in making the venture permanent. The story of the persons interested and of the struggle of the theatre to maintain itself is told in her ‘Our Irish Theatre’ (1913). She rendered constant
assistance to Yeats, collaborating with him in ‘The Unicorn and Other Plays’; and also, if George Moore's testimony can be accepted, in ‘Kathleen ni Houlihan’ and ‘A Pot of Broth.’ Besides these, she has made striking adaptations in the idiom from Molière, under the title ‘The Kiltartan Molière’ (1910); from Sudermann's ‘Teja’ (1908), and from Goldoni's ‘Mirandolina’ (1910). Her other works comprise folk tales, essays and plays, among which may be noted ‘Ideals in Ireland,’ a series of articles by prominent Irish authors, of which she was the editor (1901); ‘Poets and Dreamers’ (1903); ‘The Book of Saints and Wonders’ (1907); ‘The Kiltartan Wonder Book’ (1910); ‘Seven Short Plays’ (1910); ‘The Image’ (1910); ‘Irish Folk History Plays’ (1912); ‘The Kiltartan History Book’ (1912); ‘New Comedies’ (1913); ‘The Rising of the Moon’ (1915); ‘The Golden Apple’ (1916); and ‘Visions and Beliefs’ (1916). In 1911-12, and again in 1913, she visited the United States with the Irish Players and was enthusiastically received. Consult Weygandt, ‘Irish Plays and Playwrights’ (Boston 1913); and Moore, George, ‘Hail and Farewell’ (New York 1911-13).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Great Eastern

Edition of 1920. See also SS Great Eastern on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GREAT EASTERN, a British iron steamship, before the Celtic, the largest vessel constructed, built (1854-58) at Milwall, on the Thames, for the Eastern Steam Navigation Company, by Scott Russell, from plans by I. K. Brunel; length, 680 feet; breadth, 82½, or, including paddle-boxes, 118 feet; height, 58 feet; (70 to top of bulwarks). She had six masts, five of iron and one of wood, and could spread 7,000 yards of sail, besides having eight engines, divided between her screws and paddles, and capable of working at 11,000 horse-power. From the first her career was unfortunate, the launching process alone lasting three months and costing $300,000. After several unremunerative trips to New York she was employed first as a troop-ship, and then as a cable-laying ship, for which her size and steadiness specially qualified her. Various attempts were afterward made to utilise her, but she at last came to be a mere holiday spectacle, and was broken up in 1888.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Grechaninov, Alexander Tikhonovich

Edition of 1920. See also Alexander Gretchaninov on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GRECHANINOV, grĕ-chạ-nĭ'-nȯf, Alexander Tikhonovich, Russian composer: b. Moscow 1864. He studied under Safanov at the Moscow Conservatory and at Petrograd under Rimsky-Korsakov. He is well known for his sacred compositions in his own country; although his lyric and instrumental works have attracted wider notice elsewhere. His works include two symphonies, two string quartets and the music to Ostrovsky's ‘Snegowruchka’; Tolstoy's ‘Tsar Feodor’ and ‘Tsar Boris,’ besides numerous songs and studies for the pianoforte. Of special dramatic merit are his two operas ‘Dobrinya Nikitich’ (1903) and ‘Soeur Beatrice’ (1912).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Greatorex, Eliza Pratt

Edition of 1920. See also Eliza Pratt Greatorex on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GREATOREX, grāt'ō-rĕks, Eliza Pratt, American artist: b. Manor Hamilton, Ireland, 25 Dec. 1819; d. Paris, 9 Feb. 1897. She studied art in New York and Paris. Her work began in landscape painting but pen and ink work and etching subsequently absorbed her efforts. In 1868 she was elected associate of the National Academy. In 1870 she visited Germany and in 1871 published ‘The Homes of Oberammergau.’ Her principal works are ‘Summer Etchings in Colorado’ (1873) and ‘Old New York from the Battery to Bloomingdale’ (1876).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Great Elector, The

Edition of 1920. See also Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GREAT ELECTOR, The, a name given to Friedrich Wilhelm, Elector of Brandenburg, 1640-88, because he was the first of the great leaders who made Prussia the foremost of the German states.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Great Expectations

Edition of 1920. See also Great Expectations on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GREAT EXPECTATIONS (1860-61), among the last of the novels of Charles Dickens, is one of the less important and widely-read of his works. It marks, however, a reversion to an earlier type of his fiction, wherein the characters, rather than any social or institutional reform, are the chief source of interest. It is perhaps freer of any animus of criticism than any of the novels, except possibly its successors, ‘Our Mutual Friend’ and ‘Edwin Drood.’ The scene is mainly in and near Rochester in Kent and, as always with Dickens, in London. The story consists mainly in taking the hero, Pip, from about the age of five years, to the time when he becomes settled in early middle life. In the course of this tale, Pip, after certain not very great hardships of childhood, alleviated by the kindness of his brother-in-law, the large-hearted Joe Gargery, and somewhat complicated by the mystifying patronage of an eccentric lady, Miss Havisham, becomes heir to great but mysterious expectations. The source of his sudden prosperity is thought to be Miss Havisham but it turns out to be a convict whom Pip as a small boy had befriended and who had escaped from Botany Bay where he had made a fortune. On the recapture and death of the latter, Pip's expectations vanish, but he has meanwhile gained enough by experience and education to be able to pursue his way
successfully. The novel is less notable as a coherent and likely story than as a picture of boyhood, and for the presence of typical Dickens characters of the appealing sort, Joe Gargery, Biddy and others, the somewhat caricatured people like Wemmick, the Pockets, Wopsle, Pumblechook and a large array of grotesques, Jaggers, the lawyer, Provis, the convict, Miss Havisham, Orlick, the superfluous villian, and many more, who are, as usual with Dickens, depicted by means of habitual acts and sayings. Though none of these people are as well-known as Pickwick, the Wellers, Uriah Heep, Pecksniff, Mrs. Gamp and many of the earlier household portraits, the novel remains one of the freest from sentimentality, false pathos and grotesque oddity that Dickens ever wrote.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Great Barrington

Edition of 1920. See also Great Barrington, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GREAT BARRINGTON, Mass., town in Berkshire County, on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and on the Housatonic River, 40 miles west of Holyoke. In the town are three villages: Great Barrington, Housatooic and Van Deusen. It was settled in 1725, but formed a part of Sheffield until 1761. William Cullen Bryant was town clerk for several years and the thoughts in many of his poems were suggested by the beautiful Berkshire scenery. The town has two public libraries, the Hopkins Memorial Manse, the Sedgwick Institute and a number of good elementary schools. The manufactures are cotton goods, electrical apparatus and paper. Owing to the picturesque scenery of the vicinity it is a popular summer resort. The government is carried on by annual town meetings. Pop. 5,926. See Taylor, ‘History of Great Barrington’ (Great Barrington 1882).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Great Basin

Edition of 1920. See also Great Basin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GREAT BASIN, a vast region of interior drainage, a triangular plateau of North America, occupying the western part of Utah and nearly the whole of Nevada, parts of Oregon and California and extending at its northeast angle into Idaho. It is bounded on the west by the Sierra Nevada and on the east by the Wasatch Mountains, The base of the triangle at the north is 500 miles from east to
west and the extent from north to south is 800 miles. The area is about 210,000 square miles, a little larger than France. It is traversed by numerous mountain ranges, irregular in arrangement; the valleys are mostly sinks, the chief drainage centre being Great Salt Lake (q.v.). The areas of greatest depression are to be found near the borders and the greatest elevation near the central part. The highest range is the East Humboldt, one peak of which, Mount Bonpland, is 11,321 feet in height. Volcanic masses form or conceal the original rocks of many of these ranges. The slopes and the geological markings show that the lakes and rivers which once existed within this region have become smaller and some have disappeared. Among the more notable of the extinct lakes are Bonneville and Lahontan. The greater portion of this section was once in the basin of the Columbia River. The Great Basin contains many streams and lakes (the latter for the most part salt) whose waters never reach the ocean, but are either taken up by evaporation or their waters sink in the desert sands. The mean annual rainfall ranges in different localities from 4 to 15 inches. The plateau is nearly destitute of trees and in general only the upper parts of the valleys are clothed with desert shrubs, their lower portions often being covered with muddy water or with several inches of alkaline salts left by evaporation. The chief arid places are the Great Salt Lake Desert, the Mohave Desert and the Carson Desert. This basin is rich in mineral wealth; gold, silver, iron ore and copper exist here in large quantities. The Great Basin is among the large interior drainage sections of the world; but the interior drainage basin of Asia is 23 times as great and the Sahara 16 times as great.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Great Awakening

Edition of 1920. See also First Great Awakening on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GREAT AWAKENING, the popular name of a great and tenacious “revival” in New England, 1740-45, under the influence of Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. Edwards had created a similar excitement in Northampton five years before, the embers of which were still glowing, but on Whitefield's visiting him in the fall of 1740, and preaching his thrilling sermons in addition to Edwards', the wave spread all through New England, involving over 150 towns, and rising almost to frenzy. It was marked by the extremest accompaniments of bodily seizures, convulsions, hysteria, etc., and aimed especially to bring young children under its control. Edwards was rightly considered its author and was fiercely denounced for its irrationality and evil effects on public worship, as well as the temporary ruin of calm and fruitful work; he defended it for some time, but its results at last came to be deplored even by its champions, and by 1742 it was threatening not only the peace but the life of the churches. So bad were its effects that to the reaction has been attributed the religious deadness of the country for the next 60 or 70 years. The separation of the “converted” into an arrogant clique who often seceded in separate churches, the upspringing of a horde of ignorant lay preachers making physical effects the touchstone of religion, the indecent rivalry in “manifestations,” the denunciation of all the trained ministry as lacking divine grace, were only a part of its demoralizing outcomes. The faculties of Yale and Harvard colleges pronounced against it, as did the leading divines; the Massachusetts General Convention of 1743 added its testimony, and in Connecticut an effort was made to enforce the Saybrook Platform against the independence of congregations.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Grebes

Edition of 1920. See also Grebe on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GREBES, grēbz, a well-defined group of water-bird (Colymbidæ or Podicipidæ) comprises 25 species, spread over practically Ihe whole world. The grebes are peculiar in having the legs placed very far back, in their flattened
tarsi and lobed (not webbed) toes, each digit being flattened and bordered by an extension of horny skin. They are expert swimmers and pre-eminent as divers. They nest in secluded ponds and bogs, piling up a mass of vegetable matter upon some floating foundation, and deposit chalky white eggs. When the female leaves the nest she usually covers the eggs over with vegetable matter. The little grebes are expert swimmers and divers from the time they are hatched, and in their soft downy plumage are exceedingly beautiful. During migrations grebes are found frequently along our rivers and sea coasts, and are often shot by duck hunters in the autumn and winter. Though they have no stiffened tail feathers, and have relatively very small wings, they are able to fly long distances. The body plumage is soft and compact, and that of the under surface is a beautiful silvery white, which makes “grebe-breasts” a very desirable article in the millinery trade. The best-known species in eastern North America are the horned grebe (Colymbus auritus) which has a peculiar ruff of black, and rusty feathers about the head; and the pied-billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps) a rather more heavily built bird without a ruff and with a thicker and shorter bill. Both are popularly known as “hell-divers.” In Europe the common species are the horned grebe, the great crested grebe (C. cristatus) and the dabchick (C. fluviatilis).
# The Dream of Pythagoras and Other Poems

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THE Dream of Pythagoras
AND
OTHER POEMS
BY Emma Tatham.
SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED.
LONDON: LONGMAN AND CO.; SIMPKIN AND CO.; HAMILTON AND CO.; BINNS AND GOODWIN. EDINBURGH: OLIVER AND BOYD. DUBLIN: J. M‘GLASHAN.
BATH: PRINTED BY BINNS AND GOODWIN.
POEMS.
Thou who dost write Thy name In rapture's tears upon the rainbow's arch; And trace it on the mountains with a swift And eloquent lightning pen; and on the flowers With pencil dipp'd in honey and the dye Of morning's ruddy cheek and golden hair; And on the eyes of childhood with sunbeams; And on the wings of glorious butterfly With powdery gems and gold; On angels' foreheads with the flaming plume Of intellect's white wing, dipp'd in the fire Of inspiration; on the martyr's brow With blood; and on the cataracts in heaps Of thunder visible; and on clouds of storm In rapturous blackness; and on morning's eyes With fading stars; and on the hearts of saints In Thy own beautiful image crimson-traced As by a pierced hand: O Thou whose poetry and love in one, Walk forth where'er Thou art, and hand in hand Encircle heaven and earth, Thou above praise! Exalted infinitely; O great GOD! Hear me, and make me a pure golden harp For Thy soft finger. Might I be Thy bird, Hidden from all, singing to Thee alone.
CONTENTS.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Dream of Pio Nono

It chanced that while the pious troops of France Fought in the crusade Pio Nono preached, What time the holy Bourbons stayed his hands (The Hun and Aaron meet for such a Moses), Stretched forth from Naples towards rebellious Rome To bless the ministry of Oudinot, And sanctify his iron homilies And sharp persuasions of the bayonet, That the great pontiff fell asleep, and dreamed.
He stood by Lake Tiberias, in the sun Of the bight Orient; and beheld the lame, The sick, and blind, kneel at the Master's feet, And rise up whole. And, sweetly over all, Dropping the ladder of their hymn of praise From heaven to earth, in silver rounds of song, He heard the blessed angels sing of peace, Good-will to man, and glory to the Lord.
Then one, with feet unshod, and leathern face Hardened and darkened by fierce summer suns And hot winds of the desert, closer drew His fisher's haick, and girded up his loins, And spake, as one who had authority "Come thou with me."
Lakeside and eastern sky And the sweet song of angels passed away, And, with a dream's alacrity of change, The priest, and the swart fisher by his side, Beheld the Eternal City lift its domes And solemn fanes and monumental pomp Above the waste Campagna. On the hills The blaze of burning villas rose and fell, And momently the mortar's iron throat Roared from the trenches; and, within the walls, Sharp crash of shells, low groans of human pain, Shout, drum beat, and the clanging larum-bell, And tramp of hosts, sent up a mingled sound, Half wail and half defiance. As they passed The gate of San Pancrazio, human blood Flowed ankle-high about them, and dead men Choked the long street with gashed and gory piles,-- A ghastly barricade of mangled flesh, From which at times, quivered a living hand, And white lips moved and moaned. A father tore His gray hairs, by the body of his son, In frenzy; and his fair young daughter wept On his old bosom. Suddenly a flash Clove the thick sulphurous air, and man and maid Sank, crushed and mangled by the shattering shell.
Then spake the Galilean: "Thou hast seen The blessed Master and His works of love; Look now on thine! Hear'st thou the angels sing Above this open hell? Thou God's high-priest! Thou the Vicegerent of the Prince of Peace! Thou the successor of His chosen ones! I, Peter, fisherman of Galilee, In the dear Master's name, and for the love Of His true Church, proclaim thee Antichrist, Alien and separate from His holy faith, Wide as the difference between death and life, The hate of man and the great love of God! Hence, and repent!"
Thereat the pontiff woke, Trembling, and muttering o'er his fearful dream. "What means he?" cried the Bourbon, "Nothing more Than that your majesty hath all too well Catered for your poor guests, and that, in sooth, The Holy Father's supper troubleth him," Said Cardinal Antonelli, with a smile.
# The Dream Woman/Last lines
### LAST LINES. ADDED BY PERCY FAIRBANK.

Tried for the murder of Francis Raven, Joseph Rigobert was found Not Guilty; the papers of the assassinated man presenting ample evidence of the deadly animosity felt towards him by his wife.
The investigations pursued on the morning when the crime was committed showed that the murderess, after leaving the stable, had taken the footpath which led to the river. The river was dragged—without result. It remains doubtful to this day whether she died by drowning or not. The one thing certain is—that Alicia Warlock was never seen again.
So—beginning in mystery, ending in mystery—the Dream-Woman passes from your view. Ghost; demon; or living human creature—say for yourselves which she is. Or, knowing what unfathomed wonders are around you, what unfathomed wonders are in you, let the wise words of the greatest of all poets he explanation enough:
"We are such stuff
As dreams are made of, and our little life
Is rounded with a sleep."
THE END OF THE DREAM WOMAN.
# The Dream of the Rood

* related portals: Christian poetry, English literature, Medieval poetry.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
The Dream of the Rood is one of the earliest Christian poems in the corpus of Anglo-Saxon literature and an intriguing example of the genre of dream poetry. Like all Old English poetry, it is written in alliterative verse. Rood is from the Old English rōd "pole", specifically "crucifix". Preserved in the 10th century Vercelli Book, the poem may be considerably older, even one of the oldest works of Old English literature.

## Notes

* ↑ MS hæt
* ↑ MS eaxlegespanne
* ↑ MS wealdes
* ↑ MS surgum
* ↑ Sorgum supplied by editors; not in MS
* ↑ MS reotende
* ↑ MS syððan
* ↑ MS unforht
* ↑ MS þan
* ↑ MS he
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rotch, Abbott Laurence

Edition of 1920. See also Abbott Lawrence Rotch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ROTCH, rŏch, Abbott Laurence, American meteorologist: b. Boston, Mass., 6 Jan. 1861; d. 5 April 1912. He was graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1884, and in the following year established and afterward maintained at his own expense a meteorological observatory at Milton, Mass. On 14 Dec. 1906 he was appointed professor of meteorology at Harvard University. He was the first meteorologist in the United States to measure the height and velocity of clouds, and to use kites with a self-recording instrument for this purpose. He also made experiments
in wireless telegraphy. He was the author of ‘Sounding of the Ocean of Air’ (1900); ‘The Conquest of the Air’ (1909).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rothrock, Joseph Trimble

Edition of 1920. See also Joseph Rothrock on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ROTHROCK, Joseph Trimble, American botanist: b. McVeyton, Pa. 9 April 1839. He was graduated at Harvard in 1864, and took his M.D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1867. He served in the Civil War and was wounded at Fredericksburg. He was professor of botany at the University of Pennsylvania in 1877-93; commissioner of forestry for Pennsylvania in 1893-1905; and in 1905-08 he was superintendent of the State Sanatorium for Consumptives, South Mountain Camp. Author of ‘Flora of Alaska’ (1867); ‘Botany of the Wheeler Expedition’ (1878); ‘Vacation Cruisings’ (1884); ‘Pennsylvania Forest Reports’ (1895-97), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rotherham

Edition of 1920. See also Rotherham on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ROTHERHAM, rŏð'ėr-ạm, England, county borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire, at the confluence of the Rother and the Don, five miles northeast of Sheffield. The most notable buildings are the 14th century cruciform church, market hall, post office, courthouse, corporation buildings, mechanics' institute and free library. The town possesses extensive metal and railway carriage works, potteries, glass works and rope yards. It is of Roman origin and was of some importance in the Anglo Saxon period. Pop. 62,500.