# The Geographical Distribution of Animals/General Index

* Top
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
GENERAL INDEX.
All names in Italics refer, either to the genera and other groups of Extinct Animals in Part II. of the First Volume;—or to the genera whose distribution is given under Geographical Zoology (Part IV.) in the Second Volume; the Families and higher groups being in small capitals. All other references are in ordinary type.
The various matters discussed under Zoological Geography (Part III.), are indexed as much as possible by subjects and localities. None of the genera mentioned in this Part are indexed, as this would have more than doubled the extent of the Index, and would have served no useful purpose, because the general distribution of each genus is given in Part IV., and the separate details can always be found by referring to the region, sub-region, and class.
A.
Aard-vark of East Africa, figure of, i. 261
Aard-vark, ii. 246
Aard-wolf, ii. 196
Abacetus, ii. 491
Abax, ii. 489
Abisara, ii. 475
Ablabes, ii. 375
Ablepharus, ii. 395
Abramis, ii. 453
Abronia, ii. 392
Abrornis, ii. 258
Abrostomus, ii. 451
Aburria, ii. 343
Acalyptus, ii. 384
Acanthias, ii. 401
Acanthicus, ii. 444
Acanthion, ii. 240
Acanthis, ii. 283
Acanthisitta, ii. 265
Acanthiza, ii. 258
Acanthobrama, ii. 453
ACANTHOCLINIDÆ, ii. 432
Acanthodactylus, ii. 391
Acanthodelphis, ii. 209
Acantholabrus, ii. 437
Acanthomys, ii. 229
Acanthophis, ii. 383
Acanthopsis, ii. 453
ACANTHOPTERYGII, ii. 424
ACANTHOPTERYGII PHARYNGOGNATHI, ii. 437
Acanthopthalmus, ii. 453
Acanthoptila, ii. 261
Acanthopyga, ii. 390
Acanthorhynchus, ii. 275
Acanthosaura, ii. 402
Acara, ii. 438
Accentor, ii. 260
Accentorinæ, ii. 257
Accipenser, ii. 459
ACCIPENSERIDÆ, ii. 459
Accipiter, ii. 348
Accipitres, European Eocene, i. 163
Accipitres, classification of, i. 97 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 248 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 312 range of Oriental genera of, i. 385 range of Australian genera of, i. 484
ACCIPITRES, ii. 345 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 351
ACCIPITRINÆ, ii. 347
Acerina, ii. 425
Aceros, ii. 317
Acerotherium, ii. 214
Acerotherium, European Miocene, i. 119 N. American Tertiary, i. 136
Acestra, ii. 444
Acestura, ii. 108
Achalinus, ii. 375
Acharnes, ii. 434
Achatina, ii. 515
Achatinella, ii. 514
Acherontia, ii. 483
Achilognathus, ii. 452
Achænodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
Acicula, ii. 519
ACICULIDÆ, ii. 519
Acmæodera, ii. 497
Acodon, ii. 230
ACONTIADÆ, ii. 399
Acontias, ii. 399
Acotherium, European Eocene, i. 126
Acotherium, ii. 215
Acræa, ii. 473
ACRÆIDÆ, ii. 473
Acrantus, ii. 390
Acredula, ii. 266
Acridotheres, ii. 287
Acris, ii. 419
Acrobata, ii. 252
Acrocephalus, ii. 258
Acrochilus, ii. 452
ACROCHORDIDÆ, ii. 382
Acrochordonichthys, ii. 442
Acrochordus, ii. 382
ACRONURIDÆ, ii. 433
Acropternis, ii. 297
Acryllium, ii. 340
Actenodes, ii. 497
Actinodura, ii. 261
Ada, ii. 390
Adamsiella, ii. 521
Adapis, European Eocene, i. 125
Addax, ii. 223
Adelomia, ii. 108
Adelotopus, ii. 490
Adenomera, ii. 416
Adolias, ii. 474
Aedon, ii. 259
Ægeria, ii. 482
ÆGERIIDÆ, ii. 482
Ægialitis, ii. 356
Ægithaliscus, ii. 266
Ægithalus, ii. 266
Ægocera, ii. 482
Ægotheles, ii. 318
Æluredus, ii. 275
Ælurichthys, ii. 443
ÆLURIDÆ, ii. 201
Ælurogale, European Eocene, i. 125
Æluropus, ii. 201
Ælurus, ii. 201
Æmona, ii. 472
Ænigma, ii. 490
Æolidæ, ii. 530
Æpyceros, ii. 223
Æpyornis, of Madagascar, i. 164
Æpyornis, ii. 370
ÆPYORNITHIDÆ, ii. 370
Æsacus, ii. 355
Æshna, from the Lias, i. 167
Æthopyga, ii. 276
Æthya, ii. 364
Agama, ii. 402
AGAMIDÆ, ii. 401
Agapornis, ii. 328
Agarista, ii. 482
Agaristidæ, ii. 482
Agelasta, ii. 501
Agelastinæ, ii. 340
Agelæus, ii. 282
Ageniosus, ii. 443
Ageronia, ii. 474
Aglæactis, ii. 108
Agnopterus, European Eocene, i. 163
Agoniates, ii. 445
Agonostoma, ii. 435
Agonus, ii. 428
Agouti, ii. 241
Agra, ii. 490
Agraulis, ii. 474
Agrilus, ii. 497
Agriochœrus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
Agrion, from the Lias, i. 167
Agriornis, ii. 100
Ahætulla, ii. 379
Ailia, ii. 442
Aipysurus, ii. 384
Aithurus, ii. 107
Aix, ii. 363
Akysis, ii. 442
Alæmon, ii. 289
Alaska, birds of, ii. 136
Alauda, ii. 289
ALAUDIDÆ, ii. 289
Albatrosses, ii. 365
Albulichthys, ii. 452
Alburnus, ii. 453
Alca, ii. 367
Alcadia, ii. 522
ALCEDINIDÆ, ii. 315
Alcedo, ii. 316
ALCEPHALINÆ, ii. 224
Alcephalus, Indian Miocene, i. 122
Alcephalus, ii. 224
Alces, ii. 219
ALCIDÆ, ii. 367
Alcippe, ii. 261
Alcurus, ii. 267
Alcyone, ii. 316
Aldabra Islands, land-tortoises of, i. 289
Alectorurus, ii. 100
Alectrœnas, ii. 332
ALEPOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 454
Alesa, ii. 475
Alestes, ii. 445
Alethe, ii. 262
Aletornis, N. American Eocene, i. 163
Aleutian Islands, birds of, ii. 137
Algeria, Post-Pliocene deposits and caves of, i. 111
Algira, ii. 391
Alleghany sub-region, ii. 130 mammalia of, ii. 132 birds of, ii. 132 reptiles of, ii. 133 amphibia of, ii. 134 fishes of, ii. 134 islands of, ii. 134
Allen, Mr. J. A., on Zoological regions, i. 61 objections to his system of circumpolar zones, i. 67 objections to his zoo-geographical nomenclature, i. 68 on birds of N. America, ii. 133, 136
Alligator, ii. 406
ALLIGATORIDÆ, ii. 406
Alligators, ii. 406
Allotinus, ii. 477
Alopecias, ii. 460
Alsæcomus, ii. 332
Alsecus, ii. 259
Alseonax, ii. 270
Alsodes, ii. 417
Altai mountains, fossils in caves, i. 111
Alytes, ii. 417
ALYTIDÆ, ii. 417
Amadina, ii. 287
Amara, ii. 489
Amarynthis, ii. 476
Amathusia, ii. 472
Amauresthes, ii. 287
Amaurospiza, ii. 285
Amazilia, ii. 109
Amblyrhiza, Pliocene of Antilles, i. 148
AMBLYCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 380
Amblycephalus, ii. 380
Amblyceps, ii. 443
Amblychila, ii. 487
Amblymora, ii. 501
Amblyopsis, ii. 450
Amblyornis, ii. 275
Amblypharyngodon, ii. 452
Amblypodia, ii. 477
Amblyrhamphus, ii. 282
Amblyrhiza, ii. 237
Amblyrhynchichthys, ii. 452
Amblystoma, ii. 413
Ameiva, ii. 390
America, recent separation of North and South, i. 40 extinct mammalia of, i. 129 N., Post-Pliocene fauna of, i. 129
American Creepers, ii. 295
AMIIDÆ, ii. 458
Amiurus, ii. 442
Ammodromus, ii. 284
Ammodytes, ii. 440
Ammomanes, ii. 289
AMMONITIDÆ, ii. 506
Amomys, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Ampeliceps, ii. 287
AMPELIDÆ, ii. 280
Ampelio, ii. 102
Ampelis, ii. 280
Amphechinus, European Miocene, i. 117 ii. 188
Amphibia, means of dispersal of, i. 28 classification of, i. 100 peculiar to Palæarctic region, i. 186 of Central Europe, i. 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205 of the Siberian sub-region, i. 220 of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 226 table of Palæarctic families of, i. 237 of the Ethiopian region, i. 255 of West Africa, i. 264 S. African, i. 268 of Madagascar, i. 280 table of Ethiopian families of, i. 298 of the Oriental region, i. 317 of the Indian sub-region, i. 326 of Ceylon, i. 327 of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 331 of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 340 table of Oriental families of, i. 369 of the Australian region, i. 397 resemblances of Australian and South-American, i. 400 of New Guinea, i. 416 of New Zealand, i. 457 Neotropical, ii. 11 of South Temperate America, ii. 41 of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 54 of the Antilles, ii. 72 table of Neotropical families of, ii. 89 of the Nearctic region, ii. 120 of California, ii. 128 of Central North America, ii. 131 of Eastern United States, ii. 134 table of Nearctic families of, ii. 143
AMPHIBIA, ii. 411 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 422 fossil, ii. 423 summary and conclusion, ii. 548 lines of migration of, ii. 548
Amphibola, ii. 510
Amphibos, Indian Miocene, i. 122 ii. 225
Amphicyon, European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 N. American Tertiary, i. 134 ii. 198 ii. 202
Amphiglossus, ii 398
Amphimericidæ, European Miocene, i. 119
Amphimoschus, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 220
Amphioxus, ii. 464
Amphipnous, ii. 455
Amphisbæna, ii. 389
AMPHISBÆNIDÆ, ii. 388
Amphisorex, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 191
Amphitragulus, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 218
Amphiuma, ii. 412
AMPHIUMIDÆ, ii. 412
Amphixestus, ii. 397
Ampullaria, ii. 510
Amydrus, ii. 288
Amytis, ii. 258
Anabatoides, ii. 103
Anabazenops, ii. 103
Anableps, ii. 450
ANACANTHINI, ii. 439
Anacyrtus, ii. 445
Anadenus, ii. 517
Anadia, ii. 393
ANADIADÆ, ii. 393
Anæretes, ii. 101, 291
Anaides, ii. 413
Analcipus, ii. 268
Anarhynchus, ii. 356
Anarrhichas, ii. 431
Anas, ii. 363
Anastoma, European Tertiary, i. 169 ii. 527
Anastomus, ii. 361
ANATIDÆ, ii. 363
ANATINIDÆ, ii. 536
Anatinella, ii. 536
Anausorex, ii. 191
Anchilophus, European Eocene, i. 125
Anchippodus, N. American Eocene, i. 139
Anchippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
Anchitheridæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 ii. 212
Anchitherium, European Miocene, i. 119 European Eocene, i. 125 N. American Tertiary, i. 135
Ancient fauna of New Zealand, i. 459
Ancistrops, ii. 103
Ancylotherium, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 121
Ancylotherium, ii. 246
Ancyluris, ii. 476
Ancylus, ii. 518
Andaman Islands, zoology of, i. 333 probable past history of, i. 334
Andigena, ii. 307
Andrias, European Miocene, i. 165
Androdon, ii. 107
Andropadus, ii. 267
Aneitea, ii. 517
Anguilla, ii. 456
Anguis, ii. 397
Angwantibo, ii. 176
Animal kingdom, primary divisions of, i. 85
Animals, development of, affecting distribution, i. 7 dispersal and migration of, i. 10 rapid multiplication of, i. 10
Anisacodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
Anoa of Celebes, peculiarities of, i. 428
Anoa, ii. 222
Anodon, ii. 534
Anolius, ii. 400
Anomalurus, ii. 235
Anomalpus, ii. 397
Anoplodipsas, ii. 381
Anoplotheriidæ, European Miocene, i. 119
Anoplotherium, European Miocene, i. 119 European Eocene, i. 126 S. American Eocene, i. 1
Anopthalmus, ii. 489
Anostomus, ii. 445
Anous, ii. 365
Anser, ii. 363
Anseranas, ii. 363
Anseres, arrangement of, i. 98 peculiar Palæarctic genera of, i. 250 peculiar Ethiopian genera of, i. 313 peculiar Australian genera of, i. 485
ANSERES, general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 367
Antarctia, ii. 490 ii. 492
Ant-eaters, ii. 247
Antechinomys, ii. 249
Antechinus, ii. 249
Antelopes in the Indian Miocene deposits, i. 122 birthplace and migrations of, i. 155 Palæarctic, i. 182 ii. 221
Antelotherium, Indian Miocene, i. 122
Antennarius, ii. 431
Anteros, ii. 476
Anthia, ii. 491
Anthipes, ii. 270
Anthocharis, ii. 478
Anthochæra, ii. 275
Anthornis, ii. 275
Anthracotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
Anthracotherium, European Miocene, i. 119 ii. 215
Anthreptes, ii. 276
Anthropoid apes, ii. 170
Anthropoides, ii. 357
Anthus, ii. 290
Antiacodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Antillean sub-region, ii. 61 mammalia of, ii. 62 birds of, ii. 64 illustration of zoology of, ii. 67 table of distribution of resident land-birds of, ii. 68 reptiles and amphibia of, ii. 72 fresh-water fish of, ii. 73 insects of, ii. 73 land-shells of, ii. 75 past history of, ii. 78
Antilles, Pliocene Mammalia of, i. 148 land-shells of, ii. 526
Antilocapra, ii. 223
ANTILOCAPRINÆ, ii. 223
Antilope, Post-Pliocene, i. 112 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 223 ii. 226
Antiquity of the genera of insects, i. 166 of the genera of land and fresh-water shells, i. 168
Antrostomus, ii. 319
Ant-thrushes, ii. 297
Anumbius, ii. 103
ANURA, ii. 414
Anurosorex, ii. 190
Aonyx, ii. 199
Apalis, ii. 258
Apaloderma, ii. 314
Apatura, ii. 474
Aphanapteryx of Mauritius, i. 164 ii. 352
Aphantocera, ii. 107
Aphelotherium, European Eocene, i. 125
Aphneus, ii. 477
Aphobus, ii. 283
APHREDODERIDÆ, ii. 425
Aphritis, ii. 428 ii. 549
Aphriza, ii. 356
Aphysiadæ, ii. 530
Aphyocypris, ii. 452
Aplocerus, ii. 224
Aplodontia, ii. 236
Aplonis, ii. 288
Aplopelia, ii. 383
Apodemia, ii. 476
Apogon, ii. 425
Aprasia, ii. 396
APRASIADÆ, ii. 396
Aprosmictus, ii. 325
Aptenodytes, ii. 366
APTERYGIDÆ, ii. 369
Apteryx, ii. 369
Apua, ii. 453
Aquila, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 348
AQUILINÆ, ii. 348
Ara, ii. 328
Arachnechthra, ii. 276
Arachnothera, ii. 277
ARAMIDÆ, ii. 357
Aramides, ii. 352
Aramus, ii. 357
Arapaima, ii. 454
Arborophila, ii. 338
ARCADÆ, ii. 534
Archæomys, ii. 238
Archæopteryx, Bavarian Oolite, i. 163
Archibuteo, ii. 348
Arctic shells, ii. 518 zone not a separate region, i. 68
Arctitis, ii. 195
Arctocebus, ii. 176
Arctocephalus, ii. 202
Arctocyon, European Eocene, i. 125 ii. 206
Arctodus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 ii. 202
Arctogale, ii. 195
Arctomys, European Pliocene, i. 113 ii. 235, 236
Arctonyx, ii. 199
Arctopithecus, ii. 244
Arctotherium in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 146
Ardea, ii. 359
ARDEIDÆ, ii. 359
Ardistomus, ii. 490
Argentina, ii. 488
Arges, ii. 444
ARGONAUTIDÆ. ii. 505
Argus pheasant, figure of, i. 339 peculiarity in display of plumage, and confirmation of Mr. Darwin's views, i. 340
Argusianus, ii. 340
Argutor, ii. 489
Argynnis, ii. 474
Aricoris, ii. 476
Ariella, ii. 195
Arinia, ii. 520
Arion, ii. 517
Aristobia, ii. 501
Arius, ii. 443
Armadillos, ii. 245
Arnoglossus, ii. 441
Aromochelys, ii. 408
Arremon, ii. 99
Arrhenotus, ii. 501
Artamia, ii. 268 ii. 271 ii. 288
ARTAMIDÆ, ii. 288
Artamides, ii. 269
Artamus, ii. 288
Arthroleptis, ii. 421
Artiodactyla, European Eocene, i. 126 N. American Tertiary, i. 137 S. American Pliocene, i. 146
Artomyias, ii. 270
Arundinicola, ii. 100
Arvicola, European Pliocene, i. 113 in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 S. American Eocene, i. 148
Arvicola, ii. 230, 231
Asio, ii. 350
Aspergillum, ii. 537
Aspidoparia, ii. 452
Aspidorhinus, ii. 391
Aspidura, ii. 374
Aspius, ii. 453
Aspredo, ii. 444
Aspro, ii. 425
Astarte, ii. 535
Astathes, ii. 501
Asterophrys, ii. 421
Asterophysus, ii. 443
Asthenodipsas, ii. 381
Astrapia, ii. 274
Astroblepus, ii. 444
Astur, ii. 348
Asturina, ii. 348
Asturinula, ii. 348
ATELEOPODIDÆ, ii. 440
Ateles, ii. 174
Atelopus, ii. 416
Atelornis, ii. 312
Aterica, ii. 474
Athene, ii. 350
Atherina, ii. 434
Atherinichthys, ii. 434
ATHERINIDÆ, ii. 434
Atheris, ii. 386
Atherura, ii. 240
Athylax, ii. 195
Athyma, ii. 474
ATLANTIDÆ, ii. 531
Atlapetes, ii. 284
ATRACTASPIDIDÆ, ii. 383
Atractaspis, ii. 383
Atretium, ii. 375
Atrichia, ii. 299
ATRICHIIDÆ, ii. 299
Atropos, ii. 385
Attagis, ii. 354
ATTALINÆ, ii. 293
Atthis, ii. 108
Atticora, ii. 281
Attila, ii. 102
Auchenaspis, ii. 443
Auchenia, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 ii. 217
Auchenipterus, ii. 443
Auckland Islands, birds of, i. 455
Augastes, ii. 108
Auks, ii. 367
Aulia, ii. 102
Aulacodes, ii. 239
Aulacodon, ii. 239
Aulacorhamphus, ii. 307
Aulopoma, ii. 520
Aulopyge, ii. 452
Auricula, ii. 519, 527
AURICULIDÆ, ii. 518
Auriparus, ii. 266
Australia, physical features of, i. 387
Australia and S. America, supposed land connection between, i. 398
Australian region, description of, i. 387 zoological characteristics of, i. 390 mammalia of, i. 390 birds of, i. 391 reptiles of, i. 396 amphibia of, i. 397 fresh-water fish of, i. 397 summary of vertebrata of, i. 397 supposed land-connection of with S. America, i. 398 insects of, i. 403 lepidoptera of, i. 404 coleoptera of, i. 405 land-shells of, i. 407 sub-regions of, i. 408 early history of, i. 465
Australian sub-region, mammalia of, i. 438 illustration of mammalia of, i. 439 birds of, i. 440 illustration of fauna of, i. 441
Australian hedgehog, ii. 254
Austro-Malayan sub-region, physical features of, i. 388 zoology of, i. 409
Automolus, ii. 103
AVICULIDÆ, ii. 533
Avocettula, ii. 107
Avocettinus, ii. 108
Aye-aye, figure of, i. 278 ii. 177
Axiocerces, ii. 477
Azores, visited by European birds, i. 17 birds of, i. 207 butterflies of, i. 207 beetles of, i. 207, 209 peculiarly modified birds of, i. 207 stragglers to, i. 208 how stocked with animal life, i. 208
 B.
Babirusa of Celebes, peculiarities of, i. 428
Babirusa, ii. 215
Badger, figure of, i. 195
Badis, ii. 433
Bæotis, ii. 475
Bagarius, ii. 443
Bagrichthys, ii. 442
Bagroides, ii. 442
Bagrus, ii. 442
Baird, Professor, on fauna of Cape St. Lucas ii. 130 on representative birds of United States, ii. 180
Balæna, European Pliocene, i. 112 ii. 207
Balæniceps, ii. 360
BALÆNIDÆ, ii. 207
Balænodon, European Pliocene, i. 112
Balænoptera, ii. 207
Balænopteridæ, ii. 207
Balea, ii. 516
Balearica, ii. 357
Baly, Mr., on Phytophaga of Japan, i. 230
Banca, its peculiar species and solution of a problem in distribution, i. 356
Band-fish, ii. 435
Bandicoots, ii. 250
Barangia, ii. 199
Barbatula, ii. 306
Barbets, ii. 305
Barbichthys, ii. 452
Barbus, ii. 451
Barilius, ii. 452
Barissia, ii. 392
Barriers, as affecting distribution, i. 6 permanence of, as affecting distribution, i. 7 to the dispersal of birds, i. 17
Baryphthengus, ii. 313
Barypus, ii. 492
Basileuterus, ii. 279
Basilornis, ii. 287
Bassaris, ii. 200
Batara, ii. 104
Bates, Mr., on Carabidæ of Japan, i. 228 on Longicorns of Japan, i. 230
Bathmodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
Bathrodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Bathyerges, ii. 231
BATOIDEI, ii. 462
BATRACHIDÆ, ii. 431
Batrachocephalus, ii. 443
Batrachoseps, ii. 413
Batrachostomus, ii. 318
Bats, powers of flight of, i. 15 classification of, i. 87 of New Zealand, i. 450
Baucis, ii. 108
Baza, ii. 349
Bdeogale, ii. 195
Bearded Reedling, ii. 262
Bears, probable cause of absence of, from tropical Africa, i. 291 ii. 201
Beaver, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
Beavers, ii. 234
Bee-eaters, ii. 312
Beetles, families selected for study, i. 103 from the Lias, i. 167 of Azores, i. 207 of Japan, i. 228 of S. Temperate America, ii. 44
BELEMNITIDÆ, ii. 506
Belemnoziphius, European Pliocene, i. 112
Belideus, ii. 252
Belionota, ii. 497
Belodontichthys, ii. 441
Belone, ii. 450
Belonesox, ii. 450
Belt, Mr., his theory of a great Siberian lake during the glacial epoch, i. 218; ii. 206 on change of climate caused by diminution of obliquity of ecliptic, i. 466
Beluga, ii. 209
Bembecidium, ii. 489
Berardius, ii. 208
Berenicornis, ii. 317
Bermudas, zoology of, ii. 134
Bernicla, ii. 363
Bernieria, ii. 258
BERYCIDÆ, ii. 424
Bessonornis, ii. 256
Bettongia, ii. 251
Bhringa, ii. 269
Bhutanitis, ii. 479
Bias, ii. 270
Biatas, ii. 104
Bibos, ii. 222
Bison, ii. 222, 225
Binney, Mr., on Air-breathing Molluscs of N. America, ii. 528
Birds, means of dispersal of, i. 15 dispersal of by winds, i. 16 American, found in Europe, i. 16 reaching the Azores, i. 17 barriers to dispersal of, i. 17 limited by forests, i. 17 classification of, i. 93 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 extinct, i. 160 fossil of Palæarctic region, i. 161 European of Miocene period, i. 161 Eocene of Europe, i. 162 relations of, i. 162 extinct of North America, i. 163 recently extinct in New Zealand, i. 164 Cretaceous of N. America, i. 164 remains of in Brazilian caves, i. 164 recently extinct in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, i. 164 cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176 numerous Palæarctic genera, i. 183 of the European sub-region, i. 193 northern range of in Europe, i. 193 of the zone of pine forests, i. 194 of Iceland, i. 198 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 203 of Malta, i. 206 (note) of the Azores, i. 207 of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215 of the Siberian sub-region, i. 219 Oriental found in Siberia, i. 219 extreme northern Asiatic, i. 219 of northern Asiatic forests, i. 220 of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 223 Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, i. 224 Oriental genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, i. 224 characteristic of N.W. China and Mongolia, i. 226 table of Palæarctic families of, i. 235 of West Africa, i. 243 list of Palæarctic genera of, i. 243 of the Ethiopian region, i. 253 of the East African sub-region, i. 260 S. African, i. 267 genera of, peculiar to Madagascar, i. 275 common to Madagascar and Oriental or Ethiopian regions, i. 276 species common to Madagascar and Africa or Asia, i. 277 table of Ethiopian families of, i. 295 table of Ethiopian genera of, i. 306 of the Oriental region, i. 316 of the Indian sub-region, i. 323 Oriental genera of in Central India, i. 324 Palæarctic and Ethiopian genera in Central India, i. 325 of Ceylon, i. 327 of the Indo-Chinese sub region, i. 330 of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, i. 337 illustration of peculiar Malayan, i. 339 of the Philippine Islands, i. 346 table of Oriental families of, i. 366 table of Oriental genera of, i. 375 of Australian region, i. 391 specially organized Australian families of, i. 392 of the Papuan Islands, i. 410 peculiarities of, i. 413 brilliant colours of, i. 413 remarkable forms of, i. 414 of the Moluccas, i. 418 peculiarities of, i. 421 of the Timor group, i. 423 of Celebes, i. 428 of Australia, i. 440 of New Zealand, i. 451 peculiar to New Zealand, i. 452 of Norfolk Island, i. 453 of Lord Howe's Island, i. 453 of the Chatham Islands, i. 454 of the Auckland Islands, i. 455 table of families of Australian, i. 471 table of genera of Australian, i. 478 of the Neotropical region, ii. 6 distinctive characters of Neotropical, ii. 7 of the Mexican sub region, ii. 52 of the Antilles, ii. 64 table of distribution of, ii. 68 table of families of Neotropical, ii. 86 table of genera of Neotropical, ii. 86 of the Nearctic region, ii. 116 list of typical genera of, ii. 118 of California, ii. 127 of Central N. America, ii. 130 of Eastern United States, ii. 132 of Canada, ii. 136 table of Nearctic families of, ii. 141 table of Nearctic genera of, ii. 148 and Mammals, parallelism of distribution of, ii. 545 lines of migration of, ii. 545 peculiar development of, in islands, ii. 546 contrast of distribution in tropical and temperate oceanic islands, ii. 546
Biziura , ii. 364
Blacicus, ii. 102
Black ape of Celebes, i. 427
Bland, Mr. Thomas, on Antillean land-shells, ii. 19 ii. 526
Blanford, Mr. W. T., on the "Indian" region, i. 60 on relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, i. 321
Blapsidium, Oolitic insect, i. 167
Blarina, ii. 191
Blauneria, ii. 519
BLENNIDÆ, ii. 431
Blenniops, ii. 431
Blennius, ii. 431
Blethisa, ii. 489
Blind burrowing snakes, ii. 372
Blunt-heads, ii. 380
Blyth, Mr., on zoological regions, i. 60 on the relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, i. 321
Boa, ii. 381
Boædon, ii. 380
Boas, ii. 381
Bola, ii. 452
Bolborhynchus, ii. 328
Boleosoma, ii. 425
BOMBINATORIDÆ, ii. 416
Bombinator, ii. 417
Bonasa, ii. 339
Bonnet-limpets, ii. 511
Bony Pikes, ii. 459
Bootherium, ii. 225
Borneo, probable recent changes in, i. 357
Bos, Post-Pliocene, i. 112 Indian Miocene, i. 122 ii. 222, 225
Botaurus, ii. 359
Bothriodon, ii. 215
Botia, ii. 453
Bourbon, zoology of, i. 280 reptiles of, i. 281
Bourcieria, ii. 108 ii. 521
Bovidæ, European Miocene, i. 120
BOVIDÆ, ii. 221
BOVINÆ, ii. 222
Brachinus, ii. 489
BRACHIOPODA, ii. 532
Brachiurophis, ii. 383
Brachiurus, ii. 175
Brachyalestes, ii. 445
Brachycephalus, ii. 414
Brachygalba, ii. 311
Brachylophus, ii. 401
Brachymeles, ii. 397
Brachymerus, ii. 416
Brachymys, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 232 ii. 236
Brachymystax, ii. 447
Brachypteryx, ii. 256
Brachypternus, ii. 303
Brachytarsomys, ii. 230
Brachypteracias, ii. 312
Brachyrhamphus, ii. 367
Bradybates, ii. 413
Bradycellus, ii. 489
Bradyornis, ii. 271
BRADYPODIDÆ, ii. 244
Bradyptetus, ii. 258
Bradypus, ii. 244
Bradytus, ii. 489
Brama, ii. 429
Bramatherium, Miocene of Perim Island, i. 122 ii. 226
Branchiosteus, ii. 442
Branta, ii. 364
BRASSOLIDÆ, ii. 472
Brassolis, ii. 472
Brazilian cave-fauna, i. 143 remarks on, i. 145
Brazilian sub-region, description of, ii. 21 mammalia of, ii. 23 birds of, ii. 24 illustration of mammalia of, ii. 23 illustration of birds of, ii. 28 islands of, ii. 29
Breviceps, ii. 416
Breyeria borinensis, Carboniferous insect, i. 168
Britain, peculiar species in, i. 197
British Isles, zoology of, i. 197
Broad-bill, Malayan, figure of, i. 340
Broad-bills, ii. 294
Bronchocela, ii. 402
Brontes, ii. 444
Brontotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
Brontotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
Brotogerys, ii. 328
Brush-turkeys, ii. 341
Brycon, ii. 445
Bryconops, ii. 445
Bryttus, ii. 425
Buarremon, ii. 99
Bubalus, ii. 222
Bubo, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 350
BUCCINIDÆ, ii. 507
Buccinum, ii. 507
Bucco, ii. 310
BUCCONIIDÆ, ii. 310
Bucephala, ii. 364
Bucephalus, ii. 379
Buceros, ii. 317
BUCEROTIDÆ, ii. 316
Bucorvus, ii. 317
Budorcas, ii. 224
Budorcinæ, ii. 224
Budytes, ii. 290
Buffaloes, ii. 221
Bufo, ii. 415
BUFONIDÆ, ii. 415
Bulbuls, ii. 267
BULLIDÆ, ii. 530
Buliminus, ii. 514
Bulimulus, ii. 514
Bulimus, Eocene, i. 169 ii. 514, 523
Bunælurus, N American Tertiary, i. 134
Bungarus, ii. 383
Bungia, ii. 452
Bunocephalichthys, ii. 444
Bunocephalus, ii. 444
Buphaga, ii. 288
BUPRESTIDÆ, ii. 495
Buprestidium, Oolitic insect, i. 167
Busarellus, ii. 348
Bush-shrikes, ii. 297
Bustards, ii. 356
Butalis, ii. 270
Butastur, ii. 348
Buteo, ii. 348
Buteogallus, ii. 348
BUTEONINÆ, ii. 348
Buteola, ii. 348
Buthraupis, ii. 98
Butterflies, arrangement of, i. 103 Palæarctic, i. 187 of Central Europe, i. 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205 of Azores, i. 207 peculiar to Siberian sub-region, i. 220 of Japan and North China, i. 227 of the Ethiopian region, i. 255 number of Ethiopian species, i. 256 of Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 342 of the Australian region, i. 404 of the Austro-Malay sub-region, i. 404 of the Moluccas, i. 419 of Celebes, peculiarities of, i. 434 of New Zealand, i. 457 ii. 470 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 483 fossil, ii. 486 of S. Temperate America, ii. 43
Bycanistes, ii. 317
 C.
Cabalus, ii. 352
Cabrita, ii. 391
Cacatua, ii. 325
CACATUIDÆ, ii. 324
Caccabis, ii. 339
Cachius, ii. 453
Cacomantis, ii. 309
Cacophis, ii. 383
Cacopitta, ii. 261
Cacopus, ii. 416
Cacotus, ii. 417
Cactornis, ii. 284
Cadurcotherium, European Eocene, i. 125
Cæcilia, ii. 411
CÆCILIADÆ, ii. 411
Cæcum, ii. 509
Cælodon, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
Cælogenys, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 241
Cænopithecus, European Eocene, i. 124 ii. 178
Cæntropus, ii. 445
Cainotherium, European Miocene, i. 120 European Eocene, i. 126
Cairina, ii. 364
Caica, ii. 328
Calamanthus, ii. 258
Calamaria, ii. 374
CALAMARIIDÆ, ii. 374
Calamodon, N. American Eocene, i. 139
Calamodus, ii. 258
Calamoherpinæ, ii. 287
Calamoichthys, ii. 458
Calamospiza, ii. 285
Calandrella, ii. 289
Calao, ii. 317
Calathus, ii. 489
Caledonica, ii. 487
Calendula, ii. 289
Calicalicus, ii. 271
Calictis, ii. 195
Calidris, ii. 353
Caliechthrus, ii. 309
California, illustration of zoology of, ii. 128
Californian sub-region, ii. 127 mammalia of, ii. 127 birds of, ii. 127 reptiles of, ii. 128 amphibia of, ii. 128 fresh-water fishes of, ii. 128
Caligo, ii. 472
Calinaga, ii. 479
Calisto, ii. 471
Callæas, ii. 287
Callia, ii. 521
Callichroma, ii. 501
Callichrous, ii. 442
Callichthys, ii. 444
Callida, ii. 490
Callidryas, ii. 478
Callionymus, ii. 430
Calliope, ii. 259
Callipepla, ii. 339
Calliperidia, ii. 108
Calliphlox, ii. 198
Callirhynus, ii. 375
Callisaurus, ii. 401
Calliste, ii. 98
Callisthenus, ii. 489
Callithea, ii. 474
Callithrix, in Brazilian caves, i. 184 ii. 175 ii. 178
Callocephalus, ii. 204
Callochen, ii. 363
Callomystax, ii. 443
Callophis, ii. 383
Callophysus, ii. 443
Callopistes, ii. 390
Callorhinus, ii. 202
Calloselasma, ii. 385
Callosune, ii. 478
Callula, ii. 416
Calobates, ii. 290
Calocitta, ii. 273
Calodromas, ii. 344
Calœnas, ii. 333
Caloperdix, ii. 339
Calophena, ii. 490
Calopsitta, ii. 325
Caloragia, ii. 375
Calorhamphus, ii. 306
Calornis, ii. 288
Calosoma, ii. 489
Calostethus, ii. 419
Calotes, ii. 402
Calothorax, ii. 108
Calydna, ii. 476
Calypte, ii. 108
Calyptocephalus, ii. 421
Calyptomena, ii. 295
Calyptorhynchus, ii. 325
CALYPTRÆIDÆ, ii. 511
Calyptura, ii. 102
Camarhynchus, ii. 284
Camaroptera, ii. 258
Camel, fossil in Indian Miocene, i. 122 birth-place and migrations of, i. 155 Palæarctic, i. 182
Camelidæ, essentially extra-tropical, i. 112 N. American Tertiary, i. 138
CAMELIDÆ, ii. 216
CAMELOPARDALIDÆ, ii. 221
Camelopardalis, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 Indian Miocene, i. 122 ii. 221
Camelotherium, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 217
Camels, ii. 216
Camelus, ii. 216
Camena, ii. 477
Campephaga, ii. 269
CAMPEPHAGIDÆ, ii. 268
Campephilus, ii. 303
Campsiempis, ii. 101
Camptolaimus, ii. 364
Campylopterus, ii. 107
Campylorhynchus, ii. 264
Canadian sub-region, mammalia of, ii. 135 birds of, ii. 136 reptiles and fishes of, ii. 137 insects of, ii. 137
Canaries, birds of, i. 208 beetles of, i. 209
Cancroma, ii. 359
Canidæ, European Miocene, i. 118 European Eocene, i. 125 N. American Tertiary, i. 134 remarkable S. African, i. 267
CANIDÆ, ii. 197
Canis, European Pliocene, i. 112 Post-Pliocene, i. 112 European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 European Eocene, i. 125 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129 N. American Tertiary, i. 134, 135 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 146 ii. 197
Cantharus, ii. 427
Cantoria, ii. 376
Cape Ant-eater, ii. 246
Cape of Good Hope, peculiar flora and fauna of, i. 266
Cape Verd Islands, zoology of, i. 214
Cape-hare, S. African, i. 267
Capito, ii. 306
CAPITONINÆ, ii. 306
Capoeta, ii. 451
Capra, ii. 224, 225
Capreolus, ii. 219
CAPRIMULGIDÆ, ii. 319
Caprimulgus, ii. 319
CAPRINÆ, ii. 224
Capromys, ii. 238
Capys, ii. 477
CARABIDÆ, ii. 488
Carabus, ii. 488 ii. 489
CARANGIDÆ, ii. 429
Carassius, ii. 451
CARCHARIIDÆ, ii. 460
Carcineutes, ii. 316
Cardellina, ii. 279
CARDIADÆ, ii. 535
Cardinalis, ii. 285
Cardiodus, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Cardiopthalmus, ii. 492
Cardita, ii. 535
Carenum, ii. 490
Cariama, Brazilian caves, i. 164 ii. 357
CARIAMIDÆ, ii. 357
Caridonax, ii. 316
Carlia, ii. 397
Carnivora of European Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 European Eocene, i. 125 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129 N. American Tertiary, i. 134 of Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 146
Carnivora, classification of, i. 88 antiquity of, i. 153 of the Palæarctic region, i. 182 list of Palæarctic genera of, i. 240 list of Ethiopian genera of, i. 302 range of Oriental genera of, i. 373 list of Australian genera of, i. 476
CARNIVORA, ii. 192 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 204 range of, in time, ii. 206 summary and conclusion, ii. 541
Caroline Islands, birds of, i. 444
Carpenter, Dr. Philip, on Panama shells, ii. 20
Carpiodes, ii. 451
Carpococcyx, ii. 309
Carpodacus, ii. 285
Carpodectes, ii. 102, 294
Carpophaga, ii. 332
Carterodon in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 239
Carus, and Gerstaeker on classification of animals, i. 85 Professor, on classification of the Cetacea, i. 88
Carychium, ii. 519
Casarca, ii. 363
Cascelius, ii. 492
Casiornis, ii. 102, 293
Casoryx, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 225
Casnonia, ii. 489
Cassiculus, ii. 282
Cassicus, ii. 282
Cassidaria, ii. 507
Cassidix, ii. 283
Cassinia, ii. 270
Cassowaries, ii. 368
Castalia, ii. 534
Castnia, ii. 481
CASTNIIDÆ, ii. 481
Castor, European Pliocene, i. 113 European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 234
CASTORIDÆ, ii. 234
Castoroides, ii. 234
Casuarius, ii. 369
CASUARIIDÆ, ii. 368
Catadromus, ii. 490
Catagramma, ii. 474
Catamblyrhynchus, ii. 285
Catamenia, ii. 285
Catascopus, ii. 489 ii. 491
Cataulus, ii. 520
Catharistes, ii. 346
Cathartes, Brazilian caves, i. 124 ii. 346
Catharus, ii. 256
Catherpes, ii. 264
Catla, ii. 451
Catoblepas, ii. 224
Catodon, ii. 208
Catodontidæ, ii. 207
Catopra, ii. 433
Catoprion, ii. 446
Catostomus, ii. 451
Catoxantha, ii. 496
Catriscus, ii. 258
Cats, ii. 192
Cave-fauna of Brazil, i. 143
Cavia, European Miocene, i. 121 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 241
Cavies, ii. 241
CAVIIDÆ, ii. 241
CEBIDÆ, ii. 174
Cebochœrus, European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 215
Cebus in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 174 ii. 178
Cecina, ii. 521
Celebes, physical features of, i. 389 mammalia of, i. 426 birds of, i. 428 insects of, i. 434 origin of fauna of, i. 436
Celestus, ii. 327
Celeus, ii. 303
Celia, ii. 489
Cenchris, ii. 385
Centetes, ii. 188
Centetidæ, European Miocene, i. 118
CENTETIDÆ, ii. 188
Centrarchus, ii. 425
CENTRISCIDÆ, ii. 436
Centriscus, ii. 436
Centrites, ii. 101, 291
Centrocercus, ii. 339
Centrolabrus, ii. 437
Centrolophus, ii. 429
Centromochlus, ii. 443
Centronotus, ii. 431
Centropus, ii. 309
Centronyx, ii. 286
Centropyx, ii. 390
Centurus, ii. 303
Cephalepis, ii. 108
Cephalopeltis, ii. 389
CEPHALOPHINÆ, ii. 224
Cephalophus, ii. 224
CEPHALOPODA, ii. 505
Cephalopterus, ii. 103, 294
Cephalopyrus, ii. 266
Cepola, ii. 435
CEPOLIDÆ, ii. 435
CERAMBYCIDÆ, ii. 493
Ceratichthys, ii. 452
Ceratina, ii. 470
Ceratodus, remarkable Australian fish, i. 397
Ceratodus, ii. 458
Ceratohyla, ii. 418
Ceratophora, ii. 402
Ceratophorus, ii. 501
Ceratophrys, ii. 420
Ceratoptera, ii. 463
Ceratorhina, ii. 367
Ceratorhinus, ii. 213
Ceratotherium, ii. 213
Cerberus, ii. 376
Cercaspis, ii. 380
Cerchneis, ii. 349
Cercocebus, ii. 173
Cercolabes in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 240
CERCOLABIDÆ, ii. 239
Cercoleptes, ii. 200
Cercomacra, ii. 104
Cercomela, ii. 260
Cercomys, ii. 239
Cercopithecus in European Pliocene, i. 112 ii. 173
Cercosaura, ii. 394
CERCOSAURIDÆ, ii. 394
Cereopsis, ii. 363
Ceriornis, ii. 340
CERITHIADÆ, ii. 509
Certhia, ii. 264
Certhidea, ii. 278
CERTHIADÆ, ii. 264
Certhilauda, ii. 289
Certhiola, ii. 278
Certhiparus, ii. 266
Cervicapra, ii. 224
CERVICAPRINÆ, ii. 224
Cervidæ, European Miocene, i. 120 birth-place and migrations of, i. 155
CERVIDÆ, ii. 218
Cervulus, ii. 219
Cervus, European Pliocene, i. 113 Indian Pliocene and Miocene, i. 122 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 138 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 219
Ceryle, ii. 316
CESTRACIONTIDÆ, ii. 461
Cetacea, European Pliocene, i. 112 European Miocene, i. 119 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 140
Cetacea, classification of, i. 89 range of Oriental genus, i. 374
CETACEA, ii. 207
Cethosia, ii. 474
CETONIIDÆ, ii. 494
Cetopsis, ii. 443
Cettia, ii. 258
Ceuthmochares, ii. 309
Ceycopsis, ii. 316
Ceylon and Malaya, resemblance of insects of, i. 327
Ceylonese sub-region, i. 326 mammalia of, i. 327 birds of, i. 327 reptiles of, i. 327 amphibia of, i. 327 insects of, i. 327 past history of, as indicated by its fauna. i. 328
Ceyx, ii. 316
Chaca, ii. 441
Chæmarrhornis, ii. 259
Chæmepelia, ii. 333
Chærocampa, ii. 482
Chætobranchus, ii. 439
Chætocercus, ii. 108 ii. 249
Chætodon, ii. 427
Chætomys, ii. 240
Chætops, ii. 256
Chætoptila, ii. 276
Chætorhynchus, ii. 269
Chætostomus, ii. 444
Chætura, ii. 320
Chætusia, ii. 356
Chalceus, ii. 445
CHALCIDÆ, ii. 393
Chalcinopsis, ii. 445
Chalcinus, ii. 445
Chalcis, ii. 393
Chalcochloris, ii. 189
Chalcopelia, ii. 333
Chalcophaps, ii. 333
Chalcostetha, ii. 276
Chalicomys, European Pliocene, i. 113
Chalicotherium, European Miocene, i. 119 Indian Miocene, i. 122 fossil in N. China, i. 123
Chamæleo, N. American Eocene, i. 165
Chalybura, ii. 107
Chamæa, ii. 264
CHAMÆIDÆ, ii. 264
CHAMÆLEONIDÆ, ii. 402
Chamæleons, ii. 402
Chamæpetes, ii. 343
Chamæospiza, ii. 284
Chamæsaura, ii. 394
CHAMÆSAURIDÆ, ii. 394
Chamæza, ii. 104
CHAMIDÆ, ii. 534
Chamois, figure of, i. 195 ii. 224
Chamostrea, ii. 536
Chanodichthys, ii. 453
CHARACINIDÆ, ii. 444
Characodon, ii. 450
CHARADRIIDÆ, ii. 355
Charadrius, ii. 356
Charina, ii. 373
Charis, ii. 476
Charitornis, ii. 274
Charmosyna, ii. 327
Chasiempis, ii. 271
Chasmodes, ii. 431
Chasmorhynchus, ii. 103, 294
Chatarrhæa, ii. 261
Chatham Islands, birds of, i. 454
Chatterers, ii. 293
Chaulelasmus, ii. 364
Chauna, ii. 361
Chaunonotus, ii. 272
Chaunoproctus, ii. 284
Chela, ii. 453
Chelemys, ii. 408
Chelidon, ii. 281
Chelidoptera, ii. 311
Chelidorynx, ii. 271
Chelodina, ii. 408
Chelomeles ii. 397
Chelone, ii. 409
Chelonia, classification of, i. 100
CHELONIA, ii. 407 remarks on the distribution of, ii. 410 fossil, ii. 410
CHELONIIDÆ, ii. 409
CHELYDIDÆ, ii. 408
Chelydobatrachus, ii. 416
Chelydra, European Pliocene, i. 165 ii. 408
Chelys, ii. 408
Chenalopex, ii. 363
Chera, ii. 286
Chersina, ii. 408
Chersydrus, ii. 382
Chevrotain of Malaya, figure of, i. 336
Chevrotains, ii. 218
Chiamela, ii. 397
Chiasognathus, ii. 493
Chibia, ii. 269
Chilabothrus, ii. 381
Chili should not be placed in the Palæarctic or Nearctic regions, i. 63
Chili and Temperate S. America, distribution of Carabidæ in, ii. 492
Chilian Andes, illustration of zoology of, ii. 40
Chilian sub-region, ii. 36 mammalia of, ii. 36 birds of, ii. 37 illustration of zoology of, ii. 40 reptiles and amphibia of, ii. 40 fresh-water fishes of, ii. 42 insects of, ii. 42 origin and migrations of insects of, ii. 47
Chili, islands of, ii. 49
Chilinia, ii. 518
Chilobranchus, ii. 456
Chilomeniscus, ii. 375
Chimæra, ii. 460
CHIMÆRIDÆ, ii. 460
China, fossil mammals in, resembling those of Indian and European Miocene, i. 362 North, mammalia of, i. 222
Chinchilla, ii. 237
Chinchillidæ in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Pliocene of Antilles, i. 148
CHINCHILLIDÆ, ii. 237
Chioglossa, ii. 413
Chionabas, ii. 471
CHIONIDIDÆ, ii. 354
Chionis, ii. 354
CHIROCENTRIDÆ, ii. 454
CHIROCOLIDÆ, ii. 393
Chirodon, ii. 445
Chirodryas, ii. 418
Chirogaleus, ii. 176
Chiroleptes, ii. 421
Chiromachæris, ii. 102, 292
Chiromantis, ii. 419
CHIROMYIDÆ, ii. 177
Chironectes, ii. 248
Chiroptera, classification of, i. 87 list of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239 list of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300 range of Oriental genera of, i. 371 list of Australian genera of, i. 475
Chiroptera, European Eocene, i. 125 in Brazilian caves, i. 144
CHIROPTERA, ii. 181 remarks on the distribution of, ii. 185 fossil, ii. 185 summary and conclusion, ii. 441
Chirotes, ii. 388
CHIROTIDÆ, ii. 388
Chiroxiphia, ii. 102, 292
CHITONIDÆ, ii. 512
Chittya, ii. 519
Chlænius, ii. 489
Chlamydodera, ii. 275
Chlamydophorus, ii. 246
Chlamydotherium, ii. 246 in Brazilian caves, i. 145
Chlenasicus, ii. 262
Chloëphaga, ii. 363
Chlorochrysa, ii. 98 ii. 99
Chloronerpes, ii. 303
Chlorophanes, ii. 278
Chlorophonia, ii. 98 ii. 99
Chloropipo, ii. 102
Chlorospiza, ii. 283
Chlorospingus, ii. 99 ii. 100
Chlorostilbon, ii. 109
Choanomphalus, ii. 518
Choanopoma, ii. 521
Chœromorus, European Miocene, i. 119
Chœropotamus, European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 215
Chœropus, ii. 250
Chœrotherium, Indian Miocene, i. 122
Cholæpus, ii. 244
Chologastes, ii. 450
Cholornis, ii. 262
Chondestes, ii. 285
Chondropoma, ii. 521
CHONDROPTERYGII, ii. 46
CHONDROSTEI, ii. 459
Chondrostoma, ii. 452
Choneziphius, European Pliocene, i. 112
Chordeiles, ii. 320
Chough, Alpine, figure of, i. 195
Choughs, ii. 274
CHROMIDÆ, ii. 438
Chromis, ii. 438
Chrysichthys, ii. 442
Chrysobronchus, ii. 108
Chrysococcyx, ii. 310
CHRYSOCHLORIDÆ, ii. 189
Chrysochloris, ii. 189
Chrysocolaptes, ii. 303
Chrysocyon, ii. 197
Chrysolampis, ii. 108
Chrysomitris, ii. 283
Chrysopelea, ii. 379
Chrysophrys, ii. 427
Chrysoptilus, ii. 303
Chrysothrix, ii. 175
Chrysotis, ii. 328
Chrysuronia, ii. 109
Chthonicola, ii. 258
Ciccaba, ii. 350
Cichla, ii. 439
Cichladusa, ii. 261
Cichlopsis, ii. 260
Cicigna, ii. 392
Cicindela, ii. 486
CICINDELIDÆ, ii. 486
Cicinnurus, ii. 275
Ciconia, ii. 360
Ciconiidæ, ii. 360
CINCLIDÆ, ii. 262
Cinclocerthia, ii. 256
Cinclodes, ii. 103
Cinclorhamphus, ii. 260
Cinclosoma, ii. 261
Cinclus, ii. 263
Cinnicerthia, ii. 264
Cinnyricinclus, ii. 276 ii. 288
Cinosternon, ii. 408
Cinyxis, ii. 408
Cionella, ii. 515
Circaëtus, ii. 348
Circe, ii. 109
Circumpolar zones, objections to system of, i. 67
Circus, ii. 347
Cirrhina, ii. 451
CIRRHITIDÆ, ii. 427
Cirrhochroa, ii. 474
CIRRHOSTOMI, ii. 464
Cissa, ii. 273
Cissopis, ii. 99
Cisticola, ii. 257
Cistothorus, ii. 263
Cistula, ii. 521
Cithara, ii. 508
Citharinus, ii. 445
Cittura, ii. 316
Cladognathus, ii. 493
Clais, ii. 108
Clam-shells, ii. 535
Clarias, ii. 441
Clarotes, ii. 442
Classification as affecting the study of distribution, i. 83
Claudius, ii. 408
Clausilia, Eocene, i. 169 ii. 514
Clerome, ii. 472
Clibanornis, ii. 103
Climacteris, ii. 265
Climate, as a limit to the range of mammalia, i. 11 gradual change of, before the glacial epoch, i. 41
Clinteria, ii. 494
CLIONIDÆ, ii. 531
Clostophis, ii. 520
Clupea, ii. 454
CLUPEIDÆ, ii. 454
Clymenia, ii. 209
Clypeicterus, ii. 282
Clytoctantes, ii. 104
Clytolæna, ii. 108
Clytus, ii. 501
Cnidoglanis, ii. 441
Cnipodectes, ii. 101
Cnipolegus, ii. 101, 291
Cobitis, ii. 453
Cobras, ii. 382
Coccothraustes, ii. 284
Coccygus, ii. 309
Coccystes, ii. 310
Cochlognathus, ii. 452
Cochlostyla, ii. 514
Cochlothraustes, ii. 309
Cochoa, ii. 269
Cockatoos, ii. 324
Cockles, ii. 535
Cocos Islands, bird of, ii. 60
Cocytia, ii. 481
Cœligena, ii. 107
Cœlodon, ii. 245
Cœlonotus, ii. 457
Cœlopeltis, ii. 377
Cœlosterna, ii. 501
Cœnonympha, ii. 471
Cœreba, ii. 278
CŒREBIDÆ, ii. 278
Cogia, ii. 208
Colaptes, ii. 304
Coleoptera, families selected for study, i. 103 Palæarctic, i. 188 number of Palæarctic species, i. 189 of Central Europe, i. 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205 of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215 of the Ethiopian region, i. 256 S. African, i. 268 of Madagascar, i. 282, 283 of the Oriental region, i. 319 of Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 342 of the Australian region, i. 405 affinity of Australian and South American, i. 406, 407 of Celebes, i. 435 of New Zealand, i. 457 of the Neotropical region, ii. 15 of S. Temperate America, ii. 44 of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 56 of the Antilles, ii. 74 of the Nearctic region, ii. 123
COLEOPTERA, ii. 486 general observations on the distribution of, ii. 502 (see also Beetles)
Colias, ii. 478
Colies, ii. 307
COLIIDÆ, ii. 307
Colius, ii. 307
Coliuspasser, ii. 286
Collocalia, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 320
Colluricincla, ii. 272
Collyris, ii. 486, 487
Colobus, European Miocene, i. 117 ii. 172
Colænis, ii. 474
Colonoceras, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
Colopterus, ii. 101
Colossochelys of Indian Miocene, i. 123, 165
Colpodes, ii. 489
Coluber, ii. 375
COLUBRIDÆ, ii. 375
COLUBRINÆ, ii. 375
Columbæ, classification of, i. 96 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 248 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 311 range of Oriental genera of, i. 384 range of Australian genera of, i. 485
Columba, ii. 332
COLUMBÆ, ii. 331 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 335
COLUMBIDÆ, ii. 331
Columbula, ii. 333
Columna, ii. 516
COLYMBIDÆ, ii. 366
Colymbus, ii. 366
COMEPHORIDÆ, ii. 432
Comephorus, ii. 549
Comoro islands, zoology of, i. 281
Compsosoma, ii. 98, 375
CONCHIFERA, ii. 533
Condylura, ii. 190
Cones, ii. 508
Conger, ii. 456
CONIDÆ, ii. 508
Conirostrum, ii. 278
Conognatha, ii. 496
Conophaga, ii. 100
CONOPHAGINÆ, ii. 291
Conophis, ii. 375
Conopias, ii. 101
Conorhynchus, ii. 443
Conostoma, ii. 262
Continents, distribution of, i. 37 recent changes of, i. 38
Continental extension in Mesozoic times, i. 156
Contopus, ii. 102, 291
CONURIDÆ, ii. 327
Conurus, ii. 328
Conus, ii. 508
Copea, ii. 416
Cophoscincus, ii. 397
Copidoglanis, ii. 441
Coptodera, ii. 489, 492
Copurus, ii. 101
Copsychus, ii. 259
Coracias, ii. 311
CORACIIDÆ, ii. 311
Coracopsis, ii. 328
Corades, ii. 471
Corallus, ii. 381
Corbis, ii. 535
Cordylosaurus, ii. 392
Cordylus, ii. 392
Coregonus, ii. 447
Coriphilus, ii. 327
Coris, ii. 437
Coronella, ii. 375
CORONELLINÆ, ii. 375
Coronis, ii. 481
Cornufer, ii. 419
CORVIDÆ, ii. 272
Corvina, ii. 428
Corvinella, ii. 272
Corvultur, ii. 274
Corvus, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 274
Corydalla, ii. 290
Corydon, ii. 295
Corynopoma, ii. 445
Coryphistera, ii. 103
Coryphodon, European Eocene, i. 126
Coryphospingus, ii. 284
Corythaix, ii. 307
Corythopis, ii. 100
Corythornis, ii. 316
Cosmeteira, ii. 277
Cosmetornis, ii. 320
Cosmopolitan groups enumerated, i. 175
Cossypha, ii. 256
Cotinga, ii. 102, 294
COTINGIDÆ, ii. 293
Cottus, ii. 428
Coturniculus, ii. 284
Coturnix, ii. 338
Cotyle, ii. 281
Coua, ii. 309
Couchia, ii. 439
Coues, Dr., on the blue crow of the Rocky Mountains, ii. 128
Coursers, ii. 355
Cowries, ii. 508
Coypu, ii. 238
CRACIDÆ, ii. 342
CRACINÆ, ii. 343
Cracticus, ii. 273
Cranes, ii. 357
CRANIADÆ, ii. 532
Cranorrhinus, ii. 317
Craspedocephalus, ii. 385
Craspedopoma, ii. 521
Crateropus, ii. 261
Crax, ii. 343
Creadion, ii. 287
Creagrus, ii. 364
Creagrutus, ii. 445
Creepers, ii. 264
Cremna, ii. 475
Crenicichla, ii. 439
Crenilabrus, ii. 437
Crenuchus, ii. 445
Creurgops, ii. 99
Cricetodon, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 230
Cricetomys, ii. 230
Cricetulus, ii. 230
Cricetus, European Pliocene, i. 113 ii. 230
Cricosoma, ii. 476
Crinia, ii. 420
Criniger, ii. 267
Crithagra, ii. 285
Crocidura, ii. 191
Crocodiles, Eocene, i. 165 ii. 406 lines of migration of, ii. 548
Crocodilia, classification of, i. 100
CROCODILIA, ii. 405 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 406 fossil, ii. 407
CROCODILIDÆ, ii. 406
Crocodilurus ii. 390
Crocodilus, ii. 406
Crook-billed plovers of New Zealand, i. 456
Crossarchus, ii. 195
Crossochilus, ii. 451
Crossodactylus, ii. 419
Crossoptilon, ii. 340
Crossopus, ii. 191
CROTALIDÆ, ii. 384
Crotalophorus, ii. 385
Crotalus, ii. 385
Crotch, Mr., on beetles of the Azores, i. 209
Crotophaga, ii. 309
Crowned-pigeon, figure of, i. 415
Crows, ii. 273
Crypsirhina, ii. 273
Cryptoblepharus, ii. 395
Cryptodacus, ii. 375
Cryptoprocta, ii. 194
CRYPTOPROCTIDÆ, ii. 194
Cryptopterus, ii. 441
Cryptornis, European Eocene, i. 163
Cryptotis, ii. 421
Crypturus, ii. 344
Ctenodactyla, ii. 490
Ctenodactylus, ii. 238
Ctenolabrus, ii. 437
Ctenomys, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 238
Ctenopharyngodon, ii. 452
Ctenopoma, ii. 521
Ctenostoma, ii. 486
Cuba, extinct mammalia of, i. 148
Curculionidium, Oolitic insect, i. 167
Cubina, ii. 400
CUCULIDÆ, ii. 308
Cuculus, ii. 309
Cuckoo-shrikes, ii. 268
Cuckoos, ii. 308
Culter, ii. 453
Cunningham, Professor, lizard discovered by, in Tierra-del-Fuego, ii. 41
Cuniculus, ii. 230
Cuphopterus, ii. 272
Cupidonia, ii. 339
Curassows, ii. 342
Curæus, ii. 282
Curetis, ii. 477
Curimatus, ii. 445
Curruca, ii. 259
Cursoria, ii. 382
Cursorius, ii. 355
Cuscus, ii. 252
Custa, ii. 390
Cutia, ii. 266
Cuttle fish, ii. 505
Cyanecula, ii. 259
Cyanocorax, ii. 273
Cyanomyia, ii. 109
Cyanopica, ii. 273
Cyanoptila, ii. 270
Cyanorhamphus, ii. 325
Cyanospiza, ii. 284
Cyanotis, ii. 101
Cyanurus, ii. 273
Cybernetes, ii. 101
Cychloris, ii. 280
Cychrus, ii. 489
CYCLADIDÆ, ii. 535
Cyclas, ii. 535
Cyclocorus, ii. 380
Cycloderma, ii. 409
Cyclodina, ii. 397
Cyclodus, ii. 397
Cyclophis, ii. 376
Cyclophorus, ii. 520
Cyclopterus, ii. 430
Cyclopsitta, ii. 326
Cyclorhamphus, ii. 420
Cyclostoma, Eocene, i. 169
CYCLOSTOMATA, ii. 463
CYCLOSTOMIDÆ, ii. 520
Cyclostomus, ii. 521
Cyclothurus, ii. 247
Cyclotopsis, ii. 521
Cyclotus, ii. 521
Cyclusa, ii. 401
Cygnus, ii. 363
Cylindrella, ii. 515
Cylindrophis, ii. 373
Cyllo sepulta, European Cretaceous, i. 167
Cymba, ii. 508
Cymbilanius, ii. 104
Cymbirhynchus, ii. 295
Cymindis, ii. 489
Cynælurus, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 193
Cynanthus, ii. 108
Cynictis, ii. 195
Cynocephalus, ii. 173
Cynodictis, ii. 198
Cynodon, ii. 445
Cynogale, ii. 195
CYNOPITHECIDÆ, ii. 172
Cynopithecus of Celebes, affinities of, i. 427
Cynopithecus, ii. 173
Cynomys, ii. 235
Cyornis, ii. 270
Cyotherium, European Eocene, i. 125 ii. 198
Cyphogastra, ii. 496
Cyphorhinus, ii. 264
CYPRÆIDÆ, ii. 508
Cyprina, ii. 535
CYPRINIDÆ, ii. 451 ii. 535
Cyprinus, ii. 451
Cyprinion, ii. 452
Cyprinodon, ii. 450
CYPRINODONTIDÆ, ii. 450
CYPSELIDÆ, ii. 320
Cypseloides, ii. 320
Cypselus, ii. 320
Cypsnagra, ii. 99
Cyrena, ii. 535
Cyrestis, ii. 474
Cyrtonotus, ii. 489
Cyrtonyx, ii. 339
Cyrtophis, ii. 383
Cystignathus, ii. 420
Cystophora, ii. 204
 D.
Dacelo, ii. 316
Dacnis, ii. 278
Dactylethra, ii. 422
DACTYLETHRIDÆ, ii. 422
Dactylomys, ii. 239
Dactylopsila, ii. 249
Dactylozodes, ii. 496
Dafila, ii. 363
Dama, ii. 219
Damias, ii. 481
Damophila, ii. 109
DANAIDÆ, ii. 470
Danais, ii. 470
Dangila, ii. 451
Danio, ii. 452
Daptophilus, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Darters, ii. 365
Darwin, Mr., his explanation of the cause of the abundance of apterous insects in Madeira, i. 211 on the relation of flowers and insects, i. 463 amphibia collected by, in S. Temperate America, ii. 41 mice collected by, in S. Temperate America, ii. 37 on physical geography of the Galapagos, ii. 33
Dasia, ii. 397
Dasylophus, ii. 309
Dasyopthalma, ii. 472
Dasypeltis, ii. 377
DASYPODIDÆ, ii. 245
Dasyprocta, European Miocene, i. 121 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 241
Dasyptilus, ii. 329
Dasypus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 246
DASYURIDÆ, ii. 249
Dasyurus, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 249
Daudebardia, ii. 516
David, Père, his researches in China and Thibet, i. 221, 222 on birds of N. China, i. 226
Debis, ii. 471
Deer, fossil in N. American Tertiary formations, i. 138 Palæarctic, i. 182 probable cause of absence from tropical Africa, i. 291 ii. 218
Deilephila, ii. 482
Deltatria, ii. 107
Delma, ii. 395
Deloneura, ii. 477
Delphinapterus, ii. 209
DELPHINIDÆ, ii. 208
Delphinus, European Pliocene, i. 112 ii. 209
DENDRASPIDIDÆ, ii. 383
Dendraspis, ii. 383
Dendrexetastes, ii. 104
Dendrochelidon, ii. 320
Dendrocitta, ii. 273
Dendrocolaptes, ii. 103
DENDROCOLAPTIDÆ, ii. 295
DENDROCOLAPTINÆ, ii. 295
Dendrocincla, ii. 103
Dendrocygna, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 363
Dendrœca, ii. 279
Dendrohyrax, ii. 229
Dendrolagus, ii. 251
Dendromus, ii. 303
Dendromys, ii. 230
Dendrophila, ii. 265
DENDROPHIDÆ, ii. 378
Dendrophis, ii. 378
Dendropicus, ii. 303
Dendroplex, ii. 103
Dendrornis, ii. 103
Dendrortyx, ii. 339
Denisonia, ii. 383
DENTALIADÆ, ii. 512
Dentalium, ii. 512 ii. 539
Dentex, ii. 426
Dercas, ii. 478
Dermatemys, ii. 408
Dermatocera, ii. 520
Dermatochelys, ii. 409
Deroptyus, ii. 328
Dermognathus, ii. 413
Desert-snakes, ii. 377
Desman of S. Russia, figure of, i. 219
Desmodus, ii. 182
Deudorix, ii. 477
Diadema, ii. 474
Diagramma, ii. 426
Dibamus, ii. 372
DIBRANCHIATA, ii. 505
DICÆIDÆ, ii. 277
Dicælus, ii. 490
Dicæum, ii. 277
Dicallaneura, ii. 475
Dicamptodon, ii. 413
Diceratherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
Dicerca, ii. 496
Dicerobatis, ii. 463
Dichobune, European Eocene, i. 126
Dicotyles, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 137 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 146 birthplace and migrations of, i. 155 ii. 215
Dicotylinæ, ii. 214
Dicrocerus, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 220
Dicrodon, ii. 390
Dicroglossus, ii. 421
Dicrorrhagia, ii. 474
DICRURIDÆ, ii. 269
Dicrurus, ii. 269
DIDELPHYIDÆ, ii. 248
Didelphys, European Eocene, i. 126 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 248
Dididæ, i. 164
DIDIDÆ, ii. 334
Didocus, ii. 417
DIDUNCULIDÆ, ii. 333
Didunculus, ii. 334
Didus, ii. 334
Dieba, ii. 197
Diemenia, ii. 383
Diglossa, ii. 278
Diglossopis, ii. 278
Dilophus, ii. 287
Dilophyrus, ii. 402
Dimodes, ii. 377
Dimylus, ii. 190
Dinictis, ii. 194
Dinoceras, N. American Eocene, i. 139
Dinocerata, N. American Tertiary, i. 139
Dinornis, allied form in European Eocene, i. 163 of New Zealand and Australia, i. 164 ii. 369
Dinornithidæ of New Zealand, i. 164
DINORNITHIDÆ, ii. 269
Dinotherium, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 120 Miocene of Perim Island, i. 123
Dinyctis, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Dinylus, European Miocene, i. 117
Diomedia, ii. 365
Dioplodon, ii. 208
Diorhina, ii. 476
Diphlogæna, ii. 108
Diphylla, ii. 182
Diphyllodes, ii. 274
Diplacodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
Diplodactylus, ii. 399
Diploglossus, ii. 397
Diplolæmus, ii. 401
Diplomesodon, ii. 191
DIPLOMMATINIDÆ, ii. 519
Diplommatina, ii. 520
Diplomystax, ii. 443
Diplopelma, ii. 416
Diplopoma, ii. 521
Diplopterus, ii. 309
DIPNOI, ii. 458
DIPODIDÆ, ii. 231
Dipodomys, ii. 233
Dippers, ii. 263
Diprotodon, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 251
DIPSADIDÆ, ii. 379
Dipsadoboa, ii. 379
Dipsas, ii. 379
Diptychus, ii. 452
Dipus, ii. 232
Dircenna, ii. 470
Discina, ii. 539
DISCINIDÆ, ii. 532
Discoboli, ii. 430
DISCOGLOSSIDÆ, ii. 421
Discoglossus, ii. 421
Discognathus, ii. 451
Discophora, ii. 472
Discura, ii. 107
Dispersal of animals, i. 10 of mammalia, i. 10 of reptiles and amphibia, i. 28
Disteira, ii. 384
Distichodus, ii. 445
Distribution, affected by climate, i. 5 affected by physical features, i. 5 contrasts of, in similar climates, i. 5 similarities of, in diverse climates, i. 6 barriers as affecting, i. 6 study of, dependent on a good classification, i. 83 of animals an adjunct to geology, i. 8 of animals requires certain preliminary studies, i. 8 of animals dependent on physical geography, i. 35 of animals, as affected by the glacial epoch, i. 40 of animals, as affected by changes of vegetation, i. 43 of animals, as affected by organic changes, i. 44 of animals, hypothetical illustration of, i. 46 of animals, complexity of the causes affecting the, i. 49 of animals, problems in, i. 51 of plants, as affected by the glacial epoch, i. 42
Distrigus, ii. 490
Diuca, ii. 284
Diucopis, ii. 99
Diva, ii. 98
Divers, ii. 366
Docimastes, ii. 108
Dodo of Mauritius, i. 282 ii. 334
Dodona, ii. 475
Dolerisca, ii. 107
Dolichodon, ii. 208
Dolichonyx, ii. 282
Dolichopterus, European Miocene, i. 162
Dolichotis, ii. 241
Doliophis, ii. 383
Dolium, ii. 507
Dommina, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Donacobius, ii. 264
Donacola, ii. 287
Donacospiza, ii. 284
Doras, ii. 443
Dorcatherium, European Miocene, i. 120
Dorcopsis, ii. 251
Dorcus, ii. 493
Doricha, ii. 108
DORIDÆ, ii. 530
Doritis, ii. 479
Dormice, ii. 232
Doryichthys, ii. 457
Doryphora, ii. 107
Douroucoulis, ii. 175
Draco, ii. 402
Dremotherium, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 218
DREPANIDIDÆ, ii. 277
Drepanis, ii. 277
Drepanornis, ii. 275 ii. 276
Dresser, Mr. H. E., on northern range of European birds, i. 193
Drimostoma, ii. 489
Dromæus, ii. 368
Dromas, ii. 356
Dromatherium, N. American Triassic, i. 134 oldest American mammal, i. 160
Dromica, ii. 486, 487
Dromicia, ii. 252
Dromicus, ii. 375
Dromius, ii. 489
Dromococcyx, ii. 309
Dromolæa, ii. 260
Dromophis, ii. 377
Drongo-shrike, Malayan, figure of, i. 340 ii. 269
DRYADINÆ, ii. 375
DRYIOPHIDÆ, ii. 379
Dryiophis, ii. 379
Drymocataphus, ii. 261
Drymodes, ii. 259
Drymœca, ii. 257
Drymœcinæ, ii. 257
Drymomys, ii. 230
Drymornis, ii. 103
Dryocopus, ii. 303
Dryopithecus, European Miocene, i. 117 ii. 178
Dryospiza, ii. 284
Dryotriorchis, ii. 348
Dubusia, ii. 98
Ducks, ii. 363
Dulus, ii. 280
Dumerilia, ii. 408
Dumetia, ii. 261
Dumeticola, ii. 258
Duncan, Dr., on fossil corals of the Antilles, ii. 21
D'Urbania, ii. 477
Dwarf-ground snakes, ii. 374
Dynastor, ii. 472
Dyschirus, ii. 489
Dysauxis, ii. 481
Dysithamnus, ii. 104
Dysopes, ii. 184
 E.
Eagles, ii. 347
Eared Seals, ii. 202
Ear-shells, ii. 511
East Africa, geographical features of, i. 258 wide range of genera and species over, i. 259 few special types in, i. 260
East African sub-region, description of, i. 258 genera and species ranging over the whole of, i. 259 mammalia of, i. 260 birds of, i. 260 reptiles of, i. 260 amphibia and fishes of, i. 260 insects of, i. 260 few peculiar types in, i. 260 illustration of zoology of, i. 261
East Australia, peculiar birds of, i. 440
East Thibet, mammalia of, i. 222
Eaton, Rev., A. E., on insects of Kerguelen Island, i. 211
Eburna, ii. 507
Echidna, ii. 254
ECHIDNIDÆ, ii. 254
Echimyidæ, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ECHIMYIDÆ, ii. 238
Echimys, ii. 239
Echinogale, European Miocene, i. 118
Echinops, ii. 188, 189
Echinorhinus, ii. 461
Echiothrix, ii. 230
Echis, ii. 386
Eclectus, ii. 326
Ectognathus, N. American Eocene, i. 139
Ectopistes, ii. 332
Edentata, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 121 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Pliocene, i. 140 of Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Edentata, classification of, i. 90 probable birthplace of, i. 155 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 305 range of Oriental genus of, i. 375
EDENTATA, ii. 244 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 247 summary and conclusion, ii. 543
Ega, ii. 490
Egerina, ii. 397
Elainea, ii. 101, 291
ELAINEINÆ, ii. 291
Elania, ii. 397
Elanoides, ii. 349
Elanus, ii. 349
Elaphodus, ii. 220
Elaphrus, ii. 489
ELAPIDÆ, ii. 382
Elapochrus, ii. 375
Elaps, ii. 383
Elapsoidea, ii. 383
Elasmognathus, ii. 212
Electra, ii. 209
ELEPHANTIDÆ, ii. 227
Elephants, fossil, of Indian Miocene, i. 123 fossil in N. American Post-Pliocene formations, i. 130 birthplace and migrations of, i. 155 ii. 227
Elephant shrews, S. African, i. 267 ii. 186
Elephas, Post-Pliocene, i. 112 fossil in N. China, i. 123 N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 227
Eliomys, ii. 232
Elliot, Mr., his great work on the birds of paradise, i. 415 on classification of the birds of paradise, ii. 274
Ellipesurus, ii. 463
Ellipsoglossa, ii. 413
Ellisia, ii. 258
Ellobius, ii. 231
Elminia, ii. 271
Elodina, ii. 478
Elopichthys, ii. 453
Elornis, European Miocene, i. 162
Elosia, ii. 419
Elotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 137, 139 ii. 215, 216
Elseya, ii. 408
Elwes, Mr., on birds of Persia, i. 204 on true relations of the birds of Central India, i. 323
Elymnias, ii. 471
ELYMNIIDÆ, ii. 471
ELYSIADÆ, ii. 530
Embasis, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Emberiza, ii. 285
EMBERIZINÆ, ii. 285
Emberizoides, ii. 284
Emblema, ii. 287
Embernagra, ii. 284
EMBROTOCIDÆ, ii. 438
Emesis, ii. 476
Emeu, figure of, i. 441
Emeus, ii. 368
Emminia, ii. 390
Empidagra, ii. 101
Empidias, ii. 102, 291
Empidochanes, ii. 102
Empidonax, ii. 102, 291
Empidonomus, ii. 102
Emyda, ii. 409
Emydida, Indian Miocene, i. 123
Emydocephalus, ii. 384
Emys, Indian Miocene, i. 123 Miocene and Eocene, i. 165 ii. 408
Enes, ii. 501
Engystoma, ii. 416
ENGYSTOMIDÆ, ii. 416
Enhydrina, ii. 384
Enhydrion, Indian Miocene, i. 121 ii. 200
Enhydris, ii. 199
Enicurus, ii. 263
Enispe, ii. 472
Enodes, ii. 288
Enophrys, ii. 375
Ensophleus, ii. 420
Entelopes, ii. 501
Entomiza, ii. 276
Entomophila, ii. 275
Enygrus, ii. 381
Eobasileus, N. American Eocene, i. 139
Eocene period, i. 124 fauna of S. America, i. 148
Eophona, ii. 284
Eopsaltria, ii. 271
Eos, ii. 327
Epalzeorhynchus, ii. 451
Ephemera, from the Lias, i. 167
Ephthianura, ii. 260
Epicalia, ii. 474
Epicrates, ii. 381
EPIMACHINÆ, ii. 275
Epimachus, ii. 275
Epiodon, ii. 208
Epirhixis, ii. 419
Epitola, ii. 477
Eporeodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
EQUIDÆ, ii. 211
Equidæ, European Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Eocene, i. 125
Equus, European Pliocene, i. 112 Post-Pliocene, i. 112 Indian Miocene, i. 121 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 135 Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 146 ii. 211
Erebia, ii. 471
Eremias, ii. 391
Eremomela, ii. 258
Eremophilus, ii. 444
Ereptodon, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
Eresia, ii. 474
Erethistes, ii. 444
Erethizon, ii. 239
Ereunetes, ii. 353
Ergaticus, ii. 279
Ergolis, ii. 474
Ericulus, ii. 188
Ericymba, ii. 452
ERINACEIDÆ, ii. 187
Erinaceus, European Miocene, i. 117 ii. 187
Eriocnemis, ii. 109
Eriodes, ii. 174
Erismatura, ii. 364
Erithacus, ii. 259
Eroessa, ii. 258
Eronia, ii. 478
Erpornis, ii. 267
ERYCIDÆ, ii. 381
ERYCINIDÆ, ii. 476
Erynnis, ii. 480
Erythrinus, ii. 445
Erythrocercus, ii. 270
Erythrocnema, ii. 347
Erythrogonys, ii. 356
Erythrolampus, ii. 375
Erythromachus of Rodriguez, i. 164 ii. 352
Erythrospiza, ii. 285
Erythrosterna, ii. 270
Erythrura, ii. 387
Eryx, ii. 382
ESOCIDÆ, ii. 449
Esox, ii. 449
Esthemopsis, ii. 476
Esthonyx, N. American Eocene, i. 139
Estrilda, ii. 286
Etheria, ii. 534
Ethiopian region should not include any part of India, i. 63 defined, i. 73 subdivisions of, i. 73 general features of, i. 251 zoological characteristics of, i. 252 mammalia of, i. 253 great speciality of, i. 253 birds of, i. 253 reptiles of, i. 254 amphibia of, i. 255 fresh-water fish of, i. 255 summary of vertebrates of, i. 255 insects of, i. 255 coleoptera of, i. 256 terrestrial mollusca of, i. 257 sub-regions of, i. 258 Atlantic islands of, i. 269 the probable past history of, i. 285 tables of distribution of animals of, i. 293
Euanemus, ii. 443
Eubagis, ii. 474
Eucephala, ii. 109
Euchætes, ii. 98
Eucometis, ii. 99
Euchromia, ii. 481
Eucichla, ii. 298
Euclyptosternum, ii. 443
Eudromias, ii. 356
Eudynamis, ii. 310
Eudyptes, ii. 366
Eueides, ii. 473
Eugenes, ii. 107
Eugenia, ii. 107
Euhyrax, ii. 229
Eulabeornis, ii. 352
Eulabes, ii. 287
Eulampis, ii. 107
Eumæus, ii. 477
Eumeces, ii. 397
Eumetopias, ii. 203
Eumomota, ii. 313
Eumys, N. American Tertiary, i. 140 ii. 231
Eumyias, ii. 270
Eunectes, ii. 381
Eunica, ii. 474
Eunogyra, ii. 475
Eupetes, ii. 263
Eupetomena, ii. 107
Euphema, ii. 325
Eupherusa, ii. 109
Euphonia, ii. 98
Euphractus, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Euphryne, ii. 401
Euphysetes, ii. 208
Eupleres, ii. 195
Euplœa, ii. 470
EUPLOCAMINÆ, ii. 340
Euplocamus, ii. 340
Eupodotis, ii. 356
Euprepes, ii. 397
Eupsychortyx, ii. 339
Euptilotis, ii. 314
Euptychia, ii. 471
Eurinorhynchus, ii. 353
Eurocephalus, ii. 272
Europe, recent changes in physical geography of, i. 39 Miocene fauna of Central, i. 117 Miocene fauna of, allied to existing fauna of tropical Asia and Africa, i. 124
European sub-region, description of, i. 191 forests of, i. 192 mammalia of, i. 192 birds of, i. 193 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 195 fresh-water fish of, i. 196 insects of, i. 196 islands of, i. 197
Eurostopodus, ii. 320
Euryades, ii. 479
Euryapteryx, ii. 370
Euryarthrium, ii. 501
Eurybia, ii. 475
Euryceros of Madagascar, figure of, i. 278
Euryceros, ii. 288
Eurycus, ii. 479
Eurygona, ii. 476
EURYGONIDÆ, ii. 476
EURYLÆMIDÆ, ii. 294
Eurylæmus, ii. 295
Euryodon, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 246
Euryphene, ii. 474
Eurypyga, ii. 358
EURYPYGIDÆ, ii. 358
Eurystomus, ii. 312
Eurytela, ii. 474
Eurytherium, European Eocene, i. 126
Eurytrichus, ii. 490
Euscarthmus, ii. 101
Euschemon, ii. 480 ii. 481
Eusemia, ii. 482
Euspiza, ii. 285
Eustephanus, ii. 108
Eustira, ii. 453
Eutatus, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 246
Eutelodon, European Eocene, i. 126
Eutemnodus, S. American Eocene, i. 148
Euterpe, ii. 285
Euthyrhynchus, ii. 276
Eutoxeres, ii. 107
Eutriorchis, ii. 348
Eutropia, ii. 209
Eutropiichthys, ii. 441
Eutropius, ii. 442
Eutroplus, ii. 438
Exocetus, ii. 449
Exoglossum, ii. 452
Exostoma, ii. 444
Extinct mammalian fauna of Europe, general considerations on, i. 126 mammalia of N. America and Europe, comparison of, i. 140 mammalia of the Antilles, i. 148 mammalia of the Old and New Worlds, general remarks on, i. 148 fauna of New Zealand, i. 459 Amphibia, ii. 423 Ant-eaters, ii. 247 Armadillos, ii. 246 Bovidæ, ii. 225 Bradypodidæ, ii. 245 Camelidæ, ii. 217 Camelopardalidæ, ii. 221 Canidæ, ii. 197 Castoridæ, ii. 234 Caviidæ, ii. 241 Centetidæ, ii. 189 Cercolabidæ, ii. 240 Cetacea, ii. 209 Chinchillidæ, ii. 237 Chiroptera, ii. 185 Crocodiles, ii. 407 Deer, ii. 220 Didelphyidæ, ii. 249 Dipodidæ, ii. 232 Echidnidæ, ii. 254 Echimyidæ, ii. 239 Elephants, ii. 227 Equidæ, ii. 211 Erinaceidæ, ii. 188 Felidæ, ii. 193 Hippopotami, ii. 214 Hyænas, ii. 196 Hystricidæ, ii. 240 Insectivora, ii. 192 Lacertilia, ii. 404 Lagomyidæ, ii. 242 Leporidæ, ii. 243 Macropodidæ, ii. 251 Muridæ, ii. 230 Mustelidæ, ii. 199 Myoxidæ, ii. 232 Octodontidæ, ii. 238 Ophidia, ii. 387 Orycteropodidæ, ii. 246 Otariidæ, ii. 203 Procyonidæ, ii. 201 Quadrumana, ii. 178 Rallidæ, ii. 252 Rhinocerotidæ, ii. 213 Sciuridæ, ii. 236 Seals, ii. 204 Sirenia, ii. 210 Struthionidæ, ii. 369 Suidæ, ii. 215 Talpidæ, ii. 190 Tapirs, ii. 212 Tortoises, ii. 410 Tragulidæ, ii. 218 Tupaiidæ, ii. 186 Ursidæ, ii. 202 Viverridæ, ii. 195
Extinction of large animals, causes of, i. 158
 F.
Falcinellus, ii. 360
Falco, ii. 349
FALCONIDÆ, ii. 347
FALCONINÆ, ii. 349
Falcons, ii. 347
Falculia, ii. 228
Falkland Islands, zoology of, ii. 49
Fanged ground-snakes, ii. 380
Farancia, ii. 377
Fauna of Japan, general character and affinities of, i. 230 of Palæarctic region, general conclusions as to, i. 231 extinct, of Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, i. 282 Malayan, probable origin of, i. 359 Moluccan, peculiarities of, i. 419 Timorese, origin of, i. 422 of Celebes, origin of, i. 436 of New Zealand, origin of, i. 460 of Galapagos, origin of, ii. 33 of Central America, origin of, ii. 57 of Antilles, origin of, ii. 78 of Neotropical region, origin of, ii. 80
FELIDÆ, ii. 192
Felis, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 193
Felis spelæa, i. 110
Feniseca, ii. 477
Fennecus, ii. 197
Ferania, ii. 376
Fernando Po, zoological features of, i. 265
Feroculus, ii. 191
Fiber, ii. 230
Figulus, ii. 493
Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Islands, birds of, i. 443
Finches, ii. 283
FIROLIDÆ, ii. 531
Fishes, means of dispersal of, i. 29 classification of, i. 101 cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176 of the Palæarctic region, i. 186 of the European sub-region, i. 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205 of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 227 fresh-water, table of Palæarctic families of, i. 227 of the Ethiopian region, i. 255 of South Africa, i. 268 fresh-water, table of Ethiopian families of, i. 298 fresh-water, of the Oriental region, i. 318 of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 341 fresh-water, table of Oriental families of i. 369 fresh-water, of the Australian region, i. 397 fresh-water, resemblance of Australian and S. American, i. 400 how the transmission may have taken place, i. 401 fresh-water, of New Zealand, i. 457 fresh-water, table of Neotropical families of, ii. 89 of Central N. America, ii. 131 of Eastern United States, ii. 134 of Canada, ii. 137 fresh-water, table of Nearctic families of, ii. 143 remarks on the distribution of, ii. 464 fossil, ii. 466
Fishing-hawks, ii. 349
FISSURELLIDÆ, ii. 511
FISTULARIDÆ, ii. 436
Fitzroya, ii. 450
Flamingoes, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 361
Flora, of New Zealand, as influenced by scarcity of insects, i. 462 fossil of Australia, i. 467
Floras, cretaceous and tertiary, of North America, ii. 155
Florisuga, ii. 107
Flower-peckers, ii. 277
Flower, Professor, on classification of mammalia, i. 85 classification of carnivora, i. 87
Fluvicola, ii. 100
Flycatchers, ii. 270
Flying Lemur, Malayan, figure of, i. 337 ii. 186
Flying Lizards, ii. 401
Flying Opossum, figure of, i. 442
Fordonia, ii. 376
Forests, essential to existence of many European animals, i. 192 Siberian, greatest extent of, i. 216
FORMICARIIDÆ, ii. 297
FORMICARIINÆ, ii. 298
Formicarius, ii. 104
Formicivora, ii. 104
FORMICIVORINÆ, ii. 297
Formosa, zoology of, i. 332
Fossa, ii. 195
Foudia, ii. 286
Francolinus, ii. 338
Fraseria, ii. 272
Fratercula, ii. 367
Fregetta, ii. 365
Fregilupus, ii. 288
Fregilus, ii. 274
Fresh-water fishes, Neotropical, ii. 12 of S. Temperate America, ii. 42 of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 54 of the Antilles, ii. 73 of the Nearctic region, ii. 120 of California, ii. 128 summary and conclusion, ii. 549
Fresh-water mussels, ii. 534 shell, the most Arctic, ii. 518 snakes, ii. 376 snails, ii. 518
Fringilla, ii. 283
Fringillaria, ii. 285
Fringillauda, ii. 282
FRINGILLIDÆ, ii. 284
Frog-mouths, ii. 318
Frogs, ii. 420
Fulica, ii. 352
Fuligula, ii. 364
Fulmarus, ii. 365
Fundulus, ii. 450
FURNARIINÆ, ii. 295
Furnarius, ii. 103
Fusus, ii. 507
 G.
GADIDÆ, ii. 439
GADOPSIDÆ, ii. 439
Gadus, ii. 439
Galago, ii. 177
Galapagos, scarcity of insects in, i. 463
Galapagos islands, ii. 29 mammalia of, ii. 29 birds of, ii. 30 reptiles of, ii. 32 insects of, ii. 33 land-shells of, ii. 33 conclusions as to the origin of their fauna, ii. 33
Galatea, ii. 536
Galaxias, ii. 448
GALAXIDÆ, ii. 448
Galbalcyrhynchus, ii. 311
Galbula, ii. 311
GALBULIDÆ, ii. 311
Galecynus, in European Pliocene, i. 112 ii. 198
Galeichthys, ii. 443
GALEOPITHECIDÆ, ii. 186
Galeoscoptes, ii. 256
Galeospalax, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 190
Galeotherium, Post-Pliocene, i. 111
Galera, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
Galerella, ii. 195
Galerita, ii. 289 ii. 490
Galerix, ii. 188
Galethylax, European Eocene, i. 125 ii. 198
Galeus, ii. 460
Galictis, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 199
Galidia, ii. 195
Galidictis, ii. 195
Gallinæ, classification of, i. 96 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 248 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 311 range of Oriental genera of, i. 384 range of Australian genera of, i. 485
GALLINÆ, ii. 337 ii. 340 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 344
Gallinago, ii. 353
Gallinula, ii. 352
Gallus, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 ii. 340
Gallus bravardi, European Pliocene, i. 161
Galogale, ii. 195
Gambusia, ii. 450
Gampsonyx, ii. 349
Gampsorhynchus, ii. 261
Gannets, ii. 365
GANOIDEI, ii. 458
Gape-eyed Scinks, ii. 395
Gar-fish, ii. 459
Garrod, Professor, on the Classification of Parrots, ii. 324
Garrulax, ii. 261
Garrulus, ii. 273
GASTEROPODA, ii. 507
GASTEROSTEIDÆ, ii. 424
Gasterosteus, ii. 424
Gastornis, European Eocene, i. 163
GASTROCHÆNIDÆ, ii. 537
Gastropelecus, ii. 445
GAVIALIDÆ, ii. 405
Gavialis, ii. 405
Gavials, ii. 405
Gazella, ii. 223
GAZELLINÆ, ii. 223
Gazera, ii. 481
Gecinulus, ii. 303
Gecinus, ii. 303
Gecko, ii. 399
GECKOTIDÆ, ii. 399
Geese, ii. 363
Gehyra, ii. 400
Genera common to Post-Pliocene and Pliocene faunas of N. America, i. 132
Genetta, ii. 195
Genidens, ii. 443
Geobates, ii. 103
Geobiastes, ii. 312
Geocichla, ii. 256
Geococcyx, ii. 309
Geocolaptes, ii. 304
GEODEPHAGA, ii. 486
Geoffroyus, ii. 326
Geographical zoology, introduction, ii. 167 materials for, ii. 168
Geological history of Oriental region, i. 362
Geology and Physical Geography of the Antilles, ii. 62, 79
Geomelania, ii. 519
Geomys, ii. 233
Geopelia, ii. 332
Geophaps, ii. 333
Geophagus, ii. 439
Geopsittacus, ii. 325
Georissa, ii. 522
Georychus, ii. 231
Geositta, ii. 103
Geospiza, ii. 284
Geothlypis, ii. 279
Geotrochus, ii. 523
Geotryon, ii. 333
Geotrypus, ii. 190
Geranospiza, ii. 347
Gerbillus, ii. 230 ii. 232
Geronticus, ii. 360
Gerrhonotus, ii. 392
Gerrhosaurus, ii. 392
GERRIDÆ, ii. 438
Gervasia, ii. 260
Gerygone, ii. 258
Giant-Clams, ii. 534
Gibbon, ii. 171
Gibraltar, cave fauna of, i. 114
Giraffes, ii. 221
Girardinus, ii. 450
Glacial epoch, as affecting the distribution of animals, i. 40 as a cause of the great change in the fauna of the temperate zones, since Pliocene times, i. 151 probably simultaneous in both hemispheres, i. 151 causing a general subsidence of the ocean, i. 152
Glandina, Eocene, i. 169 ii. 515
Glareola, ii. 355
GLAREOLIDÆ, ii. 355
Glaucis, ii. 107
Glaucidium, ii. 350
Glauconeza, ii. 536
Glaucopis, ii. 481
Gliciphila, ii. 275
Glis, ii. 232
Globiocephalus, ii. 209
Glossiptila, ii. 278
Glossotherium, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 247
Glycimeris, ii. 536
Glyphidodon, ii. 437
Glyphoglossus, ii. 416
Glyphorhynchus, ii. 103
Glyptodon, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Glyptosternum, ii. 443
Gnaphodes, ii. 471
Gnathodon, ii. 536
Gnathopsis, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Goats, Palæarctic, i. 182 ii. 221
Goat-suckers, ii. 519
GOBIESOCIDÆ, ii. 436
GOBIIDÆ, ii. 430
Gobio, ii. 452
Gobius, ii. 430
Godman, Mr., on Natural History of the Azores, i. 207
Golden Moles, S. African, i. 267
Goliathi, ii. 494
Gonepteryx, ii. 478
Goniodactylus, ii. 400
Gongylophis, ii. 382
Gonorhynchidæ, ii. 453
Gonyocephalus, ii. 402
Gonyosoma, ii. 379
Gouldia, ii. 107
Goura, ii. 333
Graculavus, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164
Grallæ, arrangement of, i. 97 peculiar or characteristic Palæarctic genera, i. 249 peculiar Ethiopian genera of, i. 31 peculiar Oriental genera of, i. 386 peculiar Australian genera of, i. 484
GRALLÆ, ii. 351 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 362
Grallaria, ii. 104
Grallaricula, ii. 104
Grallina, ii. 273
Grammatophorus, ii. 402
Grammatoptila, ii. 261
Grampus, ii. 209
Granatellus, ii. 279
Grandala, ii. 259
Graphidurus, ii. 232
Graphipterus, ii. 491
Graucalus, ii. 268
Gray, Dr. J. E., on classification of Cetacea, i. 88
Grayia, ii. 376
Grayson, Col, on birds of Tres Marias, ii. 59
Grebes, ii. 367
Greece, Upper Miocene deposits of, i. 115 summary of Miocene fauna of, i. 116
Green Bulbuls, ii. 267
Greenland, zoology of, ii. 138
Greenlets, ii. 280
Groups peculiar to a region, how defined, ii. 184
Grouse, ii. 328
GRUIDÆ, ii. 356
Grus, ii. 357
Grypiscus, ii. 421
Grypus, ii. 107
Guacharo, ii. 107
Guans, ii. 342
Guaraunas, ii. 357
Gubernatrix, ii. 285
Guillemots, ii. 267
Guira, ii. 309
Guiraca, ii. 285
Gulick, Rev. J. T., on Achatinellidæ of the Sandwich Islands, i. 446
Gulls, ii. 364
Gulo, ii. 199
Günther, Dr., his classification of reptiles, i. 98 his classification of fishes, i. 101 on gigantic tortoises of Galapagos and the Mascarene Islands, i. 289 on range of Indian reptiles in the Himalayas, i. 329 on identical Atlantic and Pacific fishes, ii. 21 on fresh-water fishes of Central America, ii. 54
Gygis, ii. 365
GYMNARCHIDÆ, ii. 449
Gymnarchus, ii. 449
Gymnetinæ, ii. 494
Gymnobucco, ii. 306
Gymnocephalus, ii. 103
Gymnocichla, ii. 104
Gymnocorvus, ii. 274
Gymnocypris, ii. 452
Gymnodactylus, ii. 400
GYMNODERINÆ, ii. 293
Gymnoderus, ii. 103
GYMNODONTES, ii. 457
Gymnoglaux, ii. 350
Gymnokitta, ii. 273
Gymnomystax, ii. 282
Gymnopelia, ii. 333
Gymnops, ii. 287
GYMNOPHTHALMIDÆ, ii. 395
Gymnophthalmus, ii. 395
Gymnopus, ii. 199
Gymnorhina, ii. 273
Gymnostomus, ii. 451
GYMNOTIDÆ, ii. 455
Gymnotus, ii. 455
Gymnura, ii. 188
Gypaëtus, ii. 348
Gypohierax, ii. 348
Gypoictinia, ii. 349
Gyps, ii. 346
 H.
Haast, Dr., on extinct birds of New Zealand, i. 460
Habitat, definition of, i. 4
Habrocomus, ii. 238
Habroptila, ii. 352
Habrura, ii. 101
Hadrostomus, ii. 102, 293
Hæmatoderus, ii. 103
Hæmatopus, ii. 356
Hæmatospiza, ii. 285
Hæmophila, ii. 284
Hæmulon, ii. 426
Hætera, ii. 471
Hagria, ii. 397
Hainan, zoology of, i. 334
Halcyon, ii. 316
Halcyornis, European Eocene, i. 103
Halicyon, ii. 204
Haliæetus, ii. 348
Haliastur, ii. 348
Halichærus, ii. 204
Halicore, ii. 210
HALIOTIDÆ, ii. 511
Halitherium, European Pliocene, i. 112 European Miocene, i. 119 ii. 211
Halmaturus, ii. 251
HALOSAURIDÆ, ii. 455
Halys, ii. 385
Hamadryas, ii. 470
Hang-nests, ii. 281
Hapale, ii. 176 ii. 178
Hapalemur, ii. 176
HAPALIDÆ, ii. 175
Hapalotis, ii. 230
Hapalus, ii. 524
Haplocerus, ii. 374
Haplochilus, ii. 450
Haplochiton, ii. 446
HAPLOCHITONIDÆ, ii. 446
Haplodactylus, ii. 427
Haploodon, ii. 236
HAPLOODONTIDÆ, ii. 236
Haplospiza, ii. 284
Hapsidrophis, ii. 379
Harelda, ii. 364
Hares, ii. 242
Harma, ii. 474
Harpa, ii. 349 ii. 507
Harpactes, ii. 314
Harpagus, ii. 349
Harpalus, ii. 489
Harporhynchus, ii. 256
Harpyhaliæetus, ii. 348
Hartlaubius, ii. 288
Hathliodes, ii. 502
Hatteria of New Zealand, i. 456
Hatteria, ii. 405
Hawks, ii. 347
Hedgehogs, ii. 187
Hedymeles, ii. 285
Helarctos, ii. 202
Helcyra, ii. 474
Heleothreptus, ii. 320
Heliactin, ii. 108
Heliangelus, ii. 108
Helianthea, ii. 108
Heliastes, ii. 437
HELICIDÆ, ii. 512
Helicina, ii. 522
HELICONIDÆ, ii. 473 ii. 522
Heliconius, ii. 473
Helicophagus, ii. 442
Helicops, ii. 377
Helictis, Himalayan, figure of, i. 331
Helictis, ii. 199
Heliobletus, ii. 103
Heliochæra, ii. 102
Heliodoxa, ii. 107
Heliomastes, ii. 108
Heliopædica, ii. 107
Heliophobus, ii. 231
Helioporus, ii. 417
Heliornis, ii. 352
Heliothrix, ii. 108
Heliotrypha, ii. 108
Helix, Eocene, i. 169 ii. 513
Helladotherium, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 221
Helluomorpha, ii. 490
Helmintherus, ii. 279
Helminthophaga, ii. 279
Heloderma, ii. 390
HELODERMIDÆ, ii. 390
Helodromas, ii. 353
Helogale, ii. 195
Helogenes, ii. 442
HELORNITHINÆ, ii. 352
Helotarsus, ii. 348
Hemibos, Indian Miocene, i. 122 ii. 225
Hemicentetes, ii. 188
Hemicercus, ii. 303
Hemichelidon, ii. 290
Hemichromis, ii. 438
Hemicyon, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 198
Hemidacnis, ii. 278
Hemidactylium, ii. 413
Hemidactylus, ii. 399
Hemierges, ii. 397
Hemigalea, ii. 195
Hemignathus, ii. 277
Hemimantis, ii. 419
Hemiodus, ii. 445
Hemiphractus, ii. 420
Hemipimelodus, ii. 443
Hemiprocne, ii. 320
Hemipus, ii. 270
Hemirhamphus, ii. 450
Hemisilurus, ii. 442
Hemisorubim, ii. 442
Hemistilbon, ii. 109
Hemisus, ii. 414
Hemitriccus, ii. 101
Hemixus, ii. 267
Henicognathus, ii. 328
Henicopernis, ii. 349
Henicophaps, ii. 333
Henicorhina, ii. 264
Henicornis, ii. 103
Heptapterus, ii. 444
Heredia, ii. 413
Herons, ii. 359
Heros, ii. 438
Herpestes, ii. 195
Herpetethiops, ii. 376
Herpetodryas, ii. 376
Herpeton, ii. 376
Herpetoreas, ii. 375
Herpetotheres, ii. 348
Herpetotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Herpsilochmus, ii. 104
Herring, ii. 454
Hesperia, ii. 480
HESPERIDÆ, ii. 480
Hesperomys, N. American Tertiary, i. 140 in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 230, 231
Hesperornis, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164
Hestia, ii. 470
Hestima, ii. 501
Heterobranchus, ii. 441
Heterocephalus, ii. 231
Heterocercus, ii. 102
Heterochroa, ii. 474
Heterocnemis, ii. 104
Heterocorys, ii. 289
Heterodactylus, ii. 393
Heterodon, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 246 ii. 376
Heterogynis, ii. 481
Heterolocha, ii. 287
Heteromorpha, ii. 262
Heteromys, ii. 233
Heteronota, ii. 400
Heteronympha, ii. 471
Heteropelma, ii. 102, 292
Heteropus, ii. 397
HETEROPYGII, ii. 450
Heterospizias, ii. 348
Heterotis, ii. 454
Heterura, ii. 290
Hewitsonia, ii. 477
Hexagonia, ii. 491
Hexaprotodon, Indian Miocene, i. 122
Hickman, Mr. John, on a cause of the extinction of large animals, i. 158
Hieracidea, ii. 349
Hierax, ii. 349
Hierococcyx, ii. 310
Hierofalco, ii. 349
Hill-Tits, ii. 266
Himalayas, altitude reached by various groups in the, i. 329, 333
Himantornis, ii. 352
Himantopus, ii. 353
Hinulia, ii. 397
Hipistes, ii. 376
Hipparchia, ii. 471
Hipparion, European Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 119 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 135 ii. 211
Hippocampus, ii. 457
Hippoglossoides, ii. 441
Hippoglossus, ii. 441
HIPPOPOTAMIDÆ, ii. 214
Hippopotamus, Post-Pliocene, i. 112 European Pliocene, i. 113 Indian Pliocene, i. 122 ii. 214
Hipposyus, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Hippotherium, European Miocene, i. 119 Indian Miocene, i. 122
HIPPOTRAGINÆ, ii. 223
Hippotragus, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 223
HIPPURITIDÆ, ii. 534
Hirundinea, ii. 101
HIRUNDINIDÆ, ii. 280
Hirundo, ii. 281
Hoazin, ii. 345
Holocanthus, ii. 427
Holbrookia, ii. 401
Holochilus, ii. 230
Hologerrhum, ii. 379
HOLOSTEI, ii. 458
Holuropholis, ii. 380
Homalodontotherium, S. American Pliocene, i. 146
Homalophis, ii. 376
Homalophus, European Miocene, i. 161
HOMALOPSIDÆ, ii. 376
Homalopsis, ii. 376
Homaloptera, ii. 453
Homalosoma, ii. 490
Hombronia, ii. 397
Homocamelus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 217
Homorus, ii. 103 ii. 524
Honey-guides, ii. 304
Honeysuckers, birds specially adapted to Australia, i. 392 ii. 275
Hooker, Dr., on deficiency of odours in New Zealand plants, i. 464
Hoopoes, ii. 317
Hopladelus, ii. 442
HOPLEGNATHIDÆ, ii. 433
Hoplobatrachus, ii. 421
HOPLOCEPHALA, ii. 460
Hoplocephalus, ii. 383
Hoplocetus, European Pliocene, i. 112
Hoplophoneus, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Hoplophorus, ii. 246
Hoplopterus, ii. 356
Horites, ii. 258
Hornbills, ii. 316
Horses, fossil, in Indian Miocene, i. 121 perfect series of ancestral, in N. America, i. 136 probable birthplace of, i. 154 ii. 211
Horse-shoe bats, ii. 182
Hortulia, ii. 381
Howling monkeys, ii. 175
Hudson, Mr., on land-birds of Patagonia, ii. 39
Humming-birds, ii. 321
Huro, ii. 425
Hutton, Capt. F. W., on origin of New Zealand fauna, i. 461
Huxley, Professor, on zoological regions, i. 59 division of animal kingdom by, i. 85
Hyades, ii. 472
Hyæna, Post-Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 fossil in N. China, i. 123 ii. 196
Hyænarctos in European Pliocene, i. 112 European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 S. American Pliocene, i. 146
Hyænictis, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 196
Hyænidæ, European Miocene, i. 118
HYÆNIDÆ, ii. 196
Hyænodon, European Miocene, i. 118 European Eocene, i. 125 N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Hyænodontidæ, European Miocene, i. 118
HYALEIDÆ, ii. 531
Hyalimax, ii. 517
Hyalina, ii. 515
Hyalosaurus, ii. 392
Hyantis, ii. 472
Hybocystis, ii. 520
Hyborhynchus, ii. 452
Hydrocena, ii. 521
Hydrochelidon, ii. 364
Hydrochœrus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
Hydrochœrus, ii. 241
Hydrocissa, ii. 317
Hydrocyon, ii. 445
Hydrogale, ii. 199
Hydromedusa, ii. 408
Hydromys, ii. 230
Hydrophasianus, ii. 355
HYDROPHIDÆ, ii. 384
Hydrophis, ii. 384
Hydropotes, ii. 219
Hydropsalis, ii. 319
Hydrornis, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 298
Hydrosaurus, ii. 389
Hyetornis, ii. 309
Hygrogonus, ii. 439
Hyla, ii. 418
Hylactes, ii. 297
Hylambates, ii. 419
Hylaplesia, ii. 415
HYLAPLESIDÆ, ii. 414
Hylarana, ii. 419
Hylatomus, ii. 303
Hylella, ii. 418
HYLIDÆ, ii. 418
Hyliota, ii. 270
Hylobates, ii. 171
Hylocharis, ii. 109 ii. 271
Hylodes, ii. 419
Hylomanes, ii. 313
Hylomys, ii. 186
Hylophilus, ii. 280
Hylorhina, ii. 420
Hylotrupes, ii. 502
Hyloxalus, ii. 419
Hymenolaimus, ii. 364
HYODONTIDÆ, ii. 453
Hyohippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
Hyomoschus, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 218
Hyopicus, ii. 303
Hyopotamus, European Miocene, i. 119 N. American Tertiary, i. 137 ii. 216
Hyopsodus, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Hyotherium, European Miocene, i. 119 ii. 215
Hypargos, ii. 287
Hyperantha, ii. 496
Hypergerus, ii. 261
Hypermnestra, ii. 479
Hyperodapedon, ii. 405
Hyperolius, ii. 417
Hyperoodon, ii. 208
HYPEROODONTIDÆ, ii. 208
Hyperopsius, ii. 448
Hypertragulus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
Hyphantornis, ii. 286
Hypherpes, ii. 265
Hypisodus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
Hypna, ii. 474
Hypnale, ii. 385
Hypochera, ii. 287
Hypochrysops, ii. 477
Hypocista, ii. 471
Hypocnemis, ii. 104
Hypocolius, ii. 272
Hypodes, ii. 272
Hypogeomys, ii. 230
Hypolais, ii. 258
Hypolithus, ii. 491
Hypolycæna, ii. 477
Hypomesus, ii. 477
Hypopachus, ii. 416
Hypophthalmichthys, ii. 453
Hypophthalmus, ii. 442
Hypopyrrhus, ii. 282
Hyporissus, ii. 190
Hypothymis, ii. 271
Hypoxanthus, ii. 304
Hypsipetes, ii. 267
Hypsiprymnus, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 251
Hypsirhina, ii. 376
Hypsirhynchus, ii. 375
Hyrachyus, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
HYRACIDÆ, ii. 228
Hyracodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 136 ii. 214 ii. 248
Hyracoidea, classification of, i. 90 Palæarctic, i. 242 Ethiopian, i. 304
HYRACOIDEA, ii. 228
Hyracotherium, supposed, in European Eocene, i. 125 European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 216 ii. 229
Hyrax, ii. 228
HYSTRICIDÆ, ii. 240
Hystricodon, ii. 445
Hystrix, European Pliocene, i. 113 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 N. American Tertiary, i. 140 ii. 240
 I.
Ialmenus, ii. 477
Ianthœnas, ii. 332
Ianthina, ii. 511
Ibidipodia, European Miocene, i. 162
Ibidorhynchus, ii. 353
Ibidorhynchus, figure of, i. 331
Ibis, ii. 360
Ibises, ii. 360
Ibycter, ii. 347
Iceland, zoology of, i. 198
Ichneumia, ii. 195
Ichthyoborus, ii. 445
Ichthyopsis, ii. 411
Icteria, ii. 279
ICTERIDÆ, ii. 281
Icterus, ii. 282
Icthyornis, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164
Icticyon in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 197
Ictinia, ii. 349
Ictitherium, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 195 ii. 197
Ictonyx, ii. 199
Ictops, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Ideopsis, ii. 470
Idmais, ii. 478
Iguana, ii. 401
Iguanas, ii. 400
IGUANIDÆ, ii. 400
Ilerda, ii. 477
Ilicura, ii. 102
India, Miocene fauna of, allied to that of Europe, i. 123 geological features of, i. 328
Indian sub-region, description of, i. 321 supposed relation to Ethiopian region, i. 321 mammalia of, i. 322 birds of, i. 323 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 326
Indicator, ii. 304
INDICATORIDÆ, ii. 304
Indo-Chinese sub-region, description of, i. 329 zoological characteristics of, i. 330 illustration of, i. 331 reptiles of, i. 331 amphibia of, i. 331 insects of, i. 332 islands belonging to, i. 333
Indo-Malayan sub-region, description of, i. 334 mammalia of, i. 336 illustrations of, i. 336, 339 birds of, i. 337 remote geographical relations of, i. 339 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 340 fishes of, i. 341 insects of, i. 341 coleoptera of, i. 342 terrestrial mollusca of, i. 343 zoological relations of islands of, i. 345 recent geographical changes in, i. 357 probable origin of fauna of, i. 359
Inia, ii. 209
Insectivora, European Miocene, i. 117 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129 N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Insectivora, classification of, i. 87 of the Palæarctic region, i. 181 of N. China and E. Thibet, i. 222 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239 of Madagascar, i. 273 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 301 of the Oriental region, i. 315 range of Oriental genera of, i. 372 range of Australian genera of, i. 476
INSECTIVORA, ii. 186 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 191 summary and conclusion, ii. 541
Insects, means of dispersal of, i. 32 tenacity of life of, i. 33 adapted to special conditions, i. 33 groups selected for the study of their geographical distribution, i. 102 antiquity of the genera of, i. 166 fossil of European Miocene, i. 166 European Cretaceous, i. 167 European Wealden, i. 167 Palæozoic, i. 168 Palæarctic, i. 187 of Central Europe, i. 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205 of the Siberian sub-region, i. 220 of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 227 of the Ethiopian region, i. 255 of the E. African sub-region, i. 260 of W. African, i. 265 S. African, i. 268 of Madagascar, i. 282 general remarks on, i. 284 of tropical Africa and America, probable cause of similarities in, i. 291 of Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 332 of the Oriental region, i. 318 of Ceylon, i. 327 of Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 341 statistics of collecting in the various islands of the Malay Archipelago, i. 343 of the Australian region, i. 403 of New Guinea, i. 417 of the Moluccas, i. 420 of the Timor group, i. 426 of Celebes, i. 454 of New Zealand, i. 458 scarcity of, in New Zealand, i. 462 influence of, on the flora, i. 463 of the Neotropical region, ii. 13 of S. Temperate America, ii. 42 of S. Temperate America, Palæarctic affinity of, ii. 45 of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 55 of the Antilles, ii. 73 of the Nearctic region, ii. 122 of Canada, ii. 137 distribution of, ii. 468 range of, in time, ii. 469 summary and conclusion, ii. 550 lines of migration of, ii. 551
Iodopleura, ii. 102
Iolæma, ii. 107
Iolaus, ii. 477
Iole, ii. 267
Iora, ii. 267
Iphias, ii. 478 ii. 394
IPHISADÆ, ii. 394
Irena, ii. 269
Iridina, ii. 534
Iridornis, ii. 98
Irrisor, ii. 318
IRRISORIDÆ, ii. 318
Isacis, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Ischnognathus, ii. 375
Ischyromys, N. American Tertiary, i. 140 ii. 236
Islands, N. European, zoology of, i. 197 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 206 of the W. African sub-region, i. 265 of the Ethiopian region, i. 269 Mascarene, i. 280 of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 333 of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 345 Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, i. 443 Society and Marquesas, i. 444 New Caledonia and New Hebrides, i. 445 Sandwich, i. 446 of New Zealand sub-region, i. 453 Norfolk, i. 453 Lord Howe's, i. 454 Chatham, i. 454 Auckland, i. 455 of Tropical S. America, ii. 29 of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 59 of Eastern United States, ii. 134 peculiar colours of pigeons in, ii. 336 abundance of land-shells in, ii. 525
Isodactylium, ii. 413
Ispidina, ii. 316
Issiodromys, European Pliocene, i. 113 ii. 232
Ithaginis, ii. 340
Ithomia, ii. 470
Ithycyphus, ii. 379
Ixalus, ii. 419
Ixonotus, ii. 267
Ixulus, ii. 266
 J.
Jacamaralcyon, ii. 311
Jacamars, ii. 311
Jacamerops, ii. 311
Jacanas, ii. 255
Jacchus, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
Jaculus, ii. 232
Jaltris, ii. 375
Jamaicia, ii. 521
Janella, ii. 517
Janthocincla, ii. 261
Japalura, ii. 402
Japan and North China, physical features of, i. 221 southern extremity of perhaps belongs to the Oriental region, i. 226
Japan, general character of the fauna of, i. 230 former land-connexions of, i. 231
Java, mammalia of, i. 349 productions of, well known, i. 350 birds of, i. 351 representative species of birds in, i. 352 origin of the anomalous features of its fauna, i. 352 Sumatra and Borneo, their geographical contrasts and zoological peculiarities explained, i. 357
Jays, ii. 273
Jenynsia, ii. 450
Jerboas, ii. 231
Juan Fernandez, Carabidæ of, ii. 44 birds of, ii. 49 beetles and land-shells of, ii. 51
Juida, ii. 288
Juliamyia, ii. 109
Junco, ii. 284
Junonia, European Miocene, i. 167 ii. 474
 K.
Kagu, ii. 359
Kakapoe, of New Zealand, i. 455
Kalophrynus, ii. 415
Kangaroos, extinct in Australia, i. 157 ii. 251
Keneuxia, ii. 397
Kerguelen Island, apterous insects of, i. 211 (note)
Kerodon, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 241
Ketingus, ii. 443
Ketupa, ii. 350
King-fisher, racquet-tailed, of New Guinea, figure of, i. 415
King-fishers, ii. 315
Kittacincla, ii. 259
Kiwi of New Zealand, i. 455
Kneria, ii. 453
Kobus, ii. 224
Koodoo antelope, figure of, i. 261
Kricogonia, ii. 478
Krynickia, ii. 517
 L.
Labeo, ii. 451
Labrax, ii. 425
LABRIDÆ, ii. 437
Labrus, ii. 437
LABYRINTHICI, ii. 434
Lacerta, ii. 391
LACERTIDÆ, ii. 390
Lacertilia, classification of, i. 99
LACERTILIA, ii. 388 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 403 fossil, ii. 404
Lacuna, ii. 510
Ladrone Islands, birds of, i. 444
Læmargus, ii. 461
Læmosthenes, ii. 489
Læosopis, ii. 477
Lafresnaya, ii. 107
Lagenocetus, ii. 208
Lagenorhynchus, ii. 209
Lagidium, ii. 237
LAGOMYIDÆ, ii. 242
Lagomys, European Pliocene, i. 113 European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 242
Lagopus, ii. 339
Lagorchestes, ii. 251
Lagostomus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 237
Lagothrix, ii. 174
Lais, ii. 442
Lake Baikal, seals of, i. 218 ii. 206
Lalage, ii. 269
Laletes, ii. 280
LAMIIDÆ, ii. 498
Lamna, ii. 460
LAMNIDÆ, ii. 460
Lampornis, ii. 107
Lampreys, ii. 463
Lamprima, ii. 493
Lampris, ii. 429
Lamprocolius, ii. 288
Lamprolæma, ii. 107
Lamprophis, ii. 380
Lampropsar, ii. 282
Lampropygia, ii. 108
Lamprospilus, ii. 477
Lamprospiza, ii. 99
Lamprotes, ii. 98
Lancelet, ii. 464
Land-lizards, ii. 391
Land and water, proportions of, i. 35
Land and fresh-water shells, antiquity of the genera of, i. 168
Land-shells, Palæozoic, i. 169 Palæarctic, i. 190 of Madeira, i. 209 of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215 of the Ethiopian region, i. 257 of W. Africa, i. 265 of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, i. 285 of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 344 of the Australian region, i. 407 of the Sandwich Islands, i. 466 of New Zealand, i. 459 of the Neotropical region, ii. 19 of the Antilles, ii. 75 conditions favouring development of, ii. 75 of N. America, ii. 124 general observations on the distribution of, ii. 522 richness of islands in, ii. 525 their mode of diffusion, ii. 525, 528 comparative distribution of Operculate and In-operculate, ii. 526 estimated numbers of, ii. 526
Land-snakes, ii. 382
Langaha, ii. 379
Laniarius, ii. 272
Lanicterus, ii. 268
Laniellus, ii. 272
LANIIDÆ, ii. 272
Lanio, ii. 99
Lanius, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 272
Laopithecus, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Laornis, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164
Laprissa, ii. 421
LARIDÆ, ii. 364
Larimus, ii. 428
Larks, ii. 289
Larus, ii. 364
Larvivora, ii. 259
Lasiomys, ii. 229
Lasiuromys, ii. 239
Latax, ii. 199
Lates, ii. 425
Lathria, ii. 102
Latonia, ii. 421
Latrunculus, ii. 430
Layardia, ii. 261
Lea, Dr. Isaac, on N. American Unionidæ, ii. 125
Lebia, ii. 489
Lebiasina, ii. 445
Legatus, ii. 101
Leiocephalus, ii. 401
Leiolæmus, ii. 401
Leistes, ii. 282
Leistus, ii. 489
Leiuperus, ii. 420
Leiyla, ii. 419
Lemonias, ii. 476
Lemur, ii. 176
Lemur, fossil, ii. 178
Lemuravidæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Lemuravus, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Lemuria, a hypothetical land, i. 76
Lemuridæ, European Eocene, i. 124
LEMURIDÆ, ii. 176
Lemuroidea, range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300 range of Oriental genera of, i. 371
LEMUROIDEA, ii. 176
Lemurs, ii. 176
Leonia, ii. 521
Lepadogaster, ii. 436
Lepictis, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Lepidocepalichthys, ii. 453
Lepidocephalus, ii. 453
Lepidogrammus, ii. 309
Lepidolarynx, ii. 108
Lepidoptera, cosmopolitan families of, i. 177 table of Palæarctic families of, i. 238 S. African, i. 268 table of Ethiopian families of, i. 299 of the Oriental region, i. 318 table of Oriental families of, i. 369 of the Australian region, i. 404 table of Australian families of, i. 472 of the Neotropical region, ii. 13 of the Antilles, ii. 73 table of Neotropical families of, ii. 90 of the Nearctic region, ii. 122 Nearctic families of, ii. 143
LEPIDOPTERA, ii. 470
Lepidosiren, ii. 458
LEPIDOSTEIDÆ, ii. 459
Lepidosteus, ii. 459
LEPIDOSTERNIDÆ, ii. 389
Lepidosternon, ii. 389
Lepilemur, ii. 176
Lepistes, ii. 450
LEPORIDÆ, ii. 242
Leporinus, ii. 445
Lepricornis, ii. 476
Leprodera, ii. 501
Leptalis, ii. 478
Leptarchus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 ii. 202
Leptasthenura, ii. 103
Leptauchenia, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
Leptobarbina, ii. 452
Leptobrachium, ii. 421
LEPTOCARDII, ii. 464
Leptocera, ii. 502
Leptochœrus, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 ii. 215
Leptocircus, ii. 479
Leptodeira, ii. 379
Leptodon, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 ii. 214 ii. 349
Leptognathus, ii. 381
Leptomantis, ii. 419
Leptomeryx, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 220
Lepton, ii. 535
Leptoneura, ii. 471
Leptonyx, ii. 204
Leptopogon, ii. 101
Leptoma, ii. 520
Leptoptila, ii. 333
Leptoptilus, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 361
Leptorhytaon, ii. 380
Leptornis, ii. 276
LEPTOSOMIDÆ, ii. 310
Leptosomus, allied form in European Eocene, i. 168 ii. 310
Leptosomus of Madagascar, i. 278 figure of, i. 279
Leptotherium, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 226
Leptotriccus, ii. 101
Leptura, ii. 502
Lepus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Lerista, ii. 395
Lerwa, ii. 339
Lesbia, ii. 108
Lestodon, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Leucippus, ii. 109
Leuciscus, ii. 452
Leucochroa, ii. 516
Leucocyon, ii. 197
Leucomelæna, ii. 332
Leuconerpes, ii. 304
Leucophantes, ii. 270
Leucophasia, ii. 478
Leucopleurus, ii. 209
Leucosarcia, ii. 333
Leucosomus, ii. 452
Leucosticte, ii. 285
Lewis, Mr. George, his collection of Japan insects, i. 228
LIALIDÆ, ii. 396
Lialis, ii. 396
Liasis, ii. 381
Libellula, from the Lias, i. 167
Libythea, ii. 475
LIBYTHEIDÆ, ii. 475
Lichanotus, ii. 381
Lichenops, ii. 101
Licina, ii. 521
Licmetis, ii. 325
Lilljeborg, Professor, on classification of the Rodentia, i. 90
LIMACIDÆ, ii. 517
LIMACINIDÆ, ii. 531
Limax, ii. 517
Limenitis, ii. 474
Limnæa, Eocene, i. 169 European Secondary, i. 169 ii. 518
LIMNÆIDÆ, ii. 518
Limnatornis, European Miocene, i. 161
Limnocharis, ii. 420
Limnocyon, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Limnodynastes, ii. 420
Limnohyus, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
Limnophis, ii. 376
Limnornis, ii. 103
Limnotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Limnotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Limnurgus, ii. 450
Limosa, ii. 353
Limpets, ii. 511
Lingula, ii. 538
LINGULIDÆ, ii. 532
Linota, ii. 285
Linsang, ii. 195
Liocassis, ii. 442
Liopelma, ii. 417
Liopis, ii. 375
Lioptilus, ii. 267
Lioscelis, ii. 297
LIOTRICHIDÆ, ii. 266
Liothrix, ii. 266
Lipaugus, ii. 102
Liparis, ii. 430
Liphyra, ii. 477
Lipinia, ii. 397
Lipoa, ii. 342
Liposarcus, ii. 444
Liptena, ii. 477
Lissolepis, ii. 397
Listriodon, European Miocene, i. 119
Lithidion, ii. 521
Lithomys, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 236
Lithornis, European Eocene, i. 163
Litoria, ii. 418
Littorina, ii. 510
LITTORINIDÆ, ii. 510
Lizards, classification of, i. 90 Tertiary, i. 165 wide range of a species in Polynesia, i. 448 distribution and lines of migration of, ii. 547
Lobodon, ii. 204
Lochmias, ii. 103
Locustella, ii. 258
Loddigesia, ii. 108
Loncheres, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 239
Lonchophorus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 239
LONGICORNIA, ii. 498
Longicornia, Palæarctic, i. 188 Ethiopian, i. 257 Oriental, i. 320 Australian, i. 407 Neotropical, ii. 17 of Chili, ii. 46 Nearctic, ii. 123
Lontra, ii. 199
Lophiodon, European Eocene, i. 125 N. American Tertiary, i. 136 ii. 212
Lophiomeryx, ii. 218
Lophiotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
Lophius, ii. 431
Lophoaëtus, ii. 348
LOPHOBRANCHII, ii. 456
Lophocitta, ii. 273
Lophogyps, ii. 346
Lophoictinia, ii. 349
Lopholaimus, ii. 362
Lophiomys, ii. 230
Lophophaps, ii. 333
Lophophanes, ii. 266
LOPHOPHORINÆ, ii. 340
Lophophorus, ii. 340
Lophorhina, ii. 274
Lophornis, ii. 107
Lophortyx, ii. 339
Lophostrix, ii. 350
LOPHOTIDÆ, ii. 432
Lophotragus, ii. 220
Lophotriorchis, ii. 348
Lophura, ii. 402
Lord Howe's Island, birds of, i. 453
Loricaria, ii. 444
Loriculus, ii. 326
Loris, ii. 176
Lorius, ii. 327
Lota, ii. 439
Loxia, ii. 285
Loxigilla, ii. 285
Loxomylus, Pliocene of Antilles, i. 148 ii. 237
Loxops, ii. 277
Lucania, ii. 450
LUCANIDÆ, ii. 492
Lucanus, ii. 493
Lucia, ii. 477
Lucidella, ii. 522
Lucifuga, ii. 440
LUCINIDÆ, ii. 535
Lucinopsis, ii. 536
LUCIOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 434
Lucioperca, ii. 425
Luciotrutta, ii. 447
Luciosoma, ii. 452
Lund, Dr., his researches in caves of Brazil, i. 143
Lupus, ii. 197
Lurocalis, ii. 320
Luscinia, ii. 259
Lusciniola, ii. 258
Lutra, European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 ii. 199
Lutronectes, ii. 199
Lycæna, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 ii. 196
LYCÆNIDÆ, ii. 477
Lycalopex, i. 197
LYCODIDÆ, ii. 439
Lycodon, ii. 380
LYCODONTIDÆ, ii. 380
Lycophidion, ii. 380
Lycorea, ii. 470
Lygosoma, ii. 397
Lygosomella, ii. 397
Lymanopoda, ii. 471
Lymnas, ii. 476
Lyncornis, ii. 320
Lyncus, ii. 193
Lytorhynchus, ii. 376
Lyre-bird, figure of, i. 441 ii. 298
 M.
Mabouya, ii. 397
Macacus, European Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 Indian Miocene, i. 121 supposed in European Eocene, i. 125 ii. 173 ii. 178
Macaws, ii. 327
Machairodus, i. 110, 111 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 N. American Tertiary, i. 134 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 146 ii. 193
Machetornis, ii. 101
Machærhamphus, ii. 349
Machærirhynchus, ii. 271
Machæropterus, ii. 102
Machetes, ii. 353
Macrauchenia, S. American Pliocene, i. 146
Macrocalamus, ii. 374
Macroceramus, ii. 516
Macrochilus, ii. 491
Macrocyclis, ii. 516
Macrodipteryx, ii. 320
Macrodon, ii. 445
Macroglossa, ii. 482
Macrones, ii. 442
Macronus, ii. 261
Macronyx, ii. 290
MACROPODIDÆ, ii. 250
Macropus, ii. 251
Macropygia, ii. 332
Macrorhamphus, ii. 353
MACROSCELIDIDÆ, ii. 186
Macroscelides, ii. 186
Macrosila, ii. 482
Macrotherium, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 121 ii. 246
Macrotus californicus, ii. 182
MACROURIDÆ, ii. 440
MACTRIDÆ, ii. 443
Madagascar, extinct birds of, i. 164 description of, i. 272 mammalia of, i. 272 birds of, i. 274 reptiles of, i. 279 amphibia of, i. 280 extinct fauna of, i. 282 general remarks on insect fauna of, i. 284
Madeira, birds of, i. 208 land-shells of, i. 208 beetles of, i. 210 wingless insects numerous in, i. 211 how stocked with animals, i. 213
MALACANTHIDÆ, ii. 433
Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, zoological unity of, i. 353 comparison of mammalia, i. 354 of birds, i. 355
Malacocircus, ii. 261
Malacopteron, ii. 261
Malacoptila, ii. 310
Malacorhynchus, ii. 364
Malacothrix, ii. 230
Malagasy sub-region, description of, i. 272 mammalia of, i. 272 birds of, i. 274 illustration of zoology of, i. 278 reptiles of, i. 279 amphibia of, i. 280 extinct fauna of, i. 282, 289 insects of, i. 282 early history of, i. 286
Malapterurus, ii. 443
Malaya and Indo-Malaya, terms defined, i. 345 (note)
Malaya, meaning of term, ii. 261
Malay Archipelago, distribution of butterflies in, ii. 484 distribution of Cicindelidæ in, ii. 487 distribution of Longicorns in, ii. 500
Malayan forms of life reappearing in West Africa, i. 263 fauna, probable origin of, i. 359 resemblances to that of Madagascar and Ceylon explained, i. 361
Malimbus, ii. 286
Mallodon, ii. 501
Mallotus, ii. 447
Malta, Post-Pliocene fauna of, i. 114 formerly joined to Africa, i. 201 fossil elephants of, i. 201 birds of, i. 206 (note)
Malurus, ii. 258
Mammal, the most ancient American, i. 134
Mammalia, means of dispersal of, i. 10 as limited by climate, i. 11 as limited by rivers, i. 12 how far limited by the sea, i. 13 dispersed by ice-floes and drift-wood, i. 14 means of dispersal of aquatic, i. 15 of most importance in determining zoological regions, i. 57 classification of, i. 85 birthplace and migrations of some families of, i. 142, 153 cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176 of the Palæarctic region, i. 181 of the European sub-region, i. 192 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 202 of the Siberian sub-region, i. 217 characteristic of Western Tartary, i. 218 of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 222 Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, i. 222 Oriental genera of, on borders of same sub-region, i. 223 peculiar to Japan, i. 223 characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, i. 226 table of Palæarctic families of, i. 234 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239 of the Ethiopian region, i. 253 absence of certain important groups, i. 253 of the E. African sub-region, i. 260 of W. Africa, i. 262 of S. Africa, i. 267 of Madagascar, i. 272 table of Ethiopian families of, i. 294 table of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300 of the Oriental region, i. 315 range of the genera inhabiting the Indian sub-region, i. 322 of Ceylon, i. 327 of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 330 of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, i. 336 illustration of characteristic Malayan, i. 336 of the Philippine Islands, i. 345 table of Oriental families of, i. 365 table of Oriental genera of, i. 371 of Australian region, i. 390 of the Papuan Islands, i. 410 of the Moluccas, i. 417 of the Timor group, i. 422 of Celebes, i. 427 of Australia, i. 439 illustration of, i. 439 of New Zealand, i. 450 table of families of Australian, i. 470 table of genera of Australian, i. 475 distinctive characters of Neotropical, ii. 6 of S. Temperate America, ii. 36 of Straits of Magellan, ii. 37 of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 52 of the Antilles, ii. 62 table of Neotropical families of, ii. 85 table of Neotropical genera of, ii. 91 of the Nearctic region, ii. 115 of California, ii. 127 of N. American central plains, ii. 129 of E. United States, ii. 132 of Canada, ii. 135 table of Nearctic families of, ii. 140 table of Nearctic genera of, ii. 145
Mammalia, extinct, of Old World, i. 107 extinct, of historic period, i. 110 extinct, comparative age of in Europe, i. 127 extinct, of the New World, i. 129 extinct, of N. America and Europe, compared, i. 141 original birthplace of some families and genera, i. 142, 153 of the secondary period, i. 160
MAMMALIA, summary and conclusion, ii. 540 lines of migration of, ii. 544
Manakins, ii. 102
MANATIDÆ, ii. 210
Manatus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 ii. 210
Manchurian sub-region, description of, i. 220 mammalia of, i. 222 birds of, i. 223 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 227 fresh-water fish of, i. 227 insects of, i. 227 coleoptera of, i. 228
MANIDIDÆ, ii. 245
Manis, ii. 245
Manorhina, ii. 276
Manticora, ii. 487
Manucodia, ii. 274
Mareca, ii. 363
Margaroperdix, ii. 338
Margarops, ii. 256
Margarornis, ii. 103
Marginella, ii. 508
Marine Mollusca, general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 537
Marine shells of the Neotropical region, ii. 20
Marmosets, ii. 175
Marquesas Islands, birds of, i. 443
Marsh, Mr., on improvability of Asiatic and African deserts, i. 200 on camels and goats as destructive to vegetation, i. 200
MARSUPIALIA, ii. 248 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 253
Marsupials, classification of, i. 91 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 European Miocene, i. 121 first migration to America, i. 155 diversified forms of, i. 391 of America prove no connection with Australia, i. 399 list of Australian genera of, i. 476
MARSUPIALIA and MONOTREMATA, summary and conclusion, ii. 543
Martes, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 ii. 198
Mascarene Islands, zoology of, i. 280 extinct fauna of, i. 282 gigantic land-tortoises of, i. 289
Masius, ii. 102
MASTACEMBELIDÆ, ii. 437
Mastodon, European Pliocene, i. 113 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 120 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Indian Miocene, i. 123 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 227, 228
Mauritius, zoology of, i. 280 reptiles of, i. 281
McCoy, Professor, on Palæontology of Victoria, i. 466
Mechanitis, ii. 470
Meda, ii. 452
Mediterranean, recent changes in, i. 39 sub-region, description of, i. 199 mammalia of, i. 202 birds of, i. 203 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 204 fresh-water fish of, i. 205 insects of, i. 205 islands of, i. 206 sea not separating distinct faunas, i. 201
Megabias, ii. 270
Megablabes, ii. 376
Megacephala, ii. 478
Megacephalon, ii. 342
Megacerops, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
Megaderma, ii. 182
Megærophis, ii. 383
Megalæma, ii. 306
MEGALÆMIDÆ, ii. 305
MEGALÆMINÆ, ii. 306
Megalixalus, ii. 419
Megalocnus, fossil in Cuba, i. 148
Megalomastoma, ii. 521
Megalomeryx, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
Megalomma, ii. 487
Megalonyx, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Megalophrys, ii. 421
Megalostoma, Eocene, i. 169
Megalurus, ii. 258
Megalophonus, ii. 289
Megamys, S. American Eocene, i. 148 ii. 238
Meganostoma, ii. 478
MEGAPODIIDÆ, ii. 341
Megapodius, ii. 342
Megaptera, ii. 207
Megarhynchus, ii. 101
Megaspira, European Tertiary, i. 169 ii. 527
Megatheridæ, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
Megatherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 245
Meiornis, ii. 369
Melampitta, ii. 298
Melampus, ii. 519
Melanerpes, ii. 303
Melania, European Secondary, i. 169
MELANIADÆ, ii. 509
Melanitis, ii. 471
Melanochlora, ii. 266
Melanocorypha, ii. 289
Melanophidium, ii. 374
Melanoptila, ii. 256
Melanotis, ii. 256
MELEAGRINÆ, ii. 340
Meleagris, N. American Miocene, i. 163 ii. 340
Meles, ii. 199
Melidectes, ii. 276
Melidora, ii. 316
Melierax, ii. 348
Melinæa, ii. 470
Meliornis, ii. 275
Meliphaga, ii. 275
MELIPHAGIDÆ, ii. 275
Melipotes, ii. 276
Melirrhophetes, ii. 276
Melitæa, ii. 474
Melithreptus, ii. 276
Melittophagus, ii. 312
Melizophilus, ii. 259
Mellisuga, ii. 108
Mellivora, Indian Miocene, i. 121 ii. 199
Melolonthidium, Oolitic insect, i. 167
Melopelia, ii. 333
Melopsittacus, ii. 325
Melopyrrha, ii. 285
Melospiza, ii. 284
Melursus, ii. 202
Menetia, ii. 395
Meniceros, ii. 317
Meniscotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
Menobranchus, ii. 412
Menopoma, ii. 412
MENOPOMIDÆ, ii. 412
Menotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Menura, ii. 298
MENURIDÆ, ii. 298
Mephitis, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 199
Merganetta, ii. 364
Mergulus, ii. 367
Mergus, ii. 364
Meriones, ii. 232 ii. 230
Meristes, ii. 272
Merluccius, ii. 439
Meroe, ii. 536
MEROPIDÆ, ii. 312
Meropiscus, ii. 312
Meropogon, ii. 312
Merops, ii. 312
Merulaxis, ii. 297
Merychus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
Merychippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
Merychochœrus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
Merycodus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 220
Merycopotamus, Indian Miocene, i. 122 ii. 214
Merycotherium, of Siberian drift, i. 112 ii. 217
Mesacodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Mesapia, ii. 479
Mesites, ii. 263
Mesohippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
Mesomys, ii. 239
Mesonauta, ii. 438
Mesonyx, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Mesopithecus, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 ii. 178
Mesoprion, ii. 425
Mesops, ii. 439
Mesosemia, ii. 475
Messalina, ii. 391
Messaras, ii. 474
Metallura, ii. 108
Metapheles, ii. 476
Methonella, ii. 476
Metius, ii. 492
Metopia, ii. 102
Metopiana, ii. 364
Metoponia, ii. 283
Metopothrix, ii. 102
Metriopelia, ii. 333
Mexican sub-region, ii. 51 mammalia of, ii. 52 birds of, ii. 52 reptiles of, ii. 54 amphibia of, ii. 54 fresh-water fish of, ii. 54 insects of, ii. 55 land-shells of, ii. 57 its relations to the N. and S. American continents, ii. 57 islands of, ii. 59
Meyer, Dr. A.B., on reptiles and amphibia of New Guinea, i. 415¨
Micræca, ii. 270
Micracantha, ii. 501
Micrastur, ii. 347
Micrathene, ii. 350
Micrhyla, ii. 414
Microbates, ii. 104
Microcebus, ii. 176
Microcerculus, ii. 264
Microchera, ii. 107
Microglossus, ii. 325
Microhierax, ii. 349
Microlestes, oldest European mammal, i. 160
Micromeryx, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 220
Micropalama, ii. 353
Micropternus, ii. 304
Micropterus, ii. 364
Microscelis, ii. 267
Microstoma, ii. 448
Microsyops, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Microtherium, European Miocene, i. 120
Midas, ii. 176
Middendorf, on extreme northern birds, i. 219
Midea, ii. 478
Miglyptes, ii. 304
Migrating birds, in which region to be placed, i. 185
Migration of animals, i. 10 general phenomena of, i. 18 of birds, i. 19 of birds in Europe, i. 19 probable origin of, i. 22 of birds in India and China, i. 23 of birds in N. America, i. 23 changes in extent of, i. 24 of birds in S. Temperate America, i. 25 general remarks on, i. 25
Miletus, ii. 477
Milvulus, ii. 102, 291
Milvus, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 349
Mimeta, ii. 268
Mimetes, ii. 170
Mimocichla, ii. 256
Mimus, ii. 256
Minla, ii. 266
Miocene fauna of the Old World, i. 114 fauna of Greece, i. 115 fauna of Greece, summary of, i. 116 fauna of Central Europe, i. 117 deposits of Siwalik Hills, i. 121 faunas of Europe and Asia, general observations on, i. 123
Miohippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
Mionectes, ii. 101
Mirafra, ii. 289
Miro, ii. 260
Misgurnus, ii. 453
Mitra, ii. 508
Mitrephorus, ii. 102
Mitua, ii. 343
Mivart, Professor, on classification of primates, i. 86 on classification of insectivora, i. 87 on classification of amphibia, i. 101 of classification of lemurs, ii. 176
Mixornis, ii. 261
Mniotilta, ii. 279
MNIOTILTIDÆ, ii. 278
Mochocus, ii. 443
Mocoa, ii. 397
Moho, ii. 276
Mole-rat of W. Tartary, i. 218
Mole-rats, ii. 231
Moles, almost wholly Palæarctic, i. 181 ii. 190
Mollienesia, ii. 450
Mollusca, means of dispersal of, i. 30 classification of, i. 104 groups selected for study, i. 104
MOLLUSCA, distribution of, ii. 504 range of families of, in time, ii. 538
Moluccas, zoology of, i. 417 birds of, i. 419 reptiles of, i. 420 insects of, i. 420 peculiarities of fauna of, i. 421
Molossus, ii. 184
Molothrus, ii. 282
Molva, ii. 439
MOMOTIDÆ, ii. 313
Momotus, ii. 313
Monachalcyon, ii. 316
Monarcha, ii. 270
Monasa, ii. 311
Monitor, ii. 389
Monkeys on the high Himalayas, i. 12 fossil in N. American Miocene, i. 133 in E. Thibet, i. 222 abundance of in the Oriental region, i. 315
Monoceros, ii. 507
Monodon, ii. 208
MONODONTIDÆ, ii. 208
Monoplocus, ii. 390
Monopterus, ii. 455
Monotremata, classification of, i. 91 list of Australian genera of, i. 477
MONOTREMATA, ii. 253 remarks on the distribution of, ii. 254
Monotrophis, ii. 289
Montacuta, ii. 535
Monticola, ii. 256
Montifringilla, ii. 284
Mörch, Dr., on Panama shells, ii. 20
Morelia, ii. 381
"More-pork" of Australia, figure of, i. 442
Morethria, ii. 395
Mormolyce, ii. 490
MORMYRIDÆ, ii. 448
Mormyrops, ii. 448
Mormyrus, ii. 488
Morococcyx, ii. 309
Morotherium, N. American Pliocene, i. 140
MORPHIDÆ, ii. 472
Morphnus, ii. 348
Morpho, ii. 472
Morunga, ii. 204
Moschus, ii. 219
Motacilla, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 290
MOTACILLIDÆ, ii. 290
Motella, ii. 439
Moths, ii. 481
Motmots, ii. 313
Mound-builders, peculiar Australian birds, i. 393
Moupin, position and zoology of, i. 221
Mouse-deer, ii. 218
Moxostoma, ii. 451
Mugil, ii. 435
MUGILLIDÆ, ii. 435
Mulleria, ii. 534
Mulleripicus, ii. 303
MULLIDÆ, ii. 426
Mullus, ii. 426
Mungos, ii. 195
Munia, ii. 287
MURÆNIDÆ, ii. 456
Murænopsis, ii. 412
Murex, ii. 507
MURICIDÆ, ii. 507
Muridæ, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
MURIDÆ, ii. 229
Murray, Mr. Andrew, on zoological region, i. 60
Mus, ii. 229
Muscardinus, ii. 232
Muscicapa, ii. 270
MUSCICAPIDÆ, ii. 270
Muscicapula, ii. 270
Muscigralla, ii. 101
Muscipipra, ii. 101
Muscisaxicola, ii. 101, 291
Muscitodus, ii. 271
Muscivora, ii. 101
Musophaga, ii. 307
MUSOPHAGIDÆ, ii. 307
Mussels, ii. 533
Mustela, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 S. American Pliocene, i. 146 ii. 198
Mustelidæ, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
MUSTELIDÆ, ii. 198
Mustelus, ii. 460
MYACIDÆ, ii. 536
Myadora, ii. 536
Mycalesis, ii. 471
Mycerobas, ii. 284
Mycetes, ii. 175 ii. 178
Mycetopus, ii. 534
Mydaus, ii. 199
Myiadestes, ii. 260
Myiagra, ii. 271
Myialestes, ii. 271
Myiarchus, ii. 102, 291
Myiobius, ii. 101
Myioceyx, ii. 316
Myiochanes, ii. 102
Myiodioctes, ii. 279
Myiodynastes, ii. 101
Myiophonus, ii. 263
Myiopithecus, ii. 173
Myiotheretes, ii. 100
Myiozetetes, ii. 101
Mylesinus, ii. 445
Myletes, ii. 445
MYLIOBATIDÆ, ii. 463
Myliobatis, ii. 463
Mylodon, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Mylopharodon, ii. 452
Mynes, ii. 474
Myochama, ii. 536
Myodes, ii. 230
Myogale, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 190, 191
Myoictis, ii. 249
Myomorphus, fossil in Cuba, i. 148
Myopotamus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 239
Myospalax, ii. 230
MYOXIDÆ, ii. 232
Myoxus, European Miocene, i. 120 European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 232
Myxomys, ii. 230
Myrina, ii. 477
Myrmeciza, ii. 104
MYRMECOBIIDÆ, ii. 250
Myrmecobius, ii. 250
Myrmecophaga, ii. 247
MYRMECOPHAGIDÆ, ii. 247
Myrmotherula, ii. 104
Myron, ii. 376
Myrtis, ii. 108
Mysarachne, European Miocene, i. 118
Mysops, N. American Eocene, i. 140 ii. 231
Mystacina tuberculata, ii. 184
Mystacoleucus, ii. 452
Mystacornis, ii. 258
Mystromys, ii. 230
MYTILIDÆ, ii. 533
Mytilus, ii. 539
MYXINIDÆ, ii. 464
Myxophagus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
Myxophyes, ii. 420
Myxus, ii. 435
Myzomela, ii. 275
Myzornis, ii. 266
 N.
Nænia, ii. 365
Naja, ii. 383
NANDIDÆ, ii. 433
Nandinia, ii. 195
Nandus, ii. 433
Nanina, ii. 513
Nannophryne, ii. 417
Nannophrys, ii. 421
Nanodes, ii. 327
Nanohyus, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 ii. 215
Nanotragus, ii. 224
Napeogenes, ii. 470
Napothera, ii. 261
Nardoa, ii. 381
Narwhal, ii. 208
Narope, ii. 472
Nasica, ii. 103
Nasiterna, ii. 325
Nasua, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 200
Nathalis, ii. 478
Natica, ii. 539
NATICIDÆ, ii. 508
Nautilus, ii. 539
NATRICINÆ, ii. 375
Nattereria, ii. 417
Nauclerus, ii. 349
Naucrates, ii. 429
Naultinus ii. 400
NAUTILIDÆ, ii. 506
Navicella, ii. 510
Nearctic region, defined, i. 79 subdivisions of, i. 80 distinct from Palæarctic, i. 79 ii. 114 zoological characteristics of, ii. 115 mammalia of, ii. 115 birds of, ii. 116 reptiles of, ii. 119 amphibia of, ii. 120 fresh-water fishes of, ii. 120 summary of vertebrata of, ii. 120 insects of, ii. 122 land and fresh-water shells of, ii. 124 sub-regions of, ii. 125 concluding remarks on, ii. 138 tables of distribution of animals of, ii. 139
Nearctic and Neotropical regions, no decided boundary between, ii. 117
Nebria, ii. 489
Necrornis, European Miocene, i. 161
NECTARINIIDÆ, ii. 276
Nectarinia, ii. 276
Nectarophila, ii. 276
Nectogale, ii. 190
Necydalis, ii. 502
Necyria, ii. 476
Nelicurvius, ii. 286
Nemachilus, ii. 453
Nematogenys, ii. 444
NEMEOBIIDÆ, ii. 475
Nemeobius, ii. 475
NEMORHEDINÆ, ii. 224
Nemorhedus, ii. 224
Nemoricola, ii. 290
Nemosia, ii. 99
Neobatrachus, ii. 420
Neochloe, ii. 280
Neocorys, ii. 290
Neoctantes, ii. 104
Neomeris, ii. 209
Neomorphus, ii. 309
Neophasia, ii. 478
Neophron, ii. 346
Neopipo, ii. 102
Neopus, ii. 348
Neorhynchus, ii. 285
Neosorex, ii. 191
Neotoma, ii. 230
Neotomys, ii. 230
Neotragus, ii. 224
Neotropical region, defined, i. 78 subdivisions of, i. 78 relations of W. African sub-region with, i. 265 description of, ii. 1 zoological features of, ii. 5 birds of, ii. 6, 7 distinctive features of mammalia of, ii. 6 reptiles of, ii. 9 amphibia of, ii. 11 fresh-water fishes of, ii. 12 summary of vertebrates of, ii. 13 insects of, ii. 13 land-shells of, ii. 19 marine shells of, ii. 20 summary of past history of, ii. 80 tables of distribution of animals of, ii. 84
Neotropical sub-regions, ii. 21
Neoziphius, ii. 208
Nephæcetes, ii. 320
Neptis, ii. 474
NERITIDÆ, ii. 510
Neritina, ii. 510
Nerophis, ii. 457
Nesoceleus, ii. 303
Nesocichla, ii. 256
Nesodon, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Nesomys, ii. 230
Nesonetta, ii. 364
Nesopsar, ii. 282
Nessia, ii. 399
Nestor, ii. 329
NESTORIDÆ, ii. 329
Nettapus, ii. 363
Neusterophis, ii. 376
Newberry, Dr., on Cretaceous and Tertiary floras of N. America, ii. 155
Newton, Professor, on position of Menuridæ and Atrichiidæ, i. 95 on birds of Iceland, i. 198 on Neotropical sub-regions, ii. 25 on genus Camptolæmus, ii. 39 on peculiar genera of Nearctic and Neotropical birds, ii. 118 on family Panuridæ, ii. 262
Newtonia, ii. 270
Newts, ii. 413
New Caledonia, birds of, i. 444
New Guinea, zoology of, i. 409 mammalia of, i. 410 birds of, i. 411 peculiarities of its ornithology, i. 413 illustration of ornithology of, i. 414 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 415 insects of, i. 416
New Zealand, objections to making a primary zoological region, i. 62 extinct birds of, i. 164 sub region, description of, i. 449 compared with British Isles, i. 449 mammalia of, i. 451 islets of, i. 453 illustration of ornithology of, i. 455 reptiles of, i. 456 amphibia of, i. 457 fresh-water fish of, i. 457 insects of, i. 458 Longicorns of, i. 458 Myriapoda of, i. 458 land-shells of, i. 459 ancient fauna of, i. 460 origin of fauna of, i. 460 poverty of insects in, i. 462 relations of insect-fauna and flora of, i. 472
Nicator, ii. 272
Nicobar Islands, their zoological relations, i. 332
Nightingale, migration of the, i. 21
Night-jars, ii. 319
Nigidius, ii. 493
Nigrita, ii. 286
Nilaus, ii. 272
Niltava, ii. 270
Ninox, ii. 350
Nisaëtus, ii. 348
Nisoides, ii. 348
Nisoniades, ii. 480
NOCTILIONIDÆ, ii. 184
Nocturnal tree-snakes, ii. 379
Nonnula, ii. 311
Norbea, ii. 397
Norfolk Island, birds of, i. 453
North Africa, zoological relations of, i. 202
North America, remarks on Post-Pliocene, fauna of, i. 130 Post-Pliocene fauna of, partly derived from S. America, i. 131 extinct birds of, i. 163
Northern Hemisphere, zoological importance of, ii. 155
NOTACANTHI, ii. 437
Notaden, ii. 415
Notharctos, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Nothocerus, ii. 344
Nothocrax, ii. 343
Nothoprocta, ii. 344
Nothura, ii. 344
NOTIDANIDÆ, ii. 461
Notiophilus, ii. 489
Notodela, ii. 259
Notoglanis, ii. 443
Notonomus, ii. 490
NOTOPTERIDÆ, ii. 455
Notopholis, ii. 391
Notornis of New Zealand, i. 455
Notornis, ii. 352
Nototherium, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 251
Nototrema, ii. 418
Noturus, ii. 442
Nucifraga, ii. 273
NUCLEO-BRANCHIATA. ii. 531
Nucras, ii. 391
Numenius, ii. 353
NUMIDINÆ, ii. 340
Numida, ii. 340
Nuria, ii. 452
Nuthatches, ii. 265
Nutria, ii. 199
Nyctala, ii. 350
Nyctalatinus, ii. 350
Nyctalemon, ii. 482
Nyctalops, ii. 350
Nyctea, ii. 350
Nyctereutes, ii. 197
Nycteris, ii. 182
Nyctibius, ii. 319
Nycticorax, ii. 359
Nyctidromius, ii. 320
Nyctiornis, ii. 312
Nyctipithecus, ii. 175
Nyctiprogne, ii. 320
Nymphalis, ii. 474
NYMPHALIDÆ, ii. 473
Nymphicus, ii. 325
Nymphidium, ii. 476
 O.
Ochetobius, ii. 452
Ochotherium, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 245
Ochthæca, ii. 100
Ochthodiæta, ii. 100
Octodontidæ, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
OCTODONTIDÆ, ii. 237
Octodon, ii. 238
OCTOPODIDÆ, ii. 505
Ocyalus, ii. 282
Ocydromus, ii. 352
Ocyphaps, ii. 333
Odontochila, ii. 486
Odontolabris, ii. 493
Odontophorus, ii. 339
Odontophrynus, ii. 420
Œdemia, ii. 364
Œdicnemis, ii. 355
Oëdura, ii. 399
Œna, ii. 332
Ogmodon, ii. 383
Ogyris, ii. 477
Oligdon, ii. 375
OLIGODONTIDÆ, ii. 374
Oligosarcus, ii. 445
Olisthopus, ii. 489
Ololygon, ii. 418
Olyra, ii. 442
Omaseus, ii. 489
Ommatophoca, ii. 204
Omolepida, ii. 397
Omostenus, ii. 492
Omphalotropis, ii. 521
Omus, ii. 487
ONCIDIADÆ, ii. 517
Oncidium, ii. 518
Onychodactylus, ii. 413
Onychogale, ii. 195
Onychogalea, ii. 251
Onychognathus, ii. 288
Onchorhynchus, ii. 447
Oncostoma, ii. 101
Ophidia, classification of, i. 99
OPHIDIA, ii. 372 remarks on the general distribution of, ii. 386 fossil, ii. 387
OPHIDIIDÆ, ii. 440
Ophidium, ii. 440
OPHIOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 435
Ophiodes, ii. 397
OPHIOMORIDÆ, ii. 398
Ophiomorus, ii. 398
Ophiophagus, ii. 383
Ophiops, ii. 391
Ophioscincus, ii. 397
Ophisaurus, ii. 392
Ophites, ii. 380
Ophonus, ii. 489
Ophryodera, ii. 487
Ophysia, ii. 209
OPISTHO-BRANCHIATA, ii. 529
OPISTHOCOMI, ii. 345
Opisthocomus, Brazilian caves, i. 164 ii. 345
Opisthodelphys, ii. 418
Opisthostoma, ii. 520
Opisthoporus, ii. 520
Oporornis, ii. 279
Opossum, extinct in European Miocene, i. 121
Opossums, ii. 248
Opsariichthys, ii. 452
Opsiphanes, ii. 472
Orang-utan, ii. 171
Orca, ii. 209
Orcaella, ii. 209
Orchesticus, ii. 99
Orchilus, ii. 101
Oreas, ii. 223
Oreicola, ii. 260
Oreinus, ii. 452
Oreocephalus, ii. 401
Oreocincla, ii. 256
Oreodeira, ii. 401
Oreodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
Oreodontidæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
Oreœca, ii. 271
Oreomanes, ii. 278
Oreonectes, ii. 453
Oreonympha, ii. 108
Oreoperdix, ii. 338
OREOPHASINÆ, ii. 343
Oreophasis, ii. 343
Oreophilus, ii. 356
Oreopyra, ii. 107
Oreortyx, ii. 339
Oreoscoptes, ii. 256
Oreothraupis, ii. 99
Oreotrochilus, ii. 107
Orestias, ii. 450
Oriental region, defined, i. 75 subdivisions of, i. 75 description of, i. 314 zoological features of, i. 315 mammalia of, i. 315 birds of, i. 316 reptiles of, i. 317 amphibia of, i. 317 fresh-water fishes of, i. 318 summary of vertebrata of, i. 318 insects of, i. 318 sub-regions of, i. 321 concluding remarks on, i. 362 tables of distribution of animals of, i. 364
Oriental relations of W. African sub-region, i. 265
Oriental and Palæarctic faunas once identical, i. 362
Oriental and Ethiopian faunas, cause of their resemblances, i. 363
Origma, ii. 260
Oriocalotes, ii. 402
Orioles, ii. 268
ORIOLIDÆ, ii. 268
Oriolus, ii. 268
Orites, ii. 266
Ornithion, ii. 101
ORNITHORHYNCHIDÆ, ii. 253
Ornithorhynchus, ii. 253
Orocætes, ii. 256
Orohippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
Ortalida, ii. 343
Orthagoriscus, ii. 457
Orthalicus, ii. 516
ORTHIDÆ, ii. 532
ORTHOCERATIDÆ, ii. 506
Orthodon, ii. 452
Orthogonius, ii. 491
Orthogonys, ii. 98
Orthonyx, ii. 260
Orthorhynchus, ii. 108
Orthotomus, ii. 257
Ortygometra, ii. 352
Ortygornis, ii. 338
Ortyx, ii. 339
Ortyxelos, ii. 341
ORYCTEROPODIDÆ, ii. 246
Orycteropus, ii. 246
Orycterus, ii. 231
ORYGINÆ, ii. 223
Oryx, ii. 223
Oryzoborus, ii. 285
Oryzorictes, ii. 188
Osmerus, ii. 447
Osphranter, ii. 251
Osteobrama, ii. 453
Osteochilus, ii. 451
Osteogeniosus, ii. 443
OSTEOGLOSSIDÆ, ii. 454
Osteoglossum, ii. 454
Ostinops, ii. 282
OSTREIDÆ, ii. 533
Ostrich, Miocene of N. India, i. 162
Ostriches, ii. 368
Otaria, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 202
OTARIIDÆ, ii. 202
OTIDIDÆ, ii. 356
Otidiphaps, ii. 333
Otilophus, ii. 415, 428
Otis, ii. 356
Otocorys, ii. 289
Otocryptis, ii. 402
Otogyps, ii. 346
Otomys, ii. 230
Otopoma, ii. 521
Ovibos, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 ii. 224, 225
Owl-parrot, ii. 329
Owls, ii. 350
Oxen, birth-place and migrations of, i. 155 Palæarctic, i. 182 ii. 221
OXUDERCIDÆ, ii. 431
Oxyæna, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Oxydoras, ii. 443
Oxyglossus, ii. 421
Oxygomphus, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 186
Oxylabes, ii. 262
Oxymycterus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 230, 231
Oxynotus, ii. 269
Oxypogon, ii. 108
OXYRHAMPHIDÆ, ii. 292
Oxyrhamphus, ii. 292
Oxyrhopus, ii. 379
Oxyurus, ii. 103
Oysters, ii. 533
 P.
Pachybatrachus, ii. 416
Pachycephala, ii. 271
PACHYCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 271
Pachydactylus, ii. 400
Pachyæna, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Pachyglossa, ii. 277
Pachynolophus, European Eocene, i. 126
Pachyrhamphus, ii. 102
Pachyrhynchus, ii. 391
Pachyteles, ii. 490, 492
Pachytherium, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 246
Pachyura, ii. 191
Pæocephalus, ii. 328
Pæcilus, ii. 489
Pagellus, ii. 427
Pagomys, ii. 204
Pagophila, ii. 364
Pagophilus, ii. 204
Paguma, ii. 195
PAICTIDÆ, ii. 298
Palæarctic region, ancient limits of, ii. 157 defined, i. 171 subdivisions of, i. 71 general features of. i. 180 zoological characteristics of, i. 181 has few peculiar families, i. 181 mammalia of, i. 181 birds of, i. 182 high degree of speciality of, i. 184 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 186 fresh-water fish of, i. 186 summary of vertebrata of, i. 186 insects of, i. 186 coleoptera of, i. 187 number of coleoptera of, i. 189 land-shells of, i. 190 sub-regions of, i. 190 general conclusions on the fauna of, i. 231 tables of distribution of animals of, i. 233
Palæacodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Palæetus, European Miocene, i. 162
Palægithalus, European Eocene, i. 162
Palælodus, European Miocene, i. 162
Palæocastor, N. American Tertiary, i. 140 ii. 234
Palæocercus, European Miocene, i. 162
Palæochœrus, European Miocene, i. 119 ii. 215
Palæocyon, ii. 198
Palæohierax, European Miocene, i. 162
Palæolagus, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
Palæolama, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 217
Palæomephitis, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 200
Palæomeryx, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 220
Palæomys, European Miocene, i. 121 ii. 238
Palæontina oolitica, Oolitic insect, i. 167
Palæontology, i. 107 how best studied in its bearing on geographical distribution, i. 168 as an introduction to the study of geographical distribution, concluding remarks on, i. 169
Palæonyctis, European Eocene, i. 125
Palæoperdix, European Miocene, i. 161
Palæophrynus, European Miocene, i. 166
Palæoreas, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
Palæornis, ii. 326
PALÆORNITHIDÆ, ii. 326
Palæonyctis, ii. 196, 206
Palæortyx, European Miocene, i. 161
Palæoryx, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
Palæospalax, i. 111 European Miocene, i. 117 ii. 190
Palæosyops, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
Palæotheridæ, European Eocene, i. 125
Palæotherium, European Eocene, i. 125 S. American Eocene, i. 148
Palæotragus, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
Palæotringa, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164
Palamedea, ii. 361
PALAMEDEIDÆ, ii. 361
Palapterygidæ of New Zealand, i. 164
PALAPTERYGIDÆ, ii. 370
Palapteryx, ii. 370
Palestine, birds of, i. 203
Pallasia, ii. 289
Paloplotherium, European Miocene, i. 119 European Eocene, i. 125
Paludicola, ii. 416
Paludina, Eocene, i. 169 European Secondary, i. 169 ii. 510
PALUDINIDÆ, ii. 510
Pampas, Pliocene deposits of, i. 146
Pamphila, ii. 480
Panda, of Nepaul and E. Thibet, i. 222 Himalayan, figure of, i. 331 ii. 201
Pandion, ii. 349
PANDIONIDÆ, ii. 349
Pangasius, ii. 442
Pangolin, ii. 245
Panolax, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
Panopœa, ii. 536
Panoplites, ii. 107
Panterpe, ii. 109
Panthalops, ii. 223
PANURIDÆ, ii. 262
Panurus, ii. 262
Panychlora, ii. 109
Panyptila, ii. 320
Paper-Nautilus, ii. 505
Paphia, ii. 474
Papilio, ii. 479
PAPILIONIDÆ, ii. 479
Papuan Islands, zoology of, i. 409
Paracanthobrama, ii. 452
Paradigalla, ii. 275
Paradiplomystax, ii. 443
Paradisea, ii. 274
Paradise-bird, twelve-wired, figure of, i. 414
Paradise-birds, ii. 274
PARADISEIDÆ, ii. 274
PARADISEINÆ, ii. 274
Paradoxornis, ii. 262
Paradoxurus, ii. 195
Parahippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
Paralabraz, ii. 425
Paramys, N. American Eocene, i. 140 ii. 236
Parandra, ii. 501
Paraphoxinus, ii. 452
Pardalotus, ii. 277
Pareas, ii. 380
Parodon, ii. 445
Pareudiastes, ii. 352
PARIDÆ, ii. 265
Pariodon, ii. 444
Parisoma, ii. 266
Parmacella, ii. 517
Parmarion, ii. 517
Parmophorus, ii. 511
Parnassius, ii. 479
Paroaria, ii. 284
Parotia, ii. 274
Parra, ii. 355
PARRIDÆ, ii. 354
Parroquet, Papuan, figure of, i. 415
Parrots, classification of, i. 96 ii. 324, 329
Partridges, ii. 338
Partula, ii. 515
Parula, ii. 279
Parus, ii. 265
Pasimachus, ii. 490
Passerculus, ii. 284
Passerella, ii. 284
Passeres, arrangement of, i. 94 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 243 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 306 range of Oriental genera of, i. 375 range of Australian genera of, i. 478
PASSERES, ii. 255 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 299
Passerita, ii. 379
Pastor, ii. 287
Patagona, ii. 108
Patella, ii. 539
PATELLIDÆ, ii. 511
Patriofelis, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Patrobus, ii. 489
Pauxi, ii. 343
Pavo, ii. 340
PAVONINÆ, ii. 340
Paxillus, ii. 520
Pearl-oysters, ii. 533
Pease, Mr. Harper, on Polynesian region of Land-shells, ii. 528
Peccaries, ii. 215
Pectinator, ii. 238
Peculiar groups, geographically, how defined, ii. 184
Pedetes, ii. 232
PEDICULATI, ii. 431
Pediocætes, ii. 339
Pedionomus, ii. 356
PEGASIDÆ, ii. 456
Pelagius, ii. 204
Pelagornis, European Miocene, i. 162
Pelamis, ii. 384
Pelargopsis, ii. 316
Pelea, ii. 224
PELECANIDÆ, ii. 365
Pelecanoides, ii. 365
Pelecanus, ii. 365
Pelecium, ii. 490
Pelecus, ii. 453
Pelicans, ii. 365
Peliperdix, ii. 338
Pellorneum, ii. 261
Pelobates, ii. 417
PELODRYADÆ, ii. 418
Pelodryas, ii. 418
Pelodytes, ii. 421
Pelomedusa, ii. 409
Pelomys, ii. 230
Pelonax, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
Peloperdix, ii. 338
Pelotrophus, ii. 453
Peltaphryne, ii. 415
Peltocephalus, ii. 408
Peltopelor, ii. 385
Peltops, ii. 270
Penelope, ii. 343
Penelopides, ii. 317
Penelopina, ii. 343
PENELOPINÆ, ii. 343
Penetes, ii. 472
Penguins, ii. 366
Pentadactylus, ii. 399
Pentila, ii. 477
Peragalea, ii. 250
Perameles, ii. 250
PERAMELIDÆ, ii. 250
Peratherium, European Miocene, i. 121 European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 249
Perca, ii. 425
Percarina, i. 425
Perchœrus, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 ii. 215
Percilia, ii. 425
Percichthys, ii. 425
PERCIDÆ, ii. 425
Percnostola, ii. 104
PERCOPSIDÆ, ii. 448
Percus, ii. 489
Perdix, ii. 338
Pericallus, ii. 490
Pericrocotus, ii. 268
Peridexia, ii. 487
Perim Island, extinct mammalia of, i. 122 probable southern limit of old Palæarctic land, i. 362 character of fossils of, ii. 157
Periopthalmus, ii. 430
Perisoreus, ii. 273
Perissodactyla, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
Perissoglossa, ii. 279
Peristera, ii. 333
Peristethus, ii. 428
Periwinkle, ii. 510
Pernis, ii. 349
Perodicticus, ii. 176
Perognathus, ii. 233
Peropus, ii. 399
Persia, birds of, i. 204
Petasophora, ii. 108
Petaurista, ii. 252
Petenia, ii. 438
Petrochelidon, ii. 281
Petrodromus, ii. 186
Petrels, ii. 365
Petrœca, ii. 260
Petrogale, ii. 251
Petromys, ii. 239
Petrophassa, ii. 333
Petrorhynchus, ii. 208
Petroscirtes, ii. 431
Peucæa, ii. 284
Pezophaps, ii. 334
Pezoporus, ii. 325
Pfeifferia, ii. 516
Phacellodomus, ii. 103
Phacochœrus, ii. 215
Phænicophaës, ii. 309
Phænicophilus, ii. 99
Phænicothraupis, ii. 98
Phænopepla, ii. 280
Phæochroa, ii. 107
Phæolæma, ii. 107
Phæoptila, ii. 109
Phaëthornis, ii. 107
Phaeton, ii. 365
Phalacrocorax, ii. 365
Phalangers, ii. 251
Phalangista, ii. 252
Phalangistidæ, ii. 251
Phalaropus, ii. 353
Phapitreron, ii. 333
Phaps, ii. 333
Pharomacrus, ii. 314
Phascogale, ii. 249
Phascolarctos, ii. 252
PHASCOLOMYIDÆ, ii. 252
Phascolomys, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
PHASIANIDÆ, ii. 339
PHASIANINÆ, ii. 340
Phasianus, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Post-Pliocene, i. 161 ii. 340
Phasidus, ii. 340
Phatagin, ii. 245
Pheasants, in European Miocene, i. 161 golden, of N. China, i. 226 eared, of Mongolia, i. 226 ii. 339
Phedina, ii. 281
Phelsuma, ii. 400
Phenacodus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
Pheropsophus, ii. 489
Pheucticus, ii. 285
Phibalura, ii. 102
Philagetes, ii. 502
Philemon, ii. 276
Philentoma, ii. 271
Philepitta, ii. 298
Philetærus, ii. 286
Philodryas, ii. 376
Philippine Islands, mammals of, i. 345 birds of, i. 346 origin of peculiar fauna of, i. 448
Philohela, ii. 353
Philomycus, ii. 517
Philydor, ii. 103
PHILYDORINÆ, ii. 295
Phlæomys, ii. 230
Phlæocryptes, ii. 103
Phlogœnas, ii. 333
Phlogophilus, ii. 108
Phlogopsis, ii. 104
Phlogothraupis, ii. 98, 283
Phoca, ii. 204
Phocæna, ii. 209
Phocidæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
PHOCIDÆ, ii. 203
Phodilus, ii. 350
Phœnicocercus, ii. 102, 293
Phœnicophaës, ii. 309
PHŒNICOPTERIDÆ, ii. 361
Phœnicopterus, ii. 361
PHOLADIDÆ, ii. 537
Pholadomya, ii. 536
Pholeoptynx, ii. 350
Pholidotus, ii. 245
Pholidotus, ii. 493
Phonipara, ii. 284
Phorus, ii. 510
Phos, ii. 507
Phractocephalus, ii. 442
Phrygilus, ii. 284
PHRYNISCIDÆ, ii. 414
Phryniscus, ii. 414
Phrynobatrachus, ii. 421
Phrynocephalus, ii. 402
Phrynoglossus, ii. 421
Phrynorhombus, ii. 441
Phrynosoma, ii. 401
Phycis, ii. 439
Phyllastrephus, ii. 267
PHYLLIDIADÆ, ii. 530
Phyllobates, ii. 419
Phyllodactylus, ii. 399
Phyllomedusa, ii. 418
Phyllomyias, ii. 101
Phyllomys, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 239
Phyllornis, ii. 267
PHYLLORNITHIDÆ, ii. 267
Phylloscartes, ii. 101
PHYLLOSCOPINÆ, ii. 257
Phylloscopus, ii. 258
Phyllostomidæ, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
PHYLLOSTOMIDÆ, ii. 181
Phyllurus, ii. 400
PHYLLYRHOIDÆ, ii. 530
Phymaturus, ii. 401
Physa, ii. 518
Physalus, ii. 207
Physeter, European Pliocene, i. 112 ii. 208
Physical changes affecting distribution, i. 7
Physignathus, ii. 402
PHYSOSTOMI, ii. 441
Phytala, ii. 477
Phytotoma, ii. 294
PHYTOTOMIDÆ, ii. 294
Phyton, ii. 502
Piabuca, ii. 445
Piabucina, ii. 445
Piaya, ii. 309
Pica, ii. 273
Picariæ, arrangement of, i. 95 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 247 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 309 range of Oriental genera of, i. 381 range of Australian genera of, i. 482
PICARIÆ, ii. 302 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 322
Picathartes, ii. 274
Picicorvus, ii. 273
PICIDÆ, ii. 302
Picoides, ii. 303
Picolaptes, ii. 103
Picumnus, ii. 303
Picus, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 303
PIERIDÆ, ii. 478
Pieris, ii. 478
Piezia, ii. 491
Pigeons, classification of, i. 96 remarkable development of, in the Australian region, i. 395 crested, of Australia, figure of, i. 441 ii. 331 abundant in islands, ii. 335
Pigs, power of swimming, i. 13
Pikas, ii. 242
Pike, ii. 449
Pikermi, Miocene fauna of, i. 115
Pilchard, ii. 454
Pileoma, ii. 425
Pimelodus, ii. 443
Pimephales, ii. 452
Pinacodera, ii. 490
Pinicola, ii. 285
Pinulia, ii. 191
Pionus, ii. 328
Pipa, ii. 422
PIPIDÆ, ii. 421
Pipile, i. 343
Pipilo, ii. 284
Piping crows, ii. 273
Pipra, ii. 102, 292
Pipreola, ii. 102
PIPRIDÆ, ii. 102
Pipridea, ii. 98
Piprisoma, ii. 277
Piprites, ii. 102, 292
Piramutana, ii. 442
Piratinga, ii. 443
Pirinampus, ii. 443
Pitangus, ii. 101
Pithecia, ii. 175
Pithecopsis, ii. 420
Pithys, ii. 104
Pitta, ii. 298
Pittas, ii. 297
Pittasoma, ii. 104
Pittidæ, abundant in Borneo, i. 355
PITTIDÆ, ii. 297
Pituophis, ii. 375
Pit-vipers, ii. 384
Pitylus, ii. 99
Pityriasis, ii. 273
Plagiodontia, ii. 238
Plagiolophus, European Eocene, i. 126
Plagiotelium, ii. 492
PLAGIOSTOMATA, ii. 460
Planetes, ii. 490
Planorbis, European Secondary, i. 169 Eocene, i. 169 ii. 518
Plantain-eaters, ii. 307
Plant-cutters, ii. 294
Plants, distribution of, probably the same fundamentally as that of animals, ii. 162
Platacanthomys, ii. 230
Platalea, ii. 360
PLATALEIDÆ, ii. 360
Platanista, ii. 209
Platemys, ii. 408
Platurus, ii. 384
Platycercidæ, gorgeously-coloured Australian parrots, i. 394
PLATYCERCIDÆ, ii. 325
Platycercus, ii. 325
Platychile, ii. 487
Platygonus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 ii. 215
Platylophus, ii. 273
Platymantis, ii. 419
Platynematichthys, ii. 442
Platynus, ii. 489
Platypœcilus, ii. 450
PLATYRHYNCHINÆ, ii. 291
Platyrhynchus, ii. 101
Platysaurus, ii. 392
Platysoma, ii. 489
Platystira, ii. 271
Platystoma, ii. 442
Platystomatichthys, ii. 442
Plecoglossus, ii. 447
Plecostomus, ii. 444
Plecotus, ii. 183
PLECTOGNATHI, ii. 457
PLECTROMANTIDÆ, ii. 417
Plectromantis, ii. 417
Plectrophanes, ii. 286
Plectropterus, ii. 363
Plectrotrema, ii. 519
Plecturus, ii. 374
Plesiarctomys, European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 236
Plesiomeryx, European Eocene, i. 126
Plesiosorex, European Miocene, i. 118
Plestiodon, ii. 397
Plethodon, ii. 413
PLEUROBRANCHIDÆ, ii. 530
Pleurodeles, ii. 413
Pleurodema, ii. 420
Pleuronectes, ii. 441
PLEURONECTIDÆ, ii. 440
Pleurostrichus, ii. 392
Pleurotoma, ii. 508
Pleurotomaria, ii. 539
Pliocene period, Old World, mammalia of, i. 112
Pliocene and Post-Pliocene faunas of Europe, general conclusions from, i. 113 of N. America, i. 132 of S. America, i. 146 of Australia, i. 157
Pliohippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
Pliolophus, European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 216
Pliopithecus, European Miocene, i. 117 ii. 178
PLOCEIDÆ, ii. 286
Plocepasser, ii. 286
Ploceus, ii. 286
Plotosus, ii. 441
Plotus, ii. 365
Plovers, ii. 355
Pluvianellus, ii. 356
Pluvianus, ii. 355
PLYCTOLOPHIDÆ, ii. 324
Pnoepyga, ii. 263
Podabrus, ii. 249
Podager, ii. 320
PODARGIDÆ, ii. 318
Podargus, ii. 318
Podica, ii. 352
Podiceps, ii. 367
PODICIPIDÆ, ii. 366
Podilymbus, ii. 367
Podocnemis, ii. 408
Pœbrotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 217
Pœcilia, ii. 450
Pœcilophis, ii. 383
Pœcilothraupis, ii. 98
Poephagus, ii. 222
Poephila, ii. 287
Pogonocichla, ii. 271
POGONORHYNCHINÆ, ii. 306
Pogonorhynchus, ii. 306
Pogonornis, ii. 275
Pogonostoma, ii. 487
Pogonotriccus, ii. 101
Pohlia, ii. 418
Poiana, ii. 195
Polemistria, ii. 107
Polioaëtus, ii. 349
Poliococcyx, ii. 309
Poliohierax, ii. 349
Poliopsitta, ii. 328
Polioptila, ii. 258
Pollanisus, ii. 481
POLYBORINÆ, ii. 347
Polyboroides, ii. 347
Polyborus, ii. 347
Polybothris, ii. 497
POLYCENTRIDÆ, ii. 434
Polycesta, ii. 479
POLYDONTIDÆ, ii. 459
Polyhirma, ii. 491
POLYNEMIDÆ, ii. 429
Polyommatus, ii. 477
Polynesian sub-region, description of, i. 442 birds of, i. 443 reptiles of, i. 447
Polypedates, ii. 419
POLYPEDATIDÆ, ii. 419
Polypi, ii. 505
Polyplectron, ii. 340
Polyprion, ii. 425
POLYPTERIDÆ, ii. 458
Polypterus, ii. 458
Polytelis, ii. 325
Pomacanthus, ii. 427
POMACENTRIDÆ, ii. 437
Pomacentrus, ii. 437
Pomatias, ii. 521
Pomatorhinus, ii. 261
Pomotis, ii. 425
Pompholyx, ii. 518
Pontia, ii. 478
Pontoporia, ii. 209
Poœcetes, ii. 284
Poodytes, ii. 258
Poospiza, ii. 284
Porcupines, ii. 240
Poritia, ii. 477
Porphyrio, ii. 352
Porpoises, ii. 208
Portax, ii. 223
Porzana, ii. 352
Post-Pliocene, mammalia of Europe, i. 110 remains imply changes of physical geography in Europe, i. 111 fauna of N. America, i. 129 fauna of N. America, remarks on, i. 130
Potamides, ii. 509
Potamochœrus, ii. 215
Potamodus, ii. 258
Potamogale of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264
Potamogale, ii. 189
POTAMOGALIDÆ, ii. 189
Potamotherium, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 200
Potto of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264 ii. 176
Pouched Rats, ii. 233
Praotherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
Pratincola, ii. 260
Pratincoles, ii. 355
Presbytes, ii. 171
Prepona, ii. 474
Primates, classification of, i. 86 probable birthplace of, i. 153 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300 range of Oriental genera of, i. 371 range of Australian genera of, i. 475
Primates, European Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 117 Indian Miocene, i. 121 European Eocene, i. 124 N. American Tertiary, i. 132 of Brazilian caves, i. 144
PRIMATES, distribution of, ii. 170-180 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 179 summary and conclusion, ii. 540
Prince's Island, birds of, i. 206
Prinia, ii. 257
Prion, ii. 365
Prioneris, ii. 478
PRIONIDÆ, ii. 498
Prionidium, Oolitic insects, i. 167
Prionirhynchus, ii. 313
Prioniturus, ii. 326
Prionochilus, ii. 277
Prionodontes, ii. 246
Prionops, ii. 272
Prionoteles, ii. 314
PRISTIDÆ, ii. 462
Pristimantis, ii. 419
PRISTIOPHORIDÆ, ii. 462
Pristiphoca, in European Pliocene, i. 112 ii. 204
PRISTIPOMATIDÆ, ii. 426
Pristiurus, ii. 461
Pristonychus, ii. 489
Proboscidea, classification of, i. 90 range of Ethiopian genus, i. 303 range of Oriental genus, i. 374
Proboscidea, European Pliocene, i. 113 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 120 Indian Miocene, i. 122 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary i. 138 of Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 147
PROBOSCIDEA, ii. 227 summary and conclusion, ii. 542
Procamelus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 217
Procapra, ii. 223
Procarduelis, ii. 283
Procellaria, ii. 365
PROCELLARIIDÆ, ii. 365
Procerus, ii. 488 ii. 489
Prochilodus, ii. 445
Prochilus, ii. 202
Procnias, ii. 98
Procris, ii. 481
Procrustes, ii. 488 ii. 489
Proctotretus, ii. 401
Procyon, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 ii. 200
Procyonidæ, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
PROCYONIDÆ, ii. 200
PRODUCTIDÆ, ii. 532
Progne, ii. 281
Promecoderus, ii. 490
Promephitis, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 200
Promerops of East Africa, figure of, i. 261
Promerops, ii. 276
Pronophilia, ii. 471
Propalæotherium, European Eocene, i. 126
Proparus, ii. 266
Propyrrhula, ii. 285
Prorastomus, ii. 211
Proserpina, ii. 527
PROSOBRANCHIATA, ii. 507
Prosthemadera, ii. 275
PROTEIDÆ, ii. 412
Proteles, ii. 196
PROTELIDÆ, ii. 196
Protemnodon, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 251
Proteus, ii. 412
Prothoe, ii. 474
Protohippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
Protomeryx, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 217
Protonopsis, ii. 412
Protonotaria, ii. 279
Protopithecus, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 178
Protopterus, ii. 458
Protornis, European Eocene, i. 162
Prototomus, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Prototroctes, ii. 446
Psalidoprogne, ii. 281
Psaltria, ii. 266
Psaltriparus, ii. 266
Psammodromus, ii. 391
Psammodynastes, ii. 377
Psammomys, ii. 230
PSAMMOPHIDÆ, ii. 377
Psammophis, ii. 377
Psammosaurus, ii. 389
Psarisomus, ii. 295
Psephotus, ii. 325
Pseudacris, ii. 418
Pseudælurus, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 194
Pseudalopex, ii. 197
Pseudecheneis, ii. 444
Pseudechis, ii. 383
Pseudeutropius, ii. 442
Pseudis, ii. 420
Pseudobagrus, ii. 442
Pseudobias, ii. 270
Pseudobufo, ii. 415
Pseudochalceus, ii. 445
Pseudochelidon, ii. 312
Pseudocolaptes, ii. 103
Pseudocordylus, ii. 392
Pseudocyon, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 198
Pseudodipsas, ii. 477
Pseudogobio, ii. 452
Pseudogryphis, ii. 346
Pseudogyps, ii. 346
Pseudohage, ii. 383
Pseudolabuca, ii. 453
Pseudoleistes, ii. 282
Pseudomorpha, ii. 490
Pseudomys, ii. 230
Pseudonaje, ii. 383
Pseudoperilampus, ii. 452
PSEUDOPHIDIA, ii. 411
Pseudophryne, ii. 414
Pseudopontia, ii. 478
Pseudopus, ii. 392
Pseudorasbora, ii. 452
Pseudorca, ii. 209
Pseudoscops, ii. 350
Pseudoxiphophorus, ii. 450
Psilopogon, ii. 306
Psiloptera, ii. 497
Psilorhamphus, ii. 104
Psilorhinus, ii. 273
Psilorhynchus, ii. 453
Psittaci, classification of, i. 96 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 311 range of Oriental genera of, i. 383 range of Australian genera of, i. 484
PSITTACI, ii. 324 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 329
PSITTACIDÆ, ii. 328
Psittacula, ii. 328
Psittacus, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 328
Psittinus, ii. 326
Psittirostra, ii. 277
Psittospiza, ii. 99
Psophia, ii. 358
PSOPHIIDÆ, ii. 358
Psophodes, ii. 262
PSYCHROLUTIDÆ, ii. 436
Pterocles, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 337
PTEROCLIDÆ, ii. 337
Pterocyclos, ii. 520
Pterodon, European Miocene, i. 125
Pteroglossus, ii. 307
Pteromys, ii. 235
Pteromyzon, ii. 463
PTEROMYZONTIDÆ, ii. 463
Pteronura, ii. 199
Pterophanes, ii. 108
Pterophyllum, ii. 439
PTEROPIDÆ, ii. 181
PTEROPODA, ii. 531
Pteropodocys, ii. 269
PTEROPTOCHIDÆ, ii. 297
Pteroptochus, ii. 297
Pterorhinus, ii. 261
Pterosarion, ii. 452
Pterostichus, ii. 489
Pteruthius, ii. 266
Pterygophlichthys, ii. 444
Ptilocerus, ii. 186
Ptilochloris, ii. 102, 293
Ptilogonys, ii. 280
Ptilonorhynchus, ii. 275
Ptilopachus, ii. 338
Ptilopus, ii. 332
Ptilorhis, ii. 275
Ptilostomus, ii. 273
Ptilotis, ii. 275
Ptosima, ii. 497
Ptyas, ii. 375
Ptychobarbus, ii. 452
Ptyonotus, ii. 428
Pucrasia, ii. 340
Puff-birds, ii. 310
Puffins, ii. 367
Puffinus, ii. 365
PULMONIFERA, ii. 512
Pulsatrix, ii. 350
Puncturella, ii. 511
Pupa, Eocene, i. 169
Pupa vetusta, Palæozoic, i. 169
Pupa, ii. 514
Pupina, ii. 520
Pupinella, ii. 520
Putorius, ii. 198
PYCNONOTIDÆ, ii. 267
Pycnonotus, ii. 267
Pycnophrys, ii. 270
Pyctorhis, ii. 261
Pygarrhicus, ii. 103
Pygmornis, ii. 107
Pygomeles, ii. 397
PYGOPODIDÆ, ii. 395
Pygoptila, ii. 104
Pygopus, ii. 395
PYRAMIDELLIDÆ, ii. 509
Pyrameis, ii. 474
Pyranga, ii. 98
Pyrenestes, ii. 286
Pyrgisoma, ii. 284
Pyrgita, ii. 284
Pyriglena, ii. 104
Pyrocephalus, ii. 101, 291
Pyroderus, ii. 103
Pyromelana, ii. 286
Pyrophthalma, ii. 259
Pyrrhocoma, ii. 99
Pyrrhospiza, ii. 285
Pyrrhula, ii. 285
Pyrrhulauda, ii. 289
Pyrrhulina, ii. 445
Pyrrhulopsis, ii. 325
Pyrrhuloxia, ii. 285
Pyrrhura, ii. 328
Pytelia, ii. 287
Python, ii. 381
Pythonidæ, European Miocene, i. 165
PYTHONIDÆ, ii. 381
Pythonodipsas, ii. 379
Pythonopsis, ii. 376
Pythons, ii. 381
Pyxicephalus, ii. 420
Pyxis, ii. 408
 Q.
Quadrumana, fossil, ii. 178
Quail-snipes, ii. 354
Querquedula, ii. 363
Querula, ii. 102
Quiscalus, ii. 282
 R.
Rachis, ii. 524
Racoon-dog of N. China, i. 226
Racoons, ii. 200
Raia, ii. 462
RAIIDÆ, ii. 462
Rails, ii. 351
RALLIDÆ, ii. 351
Rallina, ii. 352
Rallus, ii. 352
Rana, European Miocene, i. 166 ii. 420
Raniceps, ii. 439
RANIDÆ, ii. 420
Ranodon, ii. 413
Rappia, ii. 419
Rasbora, ii. 452
Rasborichthys, ii. 453
Rattle-snakes, ii. 384
Rays, ii. 462
Realia, ii. 521
Rectes, ii. 272
Recurvirostra, ii. 353
Regalecus, ii. 432
Region, the best term for the primary zoological divisions, i. 68 Arctic, why not adopted, i. 69 Palæarctic, defined, i. 71 Palæarctic, subdivisions of, i. 71 Ethiopian, defined, i. 73 Ethiopian, subdivisions of, i. 73 Oriental, defined, i. 75 Oriental, subdivisions of, i. 75 Australian, defined, i. 77 Australian, subdivisions of, i. 77 Neotropical, defined, i. 78 Neotropical, subdivisions of, i. 78 Nearctic, defined, i. 79 Nearctic, distinct from Palæarctic, i. 79 Nearctic, subdivisions of, i. 80
Regions, zoological, i. 50 zoological, how they should be formed, i. 53 zoological, may be defined by negative or positive characters, i. 54 zoological, by what class of animals best determined, i. 56 for each class of animals, not advisable, i. 58 zoological, proposed since 1857, i. 58 zoological, Mr. Sclater's, i. 59 zoological, discussion of those proposed by various authors, i. 61 zoological, proportionate richness of, i. 64 temperate and tropical, well marked in northern hemisphere, i. 65 and zones, table of, i. 66 comparative richness of, i. 81 and sub-regions, table of, i. 81 order of succession of the, i. 173
Registoma, ii. 521
Reguloides, ii. 258
Regulus, ii. 258
Reinwardtænas, ii. 333
Reinwardtipicus, ii. 303
Reithrodon, ii. 230
Representative species, i. 4
Reptiles, means of dispersal of, i. 28 classification of, i. 98 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 of Indian Miocene deposits, i. 123 extinct Tertiary, i. 165 cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176 peculiar to Palæarctic region, i. 186 of Central Europe, i. 195 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 204 of the Siberian sub-region, i. 220 of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 227 table of Palæarctic families of, i. 236 of the Ethiopian region, i. 254 of the E. African sub-region, i. 260 of W. Africa, i. 264 S. African, i. 268 of Madagascar, i. 279 table of Ethiopian families of, i. 297 of the Oriental region, i. 317 of the Indian sub-region, i. 326 of Ceylon, i. 327 of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 331 of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 340 table of Oriental families of, i. 368 of the Australian region, i. 396 of New Guinea, i. 415 of the Moluccas, i. 420 of the Polynesian sub-region, i. 447 of New Zealand, i. 456 table of Australian families of, i. 472 Neotropical, ii. 9 of S. Temperate America, ii. 40 of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 54 of the Antilles, ii. 72 table of Neotropical families of, ii. 88 of the Nearctic region, ii. 119 of California, ii. 128 of Central N. America, ii. 131 of Eastern United States, ii. 133 of Canada, ii. 137 table of Nearctic families of, ii. 142 summary and conclusion, ii. 547
REPTILIA, ii. 372
Retropinna, ii. 447
Revillagigedo Islands, zoology of, ii. 60
Rhabdornis, ii. 265
Rhabdosoma, ii. 374
RACHIODONTIDÆ, ii. 377
Rhacophorus, ii. 419
Rhamnophis, ii. 376
RHAMPHASTIDÆ, ii. 306
Rhamphastos, ii. 307
Rhamphichthys, ii. 455
Rhamphocænus, ii. 104
Rhamphococcyx, ii. 309
Rhamphocinclus, ii. 256
Rhamphocœlus, ii. 98
Rhamphomicron, ii. 108
Rhaphaulus, ii. 520
Rhea, in Brazilian caves, i. 164 ii. 368
Rhinaster, ii. 213
Rhinatrema, ii. 411
Rhinechis, ii. 376
Rhinelepis, ii. 444
Rhinichthys, ii. 452
RHINIDÆ, ii. 462
RHINOBATIDÆ, ii. 462
Rhinoceros, Post-Pliocene, i. 112 European Pliocene, i. 113 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 Indian Miocene, i. 122 fossil remains of, at 16,000 feet elevation in Thibet, i. 122 fossil in N. China, i. 123 N. American Tertiary, i. 136 ii. 213
Rhinoceros-hornbill, figure of, i. 339
Rhinocerotidæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
RHINOCEROTIDÆ, ii. 213
RHINOCHETIDÆ, ii. 359
Rhinochetus, ii. 359
Rhinococcyx, ii. 309
Rhinocrypta, ii. 297
Rhinoderma, ii. 416
RHINODONTIDÆ, ii. 461
Rhinodoras, ii. 443
Rhinogale, ii. 195
Rhinoglanis, ii. 443
RHINOLOPHIDÆ, ii. 182
Rhinolophus, ii. 183
Rhinophis, ii. 374
RHINOPHRYNIDÆ, ii. 414
Rhinophrynus, ii. 414
Rhinoplax, ii. 317
Rhinopoma, ii. 183
Rhinortha, ii. 309
Rhipidura, ii. 271
Rhizomys, ii. 231
Rhodeus, ii. 452
Rhodinocincla, ii. 256
Rhodona, ii. 397
Rhodopis, ii. 108
Rhodostethia, ii. 364
Rhombomys, ii. 230
Rhombus, ii. 441
Rhopodytes, ii. 309
Rhopoterpe, ii. 104
Rhynchæa, ii. 353
RHYNCHOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 405
RHYNCHOCEPHALINA, ii. 405
Rhynchocyon, ii. 186
Rhynchocyclus, ii. 101
Rhynchonella, ii. 539
RHYNCHONELLIDÆ, ii. 532
Rhynchops, ii. 365
Rhynchopsitta, ii. 328
Rhynchotus, ii. 344
Rhytina, ii. 210, 211
Rhytiodus, ii. 445
Ricinula, ii. 507
Rimator, ii. 263
Rimula, ii. 511
Rissa, ii. 364
Rissoa, ii. 510
Rita, ii. 442
River-hog, of West Africa, figure of, i. 264 of Madagascar, figure of, i. 278
Rivers, limiting the range of mammalia, i. 12 limiting the range of birds, i. 17
River-scene in West Africa, i. 264
River-snails, ii. 510
Rivulus, ii. 450
Rock-snakes, ii. 381
Rocky mountain sub-region, ii. 129 mammalia of, ii. 129 birds of, ii. 130 reptiles, amphibia, and fishes of, ii. 130
Rodentia, classification of, i. 90 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 242 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 304 range of Oriental genera of, i. 374 range of Australian genera of, i. 476
Rodentia, European Pliocene, i. 113 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 120 European Eocene, i. 126 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 139 of Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 of S. American Eocene, i. 148
RODENTIA, ii. 229
Rodentia, general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 243
Rodentia, summary and conclusion, ii. 543
Rohteichthys, ii. 452
Rollers, ii. 311
Rollulus, ii. 339
Romaleosoma, ii. 474
Rose-chafers, ii. 494
Rostrhamus, ii. 349
Rough-tailed burrowing snakes, ii. 374
Ruff, figure of, i. 195
Rupicapra, ii. 224, 225
RUPICAPRINÆ, ii. 224
Rupicola, ii. 102, 293
RUPICOLINÆ, ii. 293
Ruticilla, ii. 259
RUTICILLINÆ, ii. 257
 S.
Saccobranchus, ii. 441
Saccodon, ii. 445
SACCOMYIDÆ, ii. 233
Saccomys, ii. 233
Saccostomus, ii. 230
Sagda, ii. 516
Sahara, a debatable land, i. 251
Saiga, antelope of W. Tartary, i. 218
Saiga, ii. 223
Saimiris, ii. 175
Sakis, ii. 175
Salamandra, ii. 413
SALAMANDRIDÆ, ii. 413
Salamandrina, ii. 413
Salarix, ii. 448
Salminus, ii. 445
Salmo, ii. 447
SALMONIDÆ, ii. 447
Salpinctes, ii. 264
Salpornis, ii. 264
Saltator, ii. 99
Salvin, Mr., on birds of Galapagos, ii. 30
Sambus, ii. 496
Samoa Islands, birds of, i. 443
Sand-grouse, Pallas', of Mongolia, i. 226 ii. 337
Sand-lizards, ii. 398
Sandpipers, ii. 353
Sandwich Islands, birds of, i. 445 probable past history of, i. 446 mountain plants of, i. 446 depth of ocean around, i. 447
Sanzinia, ii. 381
Saperda, ii. 501
Sapphironia, ii. 109
Sarcodaces, ii. 445
Sarcophilus, ii. 249
SARCORHAMPHINÆ, ii. 346
Sarcorhamphus, ii. 346
Sargus, ii. 427
Sarkidiornis, ii. 363
Saroglossa, ii. 288
Sarotherodon, ii. 438
Sasia, ii. 303
Satanoperca, ii. 439
SATYRIDÆ, ii. 471
Satyrites Reynesii, European Cretaceous insect, i. 167
Satyrus, ii. 471
Saucerottia, ii. 109
Saunders, Mr. Edward, on the Buprestidæ of Japan, i. 229
Saurocetes, ii. 210
Saurophis, ii. 392
Saurothera, ii. 309
Saxicola, ii. 260
Saxicolinæ, ii. 257
Sayornis, ii. 100, 291
Scallops, ii. 533
Scalops, ii. 190
Scapanus, ii. 190
Scaphiopus, ii. 417
Scaphirhynchus, ii. 459
Scaptochirus, ii. 190
Scaptonyx, ii. 190
Scaraphites, ii. 490
Scardafella, ii. 333
Scarites, ii. 489
Scelidotherium, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 245
Scelodontis, ii. 490
Sceloporus, ii. 401
Scelotes, ii. 398
Schacra, ii. 452
Schasicheila, ii. 522
Schiffornis, ii. 102
Schilbe, ii. 442
Schilbichthys, ii. 442
Schismaderma, ii. 415
Schistes, ii. 108
Schistopleurum, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Schizodon, ii. 238
Schizogenius, ii. 490
Schizopygopsis, ii. 452
Schizorhina, ii. 494
Schizorhis, ii. 307
Schizothorax, ii. 452
Schœnionta, ii. 502
Schweinfurth, Dr., on natural history of Central Africa, i. 252 on limits of W. African sub-region, i. 262 (note)
Sciades, ii. 443
Sciæna, ii. 428
SCIÆNIDÆ, ii. 428
SCINCIDÆ, ii. 396
Scincus, ii. 397
Scinks, ii. 396
Scissirostrum, ii. 288
Scissor, ii. 445
Sciuravus, N. American Eocene, i. 140
Sciuravus, ii. 236
SCIURIDÆ, ii. 234
Sciuropterus, ii. 235
Sciurus, European Miocene, i. 120 European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 235, 236
Sclater, Mr., on zoological regions, i. 59 why his six regions are adopted, i. 63 on birds of Sandwich Islands, i. 445 on systematic position of Certhidea, ii. 31
Sclater and Salvin, Messrs., on Neotropical sub-regions, ii. 25
SCLERODERMI, ii. 457
Sclerognathus, ii. 451
SCLERURINÆ, ii. 295
Sclerurus, ii. 103
Scolecophagus, ii. 282
SCOLOPACIDÆ, ii. 353
Scolopax, ii. 353
Scomber, ii. 429
SCOMBRESOCIDÆ, ii. 449
Scombresox, ii. 449
SCOMBRIDÆ, ii. 429
SCOPELIDÆ, ii. 446
Scops, ii. 350
Scopus, ii. 360
Scortornis, ii. 320
Scotopelia, ii. 350
Scotophilus, ii. 183
Scrapteira, ii. 391
Screamers, ii. 361
Scrub-birds, ii. 299
SCYLLIDÆ, ii. 461
Scyllium, ii. 461
Scytale, ii. 379
SCYTALIDÆ, ii. 379
Scytalopus, ii. 297
Scythrops, ii. 310
Sea, as a barrier to mammalia, i. 13
Sea-devils, ii. 463
Seals, fossil in European Miocene, i. 118 of Lake Baikal, i. 218 ii. 203
Sea-pens, ii. 505
Sea-snails, ii. 508
Sea-snakes, ii. 384
Sebastes, ii. 428
Secondary formations, mammalian remains in, i. 169
Secretary bird, of Africa, figure of, i. 261 ii. 346
Seemann, Dr., on protective resemblance of sloths, ii. 24
Seisura, ii. 270
Selache, ii. 460
Selasphorus, ii. 108
Selenidera, ii. 307
Selenophorus, ii. 490
Seleucides, ii. 275
Semioptera, ii. 275
Semiplotus, ii. 452
SEMNOPITHECIDÆ, ii. 171
Semnopithecus, European Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 117 Indian Miocene, i. 121 ii. 171 ii. 178
Semper, Dr., on Philippine mammalia, i. 345
Senira, ii. 397
SEPIADÆ, ii. 505
SEPIDÆ, ii. 398
Seps, ii. 398
Sepsina, ii. 398
Sericinus, ii. 479
Sericornis, ii. 258
Sericulus, ii. 275
Serilophus, ii. 295
SERPENTARIIDÆ, ii. 346
Serpentarius, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 346
Serphophaga, ii. 101
Serranus, ii. 425
Serrasalmo, ii. 445
Sesia, ii. 482
Setophaga, ii. 279
Setornis, ii. 267
Seychelle Islands, zoology of, i. 281 amphibia of, i. 281
Shad, ii. 454
Sharks, ii. 460
Sharp, Dr., on Japan beetles, i. 229
Sharpe, Mr. R. B., his arrangement of Accipitres, i. 97 on birds of Cape Verd Islands, i. 215 on classification of Cuckoos, ii. 309
Sheath-bills, ii. 354
Sheep, Palæarctic, i. 182 ii. 221
Short-tailed burrowing snakes, ii. 373
Shrikes, ii. 272
Sialia, ii. 260
Siamanga, ii. 171
Siaphos, ii. 397
Siberia, climate of, i. 217
Siberian sub-region, description of, i. 216 mammalia of, i. 217 birds of, i. 219 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 220 insects of, i. 220
Sibia, ii. 262
Siderone, ii. 474
Sieboldia, ii. 412
Sigmodon, ii. 230
Silondia, ii. 442
Silphomorpha, ii. 490
Silubosaurus, ii. 397
Siluranodon, ii. 442
Silurichthys, ii. 441
SILURIDÆ, ii. 441
Silurus, ii. 441
Silybura, ii. 374
Simenia, ii. 197
Simia, ii. 171
SIMIIDÆ, ii. 170
Simocephalus, ii. 380
Simocyon, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 ii. 198
Simorhynchus, ii. 367
Simotes, ii. 375
Simpulopsis, ii. 516
Sinopa, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Siphia, ii. 270
Siphneus, ii. 230
Siphonopsis, ii. 411
Siphonorhis, ii. 320
Siphonostoma, ii. 457
Siren, ii. 411
Sirenia, classification of, i. 89 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 303 range of Oriental genus, i. 374 range of Australian genus of, i. 476
Sirenia, European Pliocene, i. 112 European Miocene, i. 119
SIRENIA, ii. 210
SIRENIDÆ, ii. 411
SIRENOIDEI, ii. 458
Sirystes, ii. 101
Sisor, ii. 444
Sitana, ii. 402
Sitta, ii. 265
Sittasomus, ii. 103
Sittella, ii. 265
SITTIDÆ, ii. 265
Siurus, ii. 279
Siva, ii. 266
Sivatherium, Indian Miocene, i. 122 ii. 226
Siwalik Hills, Miocene deposits of, i. 121
Skenea, ii. 510
Sloths, ii. 244
Slugs, ii. 517
Smaragdochrysis, ii. 109
Smerinthus, ii. 483
Smiliogaster, ii. 453
Sminthus, ii. 230
Smith, Mr. Frederick, on Hymenoptera of Japan, i. 230
Smithornis, ii. 270
Smutsia, ii. 245
Snails, ii. 512
Snake, at great elevation in Himalayas, i. 220
Snakes, classification of, i. 99 Eocene, i. 165 large proportion of venomous species in Australia, i. 396 of New Zealand, i. 457 distribution and lines of migration of, ii. 547
Snipes, ii. 353
Society Islands, birds of, i. 443
Socorro, zoology of, ii. 60
Soft-tortoises, ii. 409
Solarium, ii. 510
Solea, ii. 441
SOLENIDÆ, ii. 536
Solenodon, ii. 188
SOLENOSTOMIDÆ, ii. 456
Solitaire, ii. 334
Somateria, ii. 364
Soricictis, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 196
Soricidæ, European Miocene, i. 118
SORICIDÆ, ii. 191
Soridia, ii. 397
Sorubim, ii. 442
Sotalia, ii. 209
South African sub-region, description of, i. 266 mammalia of, i. 267 birds of, i. 267 reptiles of, i. 268 amphibia of, i. 268 fresh-water fish of, i. 268 butterflies of, i. 268 coleoptera of, i. 268 summary of its zoology, i. 269
South America, fossil fauna of, i. 143 Pliocene deposits of, i. 146 supposed land connection with Australia, i. 398
South America and Africa, parallelism of their past zoological history, ii. 83
South Australia, peculiar birds of, i. 441
SPALACIDÆ, ii. 231
Spalacomys, ii. 230
Spalacopus, ii. 238
Spalax, ii. 231
Sparganura, ii. 108
SPARIDÆ, ii. 426
Spatula, ii. 364
Species, representative, i. 4
Spelerpes, ii. 413
Speothos, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
Spermestes, ii. 287
Spermophila, ii. 285
Spermophilus, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 235, 236
Spermospiza, ii. 286
Sperm Whales, ii. 207
Sphærocephalus, ii. 209
Sphærodactylus, ii. 400
Sphæroderus, ii. 490
Sphallomorpha, ii. 490
Sphecotheres, ii. 268
Sphenæacus, ii. 258
SPHENISCIDÆ, ii. 366
Spheniscus, ii. 366
Sphenocephalus, ii. 398
Sphenodon, in Brazilian caves, i. 115 ii. 245
Sphenognathus, ii. 493
Sphenoproctus, ii. 107
Sphenops, ii. 398
Sphenostoma, ii. 266
Sphenura, ii. 258
SPHINGIDÆ, ii. 482
Sphingidea, distribution of, ii. 483
SPHINGINA, ii. 481
Sphingnotus, ii. 501
Sphinx, in European Oolite, i. 167 ii. 482
Sphinx Moths, ii. 482
Sphyrapicus, ii. 303
SPHYRENIDÆ, ii. 429
Spider monkeys, ii. 174
Spilornis, ii. 348
Spilotes, ii. 376
SPINACIDÆ, ii. 461
Spindalis, ii. 98, 284
Spiraxis, ii. 515
SPIRIFERIDÆ, ii. 532
SPIRULIDÆ, ii. 505
Spizaëtus, ii. 348
Spizella, ii. 284
Spiziapteryx, ii. 349
Spiziastur, ii. 348
Spodiornis, ii. 285
Sponsor, ii. 497
Spoonbills, ii. 360
Sporadinus, ii. 109
Sporopipes, ii. 286
Sprat, ii. 454
Spreo, ii. 288
Squalodon, ii. 210
Squaliobarbus, ii. 452
SQUAMIPENNES, ii. 427
Squatarola, ii. 356
Squirrel monkeys, ii. 175
Squirrels, ii. 234
St. Helena, zoological features of, i. 269 coleoptera of, i. 270 landshells of, i. 271
St. Thomas's Island, birds of, i. 266
Stachyris, ii. 261
Stactolæma, ii. 306
Stag-beetles, ii. 492
Stalagmosoma, ii. 495
Starlings, ii. 287
Starnœnas, ii. 33
Stations, definition of, i. 4
Staurotypus, ii. 408
Steatomys, ii. 230
Steatornis, ii. 319
STEATORNITHIDÆ, ii. 319
Steganura, ii. 108
Stegnolæma, ii. 343
Stegophilus, ii. 444
Stelgidopteryx, ii. 281
Stellio, ii. 402
Stellula, ii. 108
Steneofiber, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 234
Steno, ii. 209
Stenodactylus, ii. 400
Stenogyra, ii. 515
Stenopsis, ii. 320
Stenopus, ii. 516
Stenorhina, ii. 375
Stenorhynchus, ii. 204 ii. 421
Stephanophorus, ii. 98
Stercorarius, ii. 304
Sterna, ii. 364
Sternarchus, ii. 455
Sternocera, ii. 496
Sternoclyta, ii. 107
STERNOPTYCHIDÆ, ii. 446
Sternopygus, ii. 455
Sternotheres, ii. 408
Steropus, ii. 489
Stesilea, ii. 501
Stethodesma, ii. 495
Sthenurus, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 251
Stichæus, ii. 431
Sticklebacks, ii. 424
Stigmatura, ii. 101
Stigmodera, ii. 496
STOMIATIDÆ, ii. 447
Storks, ii. 360
Strabomantis, ii. 419
Straits of Magellan, mammalia of, ii. 37 birds of, ii. 39
Strepera, ii. 273
Strepsilas, ii. 356
Streptaulus, ii. 520
Streptaxis, ii. 515
Streptocerus, ii. 493
Streptocitta, ii. 274
Streptophorus, ii. 374
STRIGIDÆ, ii. 350
Stringops, ii. 329
STRINGOPIDÆ, ii. 329
Strix, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 350
STROMBIDÆ, ii. 507
Struthio, ii. 368
Struthiones, arrangement of, i. 98 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 313 range of Australian genera of, i. 485
STRUTHIONES, ii. 368 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 370
STRUTHIONIDÆ, ii. 368
Struthious birds, probable origin of, i. 287
Sturgeons, ii. 459
Sturnella, ii. 282
Sturnia, ii. 287
STURNIDÆ, ii. 287
Sturnopastor, ii. 287
Sturnus, ii. 287
STYGIIDÆ, ii. 482
Stygogenes, ii. 444
Stylinodontia, N. American Eocene, i. 139
Stylinodontidæ, N. American Eocene, i. 139
Styporhynchus, ii. 376
Sublegatus, ii. 101
Sub-regions, on what principle formed, i. 180 Palæarctic, i. 191 Ethiopian, i. 258 Oriental, i. 321 Australian, i. 408 Neotropical, ii. 21 Nearctic, ii. 125
Succinea, ii. 515
Sugar-birds, ii. 278
Suidæ, European Miocene, i. 119
SUIDÆ, ii. 214
Sula Islands, fauna of, i. 433
Sula, ii. 365
Summary of relations of regions, ii. 155
Sun-birds, ii. 276
Sun-bitterns, ii. 358
Suricata, ii. 195
Surnia, ii. 350
Surniculus, ii. 310
Sus, European Pliocene, i. 113 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 119 Indian Miocene, i. 122 ii. 215
Suthora, ii. 262
Suya, ii. 258
Swallows, ii. 281
Swallow-shrikes, ii. 288
Swifts, ii. 320
Swine, ii. 214
Swinhoe, Mr., on zoology of Formosa and Hainan, i. 332
Sycalis, ii. 284
Sylvia, ii. 259
Sylvietta, ii. 264
SYLVIIDÆ, ii. 256
SYLVIINÆ, ii. 257
Sylviorthorhynchus, ii. 103
Sylviparus, ii. 266
Syma, ii. 316
Symborodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
SYMBRANCHIDÆ, ii. 455
Symbranchus, ii. 455
Symmachia, ii. 476
Symmorphus, ii. 269
Symphædra, ii. 474
Symphysodon, ii. 439
Symplectes, ii. 286
SYNALLAXINÆ, ii. 295
Synallaxis, ii. 103
Synaphodus, European Miocene, i. 119
Synaptura, ii. 441
Synchloe, ii. 474
Syndesus, ii. 493
Synemon, ii. 481
Syngnathus, ii. 457
SYNGNATHIDÆ, ii. 457
Synodontis, ii. 443
Synoplotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Syntomis, ii. 481
Syrnium, ii. 350
Syrrhaptes, ii. 337
Sysopygis, ii. 101
 T.
Tables of distribution of families and genera explained, i. 177
Taccocoua, ii. 309
Tachydromus, ii. 391
Tachyphonus, ii. 99
Tachyris, ii. 478
Tachytriorchis, ii. 348
Tadorna, ii. 363
Tæniogale, ii. 195
Tænioptera, ii. 100, 291
TÆNIOPTERINÆ, ii. 291
Tæniura, ii. 463
Talegallus, ii. 342
Talpa, European Miocene, i. 117 ii. 190
TALPIDÆ, ii. 190
Tamandua, ii. 247
Tamias, ii. 235, 236
Tanæcia, ii. 474
Tanagers, ii. 283
Tanagra, ii. 98
Tanagrella, ii. 98
TANAGRIDÆ, ii. 283
Tantalus, ii. 361
Tanygnathus, ii. 326
Tanysiptera, ii. 316
Taoniscus, ii. 344
Taphozous, ii. 183
Tapir, fossil in N. China, i. 123
Tapir, Malayan figure of, i. 337
Tapiridæ, European Eocene, i. 125
TAPIRIDÆ, ii. 212
Tapirs, birthplace and migrations of, i. 154 ii. 212
Tapirus, European Pliocene, i. 113 Indian Miocene, i. 122 in Brazilian caves, i. 144
Tarandus, ii. 219
Tarentola, ii. 400
Tarsier, Malayan, figure of, i. 337
Tarsiger, ii. 259
TARSIIDÆ, ii. 177
Tarsipes, ii. 252
Tarsius, ii. 177
Tasmania, comparative zoological poverty of, i. 441
Tatare, ii. 258
Tatusia, ii. 246
Taxidea, ii. 199
Taxila, ii. 475
Taxodon, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 200
Taygetis, ii. 471
Tchitrea, ii. 271
TECTONARCHINÆ, ii. 275
Teguexins, ii. 390
TEIDÆ, ii. 390
Teinopalpus, ii. 479
Teira, ii. 391
Teius, ii. 390
Teleolepis, ii. 375
TELEOSTEI, ii. 424
Telephonus, ii. 272
Tellia, ii. 450
TELLINIDÆ, ii. 506
Telmatobius, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164 ii. 417
Telmatolestes, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Temnotrogon, ii. 314
Temnurus, ii. 273
Tephrocorys, ii. 289
Tephrodornis, ii. 272
Teracolus, ii. 478
Terebratula, ii. 539
TEREBRATULIDÆ, ii. 532
Terekia, ii. 353
Terenura, ii. 104
Teretristis, ii. 279
Terias, ii. 478
Terinos, ii. 474
Terns, ii. 364
Terrapene, ii. 408
Terrestrial Molluscs, ii. 512
Terrestrial Mollusca, summary and conclusion, ii. 551 lines of migration of, ii. 552
Tesia, ii. 263
Testacella, ii. 516 ii. 517
TESTUDINIDÆ, ii. 407
Testudo, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 Indian Miocene, i. 123 great antiquity of the genus, i. 289
Testudo, ii. 408
Tethionea, ii. 501
TETRABRANCHIATA, ii. 506
Tetracha, ii. 486, 487
Tetrachus, European Miocene, i. 117
Tetraceros, ii. 224
Tetracus, ii. 188
Tetradactylus, ii. 397
Tetragonoderus, ii. 490
Tetragonops, ii. 306
Tetragonopterus, ii. 445
Tetragonosoma, ii. 380
Tetranematichthys, ii. 443
Tetrao albus, in Italian caverns, i. 161
Tetrao, ii. 339
Tetraogallus, ii. 339
TETRAONIDÆ, ii. 338
Tetraophasis, ii. 340
Tetrodon, ii. 457
TEUTHIDÆ, ii. 505
TEUTHIDIDÆ, ii. 433
Textor, ii. 286
Thais, ii. 479
Thalassarctos, ii. 201
Thalassictis, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 195 ii. 197
Thalassornis, ii. 364
Thaleichthys, ii. 447
Thalurania, ii. 107
Thamnistes, ii. 104
Thamnobia, ii. 260
Thamnodyastes, ii. 379
Thamnomanes, ii. 104
THAMNOPHILINÆ, ii. 297
Thamnophilus, ii. 104
Thaumalea, ii. 340
Thaumantis, ii. 472
Thaumastura, ii. 108
Thaumatias, ii. 109
Thecla, ii. 477
Theloderma, ii. 419
Theope, ii. 476
Theorema, ii. 477
Theraps, ii. 438
Therates, ii. 486
Theridomys, European Miocene, i. 126 European Eocene, i. 126 S. American Eocene, i. 148 ii. 239
Theropithecus, ii. 173
Thestias, ii. 478
Thestor, ii. 477
Thetia, ii. 391
THINOCORIDÆ, ii. 354
Thinocorus, ii. 354
Thinohyus, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 ii. 215
Thinolestes, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Thinornis, ii. 356
Thomomys, ii. 233
Thous, ii. 197
Thrasaëtus, ii. 348
Threnetes, ii. 107
Thripadectes, ii. 103
Thripophaga, ii. 103
Thryophilus, ii. 263
Thryothorus, ii. 263
Thrushes, ii. 255
Thyca, ii. 471
Thylacinus, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 249
Thylacoleo, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 252
Thymallus, ii. 447
Thynnichthys, ii. 452
Thynnus, ii. 429
Thyreopterus, ii. 491
Thyrus, ii. 398
Tiaris, ii. 284 ii. 402
Tichodroma, ii. 264
Tiga, ii. 303
Tiger-beetles, ii. 486
Tigrisoma, ii. 359
Tijuca, ii. 102
Tillodontia, N. American Eocene, i. 139
Tillotheridæ, N. American Eocene, i. 139
Tillotherium, N. American Eocene, i. 139
Tilmatura, ii. 108
Timalia, ii. 261
TIMALIIDÆ, ii. 260
Timetes, ii. 474
Timor, physical features of, i. 389 group, mammalia of, i. 422 birds of, i. 422 origin of fauna of, i. 424 insects of, i. 426
TINAMIDÆ, ii. 343
TINAMINÆ, ii. 344
Tinamous, ii. 343
TINAMOTINÆ, ii. 344
Tinamotis, ii. 344
Tinamus, ii. 344
Tinca, ii. 452
Tinoceras, N. American Eocene, i. 139
Titanomys, European Miocene, i. 121 ii. 242
Titanotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
Tits, ii. 265
Tityra, ii. 102
TITYRINÆ, ii. 293
Tmesisternus, ii. 501
Toads, ii. 415
Tockus, ii. 317
TODIDÆ, ii. 313
Todies, ii. 313
Todirhamphus, ii. 316
Todirostrum, ii. 101
Todopsis, ii. 271
Todus, ii. 313
Tolypeutes, ii. 246
Tomarctos, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
Tomistoma, ii. 405
Tomodon, ii. 175
Tonga Islands, birds of, i. 443
Topaza, ii. 107
TORNATELLIDÆ, ii. 530
TORPEDINIDÆ, ii. 462
Tortoises, classification of, i. 100 of Mascarene Islands and Galapagos, i. 289 ii. 407
TORTRICIDÆ, ii. 373
Tortrix, ii. 373
Totanus, ii. 353
Toucans, ii. 306
Touraco of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264
Toxodon, S. American Pliocene, i. 137
Toxodontidæ, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Toxotus, ii. 502
Trachelyopterus, ii. 443
TRACHINIDÆ, ii. 428
Trachinus, ii. 428
Trachurus, ii. 429
Trachycephalus, ii. 401 ii. 418
Trachydosaurus, ii. 397
Trachyphonus, ii. 306
TRACHYPTERIDÆ, ii. 432
Trachytherium, European Miocene, i. 119
TRAGELAPHINÆ, ii. 223
Tragelaphus, ii. 223
Tragocerus, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 120
Tragopan, Himalayan, figure of, i. 331
Tragops, ii. 379
TRAGULIDÆ, ii. 218
Tragulus, ii. 218
Trapelus, ii. 402
Trechus, ii. 489
Tree-crows, ii. 273
Tree-kangaroo, figure of, i. 415
Tree-shrew of Borneo, figure of, i. 337
Tree-snakes, ii. 378
Tremarctos, ii. 202
Treron, ii. 332
Tres Marias, zoology of, ii. 59
Tribolonotus, ii. 397
Triboniophorus, ii. 517
Tribonyx, ii. 352
Trichastoma, ii. 261
TRICHECHIDÆ, ii. 203
Trichechus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 ii. 203
TRICHIURIDÆ, ii. 429
Trichixos, ii. 262
TRICHOGLOSSIDÆ, ii. 327
Trichoglossidæ, birds specially adapted to Australia, i. 393
Trichoglossus, ii. 327
Tricholæma, ii. 306
Trichomycterus, ii. 444
Tricondyla, ii. 486
Trichonis, ii. 477
TRICHONOTIDÆ, ii. 435
Trichothraupis, ii. 99
Trichotropis, ii. 507
Triclaria, ii. 328
TRIDACNIDÆ, ii. 535
Trigla, ii. 428
TRIGLIDÆ, ii. 427
Trigona, ii. 536
TRIGONIADÆ, ii. 534
Trigonoptera, ii. 501
Trimeresurus, ii. 385
Tringa, ii. 353
Tringoides, ii. 353
TRIONYCHIDÆ, ii. 409
Trionyx, Indian Miocene, i. 123 Miocene and Eocene, i. 165 ii. 409
Triprion, ii. 418
Triptorhinus, ii. 297
Tristan d'Acunha, zoology of, i. 271
Tristram, Canon, summary of the birds of Palestine, i. 203 on the arrangement of the Sylviidæ, ii. 257
Triton, ii. 413
TRITONIADÆ, ii. 530
Trochalopteron, ii. 261
Trochatella, ii. 522
TROCHILIDÆ, ii. 321
Trochilus, ii. 108
Trochus, ii. 510
Troglodytes, ii. 170 ii. 263
TROGLODYTIDÆ, ii. 263
Trogon, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 314
Trogon, ii. 314
TROGONIDÆ, ii. 314
TROGONOPHIDÆ, ii. 388
Trogonophis, ii. 388
Trogontherium, Post-Pliocene of Europe, i. 111 ii. 234
Tropidechis, ii. 383
Tropidococcyx, ii. 379
Tropidodipsas, ii. 379
Tropidolepis, ii. 401
Tropidolepisma, ii. 397
Tropidonotus, ii. 375
Tropidophorus, ii. 397
Tropidopterus, ii. 490
Tropidorhynchus, ii. 276
Trucifelis, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129
Trugon, ii. 333
Trumpeters, ii. 358
Truncatella, ii. 519
Trygon, ii. 463
TRYGONIDÆ, ii. 463
Tuatara, ii. 405
Tudora, ii. 521
Tundras of Siberia, greatest extent of, i. 216
Tupaia, ii. 186
TUPAIIDÆ, ii. 186
Tupaiidæ, European Miocene, i. 118
Turacœna, ii. 333
Turacos, ii. 307
Turacus, ii. 307
TURBINIDÆ, ii. 510
TURDIDÆ, ii. 255
Turdinus, ii. 262
Turdus, ii. 256
Turnagra, ii. 262
Turner, Mr., on classification of Edentata, i. 90
TURNICIDÆ, ii. 341
Turnix, ii. 341
TURRITELLIDÆ, ii. 509
Tursio, ii. 209
Turtles, ii. 409
Turtur, ii. 333
Tylas, ii. 267
Tylodon, European Eocene, i. 125 ii. 196
Tylognathus, ii. 451
Tylotriton, ii. 413
Typhlina, ii. 372
Typhline, ii. 372
Typhlocalamus, ii. 374
TYPHLOPIDÆ, ii. 372
Typhlops, ii. 372
Typhloscincus, ii. 399
Typotherium, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
TYRANNIDÆ, ii. 290
TYRANNINÆ, ii. 291
Tyranniscus, ii. 101
Tyrannulus, ii. 101
Tyrannus, ii. 102, 291
Tyrant-Shrikes, ii. 290
 U.
Uaru, ii. 439
Uintacyon, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Uintatherium, N. American Eocene, i. 139
Uintornis, N. American Eocene, i. 163
Uma, ii. 401
UMBRIDÆ, ii. 449
Umbrina, ii. 428
Ungalia, ii. 381
Ungulata, classification of, i. 89 antiquity of, i. 154 of the Palæarctic region, i. 182 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 241 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 303 range of Oriental genera of, i. 374 range of Australian genera of, i. 476
Ungulata, European Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 119 Indian Miocene, i. 121 European Eocene, i. 125 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 135 of Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 146
UNGULATA, ii. 211 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 226 summary and conclusion, ii. 542
Unio, European Secondary, i. 169 ii. 534
UNIONIDÆ, ii. 534
Upucerthia, ii. 103
UPUPIDÆ, ii. 317
Uragus, ii. 285
Urania of Madagascar, i. 282
Urania, ii. 482
URANIIDÆ, ii. 482
Uria, ii. 367
Uroaëtus, ii. 348
Urocissa, ii. 273
Urochroa, ii. 107
Urochroma, ii. 328
Urocyon, ii. 197
URODELA, ii. 411
Urogalba, ii. 311
Urolestes, ii. 272
Uromastix, ii. 402
UROPELTIDÆ, ii. 373
Uropeltis, ii. 374
Uropsila, ii. 264
Uropsilus, ii. 190
Uropsophorus, ii. 385
Urospatha, ii. 313
Urospizias, ii. 348
Urosticte, ii. 108
Urotrichus, ii. 190
Urotriorchis, ii. 347
Ursidæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 in Brazilian caves, i. 144
URSIDÆ, ii. 201
Ursitaxus, Indian Miocene, i. 121 ii. 200
Ursus, Post-Pliocene, i. 112 Indian Miocene, i. 121 ii. 201
Urubutinga, ii. 348
Urva, ii. 195
Uta, ii. 401
Utica, ii. 477
 V.
Vaginulus, ii. 518
Valgus, ii. 495
Valvata, ii. 510
Vanga of Madagascar, figure of, i. 278
Vanga, ii. 272
Vandellia, ii. 444
Vanellus, ii. 356
Vanessa, ii. 474
VARANIDÆ, ii. 389
Varanus, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 Indian Miocene, i. 123
VENERIDÆ, ii. 536
Venilia, ii. 303
Vermicella, ii. 383
Verreauxia, ii. 303
Vertebrata, summary of Palæarctic, i. 186 summary of Ethiopian, i. 255 summary of Oriental, i. 318 summary of Australian, i. 397 summary of Neotropical, ii. 13 summary of Nearctic, ii. 120
Vespertilio, European Eocene, i. 125 ii. 183
VESPERTILIONIDÆ, ii. 183
Vidua, ii. 286
Vipera, ii. 385
VIPERIDÆ, ii. 385
Viperus, European Miocene, i. 165
Vipers, ii. 385
Vireo, ii. 280
VIREONIDÆ, ii. 279
Vireolanius, ii. 280
Vireosylvia, ii. 280
Viscacha, ii. 237
Vitrina, ii. 516
Viverra, European Pliocene, i. 112 European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 195
Viverricula, ii. 195
Viverridæ, European Miocene, i. 118 European Eocene, i. 125
VIVERRIDÆ, ii. 194
Vivia, ii. 303
Volatinia, ii. 284
Voluta, ii. 508
Volutes, ii. 508
VOLUTIDÆ, ii. 508
Volvocivora, ii. 269
Vulpes, ii. 197
Vultur, ii. 346
VULTURIDÆ, ii. 345
VULTURINÆ, ii. 346
 W.
Wagtails, ii. 290
Walden, Viscount, on birds of Philippine islands, i. 346 on birds of Celebes, i. 428 on arrangement of the Timaliidæ, ii. 261
Wallago, ii. 441
Wall-lizards, ii. 399
Walrus, ii. 203
Wart-snakes, ii. 382
Washakius, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Waterhouse, Mr. G. R., on classification of rodentia, i. 90 on classification of marsupials, i. 91
Water-lizards, ii. 389
Weaver-finches, ii. 286
West African sub-region, description of, i. 262 mammalia of, i. 262 birds of, i. 262 Oriental or Malayan element in, i. 263 river scene with characteristic animals, i. 264 reptiles of, i. 264 amphibia of, i. 264 Oriental and Neotropical relations of, i. 265 insects of, i. 265 land-shells of, i. 265 islands of, i. 265
West Australia, peculiar birds of, i. 441
Whelks, ii. 507
Whip-snakes, ii. 379
Whydah finch of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264
Wing-shells, ii. 507 ii. 533
Wollaston, Mr. T. V., on the Coleoptera of the Atlantic Islands, i. 209 on the wings of the Madeiran beetles, i. 211 on the origin of the insect fauna of the Atlantic Islands, i. 214 on the Coleoptera of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215 on the beetles of St. Helena, i. 270
Wombats, ii. 253
Woodpeckers, ii. 302
Wood-warblers, ii. 278
Woolly monkeys, ii. 174
Wrens, ii. 263
Wrynecks, ii. 304
 X.
Xanthocephalus, ii. 282
Xantholæma, ii. 306
Xanthomelus, ii. 275
Xanthopygia, ii. 270
Xanthosomus, ii. 282
Xanthotis, ii. 275
Xema, ii. 364
Xenelaphis, ii. 376
Xenica, ii. 471
Xenicus, ii. 265
Xenochrophys, ii. 375
Xenocypris, ii. 452
Xenodermus, ii. 376
Xenodon, ii. 375
XENOPELTIDÆ, ii. 373
Xenopeltis, ii. 373
Xenophrys, ii. 421
Xenopipo, ii. 102
Xenops, ii. 103
Xenorhina, ii. 415
XENORHINIDÆ, ii. 415
Xenospingus, ii. 284
Xenurelaps, ii. 383
Xenurus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 246
Xiphias, ii. 430
Xiphidiopicus, ii. 303
XIPHIIDÆ, ii. 430
Xiphius, ii. 208
Xiphocolaptes, ii. 103
Xiphodontidæ, European Miocene, i. 119
Xipholena, ii. 102
Xiphorhampus, ii. 445
Xiphorhynchus, ii. 103
Xiphostoma, ii. 445
Xystrocera, ii. 501
 Y.
Ypthima, ii. 471
Yuhina, ii. 266
YUNGIDÆ, ii. 304
Yungipicus, ii. 303
Yunx, ii. 304
 Z.
Zabrus, ii. 489
Zalophus, ii. 203
Zamenis, ii. 375
Zanclostomus, ii. 309
Zaocys, ii. 375
Zebras, ii. 211
Zegris, ii. 478
Zemeros, ii. 475
Zenaida, ii. 333
Zenaidura, ii. 332
Zephyrus, ii. 477
Zeuglodon, ii. 210
Zeuglodontidæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 140 ii. 210
Zeus, ii. 429
Zeuxidia, ii. 472
Zoarces, ii. 431
Zonites, ii. 516
Zonites priscus, Palæozoic, i. 169
Zonotrichia, ii. 284
ZONURIDÆ, ii. 391
Zonurus, ii. 392
Zoological characteristics of Palæarctic region, i. 181 Ethiopian region, i. 252 Oriental region, i. 315 Australian region, i. 390 of Neotropical region, ii. 5 of Nearctic region, ii. 115
Zoological regions, discussion on, i. 50 their origin and relations, ii. 155-161
Zoothera, ii. 256
Zootoca, ii. 391
Zosterops, ii. 277
Zygæna, ii. 481
ZYGÆNIDÆ, ii. 481
Zygnopsis, ii. 398
THE END.