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# The Works of Francis Bacon/Volume 1/Essays/Of Suspicion

XXXI. OF SUSPICION.
Suspicions among thoughts are like bats among birds, they ever fly by twilight: certainly they are to be repressed, or at the least well guarded; for they cloud the mind, they lose friends, and they check with business, whereby business cannot go on currently and constantly: they dispose kings to tyranny, husbands to jealousy, wise men to irresolution and melancholy: they are defects, not in the heart, but in the brain; for they take place in the stoutest natures, as in the example of Henry the Seventh of England; there was not a more suspicious man nor a more stout: and in such a composition they do small hurt; for commonly they are not admitted, but with examination, whether they be likely or not? but in fearful natures they gain ground too fast. There is nothing makes a man suspect much, more than to know little; and, therefore, men should remedy suspicion by procuring to know more, and not to keep their suspicions in smother. What would men have? do they think those they employ and deal with are saints? do they not think they will have their own ends, and be truer to themselves than to them? therefore there is no better way to moderate suspicions, than to account upon such suspicions as true, and yet to bridle them as false: for so far a man ought to make use of suspicions, as to provide, as if that should be true that he suspects, yet it may do him no hurt. Suspicions that the mind of itself gathers are but buzzes; but suspicions that are artificially nourished, and put into men's heads by the tales and whisperings of others, have stings. Certainly, the best mean, to clear the way in this same wood of suspicions, is frankly to communicate them with the party that he suspects; for thereby he shall be sure to know more of the truth of them than he did before; and withal shall make that party more circumspect, not to give further cause of suspicion; but this would not be done to men of base natures; for they, if they find themselves once suspected, will never be true. The Italian says, "Sospetto licentia fede;" as if suspicion did give a passport to faith; but it ought rather to kindle it to discharge itself.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift/Volume 16/Preface to the Third Part of Sir William Temple's Miscellanies

PREFACE
TO
THE THIRD PART
OF
SIR WILLIAM TEMPLE'S MISCELLANEA.
(First published in the year 1701. Our author was at that time M. A. and prebendary of St. Patrick's, Dublin.
THE two following Essays, "Of Popular Discontents," and "Of Health and Long Life," were written many years before the author's death. They were revised and corrected by himself; and were designed to have been part of a Third Miscellanea, to which some others were to have been added, if the latter part of his life had been attended with any sufficient degree of health.
For the third paper, relating to the controversy about "Ancient and Modern Learning," I cannot well inform the reader upon what occasion it was writ, having been at that time in another kingdom; but it appears never to have been finished by the author.
​The two next papers contain the heads of two Essays intended to have been written upon the "Different Conditions of Life and Fortune," and upon "Conversation." I have directed they should be printed among the rest, because I believe there are few who will not be content to see even the first draught of any thing from this author's hand.
At the end I have added a few translations from Virgil, Horace, and Tibullus, or rather imitations, done by the author above thirty years ago; whereof the first was printed, among other Eclogues of Virgil, in the year 1679, but without any mention of the author. They were indeed not intended to have been made publick, till I was informed of several copies that were got abroad, and those very imperfect and corrupt. Therefore the reader finds them here, only to prevent him from finding them in other places very faulty, and perhaps accompanied with many spurious additions.
JONATHAN SWIFT.
# The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift/Volume 16/Preface to the Third Volume of Sir William Temple's Letters

PREFACE
TO
THE THIRD VOLUME
OF
SIR WILLIAM TEMPLE'S LETTERS.
THE following Papers are the last of this, or indeed of any kind, about which the author ever gave me his particular commands. They were corrected by himself, and fairly transcribed in his lifetime. I have in all things followed his directions as strictly as I could; but, accidents unforeseen having since intervened, I have thought convenient to lessen the bulk of this volume. To which end, I have omitted several letters addressed to persons with whom this author corresponded without any particular confidence, farther than upon account of their posts; because great numbers of such letters, procured out of the office, or by other means (how justifiable I shall not examine), have been already printed: but, running wholly upon long dry subjects of business, have met no other reception than merely what the reputation of the author would give them. If I could have foreseen an end of this trade, I should, upon some considerations, have ​longer forborn sending these into the world. But I daily hear, that new discoveries of original letters are hasting to the press: to stop the current of which, I am forced to an earlier publication than I designed. And therefore I take this occasion to inform the reader, that these letters, ending with the author's revocation from his employments abroad (which in less than two years was followed by his retirement from all publick business), are the last he ever intended for the press; having been selected by himself from great numbers yet lying among his papers.
If I could have been prevailed with by the rhetorick of booksellers, or any other little regards, I might easily, instead of retrenching, have made very considerable additions: and by that means have perhaps taken the surest course to prevent the interloping of others. But, if the press must needs be loaded, I would rather it should not be by my means. And therefore I may hope to be allowed one word in the style of a publisher (an office liable to much censure without the least pretensions to merit or to praise) that if I have not been much deceived in others and myself, the reader will hardly find one letter in this collection unworthy of the author, or which does not contain something either of entertainment or of use.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bury, John (1580-1667)

​BURY, JOHN (1580–1667), divine, the son of a descendant of the Devonshire family of Bury, long resident at Colyton, who was in business at Tiverton, was born there in 1580. On 9 Feb. 1597 he was elected a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and in 1603, shortly after he had taken his degree of B.A., he became the first fellow of Balliol College under the bequest of Peter Blundell. After remaining for several years at the university he returned to his native county, where he obtained the vicarage of Heavitree and a canonry in Exeter Cathedral, his collation to the latter preferment dating 20 March 1637. The presentment of Bury and the other prebendaries at Laud's visitation, 19 June 1634, is printed in Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. p. 138. A few years later he resigned his benefice in favour of a relation, and accepted the rectory of Widworthy in the same county. The latter preferment he retained until his death, and after the Restoration (2 March 1662) the rectory of St. Mary Major, Exeter, was conferred upon him. He died on 5 July 1667, and was buried in the 'middle area' of Exeter Cathedral, 'a little below the pulpit.' His literary works were few in number— two sermons (1615 and 1631) and a catechism for the use of his parishioners at Widworthy (1661). He endowed a school in St. Sidwell's, Exeter, left funds for the maintenance of thirteen poor persons in St. Catherine's Almshouse in the same city and for the poor of his native town of Tiverton, and largely added to the resources of the public workhouse at St. Sidwell's. Canon Bury had two sons, Arthur [q. v.], the rector of Exeter College, Oxford, and John, a colonel in the parliamentary army. Portraits of all three are in the present workhouse at Exeter.
[Prince's Worthies, 152-4; Harding's Tiverton, book iii, 276, iv. 113; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 777; Oliver's Exeter, 152.]
W. P. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bury, Thomas Talbot

​BURY, THOMAS TALBOT (1811–1877), architect, was descended from a Worcestershire family, afterwards settled in the city of London. He was born on 26 Sept. 1811, and was articled in 1824 to Augustus Pugin. Among his fellow-pupils were Messrs. Ferrey, Dollman, Shaw, Lake Price, Nash, Walker, and Charles Mathews the actor. He commenced practice in Gerrard Street, Soho, in 1830; and, in addition to his architectural practice, was often engaged in engraving and lithographing his own and other architects' drawings, notably those of Pugin and Owen Jones. He was particularly skilful in colouring architectural studies, and his aid in this respect was often sought by the most eminent architects of the day when they were engaged in preparing designs for competition. In 1847 he published his 'Remains of Ecclesiastical Woodwork,' illustrated by himself; and in 1849, his 'History and Description of the Styles of Architecture of various Countries, from the Earliest to the Present Period.' He was engaged with Pugin in designing the details of the houses of parliament under Sir Charles Barry. He frequently exhibited his works at the Royal Academy between 1846 and 1872; and sent to the International Exhibition of 1862 a large picture representing, at one view, all the churches, schools, public and other buildings erected by him. This fine drawing is now preserved as a record at the Institute of British Architects. Among his principal works were 35 churches and chapels, 15 parsonages, 12 schools, and 20 other large public buildings and private residences in various parts of England and Wales. He was elected an associate of the Institute of British Architects in 1839, and a fellow in 1843. In 1876 he was elected a vice-president. He was in 1863 made a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and was also a member of the council of the Royal Archæological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, a member of the Cambrian Archæological Association, and an associate of the Society of Civil Engineers. His collections of architectural and antiquarian books, his pictures, drawings, cabinets, and armour, were sold at Christie's in the autumn of 1877. On 23 Feb. 1877 he died, a widower and childless, and was buried at Norwood Cemetery.
[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the English School; Journal of the Archæological Institute; Archæologia Cambrensis; Transactions of the Institute of British Architects; Builder, 1877.]
W. H. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bury, Henry de

​BURY, HENRY de, [See Bederic.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bury, John (fl.1557)

​BURY, JOHN (fl. 1557), translator, graduated at Cambridge B.A. 1553, and M.A. 1555; he translated from Greek into English 'Isocratis ad Demonicum oratio parenetica' or 'Admonysion to Demonicus,' with a dedication to his uncle. Sir W. Chester, 1557.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 143; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 358; Cooper's Athenæ Cantab. i. 174.]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dunn, Robert

​DUNN, ROBERT (1799–1877), surgeon, studied at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, and became licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries 1825, member of the Royal College of Surgeons 1828, fellow 1852. He was also fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical, the Obstetrical, and the Ethnological Societies, and of the Medical Society of London, and for many years treasurer to the metropolitan counties branch of the British Medical Association. He practised in London and died 4 Nov. 1877. His writings are: ‘A Case of Hemiplegia,’ 1850 (reprinted from the ‘Lancet’); ‘An Essay on Physiological Psychology,’ 1858 (a reprint of contributions to the ‘Journal of Psychological Medicine’); ‘Medical Psychology,’ 1863 (reprinted from the ‘British Medical Journal’); ‘Civilisation and Cerebral Development,’ in ‘Ethnological Transactions,’ 1865; ‘Ethnic Psychology,’ in the ‘Journal of the Anthropological Institution,’ 1874; ‘Phenomena of Life and Mind,’ in the ‘Journal of Mental Science,’ 1868; ‘Loss of Speech,’ in the ‘British Medical Journal,’ 1868.
E. C-n.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dunstable, John

​DUNSTABLE, JOHN (d. 1453), musician and mathematician, was a native of Dunstable in Bedfordshire. His name is spelt by early writers ‘Dunstaple.’ Nothing is known of his life, but he was famous all over Europe as one of the earliest musicians who laid the foundations of the great schools of the sixteenth century. One of the earliest notices of him occurs in the ‘Proportionale’ of Johannes Tinctoris (1445–1511). The writer, speaking from hearsay, says that the origin of music took place in England, where Dunstable was the chief musician. This ​statement was copied and exaggerated by later writers until it came to be said that Dunstable ‘invented’ counterpoint, a manifest absurdity. The claims of the English musician have been much contested by continental writers; but the existence of an English school of music, extraordinarily advanced for its time, is proved by the celebrated ‘rota’ or round, ‘Sumer is y-cumen in,’ which dates back even a century before Dunstable's time. His priority in point of time to the great Flemish and Burgundian composers, Binchois and Dufay, has been vindicated by the recent discovery that the former died at Lille in 1460, and the latter at Cambrai in 1474, while Dunstable's death took place in 1453. His fame was so widespread that a MS. in the Escorial, written at Seville in 1480, mentions his name, and examples of his music are still to be seen at Rome, Bologna, and Dijon. In England, probably owing to the wars of the Roses, which seem to have crushed the school of which he was the chief, his name was soon forgotten. He is known to have written a treatise, but this appears to be completely lost; his name does not occur in Bale's ‘Scriptores Britanniæ,’ and Fuller, who prints two epitaphs on him, alludes to him contemptuously as ‘an astrologian, a mathematician, a musitian, and what not.’ He died in 1453, and was buried in St. Stephen's, Walbrook, where his Latin epitaph was to be seen in Stow's time, engraved on ‘two faire plated stones in the chancell, each by other.’ A manuscript collection of longitudes and latitudes, written in April 1438 by Dunstable, is in the Bodleian Library; the British Museum and Lambeth libraries also contain examples of his music.
W. B. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dunlop, William (1692-1720)

​DUNLOP, WILLIAM, the younger (1692–1720), professor of church history in the university of Edinburgh, born at Glasgow in 1692, was the youngest son of William Dunlop the elder [q. v.] and Elizabeth Mure. The early death of his father threw on his mother the chief charge of his education. After his philosophical course at Edinburgh he studied both law and divinity under the superintendence of Principal Carstares, who was married to his mother's sister. He was licensed in 1714 by the presbytery of Edinburgh, and soon after he was appointed by George I professor of divinity and church history in the university there. For the few years of his life thereafter he continued to discharge the duties of his chair, and likewise to preach as occasion presented itself in the Edinburgh churches. In the latter capacity he was singularly successful. He had great pulpit gifts, much fluency, and a lively fancy; his emotions penetrated his discourses, and brought out his appeals with a rare power of conviction and persuasion. Quick in perception, of very laborious habits, and a tenacious memory, his attainments and learning were regarded as extraordinary, and had his life been prolonged he would doubtless have risen to the highest ​distinction in the church. He died in 1720, at the early age of twenty-eight.
His publications were: 1. ‘A Collection of Confessions of Faith, Catechisms, Directories, Books of Discipline and of Public Authority in the Church of Scotland,’ 2 vols. 1719–22. 2. ‘A Preface to an edition of the Westminster Confession, &c., lately published at Edinburgh,’ 1720. 3. ‘Sermons preached on Several Subjects and Occasions,’ 2 vols. 8vo, 1722.
W. G. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dunn, William

​DUNN, WILLIAM (1770–1849), mechanic and agriculturist, was born at Gartclash, in the parish of Kirkintilloch, Dumbartonshire, in October 1770, and was educated at the parish school and partly at the neighbouring village of Campsie. Before he was eighteen he was left an orphan, with four brothers and a sister dependent on him for support. He had already given evidence of possessing an aptitude for mechanical contrivances. His first situation was in the establishment of a cotton-spinner named Waddington, at Stockingfield, near Glasgow. Here he learned iron-turning and machine-making. Three or four years later he was in Messrs. Black & Hastie's works at Bridge of Weir, from which he went to Pollokshaws, to the factories of John Monteith. About 1800, having acquired a few hundred pounds by the sale of his patrimony of Gartclash, he resolved to start in business for himself, and accordingly opened a manufactory of machines in High John Street, Glasgow. In or about 1802 he bought a small spinning-mill in Tobago Street, Calton of Glasgow, and in 1808 he purchased the Duntocher mill, some seven miles distant from that city. A few years later he purchased from the Faifley Spinning Company the Faifley mill, which stood about a mile distant from the other. In 1813 he became the proprietor of the Dalnotter Ironworks, which had been used for slitting and rolling iron and for making implements of husbandry; and after having greatly enlarged the two mills he already owned, he was encouraged by the rapid increase of his business to build upon the site of these ironworks the Milton mill, the foundation of which was laid in 1821, and which was destroyed by fire twenty-five years later. Finally, in 1831 the Hardgate mill was built in the same neighbourhood. All these works, lying near to each other, were exclusively applied to the spinning and weaving of cotton. Under Dunn's auspices Duntocher, which had before hardly deserved the name of a village, became a thriving and populous place. Previously to his first purchase in 1808 the hands employed at the works did not exceed a hundred and fifty; at his death their number was about two thousand. Dunn became a large purchaser of land in the neighbourhood of his works, and ultimately his estates extended upwards of two miles along the banks of the Clyde, and about three miles along the banks of the canal. Upon this property, twelve hundred acres of which were farmed by himself, he employed more than two hundred and fifty men. The wages which he annually paid in this parish alone totalled 35,000l. Dunn died at Mountblow 13 March 1849, leaving property worth 500,000l.
G. G.
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Marinus, a military martyr

Marinus (4), a military martyr in the reign of Gallienus, at Caesarea in Palestine, under a judge named Achaeus, A.D. 262. He was distinguished by his birth, riches, and services. When Marinus was about to be made a centurion, another aspirant declared him to be a Christian and unable therefore to sacrifice to the emperors. The judge granted him three hours to choose between death and compliance. As Marinus came out of the praetorium, Theotecnus the bishop led him into the church. Placing him by the altar, be raised his cloak, and pointing to the sword by his side, and presenting him with the book of the gospels, told him to choose which he wished. Without hesitation he extended his hand and took the book. "Hold fast then—hold fast to God," said Theotecnus, "and strengthened by Him mayest thou obtain what thou hast chosen: go in peace." He was immediately executed, and buried by a Christian senator named Astyrius. The narrative of Eusebius was probably that of an eye-witness, perhaps the bishop. It is a moot question whether this martyrdom resulted from persecution or from military law. Dr. F. Görres, in an art. in Jahrb. Prot. Theologie, 1877, p. 620, on "Die Toleranzedicte des Kaisers Gallienus," suggests that Marinus could not legally have suffered under Gallienus, who had already issued his edict of toleration, but that it must have taken place by command of Macrianus, who had revolted from Gallienus and taken possession of Egypt, Palestine, and the East, and was, as we learn from Eus. vii. 10, 13, 23 (cf. Trebell. Pollio, ed. H. Peter. Script. Hist. Aug. t. ii. Gallieni duo. cc. i.–iii. xxx. Tyranni, cc. xiii. xiv.) the moral author of the Valerian persecution. When possessed of imperial authority, Macrianus vented his hate on the Christians whom Gallienus favoured. Eus. vii. 15, 16; Neander, H. E. ed. Bohn, i. 194 ; Ceill, ii. 394; Tillem. iv. 21; Pagi, Crit. i. 276, nr. x. xi.).
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Martinianus, a martyr at Rome

Martinianus (1), legendary martyr with PROCESSUS at Rome. According to the Acts of LINUS, these were the two soldiers into whose charge Peter had been given. They were converted by him in prison, and for their baptism, Peter, by making the sign of the cross, caused a fountain, still shewn in the Mamertine prison, miraculously to spring from the rock. After their baptism the two soldiers give Peter as much liberty as he desires, and when news comes that the prefect Agrippa is about to put him to death, earnestly urge him to withdraw. Peter at first complies, but returns to custody in consequence of the well-known vision Domine quo vadis. According to a notice in Praedestinatus (Haer. 86), which has the air of being more historical than most of the stories of that author, their cult was already in vogue in the reign of the pretender Maximus, i.e. before the end of the 4th cent. According to this story, Montanists got temporary possession of their relics and claimed them as belonging to their sect. Lipsius conjectures that their cult began in the episcopate of Damasus, when great exertions were made to revive the memory of the saints of the Roman church. To this period may be referred the Acts of Processus and Martinianus (Bolland. AA. SS. July i. 303). They are clearly later than Constantine, containing mention of offices which did not exist till his time. They are evidently based on the
Acts of Linus, but the story receives considerable ornament. Their commemoration is fixed for July 2 in the Sacramentary of Gregory the Great (vol. ii. 114), who also mentions a church dedicated to them, and tells of a miraculous appearance of them (Hom. in Evang. ii. 32, vol. i. 1586). On the whole subject, see Lipsius (Petrus-Sage, pp. 137 seq.).
[G S.]