OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arbor Day

Edition of 1905. See also Arbor Day on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
AR'BOR DAY (Lat. arbor, tree). A day set apart by the legislatures of most of the States and Territories of the United States for the annual planting of trees by the people, and more especially by the school children. B. G. Northrop, while secretary of the Connecticut Board of Education, seems to have been the first—in 1865—to suggest the annual planting of trees under the direction of a State government. J. Sterling Morton was probably the first, however, to propose the setting apart of a certain day annually for the purpose, and in 1872, largely through his efforts, the custom was instituted in Nebraska. At present Arbor Day is observed in nearly every State and Territory; in some as a legal holiday, in others as a school holiday. In addition, several States, including New York, publish an Arbor Day manual. The exact date is not uniform throughout the country, though it generally falls late in April or early in May.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Albany Congress

See also Albany Congress on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Albany Congress. A convention of representatives of the colonies of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland which met at Albany at the call of the British government, June 19, 1754, to consider defensive measures in view of the threatened war with France. At this congress Benjamin Franklin proposed a confederation of the colonies under a president to be appointed by the Crown, with a council to consist of representatives chosen by the different colonies. The president, who was to be commander in chief, was to appoint all military officers, and commission civil officers who should be nominated by the council, and to have veto power over the council. The council was to have power to assess taxes, maintain an army, build defenses and legislate concerning matters of common interest, such as relations to Indians, etc. The plan was not adopted, and the congress was of consequence only as presenting an idea which later on was realized in the union of the colonies.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Albatross

See also Albatross on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Al'batross, a long-winged ocean bird, occurring in tropical and southern seas. It almost never goes ashore, save in the breeding season, then seeks lonely cliff or rocky slope. The single egg is usually hatched in the bare earth. The albatross is famous in literature, as in Coleridge's Ancient Mariner, and also in accounts of voyages. The birds follow vessels for many days, being almost continuously on the wing, though, in calm weather, they are sometimes seen resting on the surface of the water. Many naturalists believe that their powers of flight have been overestimated, and that most of the birds sleep on the water at night and join the ship again after an interval of rest. A few birds may be seen flying astern at night, but a less number than in the daytime. They feed on refuse that is thrown overboard, not diving for their food but eating what they find on the surface of the water. Their cry is between that of a raven and a sheep. The wandering albatross or Cape Sheep is the largest water-bird in existence, sometimes measuring 14 feet in expanse of the wings. Its general color is white, with wavy lines of black, and its hand feathers are black. The bill is pinkish white and the legs a light flesh color. The coat of feathers is very heavy, serving as protection against water and long continued cold. Their flight is described as a beautiful sailing motion.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Albemarle

See also George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Albemarle. See Monk.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Albert Edward Nyanza

See also Lake Edward on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Albert Edward Nyanza (nĭ-ăn' za), a lake in Africa, about 50 miles southwest of Lake Albert and connected with the latter lake by the Semliki River. This lake was discovered by Stanley in 1876, and was again visited by him in 1889 while on his Emin Pasha relief expedition; but it is still somewhat veiled in uncertainty. It is probably much smaller than its northern companion. Several small salt lakes are in its vicinity. Its old name was Muta Nzige. Stanley says of this lake: "No rivers of any great importance feed the Albert Edward Nyanza, though there are several which are from 20 to 50 feet wide and two feet deep. The river-like arms of the lake, now narrowing and now broadening, swarm with egrets, ducks, geese, ibis, heron, storks, pelicans, snipes, kingfishers and other water-birds." ("Nyanza" means "lake".)
# The New Student's Reference Work/Albert Nyanza

See also Lake Albert on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Albert Nyanza, a large lake in east Central Africa. Its surface is 2,720 feet above the level of the sea. On its western coast are the Blue Mountains, rising 7,000 feet higher, and on the east steep cliffs rise almost as high. The White Nile, flowing from Lake Victoria, enters Lake Albert and issues from it near its northernmost point. Sir Samuel Baker was the first European who explored it in 1864. Area about 2,000 square miles.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Albano

See also Albano Laziale on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Albano (äl-bä' no), a lake, mountain and town in Italy, situated about 15 miles southeast of Rome. The town (known as the Roman Alba'num) is built on the slope of the Alban mountains, on the site of Pompey's villa. It is noted for the beauty of its surrounding scenery and for the interest it possesses for the classicist and antiquarian. Population between 6,000 and 7,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Albany

See also Albany, New York on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Albany (al′ ba-nĭ), the capital of the state of New York, is situated on the west bank of the Hudson River, 142 miles above New York City. It was settled by the Dutch in 1614, and was the first settlement, after Jamestown, within the thirteen colonies. In 1624 a Fort Orange was built, and the village which grew up around it was named Beaverwyck. This was changed in 1646 to Willemstedt. When captured by the British in 1664, the name was changed to Albany. The city was chartered in 1686. It is an important distributing point for trade from the west. It has a large trade in fruit, lumber, grain and wool, and extensive manufactures of iron, stoves; shoes and other products. It has many fine public buildings, of which the most notable is the state capitol, a magnificent structure, built of granite, at a cost of over $24,000,000. It is the seat of the State Normal College, Albany Institute, the medical and law schools of Union College at Schenectady and other educational institutions. Fine residences and public buildings, a beautiful park and excellent drainage combine to make it an attractive as well as a healthy city. Population 100,253.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Albemarle Sound

See also Albemarle Sound on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Al'bemarle Sound, a deep, shallow inlet of the Atlantic, on the northeast coast of North Carolina, connected southward with Pamlico Sound. It extends from the mouth of the Roanoke River for about sixty miles eastward, where it is separated from the Atlantic by a long, narrow spur of land. It is from 5 to 15 miles in width, and being enclosed from the ocean its waters are mainly fresh, while it is almost useless for shipping. Its average depth is only 20 feet. The Sound and neighboring region received its name in early colonial days when Charles II of England, in 1663, made a favorite general of his, the first Duke of Albemarle, one of the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Albert, Prince Consort

See also Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Albert, Prince Consort, Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and husband of the late Queen Victoria of England, was born near Coburg, August 26, 1819. He married Victoria in 1840; soon after was made field-marshal in the British Army; and in 1857 received the title of prince consort. He acquired great influence in public affairs as the prudent and trusted adviser of the queen, and became popular throughout England. He died December 14, 1861.
# The Man of Last Resort/Once in Jeopardy
### ONCE IN JEOPARDY

(See Amer. and Eng. Enc. of Law, vol. ii., page 926, and the cases there discussed; see also State vs. Richardson, S.C. 35 Lawyers' Reports Annotated, 238, and cases there cited; also Constitution of the United States, Art. 5, and the Constitution of West Virginia, Art. 3, Sec. 5.)
* Chapter 1
* Chapter 2
* Chapter 3
* Chapter 4
* Chapter 5
* Chapter 6
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Missal of Arbuthnott

From volume 1 of the work.
A manuscript Scottish missal or mass-book, written in 1491 by James Sibbald, priest of Arbuthnott, in Scotland, for use in that church. After the Reformation, it, together with two other MSS. written by the same hand, became the property of the family of Arbuthnott, in whose possession it remained until 1897, when it was purchased by Mr. Archibald Coats of Paisley, who presented it to the museum of that town. The MS. is written on vellum, in large Gothic characters, with numerous miniatures, illuminated capitals and borders. It consists of 244 leaves, and is complete. It contains also a full-length painting of St. Ternan, the apostle of the Picts, and patron saint of the church of Arbuthnott. It is of unique historical and liturgical interest, as being the only missal of the Scottish Use now extant. It commences with a leaf of "Prayers before Mass," then follows a "Form of Excommunication" in Scottish and Latin, succeeded by three leaves of rubrics and the calendar. The Mass itself is mainly that of Sarum with some variations, and of the typical editions of the Sarum missal, that of 1498 agrees most closely with it. The Sarum Rite, as emended by St. Osmund of Salisbury in the eleventh century, after having been adopted in most of the English dioceses, penetrated into Scotland early in the twelfth century, and continued in use there up to the Reformation. The differences between the Arbuthnott and the Sarum missals lie chiefly in the Sanctorale, Masses for certain saints being found in the one which are not in the other. The Arbuthnott missal contains also a number of Sequences, not to be found in either the Sarum, York, or Hereford missals, nor yet in the MS. troparium in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.
FORBES (ed.), Liber Ecclesioe Beati Terrenani de Arbuthnott (Burntisland, 1864); Kalendars of Scottish Saints (Edinburgh, 1872); INNES, Civil and Ecclesiastical History of Scotland (Aberdeen, 1853); SPALDING, Of the Salisbury Liturgy used in Scotland in Miscellany (Edinburgh), II.
E. E. GREEN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales of Annecy

From volume 10 of the work.
Amid the many activities to which St. Francis devoted himself, he long had the desire to found a society of missionary priests. This wish, however, was not to find its realization until nearly two centuries after his death. At that time Monsignor Riley, a successor of the Saint in the See of Annecy, broached the subject of such a society to Father Mermier, who had been considering the same idea. Accordingly, Father Mermier put the design into execution. In 1830 the institute was formed with La Feuillette as the site for the mother-house. This was solemnly blessed by the bishop on 8 August, 1837, and the congregation canonically instituted by him on 8 October, 1838. The society was not to be a mere association of priests, but a new religious congregation, bound by simple vows. Hence Father Mermier, the first superior-general, offered himself and his companions to the pope for foreign missions. In 1845 his offer was accepted by the Propaganda, and the first missionaries of St. Francis de Sales set out for India. The work has prospered and since that time more than 100 priests and seminarians have been sent out by the congregation, besides many lay brothers. More than 200 nuns of different orders have gone out at the call of the missionaries to help them. The dioceses of Nagpur and Vizagapatam have always been governed by prelates belonging to this institute. At Vizagapatam the first vicar Apostolic was Mgr Neyret (1850); he was succeeded by Mgr Tissot, first bishop of the diocese. The present occupant of the see is Mgr Clerc. The first bishop of Nagpur was Mgr Riccaz; after him came Mgrs Pelvat, Crochet, Bonaventure, and Coppel. In England the fathers have three missions in the Diocese of Clifton. Since the persecution of 1903, the congregation has been obliged to leave Savoy for England, where the juvenate, the novitiate, and the house of studies are successfully carried on. The superiors-general since the foundation are: the Very Rev. Fathers Mermier, Gaiddon, Clavel, Tissot, Gojon, and Bouvard.
Echos Sal=E9siens. Revue mensuelle (Fribourg, 1908-10); Almanach de St. Francis de Sales (Lyons, 1900).
LOUIS VALLUET
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Missionaries, Language, and Literature of Tibet

From volume 16 of the work.
Tibet, Missionaries, Language, and Literature of.—The missionaries of Tibet were the first Tibetan scholars. The Jesuit Hippolito Desideri laid the foundation of Christian Tibetan literature by the composition (1716-21) of two apologetic works, one against the erroneous belief that everybody could be saved by his own religion, the other against transmigration of souls. The Capuchin Francesco Orazio della Penna (b. 1681: d. at Patan in Nepal. 1745) translated into Tibetan for the neophytes Cardinal Bellarmine's "Christian Doctrine" and Thurlot's "Treasure of Christian Doctrine". He compiled with the assistance of his confreres the first Tibetan dictionary, containing 35,000 words in Tibetan characters with corresponding Italian translation. He also translated from Tibetan into Italian "History of the life and works of Shakiatuba, the restorer of Lamaism", "Three roads leading to perfection", "On transmigration and prayer to God" ("Anal. Ord. Cap.", VI, Rome, 1890, 349). These were the first translations made from Tibetan or from any Indian language into a European language. All remained unpublished, unless the Tibetan-Italian Dictionary "executed by some Roman missionary and collected and arranged by F. C. G. Schroeter of the (Protestant) Church Missionary Society and edited by J. Marshman of the Baptist Missionary Society at Serampore (India) in 1826, consisting of nearly 500 quarto pages" (Bagster, "Bible of Every Land", London, 1851, p. 17 sq.) is the aforementioned work compiled by the Capuchin Fathers. The first printed dictionary and grammar of the Tibetan language is the "Alphabetum Tibetanum missionum apostolicarum commodo editum" (Rome, 1762) by the Italian Augustinian Antonio Agostino Giorgi (d. 1797; cf. Cath. Encycl., VII, 285; Heimbucher, "Orden u. Congregationen", II, Paderborn, 1907, p. 202). "Much valuable information derived from notes and letters written by the Jesuit and Capuchin Fathers in Tibet is found in this work" (Rockhill, "Journey through Mongolia and Tibet",' Washington, 1894, p X, note). The origin of Tibetan studies among Europeans, generally accorded to the Hungarian savant Cosma de Koros (d. 1842), must be given to the Catholic missionaries and, above all, to the Augustinian Giorgi. For a century after his time this study was cultivated only by some European scholars and a few Protestant missionaries, but their works, especially the Tibetan translation of the Bible by Protestant missionaries, owe much to the researches of the older Catholic missionaries. The zealous priests of the Foreign Missions, especially Renou (d. 1863) and Desgodins, took up the work of their predecessors.
J. M. Lenhart.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Missionaries of La Salette

From volume 9 of the work.
La Salette, Missionaries of.— The Missionaries of La Salette were founded in 1852, at the shrine of Our Lady of La Salette, where some priests banded together to care for the numerous pilgrims frequenting the mountain. In 1858 these priests formed a little community with temporary constitutions, under the immediate charge of the Bishop of Grenoble. In 1876 Right Rev. Mgr Fava gave them more complete rules, and in May, 1890, the Institute was approved by Rome.
Finding it hard to recruit their number from the secular clergy, the fathers founded an "Apostolic school" or missionary college in 1876. After a six-year classical course in their novitiate, they were to go to the scholasticate in Rome, to complete their philosophical and theological course in the Gregorian University. In 1892 five of the missionaries arrived in the United States with fifteen students. Bishop McMahon of Hartford, Connecticut, welcomed them into his diocese, and they established themselves in the episcopal city, occupying the former bishop's residence on Collins Street. In 1895 they moved to new quarters at 85 New Park Avenue, Hartford, Connecticut, close to the church of Our Lady of Sorrows. Hitherto a mission church of the cathedral, it was made a parish and given in charge of the fathers, who began to tend it on Ascension Day of the same year. In 1894, having established themselves in the Springfield Diocese, the fathers received the French parish of St. Joseph, Fitchburg, Massachusetts, from Rev. Thomas Beaven. In 1895 Rt. Rev. Michael Tierney, successor to Bishop McMahon, requested the fathers to take charge of the mixed parish of St. James, Danielson, Conn. In 1901, at the suggestion of Bishop Beaven of Springfield, the Very Rev. Superior General sent a few students to Poland to prepare themselves for Polish parishes in the Springfield Diocese, and the parish at Ware and that of Westfield were given over to their care. in 1902 they were received into the Diocese of Sherbrooke, Canada, with a parish at Stanstead, Quebec, Canada, and also into the Archdiocese of New York, with a parish at Phoenicia, in Ulster County. At the request of Archbishop Langevin of St. Boniface, Canada, a few fathers were sent from the mother-house in Hartford to establish themselves in West Canada. They became a separate province with headquarters at Forget, Saskatchewan. They tended four flourishing parishes, Forget, Esteven, Ossa, and Weyburn. In 1909, the missionaries deeming their order sufficiently developed, owing to additional foundations in Belgium, Madagascar, Poland, and Brazil, the Very Rev. Superior General petitioned the Holy See to approve their constitutions. The request was granted 29 January, 1909. The students of the Apostolic schools are trained chiefly to combat the great crimes of the day, especially those denounced in the discourse of the Blessed Virgin at La Salette. The spirit of the community is that which pervades the whole apparition of Mary on the Mountain of La Salette—a spirit of prayer and sacrifice.
J. Guinet.
# The Lady Badoura

a tale from One Thousand and One Nights (The Arabian Nights)
* Princess Badoura, a tale from the Arabian nights; retold by Laurence Housman illustrated by Edmund Dulac. 1913.
* "The Lady Badoura" Edmund Dulac's picture-book for the French Red Cross. 1914.
# The Lady Pike (96 U.S. 461)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
96 U.S. 461
The Lady Pike
APPEAL from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Wisconsin.
This is an appeal from the decree of the court below in the execution of the mandate of this court in The Lady Pike (21 Wall. 1), where the former decree was reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings in conformity with the opinion.
The facts are stated and the assignment of errors set out in the opinion of the court.
Mr. James H. Davidson, for the appellants, cited the following authorities in support of the respective assignments of error:--
First assignment: Lane v. Townsend, 1 Ware, 289; The Ship Empire and Cargo, 1 Ben. 19; The Union, 4 Blatchf. 90; The White Squall, id. 103; Carroll et al. v. The Steamboat T. P. Leathers, Newb. Adm. 432; Gaines v. Travis, 1 Abb. Adm. 297. Second assignment: The White Squall, supra. Third assignment: Whitwell et al. v. Burnside, 1 Metc. (Mass.) 39; Morgan v. Morgan, 4 Gill & J. (Md.) 395; McCluskey v. Cromwell, 11 N. Y. 593; Sawyer v. Oakman, 11 Blatchf. 65; Miller v. Stewart, 9 Wheat. 681; Smith v. United States, 2 Wall. 219; Leggett et al. v. Humphreys, 21 How. 66; United States v. Boyd et al., 15 Pet. 187; United States v. Boecker, 21 Wall. 652; Smith v. Huesman, Cent. Law Jour., Dec. 7, 1877, No. 23, p. 492; The Ann Caroline, 2 Wall. 538; The Harriet, 1 Rob. Adm. 183; Myres et al. v. Parker, 6 Ohio St. 501. Fourth assignment: Carpentier v. Minturn, 65 Barb. (N. Y.) 293, and authorities there cited; Allen v. Malcolm, 12 Abb. (N. Y.) Pr. 335; Mahaney v. Penman, 4 Duer (N.Y.), 603; Shields v. Thomas, 18 How. 253; Watson v. The Cabot Bank, 5 Sandf. (N. Y.) 423; Murray v. Vanderbilt, 39 Barb. (N. Y.) 148. Fifth assignment: McGovney v. The State of Ohio, 20 Ohio, 83; Grant v. Naylor, 4 Cranch, 224.
The court declined to hear counsel for the appellees.
MR. JUSTICE CLIFFORD delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Lady's Yes

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ancient of Days

From volume 1 of the work.
A name given to God by the Prophet Daniel (7:9, 13, 22), in which he contrasts His eternal powers with the frail existence of the empires of the world. It is from these descriptions of the Almighty that Christian art derived its general manner of representing the first person of the Holy Trinity. Ancient of Days is expressed in Aramaic by Atiq yomin; in the Greek Septuagint by palaios hemeron; and in the Vulgate by Antiquus dierum.
A.J. MAAS
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Andechs

From volume 16 of the work.
A Benedictine monastery and famous place of pilgrimage on a hill about two miles east of the Ammersee in Upper Bavaria. Its site was originally occupied by a castle belonging to the counts of Diessen and probably of Roman origin. Its fame as a place of pilgrimage dates back to 955, when the relics which St. Rasso, one of the counts of Diessen, had brought from Rome and the Orient to his monastery at Wörth (later called Grafath) were transferred hither to save them from the ravages of the Huns. In the twelfth century three Sacred Hosts, two of which are reputed to have been consecrated by Pope Gregory I (Joannes Diaconus, "Vita S. Gregorii", in P.L., LXXV, 103) the other by Pope Leo IX, were added to the relics of Andechs, which henceforth became popularly known as "Der heilige Berg". The earliest mention of these Hosts is found in a thirteenth-century missal of Andechs, now preserved at the state library of Munich (Cod. Lat. 3005). The collegiate church which Duke Ernest had erected in 1438 was changed into a Benedictine monastery by Duke Albert III in 1455, and colonized with monks from Tegernsee. In 1458 it was raised to an abbey, and thenceforth enjoyed a period of uninterrupted prosperity until its secularization in 1803. It was re-established in 1850 as a Benedictine priory, affiliated to the Abbey of St. Boniface in Munich.
SATTLER, Chronik von Andechs (Donauworth, 1877); HEINDL, Der heilige Berg Andechs (Munich, 1895).
MICHAEL OTT