OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Raumer, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von

Edition of 1920. See also Friedrich Ludwig Georg von Raumer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAUMER, row'mĕr, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von, German historian: b. Wörlitz, near Dessau, Anhalt, 14 May 1781; d. Berlin, Germany, 14 June 1873. He studied law at Halle and Göttingen, and entered the Prussian state service in 1801. In 1811 he accepted the chair of political economy at Breslau, and in 1819 was called to Berlin. He was for some time secretary of the Berlin Academy, and at different times between 1816-55 traveled extensively through Europe and the United States. In 1848 he was elected to the Parliament of Frankfort, and was sent to Paris as Ambassador. He was a member of the House of Lords of Prussia from 1851 until his death. He founded and edited in 1830-67 ‘Historisches Taschenbuch.’ The first scientific historian to popularize history in German, Von Raumer wrote ‘Geschichte der Hohenstaufen und ihrer Zeit’ (1823-25); ‘Briefe aus Paris zur Erläuterung der Geschichte des 16 und 17 Jahrh’ (1831); ‘Ueber die geschichtlich Entwickelung der Begriffe von Recht, Staat und Politik’ (1832); ‘Geschichte Europas seit dem Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts’ (1832-50); ‘Beiträge zur Neuern Geschichte aus dem Brit. Museum, etc.’ (1836-39); ‘Die Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika’ (1845); ‘Handbuch zur Geschichte der Litteratur’ (1864-66), besides special works on ‘Prussian Municipal Law’ (1828); ‘England, 1835’ (1836); ‘England, 1841’ (1842), and ‘Italy’ (1840).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Raupach, Ernst Benjamin Salomo

Edition of 1920. See also Ernst Raupach on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAUPACH, row'päH, Ernst Benjamin Salomo, German dramatic poet: b. Straupitz, near Liegnitz, 21 May 1784; d. Berlin, 18 March 1852. He studied theology at Halle, afterward went as a tutor to Russia, and in 1816 obtained a chair in the philosophical faculty of the University of Saint Petersburg; but quitted the country in 1822, and after various changes finally settled, in 1824, in Berlin, where he employed himself chiefly in writing for the stage. His dramatic works have been collected and published in two divisions, the one containing his comic pieces, under the name of
‘Dramatische Werke komischer Gattung’ (1828-35); and the other, ‘Dramatische Werke ernster Gattung’ (1830-43). In his earlier works he was an imitator of Schiller, and some of the tragedies belonging to this period, such as ‘Die Erdennacht,’ show much real power. His popular success was considerable; but his dramas became more and more trivial in content. They display, however, considerable knowledge of stage effect, great creative power and a wealth of verbal wit. His early plays include ‘The Princess Chawansky’ (1818); ‘Die Gefesselten’ (1821); ‘Der Liebel Zauberkreis’ (1824); ‘Isidar und Olga’ (1826); and ‘Die Tocuter der Luft’ (1829); his comedies ‘Die Schleickhändler’; ‘Der Zeitgeist,’ and ‘Das Sonnett’; his farces ‘Deuken Cäsar,’ and ‘Schelle im Monde’; his posthumous works ‘Jacobine von Holland,’ ‘Der Kegelspider,’ ‘Mulier tacat in Ecclesia’ (1853), and ‘Seed and Fruit’ (1854). A life of the dramatist was published by Pauline Raupach (1853).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ravenel, Henry William

Edition of 1920. See also Henry William Ravenel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAVENEL, Henry William, American botanist: b. Berkeley, S. C., 19 May 1814; d. Aiken, S. C., 17 July 1887. He was graduated from South Carolina College in 1832, made a life study of the fungi and cryptogams and became one of the best botonical authorities in the United States. He made a critical study of the phænogams of South Carolina, was botanist of the government commission to Texas in 1869 and was agricultural editor of the Weekly News and Courier. The genus Ravenelia of the Uredineæ is named in his honor. He was credited with being the only American after the Rev. Moses A. Curtis, who knew specifically the fungi of the United States. The University of North Carolina gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1886. He wrote ‘Fungi Caroliniani Exsiccati’ (1853-60); and with M. C. Cooke ‘Fungi Americani Exsiccati’ (1878-82).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Raum, Green Berry

Edition of 1920. See also Green Berry Raum on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAUM, rowm, Green Berry, American lawyer: b. Golconda, Ill., 3 Dec. 1829; d. Chicago, Ill., 18 Dec. 1909. He was admitted to the bar in 1853; removed to Kansas and served in the Union army in the Civil War, rising to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. He sat in Congress 1866-69; was commissioner of internal revenue 1876-83, and United States commissioner of pensions 1889-93. He published ‘The Existing Conflict between Republican Government and Southern Oligarchy’ (1884); ‘History of Illinois Republicanism’ (1900).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Raumer, Karl Georg von

Edition of 1920. See also Karl Georg von Raumer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAUMER, Karl Georg von, German geologist and educator, brother of the preceding: b. Wörlitz, Germany, 9 April 1783; d. Erlangen, Germany, 2 June 1865. He was educated in Göttingen, Halle and Freiberg, and in 1811 became professor of mineralogy at Breslau, was called to Halle in 1819 and in 1827 settled permanently as professor of natural history at Erlangen. He published ‘Geognostische Fragmente’ (1811); ‘A B C Buch der Krystallkunde’ (1817, 1821); ‘Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Geographie’ (1832); ‘Geschichte der Pädagogik’ (1843-51); ‘Beschreibrung der Erdoberfläcuhe’ (6th ed., 1866), etc. Consult his autobiography (1866).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Raumer, Rudolph von

Edition of 1920. See also Rudolf von Raumer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAUMER, Rudolph von, German philologist, son of Karl Georg von Raumer: b. Breslau, Germany, 14 April 1815; d. Erlangen, Germany, August 1876. He was privat docent at Erlangen in 1840-46; professor there in 1846-76, and published ‘Untersuchungen über die Urverwandtschaft der semitischen und indo-europäischen Sprachen’ (1868 et seq.).
# The Economic Journal/Volume 1/Index

INDEX TO THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL
VOLUME I
ORIGINAL ARTICLES:—
page
​REVIEWS:—
page
page
Dawson, William Harbutt, The Unearned Increment.
Laveleye, Émile de, Luxury.
Aveling, Edward and Eleanor Marx, The Working Class Movement in America.
Lafargue, Paul, The Evolution of Property from Savagery to Civilization.
Thompson, Herbert M., The Purse and the Conscience.
Morrison, William Douglas, Crime and its Causes.
NOTES AND MEMORANDA—
page
OBITUARY:—
# The Economic Journal/Volume 1

THE
ECONOMIC JOURNAL
THE JOURNAL OF
The British Economic Association
EDITED BY
F. Y. EDGEWORTH
VOLUME I
London
MACMILLAN AND CO.
AND NEW YORK
1891
| Contents | Contents | Contents |
| | | PAGE |
| Index on original articles, reviews, notes and memoranda, etc. | Index on original articles, reviews, notes and memoranda, etc. | v. |
| The British Economic Association, its Council, Contributors to The Economic Journal, List of Members and Rules of the Association. | The British Economic Association, its Council, Contributors to The Economic Journal, List of Members and Rules of the Association. | a1 |
| Edgeworth, Prof. F.Y. | The British Economic Association | 1 |
| Rae, John | The Eight Hours Day in Victoria | 15 |
| Mayo-Smith, Prof. Richmond | The Eleventh Census of the United States | 43 |
| Seebohm, Dr. F. | French Peasant Proprietorship Under the Open Field System of Husbandry | 59 |
| Cunningham, Rev. Dr. W. | The Progress of Economic Doctrine in England in the Eighteenth Century | 73 |
| Nicholson, Prof. J. S. | The Living Capital of the United Kingdom | 95 |
| Wieser, Prof. F. | The Austrian School and the Theory of Value | 108 |
INDEX TO THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL
VOLUME I
ORIGINAL ARTICLES:—
page
​REVIEWS:—
page
page
Dawson, William Harbutt, The Unearned Increment.
Laveleye, Émile de, Luxury.
Aveling, Edward and Eleanor Marx, The Working Class Movement in America.
Lafargue, Paul, The Evolution of Property from Savagery to Civilization.
Thompson, Herbert M., The Purse and the Conscience.
Morrison, William Douglas, Crime and its Causes.
NOTES AND MEMORANDA—
page
OBITUARY:—
# The Economic Journal

The Economic Journal - established November 1890, at the inauguration of the British Economic Association (which became the Royal Economic Society in 1902) - was first published in 1891 by Macmillan & Co, London & New York. The first editor was Francis Ysidro Edgeworth.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Walther, Karl Ferdinand Wilhelm

Edition of 1920. See also C. F. W. Walther on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WALTHER, Karl Ferdinand Wilhelm, Lutheran minister and author: b. Langenchursdorf, Saxony, 25 Oct. 1811; d. 7 May 1887. He was for a time pastor at Braunsdorf, Saxony. He emigrated to America with a large colony of his countrymen 1839, and settled in Perry County, Mo. He became pastor in Saint Louis 1841. He founded and edited Der Lutheraner and a German theological journal entitled Lehre und Wehre. He was a leader in the extreme Lutheran confessionalism, or strict adherence to the dogmatical standard, and was colloquially termed “the Lutheran pope.” He organized in 1846 the Missouri Synod, which was the germ of the Synodical Conference, He was professor in the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Saint Louis from 1850 until his death. He was charged with holding Calvinistic principles, which he denied, and with which his doctrine of universal redemption would be quite inconsistent. He published a number of theological works in German; numerous sermons; and ‘American Lutheran Pastoral Theology’ (1872).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Washburn College

Edition of 1920. See also Washburn University on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WASHBURN COLLEGE, located at Topeka, Kan. It was founded in 1865 by the General Association of the Congregationalists of Kansas, but is non-sectarian in politics and government. It was first called Lincoln College and the name changed in honor of Ichabod Washburn of Worcester, Mass., who gave the college $25,000. The college is coeducational. The course of study was at first not above the academic grade, but was soon expanded to a full college course and other departments added until the college now includes four departments: (1) the College; (2) the School of Law, opened in 1903; (3) the School of Fine Arts; (4) the Summer School. The college confers the degrees of B.A., and B.S., for the completion of a four years' course and the degrees of M.A., and M.S., for graduate work. For the bachelor degrees the course in the first two years is partially prescribed and
partially elective, for the last two years, entirely elective. The electives must include a major and a minor taken in courses not open to freshmen and totaling 28 hours. Candidates for the B.S., degree must elect the mathematic and science for their major and minor requirements. Biblical literature, Hebrew and pedagogical courses are included in the curriculum. The School of Law offers a three years' course and confers the degree of LL.B. The School of Fine Arts was organized as a separate school in 1902, music and art departments having been established some years before. This school includes the departments of music, drawing, painting and expression. The music department offers four years' collegiate courses in pianoforte, organ, violin and vocal culture, leading to the degree of bachelor of music; and a two-year normal course for public school teachers. The students maintain five literary societies, two for men and three for women, an oratorical association, Christian associations, and an athletic association. In addition to the intercollegiate sports in which the college participates, an annual college field-day has been inaugurated. The college occupies a campus of 160 acres just outside the city on elevated ground; the buildings include Rice Hall (originally Science Hall, the name having been changed in 1902), Whitin Hall, the observatory building (erected in 1903 for the departments of physics and astronomy), the MacVicar chapel, the Library, Hartford Cottage and Holbrook Hall (women's dormitories), Carnegie library and Thomas gymnasium. The library contains 26,000 volumes; in addition the school of law has a separate library. The Topeka Public, the Kansas State, the Kansas State Historical Society and the Academy of Science libraries are open to students. The enrolment in 1917-18 was 709 students, of whom two-thirds were in the college department.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Washing of Feet

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
WASHING OF FEET. See Feet Washing.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Washington, Bushrod

Edition of 1920. See also Bushrod Washington on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WASHINGTON, Bushrod, American jurist: b. Westmoreland County, Va., 5 June 1762; d. Philadelphia, 26 Nov. 1829. He was nephew of George Washington. He was graduated in 1778 from the College of William and Mary; studied law wth James Wilson (1742-98) at Philadelphia and practised in Westmoreland County with much success. From 1780 until the surrender at Yorktown, he served in Colonel Mercer's cavalry troops, in 1787 became a member of the Virginia house of delegates; and in 1788 of the Virginia convention for ratification of the Constitution of the United States. In December 1798 he was appointed an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. He was the first president of the American Colonization Society (See Colonization Society of America, The National). Among his publications are ‘Reports of Cases in the Court of Appeals of Virginia’ (1798-99); ‘Reports of Cases Determined in the Circuit Court of the United States
for the 3d Circuit, 1803-27’ (edited by R. Peters, 1826-29). Consult Binney, ‘Life’ (1858).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Waltham Abbey

Edition of 1920. See also Waltham Abbey, Essex on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WALTHAM ABBEY, or WALTHAM-HOLY-CROSS, England, a market town of Essex, 12 miles north by east of London, on the left bank of the Lea. It consists chiefly of one irregular main street, and has a spacious Norman church, which once formed the nave of the famous abbey church of the Holy Cross, where King Harold is buried. There are here government manufactures of gunpowder and percussion-caps, cordite and small-arms, besides breweries, flourmills, etc. The old abbey of Waltham was founded or enlarged by King Harold in 1060 and is said to have once possessed a fragment of the cross on which Christ suffered. In the neighborhood are the village of Waltham Cross, and an “Eleanor cross,” recently restored. Pop. about 9,000.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Walther von der Vogelweide

Edition of 1920. See also Walther von der Vogelweide on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE, väl'tĕr fōn dĕr fō'gĕl-vi-dĕ, German lyric poet of the class of Minnesingers: b. about 1160; d. about 1227. He was descended from a noble but not wealthy family, whose castle, Vogelweide, is supposed to have been situated in Tyrol. Wallher resided at the court of Frederick, the eldest son of Leopold VI, duke of Austria and on Frederick's death in 1198 left the court of Vienna and entered on a series of wanderings. He remained longest at the splendid court of the Landgrave of Thuringia, who had always around him a circle of poets and instituted that celebrated poetic contest, the war of the Warburg (1207), in which Walther took part. Walther shows himself, in his political poems, a warm partisan of the imperial interests against the Papacy. The Emperor
Frederick II was also a patron, and bestowed on him a small fief. His poems, all of which are lyric, have been published by Lachmann (1827). Consult Milmanns, ‘Leben und Dichten Walthers von der Vogelweide’ (1882); Schönbach, ‘Walther von der Vogelweide, ein Dichterleben’ (1895).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Waltham

Edition of 1920. See also Waltham, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WALTHAM, wŏl'thạm, Mass., city in Middlesex County, on the Charles River and on the Boston and Maine Railroad, 10 miles west of Boston. It is connected by electric railway with Boston, Newton, and surrounding towns.
Waltham was settled by farmers in the early days of the colony. The first incorporation was that of Watertown, which then embraced the territory now included in Waltham. In 1738 Waltham was set off from Watertown and incorporated as a town; and in 1884 it was granted a city charter. The chief manufacturing establishments are the two famous watch factories. At the American Waltham Watch Works, the first successful attempt was made to manufacture watch movements, on a large scale, by machinery. It is now the largest watch factory of its kind in the world. In 1814 a cotton mill was erected here, the first in the United States in which, under the same roof, the raw material was put through all necessary forms, even through the bleachery and the dye works, and came out the finished cotton cloth of the market. Other manufactories are saddlery and harness works, foundry and machine shops, wagon and carriage factories, emery wheel works, lumber mills, furniture factories and men's clothing factories. The value of the annual products is about $10,000,000.
The principal public buildings are the government building, the municipal buildings, banks, churches and schools. There is one large park and a number of small squares. The waterworks are owned and operated by the city. The main business streets and many of those in the residential sections are paved. The roads leading to the near-by villages and towns are well made and kept in good repair. The pure water, favorable climate and good sewerage make the place most healthful. There are 17 churches representing 10 different denominations. The educational institutions are the Massachusetts School for the Feeble-Minded, the Waltham Nurses' Training School, the Notre Dame Normal Training School, a public high school and two private schools doing high school work, Saint Mary's School (Roman Catholic) and Waltham New Church School (New Jerusalem Church). There are
several commercial schools and Mellor's Commercial College, public and parish graded elementary schools, public evening schools, several private schools, a public library which contains about 40,000 volumes and several school libraries. There are two banks, one national and one state, and two daily newspapers. The government is administered under a charter of 1893 which provides for a mayor elected annually and a common council. The mayor appoints, subject to approval of the council, the majority of the administration officials, but the board of education is chosen by popular vote. Pop. 30,154. Consult Hurd, ‘History of Middlesex County.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Washing Machine

Edition of 1920. See also Washing machine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WASHING MACHINE, a machine for washing clothes. A great number of machines have been contrived, the most general feature of them being that the clothes are agitated by artifical means in a vessel of trough containing the cleansing agents. One of the great advantages of the washing machine as compared with the hands is that the water can be used when boiling hot. In some, provision is made for retaining the steam which effectually bleaches the clothes, and they generally have also roller attachments for wringing and mangling. See Laundry Machinery.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Washington, Booker Taliaferro

Edition of 1920. See also Booker T. Washington on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WASHINGTON, wŏsh'ĭng-tȯn, Booker Taliaferro, American negro educator: b. near Hale's Ford, Franklin County, Va., about 1858; d. 14 Nov. 1915. After the Civil War he went to Malden, W. Va., where he worked first in a salt-furnace and afterward in a coal-mine, obtained some rudiments of education in a night-school there, and finally after many difficulties, recounted in the autobiography ‘Up from Slavery’ (1901), got to the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (Va.) (q.v.), where he studied in 1872-75, After a two-years' interval of teaching at Malden, he obtained further training at the Wayland Seminary (Washington D. C.), and in 1879 was
made an instructor at Hampton. He had charge of the work of the Indian pupils then being experimentally introduced into the institution and established the night-school as a regular and successful feature of the institute. In 1881 he was selected by Gen. S. C. Armstrong of Hampton on the application of citizens of Tuskegee, Ala., to start in that place in institution on the plan of Hampton. The State legislature granted an appropriation of $2,000 annually for the salaries of the teaching force, but the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (q.v.) then existed in name only, without land, buildings or credit. Washington, with himself as the only instructor, opened the school with an enrolment of 30 in an old church and a shanty. Later he purchased a plantation about a mile from Tuskegee, and removed the school thither to its present site. In 1918 the institution had 191 officers and instructors, 1,451 students and over 2,500 graduates. Its development was due chiefly to the activity of Washington in bringing the nature and merits of the work to public attention, and the originality and effectiveness of his methods. He has aimed to give the blacks a practical education along lines of trade and industry, leading to an ultimate position of economic independence in the South. If this were attained he asserted, political rights now denied would not long be withheld. He became well known as a forceful public speaker, his most noteworthy address probably being that given in 1895 at the opening of the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta, Ga. He organized the National Negro Business League at Boston in 1900. Among his writings are ‘The Future of the American Negro’ (1899); ‘Up from Slavery’ (1901), the interesting autobiographical narrative referred to above; ‘Character-Building’ (1902), collected addresses to pupils of Tuskegee; and ‘The Story of the Negro’ (1909); ‘The Man Farthest Down’ (1912). Consult Thrasher, M. B., ‘Tuskegee’ (1900), to which Washington contributed an introduction; an article by W. D. Howells (in the North American Review, Vol. 173, pp. 280-288, 1901); his ‘Life’ by Stone and Scott (Garden City 1916); and Riley, D. F., ‘The Life and Times of Booker T. Washington’ (New York 1916).
# The Highwayman (Bailey)

Court intrigues, adventure (though more of the ironical than the swashbuckling kind) and romance all play a part in this Historical Romance set in the time of Queen Anne and the Old Pretender.
A public domain audiobook is available at [Librivox]
THE HIGHWAYMAN
BY H. C. BAILEY

## Contents

* I. THE COMPLETE HERO
* II. THE HOUSE OF WAVERTON
* III. A MAN OF MANY WORLDS
* IV. A GENTLEMAN'S PURSE
* V. THE WORLD'S A MIRACLE
* VI. HARRY IS NOT GRATEFUL
* VII. GENEROSITY OF A FATHER
* VIII. MISS LAMBOURNE LOOKS SIDEWAYS
* IX. ANGER OF AN UNCLE
* X. YOUNG BLOOD
* XI. ABSENCE OF MR. WAVERTON
* XII. IN HASTE
* XIII. DISTRESS OF A MOTHER
* XIV. SPECTATORS OF PARADISE
* XV. MRS. BOYCE
* XVI. THE AFFAIR OF SIR GEORGE
* XVII. RETURN OF MR. WAVERTON
* XVIII. HARRY IS DISMISSED
* XIX. ALISON FINDS FRIENDS
* XX. RETURN OF CAPTAIN McBEAN
* XXI. CONSOLATIONS BY A FATHER
* XXII. TWO'S COMPANY
* XXIII. THE HOUSE IN KENSINGTON
* XXIV. QUEEN ANNE IS DEAD
* XXV. SAUVE QUI PEUT
* XXVI. REVELATIONS
* XXVII. VIRTUE IS ITS OWN REWARD
* XXVIII. IN THE TAP
* XXIX. ALISON KNEELS
* XXX. EMOTIONS BY MR. WAVERTON
* XXXI. CAPTAIN McBEAN TAKES HORSE
* XXXII. PERPLEXITIES OF CAPTAIN McBEAN
* XXXIII. REMORSE OF COLONEL BOYCE
* XXXIV. HARRY WAKES UP
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1961, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 62 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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