OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Juniper

See also Juniper on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ju′niper, species of Juniperus, a genus of conifers, containing about thirty species widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. The junipers are characterized-by their opposite or whorled leaves, and are peculiar among conifers in that the cone ripens into a berry-like fruit. The most common species of the north-eastern states are the common juniper (J. communis) which occurs either as a small tree or shrub or as a prostrate form; the savin (J. Sabina) which is a prostrate or sometimes creeping shrub throughout the northern regions; and the cedar (J. Virginiana), which is common on dry hills or in deep swamps and has a shreddy bark and a red, aromatic, hard wood.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Junius, Letters of

See also Junius on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Junius, Letters of, seventy letters of political character, which appeared in the Public Advertiser of London between January, 1769, and January, 1772. For publishing the letter to the king, Woodfall, the proprietor of the Public Advertiser, was prosecuted, but was acquitted on a legal point; but a bookseller was punished for selling a reprint. These letters attracted the widest attention, because of their unknown author's boldness and his seeming familiarity with politics and well-known persons. It certainly was bold in that day to say, as Junius said to George III: "Remember that while the crown was acquired by one revolution, it may be lost by another." A dozen or more leading writers and politicians were suspected of hiding under the name of Junius. But the man most commonly held to be the writer is Sir Philip Francis, and this theory was adopted by De Quincey, Macaulay, Stanhope and other critics; yet there is no direct evidence connecting Francis with the authorship. The Letters of Junius were more polished than those of any writer of the day. They were the first of modern newspaper editorials. See Dilke’s Papers of the Critic.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Juno

See also Juno (mythology) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Juno (jū' nō). The Romans gave a god to everything existing—to a man, to the tree, to the state, to the storeroom. So Juno is the goddess of womanhood, and the various titles given her are of the different parts of a woman’s life, as Juno the goddess of birth, of marriage etc. This personification of feminine functions became identified with the Greek goddess, Hera, who became known to the Romans through Greece at an early time. In this way Juno came to be considered the jealous wife of Jupiter, as represented in Vergil, as Hera (q. v.) is the spouse of Zeus in Homer.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jupiter (mythology)

See also Jupiter (mythology) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Jupiter, the chief god of the Romans. He was first the divinity of the sky, of thunder and of lightning. He was the supreme spirit above other gods, and as such was besought to give victory in war. He also was the god of the vintage and of oaths. When, however, the Romans came to know of the Greek gods, the myths and stories told of Zeus were applied by Latin poets to Jupiter. Statues of Jupiter came to be made, and the Roman god came to be, as Zeus was, merely a greater man. The famous temple of Jupiter stood on the Capitoline hill at Rome, and was built by Tarquin.
# The New Student's Reference Work/June

See also June on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
June, the sixth month of the year in our calendar and the fourth among the Romans. It first had 26 days, to which four were added by Romulus, one was taken away by Numa, and the month again lengthened to 30 days by Julius Cæsar.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Junco

See also Junco on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Jun′co a member of the finch family and a hardy little bird unafraid of winter’s cold, is sometimes known as the slate-colored snowbird. It belongs to the woods of the north. Naturally shy, it is not infrequently emboldened to join the chickadees and sparrows in accepting man’s hospitality, offered when deep snow makes lean pickings for feathered folks. In winter it feeds chiefly on weed-seeds and grain. It is about the size of the English sparrow, a small, trim bird robed in neatest Quaker uniform; its coat dark slate-color, a blackish hood fitted snugly about the head, then a slate colored breastplate; under part dull white, and white on the outer tail feathers. When disturbed, juncoes twitter and fly away, sometimes uttering what Chapman describes as a “sharp, kissing call.” During the nesting-season a simple trill or low, sweet warble is heard.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jungfrau

See also Jungfrau on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Jungfrau (yo͝ong′ frou), meaning the/maiden, a magnificent peak of the Bernese Alps, reaches a height of 13,671 feet. It obtains its name probably from the purity and dazzling brightness of the snow which covers it. Its summit was first reached by two Swiss, named Meyer, in 1811. A railroad is built from Lauterbrunnen to its summit.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Junot, Andoche, Duc d'Abrantes

See also Jean-Andoche Junot on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Junot (zhū' nō'), Andoche, Duc d'Abrantes, one of Napoleon's famous generals, was born at Bussy-le-Grand, France, Oct. 23, 1771. He entered the army as a volunteer in 1792. His courage at Toulon caught the eye of Napoleon who carried him with him to Egypt as adjutant. At Nazareth he put 10,000 Turks to flight with but 300 horsemen. He was made governor of Paris, ambassador to Portugal and, in 1807, given command of the army for the invasion of that country. In a short time he had possession of all the strong places in the kingdom. For his brilliant success he was made Duc d’Abrantes and governor of Portugal. But he was soon defeated by Wellington (then Sir Arthur Wellesley) at Vimiera, and forced out of Portugal. He afterward served in Germany and Russia, and was made one of the scapegoats for the Russian disaster and sent to govern Illyria. This disgrace, together with former wounds in the head, brought on insanity. He died on July 29, 1813.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jupiter (planet)

See also Jupiter on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ju'piter. See Planets.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ya-lu-kiang

Edition of 1905. See also Yalu River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ YA-LU-KIANG, yä′lōō′kyäng′. One of the most important rivers of Korea, where it is also known as the Amnok or Apnok (Map: Korea, G 3). It rises in the Paik-tu-san (8000 feet high), the highest of the Shan-a-lin or Chang-peh-shan system of Manchuria, latitude 41° 59′ N., and flows in a generally southwest direction into the Yellow Sea near the city of Wiju, forming in its course the northwest boundary of the country. It is navigable by sea-going junks for 30 miles from its mouth, and by smaller craft as far as Wi-wön, 145 miles farther up. In its upper course it is obstructed by some eighteen dangerous rapids, yet immense rafts of fine timber are annually floated down to the sea, chiefly for export to Northern China. Off the mouth of the Yalu a great naval battle between the Chinese and the Japanese was fought in 1894, resulting in the destruction of the Chinese fleet. See Korea.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wyntoun, Andrew of

Edition of 1905. See also Andrew of Wyntoun on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WYNTOUN, wīn′tŭn, Andrew of (1350?-1420?). A Scottish chronicler, about whom very little is known except that he was a canon regular of Saint Andrew's and was elected about 1395 prior of Saint Serf's Inch in Loch Leven. His Oryginale Cronykil of Scotland, in verse, possesses great linguistic interest as a specimen of early English written in the North. Like Barbour's Bruce, the poem is composed in octosyllabic verse. The work was edited by David Laing for the ‘Historians of Scotland Series’ (3 vols., Edinburgh, 1872-79). A new edition from the Wemyss manuscript is being prepared for the Scottish Text Society.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wöhler, Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich Wöhler on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WÖHLER, vẽlẽr, Friedrich (1800-82). A German chemist, born near Frankfort-on-the-Main. He was educated at the Gymnasium at Frankfort, then studied medicine and chemistry at the universities of Marburg and Heidelberg, and subsequently worked under the direction of Berzelius at Stockholm. In 1825 he returned to Berlin and was invited to teach chemistry at the newly established industrial school of that city. In 1831 he received a similar appointment at Cassel. In 1836 he was made professor of chemistry in the medical department of the University of Göttingen and inspector-general of the pharmacies of Hanover. He died at Göttingen. Wöhler is justly considered as one of the founders of organic chemistry, his name being connected with the most important discoveries in the early history of the science. In 1828 he effected the synthesis of urea — the first organic compound produced by artificial laboratory means, without the agency of life. The first cases of isomerism (i.e. the existence of different compounds having the same composition) were
likewise observed by Wöhler (see Chemistry; Carbon Compounds), and no less a contribution was formed by the classical research on the benzoyl compounds, carried out by Wöhler in conjunction with Liebig. (See Chemistry, historical section.) Many other results of importance were achieved by Wöhler in all branches of chemistry. He isolated the elements aluminum, glucinum, yttrium, and titanium, and founded the nickel industry by devising a process of manufacturing the pure metal on a large scale. As a teacher, too, he was brilliant and many-sided. His Grundriss der Chemie and Die Mineralanalyse in Beispielen passed through numerous editions and were translated into several languages. He also edited in German Berzelius's voluminous Lehrbuch der Chemie and Jahresberichte. Hofmann published an excellent biography of Wöhler in the Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (1882), and edited Aus Justus Liebigs und Friedrich Wöhlers Briefwechsel (1888). Wöhler published the results of his investigations in Liebig's Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, of which he became co-editor in 1838. In 1890 a monument was erected to his memory at Göttingen.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Yale, Elihu

Edition of 1905. See also Elihu Yale on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ YALE, Elihu (1648-1721). An English colonial official, the early patron of Yale College. He was born in or near Boston, Mass., the son of David Yale, of Denbighshire, Wales, who emigrated to New England in 1638, lived for a while in New Haven, and then settled in Boston. David Yale's family returned to England in 1652, and lived in London, where Elihu was educated. In 1672 he entered the service of the British East India Company, and proceeded to India, where he rose at length in 1687 to be Governor of Fort Saint George (Madras). In 1692 he returned to London with a large fortune acquired in private trade. In 1699 he became a governor of the East India Company. He became widely known for his philanthropy and the liberality of his gifts for religious and educational objects. One of the institutions in which he became interested was the collegiate school founded in 1700 at Saybrook, Conn., to which, between 1714 and 1721, he gave books and money to the amount of about £900. After the removal of the school from Saybrook to New Haven in 1718, the new college building was named after him. and in 1745 his name was applied to the whole institution. He lived during the latter part of his life at Wrexham, North Wales, and his body is there buried. Consult Dexter, Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College (1885).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wyoming, University of

Edition of 1905. See also University of Wyoming on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WYOMING, University of. A coeducational State institution at Laramie, Wyo., founded in 1887 on the Federal land grants. Its departments include colleges of liberal arts, agriculture, and mechanical engineering, a school of commerce, a school of mines, and normal, graduate, and preparatory departments. It confers the bachelor's degree in arts, sciences, and pedagogy, and gives the master's degree for advanced work. The university receives $15,000 from the Federal Government for researches in agriculture, $25,000 for instruction in the schools of agriculture and mechanic arts, and a State tax of one-quarter mill, producing about $9000, besides occasional appropriations for buildings. In 1903 it had 19 instructors, 200 students, about evenly divided between the academic and preparatory departments, and a library of 16,000 volumes. In that year its income was $70,000; the college property was valued at $250,000 and the buildings and grounds at about $200,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ya-lung-kiang

Edition of 1905. See also Yalong River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ YA-LUNG-KIANG, yä′lōōng′kyäng′. A river of Western China, rising on the southern slope of the Bayan-kara, an eastern extension of the Kuen-lun Mountains in Eastern Tibet, near the headwaters of the Yellow River, latitude 34° N. and longitude 97° E. (Map: China, B 6). Its course is generally south through deep gorges parallel with the Kin-sha-kiang or Yang-tse, which it joins after a course of several hundred miles in latitude 26° 35′ N. It is a very swift stream, much impeded by rapids, and is not navigable except in local stretches.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Yale, Linus

Edition of 1905. See also Linus Yale, Jr. on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ YALE, Linus (1821-68). An American inventor, born at Salisbury, N. Y. He at first turned his attention to portrait painting, but afterwards became an inventor and devised several locks, the excellence of which won general recognition. His best known devices are the combination lock, the clock lock, and the double lock. See Lock.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wyndham, George

Edition of 1905. See also George Wyndham on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WYNDHAM, George (1863—). An English Cabinet Minister. He was born in London, and was educated at Eton College and at the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, where he graduated in 1882. In 1883 he entered the Coldstream Guards and served through the Suakim campaign and in Cyprus (1885), when he resigned from the army. From 1887 to 1892 he was private secretary to A. J. Balfour. In 1889 he entered Parliament as a Conservative member from Dover, and in 1898 became Under Secretary of State for War. In 1900 he was advanced to the position of Chief Secretary for Ireland, and in 1902 was made a member of the Cabinet. He first became a figure of international interest when, on March 25, 1903, he introduced an Irish land purchase bill more radical in its provisions than any measure heretofore proposed for the relief and pacification of Ireland. His tactful and conciliatory attitude rendered the passage of the bill possible. He published, with elaborate and scholarly introductions, North's Plutarch (1894), and Shakespeare's Poems (1898).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Escanaba

See also Escanaba, Michigan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Escanaba (ĕs′ kȧ-na̤′ bȧ), county-seat of Delta County, Mich., 52 miles northwest of Marinette. It is on Little Bay de Nouquette, an inlet of Green Bay, and has passenger and freight-steamer connection with all the leading ports on the Great Lakes. It is important as an iron-shipping point, having five docks for iron-ore and a large one for other products, and, besides, is in the center of a vegetable, grain and lumber-region. The city has a good public-school system, a high-school, a public library, St. Joseph’s high-school and a national bank. It is served by the C. & N. W. and the M. & St. P. railways. Population, 13,194.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Eskimo

See also Eskimo on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Eskimo (ĕs′ kĭ-mṓ) or Esquimaux, a people numbering about 40,000, who are spread over the most northern parts of America, the Arctic Islands, Greenland and about 400 miles of the nearest coast of Asia. They have been found as far north as discoverers have gone, living usually within 20 miles of the seashore. They are the most thinly scattered people in the world. They seem to be allied to the American Indians, being about the same height, with slightly brown skin and coarse, black hair. They live by hunting and fishing, the seal furnishing them with food, clothes and fuel. Their houses are built of wood or stone (covered with sod) or of snow, with a funnel-shaped, half-underground passage for an entrance. The rooms are heated by lamps, and the sleeping places, somewhat like stalls, are arranged in rows along the sides, with often 50 and sometimes 200 inmates to a house. Men and women wear the same dress—a pair of trousers and a coat or sack, with a hood attached to draw up over the head, made of skins. The women use the hood as a cradle for carrying their children. The Eskimos are divided into tribes, and the tribes again into groups, while one of the oldest and most respected men is obeyed as chief of a house or wintering-place. The Eskimo of Labrador, southern Alaska and western Greenland are Christians. The name is supposed to come from an Indian word, meaning eaters of raw meat. Their name for themselves is Inuit or, in Greenland, Kaladlit. See The Eskimo Tribes, by Dr. H. Rink.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Erebus, Mount

See also Mount Erebus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Er′ebus, Mount, an active volcano in Victoria Land in the Antarctic regions. It was discovered by Ross in 1841, and named after one of his ships. It is 12,367 feet in height, and is the nearest volcano to the South Pole.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Esau

See also Esau on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
E'sau, also called Edom, the eldest son of Isaac and twin brother of Jacob, was the ancestor of the Edomites, an ancient people inhabiting Mt. Seir. He was a wild hunter, rash, passionate and generous, and no match for his crafty brother Jacob. When hungry from a long hunt, he sold Jacob his birthright as the elder son for a mess of pottage; but his anger, when he realized what he had done, was so great that Jacob fled into Mesopotamia. Esau met his brother, however, on his return from his long exile, and was reconciled to him.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Erg

See also Erg on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Erg, the unit of work employed in physics and chemistry. It is defined as the amount of work done by a force of one dyne when exerted through a distance of one centimeter. It requires forty-two million ergs of work to heat one gram of water one degree centigrade, that is,
1 calorie = 42×10⁶ ergs, very approximately.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Escurial

See also El Escorial on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Escurial (es-kū′ ri-al) or Escorial (ĕs-kō′-rĭ-al), a monastery, royal palace and burial place of the Spanish kings, situated 31 miles northwest of Madrid, on the slope of the Sierra Guadarrama, 3,700 feet above the sea. It was built by Philip II, and dedicated to St. Lawrence in memory of a victory which occurred on St. Lawrence’s day. The main building is 706 feet long and 550 broad. A smaller square building, used as the royal palace, projects from the east side. It was begun in 1563 and finished in 1584. It held one of the finest collections of pictures in Europe until 1837, when a hundred of the best were taken to Madrid. The burial place of the royal family, called the Pantheon, is an eight-sided room beneath the church. The kings of Spain, from Charles V to Alfonso XII, all but Philip V and Ferdinand II, are buried here in marble tombs, placed one above another in niches in the wall. The Escorial was much injured by fire in 1872.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Esperanto

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Esperanto, an artificial language invented by a Russian scholar named Zamenhof and first given to the public in 1887. It is designed to meet the requirements of a universal language. It seems necessary that any language to be universally adopted must be an artificial one, since national jealousy prevents the adoption of a living language, as English or French. A great advantage would necessarily be given to any nation whose language was thus universally adopted. On the other hand, the adoption of a dead language like Latin is out of the question, as it is too difficult for general acquisition. Esperanto is claimed to be very easy to learn for any person familiar with any one of the main European languages, as its vocabulary is made up of only such words as are common, though in varying forms, to the main languages of Europe.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Erfurt

See also Erfurt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Erfurt (ĕr′fŏŏrt), a city of Prussian Saxony and the ancient capital of Thuringia, is thirteen miles from Weimar. Its two citadels once were monasteries. It was a strongly fortified city until 1873, its position on the central road through Europe giving it importance. Its cathedral, one of the oldest Gothic buildings in Germany, has very fine sculptures and bronze castings, one especially, a Coronation of the Virgin, which dates from the 16th century. The Augustine monastery, known as the home of Martin Luther, is now called the Martinsstift (Martin's Institute), and is used as an orphan asylum. The growing of flowers and vegetables and the raising of flower seeds are two of the principal industries. There also are manufactures of woolen, silk, cotton and linen goods, lamps, machines, shoes and beer. It was made a bishopric in 741. Since 1803 it has belonged to Prussia, except during 1806-14. The congress of Erfurt, held in 1808, was attended by Napoleon, the emperor of Russia and several princes of Germany. Population, 111,461.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Escalator

See also Escalator on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Escalator, a device often called a moving staircase, is a means of carrying people from level to level by means of a system of moving trucks which are bolted to a chain connected with a driving-wheel. The trucks have the appearance of a series of steps. At top and bottom the trucks are of the same level, so that there is practically a platform which gives passengers sufficient time to step off the escalator. A curved railing, fitted with moving belts, gently shunts them off if they do not move. An example of such an escalator may be seen at the 125th St. subway station, New York City. When desired, it may be used as an ordinary staircase.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Esdraelon

See also Jezreel Valley on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Esdraelon (ĕs′ drȧ′ ē-lŏn) or Plain of Jezreel, a valley in Palestine, extending along the River Kishon from Mt. Hermon to Mt. Carmel. It is a fertile plain, and is in the shape of a triangle, its longest side measuring 18 miles in length. Here Gideon defeated the Midianites, and in 1799 the French under Napoleon conquered the Turks. As late as 1867 the plain was annually overrun and wasted by the Arabs, but is now in a high state of cultivation. See Haifa, by Laurence Oliphant.