OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Van Beneden, Pierre Joseph

Edition of 1905. See also Pierre-Joseph van Beneden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VAN BENEDEN, vän bä'ne-dēn, Pierre Joseph. A Belgian zoölogist. See Beneden.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Van Brunt, Henry

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Van Brunt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VAN BRUNT, Henry (1832-1903). An American architect, born in Boston, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1854, and during the Civil War served for two years as military secretary on the staff of the admiral commanding the North Atlantic Squadron. Among the more important buildings of which he was the architect are Memorial Hall at Harvard, the library building of the University of Michigan, the First Church in Boston, and the Electricity Building at the World's Columbian Exposition. Among his writings are Greek Lines and Other Architectural Essays (1893), and a translation of Viollet-le-Duc's Discourses on Architecture.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Veneer

Edition of 1905. See also Veneer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VENEER (from Ger. furniren, fovrniren, to inlay, veneer, furnish, from OF. fornir, Fr. fournir, to furnish, from OHG. fnimjan, to provide, from friima, utility). A la.ver of wood, cut very thin, for the purpose of being glued on to the" surface of a commoner kind. Only choice kinds of hard woods are sawn into veneers, and they are usually attached to deal or jiinc, so as to give all the appearance of solidity. In this way the more costly kinds of furniture woods are economically used by the cabinet maker, for with the improvements which have been effected in the process of sawing veneers as thin as paper have been produceil,
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Vanadinite

Edition of 1905. See also Vanadinite on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VANADINITE. A mineral lead chloride and vanadate crystallized in the hexagonal system. It has a resinous lustre, and in color varies from yellow to red and brown. It usually occurs as prismatic crystals with smooth faces and sharp edges, also sometimes in rounded forms and globular incrustations, and is found in the Urals, Sweden, Argentina, South Africa, and Mexico, and in the United States with wulfenite and pyromorphite at various localities in New York, Arizona, and New Mexico. This mineral finds some use as a source of vanadium salts, which are used as a pigment for porcelain, and in the manufacture of ink.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Vanadium

Edition of 1905. See also Vanadium on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VANADIUM (Neo-Lat., from Vanadis, a Scandinavian goddess). A metallic element discovered by Sefstrom in 1830. It is never found native, but occurs in combination as vanadic acid in a number of minerals, including descoloizite, endlichite, motthamite, psittacinite, roscoelite, and vanadinite. It has also been found in the lava at Vesuvius and spectroscopically in the sun. It is a difficult metal to obtain pure, but was isolated by Roscoe by heating the anhydrous dichloride in pure dry hydrogen.
Vanadium (Symbol, Va: atomic weight, 51.38) is a light-gray powder that has a specific gravity of 5.5 and melts at a very high temperature. The metal combines with platinum to form an alloy, and with oxygen forms a monoxide, a dioxide, a trioxide, a tetroxide, and a pentoxide, of which the last two act as acid-forming oxides, forming hypovanadic and vanadic compounds. Of the various vanadium salts, ammonium metavanadate, formed by dissolving the pentoxide in ammonium hydrate, is used as a black pigment, frequently with aniline as a dye, and also as the basis of a permanent black ink.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Van Buren, William Holme

Edition of 1905. See also William Holme Van Buren on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VAN BUREN, William Holme (1819-83). An American surgeon, born in Philadelphia. He studied two years in Yale: graduated at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1840: entered the army and served in Florida and on the Canadian frontier; was on the staff of Bellevue Hospital from 1849 till 1852; was professor of anatomy in the Medical College of New York University from 1852 till 1860; and from 1860 till shortly before his death occupied the chair of surgery in Bellevue Hospital Medical College. He translated Bernard and Huette's Operative Surgery and Medical Anatomy (1855), and Morel's Compendium of Human Histology (1861). He also published: Contributions to Practical Surgery (1865): Lectures on Diseases of the Rectum (1874); and, with Dr. E. L. Keyes, Text-book on Diseases of the Urino-genital Organs with Syphilis (1874).
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Vendor's Lien

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​VENDOR'S LIEN. In the law of real property, an iniplieJ lien of a vendor of land for the unpaid purchase price, or any balance thereof. It is of equitable origin, and is available against subsequent purchasers and incumljrances with notice. The most effective way of giving notice to the public is to begin an action in equity to enforce the lien, and at the same time file a Us pendens against the property. It does not actually become a specific lien against the property until its existence and validity is established by the decree of a court. This lien may be waived by taking security on which a third person is liable, but not by" merely taking a note or other obligation of the vendee alone. In code, States the common method of enforcing a vendor's claim for unpaid purchase money is by a single action in equity to enforce the lien and incidentally to recover "the amount due. In the law, of sales of personal property the term is employed to denote the right of a seller of goods and chattels to retain possession thereof until the purchase price is paid, where no credit is given. See STOPPAGE IN Tr.>'situ; Lien; Sale.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Vendôme, Louis Joseph

Edition of 1905. See also Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VENDÔME, Louis Joseph, Duke de (1654—1712). A French general, the son of Louis, Duke de Vendôme. He was born in Paris, July 1, 1654 served during the Dutch campaign of 1672, and afterward under Turenne in Germany and Alsace, and under Créqui in Flanders. After the Peace of Nimeguen (1678) he retired to his château of Anet. near Dreux, until the outbreak of war in 1688. He fought under Luxembourg in the Low Countries, and later commanded the left wing of Catinat's army at the battle of Marsaglia (October 4, 1693). In 1695 he was assigned to the head of the army in Catalonia, and achieved a series of brilliant successes, closing with the capture of Barcelona. After the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession he succeeded Villeroy in Italy (1702), won the victories of Ustiano and San Vittoria, and compelled the temporarv retirement of Prince Eugene. In 1703 he curried on a successful campaign against the Austrians, and in the summer of 1706 he was recalled to supersede Villeroy in the Low Countries. His quarrels with the Duke of Burgundy, who had received a command under him, led to the defeat of the French at Oudenarde (q.v.). After the capitulation of Lille he was recalled. In 1710 Vendome was sent, at the urgent request of Philip V., to Spain, where the British and Austrians were carrying all before them. His appearance brought together a numerous army of volunteers, and Philip was restored to his capital before the close of the year. Stanhope and the British troops were defeated at Brihuega, December 9tli, and on the following day Starhemberg and the Austrians were routed at Villaviciosa. The King raised his deliverer to the rank of a prince of the blood roval. Vendôme was a great warrior and a man of keen intellect, but indolent and grossly immoral. He died at Vinaroz, Catalonia, June 15, 1712. Saint-Simon, in his Mémoires, gives a highly colored and unfriendly picture of the man. Consult also De Bellerive, Les dernicres campagnes de Louis Joseph de Vendôme (Paris, 1714); Voltaire, Le siecle de Louis XIV.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New Student's Reference Work/Xerxes I

See also Xerxes I of Persia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Xerxes (zӗrks' ēz) I, king of Persia, was the oldest son of Darius by Atossa, his second wife, and was appointed successor by his father in preference to Artabazanes, his oldest son by his first wife. Darius died in 485 B. C. in the midst of preparations for a third expedition against Greece; and Xerxes, as soon as he had subdued the rebellious Egyptians, gave his whole attention to the completion of his father's plans for the subjugation of the Hellenic states. A bridge of boats a mile in length was built across the Hellespont; and a canal was cut through Mt. Athos, near which the fleet of Mardonius had been wrecked in 492 B. C. In the spring of 480 B. C. the vast army, said to number 2,000,000, began to march toward the Hellespont; according to Herodotus it took this force seven days and nights to march across the bridge. Grote, who discredits the immense numbers given by Herodotus, nevertheless says: "We may well believe that the numbers of Xerxes were greater than were ever assembled in ancient times or perhaps at any known epoch of history." This immense force moved on without resistance till brought to a stand by Leonidas at Thermopylæ; and, although the Greeks were defeated and slain, it was not without severe fighting and heavy loss on the part of the Persians. When Xerxes arrived at Athens, three months after crossing the Hellespont, he found the city deserted. Meantime the Persian and Greek fleets had taken their positions in the narrow strait between Salamis and the Attic coast, where the great naval battle of Salamis took place, in which the Persians were signally defeated, Xerxes himself fleeing in haste to the Hellespont. The bridge of boats having been destroyed in a storm, he crossed in a vessel, leaving Mardonius with 300,000 men to carry on operations in Greece. Next year that general was defeated by the Greeks in the famous battle of Platæa; and in 478 B. C. the Persians lost their last possession in Europe by the capture of Sestos in the Hellespont. Little more is known of the history of Xerxes, except that he was murdered by Artabanus, who aspired to the throne, and was succeeded by Artaxerxes, his son, in 465 B. C. Herodotus commended him as a man and as a monarch. See Greece, Leonidas I, Platæa, Salamis, Themistocles and Thermopylæ.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Xanthippe

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Xanthippe (zăn-tĭp' pē), the wife of Socrates (q. v.), has the reputation of being an arch termagant, doubtless with some reason. Still it should be remembered that her naturally infirm temper must have been severely tried by the small concern manifested by Socrates in relation to his domestic affairs. Socrates had completely mastered his naturally strong appetites and passions and had acquired a temper of perfect serenity. It is but natural then that historians, on ever so small a basis of fact, should delight to match such a philosopher with a woman of such a temper as Xanthippe is said to have possessed. On the other hand, if we can trust Plato, she seems to have really loved her husband, and at his death he tenderly committed her to the care of his friends. Many stories are told of her to illustrate her peculiar infirmity, but it is impossible to tell how much credit should be given to them. The era of Socrates was 470–399 B. C.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Xavier, Saint Francis

See also Francis Xavier on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Xavier (zăv' ĭ- ӗr), The Apostle of the Indies, one of the first members of the Societas Jesu (Jesuits), was born at Navarre, Spain, April 7, 1506. He was educated at Paris, graduating in 1530. Soon afterwards he joined the order formed by Ignatius Loyola, and on Aug. 15, 1534, took vows with five others, devoting themselves to missionary work in Palestine. War prevented them from carrying out this plan. When Loyola was requested to send missionaries to the Portuguese settlements in the Indies, Xavier was selected, and with one associate set out from Lisbon in 1541. He went first to Goa, to Ceylon, to Malacca and then to Japan. He intended next to go to China, but died when only in sight of that empire, Dec. 5, 1552. He was buried at Goa. It is said that during his ten years' apostleship, he planted the faith in 52 different kingdoms, preached the gospel through 9,000 miles of territory, and baptized more than 1,000,000 persons. He was canonized by Pope Gregory XV in 1622.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Xerophytes

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Xerophytes (zēr' ō-fīts), plants adapted to dry soil and air. The conditions of drouth may be occasional, periodic or permanent, and plants have various ways of meeting them. The plan is to avoid as much exposure as possible and to store what water can be obtained. Prominent among drouth adaptations are underground habits (geophilous plants), rolling or folding of leaves, profile position of leaves (compass-plants), motile leaves which can shift their position (sensitive plants), small leaves etc. Probably the most conspicuous feature of plants in permanently dry regions is the organization of reservoirs which retain water and dole it out, according to the need. Such plants, therefore, usually are fleshy or succulent. The xerophytic societies are numerous, and among them may be mentioned rock societies, composed of plants living upon exposed rocks, walls etc.; sand societies, including beaches, dunes and sandy fields; shrubby heaths, in which species of the heath family abound; plains, the great dry areas in the interior of continents; cactus deserts of the southwestern states and Mexico; and tropical deserts, where the drouth conditions are extreme and the vegetation scanty.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Xenia, O.

See also Xenia, Ohio on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Xenia (zē' nĭ-Ȧ), O., county-seat of Greene County, is a flourishing city, midway between Cincinnati and Columbus, on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway. The industrial establishments embrace marble and granite works, manufactories of rope, cordage, twine, shoes, paper-board, sawmills, planing-mills and a handle-factory. Besides its various manufactories and other enterprises it is the seat of the theological seminary of the United Presbyterian church and of the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home. Wilberforce University, an institution for the education of colored youth of both sexes, is located three miles from the city. Population 8,706.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Xenon

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Xe'non. See Argon.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Xenophon

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Xenophon (zĕn′ ṓ-fŭn), a Hellenic general, historian and philosopher, was born at Athens in 430 B. C. At an early age he became a pupil of Socrates, and is said to have been saved from death by that philosopher at the battle of Delium. At 40 he joined the expedition of Cyrus the Younger (q. v.) against Artaxerxes Mnemon, king of Persia, and after the battle of Cunaxa and the treacherous murder of the Greek generals played an important part in the Retreat of the Ten Thousand. Soon after his return to Greece he settled in a small town in Elis, where he lived for over 20 years, occupying himself in agriculture and literary pursuits. He is supposed to have died at Corinth in 355 B. C. Xenophon’s principal works are The Anabasis, a history of the expedition of Cyrus and the Retreat of the Ten Thousand; The Cyropedia or education of Cyrus and Memorabilia, a series of dialogues intended to refute the charges on which Socrates was condemned to death.
See the works of this author.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ximenes De Cisneros, Francisco

See also Francisco Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ximenes (zĭ-mē' nēz) De Cisneros, Francisco, in Spain commonly called Cisneros, a well-known statesman, archbishop and cardinal, was born at Torrelaguna in Castile in 1436. His great reputation for piety and learning led Queen Isabella to choose him in 1492 for her confessor and three years after to appoint him archbishop of Toledo — a dignity which he refused to accept until he had received an express command from the pope. In 1507 he was promoted to the dignity of cardinal. During the lifetime of Isabella he was the guiding spirit in Spanish affairs; and on her death in 1504 he held the balance between the parties of Ferdinand and Philip of Burgundy, husband of Joanna, heiress of the crown. When Ferdinand died in 1516, he named Ximenes regent of Spain until the arrival of Charles his grandson; and, although the grandees formed a powerful combination against him, he was able to subdue them by his prompt and efficient measures and compelled them to submit to his authority. Scholars are indebted to him for the famous Complutensian edition (1502–18) of the Bible in several languages. He died at Roa on Nov. 8, 1517.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ximenes de Quesada, Gonzalo

See also Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ximenes de Quesada (zĭ-mē' nēz dā kā-sä' dä) Gonzalo, a Spanish explorer, was born in Granada in 1498, and came to America in 1535, when, under the orders of Governor Santa Marta, he took command of an expedition against the Chibcha Indians in New Granada. After enduring great privations and overcoming all obstacles, he conquered the cities of Tuna and Iraca, where he secured a vast quantity of treasure, which he divided among his soldiers. In 1538 Ximenes founded the city of Bogota in Colombia, and soon after sailed for Europe with Frederman from Venezuela and Benalcazar from Quito, in order to refer all matters in dispute between them to the king. Ximenes was at first fined and suspended from his offices by the king, but afterwards was sent to New Granada with the title of marshal. In 1561 he was appointed governor-in-chief, a position which he continued to hold until his death at Mariqueta, Feb. 16, 1579.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Xylem

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Xylem (zī′ lĕm), (in plants), that portion of a vascular bundle which contains the tracheary tissue and commonly is called the wood. The xylem is chiefly concerned in the ascent of sap, and in trees forms all of the trunk except the bark. See Vascular Bundle.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Davidson, Thomas (philosopher)

Edition of 1905. See also Thomas Davidson (philosopher) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DAVIDSON, Thomas (1840-1900). A Scotch-American philosopher, born near Tetterangus, Scotland. He graduated in 1860 at the University of Aberdeen, removed in 1866 to Canada, and in 1867 to the United States, and in 1875 settled at Cambridge, Mass., where he was active as scholar, author, and lecturer. A close student of Thomas Aquinas, he was invited by the Pope to assist the corps of Italian professors in the preparation of a new edition of the works of that philosopher. His Philosophical System of Antonio Rosmini-Serbati (1882) was the first introduction of the latter to English readers. For many years he conducted at Keene, in the Adirondacks, a ‘summer school for culture sciences,’ and from 1898 a class of Russian Jews in New York City. His personality was large and commanding. His published works include further: a translation of the fragments of Parmenides (1869) and one of Bleek's Origin of Language (1869); A Short Account of the Niobe Group (1874); The Parthenon Frieze and Other Essays (1882); The Place of Art in Education (1886); Aristotle and Educational Ideals and A History of Education (1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/De Trobriand, Philippe Regis

Edition of 1905. See also Régis de Trobriand on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​DE TROBRIAND, de trō̇′brē̇′äN′, Philippe Regis (1816-97). A Franco-American soldier and writer. He was born near Tours, France; was educated in Paris, Rouen, Tours, and Poictiers, and in 1841 emigrated to the United States. He edited and published the Revue du Nouveau Monde in New York from 1849 to 1850, and from 1854 to 1861 was joint editor of the Courrier des Etats-Unis. He entered the Federal army as colonel of the Fifty-fifth New York Volunteers in 1861; took a conspicuous part in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg; became a brigadier-general of volunteers in January, 1864; and commanded a division in Grant's campaign against Lee. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers in April, 1865; was appointed colonel of the Thirty-first Infantry in the regular army in 1866; was brevetted brigadier-general of the United States Army in 1867, and afterwards commanded the districts of Dakota, Montana, and Green River. In 1879 he retired from active service. He published Les gentilshommes de l'ouest (1841), and Quatre ans de campagnes à l'armée du Potomac (1867).
# The New International Encyclopædia/De la Warr, Thomas West, Lord

Edition of 1905. See also Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DE LA WARR, or DELAWARE, Thomas West, Lord (1577-1618). A Colonial Governor of Virginia. He succeeded his father as Baron De la Warr, and became a member of Queen ​Elizabeth's Privy Council in 1602. In 1609 he became a member of the Council of Virginia; and in February, 1610, was appointed first Governor and Captain-General of Virginia, arriving at Jamestown on June 10, just in time to prevent the original colonists from abandoning the settlement. Though he lived with ridiculous pomp, he was an able and energetic officer, and infused new life into the previously mismanaged colony. He planted a small settlement on the site of the present Hampton, and built two forts, Henry and Charles, named in honor of King James's sons. In March, 1611, he sailed for the West Indies to restore his health, but was driven by a storm into the river which now bears his name. He never returned to Jamestown, though he remained the nominal Governor and contributed large sums of money to the enterprise. In 1618, in answer to the urgent request of the colonists, then smarting under Argall's oppression, he sailed again for America, but died on the voyage. His The Relation of . . . Lord De La Warr . . . to the Council of Virginia, originally published in 1611, was republished in 1858.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Declaration of Independence, Mecklenburg

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, Mecklenburg. See Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence.
# The New International Encyclopædia/De Laune, Etienne

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ DE LAUNE, de lō̇n, Etienne. See Laune, Etienne de.