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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Joseph Joubert

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From volume 8 of the work.
French philosopher; b. at Martignac (Dordogne), 7 May, 1754, d. at Villeneuve-le-Roi (Yonne), 4 May 1824. At the age of fourteen, having finished his studies in his native town, he was sent to Toulouse to study law, but after a few months joined the Doctrinaires, a teaching order, and was entrusted with the instruction of lower classes. In 1778 he left the order and went to Paris, where he associated with the most famous literary men of the time, Marmontel, Diderot, and d'Alembert, with whose sentiments he was for some time in sympathy. The French Revolution opened his eyes and made him a strong opponent of the doctrines of the eighteenth century. In 1790 he was elected by his countrymen justice of the peace of the canton of Martignac. When his biennial term expired, he refused to accept re-election and returned to Paris, where in the following year (8 June, 1793) he married Mlle Moreau. Disgusted with the tyranny of the Revolutionists, he retired to Villeneuve-le-Roi. Even after the 9th of Thermidor he preferred to live there rather than in Paris. Chateaubriand, Mme de Beaumont, Fontanes, Molé, and Chênedollé were his frequent visitors. In 1809 he was appointed by Fontanes Inspector General of the University of France, and in spite of his poor health fulfilled his duties with the greatest zeal. When he was compelled to give up his inspectorship, he devoted his time to the education of his son and to his literary works. He was one of the first to understand the movement of the Romanticists and to encourage it. Owing to his kind disposition and his delicate taste, as well as his friendly and cheerful character, he had a strong influence over the young men gathered around him. Aiming at what was perfect in literature, he wrote very little and never published anything. He spent his leisure in thinking, and putting down his thoughts for himself. His aim was to note in terse and clear sentences the necessity, utility, and beauty of virtue. After his death, all these papiers de la malle (scraps of paper), as he called them, aroused the interest and admiration of Chateaubriand, who published a short selection of them for private circulation, under the title of "Recueil des Pensées de M. Joubert" (Paris, 1838). This book was re-edited with many additions by Paul Raynal, a nephew of the author, under the new title of "Pensées, Essais, Maximes et Correspondanee de J. Joubert" (Paris, 1842). Many other editions have since been published.
Notice historique sur Joubert by his brother, ARMAND JOUBERT (no date and no place of publication), a very valuable and rare document which has just been reprinted by GIRAUD in his new edition of the Pensees (Paris, 1909) . PAILHES, Du nouveau sur Joubert (Paris, 1900); DE RAYNAL. Les correspondants de J. Joubert (Paris, 1885).
LOUIS N. DELAMARRE
# Chesapeake Railway Company v. United States

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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Chesapeake Railway Company v. United States (283 U.S. 35)
* Chesapeake Railway Company v. United States (296 U.S. 187)
# Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company v. Knapp

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United States Supreme Court
34 U.S. 541
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company v. Knapp

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Chesapeake Railway Company v. United States (283 U.S. 35)

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United States Supreme Court
283 U.S. 35
Chesapeake Railway Company v. United States
Argued: Jan. 26, 27, 1931. --- Decided: March 9, 1931
Messrs. Robert B. Tunstall, of Richmond, Va., Herbert Fitzpatrick, of Huntington, W. Va., and Thomas L. Preston, of Richmond, Va., for appellant.
Messrs. Thomas D. Thacher, Sol. Gen., and Nelson Thomas, both of Washington, D. C. (Daniel W. Knowlton, of Washington, D. C., of counsel), for the United States and Interstate Commerce Commission.
Messrs. John H. Holt, of Huntington, W. Va., Robert E. McCabe, of Charleston, W. Va., D. Lynch Younger, of Washington, D. C., and Theodore W. Reath, of Philadelphia, Pa., for appellees Guyandot & T. R. R. Co. and Norfolk & W. Ry. Co.
Mr. Justice BUTLER delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Chesapeake Railway Company v. Westinghouse Church Kerr & Company Mellon

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United States Supreme Court
270 U.S. 260
Chesapeake Railway Company v. Westinghouse Church Kerr & Company Mellon
Argued: Jan. 25, 1926. --- Decided: March 1, 1926
Messrs. Sherlock Bronson and David H. Leake, both of Richmond, Va., for petitioners.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 260-262 intentionally omitted] Messrs. Wirt P. Marks, Jr., Henry W. Anderson, and
Thomas B. Gay. all of Richmond, Va., for respondent.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 263-265 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chesapeake Railway Company v. United States (296 U.S. 187)

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United States Supreme Court
296 U.S. 187
Chesapeake Railway Company v. United States (296 U.S. 187)
Argued: Nov. 13, 1935. --- Decided: Nov 25, 1935
Appeals from the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of West Virginia.
Messrs. M. Carter Hall and E. L. Beach, both of Richmond, Va., for Chesapeake & O. Ry. Co.
Messrs. Homer S.C.ummings, Atty. Gen., and Nelson Thomas and Daniel W. Knowlton, both of Washington, D.C., for the United States and Interstate Commerce Comm.
Mr. David C. Walls, of Hardinsburg, Ky., for Commonwealth of Kentucky pro hac vice, by special leave of court.
Mr. Robert E. Quirk, of Washington D.C., for Island Creek Coal Co.
Mr. C. R. Hillyer, of Chicago Ill., for Northeast Kentucky Coal Bureau.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chesapeake Railway Company v. United States (296 U.S. 187)/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
296 U.S. 187
Chesapeake Railway Company v. United States (296 U.S. 187)
Argued: Nov. 13, 1935. --- Decided: Nov 25, 1935
This is a suit to restrain the enforcement of an order of the Interstate Commerce Commission, made February 7, 1935, relating to rates for the transportation of coal from mines in Kentucky and West Virginia, respectively, and requiring the establishment of rates, as described, in order to remove an undue prejudice found to result from existing rates. Northeast Kentucky Coal Bureau v. Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co., 201 I.C.C. 165; Id., 206 I.C.C. 445. Upon the hearing by the District Court, composed of three judges, the injunction was denied and the bill of complaint dismissed, but a restraining order was entered staying the enforcement of the Commission's order pending appeal to this Court. 11 F.Supp. 588. The railway company and intervening shippers appeal from so much of the decree as denied the injunction and dismissed the bill of complaint, and the United States, the Interstate Commerce Commission, and others appeal from that part of the decree which stayed the enforcement of the Commission's order.
This Court, upon an examination of the record, agrees with the conclusion of the District Court that the order in question was sustained by findings of the Commission acting within its statutory authority and that these findings were adequately supported by evidence. The decree denying injunction and dismissing the bill of complaint is affirmed. Texas & New Orleans Railroad Co. v. United States, 295 U.S. 395, 55 S.Ct. 784, 79 L.Ed. 1501.
This disposition of the case makes it unnecessary to pass upon that portion of the decree which stayed the enforcement of the Commission's order. See Virginian Railway Co. v. United States, 272 U.S. 658, 47 S.Ct. 222, 71 L.Ed. 463.
Affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Machutus

From volume 9 of the work.
(Maclovius; Malo). Born about the year 520 probably in Wales and baptized by St. Brendan. Machutus became his favourite disciple and was one of those specially selected by that holy man for his oft-described voyage. No doubt he may have remained some years in Llancarrven Abbey, when St. Brendan stayed there, and it was from there that St. Brendan and his disciple, St. Machutus, with numerous companions set forth for the discovery of the "Island of the Blest". He then put to sea on a second voyage and visited the Island of September, in the seaward front of St. Malo, known as Cizembra, where he tarried for some time. It was on the occasion of his second voyage that he evangelized the Orkney Islands and the northern isles of Scotland. At Aleth opposite St. Malo he placed himself under a venerable hermit named Aaron, on whose death in 543 (or 544), St. Machutus succeeded to the spiritual rule of the district subsequently known as St. Malo, and was consecrated first Bishop of Aleth. It is remarkable that St. Brendan also laboured at Aleth, and had a hermit's cell there on a precipitous rock in the sea, whither he often retired. In old age the disorder of the island compelled St. Machutus to leave, but the people soon begged the saint to come back. On his return matters were put right, and the saint, feeling that his end was at hand, determined to spend his last days in solitary penance. Accordingly he proceeded to Archambiac, a village in the Diocese of Santes, where he passed the remainder of his life in prayer and mortification. His obit is chronicled on 15 November, in the year 618, 620 or 622.
W. H. Grattan-Flood.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Ludmilla

From volume 9 of the work.
Wife of Boriwoi, the first Christian Duke of Bohemia, b. at Mielnik, c. 860; d. at Tetin, near Beraun, 15 September, 921. She and her husband were baptized, probably by St. Methodius, in 871. Pagan fanatics drove them from their country, but they were soon recalled, and after reigning seven more years they resigned the throne in favour of their son Spitignev and retired to Tetin. Spitignev died two years later and was succeeded by Wratislaw, another son of Boriwoi and Ludmilla. Wratislaw was married to Drahomira, a pretended Christian, but a secret favourer of paganism. They had twin sons, St. Wenceslaus and Boleslaus the Cruel, the former of whom lived with Ludmilla at Tetin. Wratislaw died in 916, leaving the eight-year-old Wenceslaus as his successor. Jealous of the great influence which Ludmilla wielded over Wenceslaus, Drahomira instigated two noblemen to murder her. She is said to have been strangled by them with her veil. She was at first buried in the church of St. Michael at Tetin, but her remains were removed to the church of St. George at Prague before the year 1100, probably by St. Wenceslaus, her grandson. She is venerated as one of the patrons of Bohemia, and her feast is celebrated on 16 September.
The chief source is Vita et passio s. Wenceslai et s. Ludmillæ aviæ ejus, written probably towards the end of the tenth century by the Benedictine Monk Christian, a son of Boleslaw I. Until recently this work was considered a forgery of the 12-14 century. But PEKAR, Die Wenzels- und Ludmilla­Legenden und die Echtheit Christians (Prague, 1905), and VOIGT, Die von dem Premysliden Christian verfasste und Adelbert von Prag gewidmete Biographie des heil. Wenzel und ihre Geschichtsdarstellungen (Prague, 1907), have adduced grave reasons for its genuineness, Acta SS., IV, 16 Sept.; DUNBAR, Dictionary of Saintly Women, I (London, 1904), 475-7.
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Maelruan

From volume 9 of the work.
(Maolruain, Melruan, Molruan). Founder and first Abbot of Tamalcht (Tallacht), in the County of Dublin, Ireland. Nothing seems to be known of St. Maelruan before the foundation of Tamlacht, which took place in the year 769. The church, which was dedicated to St. Michael, was built on land given by Donnchadh, King of Leinster. It was to this monastery that St. Aengus, the Culdee, came, during the abbacy of Maelruan and, concealing his name, served for some time at mere manual work. His identity, however was revealed through assistance that he gave to a backward scholar. St. Maelruan sought him at once and, gently reproaching him, gave him an honoured place in the community. The two saints are joint authors of the "Rule of Célidhé Dé" (see CULDEES), of which a copy is preserved in the library of the Royal Irish Academy. "It contains", says O'Curry, "a minute series of rules for the regulation of the lives of the Célidhé Dé, their prayers, their preachings, their conversations, their confessions, their communions, their ablutions, their fastings, their abstinences, their relaxations, their sleep, their celebrations of the Mass, and so forth". St. Maelruan is called a "Bishop and soldier of Christ" in the "annals of Ulster", where his death is recorded under the year 791. In the "Annals of the Four Masters", however, wherein also he is styled "Bishop", his death is assigned, probably incorrectly, to the year 787. His feast is on 7 July.
LESLIE A. ST. L. TOKE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Maelrubha

From volume 9 of the work.
(MA-RUI, MOLROY, ERREW, SUMMARYRUFF, also SAGART-RUADH)
An abbot and martyr, founder of Abercrossan, b. 642; d. 21 April, 722. He was descended from Niall, King of Ireland, on the side of his father Elganach. His rnother, Subtan, was a niece of St. Comgall the Great, of Bangor. St. Maelrubha was born in the county of Derry and was educated at Bangor. When he was in his thirtieth year he sailed from Ireland for Scotland, with a following of monks. For two years he travelled about, chiefly in Argyll, and founded about half-a dozen churches then settled at Abercrossan (Applecross), in the west of Ross. Here he built his chief church and monastery in the midst of the Pictish folk, and thence he set out on missionary journeys, westward to the islands Skye and Lewis, eastward to Forres and Keith, and northward to Loch Shinn, Durness, and Farr. It was on this last journey that he was martyred by Danish vikings, probably at Teampull, about nine miles up Strath-Naver from Farr, where he had built a cell. He was buried close to the River Naver, not far from his cell, and his grave is still marked by "a rough cross-marked stone". The tradition, in the "Aberdeen Breviary", that he was killed at Urquhart and buried at Abercrossan is probably a mistake arising from a confusion of Gaelic place-names.
This error had been copied by several later hagiologists, as has also the same writers' confusion of St. Maelrubha with St. Rufus of Capua. Maelrubha was, after St. Columba, perhaps the most popular saint of the north-west of Scotland. At least twenty-one churches are dedicated to him, and Dean Reeves enumerates about forty forms of his name. His death occurred on 21 April, and his feast has always been kept in Ireland on this day; but in Scotland (probably owing to the confusion with St. Rufus) it was kept on 27 August. On 5 July, 1898, Pope Leo XIII restored his feast for the Church in Scotland, to be kept on 27 August.
Annals of . . . the Four Masters, ed. O'DONOVAN (Dublin, 1856). ad ann, 671, 722: Annals of Ulster, ed, HENNESSY (Dublin, 1887), ad ann. 670, 672, 721; BARRET, Early Scottish Saints in Dublin Review XV (1899), 348-72; BARRET, Calendar of Scottish Saints (Fort Augustus, 1904), 64-7; Biotiotheca Hagiographica Latina. ed. BOLLANDISTS (Brussels, 1900), 771; CAMPBELL, St. Maelrubha in Scottish Historical Review, VI (1909), 442-3; FORBES, Kalendars of Scottish Saints Edinburgh, 1872), 382-4; GAMMACK in Dict. Christ. Biog., s. v. ; MITCHELL, On Various superstitions in the North-West Highlands and Islands in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, IV, 251, PINIUS, De sancto Maelrubio monacho et martyre in Acta SS., Aug., VI, 131-2; REEVES, Saint Maelrubha, his history and churches in Proceedings of the Antiquaries of Scotland, III, 258-96; SCOTT, St. Maelrubha in Scottish Historical Review VI (1909), 260-80.
LESLIE A. ST. L. TOKE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Maedoc

From volume 9 of the work.
(MOEDHOG, MOGUE, AEDDAN FOEDDOG, AIDUS, HUGH)
First Bishop of Ferns, in Wexford, b. about 558, on an island in Brackley Lough, County Cavan; d. 31 January, 626. He was the son of Sedna, a chieftain of Connaught, and of his wife, Eithne. Even in his early years the fame of his sanctity was widespread and, when many came to the young man and desired to become his disciples, he fled from Ireland to Wales. Here he became the pupil of St. David and is named as one of his three most faithful disciples. Many miracles are recorded of St. Maedoc, both in his childhood and during his sojourn in Wales. After many years he returned to Ireland accompanied by a band of disciples, and settled at Brentrocht in Leinster. He founded several monasteries in that district, the greatest being Ferms, which was built on land given to him by Brandubh, King of Leinster. Here a synod was held, at which he was elected and consecrated bishop, about 598. St. Maedoc of Ferns must not be confounded either with St. Madoc (or Maidoc), the son of Gildas (28 Feb.) who also lived in the sixth century and was the founder of Llanfadog in Wales; or with St. Modoc the Culdee, who lived in the third or fourth century.
Acta SS., Jan., II, 1111-20; BOASE in Dict. Christ. Biog., s. v. ; KILMADOCK, St. Mogue's or St. Ninian's Island in Notes and Queries, 8th series, IV, 421; Lives of the Cambro-British Saints, ed. REES (Llandovery, 1853), 232-50; MCGOVERN, St. Mogue's or St. Ninian's Island in Notes and Queries, 8th series, V, 151-2; STANTON, Menology of England and Wales (London, 1887) 42; Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, ed. PLUMMER (Oxford, 1910), I, lxxv-lxxvii, II, 141-63, 295-311.
LESLIE A. ST. L. TOKE
# Clermont

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Clermont, Regina Maria Roche's 1798 novel, "...is arguably the definitive text of the Gothic novel craze during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries".
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
CLERMONT.
A TALE.
IN FOUR VOLUMES.
by
REGINA MARIA ROCHE,
author of the children of the abbey &c. &c.
Our Passions gone, and reason on her throne, Amaz'd we see the mischiefs we have done: After a tempest, when the winds are laid, The calm sea wonders at the wrecks it made.
waller.
VOL.I.
LONDON:
PRINTED AT THE
Minerva Press.
FOR WILLIAM LANE, LEADENHALL-STREET.
1798.
* Chapter 1
* Chapter 2
* Chapter 3
* Chapter 4
* Chapter 5
* Chapter 6
* Chapter 7
* Chapter 8
* Chapter 9
* Chapter 10
* Chapter 11
* Chapter 12
* Chapter 13
* Chapter 14
* Chapter 15
* Chapter 16
* Chapter 17
* Chapter 18
* Chapter 19
* Chapter 20
* Chapter 21
* Chapter 22
* Chapter 23
* Chapter 24
* Chapter 25
* Chapter 26
* Chapter 27
* Chapter 28
* Chapter 29
* Chapter 30
* Chapter 31
* Chapter 32
* Chapter 33
* Chapter 34
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/The Florians

From volume 6 of the work.
(Floriacenses), an altogether independent order, and not, as some consider, a branch of the Cistercians; it was founded in 1189 by the Abbot Joachim of Flora (q.v.), by whom its constitutions were drawn up. Besides preserving a number of Cistercian observances, the founder added to the austerities of Cîteaux. The Florians went barefoot; their habits were white and very coarse. Their Breviary differed in the distribution of Offices from that of Cîteaux. The constitutions were approved by Pope Celestine III in 1196. The order spread rapidly, soon numbering as many as thirty-five monasteries, but it seems not to have extended beyond Italy. In 1470 the regular abbots were replaced by commendatory abbots, but the abuses of this regime hastened the decline of the order. In 1505 the Abbey of Flora and its affiliated monasteries were united to the Order of Cîteaux. In 1515 other Florian monasteries united themselves to the Grande Chartreuse or to the Dominicans, and in 1570, after a century under the regime of commendatory abbots, not a single independent monastery remained, and the Order of Flora had ceased to exist. Under the Abbot of Flora were also four monasteries of religious women, who followed the Florian rule.
EDMOND M. OBRECHT
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ilissus

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ILISSUS (il-is′us), a rivulet of Greece, famous in the classical age, but now unimportant and often wholly dry.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ilithyia

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ILITHYIA (il-ith-ī′yä), among the Greeks the goddess who assisted women in childbirth. In aftertimes she was almost identified with Artemis (Diana).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Iliyats

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ILIYATS (il′ē-yats), a nomadic race of Persia, Khiva, and Turkestan. The name Iliyat is the plural of iel (eel), a tribe, equivalent to the Arabic kabilah. The Iliyats are mostly of Turkish, Arabic, and Kurdish descent, and form an important portion of the population of Persia and adjacent countries. They live in tents and are Mohammedans of the Sunni sect.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ilium

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ILIUM, or ILION, a name of Troy, in Greece, which was founded by Ilus.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ilion

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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ILION, a village in New York in Herkimer co. on the Mohawk river and Erie and Barge canals. It is also on the New York Central and Hudson River and the West Shore railroads. It is an important industrial center, having manufactories of firearms, typewriters, store fixtures, knit goods, etc. There is a library and a hospital. Pop. (1910) 6,588; (1920) 10,169.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ilkeston

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ILKESTON, a town of England in Derbyshire. There are important manufactures of hosiery, lace, and stoneware. In the neighborhood are coal and iron works. Pop. about 32,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ille-et-Vilaine

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ILLE-ET-VILAINE (ē-lā-vē-lān′), a maritime French department, formed out of the N. E. portion of the old province of Brittany; area, 2,596 square miles; pop. about 625,000, mostly of the Celtic race. The cider of this district is the best in France; the butter of Rennes, the capital, is celebrated; the horses of the department are noted for their endurance, and are in great request for the army; and bee keeping is prosecuted. Iron is mined; slates are quarried; and salt is extracted. St. Malo is the principal seaport.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Illegitimacy

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ILLEGITIMACY, a state of being illegitimate; state of being born out of wedlock; the state of bastardy. A state of being not genuine, or of legitimate origin.