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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Grey, Richard de (fl.1250)

​GREY, RICHARD de, second Baron Grey of Codnor (fl. 1250), baronial leader, was son of Henry de Grey, first baron Grey of Codnor (living in 1224) by Isolda (d. 1246), niece and coheiress of Robert Bardolf of Grimston, Nottinghamshire. Grey must have been born some time before 1200, since he appears as one of John's supporters in 1216 and received a grant of the lands of John de Humez in Leicestershire, and of Simon de Canci in Lincolnshire (Rot. Claus. 17 Joh.) In 1224 he was present at the defence of Rochelle (Ann. Dunst. in Annales Monastici, iii. 86), and in 1226 was appointed governor of the Channel Islands, of which in 1252 he received a grant in fee farm for a payment of four hundred marks (Pat. Rolls 10 and 36 Hen. III). He was custos of the castle and honour of Devizes in 1228 (ib. 12 Hen. III), sheriff of Northumberland in 1236, and of Essex and Hertford in 1239 (Pipe Roll, 20 and 23 Hen. III). In 1252 he took the cross, together with his brother John (d. 1266) [q. v.] Grey sided with the barons against the king in 1258, and was one of the twenty-four, and also one of the fifteen perpetual councillors (Burton Annals in Ann. Mon. i. 447, 449). He was also appointed custos of Dover Castle and warden of the Cinque ports (ib. i. 453), in which capacity he was able to intercept some of the treasure which the king's Poitevin favourites were endeavouring to send out of the country (Matt. Paris, v. 704, 713). But next year he failed to stop the landing of a papal messenger bringing letters of institution for Aymer or Æthelmær of Winchester [see Aymer], and was in consequence superseded by Hugh Bigot (Matt. Westm., ed. 1570, p.287). In July 1263 he was again appointed custos of Dover for the barons, and in the following December his representative refused to admit the king without his leave. Grey repeated the refusal when Henry returned from France on 15 Feb. 1264. He took part in the siege of Rochester in the following April, and when it was raised returned to Dover. He does not seem to have been present at Lewes, but when Montfort captured Rochester on 27 May, Grey was made custos of that castle. Next year he was with Simon de Montfort the younger at Kenilworth, and was captured by Edward on l Aug. (Cont. Gervase). In 1266 he was again in arms, but eventually accepted the terms of the dictum de Kenilworth, and surrendered at Kenilworth 14 Dec. (Ann. Lond. in Chronicles of Edward I and II, i. 76, Rolls Series). Grey married Lucia, daughter and heiress of John de Humez, by whom he had a son John, third baron Grey of Codnor, who died in 1271 (Inq. post mortem in Calendarium Genealoyicum, i. 157). Richard must therefore have died before that year.
C. L. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Grey, John de (1305-1392)

Contains subarticle: Richard de Grey (d. 1335) 1904 Errata appended.
​GREY, JOHN de, third Baron (sixth by tenure) Grey of Codnor (1305–1392), soldier, born in 1305, was son of Richard de Grey (d. 1335), second baron, who was son of Henry de Grey(1254-1309) a grandson of Richard de Grey (fl. 1250) [q. v.] Richard de Grey, second baron (d. 1335), was one of the barons who at the assembly of Stamford on 6 Aug. 1309 drew up a letter of remonstrance to the pope on the abuses in the church (Annales Londinienses in Chron. Edw. I and II, Rolls Ser., i. 162). He was employed in the Scottish war in 1311, 1314, and 1319-20. In 1324 he was steward of Aquitaine, and was sent to defend Argentain (Knighton, in Scriptores Decem, 2543), and in 1326-7 was constable of Nottingham Castle. In 1327 he was employed in the Scotch marches, and was summoned for the Scottish war in 1334, but was excused on the ground of sickness. He died in 1335.
John de Grey took part in the wars of Edward III, in 1334, 1336, 1338, 1342, and 1346, in Scotland, and in 1339 in Flanders. In 1345 he accompanied Henry, earl of Derby, afterwards duke of Lancaster [q. v.], on his expedition to France, which was followed by a year's successful warfare in Guienne (Murimuth, Appendix, p. 243, in Rolls Ser.) He was again in France in 1349, 1353, and 1360. In 1350 he had license to go on a pilgrimage to Rome (Fœdera, iii. 440). In 1353 he was commissioner of array for the counties of Nottingham and Derby, and in 1360 was appointed governor of Rochester Castle for life. In 1372 he received a dispensation from coming to parliament on the score of his advanced age (ib. iii. 914). He is sometimes described as a knight of the Garter, but this is due to confusion with John de Grey of Rotherfield (1300–1359) [q. v.] He was last summoned to parliament 8 Sept. 1392, and seems to have died soon after. He married Alice de Insula, by whom he had a son Henry (d. 1379).
[Rymer's Fœdera, ed. 1830; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 710; Burke's Dormant and Extinct Peerages, p. 248.]
C. L. K.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.142 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Grey, Mary

​GREY, Lady MARY. [See Keys.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Eadbald

​EADBALD, ÆODBALD, ÆTHELBALD, or AUDUWALD (d. 640), king of Kent, son of Æthelberht, refused to accept christianity during his father's lifetime, was a heathen when he succeeded him as king of the Kentishmen in 616, and, according to heathen custom, took his father's wife to be his wife. He was subject to occasional fits of madness. The bishops Mellitus and Justus fled to Gaul to escape persecution; Laurentius of Canterbury was warned in a dream against following their example, and succeeded in converting the king to christianity. Eadbald broke off his incestuous connection, was baptised, and sent for Mellitus and Justus to return. Justus he reinstated at Rochester, but he could not prevail on the Londoners to receive back Mellitus, and he could not force them to do so, for he was not as strong as his father had been and had lost the supremacy over the East-Saxons. Nor was he able to insist on the destruction of idols even among his own people, a work that was carried out by his ​son Earconberht (Hist. Eccles. iii. 8). Nevertheless, he did what he could to promote the spread of christianity. He is said to have built a church at Canterbury and another church for a nunnery that his daughter Eanswith founded at Folkestone; he was claimed as a benefactor by both Christ Church and St. Augustine's at Canterbury, and it has been suggested that the ancient church in Dover Castle dates from his time (Norman Conquest, iii. 535 n.). When the Northumbrian king Eadwine asked his sister Æthelburh or Tata in marriage, he refused the request on the ground of Eadwine's heathenism, but finally agreed on being assured that she and her attendants should be allowed to practise their religion, and that Eadwine would embrace it if he was convinced of its excellence (Hist. Eccles. ii. 9). He sent Paulinus with Æthelburh. When she and Paulinus fled from Northumbria on the death of Eadwine in 633, he received them with great honour, and appointed Paulinus to the see of Rochester (ib. 20). He married Emma, a daughter of a Frankish king, probably of Theodeberht, king of Austrasia (Pagi, Baronius, Ann. Eccl. xi. 345), who survived him two years. He died on 20 Jan. 640, and was buried in the church of SS. Peter and Paul (St. Augustine's) at Canterbury. A gold coin of Eadbald with the legend avdvarld rege is described in Kenyon's ‘Gold Coins of England,’ p. 8. Two spurious charters are ascribed to him.
[Bædæ Hist. Eccles ii. 5–9, 20, iii. 8 (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Thorn's Chron. col. 1767–8, Twysden; Florence of Worcester, i. 258–9 (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Hasted's Hist. of Kent, iii. 382–3; Freeman's Norman Conquest, iii. 535; Dugdale's Monasticon, iv. 672; Kemble's Codex Dipl. 6, 983; Haddan and Stubbs's Councils and Eccl. Docs. iii. 69, 70, 239; Dict. of Christian Biog., art. ‘Eadbald.’]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dymocke, James

​DYMOCKE, JAMES (d. 1718?), catholic divine, took priest's orders abroad and returned to England upon the mission. Afterwards he became prior of St. Arnoul, near Chartres in France, and obtained another small benefice in that country. Dodd, who describes him as a ‘person of great reading and curiosity,’ says he was alive in 1718, being then very old. His works are: 1. ‘Le Vice ridiculé et la Vertu louée,’ Louvain, 1671, 12mo, dedicated ‘à mes seigneurs de Norfolck et d'Arundell et à moy-mesme aussy.’ 2. ‘The Great Sacrifice of the New Law, expounded by the Figures of the Old,’ 1676, 18mo; 8th edit. corrected, London, 1687, 12mo. 3. A geographical history, 8vo. 4. A miscellaneous dictionary, 4to, manuscript.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dyott, William

​DYOTT, WILLIAM (1761–1847), general, born on 17 April 1761, was second son of Richard Dyott of Freeford Hall, near Lichfield, Staffordshire, the head of a family seated at that place since the reign of Elizabeth, of which many members have sat in parliament for Lichfield during the last three centuries. He entered the army as an ensign in the 4th regiment on 14 March 1781, and, after being promoted lieutenant on 9 May 1782, was placed on half-pay in the following year. In February 1785 he rejoined his regiment in Ireland as adjutant, and in 1787 he accompanied it to Nova Scotia, where he made the acquaintance of Prince William, afterwards King William IV, who was then commanding the Andromeda upon that station, whose personal friend he became. He was promoted captain on 25 April 1793, and in the June of that year returned to England to take up the post of aide-de-camp to Major-general Hotham, commanding the Plymouth district. He was promoted major into the 103rd regiment on 19 May 1794, and, after acting as brigade-major in the western district, was promoted lieutenant-colonel on 18 Feb. 1795. After two exchanges he took command of the 25th regiment in November 1795, when under orders for the West Indies, and after being driven back by Christian's storm he reached that station in 1796. He there saw service in the capture of Grenada, but soon had to return to England from ill-health. He was next appointed assistant adjutant-general for the south-western district in 1799, and was promoted colonel on 1 Jan. 1800, and appointed aide-de-camp to the king in the following year. In 1801 Dyott was given the command of a brigade in the army in Egypt, which he reached in July 1801, when he was appointed to Ludlow's division before Alexandria. He commanded his brigade in the action of 22 Aug. which led to the capture of that city, and on the conclusion of the peace of Amiens he returned to England. In 1803 he was appointed to the command of a brigade in the West Indies, and after commanding at Waterford and Dublin he was transferred to the English staff, and commanded in Sussex until his promotion to the rank of major-general on 25 April 1808. In December 1808 he was appointed to the command of a brigade in Spain, but never sailed, and in July 1809 he took command of a brigade, consisting of the 6th, 50th, and 91st regiments, in the Walcheren expedition. His brigade was attached to the Marquis of Huntly's division, which occupied the island of South Beveland, and owing to the return of many of his superior officers he acted as second in command in that island for a month, from September to October 1809, when he returned to England. He never again went on active service, but commanded at Lichfield from August 1810 until his promotion to the rank of lieutenant-general on 4 June 1813. In that year he succeeded to the family estates on the death of his brother, and settled down at Freeford Hall. He was further made colonel of the 63rd regiment in 1825, and was promoted general on 22 July 1830. A senior general in the army, he died, on 7 May 1847, at the age of eighty-six.
H. M. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dyson, Charles

​DYSON, CHARLES (1788–1860), professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University, was the grandson of Jeremiah Dyson [q. v.], and the son of a clerk of the House of Commons. He was first sent to a private school at Southampton, and was then elected a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he became the intimate friend of Keble, Arnold, and Sir John Coleridge. To them he was ‘a great authority as to the world without and the statesmen whose speeches he sometimes heard,’ while his ‘remarkable love for historical and geographical research, and his proficiency in it, with his clear judgment, quiet humour, and mildness in communicating information made him particularly attractive to Arnold’ (Dean Stanley, Life of Dr. Arnold, ch. i. p. 13). He took his B.A. degree ​with a second class in 1808, and became an M.A. in 1816. From 1812 to 1816 he held the Rawlinsonian professorship of Anglo-Saxon at the university. Ordained deacon in 1816, Dyson became successively the incumbent of Nunburnholme in Yorkshire, Nasing in Essex, and finally of Dogmersfield, near Winchfield, Hampshire, to which living he was presented in 1836. There he built a rectory and a new church of great beauty. He was an admirable parish priest, and a man of deep learning, though he shrank from authorship. He contributed four poems, under the signature of ‘D.,’ to a volume entitled ‘Days and Seasons, or Church Poems for the Year,’ Derby, 1845. He died at his rectory, 24 April 1860.
L. C. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dymond, Jonathan

​DYMOND, JONATHAN (1796–1828), moralist, born 19 Dec. 1796, was the fourth of five sons of John and Olive Dymond of Exeter. His family belonged to the Society of Friends, some of them having been among its earliest members. Dymond was in business as a linendraper at Exeter. In 1823 he published anonymously ‘An Enquiry into the accordancy of War with the Principles of Christianity, and an Examination of the Philosophical Reasoning by which it is defended …’ It passed through four editions, and has been reprinted in America. He founded an auxiliary peace society at Exeter in 1825, and was for four years on the committee of the Peace Society. In 1825 he published ‘Observations on the Applicability of the Pacific Principles of the New Testament to the Conduct of States, and on the Limitations which those Principles impose on the Rights of Self-defence’ (the 7th tract of the Peace Society's series). In 1829 was published posthumously his chief book, ‘Essays on the Principles of Morality and on the Private and Political Rights and Obligations of Mankind.’ This was favourably reviewed by Southey in the ‘Quarterly Review’ for January 1831. It is an exposition of ethical theories in harmony with those generally held by the Friends, attacking Paley's utilitarianism and resolving moral obligation into the ‘immediate communication of the will of God.’ It is, however, more devoted to the application than to the ultimate theory of moral principles, and attacks duelling, war, and the lax morality of professions and trades. It has passed through five editions. In 1872 Joseph Pease of Darlington bore the expense of translating and circulating the book in Spain. Dymond died of consumption on 6 May 1828, aged 31. He married Anna Wilkey at Plymouth 3 July 1822, who survived till 1849, and had by her two children, Mary Anna, married to Henry Barrett, and Charles Jonathan, who died in infancy. In 1832 appeared ‘The Church and Clergy; showing that Religious Establishments derive no countenance from the nature of Christianity, and that they are not recommended by Public Utility … by the late Jonathan Dymond.’ Various extracts from his works have been separately reprinted.
L. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Butcher, Richard

​BUTCHER, RICHARD (1583–1665?), antiquary, was a native of Stamford, and became town clerk of that borough. He compiled ‘The Survey and Antiquitie of the Towne of Stamforde, in the county of Lincolne,’ Lond. 1646, 4to, reprinted Lond. 1717, 8vo, and also with additions by Francis Peck, at the end of his ‘Academia tertia Anglicana; or the Antiquarian Annals of Stanford,’ Lond. 1727, fol. A manuscript by him, in two volumes, entitled ‘Antiquity revived,’ is preserved in the library of St. John’s College, Cambridge. It is a translation from Camden. Butcher’s portrait has been engraved by Clamp.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Butchell, Martin van

​BUTCHELL, MARTIN van (1735–1812?), empiric, son of Martin van Butchell, tapestry maker to George II, was born in Eagle Street, near Red Lion Square, London, in February 1735. Having shown an aptitude for the study of medicine and anatomy, he became a pupil of John Hunter, and after successfully practising as a dentist for many years, he became eminent as a maker of trusses, and acquired celebrity by his skill ​in treating cases of fistula. He was still more noted for the eccentricity of his manners. His long beard and extraordinary costume astonished all beholders, and it was his custom to ride about in Hyde Park and the streets on a white pony, which he sometimes painter all purple, sometimes with purple or black spots. To defend himself against rude molestation, he carried a large white bone, which was said to have been used as a weapon of war in the island of Otaheite. For many years he resided in Mount Street, Berkeley Square, and attracted numerous patients by his quaintly worded advertisements in the newspapers.
On the death of his first wife in 1775 he applied to Dr. William Hunter and Mr. Cruickshank to exert their skill in preventing, if possible, the changes of form after the cessation of life. The mode pursued in this embalmment principally that of injecting the vascular system with oil of turpentine and camphorated spirit of wine, coloured, so that the minute vessels of the cheeks and lips are filled, and exhibited their original hue, the body in general having its cavities filled with powdered nitre and camphor, so that it remained free from corruption; glass eyes were also inserted. The corpse was then deposited in a bed of thin plaster of Paris in a box with a glass lid that could be withdrawn at pleasure. For many years Van Butchell kept the mummy of his wife in his parlour, and frequently exhibited the corpse to his friends and visitors. On his second marriage it was found expedient to remove the body to the museum of the College of Surgeons in Lincoln's Inn Fields, where it is still preserved. At the present time it is a repulsive-looking object.
Van Butchell appears to have been alive in 1812. There is an engraved portrait of him on his spotted pony in Kirby's ‘Wonderful and Scientific Museum,’ 1803.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Butler, Charles (d.1647)

​BUTLER, CHARLES (d. 1647), philologist and author of 'The Feminine Monarchie,' was born at one of the Wycombes ('Great Wycomb, I suppose,' says Wood) in Buckinghamshire. He entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford, in 1579, and afterwards became a bible-clerk at Magdalen College, where he took the degree of B.A. on 6 Feb. 168S-4, and proceeded M.A. on 28 June 1587. On leaving the university he received the mastership of the free school in Basingstoke, Hampshire, which appointment, together with the cure of a small church named Skewres, he held for seven years. Afterwards he was advanced to the poor vicarage of Laurence-Wotton (three miles from Basingstoke), where he continued to officiate for forty-eight years. He died on 29 March 1647, and was buried in the chancel of Laurence-Wotton church.
Butler is the author of 'The Feminine Monarchie, or a Treatise concerning Bees and the due ordering of Bees,' 1609, 8vo. Prefixed to the treatise are some commendatory verses by Warner, South, and H. Crosby; the preface to the reader is dated from Wotton, 11 July 1609. A second edition, with commendatory verses by Wither, and a frontispiece, appeared in 1623. The third edition (1634) is printed in phonetic spelling, under the title of 'The Feminin' Monarchi', or the Histori of Bees.' A Latin translation by Richard Richardson, of Emmanuel College, was published in 1673. The most curious part of this entertaining book is the bees' song, a stave of musical notes, arranged in triple time, to represent the humming of bees at swarming. Butler had previously written a Latin treatise on rhetoric, 'Rhetoricæ Libri Duo. Quorum Prior de Tropis & Figuris, Posterior de Voce & Gestu præcipit,' 4to, which is not known to have been published before 1629, although the dedicatory epistle to Lord Keeper Egerton is dated from Basingstoke '5 Idus Martii 1600.' In 1625 Butler ​published a treatise displaying considerable learning on affinity as a bar to marriage. The title of the work is ‘Συγγένεια. De Propinquitate Matrimonium impediente Regula, quæ una omnes quæstionis hujus difficultates facile expediat,’ Oxford, 4to. In 1633 appeared ‘The English Grammar, or the Institution of Letters, Syllables, and Words in the English Tongue. Whereunto is annexed an index of words like and unlike,’ Oxford, 4to; 2nd ed. 1634, Oxford, 4to. The author dwells upon the capriciousness of English orthography (‘neither our new writers agreeing with the old, nor either new nor old among themselves’), and proposes the adoption of a system whereby men should ‘write altogether according to the sound now generally received.’ Butler’s last work was ‘The Principles of Musik in Singing and Setting. With the two-fold vse thereof, Ecclesiasticall and Civil,’ London, 1636, 4to, dedicated to Prince Charles. Hawkins commends this treatise as learned and valuable.
[Wood’s Athenæ (ed. Bliss), iii. 209-10, Fasti, i. 223, 240; Hist. of Hampshire by Woodward, Willis, and Lockhart, iii. 230-2; Fuller’s Worthies; Hawkins’s History of the Music, ed. 1853, p. 574.]
A. H. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Butler, Edmund

​BUTLER, EDMUND (d. 1551), archbishop of Cashel, illegitimate son of Piers, ​eighth Earl of Ormonde, studied at Oxford, became a canon regular of St. Augustine, and was appointed prior of the abbey of that order at Athassel in the county of Tipperary. In 1524 Butler was nominated by the pope to the archbishopric of Cashel, with permission to retain the priory of Athassel. The consecration of Butler took place in 1527. He was a member of the privy council in Ireland, held a provincial synod at Limerick in 1529, and, on the dissolution of religious houses in Ireland, surrendered the abbey of Athassel to the crown.
Butler was present in the parliament at Dublin in 1541 which enacted the statute conferring the title of 'King of Ireland' on Henry VIII and his heirs. The communication addressed to the king on this subject, bearing the signature of the Archbishop of Cashel, has been reproduced on plate lxxi in the third part of 'Facsimiles of National Manuscripts of Ireland.' Butler's autograph and archiepiscopal seal were attached to the 'Complaint' addressed to Henry VIII in 1542 by 'the Gentlemen, Inheritors, and Freeholders of the county of Tipperary.' This document also appears in the same 'Facsimiles.' A letter from Butler to the Protector, Somerset, in 1548, is preserved among the state papers in the Public Record Office, London. In 1549-50 Butler took part at Limerick with James, Earl of Desmond, and the king's commissioners, in the enactment of ordinances for the government of Munster. References to Butler and his proceedings concerning public affairs in the districts of Ireland with which he was connected occur in the English governmental correspondence of his time. Butler died in March 1550-1, and was buried in the cathedral, Cashel, under an elaborate marble monument which he had erected, but which does not now exist.
[Wood's Athenæ Oxen. (Bliss), ii. 767; Archiepiscoporum Casselliensium Vitæ, 1626; Ware's Bishops of Ireland, i. 482-3; Hibernia Sacra, 1717; State Papers, Ireland; Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland, 1848; Shirley's Original Letters, 1851; Brady's Episcopal Succession, 1876.]
J. T. G.