# England and Russia in Central Asia/Volume 1

ENGLAND AND RUSSIA
IN
CENTRAL ASIA.
BY
DEMETRIUS CHARLES BOULGER, MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. AUTHOR OF "THE LIFE OF YAKOOB BEG OF KASHGAR."
WITH TWO MAPS AND APPENDICES.
(One Map being the latest Russian Official Map of Central Asia.)
VOL. I.
LONDON:
W. H. ALLEN & CO., 13 WATERLOO PLACE,
PALL MALL, S.W. PUBLISHERS TO THE INDIA OFFICE.
1879.
(All rights reserved.)
LONDON:
PRINTED BY W. H. ALLEN AND CO., 13 WATERLOO PLACE, PALL MALL, S.W.
THE FOLLOWING PAGES ARE INSCRIBED
BY PERMISSION
TO
MAJOR-GENERAL
SIR HENRY CRESWICKE RAWLINSON, K.C.B.,
ETC., ETC.
IN TOKEN OF
THE AUTHOR'S SINCERE ADMIRATION
FOR
THE FAR-SEEING AND STATESMAN-LIKE POLICY HE HAS
CONSISTENTLY ADVOCATED IN REGARD TO
CENTRAL ASIA, AND THE CONFLICT OF ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN
INTERESTS THEREIN.
PREFACE.
The following pages were commenced at a time when it appeared as if the final stage of the rivalry between England and Russia in Central Asia had been reached. War between the two countries was held to be imminent. A Russian officer had come as ambassador to Cabul, in contravention of distinct pledges to the effect that no Russian ambassador should be sent. An English representative had been refused permission to proceed to Cabul. The Ameer was employed in fêting his Russian friends, and in dictating discourteous and semi-hostile letters to his English. The preparations for war were being pressed on with all possible speed in the Punjab and Bengal. There were bustle and activity perceptible on all sides, and rumour magnified the scope of the war and the intentions of the Home and Indian Governments.
They are brought to a close when a widely different condition of affairs obtains. We have concluded a successful campaign. Our foe has expiated his folly with his life. The Russian Embassy, which was the original cause of the war, has been withdrawn. The credit of Russia has been lowered. The reputation of England has been exalted. Fortune has been on our side in every respect, and the machinations of our foes, secret and proclaimed, have been thwarted. The mission of General Stoletoff has been proved to be what the more skilled observers of Central Asian affairs at the time pronounced it to be, "a huge mistake." Yet none the less for this happy conclusion of an involved and dangerous business is it incontestable that the rivalry of England and Russia is as keen as
the words used here will be proved true, and the only effectual remedies against the evil are those bold measures from which timid spirits would shrink. The pith of the whole argument is to be found in the fact that we are now strong enough to solve the Central Asian Question wholly in our own favour. Are we to put off action until the tables are turned and Russia is more prepared than she is at present, while we may have grown less strong? or shall we finish the business out of hand?
Sir Henry Rawlinson has permitted the work to be dedicated to him, and the author is only too sensible of its deficiencies to make him feel confident of its having deserved the honour. But it will perhaps be conceded to the writer that, while endeavouring to throw as much light as possible upon the Central Asian Question, he has had the courage to define a line of political action, which, however open to criticism as aiming at too much, is consistent, and calculated to secure the object towards which it points. Much that is contained in these volumes has been told before, and
PREFACE.
lesson to be derived from history and the record of travellers to the burning political questions of the age. If the reader derives from the perusal of these pages a clearer insight into the causes of the conflict between English and Russian interests in Central Asia, and also rises with the conviction that the policy of Russia is such that it is worth a bold effort to paralyse its effects, the author will have been more than repaid for the three months' labour of writing them. The Central Asian Question should not be the monopoly of a few specialists, or even of the Anglo-Indian world. It is a matter of vital consequence — daily increasing — to every Englishman, and as such it should be studied and gravely considered.
NOTE ON THE MAP.
of the original — and even thus reduced its bulk is considerable. I would beg to be permitted to point out that the great value of the map is that it discloses what the Russians believe to be the true geographical configuration of Central Asia. By reference to Walker's Turkestan, or other English maps, it will be found that in many points their information differs from ours. It may certainly be accepted as the highest authority on all the region north of the Oxus, including more particularly the Pamir and the adjoining khanates. While offering my acknowledgments to the publishers for the great assistance they have given my pages by the production of this, I believe, unequalled map, I indulge in the hope that their enterprise will be duly appreciated.
D. C. BOULGER.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER V.
CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VIII.
CHAPTER IX.
CHAPTER X.
CHAPTER XI.
Appendix A.
Appendix B.
Appendix C.
Appendix D.
Appendix E.
Appendix F.
Appendix G.