# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute/Volume 1/Article 1

TRANSACTIONS
OF
THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE,
1868.
[Read before the Wellington Philosophical Society, 7th April, 1868.]
It is proposed to confine the remarks in this paper, firstly, to those boulders which are of considerable size; or secondly, those which appear to belong to rocks not found in situ in this part of the country.
Under the former bead we find in numerous localities—as, for instance, on Belmont Hill, on the Porirua Road between the Tutaemanu Peninsula and Duck Creek, at Makara, &c.—large blocks of dioritic sandstone apparently deposited in lines, and generally resting upon decomposing sandstones.
Several theories may be propounded as to the mode of deposition of the blocks.
Firstly, they may be the hard nuclei of strata the softer parts of which have decomposed.
Secondly, they may show the lines of old watercourses before denudation bad worn down the valleys to their present depth.
Thirdly, they may be ice-carried. Although the dioritic blocks are of the nature and character of rocks in situ in the neighbourhood, yet rocks of the same character abound on the opposite side of the Strait, as also generally throughout the Tararua range; so that there is no primâ facie reason why these boulders may not have travelled from a distance, as well as those of the second class, which we propose afterwards to consider.
The second class of boulders consists of rocks not found in this vicinity and which must have been brought from a distance. Of these not many have yet been discovered. I have myself found the following:—
1. A block of granite about a foot long, found between Evans and Lyall Bays, several hundred feet from and about twelve feet above high ​watermark. This block bears the character of a rock from the Nelson Province, and has no marks of human workmanship upon it.
2. A boulder of garnet-schist from the same locality, five or six inches long, and partially rounded or water-worn. The original locality of this boulder would also appear to be the Nelson Province.
A piece of decomposed micaceous granite was brought to me from the Hutt some years ago, exact locality where found not known; and in the Museum there is a fragment of a piece of granite which was found near the Tinakori Road, but of which, it having been broken up, I have not been able to obtain sufficiently reliable intelligence to put in evidence. It appears, however, that it is a New Zealand specimen, apparently from the west coast of the South Island.
There are at least three ways by which these foreign specimens may have been carried.
* By canoe or ship.
* By seaweed.
* By floating ice.
The dioritic blocks may have been carried by a fourth moving power, viz., by glacier; but that power could hardly apply to the granite or schists, as the distance whence they must have come is so great.
To suppose the existence of a climate in these latitudes sufficiently cold to infer the presence of glaciers and of floating ice, it is not necessary to bring in the idea of a secular cooling of the globe, nor even of a greatly increased mass and height of mountains. A prolongation of the New Zealand plateau as dry land in the direction of Mounts Erebus and Terror or other parts of the Antarctic continent, would, by blocking and deflecting the polar current, probably cause the refrigeration necessary to produce the effect.
I shall not at present venture to decide upon the cause which has placed either description of boulders in their present position. There is an absence of marks of ice action on the rocks of our mountains, but the rocks are in general too soft for us to expect in them the retention of striated marks; I am therefore not prepared to decide upon the effect of the action of ice. The boulders from Lyall Bay were found some twelve or fourteen feet above high watermark, and had they been deposited by seaweed, it must have been when the land was at a lower level. They were also too far from the water's edge to render it probable that they were brought as ballast, either by canoe or by ship.
I shall content myself by thus calling attention to the subject, in the hope that, before long, fresh evidence may be procured. More boulders may be found, and their nature and position carefully noted; and probably striœ may yet be discovered.