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# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Jehovah

See also Jehovah on Wikipedia; Jehovah, Tetragrammaton, and Names of God in Judaism on Wikipedia; Jehovah in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
JEHOVAH is the current European transcription of the sacred tetragrammaton יהוה. This was punctuated by the Massorets with the vowels ĕ (for ă), ō, ā of the word Adonai which the later Jews habitually substituted in reading the ineffable name. It is now generally agreed that Jahwé (Yahwé) is the true pronunciation, a conclusion which is supported not only by the linguistic argument derived from the fact that the various contracted forms in which the name appears, either separately (Jah) or in compound proper names (Jô, Jĕho, Jāhu) are all reducible to Jahw, but also by the testimony of ancient tradition (thus Theodoret ascribes the pronunciation Ἰαβέ to the Samaritans, Epiphanius gives Ἰαβέ or Ἰαυέ, and Clement apparently Ἰαουέ. Etymologically, Jahwe may be regarded as the imperfect either of Qal or Hiphil of הוה; the former view seems to be that taken in the Pentateuch, but many critics now incline to the other, according to which the name may be translated as meaning “He who causes to be.” It seems to have come to be invested with new and richer meanings as the religion of Israel developed in spirituality and depth; but as the name of the national deity it must have been older than the time of Moses; at least the name of the mother of Moses is compounded with it. It is conceivable that in the earliest period of its history the word was not associated with any idea so high even as that of “creator”; the Hiphil of הוה in the Aramaic sense of “fall” would give “he who causes (rain or lightning) to fall” as the nearest approach to the original meaning. For the later sense of the name Exod. iii. 14 is the locus classicus. The Palestinian tradition finds in this verse the assertion of God’s eternity (comp. Rev. i. 8); the Alexandrian exegesis refers it to his absolute existence. More probably the vague “I will be what I will be” (the emphasis lying on the first verb as in Exod. xxxiii. 19) is used to convey the idea of that all-sufficiency of God’s grace which is wider than the widest faith (comp. Hos. i. 6, 7).
The literature of the subject is immense. Of older books it is enough to refer to the Decas Exercitationum collected by Reland (Utrecht, 1707); for the latest aspects of the questions involved, see Gesenius, Thes., s.v.; Ewald, Gesch., ii. 121 sq.; Lagarde, Psalt. Hieron., (1874), p. 153 sq., and Orientalia, ii. 27 sq.; Schrader in Schenkel’s Bib. Lex., s.v. “Jahve”; W. Aldis Wright in Journ. of Philol., iv. p. 70. Against recent proposals to identify Jahwe with non-Israelite deities, see Baudissin, Studien, i. (Leipsic, 1876); and in favour of derivation from an Assyrian form of the Divine name ia-u (Accadian i), see Delitzsch, Wo lag das Parodies, p. 158 sq., Leipsic, 1881. A summary of recent discussion is given by W. Robertson Smith in Brit. and For. Evang. Rev., January, 1876.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Jeremias de Dekker

See also Jeremias de Dekker on Wikipedia; Jeremias de Dekker on Wikipedia, Dekker in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
DEKKER, Jeremias De (1610-1666), a Dutch poet, was born at Dort in 1610. He received his entire education from his father, a native of Antwerp, who, having embraced the reformed religion, had been compelled to take refuge in Holland. Entering his father's business at an early age, he found leisure to cultivate his taste for literature and especially for poetry, and to acquire without assistance a competent knowledge of English, French, Latin, and Italian. His first poem was a paraphrase of the Lamentations of Jeremiah (Klaagliedern van Jeremias), which was followed by translations and imitations of Horace, Juvenal, and other Latin poets. The most important of his original poems were a collection of epigrams (Puntdichten) and a satire in praise of avarice (Lof der Geldzucht). The latter is his best known work. Written in a vein of light and yet effective irony, it is usually ranked by critics along with Erasmus's Praise of Folly. Dekker died at Amsterdam in November 1666. A complete collection of his poems, edited by Brouerius van Nideck, was published at Amsterdam in 1726 under the title Exercises Poetiqnes (2 vols. 4to). Selections from his poems are included in Siegenbeck's Proeven van nederduitsche Dichtkunde (1823), and from his epigrams in Geijsbeek's Epigrammatische Antholoyie, 1827.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Jeremy Taylor

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Taylor's fame has been maintained by the popularity of his sermons and devotional writings rather than by his influence as a theologian or his importance as an ecclesiastic. His mind was neither scientific nor speculative, and he was attracted rather to questions of casuistry than to the deeper problems of pure theology. His wide reading and capacious memory enabled him to carry in his mind the materials of a sound historical theology, but these materials were unsifted by criticism. His immense learning served him rather as a storehouse of illustrations, or as an armoury out of which he could choose the fittest weapon for discomfiting an opponent, than as a quarry furnishing him with material for building up a completely designed and enduring edifice of systematized truth. Indeed, he had very limited faith in the human mind as an instrument of truth. "Theology," he says, "is rather a divine life than a divine knowledge." His great plea for toleration is based on the impossibility of erecting theology into a demonstrable science. "It is impossible all should be of one mind. And what is impossible to be done is not necessary it should be done." Differences of opinion there must be; but "heresy is not an error of the understanding but an error of the will." His aim in life was practical; his interests were in men rather than in ideas, and his sympathies were evoked rather by the experiences of individuals than by great movements. Of a decidedly poetic temperament, fervid and mobile in feeling, and of a prolific fancy, he had also the sense and wit that come of varied contact with men. All his gifts were made available for influencing other men by his easy command of a style rarely matched in dignity and colour. With all the majesty and stately elaboration and musical rhythm of Milton's finest prose, Taylor's style is relieved and brightened by an astonishing variety of felicitous illustrations, ranging from the most homely and terse to the most dignified and elaborate. His sermons especially abound in quotations and allusions, which have the air of spontaneously suggesting themselves, but which must sometimes have baffled his hearers. This seeming pedantry is, however, atoned for by the clear practical aim of his sermons, the noble ideal he keeps before his hearers, and the skill with which he handles spiritual experience and urges incentives to virtue. But, through all his gorgeous eloquence and genial interest in human nature, there breaks from time to time some dead and laboured irrelevancy, the growth of his training in scholastic dialectics; for "like some other writers of the 17th century he seems almost to have two minds,—one tender, sweet, luxuriant to excess, the other hard, subtle, formal, prone to definition and logomachy."
The first collected edition of his works was published by Bishop Heber (with a life) in 1822, reissued after careful revision by Charles Page Eden, 1852-61. (M. D.)
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Gil Gonzalez d'Avila

See also Gil González Dávila on Wikipedia; Gil González Dávila (historian) on Wikipedia, Gil Gonzalez de Ávila in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​AVILA, GIL GONZALEZ D , a Spanish biographer and antiquary, was born at Avila about the year 1577, and died there in 1658. He was made historiographer of Castile in 1612, and of the Indies in 1641. Of his numerous works, the most valuable are his Teatro de las Grandezas de Madrid (Madrid, 1623, sqq.}, and his Teatro Eclesiastico, descriptive of the metropolitan churches and cathedrals of Castile, with lives of the prelates (Madrid, 1645-53, 4 vols. 4to).
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Giovanni Andrea

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# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Gilbert Abbott A'Beckett

See also Gilbert Abbott à Beckett on Wikipedia; Gilbert Abbott à Beckett in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​A'Beckett, Gilbert Abbott, a successful cultivator of light literature, was born in London in 1811, and educated at Westminster School. He wrote burlesque dramas with success from his boyhood, took an active share in the establishment of different comic periodicals, particularly Figaro in London and Punch, and was a constant contributor to the columns of the latter from its commencement till the time of his death. His principal publications, all overflowing with kindly humour, and rich in quaint fancies, are his parodies of living dramatists (himself included), reprinted from Punch (1844); The Small Debts Act, with Annotations and Explanations (1845); The Quizziology of the British Drama and The Comic Blackstone (1846); A Comic History of England (1847); and A Comic History of Rome (1852). He contributed occasionally, too, to the Times and other metropolitan papers. A'Beckett was called to the bar in 1841, and from 1849 discharged with great efficiency the duties of a metropolitan police magistrate. He died at Boulogne on the 30th of August 1856.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Gerard Terburg

See also Gerard ter Borch on Wikipedia; Gerard Ter Borch in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
TERBURG, Gerard (1608‒1681), subject painter, was born in 1608, at Zwolle, in the province of Overyssel, Holland, His father, also an artist, sent him to study in Rome, where he adopted a style distinguished by great finish and accuracy. He practised for a time in Paris with much success, visited England, it is said, and then returned to Holland. In 1648 he was at Münster during the meeting of the congress which ratified the treaty of peace between the Spaniards and the Dutch, and executed his celebrated little picture, painted upon copper, of the assembled plenipotentiaries,—a work which, along with the Guitar Lesson, now represents the master in the national collection in London. At this time Terburg was invited to visit Madrid, where he received employment and the honour of knighthood from Philip IV. It is said that, in consequence of an intrigue, he was obliged to return to Holland. He seems to have resided for a time in Haarlem; but he finally settled in Deventer, where he became a member of the town council, as which he appears in the portrait now in the gallery of The Hague. He died at Deventer in 1681.
Terburg is excellent as a portrait painter, but still greater as a painter of genre subjects. He depicts with admirable truth the life of the wealthy and cultured classes of his time, and his work is free from any touch of the grossness which finds so large a place in Dutch art. His figures are well drawn and expressive in attitude; his colouring is clear and rich; but his best skill lies in his unequalled rendering of texture in draperies, which is seen to advantage in such pictures as the Letter in the Dutch royal collection, and in the Paternal Advice (known as the Satin Gown)—engraved by Wille—which exists in various repetitions at Berlin and Amsterdam, and in the Bridgewater Gallery. Terburg’s works are rare; only about eighty have been catalogued.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Gethsemane

See also Gethsemane on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GETHSEMANE. See Jerusalem.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Gex

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GEX, a town of France, the chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Ain, is beautifully situated, 2000 feet above sea-level, at the base of the Jura chain on the Journant, 3 miles from the Swiss frontier, and 10 miles N.W. of Geneva. It has tanneries, saw-mills, and corn-mills, and a considerable trade in cheese and wine. The town gives its name to the old Pays de Gex, situated between the Alps and the Jura, which was successively under the protection of the Swiss, the Genevese, and the counts of Savoy, until in 1602 it came into the possession of France, retaining, however, until the Revolution its old independent jurisdiction, with Gex as its chief town. The population of the town in 1876 was 1469.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Gerard van Honthorst

See also Gerard van Honthorst on Wikipedia; Gerard van Honthorst on Wikipedia; Gerard van Honthorst in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Gervais Delarue

See also Gervais de La Rue on Wikipedia; Gervais Delarue on Wikipedia, Delarue in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
DELARUE, Gervais (1751–1835), a French historical investigator, and one of the chief authorities on Norman and Anglo-Norman literature. He was a native of Caen, received his education at the university of that town, and was ultimately raised to the rank of professor. His first historical enterprize was interrupted by the French Revolution, which forced him to take refuge in England; but the interruption was the less to be regretted as he found the fullest encouragement from his northern compeers, and had the opportunity of examining a vast mass of original documents in the Tower and elsewhere, which proved of the utmost assistance to his investigations. In the preface to the second volume of his greatest work—the Essais historiques—he speaks feelingly of the kindness he had experienced, and mentions his supreme gratification at receiving the approval of Sir Walter Scott. From England he passed over to Holland, still in prosecution of his favourite task; and there he remained till 1798, when the way was open for his return to France. The rest of his life was spent in his native town, where he was chosen principal of his university. While in England he had been elected a member of the Royal Society of Antiquaries; and in his own country he was made a corresponding member of the Institute, and was enrolled in the Legion of Honour.
Besides numerous articles in the Memoirs of the Royal Society of London, the Mémoires de l'Institut, the Mémoires de la Société d'Agriculture de Caen, and in other periodical collections, he published separately Essais historiques sur les Bardes, les Jongleurs, et les Trouvères normands et anglo-normands, 3 vols. 1834, and Recherches historiques sur la Prairie de Caen, 1837, and since his death have appeared Mémoires historiques sur le palinod de Caen, 1841; Recherches sur la tapisserie de Bayeux, 1841; and Nouveaux Essais historiques sur la ville de Caen, 1842. In all his writings he displays a strong partiality for everything Norman, and rates the Norman influence on French and English literature as of the very highest moment.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Gezer

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GEZER (גֶּזֶר), a royal Canaanite city on the boundary of Ephraim in the maritime plain (Josh. xvi. 3–10). It was allotted to the Levites, but its original inhabitants were not driven out until the time of Solomon, when the Egyptians took the city, which was given to Solomon’s wife (1 Kings ix. 16). Under the form Gazera it is mentioned as being in the neighbourhood of Emmaus-Nicopolis (’Amwâs) and Jamnia (Yebnah) (1 Macc. iv. 15). Throughout the history of the Maccabean wars Gazera plays the part of an important frontier post. It was first taken from the Greeks by Simon the Asmonean (1 Macc. xiv. 7). Josephus also mentions that the city was “naturally strong” (Antiq., viii. 6, 1). The position of Gezer is defined by Jerome (Onomasticon, s.v.) as 4 Roman miles north (contra septentrionem) of Nicopolis (’Amwâs). This points to the ruined site called Tell Jezer, near the village of Abu Shûsheh, about 4 miles north-west of ’Amwâs. The site is naturally very strong, the town standing on an isolated hill, commanding the western road to Jerusalem just where it begins to enter the mountains of Judah. The name Gezer (from a root signifying “insulated”) was no doubt derived from the position of the place. The ruins include rock-cut tombs, wine-presses, caves, and quarries, with foundations of a citadel on the hill top. A very fine spring (‘Ain Yerdeh) exists on the east, and in 1874 a curious discovery was made on the hill side near the spring. The words Tahum Gezer, “boundary of Gezer,” were found cut in Hebrew letters on the live rock in two places, and in each case the Greek name Alkios occurred with them. The genuineness of this curious inscription has not been disputed.
# Executive Order 11061

more info.
Signed by President John F. Kennedy Thursday, November 8, 1962
Federal Register page & date: 27 FR 10927, Friday, November 9, 1962
As a mark of respect to the memory of Mrs. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, it is hereby ordered, pursuant to the provisions of Section 4 of Proclamation 3044 of March 1, 1954, that until interment the flag of the United States shall be flown at half-staff on all buildings, grounds and naval vessels of the Federal Government in the District of Columbia and throughout the United States and its Territories and possessions. I also direct that the flag shall be flown at half-staff for the same length of time at all United States embassies, legations, consular offices, and other facilities abroad, including all military facilities and naval vessels and stations.
The White House,
    November 8, 1962.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1109

more info.
Signed by President William H. Taft Friday, July 9, 1909
Upon the recommendation of the Civil Service Commission, Schedule A of classified positions excepted from examination under Rule II, clause 3, is hereby amended by adding to Subdivision III, relating to the War Department, a paragraph to read as follows:
The White House,
       July 9, 1909.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Eclipse Bicycle Company v. Willard M Farrow

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
199 U.S. 581
Eclipse Bicycle Company v. Willard M Farrow
Argued: November 3, 6, 1905. --- Decided: December 18, 1905
Messrs. A. S. Worthington, Howard L. Osgood, C. Schuyler Davis, and D. S. Mackall for appellant.
Messrs. Henry M. Earle and John C. Gittings for appellee.
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Eclogues

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Eclogues."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Eclogues by P. Virgilius Maro (Virgil)
* Eclogues by Joannes Stobaeus
* Eclogues by Dante Alighieri

## See also

* Eclogue
# Eclogues (Mackail)

* related portals: Ancient poetry.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, quotes, Wikidata item.
Mackail's prose translation of the Eclogues is sometimes combined with his translation of Virgil's Georgics.
* The Eclogues, done into English prose (1898), US reprint IA
* The Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil (1910), new impression
* The Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil (1915), new edition (transcription project)

### See also

* The Eclogues of Virgil, in English verse (1908) by E. J. Cardew. [Mackail's prose translation rendered in verse.]
# Eclogues and Georgics (Mackail 1910)

* related portals: Ancient poetry.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, quotes, Wikidata item.
First published in 1889, this transcription is of a 1910 edition of Mackail's English prose translations of Virgil's Eclogues and Georgics.
Layout 2
THE ECLOGUES AND GEORGICS OF
VIRGIL TRANSLATED FROM THE
LATIN BY J. W. MACKAIL FELLOW
OF BALLIOL COLLEGE OXFORD
NON ILLUM NOSTRI POSSUNT MUTARE LABORES
NEW IMPRESSION
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
1910
This Translation follows the common established text of modern editions of Virgil. The woodcut on the title-page is after a drawing by Raffaelle in the Academy at Venice.
I must thank my friend, Mr. Warde Fowler, Fellow of Lincoln College, for having read over the translation of the Georgics, and made many valuable criticisms on both style and matter.
J. W. M.
THE ECLOGUES
* Eclogue I
* Eclogue II
* Eclogue III
* Eclogue IV
* Eclogue V
* Eclogue VI
* Eclogue VII
* Eclogue VIII
* Eclogue IX
* Eclogue X
THE GEORGICS
* Book I
* Book II
* Book III
* Book IV
On Tuscan farms revolve each changeless year The world-old toils of the world in order meet: Labour is good and rest from labour sweet, Kind leafage and mossed cave and living mere: Through silver olive-orchards ploughs the steer, And shepherds sing in shaded summer heat; But who has eyes to track the wood-god's feet, The wine-god's world-song who has ears to hear?
Virgil, our brainsick life cast to and fro, Nature or Art too tired, too blind, to know, Feels yet their secret in thy magic scroll: That high-rapt calm so far remote from us Yet not too steadfastly felicitous Or too divinely alien to console.
B. N.
Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable, Printers to His Majesty
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# Eclogue

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Eclogue."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
By Virgil:
By Jaroslav Vrchlický:
* Eclogue IV
* Eclogue V
* Eclogue VII

## See also

* "Eclogue," in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed., 1911)
* Eclogues
# Eclogues (Virgil)

The Book of Eclogues, also known as the Bucolics, is the first of three major works in the epic genre by the Latin poet Virgil. It was written sometime between 42 and 35 B.C..
Taking over the Greek bucolic epic invented by Theocritus, Virgil creates a Roman version partly by offering a dramatic and mythic interpretation of revolutionary change at Rome following Caesar's assassination. The book contains ten pieces called eclogues (i.e. 'drafts' or 'selections') populated by-and-large with herdsmen imagined suffering or embracing revolutionary change and making song in largely rural settings. Performed with great success on the Roman stage, their mix of political vision and erotic scandal made Virgil a celebrity, legendary in his own lifetime. Warning: template has been deprecated.
English-language translations of Eclogae include:
* Pastorals (1709), poetic translation by John Dryden
* Eclogues (1883), poetic translation by Samuel Palmer IA
* The Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil (1910), prose translation by John William Mackail (first published in 1889)
* The Eclogues of Virgil, in English verse (1908) by E. J. Cardew (versified edition of Mackail's prose translation)