# The Geographical Distribution of Animals/Index 1

Contents: Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Z
INDEX TO VOL. I.
Note.—In this Index the names in Italics all refer to fossil genera or families mentioned in Part II. The systematic names of genera and families occurring in almost every page of Part III. are not given, as they would unnecessarily swell the Index; but they can be readily referred to by the Class or Order, or by the Geographical Division (Region or Sub-region) under which they occur. They will, however, all be found in the General Index, with a reference to the page (in Vol. II., Part IV.) where a systematic account of their distribution is given.
A.
Aardvark of East Africa, figure of, 261
Accipitres, European Eocene, 163
Accipitres, classification of, 97 range of Palæarctic genera of, 248 range of Ethiopian genera of, 312 range of Oriental genera of, 385 range of Australian genera of, 484
Acerotherium, European Miocene, 119 N. American Tertiary, 136
Achænodon, N. American Tertiary, 138
Acotherium, European Eocene, 126
Adapis, European Eocene, 125
Ælurogale, European Eocene, 125
Æpyornis, of Madagascar, 164
Æshna, from the Lias, 167
Agnopterus, European Eocene, 163
Agriochœrus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Agrion, from the Lias, 167
Alcephalus, Indian Miocene, 122
Aldabra Islands, land-tortoises of, 289
Aletornis, N. American Eocene, 163
Algeria, Post-Pliocene deposits and caves of, 111
Allen, Mr. J. A., on Zoological regions, 61 objections to his system of circumpolar zones, 67 objections to his zoo-geographical nomenclature, 68
Altai mountains, fossils in caves, 111
Amblyrhiza, Pliocene of Antilles, 148
America, recent separation of North and South, 40 extinct mammalia of, 129 North, Post-Pliocene fauna of, 129
Amomys, N. American Tertiary, 134
Amphechinus, European Miocene, 117
Amphibia, means of dispersal of, 28 classification of, 100 peculiar to Palæarctic region, 186 of Central Europe, 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205 of Siberian sub-region, 220
Amphibia, of the Manchurian sub-region, 226 table of Palæarctic families of, 237 of the Ethiopian region, 255 of West Africa, 264 South African, 268 of Madagascar, 280 table of Ethiopian families of, 298 of the Oriental region, 317 of the Indian sub-region, 326 of Ceylon, 327 of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 331 of Indo-Malay sub-region, 340 table of Oriental families of, 369 of the Australian region, 397 resemblances of Australian and South-American, 400 of New Guinea, 416 of New Zealand, 457
Amphibos, Indian Miocene, 122
Amphicyon, European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121 N. American Tertiary, 134
Amphimericidæ, European Miocene, 119
Amphimoschus, European Miocene, 120
Amphisorex, European Miocene, 118
Amphitragulus, European Miocene, 120
Anastoma, European Tertiary, 169
Anchilophus, European Eocene, 125
Anchippodus, N. American Eocene, 139
Anchippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Anchitheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 135
Anchitherium, European Miocene, 119 European Eocene, 125 N. American Tertiary, 135
Ancient fauna of New Zealand, 459
Ancylotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 121
Andaman Islands, zoology of, 333 probable past history of, 334
Andreas, European Miocene, 165
Animal kingdom, primary divisions of, 85
Animals, development of, affecting distribution, 7 dispersal and migration of, 10 ​rapid multiplication of, 10
Anisacodon, N. American Tertiary, 137
Anoa of Celebes, peculiarities of, 428
Anoplotheriidæ, European Miocene, 119
Anoplotherium, European Miocene, 119 European Eocene, 126 S. American Eocene, 148
Anseres, arrangement of, 98 peculiar Palæarctic genera, 250 peculiar Ethiopian genera of, 313 peculiar Australian genera of, 485
Antelopes in the Indian Miocene deposits, 122 birthplace and migrations of, 155 Palæarctic, 182
Antelotherium, Indian Miocene, 122
Anthracotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 137
Anthracotherium, European Miocene, 110
Antiacodon, N. American Tertiary, 133
Antilles, Pliocene Mammalia of, 148
Antilope, Post-Pliocene, 112 in Brazilian caves, 144
Antiquity of the genera of insects, 166 of the genera of land and freshwater shells, 168
Aphanapteryx of Mauritius, 164
Aphelotherium, European Eocene, 125
Aquila, European Miocene, 161
Archæopteryx, Bavarian Oolite, 163
Arctic zone not a separate region, 68
Arctocyon, European Eocene, 125
Arctodus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Arctomys, European Pliocene, 113
Arctotherium in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 146
Argus pheasant, figure of, 339 peculiarity, in display of plumage, and confirmation of Mr. Darwin's views, 340
Artiodactyla, European Eocene, 126 N. American Tertiary, 137 S. American Pliocene, 146
Arvicola, European Pliocene, 113 in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147 S. American Eocene, 148
Auchenia, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Auckland Islands, birds of, 455
Australia, physical features of, 387
Australia and S. America, supposed land connection between, 398
Australian region, description of, 387 zoological characteristics of, 390 mammalia of, 390 birds of, 391 reptiles of, 396 amphibia of, 397 fresh-water fish of, 397 summary of vertebrata of, 397 supposed land-connection of with S. America, 398 insects of, 403 lepidoptera of, 404 coleoptera of, 405 land shells of, 407 sub-regions of, 408 early history of, 465
Australian sub-region, mammalia of, 438 illustration of mammalia of, 439 birds of, 440 illustration of fauna of, 441
Austro-Malayan sub-region, physical features of, 388 zoology of, 409
Aye-aye, figure of, 278
Azores, visited by European birds, 17 birds of, 207 butterflies of, 207 beetles of, 207, 209 peculiarly modified birds of, 207 stragglers to, 208 how stocked with animal life, 208
 B.
Babirusa of Celebes, peculiarities of, 428
Badger, figure of, 195
Balæna, European Pliocene, 112
Balænodon, European Pliocene, 112
Baly, Mr., on Phytophaga of Japan, 230
Banca, its peculiar species and solution of a problem in distribution, 356
Barriers, as affecting distribution, 6 permanence of, as affecting distribution, 7 to the dispersal of birds, 17
Bates, Mr., on Carabidæ of Japan, 228 on Longicorns of Japan, 230
Bathmodon, N. American Tertiary, 136
Bathrodon, N. American Tertiary, 133
Batrachia, Tertiary, 165
Bats, powers of flight of, 15 classification of, 87 of New Zealand, 450
Bears, probable cause of absence of, from tropical Africa, 291
Beaver, N. American Tertiary, 140
Beetles, families selected for study, 103 from the Lias, 167 of Azores, 207 of Japan, 228
Belemnoziphius, European Pliocene, 112
Belt, Mr., his theory of a great Siberian lake during the glacial epoch, 218 on change of climate caused by diminution of obliquity of ecliptic, 466
Birds, means of dispersal of, 15 dispersal of by winds, 16 American, found in Europe, 16 reaching the Azores, 17 barriers to dispersal of, 17 limited by forests, 17 classification of, 93 Miocene of Greece, 116 extinct, 160 fossil of Palæarctic region, 161 European of Miocene period, 161 Eocene of Europe, 162 relations of, 162 extinct of North America, 163 recently extinct in New Zealand, 164 Cretaceous of N. America, 164 remains of in Brazilian caves, 164 recently extinct in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 164 cosmopolitan groups of, 176 numerous genera, Palæarctic, 183 of the European sub-region, 193 northern range of in Europe, 193 of the zone of pine forests, 194 of Iceland, 198 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 203 of Malta, 206 (note) of Azores, 207 of the Cape Verd Islands, 215 of Siberian sub-region, 219 Oriental found in Siberia, 219 extreme northern Asiatic, 219 of northern Asiatic forests, 220 of the Manchurian sub-region, 223 Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 224 ​Oriental genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 224 characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, 226 table of Palæarctic families of, 235 of West Africa, 243 list of Palæarctic genera of, 243 of the Ethiopian region, 253 of the East African sub-region, 260 S. African, 267 genera of, peculiar to Madagascar, 275 common to Madagascar and Oriental or Ethiopian regions, 276 species common to Madagascar and Africa or Asia, 277 table of Ethiopian families of, 295 table of Ethiopian genera of, 306 of the Oriental region, 316 of the Indian sub-region, 323 Oriental genera of in Central India, 324 Palæarctic and Ethiopian genera in Central India, 325 of Ceylon, 327 of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 330 of Indo-Malayan sub-region, 337 illustration of peculiar Malayan, 339 of the Philippine Islands, 346 table of Oriental families of, 366 table of Oriental genera of, 375 of Australian region, 391 specially organized Australian families of, 392 of the Papuan Islands, 410 peculiarities of, 413 brilliant colours of, 413 remarkable forms of, 414 of the Moluccas, 418 peculiarities of, 421 of Timor group, 423 of Celebes, 428 of Australia, 440 of New Zealand, 451 peculiar to New Zealand, 452 of Norfolk Island, 453 of Lord Howe's Island, 453 of the Chatham Islands, 454 of the Auckland Islands, 455 table of families of Australian, 471 table of genera of Australian, 478
Black ape of Celebes, 427
Blanford, Mr. W. T., on the "Indian" region, 60 on relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, 321
Blapsidium, Oolitic insect, 167
Blyth, Mr., on zoological regions, 60 on the relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, 321
Borneo, probable recent changes in, 357
Bos, Post-Pliocene, 112 Indian Miocene, 122
Bourbon, zoology of, 280 reptiles of, 281
Bovidæ, European Miocene, 120
Brachymys, European Miocene, 120
Bramatherium, Miocene of Perim Island, 122
Brazilian cave-fauna, 143 remarks on, 145
Breyeria borinensis, carboniferous insect, 168
Britain, peculiar species in, 197
British Isles, zoology of, 197
Broad-bill, Malayan, figure of, 340
Brontotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 137
Brontotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137
Bubo, European Miocene, 162
Bulimus, Eocene, 169
Bunælurus, N. American Tertiary, 134
Buprestidium, Oolitic insect, 167
Butterflies, arrangement of, 103 Palæarctic, 187 of Central Europe, 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205 of Azores, 207 peculiar to Siberian sub-region, 220 of Japan and North China, 227 of the Ethiopian region, 255 number of Ethiopian species, 256 of Indo-Malay sub-region, 342 of the Australian region, 404 of the Austro-Malay sub-region, 404 of the Moluccas, 419 of Celebes, peculiarities of, 434 of New Zealand, 457
 C.
Cadurcotherium, European Eocene, 125
Cælodon, in Brazilian caves, 145
Cælogenys, in Brazilian caves, 144
Cænopithecus, European Eocene, 124
Cainotherium, European Miocene, 120 European Eocene, 126
Calamodon, N. American Eocene, 139
Callithrix in Brazilian caves, 184
Canaries, birds of, 208 beetles of, 209
Canidæ, European Miocene, 118 European Eocene, 125 N. American Tertiary, 134 remarkable S. African, 267
Canis, European Pliocene, 112 Post-Pliocene, 112 European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121 European Eocene, 125 N. American Post-Pliocene, 129 N. American Tertiary, 134, 135 in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 146
Camel, fossil in Indian Miocene, 122 birth-place and migrations of, 155 Palæarctic, 182
Camelidæ, essentially extra-tropical, 112 N. American Tertiary, 138
Camelopardalis, Miocene of Greece, 116 Indian Miocene, 122
Camelotherium, S. American Pliocene, 147
Cape of Good Hope, peculiar flora and of, 266
Cape Verd Islands, zoology of, 214
Cape-hare, S. African, 267
Cardiodus, S. American Pliocene, 147
Cariama, Brazilian caves, 164
Carnivora of European Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121 European Eocene, 125 N. American Post-Pliocene, 129 N. American Tertiary, 134 of Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 146
Carnivora, classification of, 88 antiquity of, 153 of the Palæarctic region, 182 list of Palæarctic genera of, 240 list of Ethiopian genera of, 302 range of Oriental genera of, 373 list of Australian genera of, 476
Caroline Islands, birds of, 444
Carterodon in Brazilian caves, 145
​Carus, and Gerstaeker on classification of animals, 85 Professor, on classification of the Cetacea, 88
Castor, European Pliocene, 113 European Miocene, 120
Casoryx, N. American Tertiary, 138
Cathartes, Brazilian caves, 164
Cave-fauna of Brazil, 143
Cavia, European Miocene, 121 in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 147
Cebochœrus, European Eocene, 126
Cebus in Brazilian caves, 144
Celebes, physical features of, 389 mammalia of, 426 birds of, 428 insects of, 434 origin of fauna of, 436
Centetidæ, European Miocene, 118
Ceratodus, remarkable Australian fish, 397
Cercolabes in Brazilian caves, 145
Cercopithecus in European Pliocene, 112
Cervidæ, European Miocene, 120 birth-place and migrations of, 155
Cervus, European Pliocene, 113 Indian Pliocene and Miocene, 122 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 138 in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 147
Cetacea, European Pliocene, 112 European Miocene, 119 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 140
Cetacea, classification of, 89 range of Oriental genus, 374
Ceylon and Malaya, resemblance of insects of, 327
Ceylonese sub-region, 326 mammalia of, 327 birds of, 327 reptiles of, 327 amphibia of, 327 insects of, 327 past history of, as indicated by its fauna, 328
Chalicomys, European Pliocene, 113
Chalicotherium, European Miocene, 119 Indian Miocene, 122 fossil in N. China, 123
Chamæleo, N. American Eocene, 165
Chamois, figure of, 195
Chatham Islands, birds of, 454
Chelonia, classification of, 100
Chelydra, European Pliocene, 165
Chevrotain of Malaya, figure of, 336
Chili should not be placed in the Palæarctic or Nearctic regions, 63
China, fossil mammals in, resembling those of Indian and European Miocene, 362 North, mammalia of, 222
Chinchillidæ in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147 Pliocene of Antilles, 148
Chiroptera, classification of, 87 list of Palæarctic genera of, 239 list of Ethiopian genera of, 300 range of Oriental genera of, 371 list of Australian genera of, 475
Chiroptera, European Eocene, 125 in Brazilian caves, 144
Chlamydotherium in Brazilian caves, 145
Chœromorus, European Miocene, 119
Chœropotamus, European Eocene, 126
Chœrotherium, Indian Miocene, 122
Choneziphius, European Pliocene, 112
Chough, Alpine, figure of, 195
Circumpolar zones, objections to system of, 67
Classification as affecting the study of distribution, 83
Clausilia, Eocene, 169
Climate, as a limit to the range of mammalia, 11 gradual change of, before the glacial epoch, 41
Coleoptera, families selected for study, 103 Palæarctic, 188 number of Palæarctic species, 189 of Central Europe, 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205 of the Cape Verd Islands, 215 of the Ethiopian region, 256 S. African, 268 of Madagascar, 282, 283 of the Oriental region, 319 of Indo-Malay sub-region, 342 of the Australian region, 405 affinity of Australian and South American, 406, 407 of Celebes, 435 of New Zealand, 457
Collocalia, European Miocene, 161
Colobus, European Miocene, 117
Colonoceras, N. American Tertiary, 136
Colossochelys of Indian Miocene, 123, 165
Columbæ, classification of, 96 range of Palæarctic genera of, 248 range of Ethiopian genera of, 311 range of Oriental genera of, 384 range of Australian genera of, 485
Comoro islands, zoology of, 281
Continents, distribution of, 37 recent changes of, 38
Continental extension in Mesozoic times, 156
Corvus, European Miocene, 161
Coryphodon, European Eocene, 126
Cosmopolitan groups enumerated, 175
Cricetodon, European Miocene, 120
Cricetus, European Pliocene, 113
Crocodiles, Eocene, 165
Crocodilia, classification of, 100
Crook-billed plovers of New Zealand, 456
Crotch, Mr., on beetles of the Azores, 209
Crowned-pigeon, figure of, 415
Cryptornis, European Eocene, 163
Ctenomys, S. American Pliocene, 147
Cuba, extinct mammalia of, 148
Curculionidium, Oolitic insect, 167
Cyclostoma, Eocene, 169
Cyllo sepulta, European Cretaceous, 167
Cynælurus, in Brazilian caves, 144
Cynopithecus of Celebes, affinities of, 427
Cyotherium, European Eocene, 125
 D.
Daptophilus, N. American Tertiary, 134
Darwin, Mr., his explanation of the cause of the abundance of apterous insects in Madeira, 211 on the relation of flowers and insects, 463
Dasyprocta, European Miocene, 121 in Brazilian caves, 144
Dasypus, in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147
Dasyurus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
David, Père, his researches in China and Thibet, 221, 222 on birds of N. China, 226
​Deer, fossil in N. American Tertiary formations, 138 Palæarctic, 182 probable cause of absence of from tropical Africa, 291
Delphinus, European Pliocene, 112
Dendrocygna, European Miocene, 162
Desman of S. Russia, figure of, 219
Diceratherium, N. American Tertiary, 137
Dichobune, European Eocene, 126
Dicotyles, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 137 in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 146 birthplace and migrations of, 155
Dicrocerus, European Miocene, 120
Didelphys, European Eocene, 126 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 in Brazilian caves, 145
Dididæ, 164
Dinocerata, N. American Tertiary, 139
Dinoceras, N. American Eocene, 139
Dinornis, allied form in European Eocene, 163 of New Zealand and Australia, 164
Dinornithidæ of New Zealand, 164
Dinotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 120 Miocene of Perim Island, 123
Dinyctis, N. American Tertiary, 134
Dinylus, European Miocene, 117
Diplacodon, N. American Tertiary, 136
Diprotodon, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Dispersal of animals, 10 of mammalia, 10 of reptiles and amphibia, 28
Distribution, affected by climate, 5 affected by physical features, 5 contrasts of, in similar climates, 5 similarities of, in diverse climates, 6 barriers as affecting, 6 study of, dependent on a good classification, 83 of animals an adjunct to geology, 8 of animals requires certain preliminary studies, 8 of animals dependent on physical geography, 35 of animals, as affected by the glacial epoch, 40 of animals, as affected by changes of vegetation, 43 of animals, as affected by organic changes, 44 of animals, hypothetical illustration of, 46 of animals, complexity of the causes affecting the, 49 of animals, problems in, 51 of plants, as affected by the glacial epoch, 42
Dodo of Mauritius, 282
Dolichopterus, European Miocene, 162
Dommina, N. American Tertiary, 134
Dorcatherium, European Miocene, 120
Dremotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 120
Dresser, Mr. H. E., on northern range of European birds, 193
Dromatherium, N. American Triassic, 134 oldest American mammal, 160
Drongo-shrike, Malayan, figure of, 340 opithecus, European Miocene, 117
 E.
East Africa, geographical features of, 258 wide range of genera and species over, 259 few special types in, 260
East African sub-region, description of, 258 genera and species ranging over the whole of, 259 mammalia of, 260 birds of, 260 reptiles of, 260 amphibia and fishes of, 260 insects of, 260 few peculiar types in, 260 illustration of zoology of, 261
East Australia, peculiar birds of, 440
East Thibet, mammalia of, 222
Eaton, Rev. A. E., on insects of Kerguelen Island, 211
Echimyidæ, in Brazilian caves, 145
Echinogale, European Miocene, 118
Ectognathus, N. American Eocene, 139
Edentata, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 121 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Pliocene, 140 of Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147
Edentata, classification of, 90 probable birthplace of, 155 range of Ethiopian genera of, 305 range of Oriental genus of, 375
Elephants, fossil of Indian Miocene, 123 fossil in N. American Post-Pliocene formations, 130 birthplace and migrations of, 155
Elephant shrews, S. African, 267
Elephas, Post-Pliocene, 112 fossil in N. China, 123 N. American Tertiary, 138
Elliot, Mr., his great work on the birds of paradise, 415
Elornis, European Miocene, 162
Elotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137, 139
Elwes, Mr., on birds of Persia, 204 on true relations of the birds of Central India, 323
Embasis, N. American Tertiary, 134
Emu, figure of, 441
Emys, Indian Miocene, 123 Miocene and Eocene, 165
Emydida, Indian Miocene, 123
Enhydrion, Indian Miocene, 121
Eobasileus, N. American Eocene, 139
Eocene period, 124 fauna of S. America, 148
Ephemera, from the Lias, 167
Eporeodon, N. American Tertiary, 138
Equidæ, European Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Eocene, 125
Equus, European Pliocene, 112 Post-Pliocene, 112 Indian Miocene, 121 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 135 Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 146
Ereptodon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Erinaceus, European Miocene, 117
Erythromachus of Rodriguez, 164
Esthonyx, N. American Eocene, 139
Ethiopian region should not include any part of India, 63 defined, 73 subdivisions of, 73 ​general features of, 251 zoological characteristics of, 252 mammalia of, 253 great speciality of, 253 birds of, 253 reptiles of, 254 amphibia of, 255 fresh-water fish of, 255 summary of vertebrates of, 255 insects of, 255 coleoptera of, 256 terrestrial mollusca of, 257 sub-regions of, 258 Atlantic islands of, 269 the probable past history of, 285 tables of distribution of animals of, 293
Eumys, N. American Tertiary, 140
Euphractus, S. American Pliocene, 147
Europe, recent changes in physical geography of, 39 Miocene fauna of Central, 117 Miocene fauna of, allied to existing fauna of tropical Asia and Africa, 124
European sub-region, description of, 191 forests of, 192 mammalia of, 192 birds of, 193 reptiles and amphibia of, 195 fresh-water fish of, 196 insects of, 196 islands of, 197
Euryceros of Madagascar, figure of, 278
Eurydon, in Brazilian caves, 145
Eurytherium, European Eocene, 126
Eutatus, S. American Pliocene, 147
Eutelodon, European Eocene, 126
Eutemnodus, S. American Eocene, 148
Extinct mammalian fauna of Europe, general considerations on, 126 mammalia of N. America and Europe, comparison of, 140 mammalia of the Antilles, 148 mammalia of Old and New Worlds, general remarks on, 148 fauna of New Zealand, 459
Extinction of large animals, causes of, 158
 F.
Fauna of Japan, general character and affinities of, 230 of Palæarctic region, general conclusions as to, 231 extinct, of Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, 282 Malayan, probable origin of, 359 Moluccan, peculiarities of, 419 Timorese, origin of, 422 of Celebes, origin of, 436 of New Zealand, origin of, 460
Felis spelæa, 110
Felis, Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121 N. American Post-Pliocene, 129 in Brazilian caves, 144
Fernando Po, zoological features of, 265
Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Islands, birds of, 443
Fishes, means of dispersal of, 29 classification of, 101 cosmopolitan groups of, 176 of the Palæarctic region, 186 of the European sub-region, 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205 of the Manchurian sub-region, 227 fresh-water, table of Palæarctic families of, 227 of the Ethiopian region, 255 of South Africa, 268 fresh-water, table of Ethiopian families of, 298 fresh-water, of the Oriental region, 318 of the Indo-Malay sub-region, 341 fresh-water, table of Oriental families of, 369 fresh-water, of the Australian region, 397 fresh-water, resemblance of Australian and S. American, 400 how the transmission may have taken place, 401 fresh-water, of New Zealand, 457
Flamingoes, European Miocene, 162
Flora, of New Zealand, as influenced by scarcity of insects, 462 fossil, of Australia, 467
Flower, Professor, on classification of mammalia, 85 classification of carnivora, 87
Flying Lemur, Malayan, figure of, 337
Flying Opossum, figure of, 442
Formosa, zoology of, 332
Forests, essential to existence of many European animals, 192 Siberian, greatest extent of, 216
 G.
Galapagos, scarcity of insects in, 463
Galecynus, in European Pliocene, 112
Galera, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Galeospalax, European Miocene, 118
Galeotherium, Post-Pliocene, 111
Galethylax, European Eocene, 125
Galictis, in Brazilian caves, 144
Gallinæ, classification of, 96 range of Palæarctic genera of, 248 range of Ethiopian genera of, 311 range of Oriental genera of, 384 range of Australian genera of, 485
Gallus, Miocene of Greece, 116
Gallus bravardi, European Pliocene, 161
Gastornis, European Eocene, 163
Genera common to Post-Pliocene and Pliocene faunas of N. America, 132
Geological history of Oriental region, 362
Gibraltar, cave fauna of, 114
Glacial epoch, as affecting the distribution of animals, 40 as a cause of the great change in the fauna of the temperate zones, since Pliocene times, 151 probably simultaneous in both hemispheres, 151 causing a general subsidence of the ocean, 152
Glandina, Eocene, 169
Glossotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147
Glyptodon, S. American Pliocene, 147
Gnathopsis, S. American Pliocene, 147
Goats, Palæarctic, 182
Godman, Mr., on Natural History of the Azores, 207
Golden Moles, S. African, 267
Graculavus, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Grallæ, arrangement of, 97 peculiar or characteristic Palæarctic genera, 249 peculiar Ethiopian genera of, 313 ​peculiar Oriental genera of, 386 peculiar Australian genera of, 484
Gray, Dr. J. E., on classification of Cetacea, 88
Greece, Upper Miocene deposits of, 115 summary of Miocene fauna of, 116
Groups peculiar to a region, how defined, 184
Gulick, Rev. J. T., on Achatinellidæ of the Sandwich Islands, 446
Günther, Dr., his classification of reptiles, 98 his classification of fishes, 101 on gigantic tortoises of Galapagos and the Mascarene Islands, 289 on range of Indian reptiles in the Himalayas, 329
 H.
Haast, Dr., on extinct birds of New Zealand, 460
Habitat, definition of, 4
Hainan, zoology of, 334
Halcyornis, European Eocene, 103
Halitherium, European Pliocene, 112 European Miocene, 119
Helladotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 120
Hatteria of New Zealand, 456
Helictis, Himalayan, figure of, 331
Helix, Eocene, 169
Hemibos, Indian Miocene, 122
Hemicyon, European Miocene, 118
Herpetotherium, N. American Tertiary, 134
Hesperomys, N. American Tertiary, 140 in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147
Hesperornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Heterodon, in Brazilian caves, 145
Hexaprotodon, Indian Miocene, 122
Hickman, Mr. John, on a cause of the extinction of large animals, 158
Himalayas, altitude reached by various groups in the, 329, 333
Hipparion, European Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 119 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 135
Hippopotamus, Post-Pliocene, 112 Europe in Pliocene, 113 Indian Pliocene, 122
Hipposyus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Hippotherium, European Miocene, 119 Indian Miocene, 122
Hippotragus, European Miocene, 120
Homalodontotherium, S. American Pliocene, 146
Homalophus, European Miocene, 161
Homocamelus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Honeysuckers, birds specially adapted to Australia, 392
Hooker, Dr., on deficiency of odours in New Zealand plants, 464
Hoplocetus, European Pliocene, 112
Hoplophoneus, N. American Tertiary, 134
Horses, fossil, in Indian Miocene, 121 perfect series of ancestral, in N. America, 136 probable birthplace of, 154
Hutton, Capt. F. W., on origin of New Zealand fauna, 461
Huxley, Professor, on zoological regions, 59 division of animal kingdom by, 85
Hyæna, Post-Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121 fossil in N. China, 123
Hyænarctos in European Pliocene, 112 European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121 S. American Pliocene, 146
Hyænictis, Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118
Hyænidæ, European Miocene, 118
Hyænodon, European Miocene, 118 European Eocene, 125 N. American Tertiary, 134
Hyænodontidæ, European Miocene, 118
Hydrochœrus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Hydrornis, European Miocene, 162
Hyohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Hyomoschus, European Miocene, 120
Hyopotamus, European Miocene, 119 N. American Tertiary, 137
Hyopsodus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Hyotherium, European Miocene, 119
Hypertragulus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Hypisodus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Hypsiprymnus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Hyrachyus, N. American Tertiary, 136
Hyracodon, N. American Tertiary, 136
Hyracoidea, classification of, 90 Palæarctic, 242 Ethiopian, 304
Hyracotherium, supposed, in European Eocene, 125 European Eocene, 126
Hystrix, European Pliocene, 113 Miocene of Greece, 116 N. American Tertiary, 140
 I.
Ibidipodia, European Miocene, 162
Ibidorhynchus, figure of, 331
Iceland, zoology of, 198
Icthyornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Icticyon in Brazilian caves, 144
Ictitherium, Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118
Ictops, N. American Tertiary, 133
India, Miocene fauna of, allied to that of Europe, 123 geological features of, 328
Indian, sub-region, description of, 321 supposed relation to Ethiopian region, 321 mammalia of, 322 birds of, 323 reptiles and amphibia of, 326
Indo-Chinese, sub-region, description of, 329 zoological characteristics of, 330 illustration of, 331 reptiles of, 331 amphibia of, 331 insects of, 332 islands belonging to, 333
Indo-Malayan sub-region, description of, 334 mammalia of, 336 illustrations of, 336, 339 birds of, 337 remote geographical relations of, 339 reptiles and amphibia of, 340 fishes of, 341 insects of, 341 coleoptera of, 342 terrestrial mollusca of, 343 zoological relations of islands of, 345 recent geographical changes in, 357 probable origin of fauna of, 359
Insects, means of dispersal of, 32 ​tenacity of life of, 33 adapted to special conditions, 33 groups selected for the study of their geographical distribution, 102 antiquity of the genera of, 166 fossil of European Miocene, 166 European Cretaceous, 167 European Wealden, 167 Palæozoic, 168 Palæarctic, 187 of Central Europe, 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205 of the Siberian sub-region, 220 of the Manchurian sub-region, 227 of the Ethiopian region, 255 of the East African sub-region, 260 of West Africa, 265 S. African, 268 of Madagascar, 282 general remarks on, 284 of tropical Africa and America, probable cause of similarities in, 291 of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 332 of the Oriental region, 318 of Ceylon, 327 of Indo-Malay sub-region, 341 statistics of collecting in the various islands of the Malay Archipelago, 343 of the Australian region, 403 of New Guinea, 417 of the Moluccas, 420 of Timor group, 426 of Celebes, 454 of New Zealand, 458 scarcity of, in New Zealand, 462 influence of, on the flora, 463
Insectivora, European Miocene, 117 N. American Post-Pliocene, 129 N. American Tertiary, 133
Insectivora, classification of, 87 of the Palæarctic region, 181 of N. China and E. Thibet, 222 range of Palæarctic genera of, 239 of Madagascar, 273 range of Ethiopian genera of, 301 of the Oriental region, 315 range of Oriental genera of, 372 range of Australian genera of, 476
Isacis, N. American Tertiary, 133
Ischyromys, N. American Tertiary, 140
Islands, N. European, zoology of, 197 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 206 of the West African sub-region, 265 of Ethiopian region, 269 Mascarene, 280 of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 333 of Indo-Malay sub-region, 345 Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, 443 Society and Marquesas, 444 New Caledonia and New Hebrides, 445 Sandwich, 446 of New Zealand sub-region, 453 Norfolk, 453 Lord Howe's, 454 Chatham, 454 Auckland, 455
Issiodromys, European Pliocene, 113
 J.
Jacchus, in Brazilian caves, 144
Japan and North China, physical features of, 221 southern extremity of perhaps belongs to the Oriental region, 226 general character of the fauna of, 230 former land-connexions of, 231
Java, mammalia of, 349 productions of, well known, 350 birds of, 351 representative species of birds in, 352 origin of the anomalous features of its fauna, 352 Sumatra and Borneo, their geographical contrasts and zoological peculiarities explained, 357
Junonia, European Miocene, 167
 K.
Kakapoe, of New Zealand, 455
Kangaroos, extinct in Australia, 157
Kerguelen Island, apterous insects of, 211 (note)
Kerodon, in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 147
King-fisher, racquet tailed, of New Guinea, figure of, 415
Kiwi of New Zealand, 455
Koodoo antelope, figure of, 261
 L.
Lacertilia, classification of, 99
Ladrone Islands, birds of, 444
Lagomys, European Pliocene, 113 European Miocene, 120
Lagostomus, in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147
Lake Baikal, seals of, 218
Land and water, proportions of, 35
Land and fresh-water shells, antiquity of the genera of, 168
Land-shells, Palæozoic, 169 Palæarctic, 190 of Madeira, 209 of the Cape Verd Islands, 215 of the Ethiopian region, 257 of W. Africa, 265 of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 285 of Indo-Malay sub-region, 344 of the Australian region, 407 of Sandwich Islands, 446 of New Zealand, 459
Lanius, European Miocene, 161
Laopithecus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Laornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Lemuria, a hypothetical land, 76
Lemuravidæ, 133
Lemuravus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Lemuridæ, European Eocene, 124
Lemuroidea, range of Ethiopian genera of, 300 range of Oriental genera of, 371
Lepictis, N. American Tertiary, 133
Lepidoptera, cosmopolitan families of, 177 table of Palæarctic families of, 238 S. African, 268 table of Ethiopian families of, 299 of the Oriental region, 318 table of Oriental families of, 369 of the Australian region, 404 table of Australian families of, 472
Leptarchus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Leptauchenia, N. American Tertiary, 138
Leptochœrus, N. American Tertiary, 137
Leptodon, Miocene of Greece, 116
Leptomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138
Leptoptilus, European Miocene, 162
​Leptosomus, allied form in European Eocene, 168
Leptosomus of Madagascar, 278 figure of, 279
Leptotherium, in Brazilian caves, 144
Lepus, in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147
Lestodon, S. American Pliocene, 147
Lewis, Mr. George, his collection of Japan insects, 228
Libellula, from the Lias, 167
Lilljeborg, Professor, on classification of the Rodentia, 90
Limnæa, Eocene, 169 European Secondary, 169
Limnatornis, European Miocene, 161
Limnocyon, N. American Tertiary, 134
Limnohyus, N. American Tertiary, 136
Limnotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 133
Limnotherium, N. American Tertiary, 133
Listriodon, European Miocene, 119
Lithomys, European Miocene, 120
Lithornis, European Eocene, 163
Lizards, classification of, 99 Tertiary, 165 wide range of a species in Polynesia, 448
Loncheres, in Brazilian caves, 145
Lonchophorus, in Brazilian caves, 145
Lophiodon, European Eocene, 125 N. American Tertiary, 136
Lophiotherium, N. American Tertiary, 136
Lord Howe's Island, birds of, 453
Loxomylus, Pliocene of Antilles, 148
Lund, Dr., his researches in caves of Brazil, 143
Lutra, European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121
Lycæna, Miocene of Greece, 115
Lyre bird, figure of, 441
 M.
Macacus, European Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 Indian Miocene, 121 supposed in European Eocene, 125
Machairodus, 110, 111 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121 N. American Tertiary, 134 in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 146
Macrauchenia, S. American Pliocene, 146
Macrotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 121
Madagascar, extinct birds of, 164 description of, 272 mammalia of, 272 birds of, 274 reptiles of, 279 amphibia of, 280 extinct fauna of, 282 general remarks on insect fauna of, 284
Madeira, birds of, 208 land shells of, 208 beetles of, 210 wingless insects numerous in, 211 how stocked with animals, 213
Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, zoological unity of, 353 comparison of mammalia, 354 of birds, 355
Malagasy sub-region, description of, 272 mammalia of, 272 birds of, 274 illustration of zoology of, 278 reptiles of, 279 amphibia of, 280 extinct fauna of, 282, 289 insects of, 282 early history of, 286
Malaya and Indo-Malaya, terms defined, 345 (note)
Malayan forms of life reappearing in West Africa, 263 fauna, probable origin of, 359 resemblances to that of Madagascar and Ceylon explained, 361
Malta, Post-Pliocene fauna of, 114 formerly joined to Africa, 201 fossil elephants of, 201 birds of, 206 (note)
Mammalia, means of dispersal of, 10 as limited by climate, 11 as limited by rivers, 12 how far limited by the sea, 13 dispersed by ice-floes and drift-wood, 14 means of dispersal of aquatic, 15 of most importance in determining zoological regions, 57 classification of, 85 birthplace and migrations of some families of, 142, 153 cosmopolitan groups of, 176 of the Palæarctic region, 181 of the European sub-region, 192 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 202 of the Siberian sub-region, 217 characteristic of Western Tartary, 218 of the Manchurian sub-region, 222 Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 222 Oriental genera of, on borders of same sub-region, 223 peculiar to Japan, 223 characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, 226 table of Palæarctic families of, 234 range of Palæarctic genera of, 239 of the Ethiopian region, 253 absence of certain important groups, 253 of the East African sub-region, 260 of West Africa, 262 of S. Africa, 267 of Madagascar, 272 table of Ethiopian families of, 294 table of Ethiopian genera of, 300 of the Oriental region, 315 range of the genera inhabiting the Indian sub-region, 322 of Ceylon, 327 of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 330 of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, 336 illustration of characteristic Malayan, 336 of the Philippine Islands, 345 table of Oriental families of, 365 table of Oriental genera of, 371 of Australian region, 390 of the Papuan Islands, 410 of the Moluccas, 417 of Timor group, 422 of Celebes, 427 of Australia, 439 illustration of, 439 of New Zealand, 450 table of families of Australian, 470 table of genera of Australian, 475
Mammal, the most ancient American, 134
Mammalia, extinct, of Old World, 107 extinct, of historic period, 110 extinct, comparative age of in Europe, 127 ​extinct, of the New World, 129 extinct, of N. America and Europe, compared, 141 original birth-place of some families and genera, 142, 153 of the secondary period, 160
Manatus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Manchurian sub-region, description of, 220 mammalia of, 222 birds of, 223 reptiles and amphibia of, 227 fresh-water fish of, 227 insects of, 227 coleoptera of, 228
Marquesas Islands, birds of, 443
Marsh, Mr., on improvability of Asiatic and African deserts, 200 on camels and goats as destructive to vegetation, 200
Marsupials, classification of, 91 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 European Miocene, 121 first migration to America, 155 diversified forms of, 391 of America prove no connexion with Australia, 399 list of Australian genera of, 476
Martes, N. American Tertiary, 135
Mascarene Islands, zoology of, 280 extinct fauna of, 282 gigantic land-tortoises of, 289
Mastodon, European Pliocene, 113 Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 120 in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 147 Indian Miocene, 123 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 138
Mauritius, zoology of, 280 reptiles of, 281
McCoy, Professor, on Palæontology of Victoria, 466
Mediterranean, recent changes in, 39 sub-region, description of, 199 mammalia of, 202 birds of, 203 reptiles and amphibia of, 204 fresh-water fish of, 205 insects of, 205 islands of, 206 sea not separating distinct faunas, 201
Megacerops, N. American Tertiary, 137
Megalomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138
Megalocnus, fossil in Cuba, 148
Megalonyx, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147
Megalostoma, Eocene, 169
Megamys, S. American Eocene, 148
Megaspira, European Tertiary, 169
Megatheridæ, in Brazilian caves, 145
Megatherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147
Melania, European secondary, 169
Meleagris, N. American Miocene, 163
Mellivora, Indian Miocene, 121
Melolonthidium, Oolitic insect, 167
Meniscotherium, N. American Tertiary, 138
Menotherium, N. American Tertiary, 133
Mephitis, in Brazilian caves, 144
Merychus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Merychippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Merychochœrus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Merycodus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Merycopotamus, Indian Miocene, 122
Merycotherium of Siberian drift, 112
Mesacodon, N. American Tertiary, 133
Mesohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Mesonyx, N. American Tertiary, 134
Mesopithecus, Miocene of Greece, 115
Meyer, Dr. A. B., on reptiles and amphibia of New Guinea, 415
Microlestes, oldest European mammal, 160
Micromeryx, European Miocene, 120
Microsyops, N. American Tertiary, 133
Microtherium, European Miocene, 120
Middendorf, on extreme northern birds, 219
Migrating birds, in which region to be placed, 185
Migration of animals, 10 general phenomena of, 18 of birds, 19 of birds in Europe, 19 probable origin of, 22 of birds in India and China, 23 of birds in N. America, 23 changes in extent of, 24 of birds in S. Temperate America, 25 general remarks on, 25
Milvus, European Miocene, 162
Miocene fauna of the Old World, 114 fauna of Greece, 115 fauna of Greece, summary of, 116 fauna of Central Europe, 117 deposits of Siwalik Hills, 121 faunas of Europe and Asia, general observations on, 123
Miohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Mivart, Professor, on classification of primates, 86 on classification of insectivora, 87 on classification of amphibia, 101
Moles almost wholly Palæarctic, 181
Mole-rat, of W. Tartary, 218
Mollusca, means of dispersal of, 30 classification of, 104 groups selected for study, 104
Moluccas, zoology of, 417 birds of, 419 reptiles of, 420 insects of, 420 peculiarities of fauna of, 421
Monkeys on the high Himalayas, 12 fossil in N. American Miocene in E. Thibet, 222 abundance of in the Oriental region, 315
Monotremata, classification of, 91 list of Australian genera of, 477
"More-pork" of Australia, figure of, 442
Morotherium, N. American Pliocene, 140
Motacilla, European Miocene, 161
Mound-builders, peculiar Australian birds, 393
Moupin, position and zoology of, 221
Muridæ, S. American Pliocene, 147
Murray, Mr. Andrew, on zoological region, 60
Mustela, Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118 S. American Pliocene, 146
Mustelidæ, in Brazilian caves, 144
Mylodon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 S. American Pliocene, 147
Myogale, European Miocene, 118
Myomorphus, fossil in Cuba
Myopotamus, in Brazilian caves, 145
Myoxus, European Miocene, 120 European Eocene, 126
Mysarachne, European Miocene, 118
Mysops, N. American Eocene, 140
Myxophagus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
​ N.
Nanohyus, N. American Tertiary, 137
Nasua, in Brazilian caves, 144
Nearctic region, defined, 79 subdivisions of, 80 distinct from Palæarctic, 79
Necrornis, European Miocene, 161
Neotropical region, defined, 78 subdivisions of, 78 relations of W. African sub-region with, 265
Nesodon, S. American Pliocene, 147
Newton, Professor, on position of Menuridæ and Atrichiidæ, 95 on birds of Iceland, 198
New Caledonia, birds of, 444
New Guinea, zoology of, 409 mammalia of, 410 birds of, 411 peculiarities of its ornithology, 413 illustration of ornithology of, 414 reptiles and amphibia of, 415 insects of, 416
New Zealand, objections to making a primary zoological region, 62 extinct birds of, 164 sub-region, description of, 449 compared with British Isles, 449 mammalia of, 451 islets of, 453 illustration of ornithology of, 455 reptiles of, 456 amphibia of, 457 fresh-water fish of, 457 insects of, 458 Longicorns of, 458 Myriapoda of, 458 land-shells of, 459 ancient fauna of, 460 origin of fauna of, 460 poverty of insects in, 462 relations of insect-fauna and flora, 472
Nicobar Islands, their zoological relations, 332
Nightingale, migration of the, 21
Norfolk Island, birds of, 453
North America, remarks on Post-Pliocene fauna of, 130 Post-Pliocene fauna of, partly derived from S. America, 131 extinct birds of, 163
North Africa, zoological relations of, 202
Notharctos, N. American Tertiary, 133
Notornis of New Zealand, 455
Nototherium, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
 O.
Ochotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145
Octodontidæ, S. American Pliocene, 147
Ophidia, classification of, 99
Opisthocomus, Brazilian caves, 164
Opossum, extinct, in European Miocene, 121
Oreodon, N. American Tertiary, 138
Oreodontidæ, N. American Tertiary, 138
Oriental region, defined, 75 subdivisions of, 75 description of, 314 zoological features of, 315 mammalia of, 315 birds of, 316 reptiles of, 317 amphibia of, 317 fresh-water fishes of, 318 summary of vertebrata, 318 insects of, 318 sub-regions of, 321 concluding remarks on, 362 tables of distribution of animals of, 364
Oriental relations of W. African sub-region, 265
Oriental and Palæarctic faunas once identical, 362
Oriental and Ethiopian faunas, cause of their resemblances, 363
Orohippus, N. American Tertiary, 136
Ostrich, Miocene of N. India, 162
Otaria, European Miocene, 118
Ovibos, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Oxen, birthplace and migrations of, 155 Palæarctic, 182
Oxyæna, N. American Tertiary, 134
Oxygomphus, European Miocene, 118
Oxymycterus, in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147
 P.
Pachyæna, N. American Tertiary, 134
Pachynolophus, European Eocene, 126
Pachytherium, in Brazilian caves, 145
Palæarctic region, defined, 71 subdivisions of, 71 general features of, 180 zoological characteristics of, 181 has few peculiar families, 181 mammalia of, 181 birds of, 182 high degree of speciality of, 184 reptiles and amphibia of, 186 fresh-water fish of, 186 summary of vertebrata of, 186 insects of, 186 coleoptera of, 187 number of coleoptera of, 189 land-shells of, 190 sub-regions of, 190 general conclusions on the fauna of, 231 tables of distribution of animals of, 233
Palæacodon, N. American Tertiary, 133
Palæetus, European Miocene, 162
Palægithalus, European Eocene, 162
Palælodus, European Miocene, 162
Palæocastor, N. American Tertiary, 140
Palæocercus, European Miocene, 162
Palæochœrus, European Miocene, 119
Palæohierax, European Miocene, 162
Palæolagus, N. American Tertiary, 140
Palæolama, S. American Pliocene, 147
Palæomephitis, European Miocene, 118
Palæomeryx, European Miocene, 120
Palæomys, European Miocene, 121
Palæontina oolitica, Oolitic insect, 167
Palæontology, 107 how best studied in its bearing on geographical distribution, 168 as an introduction to the study of geographical distribution, concluding remarks on, 169
Palæonyctis, European Eocene, 125
Palæoperdix, European Miocene, 161
Palæophrynus, European Miocene, 166
Palæoreas, Miocene of Greece, 116
Palæortyx, European Miocene, 161
Palæoryx, Miocene of Greece, 116
Palæospalax, 111 European Miocene, 117
Palæosyops, N. American Tertiary, 136
Palæotheridæ, European Eocene, 125
Palæotherium, European Eocene, 125 S. American Eocene, 148
Palæotragus, Miocene of Greece, 116
Palæotringa, N. American Cretaceous, 164
​Palapterygidæ of New Zealand, 164
Palestine, birds of, 203
Paloplotherium, European Miocene, 119 European Eocene, 125
Paludina, Eocene, 169 European Secondary, 169
Pampas, Pliocene deposits of, 146
Panda, of Nepaul and E. Thibet, 222 Himalayan, figure of, 331
Panolax, N. American Tertiary, 140
Papuan Islands, zoology of, 409
Paradise-bird, twelve-wired, figure of, 414
Parahippus, N. American Tertiary, 136
Paramys, N. American Eocene, 140
Parroquet, Papuan, figure of, 415
Parrots, classification of, 96
Passeres, arrangement of, 94 range of Palæarctic genera of, 243 range of Ethiopian genera of, 306 range of Oriental genera of, 375 range of Australian genera of, 478
Patriofelis, N. American Tertiary, 134
Peculiar groups, geographically, how defined, 184
Pelagornis, European Miocene, 162
Pelonax, N. American Tertiary, 138
Peratherium, European Miocene, 121 European Eocene, 126
Perchœrus, N. American Tertiary, 137
Perim Island, extinct mammalia of, 122 probable southern limit of old Palæarctic land, 362
Perissodactyla, N. American Tertiary, 135
Persia, birds of, 204
Phascolomys, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Phasianus, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Post-Pliocene, 161
Pheasants, in European Miocene, 161 golden, of N. China, 226 eared, of Mongolia, 226
Phenacodus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Philippine Islands, mammals of, 345 birds of, 346 origin of peculiar fauna of, 348
Phocidæ, N. American Tertiary, 140
Phyllomys, in Brazilian caves, 145
Phyllostomidæ, in Brazilian caves, 144
Physical changes affecting distribution, 7
Physeter, European Pliocene, 112
Picariæ, arrangement of, 95 range of Palæarctic genera of, 247 range of Ethiopian genera of, 309 range of Oriental genera of, 381 range of Australian genera of, 482
Picus, European Miocene, 161
Pigeons, classification of, 96 remarkable development of, in the Australian region, 395 crested, of Australia, figure of, 441
Pigs, power of swimming, 13
Pikermi, Miocene fauna of, 115
Pittidæ, abundant in Borneo, 355
Plagiolophus, European Eocene, 126
Planorbis, European Secondary, 169 Eocene, 169
Platycercidæ, gorgeously-coloured Australian parrots, 394
Platygonus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Plesiarctomys, European Eocene, 126
Plesiomeryx, European Eocene, 126
Plesiosorex, European Miocene, 118
Pliocene period, Old World, mammalia of, 112
Pliocene and Post-Pliocene faunas, of Europe, general conclusions from, 113 of N. America, 132 of S. America, 146 of Australia, 157
Pliohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Pliolophus, European Eocene, 126
Pliopithecus, European Miocene, 117
Pœbrotherium, N. American Tertiary, 138
Polynesian sub-region, description of, 442 birds of, 443 reptiles of, 447
Post-Pliocene, mammalia of Europe, 110 remains imply changes of physical geography in Europe, 111 fauna of N. America, 129 fauna of N. America, remarks on, 130
Potamogale of West Africa, figure of, 264
Potamotherium, European Miocene, 118
Potto of West Africa, figure of, 264
Praotherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Primates, classification of, 86 probable birthplace of, 153 range of Palæarctic genera of, 239 range of Ethiopian genera of, 300 range of Oriental genera of, 371 range of Australian genera of, 475
Primates, European Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 117 Indian Miocene, 121 European Eocene, 124 N. American Tertiary, 132 of Brazilian caves, 144
Prince's Island, birds of, 266
Prionidium, Oolitic insects, 167
Pristiphoca, in European Pliocene, 112
Proboscidea, classification of, 90 range of Ethiopian genus, 303 range of Oriental genus, 374
Proboscidea, European Pliocene, 113 Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 120 Indian Miocene, 122 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 138 of Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 147
Procamelus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 138
Procyon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Procyonidæ, in Brazilian caves, 144
Promephitis, Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118
Promerops of East Africa, figure of, 261
Propalæotherium, European Eocene, 126
Protemnodon, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Protohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Protomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138
Protopithecus, in Brazilian caves, 144
Prototomus, N. American Tertiary, 134
Protornis, European Eocene, 162
Pseudælurus, European Miocene, 118
Pseudocyon, European Miocene, 118
Psittaci, classification of, 96 range of Ethiopian genera of, 311 range of Oriental genera of, 383 range of Australian genera of, 484
Psittacus, European Miocene, 161
Pterocles, European Miocene, 161
Pterodon, European Eocene, 125
Pupa, Eocene, 169
Pupa vetusta, Palæozoic, 169
Pythonidæ, European Miocene, 165
 R.
Racoon-dog of N. China, 226
Rana, European Miocene, 166
​Region, the best term for the primary zoological divisions, 68 Arctic, why not adopted, 69 Palæarctic, defined, 71 Palæarctic, subdivisions of, 71 Ethiopian, defined, 73 Ethiopian, subdivisions of, 73 Oriental, defined, 75 Oriental, subdivisions of, 75 Australian, defined, 77 Australian, subdivisions of, 77 Neotropical, defined, 78 Neotropical, subdivisions of, 78 Nearctic, defined, 79 Nearctic, distinct from Palæarctic, 79 Nearctic, subdivisions of, 80
Regions, zoological, 50 zoological, how they should be formed, 53 zoological, may be defined by negative or positive characters, 54 zoological, by what class of animals best determined, 56 for each class of animals, not advisable, 58 zoological, proposed since 1857, 58 zoological, Mr. Sclater's, 59 zoological, discussion of those proposed by various authors, 61 zoological, proportionate richness of, 64 temperate and tropical, well marked in northern hemisphere, 65 and zones, table of, 66 comparative richness of, 81 and sub-regions, table of, 81 order of succession of the, 173
Representative species, 4
Reptiles, means of dispersal of, 28 classification of, 98 Miocene of Greece, 116 of Indian Miocene deposits, 123 extinct Tertiary, 165 cosmopolitan groups of, 176 peculiar to Palæarctic region, 186 of Central Europe, 195 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 204 of Siberian sub-region, 220 of the Manchurian sub-region, 227 table of Palæarctic families of, 236 of the Ethiopian region, 254 of the East African sub-region, 260 of West Africa, 264 S. African, 268 of Madagascar, 279 table of Ethiopian families of, 297 of the Oriental region, 317 of the Indian sub-region, 326 of Ceylon, 327 of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 331 of Indo-Malay sub-region, 340 table of Oriental families of, 368 of the Australian region, 396 of New Guinea, 415 of the Moluccas, 420 of the Polynesian sub-region, 447 of New Zealand, 456 table of Australian families of, 472
Rhea, in Brazilian caves, 164
Rhinoceros, Post-Pliocene, 112 European Pliocene, 113 Miocene of Greece, 116 Indian Miocene, 122 fossil remains of, at 16,000 feet elevation in Thibet, 122 fossil in N. China, 123 N. American Tertiary, 136
Rhinoceros-hornbill, figure of, 339
Rhinocerotidæ, N. American Tertiary, 136
River-hog, of West Africa, figure of, 264 of Madagascar, figure of, 278
Rivers, limiting the range of mammalia, 12 limiting the range of birds, 17
River-scene, in West Africa, 264
Rodentia, classification of, 90 range of Palæarctic genera of, 242 range of Ethiopian genera of, 304 range of Oriental genera of, 374 range of Australian genera of, 476
Rodentia, European Pliocene, 113 Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 120 European Eocene, 126 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 139 of Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 147 of S. American Eocene, 148
Ruff, figure of, 195
 S.
Sahara, a debatable land, 251
Saiga, antelope of W. Tartary, 218
Samoa Islands, birds of, 443
Sandwich Islands, birds of, 445 probable past history of, 446 mountain plants of, 446 depth of ocean around, 447
Sand grouse, Pallas, of Mongolia, 226
Satyrites Reynesii, European Cretaceous insect, 167
Saunders, Mr. Edward, on the Buprestidæ of Japan, 229
Scelidotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147
Schistopleurum, S. American Pliocene, 147
Schweinfurth, Dr., on natural history of Central Africa, 252 on limits of W. African sub-region, 262 (note)
Sciurus, European Miocene, 120 European Eocene, 126
Sciuravus, N. American Eocene, 140
Sclater, Mr., on zoological regions, 59 why his six regions are adopted, 63 on birds of Sandwich Islands, 445
Sea, as a barrier to mammalia, 13
Seals, fossil in European Miocene, 118 of Lake Baikal, 218
Secondary formations, mammalian remains in, 159
Secretary-bird of Africa, figure of, 261
Semnopithecus, European Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 117 Indian Miocene, 121
Semper, Dr., on Philippine mammalia, 345
Serpentarius, European Miocene, 162
Seychelle Islands, zoology of, 281 amphibia of, 281
Sharp, Dr., on Japan beetles, 229
Sharpe, Mr. R. B., his arrangement of Accipitres, 97 on birds of Cape Verd Islands, 215
Sheep, Palæarctic, 182
Siberia, climate of, 217
Siberian sub-region, description of, 216 mammalia of, 217 birds of, 219 reptiles and amphibia of, 220 insects of, 220
Simocyon, Miocene of Greece, 115
​Sinopa, N. American Tertiary, 134
Sirenia, classification of, 89 range of Ethiopian genera of, 303 range of Oriental genus, 374 range of Australian genus of, 476
Sirenia, European Pliocene, 112 European Miocene, 119
Sivatherium, Indian Miocene, 122
Siwalik Hills, Miocene deposits of, 121
Smith, Mr. Frederick, on Hymenoptera of Japan, 230
Snake, at great elevation in Himalayas, 220
Snakes, classification of, 99 Eocene, 165 large proportion of venomous species in Australia, 396 of New Zealand, 457
Society Islands, birds of, 443
Soricictis, European Miocene, 118
Soricidæ, European Miocene, 118
South African sub-region, description of, 266 mammalia of, 267 birds of, 267 reptiles of, 268 amphibia of, 268 fresh-water fish of, 268 butterflies of, 268 coleoptera of, 268 summary of its zoology, 269
South America, fossil fauna of, 143 Pliocene deposits of, 146 supposed land connection with Australia, 398
South Australia, peculiar birds of, 441
Species, representative, 4
Speothos, in Brazilian caves, 144
Spermophilus, European Miocene, 120
Sphenodon, in Brazilian caves, 145
Sphinx, in European Oolite, 167
St. Helena, zoological features of, 269 coleoptera of, 270 landshells of, 271
St. Thomas' Island, birds of, 266
Stations, definition of, 4
Steneofiber, European Miocene, 120
Sthenurus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Strix, European Miocene, 162
Struthiones, arrangement of, 98 range of Ethiopian genera of, 313 range of Australian genera of, 485
Struthious birds, probable origin of, 287
Stylinodontidæ, N. American Eocene, 139
Stylinodontia, N. American Eocene, 139
Sub-regions, on what principle formed, 80 Palæarctic, 191 Ethiopian, 258 Oriental, 321 Australian, 408
Suidæ, European Miocene, 119
Sula Islands, fauna of, 433
Sus, European Pliocene, 113 Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 119 Indian Miocene, 122
Swinhoe, Mr., on zoology of Formosa and Hainan, 332
Symborodon, N. American Tertiary, 137
Synaphodus, European Miocene, 119
Synoplotherium, N. American Tertiary, 134
 T.
Tables of distribution of families and genera explained, 177
Talpa, European Miocene, 117
Tapir, fossil in N. China, 123
Tapirs, birthplace and migrations of, 154
Tapir, Malayan, figure of, 337
Tapiridæ, European Eocene, 125
Tapirus, European Pliocene, 113 Indian Miocene, 122 in Brazilian caves, 144
Tarsier, Malayan, figure of, 337
Tasmania, comparative zoological poverty of, 441
Taxodon, European Miocene, 118
Telmatobius, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Telmatolestes, N. American Tertiary, 133
Testudo, Miocene of Greece, 116 Indian Miocene, 123
Testudo, great antiquity of the genus, 289
Tetrachus, European Miocene, 117
Tetrao albus, in Italian caverns, 161
Thalassictis, Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118
Theridomys, European Miocene, 126 European Eocene, 126 S. American Eocene, 148
Thinohyus, N. American Tertiary, 137
Thinolestes, N. American Tertiary, 133
Thylacinus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Thylacoleo, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Tillodontia, N. American Eocene, 139
Tillotheridæ, N. American Eocene, 139
Tillotherium, N. American Eocene, 139
Timor, physical features of, 389 group, mammalia of, 422 birds of, 422 origin of fauna of, 424 insects of, 426
Tinoceras, N. American Eocene, 139
Titanomys, European Miocene, 121
Titanotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137
Tomarctos, N. American Tertiary, 135
Tonga Islands, birds of, 443
Tortoises, classification of, 100 of Mascarene Islands and Galapagos, 289
Touraco of W. Africa, figure of, 264
Toxodon, S. American Pliocene, 137
Toxodontidæ, S. American Pliocene, 147
Trachytherium, European Miocene, 119
Tragocerus, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 120
Tragopan, Himalayan, figure of, 331
Tree-shrew of Borneo, figure of, 337
Tree-kangaroo, figure of, 415
Trichechus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Trichoglossidæ, birds specially adapted to Australia, 393
Trionyx, Indian Miocene, 123 Miocene and Eocene, 165
Tristan d'Acunha, zoology of, 271
Tristram, Canon, summary of the birds of Palestine, 203
Trogon, European Miocene, 161
Trogontherium, Post-Pliocene of Europe, 111
Trucifelis, N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
Tundras of Siberia, greatest extent of, 216
Tupaiidæ, European Miocene, 118
Turner, Mr., on classification of Edentata, 90
Tylodon, European Eocene, 125
Typotherium, S. American Pliocene, 147
 U.
Uintacyon, N. American Tertiary, 134
Uintatherium, N. American Eocene, 139
Uintornis, N. American Eocene, 163
Unio, European Secondary, 169
Ungulata, classification of, 89 ​antiquity of, 151 of the Palæarctic region, 182 range of Palæarctic genera of, 241 range of Ethiopian genera of, 303 range of Oriental genera of, 374 range of Australian genera of, 476
Ungulata, European Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 119 Indian Miocene, 121 European Eocene, 125 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 135 of Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 146
Urania of Madagascar, 282
Ursidæ, N. American Tertiary, 135 in Brazilian caves, 144
Ursitaxus, Indian Miocene, 121
Ursus, Post-Pliocene, 112 Indian Miocene, 121
 V.
Vanga of Madagascar, figure of, 278
Varanus, Miocene of Greece, 116 Indian Miocene, 123
Vertebrata, summary of Palæarctic, 186 summary of Ethiopian, 255 summary of Oriental, 318 summary of Australian, 397
Vespertilio, European Eocene, 125
Viperus, European Miocene, 165
Viverra, European Pliocene, 112 European Miocene, 118
Viverridæ, European Miocene, 118 European Eocene, 125
 W.
Walden, Viscount, on birds of Philippine Islands, 346 on birds of Celebes, 428
Washakius, N. American Tertiary, 134
Waterhouse, Mr. G. R., on classification of rodentia, 90 on classification of marsupials, 91
West African sub-region, description of, 262 mammalia of, 262 birds of, 262 Oriental or Malayan element in, 263 river scene with characteristic animals, 264 reptiles of, 264 amphibia of, 264 Oriental and Neotropical relations of, 265 insects of, 265 land-shells of, 265 islands of, 265
West Australia, peculiar birds of, 441
Whydah finch of W. Africa, figure of, 264
Wollaston, Mr. T. V., on the coleoptera of the Atlantic Islands, 209 on the wings of the Madeiran beetles, 211 on the origin of the insect fauna of the Atlantic Islands, 214 on coleoptera of the Cape Verd Islands, 215 on beetles of St. Helena, 270
 X.
Xenurus, in Brazilian caves, 145
Xiphodontidæ, European Miocene, 119
 Z.
Zeuglodontidæ, N. American Tertiary, 140
Zonites priscus, Palæozoic, 169
Zoological characteristics of Palæarctic region, 181 Ethiopian region, 252 Oriental region, 315 Australian region, 390
Zoological regions, discussion on, 50
END OF VOL. I.