OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Archer, John (fl.1660-1684)

​ARCHER, JOHN (fl. 1660–1684), was court physician in the reign of Charles II. Of his origin nothing is certainly known; but he was probably an Irishman, as he speaks of having been in practice in Dublin in 1660. He afterwards lived in London, and was styled 'Chymical Physitian in Ordinary to the King' (1671); afterwards, on his engraved portrait, he is called simply 'medicus in ordinario regi' (1684). He boasts that, on the favourable report of some of his patients, his majesty was pleased to command him 'to help some noble persons afflicted with a fistule.' He was never a member of, or in any way licensed by, the College of Physicians. In fact Archer, although a royal physician, was what would be called in these days an advertising quack. His book, 'Every Man his own Doctor,' purporting to be a manual of health, but really treating of various diseases, reputable and disreputable, especially the latter, was nothing but an advertisement. He promises marvellous cures by secret remedies, sold only by himself, and able even to insure immunity beforehand from the possible consequences of debauchery. It is written in a style at once prurient and hypocritical. The British ​Museum copy of this work has written on the fly-leaf, in a contemporary hand — and probably a similar advertisement was written in every copy before it was sold — the following notice: 'The author is to be spoke with at his chamber in a sadler's house over against the mewes gate next the Black Horse nigh Charing Cross; his bowers there are from eleven to five in the evening, at other times at his house in Knightsbridge.'
His only medicines were certain nostrums of his own preparation, 'to be had only from the author at his house in Winchester Street, near Gresham College,' and at prices which seem high. His books were also sold by himself. Archer's 'Secrets Disclosed, of Consumption, &c.' is a book of the same stamp, and in part a repetition of the former. His 'Herbal' is worthless. He also boasts of three inventions— a vapour-bath, a new kind of oven, and a chariot which enabled one horse to do the work of two.
The only interest attaching to these discreditable works and their author is the singular fact that a man who might in the present day even be liable to prosecution, should in the reign of Charles II have enjoyed the status of the king's physician.
The titles of his works, alluded to above, are: 1. 'Every Man his own Doctor, compleated with an Herbal, &c.' by John Archer, one of his Majesty's Physicians in Ordinary. 2nd edition. London, printed for the Author, and are to be sold at his house, 1673 (1st edition 1671). 2. 'Secrets Disclosed, of Consumption, showing how to distinguish between Scurvy and Venereal Disease, &c.' by John Archer. London, printed for the Author, 1684.
J. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Elmsley, Peter (1736-1802)

​ELMSLEY or ELMSLY, PETER (1736–1802), bookseller, was born in Aberdeenshire in 1736, and succeeded Paul Vaillant (1716-1802), whose family had carried on a foreign bookselling business in the Strand, opposite Southampton Street, since 1686. He, with Cadell, Dodsley, and others, formed the literary club of booksellers who produced many important works, including Johnson's 'Lives of the Poets.' Gibbon writes to Lord Sheffield, 2 Oct. 1793: 'My first evening was passed at home in a very agreeable tête-a-tête with my friend Elmsley,' and the following month he speaks of lodging in a 'house of Elmsley's' in St. James's Street (Memoirs, 1814, pp. 408, 411). Elmsly was intimate with Wilkes, and directed the sale of his library. Miss Wilkes ordered that 'all her manuscripts, of whatever kind,... be faithfully delivered to Mr. Elmsly,' but he died before her (Gent. Mag. lxxii. pt. i. 467). To the usual Scottish schooling Elmsly added a large fund of information acquired by his own exertions in after life. He knew French well. His business career was honourable and prosperous, and many of the leading book collectors and literary men of the day were on friendly terms with him. A short time before his death he gave up his business to a shopman, David Bremner, who soon died, and was succeeded by Messrs. James Payne & J. Mackinlay, the one the youngest son of Thomas Payne of the Mews-gate, the other one of Elmsly's assistants.
Elmsley died at Brighton, 3 May 1802, in his sixty-seventh year. His remains were conveyed to his house in Sloane Street, London, and were buried at Marylebone 10 May. He left a widow. A handsome share of his large fortune fell to his nephew, the Rev. Peter Elmsley, D.D. (1773-1825) [q.v.]
[Gent. Mag. lxxii. pt i. 477, xcv. pt i. 375; Nicholas's Lit. Anecd. iii. 310, v. 325, vi. 441, viii, 558–9, ix 478–9; Timperley's Encyclopedia, 1842, pp. 746, 811.]
H. R. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Elmsley, Peter (1773-1825)

​ELMSLEY, PETER (1773–1825), classical scholar, born in 1773, was educated at Hampstead, at Westminster, and at Christ Church College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1794, M.A. 1797, B.D. 30 Oct. 1823, D.D. 7 Nov. 1823. He left the university without a fellowship, but with a reputation for great learning. He took orders and was presented in 1798 to Little Horkesley in Essex, which he held till his death. He inherited a fortune from his uncle, Peter Elmsley [q.v.], the bookseller. About 1802 he lived in Edinburgh, and was intimate with the founders of the 'Edinburgh Review,' to which he contributed the articles on Heyne's 'Homer,' Schweighaeuser's 'Athenæus,' Blomfield's 'Prometheus,' and Porson's 'Hecuba.' He was also a contributor to the 'Quarterly Review.' From 1807 till 1816 he lived at St. Mary Cray. Mrs. Grote, in the life of her husband, George Grote, the historian, says that Elmsley was in love with her, and by a false assertion that she was engaged to some one nearly prevented the marriage with Grote. After 1816 he resided chiefly at Oxford. He visited France and Italy several times to collate manuscripts of the classics, and spent the winter of 1818 in the Laurentian Library at Florence. In 1819 he was engaged with Sir Humphry Davy in superintending the development of the papyri from Herculaneum. In 1823 he was appointed principal of St. Alban Hall, Oxford, and Camden professor of ancient history in the ​university. He held both appointments till his death, which took place, from heart disease at Alban Hall on 8 March 1825. Elmsley is best known for his critical labours on Sophocles and Euripides. Editors who have worked in the same field have praised his judicious and painstaking method and his diligence in bringing together authorities for purposes of illustration. He published: 1. Aristophanes, 'Acharnians,' 1809, 8vo. 2. Euripides, 'Omnia Opera,' 1821. 8vo. Also various plays of Euripides, separately, between 1806 and 1822. 3. Sophocles, 'Œdipus Tyrannus,' 1809, 12mo; also 1811, 8vo, and 1821, 8vo. 4. Sophocles, 'Œdipus Coloneus,' 1823, 8vo. (Compare also 'Elmsleiana Critica,' Cambr. 1833, 8vo, and 'Scholis' on Sophocles, ed. Gaisford, Oxford, 1825, 8vo.)
W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Elphinstone, Alexander

​ELPHINSTONE, ALEXANDER, fourth Lord Elphinstone (1552–1648?), eldest son of Robert, third lord Elphinstone, by his wife, Margaret, daughter of Sir John Drummond of Innerpeffry, was born on 28 May 1552. While still Master of Elphinstone he was admitted a member of the new privy council on 10 April 1599; and through the influence of his younger brother James, then secretary, and afterwards Lord Balmerino, on the 19th of the same month succeeded the Earl of Cassillis as lord high treasurer, and on 17 May following was appointed an extraordinary lord of session. He resigned the post of treasurer, however, in September 1601, 'as was thought, says my author, for adjoining some others with him in the componing of signatures' (Crawfurd, p. 397). The appointment of these coadjutors was made on 31 July 1601, and will be found in the 'Register of the Privy Council' (vi. 275-276). Elphinstone succeeded his father as the fourth baron in May 1602, and was appointed a lord of the articles on the opening of parliament in April 1604 (Act Parl. iv. 261), and one of the commissioners for the union on 11 July in the same year (ib. 263-264). He was again appointed a lord of the articles in August 1607 (ib. 367). The statement in Lord Hailes's 'Catalogue of the Lords of Session' (1794, p. 7) that Elphinstone was superseded as a judge on 13 Jan. 1610 seems to be a mistake, as his name appears in the ratification in favour of the clerks of session (Act. Parl. iv. 696), and he probably sat until 1626, when a new commission was made out. In this year the Earl of Mar recovered from him the Kildrummy estate and other property in Aberdeenshire, the judges having held that these estates were not in the lawful possession of James IV when he granted them to the first Lord Elphinstone. According to the principal authorities Elphinstone died in July 1648. A manuscript book in the possession of the present Lord Elphinstone, however, states that he died in Elphinstone on Sunday, 14 Jan. 1638. He married, in 1579, the Hon. Jean Livingston, eldest daughter of William, sixth lord Ldvingston, by whom he had four sons and five daughters. He was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son, Alexander. The present Lord Elphinstone possesses a full-length portrait, painted on panel, of the fourth lord, dressed in his robes as lord high treasurer of Scotland.
G. F. R. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Elphinstone, Hester Maria

​ELPHINSTONE, HESTER MARIA, Viscountess Keith (1762–1857), the eldest daughter of Henry Thrale by his wife Hester, afterwards Mrs. Piozzi, was born in 1762. From 1765, when Dr. Johnson first became intimate with her parents, she figured constantly as 'Queenie,' Johnson wrote childish rhymes for her, played horses with her, wrote to her, and directed her education. The death of her only brother in 1776 made her a rich heiress. In 1778, her sixteenth year, Miss Burney describes her as 'a very fine girl, about fourteen years of age, but cold and reserved, though full of knowledge and intelligence.' In 1781 her father died. She remained with her mother, and in company with her young sisters at Bath continued her education under her by reading history and the poets. When her mother agreed to marry Piozzi, Hester retired to her father's Brighton house, where she saw no company, and studied Hebrew and mathematics. In 1784, when her mother and Piozzi were in Italy, she took a house in London for herself and her sisters. On 10 Jan. 1808, at Ramsgate, she married Admiral Lord Keith [q. v.], who had then been a widower some years, her new homes being Tulliallan, on the Firth of Forth, and Purbrook Park, Edinburgh; and on 12 Dec. 1809, in Harley Street, London, she gave birth to her only child, a daughter.
Lady Keith was one of the original patronesses of Almack's. She became viscountess in 1814, on the elevation of the admiral to the English peerage, and, together with her stepdaughter, the Hon. Margaret Mercer Elphinstone [q. v.], she was prominent in society during the regency and the next two or three decades in London and Edinburgh. In 1823 she was left a widow. Towards 1850 she retired from company and devoted herself to works of charity. She died on 31 March 1857 at her house. 110 Piccadilly. The viscountess's daughter (Georgiana Augusta Henrietta) married the Hon. Augustus Villiers, second son of the Earl of Jersey.
J. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Elphinstone, Howard

​ELPHINSTONE, Sir HOWARD (1773–1846), major-general, sixth son of John Elphinstone, lieutenant-general and vice-admiral in the Russian service, who commanded the Russian fleet in the Baltic in 1769, was born on 4 March 1773. He entered the army as a second lieutenant in the royal engineers on 17 Oct. 1793, and first saw service in the capture of the Cape of Good Hope in 1795. He was promoted first lieutenant on 5 Feb. 1796, and proceeded to India, where he became captain-lieutenant on 1 July 1800. In the following year he accompanied the ​division sent from India to Egypt, under Sir David Baird, as commanding royal engineer. In 1806 he was attached to the special mission to Portugal of Lord Rosslyn and General Simcoe, to advise the Portuguese government on the defence of Lisbon, and in the latter part of the same year he accompanied Major-general Whitelocke to South America as commanding royal engineer. In 1808 he went in the same capacity to the Peninsula with the force under Sir Arthur Wellesley, and was severely wounded at the battle of Roliça, for his services at which battle he received the gold medal. He had been promoted captain on 1 March 1805, and he was further promoted major by brevet on 1 Jan. 1812, and in that year ordered to the Peninsula again. While Sir Richard Fletcher was the commanding royal engineer in the Peninsula, Major, or lieutenant-colonel, Elphinstone, as he became on 21 July 1813, remained in Portugal, but when that officer was killed before San Sebastian, Elphinstone, as senior officer of the royal engineers, asserted his right to be present at headquarters. Wellington would have preferred to keep Lieutenant-colonel (afterwards Field-marshal Sir) John Fox Burgoyne, who had long been with him, and knew his ways as commanding royal engineer, especially as he was in the army, though not in the corps of royal engineers, senior to Elphinstone, but he had to yield to the latter's demand and summon him to the front. Elphinstone therefore superintended the passage of the Adour as commanding royal engineer, and held that post at the battles of the Nivelle and the Nive, for which he received two clasps. He was then left by Wellington with Sir John Hope to form the siege of Bayonne, while Burgoyne accompanied the headquarters of the army in the pursuit after Soult. At the end of the war, when honours were freely bestowed on the leaders of the Peninsular army, Elphinstone was fortunate enough to be rewarded as commanding royal engineer with a baronetcy, and he was also made a C.B. Elphinstone did not again see service; he was promoted colonel on 2 Dec. 1824, and major-general on 10 Jan. 1837, and died at Ore Place, near Hastings, on 28 April 1846.
[Royal Military Calendar; Gent. Mag. July 1846.]
H. M. S.
# Daniel v. Paul

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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## Concurring Opinion

    Douglas

## Dissenting Opinion

    Black
United States Supreme Court
395 U.S. 298
Doris DANIEL and Rosalyn Kyles, Petitioners, v. Euell PAUL, Jr., etc.
Argued: March 24, 25, 1969. --- Decided: June 2, 1969
[Syllabus from pages 298-300 intentionally omitted]
Conrad K. Harper, New York City, for petitioners, pro hac vice, by special leave of Court.
Jerris Leonard, Milwaukee, Wis., for the United States, as amicus curiae, by special leave of Court.
James W. Gallman, Fayetteville, Ark., as amicus curiae, at the invitation of the Court, in support of the judgment below.
Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Daniel v. Paul/Concurrence Douglas

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinion Douglas
* Dissenting Opinion Black
United States Supreme Court
395 U.S. 298
Doris DANIEL and Rosalyn Kyles, Petitioners, v. Euell PAUL, Jr., etc.
Argued: March 24, 25, 1969. --- Decided: June 2, 1969
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS, concurring.
While I join the opinion of the Court, I also rest on the Fourteenth Amendment. My views were set forth in Bell v. Maryland, 378 U.S. 226, 242, 84 S.Ct. 1814, 1823, 12 L.Ed.2d 822 where I said:
'Segregation of Negroes in the restaurants and lunch counters of parts of America is a relic of slavery. It is a badge of second-class citizenship.
It is a denial of a privilege and immunity of national citizenship and of the equal protection guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment against abridgment by the States.' Id., 260, 84 S.Ct. 1832.
And see my concurring opinion in Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241, 279 et seq., 85 S.Ct. 348, 369 et seq., 13 L.Ed.2d 258.
Mr. Justice BLACK, dissenting.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chambers, Sabine

​CHAMBERS, SABINE (1560?–1633), jesuit, was born in Leicestershire in or about 1560, and entered Broadgates Hall, Oxford, where he took the degrees in arts, that of master being completed in 1583, when ‘he had the vogue of a good disputant.’ He was a tutor in Oxford, and in 1581 he had among his pupils John Rider, afterwards protestant bishop of Killaloe. Having adopted the catholic religion he withdrew to Paris, and there entered the Society of Jesus in 1587. Father Parsons made him superior of the jesuit college he had established at Eu in Normandy, which institution was closed on 23 Dec. 1588 on the death of its patron, the murdered duke of Guise. After teaching theology at Dôle, ​in the Rhenish province, he was sent to the English mission in 1609, and he resided in the London district for nearly a quarter of a century. He became a professed father of the society in 1618. He died on 10 or 16 March 1632–3. He wrote ‘The Garden of our B. Lady. Or a deuout manner, how to serue her in her rosary. Written by S. C. of the Society of Iesvs,’ St. Omer, 1619, 8vo, pp. 272. ‘Other matters, as 'tis said, he hath written, but,’ observes Wood, ‘being printed beyond sea, we have few copies of them come into these parts.’
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hay, Alexander (d.1594)

​HAY, ALEXANDER, Lord Easter Kennet (d. 1594), Scottish judge, belonged to the family of Hay of Park, Wigtonshire, and in March 1564 was nominated by Maitland of Lethington clerk to the privy council, with a salary of 150l. Scots. In 1568 he accompanied Murray and Lethington to York. In 1577 he became director of the chancery, and in October 1579, upon the death of M'Gill of Rankeillour, he was appointed clerk register, and on 20 Oct. of that year was admitted an ordinary senator of the College of Justice, with the title of Lord Easter Kennet. In the same year he became a member of the commission anent the jurisdiction of the kirk, and in 1581 a member of the commission for the visitation and reformation of hospitals, and also acted as arbitrator in the feud between the families of Gordon and Forbes. In November 1581, after the raid of Ruthven, he was employed to carry to Lennox the king's commands that he should quit the kingdom, and during the absence of Secretary Maitland with King James in Norway he acted as interim secretary for the Scottish language in October 1589. In 1592 he received grants of numerous charters for his good service, and on 19 Sept. 1594 he died.
A younger son, Alexander Hay, Lord Newton (d. 1616), was clerk of session till 1608, when he became secretary. On 3 Feb. 1610 he was admitted an ordinary lord; acted as royal commissioner at the Glasgow Assembly in 1610; and became clerk-register 30 July 1612. He was the author of ‘Manuscript Notes of Transactions of King James VI, written for the use of King Charles’ (Cat. David Laing's MSS. Univ. Libr. Edinb. p. 17). There are letters of Lord Easter Kennet in the same collection, p. 57, and in Thorpe's ‘Cal. State Papers,’ Scottish series, between 1573 and 1584.
[Brunton and Haig's Senators of the Royal College of Justice; Anderson's Scottish Nation; Acts Scots Parl. iii. 138, 219, 231, 626; Books of Sederunt; Keith's App. 174; Melville Mem. p. 205; Spotiswood, p. 379; Moyse, pp. 71, 72; Monteith's Theatre of Morality, p. 54.]
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hay, Andrew (1762-1814)

​HAY, ANDREW (1762–1814), major-general, lieutenant-colonel 1st or royal regiment of foot, son of George Hay of Mount Blairey and Carnousie House, Forglen, Banffshire, was born in 1762, and on 6 Dec. 1779 appointed ensign in the 1st or royal foot, in which he served some years, obtaining a company in the old 88th in 1783, and afterwards returning to the 1st royals. He subsequently retired on half-pay 72nd foot. In September 1794 he was appointed major, and was placed on half-pay of the late 93rd foot, when that regiment was broken up in Demerara in 1796. While on half-pay he raised the Banffshire or Duke of York's own fencible infantry, and commanded it in Guernsey, Gibraltar, &c., in 1798–1802. In 1803 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 16th battalion of the army of reserve, and afterwards of a second battalion of the 72nd, formed out of men enrolled in the army of reserve in Scotland, which he commanded until 1807, when he was transferred to the late 3rd battalion 1st royals, which he commanded as part of Baird's reinforcements at Corunna. He commanded a brigade at Walcheren. Returning with his battalion to Spain, he commanded a brigade of the fifth division in the Peninsula from 1 June 1810 (Wellington Suppl. Desp. vii. 112) to the end of the war, including the battles of Busaco, Salamanca, Vittoria, the assault on St. Sebastian, where his brigade took a leading part, the passage of the Bidassoa, and the succeeding operations on the Adour, during which he was in temporary charge of the fifth division, the battles on the Nive, and the investment of Bayonne. He attained the rank of major-general 4 June 1811. He was mortally wounded, when general officer of the day, commanding the outposts, on the occasion of the French sortie from Bayonne on 14 April 1814.
The officers of the 3rd battalion 1st royals erected a monument to General Hay at St. Etienne, Bayonne, which has lately been restored, and, according to precedent in the case of general officers falling in action, a public monument was voted to him—a huge and tasteless composition by Humphrey Hopper—which was placed in St. Paul's Cathedral, on the west side of the north door.
Hay married, 2 April 1784, Elizabeth Robinson of Banff, who, with six children, survived him. An elder son, Captain George Hay, 1st royals, was mortally wounded at the battle of Vittoria in 1813, when serving as his father's aide-de-camp.
[Army Lists; Cannon's Hist. Rec. 1st or Royal Regiment of Foot; Gurwood's Well. Desp. vii. 454, 490; Wellington Suppl. Desp. vols. vii. and viii. and index in vol. xv. In these will be found details of the composition of Hay's brigade at various periods. Interesting reports by Hay of the operations on the Bidassoa are given ib. viii. 303, 309, and of the precautions taken for the protection of the inhabitants of St. Sebastian after the capture, ib. viii. 421–3. Notices of the Hays of Blairey occur in Scots Mag. xlvi. 223, lvi. 62; Gent. Mag. 1814, pt. i. 517, 624.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hay, Archibald

​HAY, ARCHIBALD (fl. 1543), writer, was a Scottish monk, domiciled at the ‘Mons Acutus,’ Paris. A cousin and dependent of Cardinal Beaton, he published ‘Ad … Cardinalem D. Betoun …, de fœlici accessione dignitatis Cardinalitiæ, gratulatorius panegyricus A. Hayi,’ 4to, Paris, 1540. He wrote also a Latin translation of the ‘Hecuba’ of Euripides, 4to, Paris, 1543.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 387; British Museum Catalogue.]
G. G.