OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Putnam v. Ingraham/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
114 U.S. 57
Putnam v. Ingraham
We are unable to distinguish this case materially from that of Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Ide, ante, 735. The suit is brought against all the defendants jointly to recover upon what are alleged to be their joint promises and undertakings. The defendants, who are not citizens of Connecticut, have filed a separate answer in which they deny their liability altogether, and claim besides that, if liable at all on part of the account sued for, it is not jointly with the defendant Morgan. This is their separate defense to the joint suit which Ingraham has elected to bring against them and Morgan upon what he claims to be the joint contracts of all the defendants.
In Connecticut, as in New York, 'judgment may be given for or against one or more of several plaintiffs, and for or against one or more of several defendants,' and in addition to this the court may, in Connecticut, 'determine the ultimate rights of the parties on each side as between themselves, and grant to the defendant any a firmative relief he may be entitled to.' But this, as we have said in the case just decided, does not make a joint contract several, nor divide a joint suit into separate parts. The suit is still one and indivisible for the purposes of removal. The fact that Morgan has not answered but is in default is unimportant. The suit is still on joint causes of action, and the plaintiff, if he sustains the allegations of his complaint at the trial, will be entitled to a joint judgment against all the defendants. The default places the parties in no different position with reference to a removal than they would occupy if Morgan had answered and set up an entirely different defense from that of the other defendants. A separate controversy is not introduced into the case by separate defenses to the same cause of action.
As the petitioning defendants have asked no affirmative relief, either against the plaintiff or their co-defendant, no question can arise under the rule of practice in Connecticut which allows the court to determine the ultimate rights of the parties on each side as between themselves. In the present case, the only controversy is as to the right of the plaintiff to recover against the defendants.
The order to remand is affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Putnam v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Harlan
United States Supreme Court
352 U.S. 82
Putnam v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
Argued: Oct. 17, 1956. --- Decided: Dec 3, 1956
Mr. Richard E. Williams, Des Moines, Iowa, for petitioners.
Mr. Philip Elman, Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Putnam v. United States

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Putnam v. United States."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Putnam v. United States (Hempst. 332), an 1846 decision by the U.S. District Court for the District of Arkansas
* Putnam v. United States (162 U.S. 687), an 1896 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court
# Putnam v. United States (162 U.S. 687)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
162 U.S. 687
Putnam v. United States
Frank S. Streeter, for plaintiff in error.
Sol. Gen. Conrad, for the United States.
Mr. Justice WHITE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Putnam's Monthly/Volume 2/Phantoms

Other versions published under the title "Haunted Houses"
PHANTOMS.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Q & A Omar Khadr

The CBC sent Omar Khadr six questions, and published his reply, June 23, 2008. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/don-t-believe-what-you-ve-heard-omar-khadr-pleads-in-prison-letter-1.710748

# Q & A Omar Khadr

| Q: | What do you want out of life? |
| | I just want to be as normal as any normal unknown Canadian |
| Q: | When you think of Canada, what comes to your mind? |
| | My most joyful memories of my life were in Canada … like school and going to the zoo and seeing the auto show which, until my last day, I had car posters and magazines |
| Q: | What do you say to Canadians who may have fear of you? |
| | First thing I tell them is not to fear me. I'm a peaceful person and to give me a chance in life and don't believe what you've heard and believe what you see with your eyes. |
| Q: | What are your fondest moments of your life in Canada? |
| | In a normal person there is a connection between him and the place where he was born even if he didn't always live in the country, but he will always want to return to it, and feels his soul connected to it, and that's how I feel. |
| Q: | What are you looking forward to the most? |
| | I always feel I'm in this world to help people and the best way to do that is to be a doctor to help anybody anywhere and anytime, and that's my future dream. |
| Q: | What steps would you take to distance yourself from your past? |
| | First I never had a choice in my past life, but I will build my future with the right bricks, and that Islam is a peaceful, multicultural and anti-racism religion for all. |
# QST/March 1916/Ontario Radio Station

This article appeared in the March 1916 issue of QST
ONTARIO RADIO STATION
C. L. Todd, Rochester, N. Y.
The sending set is a “Blitzen” one-half kw. Rotary set, mounted in a mahogany cabinet with meters and control switches on a marble board. The sending set is in a separate sound proof room. The receiving apparatus is a Clapp-Eastham type “D” tuner, two Cambridge variables, DeForest audion; Stromberg phones, and loading coils controlled by telephone cams. A mahogany cabinet with a hard rubber face contains the receiving instruments. The antenna made of phosphor-bronze wire is 50 feet high, and 62 feet long. Mr. Todd has been getting very good results lately and would like to hear from amateurs who receive his “Sigs.”
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# QST/March 1916/Receiving with a Pancake Tuner

This article appeared in the March 1916 issue of QST
​EDITOR’S NOTE: Mr. House is a firm advocate of the pancake type coils. In this article he tells of, the excellent work which may be done and he gives a list of amateur call letters he copied in one evening. Many of our readers may be surprised to see their call letters here as they do not all know their long distance records.
IT is generally understood that the pancake receiving coils are not an efficient type. The writer has been using one for some time and is very well satisfied. In fact, recently, he built over a whole new receiving set into pancake style; even to the 10,000 meter set for undamped waves.
The following is a list of stations that the writer hears almost every night, using the single audion (no amplifying arrangement). The audion is a poor one having been knocked down several times so that it sometimes does not work for several days at a time: 8ER, 8EZ, 8GV, 8XAU, 8LF, 8YO, 8PL, 8AMN, 8XP, 8SN, 8ZN, 8AAE, 8LE, 8PB, 8MW, 8FW, 8KP, 8PE, 8PC, 8OZ, 8LD, 8RD, 8CT, 8PP, 8TD, 8MV, 8CR, 8AD, 8PW, 8MZ, WP, WPR, 8JA, 8GG, 8CW, 8ABO, 8AHR, 8CB, 8LW, 8NH, 8US, 8NA, 8CL, 8WP, 8YO, 8GU, 8KU, 9AC, 9YN, 9BD, 9NF, 9TM, 9GY, 9IT, 9AA, 9DU, 9AAB, 9GHS, 9NN, 9CY, 9SY, 9SP, 5BJ, HED, HB. The writer has also heard 5BJ with Galena; also 8AEZ, 8NH, and 8WP very easily. Some of these stations are using as low as one-quarter kilowatt sets. It may be of some interest to the operators to know that they have been heard so far with their sets. Most of their messages came in quite loud; easily loud enough to be read.
The writer has also heard NPF, Cape Blanco, Oregon, on a 600 meter wave. His coil takes in 6OO meter waves and he therefore gets all of the Lake boats and stations around the lakes, even as far as Port Arthur. He hears NAA 1oud enough at times to be able to read him ten to fifteen feet from the phones. His aerial consists of four wires, five feet apart. One hundred feet flat top, fifty feet high, inverted L type. The readers may be interested to know that twenty-eight of the above stations were received between 8:45 and 9:20 on the evening of January 29th.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1966, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 57 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# QST/March 1916/Radio Station 9IK

This article appeared in the March 1916 issue of QST
RADIO STATION 9IK
This station has done a great deal of successful relaying which is probably due to its well-constructed apparatus. Mr. Mathews of Chicago, Ill. is the owner of the station. He has spent a great deal of time in getting everything about his set “just right.” Do you do the same?
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# President Trump Works To Make Drugs More Affordable, Create Jobs

Highlights From The President’s Listening Session With Pharmaceutical Industry Leaders in Washington, DC on 31 January 2017. Published January 31, 2017 at https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/31/president-trump-works-make-drugs-more-affordable-create-jobs.
President Trump On His Commitment To Make Drugs More Affordable While Promoting Innovation
PRESIDENT TRUMP: “You folks have done a terrific job over the years, but we have to get prices down for a lot of reasons. We have no choice. For Medicare, for Medicaid, we have to get the prices way down, so that's what we're going to be talking about. We're also going to be streamlining the process so that from your standpoint when you have drug you can actually get it approved, if it works instead of waiting for many, many years. The U.S. drug companies have produced extraordinary results for our country but the pricing has been astronomical for our country.”
President Trump Focused On Cutting Regulations To Encourage Drug Companies To Bring Back Operations And Jobs To The United States
PRESIDENT TRUMP: “So you have to get your companies back here. We have to make progress back. We're going to get rid of a tremendous number of regulations. I know you have some problems where you cannot even think about opening up new plants and then you can't get approval for the plant and then you can't get approval to make the drug.”
President Trump On Appointing A Leader To Streamline The FDA To Reduce Prices And Get New Products On The Market Faster:
PRESIDENT TRUMP: “We’re going to streamline the FDA, we have a fantastic person that I think I we’ll be naming fairly soon, he's going to streamline the FDA and you're going to get your products either approved or not approved but it's going to be a quick process. It’s not going to take 15 years. And we're going to do I think a tremendous -- I think we're going to make a tremendous difference to you. I read where it costs sometimes $2.5 billion on average, actually, to come up with a new product. Is that correct? 15 years, $2.5 billion to come up with a product where there's not even a safety problem. So it's crazy. I’m surprised you can't get them to move faster than that.”
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# President Trump Approves Oregon Disaster Declaration

January 25, 2017. From https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/25/president-trump-approves-oregon-disaster-declaration
The President today declared a major disaster exists in the State of Oregon and ordered federal aid to supplement State, tribal, and local recovery efforts in the areas affected by a severe winter storm and flooding during the period of December 14-17, 2016.
Federal funding is available to State, tribal, and eligible local governments and certain private nonprofit organizations on a cost-sharing basis for emergency work and the repair or replacement of facilities damaged by the severe winter storm and flooding in Josephine and Lane Counties.
Federal funding is also available on a cost-sharing basis for hazard mitigation measures statewide.
Robert J. Fenton, Acting Administrator, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Department of Homeland Security, named Dolph A. Diemont as the Federal Coordinating Officer for federal recovery operations in the affected areas.
FEMA said additional designations may be made at a later date if requested by the state and warranted by the results of further damage assessments.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION MEDIA SHOULD CONTACT: FEMA NEWS DESK AT (202) 646-3272 OR fema-news-desk@fema.dhs.gov.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 4383

Copy of proclamation obtained here
August 26, 1975
By the President of the United States of America
A Proclamation
In October 1971 and March 1972, the House of Representatives and the Senate of the United States adopted a proposed amendment to our Constitution providing equal rights for men and women. By August 26, 1972, twenty States had ratified the proposed constitutional amendment, only eighteen more were needed for the proposed amendment to become part of our Constitution.
August 26 is a significant date because it was on that day in 1920 that the Nineteenth Amendment, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex with regard to voting, was certified as part of our Constitution after ratification by the necessary three-fourths of the States. Recognizing that the proposed Equal Rights Amendment is the logical and rightful extension of the Nineteenth Amendment to rights other than voting, the President has, since 1972, annually set aside the 26th of August in recognition of the real and practical need to ensure that equal legal rights are enjoyed by women and men.
This year, 1975, has been designated as International Women's Year, dedicated to equality between men and women. It is also the two-hundredth year of our Nation—a Nation born, nurtured and dedicated to the proposition that all people are entitled to be equal before the law.
Several more States need to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment before it becomes part of our Constitution. It would be most fitting for this to be accomplished during our Nation's two-hundredth year. In this Land of the Free, it is right, and by nature it ought to be, that all men and all women are equal before the law.
Now, Therefore, I, Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States of America, to remind all Americans that it is fitting and just to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment adopted by the Congress of the United States of America, in order to secure legal equality for all women and men, do hereby designate and proclaim August 26, 1975, as Women's Equality Day.
I call upon all the citizens of the United States to mark this day with appropriate activities, and I call upon those States who have not ratified the Equal Rights Amendment to give serious consideration to its ratification and the upholding of our Nation's heritage.'
In Witness Whereof, I hereunto set my hand this twenty-sixth day of August, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and seventy-five, and of the Independence of the United States of America, the two-hundredth.
GERALD R. FORD
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 4382

Copy of proclamation obtained here
August 5, 1975
By the President of the United States of America
A Proclamation
TERMINATION OF TEMPORARY QUANTITATIVE LIMITATION ON THE IMPORTATION INTO THE UNITED STATES OF CERTAIN CATTLE, SWINE AND PORK FROM CANADA
Whereas, Proclamation No. 4335 of November 16, 1974, limiting imports into the United States of certain cattle, beef, veal, swine and pork from Canada, was issued pursuant to Section 252 (a) of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. 1882(a)) in response to Canada's imposing unjustifiable restrictions on cattle and meat imports from the United States, said Proclamation inserting item numbers 945.01 through 945.04 into subpart B of part 2 of the Appendix to the Tariff Schedules of the United States (TSUS), and
Whereas, Canada has now lifted those unjustifiable restrictions on cattle imports from the United States, and
Whereas, Section 255(b) of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. 1885(b) ) authorizes the President to terminate in whole or in part any proclamation made pursuant to Section 252 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. 1882 (a) ), and
Whereas, I deem it necessary and appropriate to terminate in part the restrictions proclaimed in Proclamation No. 4335, specifically those imposing temporary quantitative limitations on the importation into the United States of certain cattle, swine and pork from Canada, in order to encourage the resolution of trade disputes between the United States and Canada,
Now, Therefore, I, Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States of America, acting under authority vested in me by the Constitution and statutes, including Section 255(b) of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. 1885(b) ) do hereby proclaim that:
1) So much of Proclamation No. 4335 as proclaimed temporary quantitative limitations on the importation into the United States of certain cattle, swine, and pork from Canada is terminated.
2) Subpart B of part 2 of the Appendix to the TSUS is amended as follows:
(a) By deleting from the superior heading immediately preceding item 945.01 the following:
(i) "the cattle, the swine,"
(ii) ",or the pork"
(iii) "cattle, swine,"
(iv) "or pork, respectively,"
(b) By deleting items 945.01, 945.02, and 945.04.
3) This Proclamation is effective with respect to articles entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, for consumption after 12:01 a.m., EDT, August 7, 1975.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this fifth day of August, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and seventy-five, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two-hundredth.
GERALD R. FORD
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 4384

Copy of proclamation obtained here
August 27, 1975
By the President of the United States of America
A Proclamation
Two hundred years ago, the men and women of the American Revolution pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor in the struggle for independence, which ended September 3, 1783, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. In breaking with the past, they did not neglect to build a better system for their posterity.
Today, we look back 200 years, not merely to take pride in our history; we look back during this Bicentennial to learn some practical lessons for today and tomorrow. As we pay tribute, let us renew together our Founding Fathers' pledge to our country-our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. Let us always remember that freedom does not come free.
Congress, by. a joint resolution of February 29, 1952, designated the 17th day of September of each year as Citizenship Day in commemoration of the formation and signing of the Constitution of the United States on September 17, 1787, and authorized the President to issue annually a proclamation calling upon officials of the Government to display the United States flag on all Government buildings on such day. By a joint resolution of August 2, 1956, Congress authorized the President to designate the period beginning September 17 and ending September 23 of each year as Constitution Week and to issue a proclamation calling for the observance of such week.
Now, Therefore, I, Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States of America, call upon appropriate Government officials to display the flag of the United States on all Government buildings on Citizenship Day, September 17, 1975-the 188th anniversary of the signing of the Constitution. I urge Federal, State, and local officials, as well as leaders of civic, educational and religious organizations, to conduct appropriate ceremonies and programs on that day.
I also designate as Constitution Week the period beginning September 17 and ending September 23, 1975, and urge all Americans to observe that week with appropriate ceremonies and activities in their schools, churches and in other suitable places in order to foster a better understanding of the Constitution, and of the rights and responsibilities of United States citizens.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-seventh day of August, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and seventy-five, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two-hundredth.
GERALD R. FORD
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse