OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rattany

Edition of 1920. See also Krameria on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RATTANY, or RHATANY, a coarse plant of the genus Krameria and order Polygalæ, native to the Andean table-lands in Peru and Bolivia. The roots have medicinal value as an astringent, when finely powdered they furnish a frequent constituent of tooth-powders, and they also serve, especially in Portugal, to color wines ruby-red. This property is due to the presence of ratanhia tannic-acid. The root-bark also contains an almost insoluble free red substance called ratanhia-red.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kendall, Amos

Edition of 1920. See also Amos Kendall on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KENDALL, Amos, American journalist and statesman: b. Dunstable, Mass., 16 Aug. 1789; d. Washington, D. C., 11 Nov. 1869. He was graduated from Dartmouth in 1811, studied law at Groton, Mass., in 1811-14, was admitted to the bar at Frankfort, Ky., in 1814, was postmaster and editor of the Patriot at Georgetown, Ky., in 1815-16, and in 1816-29 coeditor and part owner of the Argus of Western America at Frankfort. In 1829 he was appointed fourth auditor of the United States treasury, and during the Jackson administration he was extremely influential. He aided in the formation of the President's anti-bank policy (see Jackson, Andrew), was a special treasury agent to conduct negotiations with State banks, and is thought to have written several of Jackson's state papers. Appointed Postmaster-General by Jackson in 1835, he was retained by Van Buren, but in 1840 resigned because of ill health. He cleared the Post-Office Department of debt, and introduced numerous reforms. He established Kendall's Expositor, bi-weekly, in 1841, and the Union Democrat, weekly, in 1842, but both journals shortly ceased publication. In 1845 he became associated with S. F. B. Morse (q.v.) in the ownership and management of the Morse electric telegraph patents, and by his able direction ensured their commercial success and a fortune for himself. He gave largely in Washington for philanthropic purposes. Though calling himself a Jackson Democrat, he strongly opposed secession. He wrote an incomplete ‘Life of Andrew Jackson, Private, Military, and Civil’ (1843); ‘Full Exposure of Dr. C. T. Jackson's Pretensions to the Invention of the Electromagnetic Telegraph’ (1867), and an ‘Autobiography’ (posthumously published, 1872).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kennedy, Charles Rann

Edition of 1920. See also Charles Rann Kennedy (playwright) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KENNEDY, Charles Rann, Anglo-American dramatist: b. Derby, England, 14 Feb. 1871. He began life as an office boy, largely educated himself and early began lecturing and writing. He later became an actor and press agent and theatrical business manager. This led to the production of dramas for the stage with which he combined the writing of short stories, critical articles and poems. Among his dramas are ‘The Servant in the House’ (1908); ‘The Winter Feast’ (1908); ‘The Terrible Meek’ (1911); ‘The Necessary Evil’ (1913); ‘The Idol-Breaker’ (1914); ‘The Rib of the Man’ (1916); ‘The Army with Banners’ (1917). In the composition of these dramas, all of which deal with problems of society and are of a serious, reforming tendency he has had the advice of his wife, the actress, Edith Wynne Matthison, whom he married in 1898.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kellerman, William Ashbrook

Edition of 1920. See also William Ashbrook Kellerman on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KELLERMAN, William Ashbrook, American botanist: b. Ashville, Ohio, 1 May 1850; d. 8 March 1908. He was graduated at Cornell in 1874, and received his Ph.D. from the University of Zürich in 1881. He was a professor in the State Normal School, Oshkosh, Wis., five years; in the State College, Lexington, Ky., one year, and at the Kansas Agricultural College eight years. He was botanist to the Kansas Experimental Station four years, and from 1891 until his death was professor of botany in the Ohio State University. He lectured extensively, contributed to various botanical journals and investigated parasitic fungi. He wrote ‘Elements of Botany’; ‘Plant Analysis’; ‘Spring Flora of Ohio’; ‘Catalogue of Ohio Plants’ (1899); ‘Non-Indigenous Flora of Ohio’ (1900), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kellermann, Bernhard

Edition of 1920. See also Bernhard Kellermann on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KELLERMANN, Bernhard, German novelist, author of a number of very sensational works: b. Fürth, Bavaria, 4 March 1879. He traveled considerably and lived in a number of cities: Rome (1904-05), Berlin (1905-06), Grünwald bei München (1906-09), Schöneberg bei Berlin (from 1909). His most famous work is ‘Der Tunnel’ (1913; English translation, ‘The Tunnel,’ New York 1914), of which 100,000 copies were printed in its first year. It is a romance of iron and steel, a study of commercial expansion and consequent clash of interests, centring about the construction of a tunnel joining the continents of Europe and North America under the Atlantic Ocean: in short, a typical product of the imperialistic imagination as molded under the hothouse conditions of modern industrial life. He has traveled in the Orient to obtain impressions of Eastern life and has rendered these impressions in the last two of the works enumerated below. His works include ‘Yester und Li’ (1904); ‘Ingeborg’ (1906); ‘Der Tor’ (1907): ‘Das Meer’ (1910); ‘Ein Spaziergang in Japan’ (1911); ‘Sassayo Yassa’ (1913). An English translation, ‘God's Beloved,’ of a story written by Kellermann in 1911 appears in ‘German Classics’ (Vol. XX, New York 1914).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kellermann, François Etienne de

Edition of 1920. See also François Étienne de Kellermann on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KELLERMANN, François Etienne de, Duke of Valmy: b. Metz, 4 Aug. 1770; d. 2 June 1835. Son of François Christophe de Kellermann (q.v.). He served in his father's regiment before entering the diplomatic service in 1791, returning to the army in 1793 and again serving under his father in the army of the First Consul. In 1796 he became Napoleon's adjutant-general and in 1797 his services at Tagliamento won his promotion to brigadier-general. At Marengo he conducted a cavalry charge that won the battle and gained for him rank as general of division. He was at Austerlitz and served in the Peninsular campaign. He remained in the army throughout the Restoration, but rejoined Napoleon's service upon his return from Elba. He commanded a cavalry corps at the battle of Waterloo. He was considered the ablest of Napoleon's cavalry generals, but his fame was clouded by his undoubtedly merited personal unpopularity. Napoleon, however, ever kept in mind de Kellermann's service at Marengo. He sat in the House of Peers from 1820 and vigorously opposed the Bourbons until the fall of Charles X in 1830. His unpublished memoirs were used by his son, François Christophe Edmond de Kellermann in the preparation of ‘Histoire de la Campagne de 1800’ (Paris 18S4).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kennedy, Grace

Edition of 1920. See also Grace Kennedy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KENNEDY, Grace, Scottish novelist: b. Pipmore, Ayrshire, 1782; d. 1825. Her novels which are of a decidedly religious caste, were very popular in her day, though now when the age has become more liberal, they have lost most of their interest and are very little read. Her works which have been translated in full into German, and in part, into several other languages, show considerable talent and depict the religious spirit of her age in Scotland very well. They will, therefore, be of a secondary interest at least, to students of the religious tendencies of the first quarter of the 19th century. Her most popular story, ‘Father Clement’ (1823) is strongly anti-Roman Catholic, and for this reason and on account of the vividness of the characters and situations, became immensely popular and was translated into most of the languages of Europe. Among her other novels are ‘Anna Ross’; ‘Dunallan’; ‘Jessy Allan,’ and ‘Decision.’ The best edition of her works is that published in Edinburgh in 1827.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kennedy, Benjamin Hall

Edition of 1920. See also Benjamin Hall Kennedy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KENNEDY, Benjamin Hall, English educator and classical scholar: b. Birmingham, 1804; d. 1889. Graduated from Cambridge in 1827 he became Fellow and lecturer in classics at Saint John's College in his alma mater; assistant master at Harrow, and head master of Shrewsbury School (1836-66). In the latter year he became regius professor of Greek at Cambridge and canon of Eli the following year. In 1870 he became a member of the University Council, and also of the Committee on the Revision of the New Testament. He edited popular classical textbooks; made translations from Greek and Hebrew into English and wrote poetry in Latin, Greek and English, a volume of which was published in 1882 under the title of ‘Between Whiles.’ Consult Sandys, ‘A History of Classical Scholarship’ (Vol. III, Cambridge 1908).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kent, Charles Foster

Edition of 1920. See also Charles Foster Kent on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KENT, Charles Foster, American Biblical scholar: b. Palmyra, N. Y., 13 Aug. 1867. He was graduated at the universities of Yale (1889) and Berlin (1892), and the following year became an instructor in the University of Chicago. In 1895 he was elected professor of Biblical literature and history at Brown University, a position which he held until 1901. He is at present Woolsey professor of Biblical literature at Yale University. Among his writings are ‘Outlines of Hebrew History’ (1895); ‘The Wise Men of Ancient Israel and Their Proverbs’ (1895); ‘History of the Hebrew People, the United Kingdom’ (1896); ‘History of the Hebrew People, the Divided Kingdom’ (1899); ‘Messages of the Earlier Prophets’ (1899); ‘Messages of the Later Prophets’ (1900); ‘Israel's Historical and Biographical Narratives’ (1905); ‘Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament’ (1906; 1912); ‘Israel's Laws and Traditional Precedents’ (1907); ‘The Heroes and Crises of Early Hebrew History’ (1908; 1912); ‘The Kings and Prophets of Israel and Judah’ (1912); ‘The Makers and Teachers of Judaism’ (1911); ‘Biblical Geography and History’ (1911); ‘Life and Teachings of Jesus According to the Earliest Records’ (1913); ‘The Songs, Hymns and Prayers of the Old Testament’ (1914); ‘Testing of a Nation's Ideals,’ with J. W. Jenks (1915).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Keokuk, Moses

Edition of 1920. See also Keokuk (Sauk leader) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer. The dates and history cited here do not correspond very well with what is usually given for Keokuk, and perhaps this is because they are for a descendant of his. It seems improbable that this is the Native American after whom Keokuk, Iowa, is named.
KEOKUK, Moses, an American Indian of the Sac and Fox tribe, after whom the city of Keokuk, Iowa, was named: b. 1818; d. near Kansas City, Mo., October 1903. Probably the best description of Keokuk's boyhood is contained in Drake's ‘History of the North American Indians.’ It tells of his visit to Washington after the Black Hawk War. Keokuk succeeded his father as chief of the Sac and Fox tribe, and removed with his people from Quenemo, Kan., to their reservation in what is now Oklahoma, in 1868.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kellermann, François Chistophe

Edition of 1920. See also François Christophe de Kellermann on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KELLERMANN, François Chistophe, frȧṅ swä krēs-tōf kĕl'lėr-män (originally Georg Michael Kellermann), Duke of Valmy, French marshal: b. Wolfsbuchweiler-an-der-Tauber, Bavaria, 28 May 1735; d. 12 Sept. 1820. He entered the Conflans Legion as a hussar in 1752 and engaged in the first campaigns of the
Seven Years' War. In 1792 he received the command of the army of the Moselle, formed a junction in September with the main army under Dumouriez and sustained 20 Sept. 1792 the celebrated attack of the Duke of Brunswick. In the following wars of France Kellermann received various general commands. He became marshal of France in 1804 and Duke of Valmy in 1809. After the Bourbon restoration he was appointed a member of the Chamber of Peers, where he espoused the Liberal side.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Linden

Edition of 1920. See also Tilia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LINDEN, or BASSWOOD, a genus of trees (Tilia) of the family Tiliaceæ, ordinarily known as basswoods in the United States. The species, of which there are about a dozen, are natives of the northern temperate zone and more or less resemble each other in general appearance. They are characterized by alternate, usually heart-shaped, leaves with toothed edges; small yellowish, often fragrant, flowers in cymes, the peduncles of which are attached to membranous bracts; and globular nut-like fruits about the size of peas. The trees, in many horticultural varieties, are widely planted in Europe, where they are known to the English as limes, and in America, for their pleasing form and dense shade, and to some extent also because of their abundant yield of nectar, from which bees make one of the finest qualities of honey. They are also planted for their timber, usually called “whitewood,” which is highly valued on account of its whiteness, lightness, toughness and durability, and is used for turned and carved ornaments and for making honey-boxes and other light articles, the whiteness of which is desired to enhance the appearance of the goods they contain; also extensively used for carriage bodies, cabinet-work and interior parts of furniture. The wood makes a high grade of charcoal, used by druggists, gunpowder-makers and artists. The fibrous inner bark is made into mats and cordage and strips of it are widely used for tying plants, etc. When stock-food is scarce in early spring the twigs and budding shoots are often fed to farm animals, being very mucilaginous and nutritive, though liable, it is said, to injure the quality of butter made from the milk of cows fed upon them. The best-known species are the American basswood (T. americana), a stately tree often exceeding 75 feet in height and 10 feet in girth. Its range extends from New Brunswick to Minnesota and southward to the elevated lands of Georgia and Texas. In the more thickly settled parts of this region it is becoming scarce as a timber tree because of the great demand for its wood. In America it is the most frequently planted species. Owing to confusion in nomenclature, the name “European linden” is applied to at least three species, T. platyphylla, T. vulgaris and T. ulmifolia. The first is most widely planted in America. The last is very late in blossoming and should be more extensively cultivated in order to extend the season of honey production. Lindens all thrive best upon good land. They are easily propagated from seeds, layers and grafts and by “stooling,” the small trees being cut down close to the ground, the sprouts covered with soil and when rooted removed to nursery rows.
In some countries the fibrous inner bark of the linden is separated by soaking in water and manufactured into fishing-nets, mats, shoes and clothing; and the cordage made from it is said to be remarkably strong and elastic. (See Bast). The wood is sometimes cut into thin
strips and used in the manufacture of chip hats, which resemble those made of straw.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Linlithgow

Edition of 1920. See also Linlithgow on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LINLITHGOW, lĭn-lĭth'gō, Scotland, the county town of Linlithgowshire, 16 miles west of Edinburgh. It is an ancient royal burgh, dating from the reign of David I, with a fine 12th century Gothic church, now restored, and other historical edifices, chief of which is Linlithgow Palace (mostly rebuilt between 1425 and 1628), the birthplace of James V and Mary Stuart, burnt down by the carelessness of the Duke of Cumberland's soldiers in 1746, and now an interesting ruin. In 1570 the Regent Moray was assassinated by Hamilton of
Bothwellhaugh. Tanning, shoemaking and distilling are among its industries. Pop. 4,002. Consult Waldie, ‘History of Linlithgow’ (1879).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Linnæus, Carolus

Edition of 1920. See also Carl Linnaeus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LINNÆUS, lĭ-nē'ŭs, Carolus, the Latinized form of the name of Carl von Linne, Swedish botanist: b. Rashult, Smäland, 23 May 1707; d. Upsala, 10 Jan. 1778. He showed an early interest in botany; entered the University of Lund, where his botanical tastes were encouraged by Kilian Stobæus, physician to the king, from whose library he was supplied with necessary books. In 1728 he went to Upsala, where he undertook the supervision of the botanic garden. Here he made the acquaintance of the botanist, Rudbeck, whose assistant he became, and assisted Olof Celsius in the preparation of the latter's ‘Hierobotanicon.’ Aided by the Academy of Sciences at Upsala, Linne made a journey about 4,600 miles through Lapland, the result of which was shown in his ‘Flora Lapponica,’ published 1737. In this year he went to the University of Harderwyk in Holland and took an M.D. degree, and later visited Leyden, where he published his first sketch of his ‘Systema Naturæ’ and ‘Fundamenta Botanica.’ In 1736 he visited England, and in September 1738 settled in Stockholm as a physician. He slowly acquired a practice, was made naval physician of Stockholm and obtained some minor appointments. He became professor of medicine at Upsala in 1741, exchanging for that of botany in 1742. He was ennobled in 1761. During his professorship of botany he drew students from all over the civilized world, increasing the number attendant on the university from 500 to 1,500. The importance of Linnæus' work can scarcely be overrated. It has been said that “he found biology a chaos; he left it a cosmos.” He it was who established the systematic botany and zoology of modern times. He first announced the principles for the definition of genera and species, and established the
binominal nomenclature of both. He was a careful observer, a methodical worker and a clear and succinct writer. As a teacher he was of great influence in revolutionizing the methods of botanical study. He published more than 180 works, among which the most important are ‘Systema Naturæ’ (1735); ‘Fundamenta Botanica’ (1736); ‘Genera Plantarum’ (1737); ‘Flora Lapponica’ (1737); ‘Classes Plantarum’ (1738); ‘Fauna Suecica’ (1745); ‘Flora Suecica’ (1746); ‘Hortus Upsaliensis’ (1748); ‘Philosophia Botanica’ (1751); and, chief of all, ‘Species Plantarum’ (1753). The Linnæan Society of London was founded in his honor in 1788. Consult ‘Life’ by Stoever (Eng. trans. 1794); Caddy, ‘Through the Fields with Linnæus’ (1877); Fries, ‘Linné, Lefnadsteekning’ (2 vols., Stockholm 1903); Levertin, ‘Carl von Linne’ (ib. 1906).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lind, Jenny

Edition of 1920. See also Jenny Lind on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LIND, Jenny (Madame Goldschmidt), Swedish singer: b. Stockholm, 6 Oct. 1820; d. Malvern, England, 2 Nov. 1887. In very early childhood she displayed the faculty for tune and of musical memory in such degree as to attract observation and at nine her voice was considered so remarkable that she was admitted to the Stockholm Conservatory of Music as a pupil of Crœlius and Berg. After years of thorough study and voice-building, in 1838 she made her début, with great success, as Agathe in ‘Der Freischütz.’ As operatic star in Stockholm and other cities in Sweden and Norway, she extended her fame, and in 1841 studied for the greater part of the year in Paris under Manual Garcia. She went to Berlin in 1844, studied German, and in Meyerbeer's ‘Feldlager in Schlesien’ appeared as Vielka. During the next year she made a Continental tour which established her in a position of supremacy, her great successes being won in Dresden, Leipzig, etc., and finally in Vienna. In 1847 she made her first appearance in England, which was followed by a succession of unprecedented triumphs. Her tour of the United States (1850-52) brought her not only fresh honors, but also large financial returns, and was long remembered by many who shared in the material and spiritual benefits which her noble womanhood and artistic genius conferred. In 1852 she was married in Boston to Otto Goldschmidt (q.v.), then conducting the Bach choir, and virtually retired from her profession, though subsequently reappearing on special
occasions. She returned to Europe; at length settled in London; and made her last public appearance at Düsseldorf in 1870. In 1894 a bust of her was unveiled in Westminster Abbey. Consult Rockstro and Holland, ‘Jenny Lind the Artist’ (1891); Rockstro and Goldschmidt, ‘Jenny Lind, Her Vocal Art and Culture’ (1894).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lindley, John

Edition of 1920. See also John Lindley on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LINDLEY, lĭnd'lĭ, John, English botanist and horticulturist: b. Catton, near Norwich (Norfolk), 5 Feb. 1799; d. Acton, 1 Nov. 1865. He became Belgian agent for a London seed merchant in 1815, later took up botanical studies, published in 1819 a translation of Richard's ‘Analyse du Fruit’ and was appointed assistant librarian to Sir Joseph Banks at London. Later, he was successively made assistant secretary to the Horticultural Society (1822-41), professor of botany in the University of London (1829-60) and lecturer in botany to the Apothecaries' Company (1836-53). In 1828 he was elected to the Royal Society, whose royal medal he received in 1857, and in 1853 became a corresponding member of the Institut de France. He was appointed editor of the Botanical Register in 1826, of the Journal of the Horticultural Society in 1846; and in 1841 was a founder of the Gardeners' Chronicle, whose chief editor he was until his death. He was an able lecturer, a constant opponent of the Linnæan as contrasted with the natural system of classification and the author of several valuable works such as ‘The Theory and Practice of Horticulture’ (1842) and ‘The Vegetable Kingdom’ (1846). He also wrote almost the entire descriptive portion of London's ‘Encyclopædia of Plants’ (1822-29). His lectures attracted large audiences and excited great popular interest in England in the cultivation of plants. He encouraged public exhibitions of fruits and flowers. His influence as an editor was also very great and his textbooks were long standard in his native country.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Linn, William Alexander

Edition of 1920. See also William Alexander Linn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LINN, William Alexander, American journalist: b. Sussex, N. J., 4 Sept. 1843. He was graduated at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., in 1864, at Yale in 1868, and in 1883 was admitted to the New York bar. From 1868 to 1891 he was engaged in newspaper work, during part of that time being on the staff of the New York Tribune, and was managing editor of the Evening Post, 1891-1900, resigning to devote himself to literary work. He has been president of the Hackensack Mutual Building and Loan Association from its organization in 1887 and was president of the People's National Bank of Hackensack, N. J., from its organization in 1903 to 1916; was president of the First National Bank of Ridgefield Park, N. J., from its organization in 1910 to 1913; elected county collector of Bergen County, N. J., 3 Jan. 1916. Was a member of the New Jersey Commission of 1899 which secured the legislation under which the Palisades Interstate Park Commission, which has saved the Palisades front from destruction, was appointed, and was a member of the latter commission from its organization to 1913. He has published ‘The Story of the Mormons’ (1902); ‘Horace Greeley’ (1903); and ‘Rob and His Gun’ (1902). He is a member of the National Geographic Society, the New Jersey Historical Society, Bergen County Historical Society, and trustee of the Johnson Public Library of Hackensack.