OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lughaidh

Lugaid mac Lóegairi
​LUGHAIDH (d. 507), king of Ireland, son of Laeghaire mac Neill, grandson of Niall Naoighiallach and great-grandson of Eochaidh Muighmheadhoin, each of whom was ardrigh of Ireland, became himself ardrigh after the battle of Ocha in Meath in 484, in which his second cousin, Oillioll Molt, king of Ireland, son of King Dathi, son of King Fiachra, brother of Niall Naoighiallach, was slain. Lughaidh was supported in his struggle for Tara by Muircheartach Mac Earca, his cousin, and the most powerful chief in the northern half of Ireland, as well as by the Dal n' Araidhe and some of the Leinstermen. He rewarded the Dal n' Araidhe by a grant of territory to west of their proper boundary, the river Bann, which they continued to hold till the defeat of the Picts in 557. His power as ardrigh was never great; his cousin Muircheartach made war on the Munstermen, and his pagan uncle Cairbre fought the battles of Tailltin, of Sleamhain, and of Cnoc Ailbe against the Leinstermen, while in 497 Muirchearteach attacked Leinster, and in 504 Connaught. In all these wars Lughaidh took no prominent part, and probably only remained king because his nominal suzerainty was useful to Muircheartach. In 507 he was killed by lightning at Achadhfarcha in Meath, and his death is described in a poem ascribed to Gilla Moduba, and extant in several versions (Book of Ballymote, fol. 50 a, 9). The first couplet preserves the genitive case of his name, ‘An Achadhfarcha ughrach Bás mhic Laoghaire Lughach.’
[Book of Ballymote, fol. 50; Leabhar Breac, fol. 14; Annala Rioghachta Eireann, pp. 150–164; Annala Uladh, ed. Hennessy, pp. 26–36; J. O'Donovan's Genealogies, Tribes, and Customs of Hy Fiachrach.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ludlam, Isaac

​LUDLAM, ISAAC (d. 1817), rebel, a quarryman, resident at South Wingfield, Derbyshire, took a prominent part in the ‘Derbyshire insurrection’ promoted by Jeremiah Brandreth [q. v.] in 1817. Before the outbreak Ludlam occupied himself in the manufacture of pikes, which were stored in a quarry near his house. On 8 June he went with another of the rebels, William Turner, to the White Horse Inn at Pentridge. Here a meeting presided over by Brandreth took place, at which Ludlam read out a list of those persons in the neighbourhood from whom it was proposed to rob firearms. On the night of Monday, 9 June, Ludlam, accompanied by his three sons, joined the rebel band under Brandreth at Topham Close, and the united party set out towards Nottingham. Ludlam, who acted as a rear-guard, displayed great activity in demanding arms from houses on the road, and compelled several persons to join in the movement against their will. When the party went into an inn at Codnor, Ludlam was stationed outside as sentinel to prevent any of the doubtful associates escaping. In the course of the march Ludlam frequently stated that the object of the party was to join another body of men in Nottingham Forest, and then proceed to Nottingham itself to guard an insurrectionary parliament which had been as​sembled there. Ludlam escaped capture by the dragoons, who dispersed the rebel band on 10 June, but was arrested later on, and tried for levying war against the king by the special commission at Derby. His counsel attempted to show that he was only Brandreth's dupe, which seems to have been true, and that his offence amounted to riot only. But he was found guilty, and executed, in front of the county gaol, Derby, on 7 Nov. His sons pleading guilty, the crown prosecutor declined to offer evidence against them, and they were discharged.
[Trial of Isaac Ludlam in Howell's State Trials, vol. xxxii.; Corresp. of Gray and Mason, 1853; Gent. Mag. 1817, pt. ii. pp. 359, 461–2.]
G. P. M-y.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ludlam, Thomas

​LUDLAM, THOMAS (1727–1811), theologian and essayist, born at Leicester in 1727, was younger brother of William Ludlam [q. v.] He graduated B.A. at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1748, spent some time as chaplain in the navy (he was on 31 May 1750 appointed chaplain to the Prince Henry, ‘Admiralty Minute Books’ at Record Office), and proceeded M.A. in 1752. He was appointed by the assistance of John Jackson (1686–1763) [q. v.] confrater of Wigston's Hospital, Leicester, in 1760, and in 1791 rector of Foston, Leicestershire. He died at Leicester on 13 Nov. 1811.
Ludlam attacked the Calvinistic writers of his day in the ‘Orthodox Churchman's Review.’ He was a disciple of Locke, and applied Locke's principles to religious discussion. His knowledge of scripture was sound, and his interpretation of it clear and discriminating. Bishop Hurd, on seeing his first essay, caused his second to be printed at his own expense. His brother William held unpopular views on the Holy Spirit, and Thomas supported them in his ‘Four Essays’ ‘with an unexampled self-sufficiency, arrogance, and contempt of others’ ({{sc|Dr. Isaac Milner's} Pref. to Joseph Milner's Sermons, 1804, i. 102). He was always peculiarly trenchant and disdainful in his treatment of adversaries. Milner charges him with ‘treating men as fanatics, enthusiasts, and rejecters of reason, or as sly, artful, and designing characters, because they venture to think for themselves in religious matters.’ In character he was charitable and pious.
Ludlam wrote: 1. ‘Logical Tracts on Locke,’ Cambridge [1790], 8vo; vindicating Locke against Milner, Horne, and others. 2. ‘Four Essays on the Holy Spirit,’ London, 1797, 8vo. 3. ‘Six Essays upon Theological, to which are added two upon Moral, Subjects,’ London, 1798, 8vo. Most of these essays are included in ‘Essays, Scriptural, Moral, and Logical,’ by William and Thomas Ludlam, 1807, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1809.
[Ludlam's Essays; Ann. Reg. 1811, p. 166; Gent. Mag. 1807 pt. ii. p. 1144, 1797 pt. ii. p. 957 (his essays reviewed by Gough), and 1811 pt. ii. p. 492; Nichols's Lit. Illust. v. 347, vi. 257; Nichols's Hist. of Leicestershire, i. 318, 503, 509; Baker's Hist. St. John's Coll., ed. Mayor, ii. 855; Kilvert's Life of Hurd, p. 156; Cradock's Memoirs, i. 3, iv. 84, 88; Milner's Life of Isaac Milner, pp. 54, 246–7.]
M. G. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ludford, Simon

​LUDFORD, SIMON, M.D. (d. 1574), physician, was a native of Bedfordshire, and entered the Franciscan order. After the dissolution of the monasteries he became an apothecary in London, and supplicated for the degree of B.M. from the university of Oxford on 6 Nov. 1553. He was admitted to the degree and to practice on 27 Nov. 1554 (Oxf. Univ. Reg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 222), but the College of Physicians of London informed the university of his incompetence in medicine, and he was excluded from the privileges of his degree. He went to Cambridge, but met with no better fate. The vigilant Dr. Caius (1510–1573) [q. v.] caused a letter to be sent to the authorities stating that Ludford had been examined by the College of Physicians on 12 Feb. 1553, and found ignorant, not only of medicine but of philosophy and letters, and that he was without any trace of a liberal education. These rebuffs seem to have stimulated him to study, and he was admitted M.D. at Oxford on 26 June 1560. On 7 April 1563 he was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians of London, and he was chosen a censor in 1564, 1569, and 1572. His copy of the works of Avicenna is in the library of the college with some others of his books. His only extant composition is a manuscript copy of verses written on a blank space at the end of the preface of Charles Stephen's ‘De dissectione partium corporis humani libri tres,’ Paris, 1545, and descriptive of the book. Ludford had paid 8s. for the book, and states he was in want of money at the time. He died in 1574.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. i. 64; Horwood's Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. on the manuscripts of Coll. of Phys.; manuscript Annals of Coll. of Phys. vol. i.; Ludford's books in Library of Coll. of Phys.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ludlam, Henry

​LUDLAM, HENRY (1824–1880), mineralogist, born 14 Oct. 1824, was educated for the profession of an architect, but adopted instead that of land surveyor, a calling which he subsequently abandoned for commerce.
Ludlam devoted his leisure to the pursuit of mineralogy, and brought together one of the finest private collections of minerals in the kingdom. This collection, which included those made by Turner and Nevill, was bequeathed to the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street, rendering that collection second only to the one at the Natural History Museum. Ludlam left unfinished at his death a descriptive and crystallographic catalogue of his collection, and in order to perfect the undertaking began late in life the study of chemistry. He died unmarried on 23 June 1880.
He was a fellow of the Geological and a member of the Mineralogical Society.
[Information kindly supplied by the late T. Davies of the Mineral. Department, Nat. Hist. Museum; Nature, xxii. 203; Geol. Mag. 1880, p. 336.]
B. B. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whitty, Michael James

​WHITTY, MICHAEL JAMES (1795–1873), journalist, born in Wexford in 1795, was the son of a maltster. In 1821 he commenced his literary career in London, and among his earliest friends were Sir James Bacon and George Cruikshank. He was appointed in 1823 to be editor of the ‘London and Dublin Magazine,’ and in its first volume appeared the substance of the work on ‘Robert Emmet,’ which he published with a prefatory note signed ‘M. J. W.,’ about 1870. He remained editor of the magazine until 1827. From 1823 to 1829 he contributed largely to Irish periodical literature, and was an ardent advocate for catholic emancipation. He published anonymously in 1824 two volumes of ‘Tales of Irish Life,’ with illustrations by Cruikshank. These stories depicted the customs and condition of his fellow-countrymen.
Whitty began his connection with Liverpool in 1829, when he accepted the post of editor of the ‘Liverpool Journal,’ started in January 1830. He vacated this position in February 1836 on his appointment as chief constable of the borough. He had previously been ‘superintendent of the nightly watch’ (Picton, Memorials of Liverpool, i. 550). During his twelve years' tenure of the office he perfected the organisation of the police force and formed an efficient fire brigade. On his retirement he was presented by the town council with the sum of 1,000l. in recognition of his services.
His connection with the ‘Liverpool Journal’ had not been wholly severed during this period of his life, and in 1848 he purchased the paper and resumed his literary work. For many years he acted as the Liverpool correspondent and agent of the ‘Daily ​News.’ In 1851 he was a witness before the parliamentary commission appointed to inquire into the Newspaper Stamp Act, and he vigorously advocated the abolition of the stamp act, the advertisement duty, and the duty on paper. On the removal of these imposts he issued in 1855 the ‘Liverpool Daily Post,’ the first penny daily paper published in the United Kingdom, in the columns of which during 1861–4 he zealously advocated the cause of the northern states. The paper passed out of his hands some years before his death, but it has never ceased to hold a prominent place among the leading daily papers. ‘Whitty's Guide to Liverpool’ was published from the office in 1868.
The last few years of Whitty's life were spent in retirement at Prince's Park, Liverpool. He died there on 10 June 1873, and was buried at Anfield beside his wife, sister of E. B. Neill, London correspondent of the ‘Liverpool Albion.’ Edward Michael Whitty [q. v.] was their son.
W. P. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whood, Isaac

​WHOOD, ISAAC (1689–1752), portrait-painter, born in 1689, practised for many years as a portrait-painter in Lincoln's Inn Fields, and was a skilful imitator of the style of Kneller. He was especially patronised by the Duke of Bedford, for whom he painted numerous portraits of members of the Spencer and Russell families, now at Woburn Abbey; some of these were copied by Whood from other painters. At Cambridge there are portraits by Whood at Trinity College, including one of Dr. Isaac Barrow, and at Trinity Hall. His portraits of ladies were some of the best of that date. There is a good portrait of Archbishop Wake by Whood at Lambeth Palace, painted in 1736. Some of his portraits were engraved in mezzotint, notably one of Laurent Delvaux the sculptor, engraved by Alexander Van Haecken. Whood's drawings in chalk or blacklead are interesting. In 1743 he executed a series of designs to illustrate Butler's ‘Hudibras.’ Whood died in Bloomsbury Square on 24 Feb. 1752. The portrait of Joseph Spence [q. v.] prefixed to his ‘Anecdotes’ was engraved from a portrait by Whood.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whichcord, John

​WHICHCORD, JOHN (1823–1885), architect, born at Maidstone on 11 Nov. 1823, was the son of John Whichcord (1790–1860), an architect who designed two churches (St. Philip and Holy Trinity) in Maidstone, the Corn Exchange and Kent fire office in the same town, and various churches, parsonages, and institutions in the county of Kent (Builder, 1860, xviii. 383; Arch. Publ. Soc. Dict.)
The son, after education at Maidstone and at King's College, London, became in 1840 assistant to his father, and in 1844 a student at the Royal Academy. After prolonged travel in Italy, Greece, Asiatic Turkey, Syria, Egypt, and the Holy Land (1846-1850), and a tour in France, Germany, and Denmark (1850), he took a partnership (till 1858) with Arthur Ashpitel [q. v.] With him he carried out additions (1852) to Lord Abergavenny's house, Birling, Kent, and in 1858 built fourteen houses on the Mount Elliott estate at Lee in the same county. His subsequent work consisted largely of office premises in the city of London, such as 9 Mincing Lane, 24 Lombard Street, 8 Old Jewry, Mansion House Chambers, the New Zealand Bank and the National Safe Deposit, all in Victoria Street, and Brown Janson & Co.'s bank, Abchurch Lane. He built the Grand Hotel at Brighton and the Clarence Hotel at Dover, as well as St. Mary's Church and parsonage at Shortlands, near Bromley, Kent, where he also laid out the estate for building. One of Whichcord's best known works is the St. Stephen's Club (1874), a classical building with boldly corbelled projections, facing Westminster bridge (Builder, xxxii. 308). He designed the internal fittings for the house of parliament at Cape Town. Whichcord was often employed as arbitrator in government matters, and he was one of the surveyors to the railway department of the board of trade.
From 1854 he held the post of district surveyor for Deptford, and from 1879 to 1881 was president of the Royal Institute of British Architects, where he delivered various addresses and papers, and was largely instrumental in the establishment of the examination system (vide Transactions R.I.B.A., 1845-80).
In 1865 Whichcord unsuccessfully contested the constituency of Barnstaple in the conservative interest; he was an ardent volunteer, and became in 1869 captain in the 1st Middlesex artillery volunteers, for which he raised a battery mainly composed of young architects and lawyers. He was elected in 1848 a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.
He died on 9 Jan. 1885, and was buried at Kensal Green.
Whichcord published 'History and Antiquities of the Collegiate Church of All Saints, Maidstone,' with illustrations, in Weale's 'Quarterly Papers,' vol. iv. 1854, and various pamphlets.
[Builder, 1885, xlviii. 98; Archit. Publ. Soc. Dictionary.]
P. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whichelo, C. John M.

​WHICHELO, C. JOHN M. (d. 1865), watercolour-painter, is said to have been a pupil of John Varley [q. v.], but his manner suggests rather the influence of Joshua Cristall [q. v.] His earliest work was of a purely topographical character, and some of his drawings were engraved for Wilkinson's ‘Londina Illustrata’ and Brayley's ‘Beauties of England and Wales.’ He began to exhibit at the Royal Academy in 1810, sending chiefly marine views, and for a few years held the appointment of marine painter to the prince regent. In 1823 Whichelo became an associate of the Watercolour Society, and for forty years he was a regular contributor to its exhibitions, his subjects being mainly representations of English coast and harbour scenery, with a few views on Dutch rivers. He usually signed his drawings ‘John Whichelo.’ He died in September 1865.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whichcote, George

​WHICHCOTE, GEORGE (1794–1891), general, born on 21 Dec. 1794, was the fourth son of Sir Thomas Whichcote, fifth baronet (1763–1824), of Aswarby Park, Lincolnshire, by his wife Diana (d. 1826), third daughter of Edmund Turnor of Panton and Stoke Rochford. In 1803 he entered Rugby school, where he fagged for William Charles Macready, the great actor. In December 1810, on leaving Rugby, he joined the 52nd foot as a volunteer, and received a commission as ensign on 10 Jan. 1811. In the same year he embarked on the Pompey, a French prize, to join the British army in the Spanish peninsula, where his regiment, with the 43rd and the 95th, formed the famous light division. He took part in the battle of Sabugal on 3 April, and in the combat of El Bodon on 25 Sept., though his regiment was not engaged. He assisted in the storming of Ciudad Rodrigo on 19 Jan. 1812, and of Badajoz on 6 April. On 8 July he became lieutenant, and on 22 July was present at the battle of Salamanca and at that of Vittoria on 21 June 1813, where the 52nd carried the village of Magarita with an impetuous charge. He took part with his regiment in the combats in the Pyrenees in July and August, the combat of Vera on 3 Oct., the battle of the Nivelle on 10 Nov., the battle of the Nive on 10–13 Dec., the battle of Orthes on 27 Feb. 1814, of Tarbes on 12 March, and of Toulouse on 12 April. He was the first man in the English army to enter Toulouse. While in command of an advanced picket he observed the French retreat, and, boldly pushing on, took possession of the town. At the close of the war the regiment was placed in garrison at Castelsarrasin on the Garonne, and afterwards was sent to Ireland. Whichcote took part in the battle of Waterloo, where the 52nd completed the rout of the imperial guard. He was quartered in Paris during the occupation by the allies, and on his return home received the Waterloo medal and the silver war medal with nine clasps, before he had attained his majority. After the peace the 52nd was ordered to Botany Bay, and Whichcote exchanged into the buffs.
On 22 Jan. 1818 he obtained his captaincy, and in 1822 again exchanged into the 4th dragoon guards. He was made major on 29 Oct. 1825, lieutenant-colonel on 28 June 1838, and colonel on 11 Nov. 1851. In 1825 he was placed on half-pay, and on 4 June 1857 he attained the rank of major-general; was promoted to be lieutenant-general on 31 Jan. 1864, and became a full general on 5 Dec. 1871. In 1887 he received a jubilee medal from the queen in recognition of his services, accompanied by an autograph letter. He died on 26 Aug. 1891 at Meriden, near Coventry, where he had resided since retiring from active service, and was buried there on 31 Aug. With the exception of Lieutenant-colonel Hewitt, he was the last officer of the English army surviving who had been present at Waterloo. In 1842 he married Charlotte Sophia (d. 1880), daughter of Philip Monckton. He had no issue.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whelpdale, Roger

​WHELPDALE, ROGER (d. 1423), bishop of Carlisle, was born at or near Greystoke in Cumberland, and was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, of which he became a fellow. In or before 1402 he was elected fellow of Queen's College, and in 1402–3 occurs in the ‘computus’ as junior bursar. In 1403 he served as senior proctor, and in 1404 was senior bursar at Queen's; on 15 April in that year he was elected provost (Wood, Colleges, ed. Gutch, p. 146), and on 20 Dec. following was ordained priest on the title of his provostship. In the college long roll for 1417–18 seventeen shillings and eightpence is entered as expended by him while prosecuting college business before the queen's council. In 1420 he became bishop of Carlisle, receiving back his temporalities on 17 March and making his profession of obedience in August. He resigned the provostship of Queen's on 4 Feb. 1420–1 (Wood). Whelpdale took no part in politics, and died on 4 Feb. 1422–3 at Carlisle Place, London, three years after his election, being buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. His will dated 25 Jan. 1422–3 is at Lambeth (353 Chichele P. 1). He founded a chantry in Carlisle Cathedral for the souls of Sir Thomas Skelton and John Glaston, and bequeathed 20l. to the scholars of Oxford, and to Balliol College library some manuscripts and books, including St. Augustine's ‘De Civitate Dei,’ and treatises by Simon of Tournay [q. v.] and others, extant in Balliol Coll. MS. ccx; to Queen's College he also made bequests of books, vestments, and 10l. in money, besides establishing a fund of 36l. 13s. 4d. to be added to by subsequent benefactors.
Bale attributes to Whelpdale the authorship of various mathematical and theological works. A treatise ‘De Universalibus’ is extant in Brit. Mus. Royal MS. 12 B xix. 4, in Bodleian MS. Rawlinson C. 677 f. 3, and in the library of Worcester Cathedral; another, entitled ‘Problema super primum librum posteriorum,’ is extant in Magdalene College, Cambridge, MS. 47. Others mentioned by Leland and Bale have not been traced.
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whiddon, Jacob

1904 Errata appended.
​WHIDDON, JACOB (fl. 1585–1595), sea-captain, a trusted servant and follower of Sir Walter Ralegh, who speaks of him as ‘a man most valiant and honest,’ seems to have been with Sir Richard Greynvile in his voyage to Virginia in 1585. In 1588 he commanded Ralegh's ship the Roebuck, in the fleet under Lord Howard, and is described as particularly active in the various services which could be performed by so small a vessel. He took possession of, and brought into Torbay, the flagship of Don Pedro de Valdes; he brought supplies of ammunition to the fleet, and was constantly employed in scouting duty. In 1594 he was sent out by Ralegh to make a preliminary exploration of the Orinoco. His object was frustrated by the governor of Trinidad, who imprisoned some of his crew, and practically obliged him to return to England without the information he sought. It is probable that he was with Ralegh in ​the voyage to Guiana in 1595, the expedition against Cadiz in 1596, and the Islands' voyage in 1597; but his name is not mentioned.
J. K. L.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.279 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 4 | ii | 39 | Whiddon, Jacob: for (fl. 1585-1595) read (d. 1595) |
| | | l.l. | for It is probable that he was read He was |
| 5 | i | 1-4 | for the expedition against Cadiz . . . . is not mentioned, read but he died on the return journey, and was buried by Ralegh, who styles him 'a man most honest and valiant,' in the island of Trinidad (Discoverie of Guiana, in Raleh's Works, viii. p. 398) |