OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Chrysogonus (1), martyr

​Chrysogonus (1), martyr in the persecution of Diocletian, whose name was inserted in the Canon of the Mass from a very early period, which shews his importance, though little is now known of him. In the Menology he is commemorated along with Anastasia, Dec. 22. He was of "great Rome," "a man that feared God," "teacher of the Christians"; "and when persecution was set on foot he was arrested and cast into prison." "Diocletian, staying at Nice, wrote to Rome that all the Christians should die, and that Chrysogonus should be brought bound to Nice, and when he was brought he beheaded him." For Nice we should probably read Nicomedia. In these acts it is easy to trace the effects of the first and second of Diocletian's edicts. Chrysogonus evidently was not one of the traditors, so numerous at Rome under the first edict, Feb. A.D. 303. Hence, when by the second edict, not long after, all the clergy were committed to jail, he exercised great influence from his prison on the faithful, still for the most part unscathed and at large. The question is to what we are to refer the statement about the decree that all Christians should be killed, and that Chrysogonus should be brought to Bithynia. His passion is assigned to Dec. 22. By the third edict, on the great anniversary festival of the emperor on the 21st, the clergy were to sacrifice if they were to be included in the general release of prisoners; if not, torture was to be employed to induce them. But there were no general orders for the arrest of all Christians. The rescript of Trajan was still in force. But the great festival must have brought to light many a recusant. They might not be executed, but if they died under torture it was strictly legal. When, in the spring of A.D. 304, the fourth edict appears, it sets forth no new penalties; it merely interprets the previous decrees in all the grim pregnancy of their meaning: "certis poenis intereant."
It may well be that the constancy of men like Chrysogonus, under their tortures, was among the things that drove Diocletian mad; and that he left word at his hurried departure from Rome (Dec. 22, A.D. 303), "Send him after me." The martyrdom is assigned by several Western authorities to Aquileia or the neighbouring Aquae Gradatae in Friulia. The day to which it is almost universally assigned in the West, from the Calendar of Carthage onwards, is Nov. 24. Anastasia's commemoration in the West is on Dec. 25, and in some of the Hieronymian martyrologies her passion is assigned to Sirmium, which was probably the scene of Diocletian's illness. But Usuard tells that she was transported to the little isle Palmaruola (about lat. 41°, long. 31°) in the Tyrrhene sea.
[E.B.B.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Chrysologus, Petrus

​Chrysologus, Petrus, archbp. of Ravenna, A.D. 433‒454, said to have been born at Forum Cornelii (Imola), according to Agnellus, in the episcopate of Cornelius, by whom he was brought up (Serm. 165), ordained deacon, and made oeconomus of the church. The ordinary account of Peter's elevation to the see of Ravenna, which is repeated by successive biographers with ever-increasing definiteness of statement, does too much violence to the facts of history to be worthy of credit. The improbabilities of the story are exposed by Tillemont, and it is stigmatized by Dupin as "a groundless tale related by no credible author." It is, however, given so circumstantially by ​Agnellus in his Liber Pontificalis that it may contain some distorted elements of truth.
In the 176 sermons of his still extant we look in vain for traces of the golden eloquence to which he owed his surname. They are very short, written in brief simple sentences; his meaning is always clear, and his language natural; but there is nothing in them calculated to touch the heart or move the affections. His fame as a preacher evidently depended more on voice and manner than on matter. His sermons are almost all on subjects from the gospels, usually the parables and miracles, commencing with a course of six on the prodigal son. Many other works ascribed to him, including commentaries on Scripture, and letters against the Arians, have all perished by fire, partly in the siege of Imola, by Theodoric, c. A.D. 524; partly in the conflagration of the archbishop's library at Ravenna, c. A.D. 700.
Tillemont, xv. 114 seq.; Cave, Hist. Lit. i. 432; Migne, Patr. Lat. lii. pp. 9‒680; Herzog, Real-Encyc. ii. 695.
[E.V.]
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Indore, Malhar Rao Holkar, Maharaja of

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​INDORE, MALHAR RAO HOLKAR, MAHARAJA OF (1805–1833)
Son of Jaswant Rac Holkar (q.v.) : succeeded as an infant : adopted by Jaswant's widow, Tulsi Bai, who became regent : the Army became predominant in the State, and in 1817 took up arms against the British : Tulsi Bai, on being suspected of British proclivities, was murdered : the army was routed by Malcolm at Mahidpur, Dec. 21, 1817 : terms were made, Malhar Rao being treated as an independent prince : he died in 1833.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/J

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## Ja

* Jack, Alexander
* Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams
* Jackson, Sir Charles Robert Mitchell
* Jackson, Sir Louis Steuart
* Jacob, Sir George Le Grand
* Jacob, John
* Jacob, Sir Samuel Swinton
* Jacob, William Stephen
* Jacobi, Hermann Georg
* Jacquemont, Victor
* Jaipur, Maharaja Sawai Sir Madho Singh Bahadur, of
* Jaipur, Maharaja Dhiraj Sawai Sir Ram Sing, of
* James, Sir Henry Evan Murchison
* James, Right Rev. John Thomas
* James, Lionel
* James, Sir William, Baronet
* Jameson, Sir G. J.
* Jameson, William
* Jang Bahadur, Koonwar Ranaji, Maharaja Sir
* Jardine, Sir John
* Jarrett, Hanson Chambers Taylor
* Jarrett, Henry Sullivan
* Jaschke, Heinrich August
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Indore, Takoji Rao Holkar I, Maharaja of

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​INDORE, TAKOJI RAO HOLKAR I, MAHARAJA OF ( ? –1797)
Was made Commander in Chief of Holkar's force in 1767 by Ahlia Bai (q.v.), the daughter-in-law of the late Maharaja Malhar Rao Holkar I, and served her with devoted fidelity till her death in 1795. He was defeated by De Boigne (q.v.), Sindia's general, 1794, and ruled from 1795 until he died Aug. 15, 1797.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Kern, John Henry Caspar

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​KERN, JOHN HENRY CASPAR (1833–)
Born April 6, 1833, in Java : son of a Major in the Dutch Indian Army : to Holland, when seven years old : educated at Utrecht and Leiden : studied Sanskrit and Classical Philology : Litter. Doct., 1855 : studied Sanskrit under A. Weber at Berlin : appointed Professor of Greek in the Athenaeum at Maestricht, 1858 : studied in London from 1862 : Sanskrit Professor at Queen's College, Benares, 1863–65 : held the same position at Leiden University, 1865–1903 : great linguist and scholar : noted for his researches into the ancient civilization of India, and of the East Indian archipelago : his chief works on Indian subjects are—his Dutch translation of Kalidas' drama Sdkuntala, 1862; text of Brhat-Samhita by Varaha-Mihira, 1865, followed by English translation, 1870; History of Indian Buddhism in Dutch, 1881, translated into German by Jacobi : English translation of the Saddharma-Pundarika (Sacred Books of the East, vol. xxi), 1884 : Manual of Indian Buddhism, 1896, etc. : collaborated in the great Sanskrit Dictionary with Bohtlingk and Roth : Hon. M.R.A.S. : Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam; and of many other learned Societies of different countries.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Indore, Malhar Rao Holkar, Marahaja of

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​INDORE, MALHAR RAO HOLKAR, MARAHAJA OF ( ? –1766)
The first and greatest Prince of the Holkar family : came to notice first as an officer in the service of the Peshwa, Baji Rao, about 1724 : was an early Mahratta adventurer in Northern India, and obtained the Indore district in jagir about 1733 : was most active after Baji Rao's death in 1740, until his own death. May 19, 1766.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Indore, Sir Takoji Rao Holkar II, Maharaja of

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​INDORE, SIR TAKOJI RAO HOLKAR II, MAHARAJA OF (1832–1886)
Was nominated successor by the Regent mother of the late Maharaja and recognized in 1843 by the British Government : invested with authority, 1852 : the thoroughness of his loyalty during the mutiny of 1857 was doubted, but, after the defeat of his army, which attacked the British Residency at Indore, his prudent and circumspect behaviour was held to entitle him to confidence : and he was made a G.C.S.I. in 1861. He developed the resources of his State, which he administered with skill and attention to business : giving much time to military and police matters : he received the Prince of Wales with great ceremony when H.R.H. visited India in 1875–6 : was made a General in 1877 : he died June 17, 1886.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Karaka, Dosabhai Framji

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​KARAKA, DOSABHAI FRAMJI (1829–1902)
Born May 8, 1829, educated at the Elphinstone Institution : edited the Jam-i-Jamshid, Gujarati newspaper, for 5 years and became manager of the Bombay Times under Dr. Buist : was made Censor of the Native Press at Bombay during the mutiny : wrote The Company's Raj contrasted with its Predecessors : went to England 1858–9, wrote there The Parsis : their History, Manners, Customs, and Religion : republished, 1884 : in 1859 was Assessor to the Bombay Municipality : Income Tax Assessor for 4 years : Presidency Magistrate in Bombay : Licence Tax Ofiicer and Income Tax Collector in 1869 : again Presidency Magistrate : Sheriff of Bombay, 1872 : a Chief Presidency Magistrate, 1874 : J.P. : in 1875 Chairman of the Bombay Corporation : C.S.I., 1877 : in the Bombay Legislative Council : acted as Collector of Bombay : Fellow of the Bombay University : resigned the service, 1887 : died March 17. 1902.
Karaka, Dosabhai Framji
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Impey, Eugene Clutterbuck

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​IMPEY, EUGENE CLUTTERBUCK (1830–1904)
Colonel : born 1830 : son of Edward Impey, B.C.S., and grandson of Sir Elijah Impey : educated privately and at Wadham College, Oxford : joined the 5th Bengal N.I., 1851 : A.A.G.G. Rajputana, 1856 : served through the mutiny : at the siege of Kotah, 1858 : PoHtical Agent at Ulwar, 1858 : Military Secretary to the Viceroy, Lord Lawrence, 1863–4 : Political Agent, Jodhpur, Oodeypur, and Gwalior : Resident in Nipal : retired, 1878 : C.I.E., 1879 : died Nov. 1904.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Indore, Jaswant Rao Holkar Maharaja of

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​INDORE, JASWANT RAO HOLKAR MAHARAJA OF (1775?–1811)
An illegitimate son of Maharaja Tukaji Rao : on the murder of his half-brother, Kashi Rao, he asserted himself, raised a large army and fought with Sindia, defeating both him and the Peshwa, Baji Rao, in 1802 at Poona, which he took : he declined to join the other Mahratta chiefs against the British, but took his own line, as a freebooter, in Rajputana, and, after compelling Colonel Monson to make a disastrous retreat in July, 1804, was defeated by Lord Lake in 1804–5, and compelled to make peace and surrender territory. He became insane in 1806, and his wife, Tulsi Bai, became regent. He died Oct. 20, 1811.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/K

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## Ka

* Kabraji, Kaikhusru Naoroji
* Kamran Shah, Abdali or Durani
* Kapur, Raja Ban Bih Ari
* Kapurthala, Kunwar Sir Harnam Singh, of
* Kapurthala, Raja Sir Jagatjit Singh, Bahadur, of
* Kapurthala, Raja Sir Randhir Singh, of
* Karaka, Dosabhai Framji
* Karamat Ali, Syad
* Karkaria, Rustomji Pestonji
* Kashmir, Maharaja Golab Singh of
* Kashmir, Maharaja Partab Singh Sadar Mahindar Bahadur
* Kashmir, Maharaja Ranbir Singh, of
* Kavanagh, Thomas Henry
* Kay, Rev. William
* Kaye, Sir John William

## Ke

* Kern, John Henry Caspar
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Victricius

Victricius, St., 8th archbp. of Rouen, friend of St. Martin of Tours (Sulpic. Sev. Dial. iii. 2; Boll. Acta SS. Aug. ii. 194) and St. Paulinus of Nola, to whose letters we owe some details of his life. He became bp. of Rouen before 390, and occupied himself with the conversion of the heathen Morini and Nervii in Flanders and Brabant. He was summoned in 394 or 395 to Britain to assist the bishops there in re-establishing peace, probably in their contest with Pelagianism (Victricius, Lib. de Laude SS., Migne, Patr. Lat. xx. 443). An accusation of heresy, as it seems (cf. Ceillier, viii. 76), brought him to Rome at the close of 403 to defend himself before the pope (Paulinus, Ep. xxxvii. [36], Migne, Patr. Lat. lxi. 353). While there he received, in answer to a request for information, the famous letter of Innocent I. called the Liber Regularum, treating of various heads of ecclesiastical practice and discipline (Patr. Lat. lvi. 519). [INNOCENTIUS.] The church at Rouen flourished under his care. The relics he obtained, the musical services he instituted, and the devotion—under his guidance—of the virgins and widows, caused the city, hitherto unknown, to be spoken of with reverence in distant lands, and counted among cities famed for their sacred spots (Paulinus, Ep. xviii. § 5, Patr. Lat. col. 239). In 409 he was apparently dead (Ep. xlviii. col. 398). (Migne, Patr. Lat. xx. 437, 438; Hist. Litt. ii. 752–754; Le Brun in Boll. Acta SS. u.s.; Gall. Christ. xi. 7.)
An extant treatise or sermon called the Liber de Laude Sanctorum, composed on the occasion of the receipt of some relics from St. Ambrose of Milan, was formerly ascribed to St. Germanus of Auxerre (Hist. Litt. ii. 261, 750), but the discovery of a MS. at St. Gall, in the 18th cent., made it clear that it belonged to Victricius (see Praefatio of the abbé Lebeuf in Migne, Patr. Lat. xx. 437–442) It gives a few details of the condition of the church at Rouen. Paulinus had perhaps read this document (Ep. xviii.).
[S.A.B.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Victurinus

Victurinus (1) (Victor), St., bp. of Grenoble, a correspondent of St. Avitus, of Vienne. Whether churches and church furniture which heretics had made use of could again, by virtue of a fresh consecration, be made serviceable for the orthodox, to which Avitus replies in the negative (Avitus, Ep. vi.), and as to the penalties to be inflicted in the case of marriage with a deceased wife's sister, which were very severe (Epp. xiv. xv. xvi.), are points on which he consulted the archbishop. He is among
the bishops present at the council of Agaunum, in 5I5, if it is to be accepted as genuine, and also at Epaon and Lyons in 517.
[S.A.B.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Vitus

Vitus (1) (Guy), St., a youthful martyr in Diocletian's persecution; the son of a pagan gentleman in Sicily, but secretly trained in Christianity by his nurse Crescentia and her husband Modestus. After the boy had encountered much cruel suffering, they succeeded in carrying him over to Italy, where all three fell victims, either in Lucania or at Rome (Boll. Acta SS. 15 Jun. iii. 491, ed. 1867). He is invoked against sudden death and hydrophobia (ib. App. p. 21 *), and against prolonged sleep and the complaint known as the chorea or dance of St. Vitus (Guérin, Les Pet. Boll. vii. 30). He is also, says Guérin, the patron of comedians and dancers. Two German medical writers, Gregory Horst and John Juncker, of the 17th and 18th cents. respectively, relate how the malady came to take his name (see Rees's Encyclopedia, s.v. "Chorea"). There sprang up, they say, in Germany in the 17th cent., a superstitious belief that by presenting gifts to the image of St. Vitus, and dancing before it day and night on his festival, people ensured themselves good health through the year. The saint's two chapels at Ulm and Ravensberg became more especially noted for the annual resort of these dancing fanatics.
[C.H.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Volusianus

Volusianus (1), C. Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus, joint emperor with his father Gallus, a.d. 251–254. At the end of 251 Gallus was proclaimed emperor after the defeat and death of Decius, which he is said to have caused by his treachery. He associated Volusian with himself in the empire, and, after making peace with the Goths on the shameful terms of allowing them to keep their prisoners and paying them tribute, the emperors proceeded to Rome. Their short reign was marked by the dreadful pestilence which began in Ethiopia and spread over the whole Roman world, and in which Hostilianus, the son of Decius, who had been associated with the Galli in the empire, died. Their numerous medals, bearing representations of Apollo and Juno, the deities of the sun and the air (Eckhel, vii. 357), support the statement of St. Cyprian (Ep. 55 in Migne, Patr. Lat. iii. 805), that they issued an edict, ordering sacrifices to be offered everywhere to appease the wrath of the gods. By refusing to obey the Christians aroused the hatred of the populace. In Africa the cry of "Cyprianum ad leonem" was again raised, and the outbreak of a persecution worse than that of Decius was daily feared (Ep. 54 in ib. 855, 861). Fortunately these fears were not realized. The only overt acts of persecution we certainly know of were confined to Rome. The outbreak was sudden (Ep. 58 in ib. 274), and Cornelius, bp. of Rome, was specially singled out for attack. His flock rallied bravely round him, and some who had fallen away in the Decian persecution distinguished themselves by their firmness (Ep. 37 in ib. 832). He with some of them was banished to Centum Cellae, where he died, probably a natural death, June 253 (see Lipsius, Chron. der röm. Bisch. 207). His successor Lucius was apparently elected in exile but soon allowed to return, the persecution ceasing, probably owing to the outbreak of civil war. There is no clear proof of any severer punishment than exile in this persecution. This is the worst mentioned by the contemporary St. Cyprian and St. Dionysius of Alexandria (in Eus. H. E. vii. 1). In the summer of 253 Aemilianus was proclaimed emperor by his soldiers, and c. Feb. 254 Gallus and Volusianus were murdered by their troops at Torni (Zos. i. 23–28; Zon. xii. 21).
[F.D.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Vigilius Thapsensis

Vigilius (4) Thapsensis, an African bishop mentioned in the Notitia published at the end of the Historia of Victor Vitensis, was present at the conference convened by the Vandal Hunneric in 484. He belonged to the Byzacene province, and was banished by the Vandal king. He seems to have fled to Constantinople, where he wrote against Eutychianism and Arianism. He published one work alone under his own name, viz. his five books against Eutyches, stating very clearly the usual arguments against the Eutychian system. An extremely good and copious analysis of it is in Ceillier (x. 472–485). It is an interesting specimen of 5th and 6th cent. controversy, and shews the evolution of thought among the Eutychians who in his day had not completed or thought out their system. They had not fixed, e.g., on a date for the disappearance of Christ's human nature. A cent. or so later they determined upon the resurrection as the time when the human nature was swallowed up in the divine. Vigilius refers to this in bk. i. as a view taught by some, not by all. In bk. iv. he discusses the Tome of St. Leo and the orthodoxy of the decrees of Chalcedon, and has some remarks, important for liturgiology, on the form of the creed used at Rome ("Creed," D. C. B. 4-vol. ed.). He defends St. Leo on the ground that he quoted the creed used in the Romish church from apostolic times. Vigilius wrote several works under various distinguished names. Thus Chifflet, whose is the best edition (Dijon, 1664) of his writings, attributes to him a dialogue in 12 books on the Trinity, printed among the works of St. Athanasius, a treatise against an Arian called Varimadus published under the name of Idacius Clarus, a book against Felicianus the Arian under that of St. Augustine; and two conferences, in which he represents Athanasius as disputing against Arius before a judge named Probus, who of course gives sentence against Arius. These conferences he published in two editions, one in two books, where Athanasius and Arius alone appear; another in three books, in which Sabellius and Photinus are introduced. His authorship of these conferences is absolutely certain, because in his contra Eutych. (bk. v. p. 58) he speaks of his argument "in eis libris quos adversus Sabellium, Photinum et Arianum sub nomine Athanasii, conscripsimus." Chifflet also ascribes to him a treatise against Palladius, an Arian bishop, printed among the works of St. Ambrose and of Gregory Nazianzen, and also the Acts of the council of Aquileia found among the Epp. of St. Ambrose. The Athanasian Creed has also been attributed to him, chiefly because both in the creed and in his treatise against Eutyches the union of two natures in man is brought forward as an explanation of the union of two natures in the one person of Jesus Christ. Chifflet's edition and elaborate commentary, which includes the works of Victor Vitensis, is reprinted by Migne, Patr. Lat. t. lxii.
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Vincentius

Vincentius (8), presbyter of Constantinople, intimately attached to Jerome, through whose writings we hear of him throughout the last 20 years of 4th cent. Jerome became acquainted with him when he came to Constantinople in 380, from which time Vincentius shared his interests and pursuits. To him, with Gallienus, Jerome dedicated his translation of Eusebius's Chronicle in 382 (Hieron. cont. Joan. Hieros. c. 41). We may therefore suppose he was ordained early in 382. But he never fulfilled the office of presbyter. That he knew Greek and Latin and was interested in general history is shewn by Jerome's preface to the Chronicle of Eusebius. He shared Jerome's admiration of Origen, then at its height, and asked Jerome to translate all his works into Latin. In 382 he accompanied Jerome to Rome, but without intending to stay there. We do not hear of him during Jerome's stay, but they left Rome together in 385 and settled at Bethlehem (cont. Ruf. iii. 22). He shared Jerome's studies and his asceticism and controversial antipathies. He was severe in his judgment upon Vigilantius (Hieron. Ep. lxi. 3, a.d. 396), and co-operated eagerly in the subsequent condemnation of Origenism. In 396 or 397 he went to Rome, for what cause is unknown (cont. Ruf. iii. 24). No doubt he took part in the proceedings against Origenism, in which Eusebius of Cremona and Jerome's Roman friends were actively engaged. On his return to Bethlehem in 400 he was full of the subject. All Rome and Italy, he reported, had been delivered; and his praise of Theophilus of Alexandria as having by his letter to the pope Anastasius procured this deliverance is communicated to that prelate in Jerome's letter (Ep. 88, ed. Vall.) to him, the last mention of Vincentius which we have.
[W.H.F.]