OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cons, Emma

See also Emma Cons on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
CONS, EMMA (1838-1912), English philanthropist, was born in London March 4 1838. As a young woman she studied art, but, owing to an acquaintance with Miss Octavia Hill, became interested in social work, and in particular in questions of housing. She became best known, however, for her work in connexion with Morley College and the Royal Victoria Hall, Waterloo Road, generally known as the “Old Vic.” At one time a well-known theatre, it had degenerated into a disreputable haunt where nothing but the lowest melodramas were played. Miss Cons, whose social work in Lambeth had made her well acquainted with the difficulties of providing decent amusement at a cheap rate for the people of the neighbourhood, obtained an interest in the building about 1880. It was enlarged and improved, the sale of drink was forbidden, and miscellaneous programmes of music, drama, and lectures were embarked upon. In 1882 the wealthy manufacturer and philanthropist Samuel Morley began to take an interest in the affairs of the Hall, and in 1884 he joined the executive committee. He contributed a large amount of money to the scheme, and his unfailing sympathy and practical business advice were of the greatest value. His death in 1886 was a great blow to the work, but his name has been perpetuated in the foundation of the Morley College for working men and women, which developed from the lectures given at the “Old Vic.” Its first vice-principal was Miss Caroline Martineau, a friend and co-worker of Miss Cons, and the institution now has over a thousand members. Miss Cons's work bore fruit after some years in the excellence of the entertainment provided and the high repute which the “Old Vic” attained. In 1889 concert performances of grand opera were started, and in 1896 a chorus was formed, thus making it possible adequately to present the operas. In 1905 symphony concerts were embarked on, and continued for several seasons. Miss Cons was elected to the first London County Council (1888), and was chosen an alderman, but retired owing to difficulties raised as to the right of women to sit. She died at Hever, Kent, July 24 1912.
Her sister, Ellen Cons (1840-1920), was also closely associated with many philanthropic schemes, and was one of the governors of the “Old Vic.” She died in London June 25 1920.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cooper, Sir Richard Powell

See also Sir Richard Cooper, 1st Baronet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
COOPER, SIR RICHARD POWELL, 1st Bart. (1847–1913), English agriculturist, was born Sept. 21 1847. He became a member of the firm of Cooper & Nephews, chemical manufacturers and exporters of pedigree live stock, and achieved a great reputation as a breeder of shorthorn cattle and Shropshire sheep. He rendered great service to the Argentine Republic by supplying it with British live stock. He died at Berkhampstead July 30 1913, being succeeded as 2nd Bart. by his son Richard (b. 1874), M.P. for Walsall from 1910.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rostopchin, Countess

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ROSTOPCHIN, COUNTESS,
Is esteemed highly in her own country as a graceful poetess. A collection of her poems was published at St. Petersburg in 1843, of this work a British critic observes,—"The Countess Rostopchin has given proof of very superior talent in this volume. Though ​none of the pieces are of very great length, and manifest no power therefore in regard to sustained effort, they display imagination, feeling, and originality of thought. Some of the writer's earlier productions might have been omitted without any injury to the collection."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rowe, Elizabeth

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ROWE, ELIZABETH,
Was the daughter of Mr. Walter Singer, a dissenting minister, and was born at Ilchester, in Somersetshire, September 11th., 1674. Her father possessed an estate near Frome, in that county; but he married And settled at Ilchester. Miss Singer gave early promise of genius, and began to write verses when she was only twelve, and also excelled in music and painting. She was very pious, and, at the request of Bishop Ken, wrote her paraphrase on the thirty-eighth chapter of Job. In 1696, she published a volume of poetry, entitled, "Poems on Several Occasions, by Philomela."
Her merit and personal attractions procured her many admirers, among whom was Prior the poet; but she married, in 1709, Mr. Thomas Rowe, and for five years lived with him very happily. He died in 1716, at the age of twenty-eight, and Mrs. Rowe retired to Frome, and spent the remainder of her life in the greatest seclusion. Here she composed most of her works; some of which were "Friendship in Death, or Letters from the Dead to the Living." The intention of this work is to impress the idea of the sours immortality, without which all virtue and religion, with their temporal and eternal consequences, must fall to the ground. About three years afterwards she published "Letters, Moral and Entertaining;" "The History of Joseph," a poem; and after her death, in 1736, the Rev. Dr. Warts, agreeably to her request, revised and published a work she left, called "Devout Exercises of the Heart, in Meditation and Soliloquy, Praise and Prayer."
She possessed a sweetness and serenity of temper that nothing Could ruffle, and great benevolence and gentleness of character. She was unassuming and lovely in her deportment; and her charities bordered on excess. She died February 20th., 1787, aged sixty-three.
Mrs. Rowe was exemplary in all her relations; but in her deportment as a wife and an author, she is worthy of especial regard. She felt it no disparagement to her mind, but rather an increase of glory, when she honoured her husband. Her esteem and affection appeared in all her conduct to Mr. Rowe; and by the most gentle and obliging manners, and the exercise of every social virtue, she confirmed the empire she had gained over his heart. She made it her duty to soften the anxieties, and heighten all the satisfactions, of his life. Her capacity for superior things did not tempt her to neglect the less honourable cares which the laws of custom and decency impose on the female sex, in the connubial state; and much less was she led by a sense of her own merit, to assume anything to herself inconsistent with that duty and submission which the precepts of Christian piety so expressly enjoin.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rosalba, Carriera

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ROSALBA, CARRIERA,
Was born in 1676, at Chiozza, near Venice; and was instructed ​by Giovanni Diamentini, from whom she learned design, and also the art of painting in oil. In that kind of colouring, she copied several of the best masters; but at last applied herself to miniature with extraordinary diligence, being ambitious to arrive at such a degree of perfection In it as might enable her to contribute to the support of her parents. She succeeded to her wish; but after practising miniature-painting with great reputation, she quitted it for crayons, which art she carried to a degree of perfection that few artists have ever been able to attain. In 1709, Frederic the Fourth, King of Denmark, passing through Venice, sat to Rosalba for his portrait, of which, by his order, she made several copies, very highly finished. Soon after, the same monarch employed her to paint twelve portraits of Venetian ladies, which she performed so much to his satisfaction, that he showed her particular marks of his favour, and, besides gifts of great value, paid her with a truly royal munificence. She visited France in company with Pelligrini, who had married her sister; and at Paris had the honour to paint the royal family, with most of the nobility, and other persons of distinction. During her residence there, she was admitted into the academy, to which she presented a picture of one of the muses. On her return to Venice, she continued her profession until she was seventy, when, by incessant application, she lost her sight. She died in 1757. The portraits of Rosalba are full of life and spirit, exceedingly natural, with an agreeable resemblance to the persons represented. Her colouring is soft, tender, and delicate; her tints clear and well united; and she generally gave a graceful torn to the heads, especially to those of her female figures.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rosamond

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ROSAMOND,
Daughter of Walter de Clifford, Lord Hereford, was the favourite mistress of Henry the Second. To conceal this amour from his jealous queen, Eleanor, Henry is said to have removed Rosamond to a labyrinth in Woodstock park, where, however, his wife discovered her and obliged her to take poison. Some authors declare that the fair Rosamond died at Godstow nunnery, near Oxford. She had two sons by Henry, William, sumamed Longsword, and Jeffrey, Archbishop of York.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rossi, Blanche de

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ROSSI, BLANCHE DE,
The wife of Battista de la Porta, of Padua, was a noble, brave, and faithful woman. In 1237, during the war between the Guelfs and Ghibellines, she went with her husband, who was sent as commander of the forces to Bassano, to defend the city against the tyrant Ezzelino.
Blanche fought by the side of her husband in various skirmishes, and upon the walls of the city, and often took the place of his aid-de-camp, when the man was exhausted by his duty. When the city fell into the hands of the enemy by treachery, Battista was killed at the head of his soldiers, fighting to the last. Blanche, tied with cords, was dragged before the conqueror. The tyrant, inflamed by her beauty, offered her liberty and wealth if she would consent to make his house her home. She refused indignantly, and threw, herself out of the window, but, contrary to her expectation, she escaped unharmed, and was again brought before her enemy. She pretended to accept the tyrant's proposals, and made only one condition, that of seeing once more the body of her husband. The tyrant consented, and ordered his guards to accompany her to the grave. When they had arrived at it, and after the heavy stone had been removed, she jumped into the grave and caused the stone (o fall upon and crush her. Thus died the noble wife of Battista.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rossi, Properzia de

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ROSSI, PROPERZIA DE.
It is uncertain when this illustrious artist was born, but various reasons induce us to fix the date towards 1495. The cities of Bologna and Modena still dispute the honour of having produced her; and such is the cloud that rests upon her early days, that it has never been ascertained who were her parents, and some have even been uncertain whether she was a married or single woman—whether the name of Rossi descended to her from a father, or was given by a husband. The latter doubt is entirely set to rest by Georgio Vasari, who, in his biography of celebrated artists, calls Properzia "a virtuous maiden, possessing every merit of her sex, together with science and learning all men may envy."
She began her progress in the arts by learning to draw of Rafmondi, but as the predilection of the age was for sculpture, she soon turned all her attention to that art. Many of her works are still extant and admired. In possession of the Grassi family, at Bologna, is a sculptured representation of our Saviour's passion, where eleven figures are introduced as spectators, each with a characteristic expression, and the whole carved on a peach-stone. She also assisted in the sculptures that adorn the three gates of the façade of St. Petroneus. There is also a very line figure, in marble, of Count Guido di Pepoli, unquestionably her production. She died February 24th., 1530, and Georgio Vasari thus writes:—"The lovely maiden was this day made perfect." All the Bolognese mourned her death, for she was considered a miracle of nature.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rowena

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ROWENA,
According to Nennias, Geoffrey of Monmouth, and others, Rowena was the daughter of the Jutish Captain Hengist. who, summoned by the British king to assist him against his foes, found this country so much to his liking, that he resolved to establish himself in is ​and make it his future home. As Hengist was at this time but thirty years of age, his daughter. must have been quite young; that she was beautiful we may infer from her having won the affections, or, at least, captivated the fancy of Vortigern, who had previously married a British lady of royal birth, and had four children by her. To make way for the fair Saxon he divorced her who was much beloved by the people, and so entailed upon himself a series of troubles which embittered all his after life. Vortigern's first wife was a Christian; Rowena was of course a pagan, and she stipulated before marriage for liberty to exercise her own religion; hence came temples and idol worship, sacrifices and divinations, and a revival of old abominations in the island. And hence, too, came crimes out of number, committed by the British king. One of these was the slaughter of the good Bishop of London, Vodemas, who had the boldness to remonstrate with Vortigern on his wickedness, in dismissing his lawful wife, and marrying an enemy to the Christian faith.
When the monarch was excommunicated by the synod of bishops, for taking to his bed a heathen princess, and eventually deposed for his crimes and follies, he was sent a prisoner into Wales, and Rowena was confined in the Tower of London, where she gave birth to a son, and spent some of the last years of her live. She seems to have preserved great equanimity under this reverse, and to have shewn all through her many difficulties, a firm determination to adhere to the fortunes of her own family, which owed its aggrandizement mainly to her. She is said to have been a skilful poisoner, and to have exercised her craft among others upon her step-son Vortimer, who, on his father's deposition, succeeded to the throne.
There is so much of fiction mixed up with her history, that one scarcely knows how much of it to believe. Some are inclined to regard her as altogether a mythological person, but we cannot do this. Like a star, bright although baneful, she shines out from a dark period of British history, and we must give her a place a our records of remarkable women.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rosa, Anna di

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ROSA, ANNA DI,
Surnamed Annella de Massina, from the name of her master, painted historical pieces with the greatest success. She perished at the age of thirty-six, a victim to the unjust jealousy of her husband.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rosares, Isabella de

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ROSARES, ISABELLA DE,
Preached in the great church of Barcelona, in Spain. In the reign of Paul the Third, Pope of Rome, she went to that city, and by her eloquence she converted many of the Jews to Christianity.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rose, Susan Penelope

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ROSE, SUSAN PENELOPE,
An English portrait-painter, was born in 1652. She was the daughter of Gibson the dwarf, and painted in water-colours with great freedom. The ambassador from Morocco sat to her and to Sir Godfrey Kneller at the same time. She also painted Bishop Burnet in his robes, as Chancellor of the Garter. She died in 1700, aged forty-eight.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Antiphon

From volume 1 of the work.
​ANTIPHON (from the Greek αντιφωνέω, to raise the voice in reply), a short piece of plainsong introduced before a psalm or canticle, to the Tone of which it corresponds, while the words are selected so as specially to illustrate and enforce the evangelical or prophetic meaning of the text.
The following is the antiphon which opens the service of Lauds (corresponding to the English Morning Prayer) on Easter Day, and supplies the evangelical comment on the Psalm which follows it. The same Psalm is sung at the beginning of Lauds every Sunday, but with a different antiphon, suggesting a different application of its contents.
Psalm 92 ( = 93 Eng. Ps.)
The connection of the music of the antiphon with that of the psalm is explained by Durandus from the etymology of the term—'because antiphons are as keys and indices according to the modulation and sound of which the following canticle or psalm is sung alternately. For the tone of the whole psalm is taken from the tone of the antiphon.'
Antiphonal or alternate singing, as in the chanting of psalms verse by verse—or by half verses, as heard by Mendelssohn in Rome during the Holy Week (see his Letter of June 16, 1831)—is of very high antiquity. It was characteristic of the Hebrew and early Christian worship, and is mentioned by Philo in the middle of the first century, describing the Therapeutse (De Vit. Cont.), and has always been more or less practised in the Church.
[ T. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Appassionata

From volume 1 of the work.
​APPASSIONATA (Ital.), 'Impassioned.' Best known by its use in 'Sonata appassionata' as a title for Beethoven's Op. 57. The title was not his, but was added by Cranz the publisher, or some one else. He himself only uses the term twice—in Sonatas Op. 106 and 111.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Applicatio

From volume 1 of the work.
​APPLICATIO and APPLICATUR are respectively the ancient and modern German terms for Fingering. [App. p.523 "See Spitta's Bach, i. 600 (English translation ii. 39 and iii. 385)."]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Arabesque

From volume 1 of the work.
[ E. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Antinori, Luigi

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Antiquis, Giovanni d'

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Appoggiatura, Double

From volume 1 of the work.
​APPOGGIATURA, DOUBLE. (Ital. Appoggiatura doppia; Ger. Doppelvorschlag; Fr. Port de voix double.) An ornament composed of two short notes preceding a principal note, the one being placed above and the other below it. They are usually written as small semiquavers.
The first of the two may be at any distance from the principal note, but the second is only one degree removed from it. They have no fixed duration, but are generally slower when applied to a long note (Ex. 1) than when the principal note is short (Ex. 2); moreover, the double appoggiatura, in which the first note lies at a distance from the principal note, should always be somewhat slower than that in which both notes are close to it (Ex. 3). In all cases the time required for both notes is subtracted from the value of the principal note.
The double appoggiatura is sometimes, though rarely, met with in an inverted form (Ex. 4), and Emanuel Bach mentions another exceptional kind, in which the first of the two small notes is dotted, and receives the whole accent, while the principal note becomes as short as the second of the two small notes (Ex. 5).
The dotted double appoggiatura, written as above, is of very rare occurrence; but it is frequently found in the works of Mozart, Beethoven, etc., written in notes of ordinary size (Ex. 6).
6. Beethoven, Sonata, Op. 53.
[ F. T. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Aprile, Giuseppe

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cushing, Harvey

See also Harvey Williams Cushing on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
CUSHING, HARVEY (1869- ), American surgeon, was born at Cleveland, O., April 8 1869. He graduated from Yale in 1891 and from the Harvard Medical School in 1895. After doing exceptional cerebral surgery abroad under Kocher at Berne and Sherrington at Liverpool he began private practice in Baltimore. Here at the age of 32 he was made associate professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins University, and at the hospital was placed in full charge of cases of surgery of the central nervous system. Yet he found time to write numerous monographs on surgery of the brain and spinal column and to make important contributions to bacteriology. He made (with Kocher) a study of intracerebral pressure and (with Sherrington) contributed much to the localization of the cerebral centres. In Baltimore he developed the method of operating with local anaesthesia, and his paper on its use in hernia gave him a European reputation. He has also made important contributions to the study of blood pressure in surgery. In 1911 he was appointed professor of surgery in the Harvard Medical School and surgeon-in-chief at the Peter Bent Brigham hospital in Boston. In 1913 he was made an hon. F.R.C.S. (London). In 1915, before the Clinical Congress of Surgeons in Boston, he showed the possibility of influencing stature by operating on the pituitary gland. During 1917-9 he was director of a U.S. base hospital attached to the B.E.F. in France. In 1918 he was made senior consultant in neurological surgery for the A.E.F. He held the rank of colonel in the Medical Corps of the U.S. army.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cust, Henry John Cockayne

See also Henry Cust on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
CUST, HENRY JOHN COCKAYNE (1861-1917), English journalist, was born in London Oct. 10 1861. Educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, he entered the House of Commons as Unionist member for Stamford in 1890, but lost the seat in 1895. He was returned for Bermondsey in 1900 and sat till 1906. In 1892 Mr. (afterwards Lord) Astor made him editor of the Pall Mall Gazette, and for four years he held that post with distinction, gathering round him a brilliant staff (see 19.561). In politics and society his personal charm and esprit always gave promise of more than he ever achieved in the way of public life. But in Aug. 1914, at the outbreak of the World War, he founded the Central Committee for National Patriotic Organizations, and a Cust annual lecture “on some important current topic relating to the British Empire” was endowed in Nottingham University to commemorate his work. His Occasional Poems appeared in 1918, printed in Jerusalem. He was heir to the barony of Brownlow, a position which at his death fell to his brother, Adelbert Salusbury Cust (b. 1867). He died in London March 2 1917.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dahn, Julius Sophus Felix

See also Julius Sophus Felix Dahn on Wikipedia, 1911 edition entry, and the disclaimer.
​DAHN, JULIUS SOPHUS FELIX (1834–1912), German historian, jurist and poet (see 7.734), published his complete works of fiction, both in prose and verse, in 1903. The final volume of Die Könige der Germanen appeared in 1911. He died at Breslau Jan. 3 1912.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cummins, Albert Baird

See also Albert B. Cummins on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​CUMMINS, ALBERT BAIRD (1850–), American politician, was born at Carmichaels, Pa., Feb. 15 1850. After leaving Waynesburg (Pa.) College he studied surveying and became assistant chief engineer for a railway. He next studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1875, and for three years practised in Chicago. In 1878 he went to Des Moines and ten years later was a member of the Iowa House of Representatives. He was chairman of the Republican State Committee (1802, 1896), candidate for the U.S. Senate (1894, 1900), member of the Republican National Committee (1896, 1900), and a delegate to the Republican National Convention on four occasions. He was elected governor of Iowa in 1902 and reelected for two succeeding terms. He filled the unexpired term of Senator Allison in 1908, and was reelected to the U.S. Senate in 1909 and 1915. He opposed the nomination of Mr. Taft in 1912, but did not bolt his party. He was specially identified with measures concerning trusts and railways, and had a leading part in drafting the so-called Esch-Cummins bill under which the Government in 1920 handed back to private control the railways of the United States.