OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rawmarsh

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​RAWMARSH, an urban district in the Rotherham parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 71/2 m. N.E. of Sheffield by the Midland railway. Pop. (1891) 11,983; (1901) 14,587. It is situated on the ridge of a hill above the valley of the Don. The church of St Lawrence was rebuilt ​in 1839 with the exception of the Norman tower. Rawmarsh has large iron-works, steel rolling-mills and potteries, and there are collieries in the neighbourhood. At the time of the Conquest the manor was granted to Walter d’Eyncourt, and in the 12th century it was divided among the three daughters of his tenant Ralph Paganel, who is supposed to have been the founder of the church.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rayah

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​RAYAH (Arabic raʽiyah, peasants, subjects, flock, herd, raʽa, to pasture, cf. “ryot,” an Indo-Persian variant of the same word), the name given to the non-Moslem subjects of a ​Mahommedan ruler; all who pay the haraj or poll-tax levied on unbelievers. Five classes of rayahs existed under Turkish rule, -(1) the Greek, or Roum milleti; (2) the Armenian, or Emcni milleti; (3) the Catholic Armenians-eremeni gotoliki milleti; (4) the Latin Christians, or Roum gotoliki milleti;and (5) the Jews, or ichondi milleti. The name rayah is most commonly used of the peasants, but it does not apply only to the agricultural populations. It depended on status, fixed by religious faith.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Spanish Broom

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​SPANISH BROOM, a handsome shrub with long switch-like green few-leaved or leafless branches and large yellow sweet-scented papilionaceous flowers. It is a member of the Pea family (Leguminosae), and known botanically as Spartium junceum. It is a native of the Mediterranean region and the Canary Islands, and is often cultivated. The whole plant, but especially the flower shoots and seeds (herba el semen genistae hispanicae vel junceae), have a bitter taste and tonic and diuretic properties, and were formerly used medicinally. The fibres of the young stems were used in making nets, carpets, mats, baskets, &c.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Spartanburg

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​SPARTANBURG, a city and the county-seat of Spartanburg county South Carolina, U.S.A., about 94 m. N.W. of Columbia Pop. (1890), 5544; (1900), 11,395, of whom 4269 were negroes; (1910 census), 17,517. Spartanburg is served by the Southern, the Charleston & Western Carolina (controlled by the Atlantic Coast line), the Glenn Springs, the Carolina, Clinchfield & Ohio, and inter-urban (electric) railways. It is a thriving city in a cotton-growing and cotton-manufacturing region, about 800 ft. above the sea and 25 m. S.E. of the Blue Ridge. Spartanburg is the seat of Wofford College (Methodist Episcopal, South; founded in 1850 with a bequest of Benjamin Wofford, a local Methodist minister, and opened in 1854), which had, in 1908, 12 instructors and 286 students; also of Converse College (nonsectarian; for women), which was founded by D. E. Converse in 1889, opened in 1890, and in 1908 had 22 instructors and 355 students. An annual musical festival is held here under the auspices of the Converse College Choral Society. Four miles south of the city, at Cedar Spring, is the South Carolina Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Blind, founded as a private institution in 1849 and taken over by the state in 1857. There are gold-mines near the city; and Spartanburg county produces large crops of cotton. Cotton mills are the basis of the city's prosperity, and it has also a large wholesale trade, iron-working establishments, and various manufactures. The value of its factory product was $2,127,702 in 1905, or 33.7% more than in 1900. Spartanburg was founded in 1787, and, although railway communication with Columbia and Charleston was opened in 1859, there was little growth until the establishment of the first cotton mill in the vicinity in 1880; it was chartered as a city in this year.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sparassodonta

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​Sparassodonta, a zoological name applied to a group of primitive carnivorous mammals from the Santa Cruz beds of Patagonia, represented by the genera Borhyaena, Prothylacinus, Amphiproviverra, &c. By their first describer, Dr F. Ameghino, they were regarded as nearly related to the marsupials. They are, however, more probably members of the creodont Carnivora (see Creodonta).
# Scheme: An Interpreter for Extended Lambda Calculus/Bibliography
## BibliographyBibliography

[Bobrow and Wegbreit] Bobrow, Daniel G. and Wegbreit, Ben. "A Model and Stack Implementation of Multiple Environments." CACM 16, 10 (October 1973) pp. 591-603.
[Church] Church, Alonzo. The Calculi of Lambda Conversion. Annals of Mathematics Studies Number 6. Princeton University Press (Princeton, 1941). Reprinted by Klaus Reprint Corp. (New York, 1965).
[Dijkstra] Dijkstra, Edsger W. "Solution of a Problem in Concurrent Programming Control." CACM 8,9 (September 1965) p. 569.
[Fischer] Fischer, Michael J. "Lambda Calculus Schemata." Proceedings of ACM Conference on Proving Assertions about Programs. SIGPLAN Notices (January 1972).
[Galley and Pfister] Galley, S.W. and Pfister, Greg. The MDL Language. Programming Technology Division Document SYS.11.01. Project MAC, MIT (Cambridge, November 1975).
[Greif] Greif, Irene. Semantics of Communicating Parallel Processes. Ph.D. thesis. MAC-TR-154, Project MAC, MIT (Cambridge, September 1975).
[Greif and Hewitt] Greif, Irene and Hewitt, Carl. Actor Semantics of Planner-73. Working Paper 81, MIT AI Lab (Cambridge, 1975).
[Ingerman] Ingerman, P. Z. "Thunks -- A Way of Compiling Procedure Statements with Some Comments on Procedure Declarations." CACM 4,1 (January 1961) pp. 55-58.
[Knuth] Knuth, Donald E. "Additional Comments on a Problem in Concurrent Programming Control." CACM 9,5 (May 1966) pp. 321-322.
[Lamport] Lamport, Leslie. "A New Solution of Dijkstra's Concurrent Programming Problem." CACM 17,8 (August 1974) pp. 453-455.
[MAC] Project MAC Progress Report XI (July 1973 - July 1974). Project MAC, MIT (Cambridge, 1974). ​
[McCarthy] McCarthy, John, et al. LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual. The MIT Press (Cambridge, 1965).
[McDermott and Sussman] McDermott, Drew V. and Sussman, Gerald Jay. The CONNIVER Reference Manual. AI Memo 295a. MIT AI Lab (Cambridge, January 1974).
[Moon] Moon, David A. MACLISP Reference Manual, Revision 0. Project MAC, MIT (Cambridge, April 1974).
[Moses] Moses, Joel. The Function of FUNCTION in LISP. AI Memo 199, MIT AI Lab (Cambridge, June 1970).
[Reynolds] Reynolds, John C. "Definitional Interpreters for Higher Order Programming Languages." ACM Conference Proceedings 1972.
[Smith and Hewitt] Smith, Brian C. and Hewitt, Carl. A PLASMA Primer (draft). MIT AI Lab (Cambridge, October 1975).
[Sussman] Sussman, Gerald Jay, Winograd, Terry, and Charniak, Eugene. Micro-PLANNER Reference Manual. AI Memo 203A. MIT AI Lab (Cambridge, December 1971).
# Schenck v. Knight

Schenck v. Knight, 255 Ark. 1008 (1974), is an appeal from the denial of a petition for writ of habeas corpus. At age 14, appellant Donna Marie Schenck gave birth. In the hospital she allegedly gave up her child to the State. The trial court denied habeas relief, so the child stayed in the State's custody. On appeal, the Arkansas Supreme Court affirmed. Byrd, J., wrote a dissenting opinion, notable for its story about a mother hen he saw "attacking" a bulldozer to protect her brood.
Supreme Court of Arkansas
255 Ark. 1008
Donna Marie SCHENCK, a Minor, et al. v. Janet KNIGHT, Director of Family Services
Appeal from Garland Chancery Court
No. 73-185. --- Delivered: Feb. 3, 1974 [Rehearing denied Mar. 11, 1974].
* Court Documents
* Opinion of the Court
* Dissenting Opinion Byrd
Appeal from Garland Chancery Court, James L. Chesnutt, Chancellor; affirmed.
Frances T. Donovan, for appellants.
Ivan H. Smith and Louis Watts, for appellee.
[Opinion of the court by Justice J. FRED JONES. Dissenting opinion by Justice CONLEY BYRD.]
This work is in the public domain in the U.S. because it is an edict of a government, local or foreign. See § 313.6(C)(2) of the Compendium II: Copyright Office Practices. Such documents include "legislative enactments, judicial decisions, administrative rulings, public ordinances, or similar types of official legal materials" as well as "any translation prepared by a government employee acting within the course of his or her official duties."
These do not include works of the Organization of American States, United Nations, or any of the UN specialized agencies. See Compendium III § 313.6(C)(2) and 17 U.S.C. 104(b)(5).
A non-American governmental edict may still be copyrighted outside the U.S. Similar to {{PD-in-USGov}}, the above U.S. Copyright Office Practice does not prevent U.S. states or localities from holding copyright abroad, depending on foreign copyright laws and regulations.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rheydt

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​RHEYDT, a town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine province, situated on the Niers, 19 m. W. of Dusseldorf, on the main line of railway to Aix-la-Chapelle, and at the junction of lines to Crefeld and Stolberg. Pop. (1905) 40,149. It has two Roman Catholic and two Evangelical churches, a handsome new town hall (1895), a gymnasium, and several technical schools. The principal products of its numerous factories are silk, cotton, woollen and mixed fabrics, velvet, iron goods, machinery, shoes, cables, soap and cigars. Dyeing and finishing, brewing and distilling, are also carried on. Rheydt is an ancient place, but its industrial importance is of very recent growth, and it only received municipal rights in 1856.
See Rheyter Chronik. Geschichte der Herrschaft und Stadt Rheydt (2 vols., Rheydt, 1897); and Strauss, Geschichte der Stadt Rheydt (Rheydt, 1897).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhinthon

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​RHINTHON (c. 323–285 B.C.), Greek dramatist, son of a potter. He was probably a native of Syracuse and afterwards settled at Tarentum. He invented the hilarotiagoedia, a burlesque of tragic subjects. Such travesties were also called phlyaces, (“fooleries”) and their writers phlyacographi. He was the author of thirty-eight plays, of which only a few titles (Amphitryon, Heracles, Orestes) and lines have been preserved, chiefly by the grammarians, as illustrating dialectic Tarentine forms. The metre is iambic, in which the greatest licence is allowed. The Amphitruo of Plautus, although probably imitated from a different writer (Archippus of the Middle Comedy), may be taken as a specimen of the manner in which such subjects were treated. There is no doubt that the hilarotragoedia exercised considerable 'influence on Latin comedy, the Rhinthonica (i.e. fabula) being mentioned by various authorities amongst other kinds of drama known to the Romans. Scenes from these travesties are probably represented in certain vase paintings from Lower Italy, for which see H. Heydemann, “Die Phlyakendarstellungen auf bemalten Vasen,” in Jahrbuch des archäologischen Instituts, i. (1886).
Fragments in monograph by E. Völker (Leipzig, 1887); See also E. Sommerbrodt, De Phlyacographia Graecorum (Breslau, 1875); W. Christ, Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur (1898).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scavenger's Daughter

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​SCAVENGER'S DAUGHTER (corruption of Skevington's or Skefiington's Daughter), an instrument of torture in use during the 16th century in England. It was invented by Sir W. Skevington, lieutenant of the, Tower in the reign of Henry VIII. It consisted of a wide iron hoop which by means of screws was tightened round the victim's body until the blood was forced from the nose and ears, and sometimes even from the hands and feet.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scene

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​SCENE (Fr. scène, Lat. scaena, Gr. σκηνή, a tent or booth, a stage or scene), a word of which the various applications, figurative or otherwise, are derived from its original meaning of the stage or platform in the Greek or Roman theatre together with the structure that formed the background. Thus "scene" was formerly used, as "stage" is to-day, of the actor's profession or of dramatic art; and of the actual performance or representation on the stage, still surviving in such phrases as "the scene opens" or "closes." It is also applied, actually and figuratively, to the place where the action of a play or any series of events take place, and so of any episode or situation in a novel or other narrative or description of events; from this the transition to an excited or violent exhibition of feeling between two or more persons is easy.
Of the specific applications of the word to the drama the main examples are (1) to a division of the play, marked by the fall of the curtain. the “ scene " being a subdivision of an "act," where the play is thus divided, or where there are no acts, of the divisions themselves; (2) to the material which forms the view of the place where the action is supposed to occur, that is, the painted cloths, slides and other apparatus, known as the "scenery," a word which has thus been transferred to a view generally, the appearance of the feature of a natural landscape. Allied words are “ scena," used only in music, of a composition consisting mainly of recitative with accompaniment, forming part of an opera or as an individual composition; and "scenario," a full outline of a play or opera, giving details of the acts, scenes, actors, situations, stage-business, &c.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scent

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​SCENT, an odour or smell, particularly a fragrant liquid distilled from flowers, &c., used as a perfume (see Perfumery). The word should be properly spelled “ sent,” and is derived from the Mid. Eng. verb senten, to scent, to perceive by the sense of smell, Fr. sentir, Lat. sentire, perceive by the senses. The intrusive c appears in the 17th century, and is paralleled by the same in "scythe" for sythe. For the physical causes of the sensation caused by a scent see Smell, and for the anatomy of the organs concerned see Olfactory System.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schack, Adolf Friedrich, Graf von

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SCHACK, ADOLF FRIEDRICH, Graf von (1815-1894), German poet and historian of literature, was born at Brüsewitz near Schwerin on the 2nd of August 1815. Having studied jurisprudence (1834-1838) at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg and Berlin, he entered the Mecklenburg State service and was subsequently attached to the “Kammergericht” in Berlin. Tiring of official work, he resigned his appointment, and after travelling in Italy, Egypt and Spain, was attached to the court
of the grand duke of Oldenburg, whom he accompanied on a journey to the East. On his return he entered the Oldenburg government service, and in 1849 was sent as envoy to Berlin. In 1852 he retired from his diplomatic post, resided for a while on his estates in Mecklenburg and then travelled in Spain, where he studied Moorish history. In 1855, he settled at Munich, where he was made member of the academy of sciences, and here collected a splendid gallery of pictures, containing masterpieces of Genelli, Feuerbach, Schwind, Böcklin, Lenbach, &c., and which, though bequeathed by him to the Emperor William II., still remains at Munich and is one of the noted galleries in that city. He died at Rome on the 14th of April 1894.
Schack was a most productive author; he wrote lyric poems (Gedichte, 1867, 6th ed. 1888); novels in verse, Durch alle Wetter (1870, 3rd ed. 1875) and Ebenbürtig (1876); the dramatic poem Helidor (1878); the tragedies Die Pisaner (1872) and Walpurga and Der Johanniter (1887); and the political comedies, Der Kaiserbote and Cancan (1873). As an historian of literatute and art, he published Geschichte der dramatischen Literatur und Kunst in Spanien (3 vols. 1845-1846, 2nd ed. 1854), Poesie und Kunst der Araber in Spanien und Sicilien (1865, 2nd ed. 1877), which are valuable contributions to literary history. He also produced some excellent translations, e.g. Spanisches Theater (1845); Heldensagen des Firdusi (1851) and Stimmen vom Ganges (1857, 2nd ed. 1877). He also compiled the catalogue and history of his own picture gallery, Meine Gemäldesammlung (7th ed., 1894). His collected works, Gesammelte Werke, were published in six volumes (1883, 3rd ed. in 10 vols. 1897-1899). Nachgelassene Dichtungen were edited by G. Winkler (1896).
See his autobiography, Ein halbes Jahrhundert, Erinnerungen und Aufzeichnungen (3 vols. 1887, 3rd ed. 1894). Cf. further the accounts of Schack by F. W. Rogge (1883), E. Zabel (1885), E. Brenning (1885), W. J. Mannsen (from the Dutch, 1889), and also L. Berg, Zwischen zwei Jahrhunderten (1896).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schafarik, Pavel Josef

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SCHAFARIK (Czech, Šafařík), PAVEL JOSEF (1795-1861), Slavonic philologist, was born of Slovak parents at Kobeljarova, a village of northern Hungary, where his father was a Protestant clergyman. His first production was a volume of poems in Czech entitled The Muse of Tatra with a Slavonic Lyre (Levocza, 1814). In 1815 he began a course of study at the university of Jena, and while there translated into Czech the Clouds of Aristophanes and the Maria Stuart of Schiller. In 1817 he removed to Prague and joined the literary circle of which Dobrovsky, Jungmann and Hanka were members. From 1819 to 1833 he was head master of the high school at Neusatz in the south of Hungary. There he studied Servian literature and antiquities, acquired many rare books and manuscripts, and published a collection of Slovak folk-songs in collaboration with Kollar and others (1823-1827). In 1826 his Geschichte der slawischen Sprache und Literatur nach allen Mundarten appeared at Budapest (2nd ed., 1869). This book was the first attempt to give anything like a systematic account of the Slavonic languages as a whole. In 1833 he returned to Prague, where he spent the remainder of his life. There he published his Serbische Lesekörner oder historisch-kritische Beleuchtung der Serbischen Mundart, and in 1837 his great work Slovanské Starožitnosti (“Slavonic Antiquities”). The “Antiquities” have been translated into Polish, Russian and German; a second edition (1863) was edited by J. Jireček. In 1840 he published in conjunction with Palacký Die ältesten Denkmäler der böhmischen Sprache. In 1837 poverty compelled him to accept the uncongenial office of censor of Czech publications, which he abandoned in 1847 on becoming custodian of the Prague public library. In 1842 he published his Slovanský Národopis, in which he sought to give a complete account of Slavonic ethnology. He was also for some time conductor of the “Journal” of the Bohemian Museum, and edited the first volume of the Vybor, or selections from old Czech writers, which appeared under the auspices of the Prague literary society in 1845. To this he prefixed a grammar of the Old Czech language, Počátková staročeské mluvnice. In 1848 he was made professor of Slavonic philology in the university of Prague, but resigned in 1849. He was then made keeper of the university library. In 1857 he published Glagotitische Fragmente in collaboration with Höfler; but in the same year, as a result of overwork, ill health and family anxieties, he became insane. He was nevertheless continued in his appointment until his death in 1861.
Schafarik's collected works, Sebrané Spisy, were published at Prague, 1862-1865; his Geschichte der südslaivischen Literatur was edited by Jireček in 3 vols. (1864-1865).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vaudeville

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​VAUDEVILLE, a term now generally given to a musical drama of a light, humorous or comic description interspersed with songs and dances. In English usage “vaudeville” is practically synonymous with what is more generally known as “musical comedy,” but in America it is applied also to a music-hall variety entertainment. This modern sense is developed from the French vaudeville of the 18th century, a popular form of light dramatic composition, consisting of pantomime, dances, songs and dialogue, written in couplets. It is generally accepted that the word is to be identified with vau-de-vire, the name given to the convivial songs of the 15th century. This name originated with a literary association known as the “Compagnons Gattois,” i.e. “boon companions” or “gay comrades” in the valley of the Vire and Virène in Normandy. The most famous of the authors of these songs was Olivier Basselin (q.v.). When in the 17th century the term had become applied to topical, satiric verses current in the towns, it was corrupted into its present form, either from à vau le ville, or voix de ville.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vaugelas, Claude Favre, Seigneur de

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​VAUGELAS, CLAUDE FAVRE, Seigneur de, Baron de Peroges (1595–1650), French grammarian and man of letters, was born at Meximieu, department of Ain, on the 6th of January 1595. He became gentleman-in-waiting to Gaston d’Orleans, and continued faithful to this prince in his disgrace, although his fidelity cost him a pension from the crown on which he was largely dependent. His thorough knowledge of the French language and the correctness of his speech won for him a place among the original academicians. On the representation. Of his colleagues his pension was restored so that he might have leisure to pursue his admirable Remarques sur la langue française ​(1647). In this work he maintained that words and expressions were to be judged by the current usage of the best society, of which, as an habitué of the Hôtel de Rambouillet, Vaugelas was a competent judge. He shares with Malherbe the credit of having purified French diction. His book fixed the current usage, and the classical writers of the 17th century regulated their practice by it. Protests against the academical doctrine were not lacking. Scipion Dupleix in his Liberty de la langue française dans sa pureté (1651) pleaded for the richer and freer language of the 16th century, and Francois de la Mothe le Vayer took a similar standpoint in his Lettres à Gabriel Naudi touchant les Remarques sur la langue française. Towards the end of his life Vaugelas became tutor to the sons of Thomas Francis of Savoy, prince of Carignan. He died in Paris in February 1650. His translation from Quintus Curtius, La Vie d'Alexandre (posthumously published in 1653) deserves notice as an application of the author’s own rules.
Bibliography.—See Remarques sur la langue française, edited with a key by V. Conrart, and introductory notes by A. Chassang (Paris, 1880). The principles of Vaugelas’s judgments are explained in the Etudes critiques (7$^e$ serie) of M. Brunetiere, who regards the name of Vaugelas as a symbol of all that was done in the first hall of the 16th century to perfect and purify the French language. See also F. Brunot in the Histoire de la langue et litterature française of Petit de Julleville.