OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Downing, George

Edition of 1905. See also Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​DOWNING, Sir George (1623-84). An English soldier and politician. He was born in Dublin, and was the nephew of Governor John Winthrop, who induced him to complete his education at Harvard College in 1642. Some years afterwards he went to England and served in the Parliamentary army. During the Protectorate, he was a member of both Parliaments, was a leader of the movement for offering the crown to Cromwell, and afterwards was British resident at The Hague. He ingratiated himself with the exiled Stuarts, however, and after the Restoration was instrumental, through his treachery, in arresting three regicides. He was knighted in 1663, and became Secretary of the Treasury and one of the Commissioners of Customs. Downing Street, Whitehall, derives its name from him, and Downing College, Cambridge, from his grandson, Sir George Downing (1684-1749).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Downing College

Edition of 1905. See also Downing College, Cambridge on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​DOWNING COLLEGE. A college of Cambridge University, founded by Sir George Downing, of Gamlingay Park, Cambridge, who died in 1749, leaving his estates to be appropriated to the founding of a college in Cambridge, after various trust provisions had expired. The succession on which the trust depended dying out, a charter was obtained in 1800 for a college devoted especially to the study of law and medicine, for a master, two professors, and sixteen fellows. The original scheme was straitened by costly litigation, and though the buildings were begun in 1807, only two sides of the quadrangle have so far been completed. The statutes were framed in 1805 and altered in 1860. The college had, in 1902, a master, eight fellowships, restricted to law and medicine, and ten scholars.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Downs, The

Edition of 1905. See also The Downs (ship anchorage) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​DOWNS, The. An important English roadstead or shelter for shipping off the southeast coast of Kent, opposite Ramsgate and Deal, between North and South Foreland (Map: England, H 5). It is protected externally by the Goodwin Sands, a natural breakwater with one to four fathoms of water, and often partly dry at low tide. It is resorted to temporarily by outward and homeward bound vessels and by naval squadrons, and is unsafe only in south winds. It is defended by Deal, Dover, and Sandown castles. The Downs were the scene of a victory of the Dutch over the Spaniards in 1639, and of a great naval battle between the Dutch and English in 1666.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Drachenfels

Edition of 1905. See also Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DRACHENFELS, dräG'en-fĕls (Ger., Dragon's Rock). A mountain of Prussia, in the Siebengebirge Range (q.v.), situated on the right bank of the Rhine, about eight miles southeast of Bonn, with an elevation of 1066 feet (Map: Prussia, B 3). It rises abruptly from the river, and is covered with brushwood almost to the top, whence the prospect is magnificent, extending down the river as far as Cologne, and having a charming foreground in Bonn, with its university, and numerous villages and time-worn castles. About half-way up the mountain is the cave, which, according to the legend, was occupied by the dragon slain by Siegfried. Of the mediæval castle of Drachenfels, erected on the summit of the mountain, only a solitary tower remains. The mountain, which has been extensively quarried, is the property of the State, and can be ascended by rail.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Downing, Charles

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Downing (pomologist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​DOWNING, Charles (1802-85). An American nurseryman, the elder brother of A. J. Downing. He was born at Newburgh, N. Y. He was one of those who put nursery gardening on a scientific basis. In fact, his nursery became so much of an experiment station that after the death of his brother (see Downing, Andrew Jackson), with whom he had collaborated, he abandoned commercial horticulture and devoted himself for the remainder of his life to the amplification and revision of The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. His efforts more than doubled the original scope of the volume, and made him until his death a recognized authority throughout the world on all questions pertaining to pomology, horticulture, and tree-growth.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Downpatrick

Edition of 1905. See also Downpatrick on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​DOWN′PAT′RICK, or Down. A municipal borough and cathedral town in the county of Down, Ireland, of which it is the capital (Map: Ireland, F 2). It is situated near the mouth of the Quoyle, at the end of Lough Strangford, 21 miles south-southeast of Belfast, with which town it is connected by railway. The cathedral in its present form was restored in 1790 on the site of one built in 1412 and burned in 1538. Vessels of 100 tons reach the quay a mile from Downpatrick. It has manufactures of linen, muslins, soap, leather, and malt liquors. Population, about 3000. Downpatrick was famous before the arrival of Saint Patrick, who founded religious establishments here. Consult Ecclesiastical Associations of Downpatrick (Belfast, 1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Alexandrian Library

Edition of 1905. See also Library of Alexandria on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ALEXANDRIAN LI'BRARY. The plan for this, the most famous collection of the ancient world, seems to have been formed by Ptolemy I., Soter (died 283 B.C.), perhaps at the suggestion of the Athenian, Demetrius of Phalerum. The development of this plan and the connection of the library with the museum was the work of Ptolemy II., Philadelphus, about 275 B.C., who collected books on a hitherto unknown scale and placed them at the disposal of the learned men gathered in the museum. The management was intrusted to a series of scholars, whose labors led them to a careful study of Greek literary history and the classification of writers, with results of great importance for the transmission of classical texts to our own time. The first librarian was Zenodotus of Ephesus, under whom the poets were arranged. The first catalogue seems to have been the work of Callimachus, and included a classification of the authors, according to their principal themes, as historians, orators, etc. Under each author's name was given a brief biographical sketch, a list of his genuine and spurious works, the opening words of each work, a brief table of contents, and the number of lines occupied in the standard MS. Variations in names or titles were carefully noted. In the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, the number of rolls in the main library was 490,000, and in the annex, in the temple of Scrapis, 42,800. At the time of Cæsar's visit, in 47 B.C., the number had risen to 700,000, of which a large part was consumed in a great fire, which spread from the burning fleet. This loss was in part replaced by the library of Pergamus, which Antony gave to Cleopatra. In Roman times, however, the chief literary centre seems to have been the library in the Serapeum which was destroved when the Christians sacked the temple (390 A.D.). The fate of the rest of the library after the loss of its most valuable part is unknown, but it seems likely that much of it had been lost before the surrender of the city to the Arabs. The story of the destruction of the books by order of the Caliph Omar is now universally discredited, as resting on very unreliable sources. Consult: Ritschl, Die alexandrinischen Bibliotheken, in his Opuscula Philologica I. (Leipzig, 1867-79), and Susemihl, Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur in der Alexandrinerzeit (Leipzig, 1891-92).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ali, ibn Abu Talib

Edition of 1905. See also Ali on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ALI, ibn Abu Talib, ä'lḗ ĭb-nä'bōō tȧ'lēb (c. 600-661). Fourth caliph, cousin of Mohammed, and one of his first converts. Ali became a staunch adherent of Mohammed, and fought bravely and vigorously for him. On the death of Mohammed it was expected that Ali, who had married Fatima, the daughter of the Prophet, would succeed to the caliphate, but he only reached that office on the murder of Othman, the third caliph, in 656. His caliphate was very stormy and full of wars, due to the opposition of Aisha, the young widow of Mohammed, and her party, chief among whom stood Muawiyah, the commander of Syria. At the battle of the Camel, fought at Basra in 656, Aisha was captured, and later Muawiyah was met at the battle at Sitlin. On the 22d of January, 661, Ali was attacked by three members of the Kharijite sect, and murdered at Kufa. Near this city he was buried, and when later a monument was raised to his memory, so many pilgrims came that it became the centre of a city, Masjid Ali. After his death his followers formed themselves into a sect called the Shiite, which numbers about fifteen millions, scattered in Irak, Syria, Afghanistan, India, and in the neighborhood of Medina. Persia is a decidedly Shiite country, while Turkey is Sunnite. The Fatimides, who reigned in Egypt, were believed to be the descendants of Ali and Fatima. Ali was noted for his great knowledge and wisdom. Fleischer published Ali's Hundert Sprüche (“Hundred Maxims”) in the Arabic and Persian texts, with a translation (Leipzig, 1837). The Diwan was published by Kuypers (Leyden, 1745), and later at Bulak in 1840. Some of the maxims and poems attributed to Ali, of course, may be genuine, but the majority of them bear traces of later composition. Consult Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, Vol. I., pp. 43-44 (Weimar, 1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Allen, David Oliver

Edition of 1905. See also David Oliver Allen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ALLEN, David Oliver (1800-63). An American missionary, boin at Barre, Mass. He graduated in 1823 at Amherst College, studied at Andover Theological Seminary, and in 1827 went to Bombay as a missionary. He traveled widely in western India, established schools, directed a new translation of the Bible into Mahratta, and in 1853 returned, much broken in health, to America. His History of India was published at Boston in 1856.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Alexander Ætolus

Edition of 1905. See also Alexander Aetolus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ALEXANDER ÆTO′LUS (Gk. Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Αἰτωλός, Alexandros ho Aitōlos) A Greek poet of the third century B.C. He was born in Ætolia, but lived mainly at Alexandria, where he was considered one of the seven poets of the Alexandrian tragic pleiad. He also wrote short epics, elegies, and epigrams, of which fragments have been preserved. These fragments, published in Bergk's Poetæ Lyrici, attest the cultivated taste of the writer, and prove him one of the immediate predecessors of Callimachus. See Couat's La poésie alexandrine (1882).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Allen, Ebenezer

Edition of 1905. See also Ebenezer Allen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ALLEN, Ebenezer (1743-1806). An American soldier. He was born in Northampton, Mass., and removed to Vermont in 1771. He became a lieutenant in a company of Green Mountain Boys, and during the Revolution served first as captain in and then as major of a battalion of New Hampshire rangers. He was conspicuous for gallantry at the battle of Bennington, and in September, 1777, forced the evacuation of Ticonderoga by his capture of Mount Defiance.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Allen, Edward Patrick

Edition of 1905. See also Edward Patrick Allen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ALLEN, Edward Patrick (18.53—). A Roman Catholic bishop of Mobile, Ala., appointed in 1897. He was born at Lowell, Mass., and after completing a theological course at Mount St. Mary's College, Emmitsburg, Md., was ordained a priest in 1881. Afterward he held a professorship at Mount St. Mary's, and was its president from 1884 until he was consecrated bishop by Cardinal Gibbons. During his administration he relieved the college of its heavy indebtedness, increased its equipment, and enlarged its faculty.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Alexis (dramatist)

Edition of 1905. See also Alexis (poet) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ALEXIS (c. 390–288 B.C.). A Greek dramatist of the period of "Middle Comedy" at Athens, whither he came in early life from Thurii, Italy, his native place. He is said to have written 245 plays, of which some hundreds of lines have come down to us in fragments.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Algazel

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​AL'GAZEL (Al is the Ar. article the). A gazelle; ordinarily the dorcas. See Gazelle.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knapp, Albert

Edition of 1905. See also Albert Knapp on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNAPP, knäp, Albert (1798-1864). A German poet, author of many of the best modern German hymns. He studied theology, and after holding various positions in the Protestant Church became in 1836 the principal clergyman in Stuttgart, where he remained until his death. As a poet Knapp worked chiefly in the religious field, and it was in great measure through his hymns that that long-neglected branch of poetry was brought to new life. Many of his hymns are to be found in the Christoterpe, a periodical edited by him from 1833 to 1853. His other works include Christliche Gedichte (1829), Gedichte, neueste Folge (1843), the Cycles, Hohenstaufen (1839), and Bilder der Vorwelt (1862). To hymnology Knapp contributed his Evangelischer Liederschatz für Kirche und Haus (1837), a valuable collection of Christian hymns of all ages, to which his Christenlieder (1841) forms a
splendid supplement. Consult Gerok, Albert Knapp als schwäbischer Dichter (Stuttgart, 1879).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knebel, Karl Ludwig von

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Ludwig von Knebel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNEBEL, knā'bel, Karl Ludwig von (1744-1834). A German poet and translator, born at the castle of Wallerstein, Bavaria. After studying law at the University of Halle, he served for ten years as an officer in the Prussian army, and in 1774 became tutor to Prince Konstantin at Weimar, and accompanied him and his brother on a journey to France. On this occasion he called upon Goethe at Frankfort, and thus first introduced him to the hereditary Prince Karl August. After the early death of his pupil, he retired in 1779 with the rank of major and a pension for life, and henceforth lived in intimate association with that famous literary circle of which Goethe, Schiller, Herder, and Wieland were the guiding stars. In 1708 he married Luise Rudorff, chamber singer to the Duchess Amalie, retired to Ilmenau, and in 1805 removed to Jena. Although his own poems — Hymnen, Elegien, Lebensblüten in Distichen, and others — are to be commended for their classical purity of form, he
is more especially remembered for his excellent translations of the Elegiæ of Propertius (1798), of the De Rerum Natura of Lucretius (1821), and of Alfieri's tragedy Saul (1829). His highly interesting correspondence with Goethe, Briefwechsel mit Goethe, was edited by Guhrauer (Leipzig, 1851).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knight, Charles Parsons

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Parsons Knight on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNIGHT, Charles Parsons (1829-97). An English artist born at Bristol, and a pupil of the Academy there. His first works were studies of scenery in Somerset and Devon; afterwards he painted “Durham from the North” (1857), and “The Stone Walls of Old England” (1861).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knight, Edward Henry

Edition of 1905. See also Edward H. Knight on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNIGHT, Edward Henry (1824-83). An American mechanical expert. He was born in London, England, studied surgery, engraving, mechanics, and civil engineering, and came to the United States in 1845. He settled in Cincinnati, where he became a patent lawyer. In 1863 he accepted a position in the Government patent office in Washington. He was a member of the international juries at the World's Fairs in Philadelphia and Atlanta, was United States commissioner to the World's Fair in Paris in 1878, and was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor by the French Government. He founded the Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office; edited the Reports of the Paris Exposition; and published, besides many official reports of value, the American Mechanical Dictionary (1876) and the New Mechanical Dictionary (1884).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knapp, Georg Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Georg Friedrich Knapp on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNAPP, Georg Friedrich (1842—). A German economist and statistician, born at Giessen. He was educated at Munich, Berlin, and Göttingen. At the age of twenty-five he became head of the statistical bureau of Leipzig, and two years afterwards (1869) became professor of economics at the University of Leipzig. In 1874 he went to Strassburg as professor of political economy. His works are mostly on the question of population and the history of agriculture: Ueber die Ermittelung der Sterblichkeit (1860); Theorie des Bevölkerungswechsels (1874); Die Bauernbefreiung und der Ursprung der Landarbeiter in den ältern Teilen Preussens (1887); Die Landarbeiter in Knechtschaft und Freiheit (1891); and Grundherrschaft und Rittergut (1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knaus, Ludwig

Edition of 1905. See also Ludwig Knaus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNAUS, knous, Ludwig (1829-). A German genre painter of the younger Düsseldorf school, born at Wiesbaden. He was the pupil of Sohn and Schadow in Düsseldorf, and afterwards studied in Paris and traveled in Italy. From 1874 to 1884 he was professor at the Berlin Academy. He eventually became one of the most popular and widely known painters of humorous genre subjects, usually rustic scenes. These works are characterized by obvious feeling and sharp delineation of character. Technically he is a skillful artist and excellent colorist. His works include: “His Highness Upon His Travels,” “The Golden Wedding,” “The First Profit,” “I Can Wait,” “In Great Distress,” “Children's Festival,” National Gallery, Berlin; and “Holy Family,” and “None But the Cats,” in the Metropolitan Museum in New York City. Among his portraits are those of Helmholtz and Mommsen, in the Berlin Gallery.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knight, Ellis Cornelia

Edition of 1905. See also Cornelia Knight on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNIGHT, Ellis Cornelia (1757-1837). An English author, daughter of Rear-Admiral Sir Joseph Knight. At his death (1775) his widow and child went to live in Italy, and when her mother also died, Cornelia returned to England in charge of her friends, Lady Hamilton and Admiral Nelson (1799). She was companion to Queen Charlotte (1805-13), afterwards to the Princess of Wales, and her autobiography, not written to gratify the craving for details of Court life, is valuable on account of its reliable narration of facts. It was edited and published posthumously (1861), and her other books, are: Dinarbas (1790); two heavy romances, Marcus Flaminius (1792) and Sir Guy de Lusignan ( 1833); her chief work, A Description of Latium or La Campagna di Roma (1805); besides a volume of prayer and hymns from the German (1832). The last twenty years of her life were spent abroad, and she died in Paris.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knabl, Joseph

Edition of 1905. See also Joseph Knabl and Karl Knabl on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNABL, knä´b'l, Joseph (1819-81). An Austrian sculptor, born at Fliess, Tyrol. The son of a poor peasant, he tended cattle when a boy, was first instructed by the wood-carver Franz Renn at Imst, and afterwards in Munich by Entres and Anselm Sickinger. Deeply interested in mediæval German wood-sculpture, the revival of which he made his chief aim, he studied its best specimens in Bavaria, Tyrol, and on the Rhine, and afterwards produced in Munich a series of sterling works in wood and marble, the most remarkable of which is the “Coronation of Mary,” on the high altar in the Frauenkirche. He was a member of the Academy, at which a special chair was created for him in 1863, and for many years was director of Meyer's Institute for Ecclesiastic Art. — His son Karl (1850—), born in Munich, first practiced sculpture under his father's tuition, but became a genre painter as a pupil of Piloty. His effective and frequently humorous genre scenes include “The Robbed Miser” (1874), “An Undiscovered Genius” (1879), and “Poachers” (1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Klüber, Johann Ludwig

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Ludwig Klüber on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KLÜBER, klụ'bẽr, Johann Ludwig (1762-1837). A German publicist, born at Tann, near Fulda. He was professor of law at the universities of Erlangen (1786-1804) and Heidelberg (1807-08), held high positions in the Government service at Karlsruhe (1804-07 and 1808-17), and was in Vienna during the Congress of 1814-15, collecting the Akten des Wiener Kongresses in den Jahren 1814 und 1815 (1815-19), of which the most important portions were reprinted separately under the title Quellensammlung zu dem öffentlichen Rechte des Deutschen Bundes (1830). In 1817 he entered the Prussian service, and was appointed Privy Councilor in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs under Hardenberg, whom he accompanied to the Congress at Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), and he took an important part in other political negotiations at Frankfort and Saint Petersburg. When, at the appearance of the second edition of his Oeffentliches Recht des Deutschen Bundes und der Bundesstaaten, in 1822, book and author became the objects of political vilification, he resigned his post and retired to Frankfort. The more important of his other writings are: Le droit des gens moderne de l'Europe (1819, 2d ed., 1874); Abhandlungen und Beobachtungen für Geschichtskunde, Staats- und Rechtswissenschaften (1830-34); and Pragmatische Geschichte der nationalen und politischen Wiedergeburt Griechenlands (1835).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knight, John Prescott

Edition of 1905. See also John Prescott Knight on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNIGHT, John Prescott (1803-81). An English portrait painter, born at Stafford. After studying privately, he entered the Royal Academy as a student in 1823, and exhibited two portraits there the following year. In 1828 his “Whist Party” and “List, ye Landsmen” were hung at the British Institution. In 1835 he appeared with “Tam o' Shanter” at the Royal Academy, of which he became an associate in 1836, and professor of perspective (1839-60). From such subjects as “The Pedlar” (1831); “Auld Robin Gray” (1829 and 1833); and “Sunset” (1834), he returned to portraits in large groups, such as the “Waterloo Banquet” (1842) and “Peninsular Heroes” (1848), as well as single portraits of the “Duke of Wellington” for the London City Club, “Duke of Cambridge” for Christ's Hospital, and “Sir George Burrows” for Saint Bartholomew's Hospital. He was secretary of the Royal Academy (1848-73), and exhibited there for the last time in 1878, “A Sandy Hillside.”