OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Thomas Abel

See also Thomas Abel on Wikipedia; Thomas Abel in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​Abel, Thomas, a Roman Catholic divine during the reign of Henry VIII., was an Englishman, but when or where born does not appear. He was educated at Oxford, where he passed B.A. on 4th July 1513, M.A. on 27th June 1516, and proceeded D.D. On 23d June 1530 he was presented by Queen Catherine to the rectory of Bradwell in Essex, on the sea-coast. He had been introduced to the court through the report of his learning in classical and living languages, and accomplishments in music; and he was appointed domestic chaplain to Queen Catherine. It speaks well both for the chaplain and his royal mistress, that to the last he defended the outraged queen against "bluff King Hal." The Defence, "Invicta Veritas," was printed at Luneberge in 1532. This pungent little book was replied to, but never answered, and remains the defence on Queen Catherine's part. Abel was ensnared, as greater men were, in the prophetic delusions and ravings of Elizabeth Barton, called the "Holy Maid of Kent." As belonging to the Church of Rome, he inevitably opposed Henry VIII.'s assumption of supremacy in the church. Ultimately he was tried and condemned for "misprision of treason," and perished in the usual cruel and ignoble way. The execution, as described, took place at Smithfield on July 30, 1540. If we may not concede the venerable and holy name of martyr to Abel—and John Foxe is passionate in his refusal of it—yet we must hold that he at least fell a victim to his unsparing defence of his queen and friend, the "misprision of treason" having been a foregone conclusion. In stat. 25, Henry VIII., c. 12, he is described as having "caused to be printed and set forth in this realme diverse books against the divorce and separation." Neither the Tractatus nor the "diverse books" are known.—Dodd, Church History, Brussels, 1737, folio, vol. i. p. 208; Bourchier, Hist. Eccl.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Thomas Ellwood

See also Thomas Ellwood on Wikipedia; Thomas Ellwood on Wikipedia; Thomas Ellwood in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ELLWOOD, Thomas (1639–1713), an English author, chieﬂy celebrated from his connection with Milton, was born at Crowell, in Oxfordshire, in 1639. The principal facts of his life are related in a very interesting autobiography, which contains much information as to his intercourse with the poet. While he was still young his father removed to London, where Thomas became acquainted with a Quaker family named Pennington, and was led through their inﬂuence to connect himself with the Society of Friends. The change was very distasteful to his father, and the autobiography gives a full account of the persecution to which he was subjected on account of it. It was through the Penningtons that he was introduced in 1661 to Milton in the capacity of Latin reader. He spent nearly every afternoon in the poet's house in Jewin Street, until the intercourse was interrupted by an illness which compelled him to go to the country. After a period of imprisonment at Aylesbury for Quakerism, Ellwood resumed his visits to Milton, who was now residing at a house his Quaker friend had taken for him at Giles Chalfont. It was during this residence in the Country that the poet gave him the manuscript of the Paradise Lost to read, and did him the honour of asking his opinion of it. In returning the manuscript Ellwood suggested "Paradise Found" as a subject; and when Milton long afterwards in London showed him Paradise Regained, it was with the remark, "This is owing to you, for you put it into my head at Chalfont."
Ellwood was the author of several polemical works, of which Forgery no Christianity (1674) and The Foundation of Tithes Shaken (1682) deserve mention. His Sacred Histories of the Old and New Testaments appeared in 1705 and 1709. He died in 1713. His autobiography was published in the following year. Another edition appeared in 1791.|1}}
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Thomas Bruce, Seventh Earl of Elgin

See also Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin on Wikipedia; Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, on Wikipedia; Earls of Elgin and Kincardine in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ELGIN, Thomas Bruce, Seventh Earl of (1766–1841), was born July 20, 1766, and succeeded his brother in the Scotch earldoms of Elgin and Kincardine when only seven years of age. He was educated at Harrow and Westminster, and, after studying for some time at the university of St Andrews, he proceeded to the Continent, where he prosecuted the study of international law at Paris, and of military science in Germany. When his education was completed he entered the army, in which he rose to the rank of general. His chief attention was, however, devoted to diplomacy. In 1792 he was appointed envoy at Brussels, and in 1795 envoy extraordinary at Berlin; and from 1799 to 1802 he was envoy extraordinary at the Porte. It was during his stay at Constantinople that he formed the purpose of removing from Athens the celebrated sculptures now known as the Elgin Marbles. His doing so was censured by some as vandalism, and doubts were also expressed as to the artistic value of many of the marbles; but he completely vindicated himself in a pamphlet published in 1810, and entitled Memorandum on the Subject of the Earl of Elgin’s Pursuits in Greece. In 1816 the collection was purchased by the nation for £36,000, and placed in the British Museum, the outlay incurred by Lord Elgin having been more than £50,000. Lord Elgin was a Scotch representative peer for fifty years. He died at Paris, November 14, 1841.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Thasos

See also Thasos on Wikipedia; Thasos in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
In 1858 the population, distributed in ten villages, was estimated at 10,000. The people are Greek Christians, and do not differ in appearance from the inhabitants of the other Greek islands. The villages are mostly situated at some distance from the sea; for the island suffered from pirates up to a time within living memory. In the early part of this century sentinels stood on duty night and day, and at a signal of alarm the whole population, including the Turkish aga himself, used to hide in the woods. For a description of the island and its remains of antiquity, see A. Conze, Reise auf den Inseln des thrakischen Meeres, Hanover, 1860.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/The Bollandist Fathers

See also Bollandist on Wikipedia; Bollandists at Wikipedia; Bollandists in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
famous Ada Sanctorum. During the Roman Catholic revival in the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries a great number of martyrologies were published, and it occurred to a Jesuit father, Heribert Rosweyd, to collect all the various legends about the martyrs and saints of the church into one great standard martyrology, which he proposed should fill 1 8 vols. folio. Rosweyd die d in 1 629 without having been able to carry out his plan. His idea however, was taken up by John Bolland, a Jesuit father of the Low Countries, who had settled in Antwerp. He began an extensive correspondence, writing to every one throughout Europe who he supposed was able to help him The public libraries and the libraries of convents and churches were thoroughly examined for MSS. about saints and martyrs, and so much material was found that the original plan of the work was soon widened. The ground- plan of the undertaking was to form a huge calendar, giving the life and deeds of each saint under the heading of the day set apart by the church for his honour. In 1643 the first two volumes were published, containing the saints days in January. Bolland died soon after the beginning of his labour, but not until he had seen the work fairly started ; other deaths followed, but the work was prosecuted in accordance with the original plan, and went on pros perously until 1773, when the troubles which then overtook the Jesuits affected the Bollandists also. The little com pany struggled on, however, amid many difficulties until 1794, when they were dispersed ; and the whole of the MS. collections were destroyed during the French invasion of the Netherlands. At this time 54 vols. had been pub lished, bringing the work down to the 15th of October. ​In 1837 three Jesuit fathers made proposals to continue the Ada according to the original plan, and in 1838 pub lished a programme under the title De proaecutione operis Boilandiani. They made some progress with the under taking, but their work is much inferior to the earlier Ada. The 54 vols. of the older Bollandists, along with 6 vols. of the continuation, were published at Paris and Home in
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tharrawaddy

See also Tharrawaddy on Wikipedia; Tharrawaddy in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
THARRAWADDY, a district in the Pegu division of Burmah, with an area of 2014 square miles. It lies between 17 30 and 18 40 N. lat. and between 95 20 and 96 10 E. long., and is bounded on the N. by Prome, on the E. by the Pegu Yoma range, on the S. by Hanthawaddy, and on the W. by Henzada. The Pegu Yoma range separates Tharrawaddy from Toungu district, and forms the water-parting between the rivers Irrawaddy and Sittang; there are also many small elevations. The Irrawaddy, which traverses the district for 46 miles, is the principal navigable river. Another important river is the Hlaing, which runs through the district from north to south, receiving from the east, through numerous channels, the drainage of the Pegu Yoma Mountains, which fertilizes the plain on its eastern bank. There are twenty-three teak forests and four fuel reserves in the district, covering an area of 817 square miles. Among the wild animals generally found in the mountains are the elephant, rhinoceros, bison, and various kinds of feathered game.
In 1881 the population was returned at 278,155 (males 143,413, females 134,742), of whom 1985 were Hindus, 1110 were Mohammedans, 270,552 were Buddhists, whilst Christians and aborigines numbered 2363 and 2135 respectively. The area under cultivation in 1885-86 comprised 323,542 acres, and that available for cultivation 186,002 acres; forests occupied 364,524 acres. The chief pro ducts of the district are rice, sesamum, tobacco, sugar-cane, cotton, and fruits. The gross revenue of Tharrawaddy in 1885-86 was 85,254, of which the land yielded 51,523. The history of the district is identical with that of HEXZADA (q.v.). Tharrawaddy was formed in 1878 out of that portion of Henzada lying east of the Irrawaddy. Its headquarters are at Thoon-tshay, on the stream of the same name.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Thayetmyo

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THAYETMYO, a district in the Irrawaddy division of Burmah, having an area of 2397 square miles, and lying between 18° 50 and 19° 30 N. lat. and between 94° 30 and 95° 50 E. long. It is bounded on the N. by the newly acquired territory of Burmah, on the E. by Toungú district, on the S. by Prome, and on the W. by Sandoway. On the west is the Arakan Yoma range, and on the east the Pegu Yoma; and the face of the country, where it does not rise into mountains, is everywhere broken by low ranges of hills, many of which are barren and destitute of all vegetation. The greater part of the district is wooded, and the Yomas east and west are covered with forests now mostly preserved. The chief river is the Irrawaddy, which traverses Thayetmyo from north to south. The country is well drained; the drainage finds its way to the Irrawaddy by three main streams (the Pwon, Ma-htún, and Ma-de) on the west, and by two (the Kye-nee and Bhwot-lay) on the east. Several salt and hot springs occur in many localities of the district; petroleum is also found, and extensive lime quarries exist a few miles south of Thayetmyo. The principal wild animals are leopards, wild cats, barking deer, elephants, rhinoceroses, tigers, black bears, and wild hogs. Silver pheasants and partridges are found in large numbers, especially in the mountains.
In 1881 the number of inhabitants in the district was 169,560 (males 87,308, females 82,252); Hindus numbered 2620, Mohammedans 1861, Christians 2349, and Buddhists 148,629. The chief town is Thayetmyo, with a population (1881) of 16,097; it is situated in 19° 18 43" N. lat. and 95° 15 40" E. long., on the right bank of the Irrawaddy. Of the total area of 1,534,080 acres, only 108,167 were under cultivation in 1885–86; 547,631 were available for cultivation; and forests occupied 256,256 acres. The chief products are rice, cotton, oil seeds, and tobacco; cutch is also very abundant, and the manufacture of the dye-stuff is carried on extensively. Coal has recently been found in the district, and earth oil-wells exist, but neither coal nor oil has yet been extracted in any quantity. The revenue of the district in 1885–86 was returned at £36,702, of which the land contributed £10,482. On the annexation of Pegu by the British in 1852–53, Thayetmyo was formed into a subdivision of Prome district; and in 1870 it was erected into a separate jurisdiction and placed under a deputy-commissioner.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/The Caracal

See also Caracal on Wikipedia; Caracal at Wikipedia; Caracal in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
Lynxes characterized by comparative slenderness of body and length of tail and ears. It is somewhat larger than a fox, of a uniform reddish brown colour above, and whitish beneath, with two white spots above each of the eyes, and with a long black tuft of hair at the tip of the ears, the latter, according to Sir W. Jardine, being only present in spring, or at the commencement of the breeding season. It is to the ear-tufts that it owes its name, which is derived from two Turkish words signifying “black-ear.” The caracal is widely distributed, being found throughout Africa and South-western Asia. It feeds on the smaller quadrupeds and birds, hunting the former in packs after the manner of wolves, and climbing trees in pursuit of the latter. It is said also to resemble the jackal in following in the wake of the lion and other large carnivora, in order to feed on what those lords of the lower creation may leave, and on this account has received the name of the " lion s provider." Like the cheetah, it was formerly trained by Eastern princes to hunt the smaller quadrupeds, and such birds as the crane and pelican ; but from its fierceness, and the extreme irritability which it displays in confine ment, it does not seem well-fitted for domestication. ​Frequent reference is made in Greek and Roman literature to the lynx, and from such descriptions as are given of it there is little doubt that the caracal, and not the more northerly species now known as the lynx, was referred to. In South Africa, where the caracal abounds, its hide is made
# English for Teachers/Unit 1/Chapter 1

​Unit 1
Chapter 1
'be' verb, Present Tense (p. 428)
Korea is already overcrowded.
The earth's resources are abundant.
Simple Present Tense (p. 438)
Man now faces a "people crisis."
* Dialogue A: What time is it? B: It's…. Oh no! A: What's the matter? B: This crazy watch never works. A: Really? B: Yes. And it's brand new.
* Exchanges A: Is he an American? B: No, he's a Canadian. A: Whose English text is this? B: It's Mr. Kim's, but go ahead and use it. A: Australia's a prosperous country, isn't it? B: Yes, and the population is small. A: Doesn't he live in Inchon? B: No. He works in Inchon, but he lives in Seoul.
* Quotations You are what you eat. - N.O. Brown, Love's Body An educated woman ceases to be the slave of man and nature. Education is, in the fullest sense of the word, emancipation. - Population Explosion
# English for Teachers/Unit 1/Chapter 3

​Unit 1
Chapter 3
Commands (p. 454) Take a look around you.
Direct Quotations
"The future is in our hands," the scientist says.
* Some common classroom commands: Open your books. Be quiet. Stand up. Sit down. Come to the blackboard. Sit up straight. Attention. Bow. Pay attention. Open the door/window/your books. Close the door/window/your books. Put your books in your desk. Look at page _____. A: She's upset about something. B: Just leave her alone. A: Brush off your coat. B: Is something on it? A: Yes. I think it's chalk dust. A: Please sit up straight. B: I'm sorry. I'm tired.
** Practice giving these commands politely with "please" or with proper intonation and stress.
** Exchanges
* Proverbs Practice what you preach. Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today. Speak softly but carry a big stick. Don't look a gift horse in the mouth.
* Reading The Japanese have a big problem. The air in their cities is often heavily polluted. It is increasingly difficult to find a breath of fresh air anywhere in Japan. When residents of Tokyo want some clean air, they sometimes look for special oxygen machines along the sidewalks. A sign on the machine says, "Fresh Country Air. Please deposit 100 yen." The Tokyoite deposits .'his money, places a mask-over his face, and breathes deeply. This situation is unusual. However, pollution-free environments are disappearing rapidly. Says a well-known scientist, "Dirty air is the number one health hazard in our cities today."
* Writing With the cues given below, making sentences that include a command and a direct quotation. ex. policeman/stop/car "Stop the car," says the policeman.
** teacher/study/hard
** mother/cry/don't
** teacher/look/books
** host/here/sit
** taxi driver/100 won/give
** doctor/every two hours/take
** principal/come/7:00/school
** policeman/I.D. card/show
** Mr. Kim/look/monkey
** child/candy/give
** Miss Lee/where/going
** customer/how much/cost
# English for Teachers

English for Teachers
peace corps/korea
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| | | page |
| PREFACE | | i |
| DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMAT | DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMAT | ii |
| SUGGESTIONS FOR USING THIS MATERIAL | SUGGESTIONS FOR USING THIS MATERIAL | iii |
| UNIT 1 | ENVIRONMENT | 1 |
| Chapter 1 | present of 'be' | 2 |
| | simple present tense | |
| Chapter 2 | adverbs | 4 |
| | frequency words | |
| | the connective 'when' | |
| Chapter 3 | commands | 6 |
| | direct quotations | |
| Chapter 4 | time and place | 8 |
| | the connective 'however' | |
| Chapter 5 | 'because' and 'since' | 10 |
| | the expletive 'there' | |
| UNIT 2 | CONTEMPORARY LIVING | 12 |
| Chapter 1 | regular past | 13 |
| | possessives | |
| | past of 'do' | |
| | 'before' and 'after' | |
| Chapter 2 | past of 'be' | 15 |
| | cardinal and ordinal numbers | |
| Chapter 3 | the definite article | 17 |
| | indefinite articles | |
| | 'one' and 'the other' | |
| | compound nouns | |
| Chapter 4 | count and noncount nouns | 19 |
| | object pronouns | |
| Chapter 5 | irregular past | 21 |
| UNIT 3 | CAREERS | 24 |
| Chapter 1 | present continuous | 25 |
| | future with 'going to' | |
| Chapter 2 | present perfect | 27 |
| | passive | |
| | 'get' with past participle | |
| Chapter 3 | past continuous | 30 |
| | the connective 'while' | |
| Chapter 4 | adjectives used as complements | 32 |
| | after direct objects | |
| | past participles as modifiers | |
| | adjectives in -ing | |
| Chapter 5 | review reading | 35 ​ |
| UNIT 4 | HEALTH | 37 |
| Chapter 1 | future | 38 |
| | requests with 'will you' and 'won't you' | |
| Chapter 2 | uses of 'would' | 40 |
| | 'used to' | |
| Chapter 3 | modals | 43 |
| Chapter 4 | 'shall we' and 'let's' | 46 |
| Chapter 5 | be + noun/adjective + verb | 49 |
| | 'by' and 'until' | |
| UNIT 5 | EDUCATION | 53 |
| Chapter 1 | comparisons | 54 |
| Chapter 2 | adverbials | 57 |
| Chapter 3 | linking verbs | 59 |
| Chapter 4 | verbs with to + verb | 61 |
| Chapter 5 | review reading | 63 |
| UNIT 6 | ADVENTURE AND TRAVEL | 65 |
| Chapter 1 | reflexives | 66 |
| Chapter 2 | two-word verbs | 67 |
| Chapter 3 | gerunds | 69 |
| Chapter 4 | conditionals | 71 |
| Chapter 5 | subjunctives | 73 |
| UNIT 7 | THE COMMUNICATIVE POWERS OF MAN | 76 |
| Chapter 1 | 'It' in subject position | 77 |
| Chapter 2 | statements connected with 'and...too' and 'and... either' | 79 |
| Chapter 3 | qualifiers | 81 |
| Chapter 4 | complements | 83 |
| Chapter 5 | connectors | 85 |
| UNIT 8 | | 87 |
| Chapter 1 | relative pronouns | |
| | relative word in clauses as complements | |
| | relative word in clauses as subjects | |
| | nonrestrictive clauses | |
| Chapter 2 | comprehensive review | 91 |
| Chapter 3 | comprehensive review | 93 |
| Chapter 4 | comprehensive review | 95 |
| Chapter 5 | comprehensive review | 98 |
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# English for Teachers/Preface

​PREFACE
English for Teachers was designed to aid Peace Corps Volunteers and Korean teachers of English in their effort to improve the quality of English language instruction in Korea. In cooperation with the Korean Ministry of Education, Peace Corps Korea participates in retraining workshops which presently involve 2,500 Korean teachers of English per year. This text was developed in an effort to standardize the workshop curricula throughout the provinces and to increase the effectiveness of the program.
What follows is not a complete course in English nor was it intended to be. It is an ordered review of the main grmmar points of English and a sample of the variety of ways these may be incorporated into the classroom. As such, it is a framework from which all participants in the program can develop English language materials. It should also serve as an instrument of evaluation.
The principal author of English for Teachers is Daniel D. Holt, Teacher Training Program Advisor for Peace Corps Korea. He was responsible for the design and development of these materials. He depended heavily upon a group of Peace Corps Volunteers who contributed much time and talent to this text. They were Philip and Sandra DeAngelis, Mary Davidson, Charles and Norma Shelan, and Robert Snyder.
We are grateful to Paul Hoff for the attractive cover design and for tedious long hours of proofreading. Appreciation is also due to Lou Spaventa for his advice on the original manuscript and to Kim Joung Sook for her typing and her patience.
We wish also to express our gratitude for the continual support of Korean Ministry of Education officials Messrs. Rhee Choon Ji and Kim Duk Ki, of the Superintendents of the Provincial Boards of Education, and of the English Supervisors,Messrs. Ju Heung Sup, Yoo Jae Sin, Lee Yang Woo, Choi Ip Kee, Choe Jong Keun, Hong Tae Hyu, Chi Hee June, Kim Yong Ho, Chung Chan Young, Hwang Woo Suk, and Lee Hyuk Sun.
William P. Reich Education Officer, Peace Corps Korea Seoul, June 29, 1974
# English for Teachers/Unit 1/Chapter 2

Adverbs (p. 464)
Korea is already overcrowded. Fortunately, there is a solution.
Population growth (continues rapidly.
Frequency Words (p. 466)
never/ seldom/occasionally /often/usually/always
The Connective When (p. 470)
When I have time, I usually play pingpong.
* Exchanges A: How often does he speak English? B: Only when he meets an American. A: Do you ever play tennis? B: Sure, when it's not too hot. A: Ms. Park isn't here yet, is she? B: No, this is strange. She's always on time. A: Isn't he here yet? B: He's usually late when it rains.
* Quotations The accumulation of knowledge is the source of all wealth. - Population Explosion Austerity is elegance. - Ahn Pil Jae
* Activity
* often
* always
* usually
* never
* seldom
* sometimes
* Activity Practice the following exchange with the cues listed below. ex. letters in English A: Do you ever (write letters in English)? B: Yes, I (often) do. coffee without sugar classical music to school by taxi tea without cream to the beach in the winterraw fishto school on timevisual aids in the classroom
* Riddle I am very unhappy lately. I live in a river but my home is not clean or comfortable. Lately my eyes burn and I am short of breath. Most of my friends are dead now. People seldom catch and eat us any more. What am I? What's the problem?