OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charles River

Edition of 1905. See also Charles River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CHARLES RIVER. A river of eastern Massachusetts (Map: Massachusetts, E 3). It rises in the western part of Norfolk County in a number of small headstreams which connect small lakes, and, pursuing a zigzag northeasterly course, empties into Boston Harbor. In the middle and lower parts of its 47-mile course, the Charles is very attractive for boating excursions. The chief towns on its banks are the Newtons, Waltham, Watertown, Cambridge, Brookline, and Boston. Below Watertown the stream is tidal, and between Cambridge on one side and Boston on the other it widens into an estuary, part of which has been filled in, and is known as Back Bay.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charles XI.

Edition of 1905. See also Charles XI of Sweden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CHARLES XI. (1655-97). King of Sweden from 1660 to 1697. He was the son of Charles X. and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein, and was born November 24, 1655. During his minority the government was intrusted to his mother, Hedwig, as regent. By the Peace of Oliva (May 3, 1660) with Poland, Sweden obtained Esthonia, part of Livonia, and Oesel, and the Polish monarch renounced all pretensions to the Swedish crown; that of Copenhagen (June 6, 1660) was generally confirmatory of the treaty of Roeskilde with Denmark in 1658. (See Charles X.) A treaty with Russia on the basis of the status quo followed iu 1661; and from this period till 1672 the kingdom was free from foreign wars, but it was misgoverned by the regeney and the education of the young King was neglected, willfully, it is charged, in order that he might longer be kept in leading-strings. Until he reached manhood he could neither read nor write. In December, 1672, Charles assumed the reins of government. In 1674 he was called upon by Louis XIV. under a treaty made by the regency, to engage in the war of France on the German princes and Holland. The Swedes invaded Brandenburg and met a severe defeat at Fehrbellin in 1675. Charles, however, overthrew the Danes, who were allies of Brandenburg, at Halmstadt, Lund, and Landskrona, but his fleet was defeated by the Dutch near Oeland, and again by the Danes at Blekinge and Kiöge; and many of Sweden's recent acquisitions were wrested from her. These, however, were restored by the peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (September 17, 1679). Charles now entered upon an active period of reform in the administration, aided by his most trusted counselor, John Gyllenstern. In 1680 a struggle commenced between the Crown, supported by the burghers and peasants, on the one hand, and the nobles on the other; and a considerable diminution of the power of the nobles was the consequence. The resumption of all the Crown lands which had been alienated since 1609 was a fatal blow to the power of the nobles, and by a voluntary declaration of the estates, December 9, 1682, the King was invested with absolute authority. By a judicious administration of the revenues, Charles was enabled to extinguish the public debt, reorganize the fleet and army, and by 1693 to dispense with extraordinary subsidies. Though absolute, he never imposed a tax but with the consent of the estates; and he published every year a detailed account of revenue and expenditure. He established the finances on a sound basis and brought the army and navy of the kingdom to a state of high efficiency. The codification of the laws was commenced, but was unfinished at his death, which took place in Stockholm, April 15, 1697. Consult Geijer and Carlson, Geschichte Schwedens, Vols. IV.-V. (Gotha, 1855-75).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charles Martel

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Martel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CHARLES MARTEL (Fr., Charles the Hammer) (689-741). Mayor of the Palace under the last Merovingian kings, and the son of Pepin of Heristal. After his father's death in 714 he was proclaimed Mayor of the Palace by the Austrasians. A war between Austrasia and Neustria followed, which ended in Charles becoming undisputed ruler of all the Franks, the titular kings being mere puppets in his hands. He was engaged in long wars against the revolted Alemanni, Bavarians, and against the Saxons, but his importance as a historic personage is chiefly due to his wars against the Saracens, who, having conquered Septimania from the Visigoths, in 720, advanced into Aquitaine, conquered Bordeaux, defeated the Duke of Aquitaine, crossed the Garonne, advanced to the Loire, and threatened Tours. Charles overthrew them near Poitiers, in 732, in a great battle, in which their leader, Abd-er-Rahman, fell, and their progress, which had filled all Christendom with alarm, was checked for a time. He defeated them again in 738, when they had advanced into the Burgundian territories as far as Lyons, deprived them of Languedoc, which he added to the kingdom of the Franks, and left them nothing of their possessions north of the Pyrenees beyond
the river Aude. Charles attempted to convert Saxony and Frisia to Christianity and gave aid to Saint Boniface (q.v.) in his missions. He died on October 22, 741, at Quiercy on the Oise, leaving the government of the kingdom to be divided between his two sons, Carloman and Pepin the Short.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charles City

Edition of 1905. See also Charles City, Iowa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CHARLES CITY. The county-seat of Floyd County, Iowa, 140 miles northwest of Dubuque, on Cedar River, and on the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul railroads (Map: Iowa, E 1). It has good water-power, and manufactures store fixtures, wood furnishings, furniture, sashes and doors, harrows, wagons, and carriages. The city has an opera-house and a large park, and is the seat of Charles City College (Methodist Episcopal), organized in 1891. Settled in 1856, Charles City was incorporated in 1869 under a general law, and is governed by a mayor, elected every two years, and a city council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 2802; in 1900, 4227.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charles William Ferdinand

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ CHARLES WILLIAM FERDINAND, Duke of Brunswick (1780-1806). See Brunswick, House of.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Champollion, Jean Jacques

Edition of 1905. See also Jacques Joseph Champollion-Figeac on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CHAMPOLLION, Jean Jacques (1778-1867), usually called Champollion Figeac. A distinguished French archæologist, elder brother of J. F. Champollion (q.v.), the founder of Egytology. He was born at Figeac, in the Department of Lot, October 5, 1778. After completing his collegiate studies, he was for a time librarian and afterwards professor of Greek at Grenoble. In 1828 he was appointed keeper of manuscripts in the Royal Library in Paris, and twenty
years later became librarian at Fontainebleau. He was at the same time professor in the Ecole des Charles. He died May 9, 1867, in his eighty-ninth year. Champollion first published a number of works on French history and philology. Among them were: Antiquités de Grenoble (1807); Recherches sur les patois ou idiomes de France (1809); Nouveaux éclaireissements sur la ville de Cataro, aujourd'hui Grenoble (1814). Then, at his brother's suggestion, he turned his attention to Egyptian archæology, limiting his studies, however, to the Greek documents bearing upon the subject. His Annales des Lagides (1819, with Supplément, 1821) was crowned by the Institute, and he published later, utilizing his brother's manuscript collections, L'Egypt ancienne et moderne (1840), and L'écriture démotique égyptienne (1843). Among his other works are: Traité élémentaire d'archeologie (2d ed. 1843); Histoire des peuples anciens et modernes, l'Asie centrale, l'Inde et la Chine (1857); Monographie du palais de Fontainebleau (1859-64); Documents paléographiques relatifs à l'histoire des beaux-arts et des belles-lettres pendant le moyen âge (1868). Champollion also collaborated actively in editing the MSS. left by his brother. Consult Aimé Champollion, Les deux Champollion, leur vie et leurs œuvres (Grenoble, 1888).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charles X. Gustavus

Edition of 1905. See also Charles X Gustav of Sweden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CHARLES X. GUSTAVUS (1622-60). King of Sweden from 1654 to 1660. He was born at Nyköping, November 8, 1622, the son of Catharine, eldest sister of Gustavus Adolphus, and of John Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (Deux Ponts). After studying at the University of Upsala, he traveled through France, Germany, and Switzerland, and joined the army of Torstenson (q.v.) in 1642. He fought at the battles of Jankau and Leipzig, and at the close of the Thirty Years' War was the representative of Queen Christina at the conference held subsequent to the Treaty of Westphalia. On the abdication of Christina he succeeded, June 16, 1654, to the throne of a kingdom in an almost bankrupt condition. In 1655 Charles invaded Poland, whose King, John Casimir, indulged in pretensions to the Swedish Crown, compelled the Elector of Brandenburg, Frederick William, to enter into an alliance with him, defeated the Polish army in a great battle at Warsaw (July 28-30, 1656) and overran the country, but retired when Russia and Austria prepared to assist the Poles, while the King of Denmark invaded the Swedish territories in Germany. He attacked Denmark in 1658, crossing the Little Belt on the ice, and secured for Sweden the provinces of Scania, Halland, and Bleking. Renewing the war in the same year, Charles laid siege to Copenhagen. The Dutch came to the assistance of the Danes and defeated the Swedish fleet, and in 1659 Charles had to abandon the siege. At the same time his forces were defeated in Pomerania by the Elector of Brandenburg, who had turned
against him. Charles died in Gothenburg, February 13, 1660. Consult Geijer and Carlson, Geschichte Schwedens, Vol. IV. (Gotha, 1855-75).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charles's Wain

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ CHARLES'S WAIN. A common name for the constellation Ursa Major (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Charles IX. (Sweden)

Edition of 1905. See also Charles IX of Sweden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CHARLES IX. (1550-1611). King of Sweden from 1604 to 1611. He was the third son of Gustavus Vasa, and in 1560 became Duke of Södermanland. In 1592 he became regent of the kingdom after the death of his father, John, and as such favored the introduction of the Reformed religion into Sweden. In 1593 he secured the adoption of the Augsburg creed as the basis of the national religion, and he confirmed the position of Protestantism by his victory at Staongebro in 1598 over his nephew, Sigismund of Poland, who was rightful King of Sweden, but who, as a decided partisan of Catholicism, was objectionable to the mass of the people. After many attempts at compromise, Sigismund was formally deposed in 1399 and Charles was made regent. He ascended the throne in 1604. He engaged in wars with Poland, Russia, and Denmark, but his people did not share his ambitions and denied him the support he desired. Charles founded the University of Gothenburg and made a new code of laws. He wrote a rhymed chronicle of the war with Poland.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Champollion, Jean François

Edition of 1905. See also Jean-François Champollion on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CHAMPOLLION, shäN'pṓ'lyôN', Jean François (1790-1832). A French Egyptologist. He was born December 23, 1790, at Figeac, Department of Lot. He is often called Champollion le Jeune, in distinction from his brother Champollion Figeac, a professor at Grenoble, who educated him. In 1807 he went to Paris to pursue his various Oriental studies, and in 1816 was appointed professor of history at the lyceum of Grenoble. In 1814 he published L'Egypte sous les Pharaons, a study of the geography of ancient Egypt. Afterwards he essayed the decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphics to which the discovery of the Rosetta stone had attracted widespread interest. His brilliant results were first communicated in his Lettre à Monsieur Dacier to the public (1822), and were more fully stated in his Précis du système hiéroglyphique (1824). It is now generally recognized that the attempts to ascribe priority in the decipherment of hieroglyphics to Dr. Thomas Young, and even to charge Champollion with plagiarizing Young's discoveries, were entirely unjust. Champollion worked independently, and in any case Young's results published in 1819 were of slight importance as compared with those obtained by Champollion. Champollion was sent by the French Government to study the museums of Italy in 1824, and in 1828 to Egypt, where he joined a Tuscan expedition, headed by Rosellini. After his return he became a member of the French Académie des Inscriptions (1830), and in 1832, professor of Egyptology at the Collège de France. His premature death was doubtless due to constant overwork. His genius and his untiring industry are most clearly shown in his posthumous works. His Grammaire égyptienne (1836) and his Dictionnaire hiéroglyphique (1841) were both unfinished at his death. His Notices manuscrites (1844, et seq.), at first in incomplete form, gives a more adequate idea of the results of his Egyptian journey than the more extensive Monuments de l'Egypte, published 1835 et seq. Of the numerous books and essays published during his lifetime, the most noteworthy are Panthéon égyptien (1824); Sur l'écriture hiératique (1821); Sur l'écriture démotique (1824). After Champollion's death, Egyptology retrograded temporarily, and much time was wasted in fruitless disputes on the merits of Champollion's system. At present, no one doubts the enormous debt of gratitude owed by science to the great decipherer, whose system has been brilliantly confirmed by modern discoveries, although it has been greatly developed and improved in matters of detail. Consult Aimé Champollion, Les deux Champollion, leur vie et leurs œuvres (Grenoble, 1888).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dove

See also Columbidae on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Dove, a name commonly given to small varieties of pigeons, but no clear distinction can be made between doves and pigeons.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dover, N. H.

See also Dover, New Hampshire on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Dover, N. H., a city of southeastern New Hampshire, close to the Maine boundary and about 12 miles northwest of Portsmouth. It is the county-seat of Strafford County and is situated on Cocheco River, from the falls of which it derives its water-power. Being founded in 1623, it is one of the oldest towns in the state. Its site is hilly. It possesses good schools, churches and an excellent public library. It has a number of cotton-mills and print-works, besides manufactories of woolen cloths, flannels, shoes, oil-cloth, hats, caps, sandpaper and glue. Population, 13,247.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Douglass, Frederick

See also Frederick Douglass on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Douglass, Frederick, an American orator and journalist, once a slave, was born near FREDERICK DOUGLASS Easton, Md., about 1817. He ran away from his master in 1838, and took up his residence at New Bedford, Mass. In 1841 he began to lecture against slavery, and became well-known as an orator. In 1845 he published an account of his life, and later went to England, where he lectured eloquently against slavery to large audiences. In 1847 he published a journal at Rochester, N. Y. When the war broke out, he urged the employment of colored troops and helped to organize regiments of them. In 1870 he became editor of the New National Era at Washington. He was appointed minister to Haiti by President Harrison. See his Life and Times by himself. He died on Feb. 20, 1895.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Douro

See also Douro on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Douro (do͞o′rō), a large river of Spain and Portugal. It rises on the frontier of the province of Soria, and flows in a westerly direction until it empties into the Atlantic near Oporto. It is 500 miles long; but navigation is difficult because of rocks and sandbanks, and it is little used for commerce. It has many tributaries, the most important being the Pisuerga.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Douglas (family)

See also Clan Douglas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Doug′las, an ancient noble family of Scotland whose family annals date from the time of William de Douglas, who lived about 1175-1213. From him was descended “the good Sir James,” who fought with Bruce at Bannockburn, and, after Bruce's death, fulfilled his last request, to carry his heart to the Holy Land. William Douglas, Earl of Liddesdale, and Sir William Douglas, descended from “the good Sir James,” were among the most famous warriors of their time. Other members of the family obtained the earldoms of Angus and Morton. The power of the family was once so great that it was commonly said: “No man may touch a Douglas or a Douglas' man; for if he does he is sure to come by the worse.” The family continually engaged in feuds and warfare on the border, especially with the Percy family. A famous member of the family was Archibald, called Bell the Cat. At a meeting of nobles who were debating about a plan to get rid of one of the king's favorites and considering who should do it, he started up, exclaiming: “I will bell the cat.” He tried to persuade King James IV not to make the invasion of England, which ended in the battle of Flodden; and soon after the great defeat he died heartbroken. The Douglas family is now represented by the earls of Selkirk.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Doukhobors

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​Doukhobors. See Dukhobors.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Douma

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​Douma. See Duma.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Douw, Gerhard

See also Gerrit Dou on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Douw or Dow, Gerhard, a celebrated Dutch painter, was born at Leyden in 1613. He learned the art of glass-painting, and afterward became a pupil of Rembrandt for some years. He became for a time a portrait-painter, but was slow at his work and had trouble in getting anyone to sit ​for him. He was very exact in every detail in his paintings, it being said that he spent five days painting a hand, and his work was so fine that he had to make his own brushes. His best works are The Dropsical Women, The Evening School and The Village Grocer's Wife. He died in 1675.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Donelson, Fort

See also Fort Donelson National Battlefield on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Don′elson, Fort, an historic post in Tennessee on the Cumberland River, 12 miles east of Fort Henry. It was strongly fortified by the Confederates during the Civil War, and in 1862, when held by General Floyd with 15,000 troops, was attacked by Commodore Foote, who was driven back. But the forces of General Grant, coming up from the capture of Fort Henry, defeated the Confederate force, which came out of the fort to meet them. General Floyd and a part of his force escaped during the night, and the following day General Buckner, who was next in command, surrendered with about 14,000 men.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Douglas, Stephen Arnold

See also Stephen A. Douglas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Douglas, Stephen Arnold, an American statesman, was born at Brandon, Vermont, in 1813. His early youth was one of poverty; but he managed to spend three years at Canandaigua Academy, having the study of law in view. In 1833 he went west and settled in Jacksonville, Ill., where he entered on the practice of law and was so successful that he was chosen attorney-general of the state. He soon after was elected to the legislature, and in 1840 became secretary of state for Illinois. He was judge of the Illinois supreme court from 1841 to 1843, when he resigned and was chosen to Congress as a Democrat; and there he at once became recognized as one of the ablest men of his party. He strongly urged the admission of Texas into the Union, and supported President Polk in the War with Mexico. He was opposed to slavery; but believed that Congress did not have the right to restrict it to any part of the country. Hence he was strongly opposed to the celebrated Wilmot Proviso, which was intended to prohibit slavery in any territory that might be gained from Mexico in a treaty of peace. On the question of permitting slavery in the territories Douglas argued that the people who had settled in any particular territory should decide for themselves. This was the origin of the expression: Squatter Sovereignty. Douglas was elected to the senate in 1847, and in 1854 he introduced the Kansas-Nebraska bill, which provided that their own citizens should determine whether these territories should become free or slave-states. In 1860 the Democratic party split into two divisions, one of which nominated Douglas for president, and the other John C. Breckenridge. The ensuing election resulted in favor of Lincoln. Douglas was strongly opposed to secession, and delivered several addresses on the subject after the outbreak of the Civil War. He died at Chicago, on June 3, 1861. See Life of Douglas by Sheehan and Life by Flint.
# The Moon and Her Mother

Perry index 468
* "The Moon Begs a New Gown", translated by Roger L'Estrange, in Fables of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists (1692)
* "The Moon and Her Mother", translated by Vernon Stanley Jones, illustrated by Arthur Rackham, in Æsop's fables: A New Translation (1912)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Mystery of Cloomber
### Contents

* Chapter 1: The Hegira of the Wests from Edinburgh
* Chapter 2: Of the Strange Manner in Which a Tenant Came to Cloomber
* Chapter 3: Of Our Further Acquaintance with Major-General J. B. Heatherstone
* Chapter 4: Of a Young Man with a Grey Head
* Chapter 5: How Four of Us Came to be Under the Shadow of Cloomber
* Chapter 6: How I Came to be Enlisted as One of the Garrison of Cloomber
* Chapter 7: Of Corporal Rufus Smith and his Comming to Cloomber
* Chapter 8: Statement of Israel Stakes
* Chapter 9: Narrative of Jonh Easterling, F.R.C.P.EDIN.
* Chapter 10: Of the Letter Which Came from the Hall
* Chapter 11: Of the Casting Away of the Barque Belinda
* Chapter 12: Of the Three Foreign Men Upon the Coast
* Chapter 13: In Which I see That, Which has Been Seen by Few
* Chapter 14: Of the Visitor who ran Down the Road in the Night-time
* Chapter 15: The Day Book of John Berthier Heatherstone
* Chapter 16: At the Hole of Cree
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1930, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 93 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Juneau

See also Juneau, Alaska on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Juneau (jū′ nō), the capital of Alaska, is a town of 2,000 to 3,000 people, situated in the southern district, near Douglas Island. It is the center of a large import and export trade. Besides gold, furs are the chief article of export. A submarine cable now connects Juneau with the United States. The town has a few manufactures, the most important being its ironworks.