OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Radcliffe, Egremont

​RADCLIFFE, EGREMONT (d. 1578), rebel, was son of Henry Radcliffe, second earl of Sussex [see under Radcliffe, Robert, first Earl], by his second wife, Anne, daughter of Sir Philip Calthorpe. When quite a young man he took part in the rebellion of 1569, and was so active that special instructions were given for his capture on its suppression. He managed, however, to escape over the border, and was for some time, with other rebels, the guest of the Scotts of Buccleugh at Branksom. A ship was provided to convey the party to Flanders, but news of the efforts the English government were making to intercept them having reached them, they seem to have sailed by way of Orkney. Once at Antwerp, Radcliffe received a pension of eight hundred ducats from the king of Spain. In the early part of 1572 he went on a mission to Madrid, where he was thrown into prison for debt at the end of 1573; in 1574, having returned to the Low Countries, he went to France, and quitted ‘the king of Spain's entertainment.’ He wrote a good many letters to Burghley and others about his pardon, and in February 1574–5 Dr. Wilson, writing to Burghley, spoke of him as ‘marvellously repentant;’ he offered to serve in Ireland, and later in the same year he sent a letter to Wilson ‘full of submission, with great moan of his necessity.’ To be nearer the gates of mercy he had moved in 1575 to Calais. He came in November 1575 to London; but when he showed himself at court he was sent to the Tower. There he remained for some years. About April 1577 he made petition to be allowed to take exercise in the little garden facing his prison, and to have a servant. He was confined in the Beauchamp Tower, where his name, with the date 1576 and the motto ‘pour parvenir’ may be seen cut in the wall of one of the cells.
On 10 May 1578 he was secretly released from prison, and exiled. He went to Flanders, incurred suspicion of being mixed up in a plot to poison Don John of Austria, presumably as the agent of the English government, and was consequently in the same year (1578) beheaded in the market-place of Namur (cf. Estate of the English Fugitives). De Mendoza, the Spanish ambassador in England, describes him as ‘a rash and daring young man, ready for anything.’ He was author of ‘Politique Discourses translated out of French,’ London, 1578, 4to, dedicated to Sir Francis Walsingham; this he undertook while in the Beauchamp Tower.
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Radcliffe, John (1452?-1496)

​RADCLIFFE or RATCLIFFE, JOHN, Lord Fitzwalter (1452?–1496), was son of Sir John Radcliffe of Attleborough in Norfolk, head of a younger branch of the Radcliffes of Radcliffe Tower, Lancashire. His mother was Elizabeth, baroness Fitzwalter in her own right, as the only child of Walter Fitzwalter (d. 1431), seventh baron Fitzwalter of Woodham Walter and Dunmow in Essex. Radcliffe's father, who in right of his wife was styled Lord Fitzwalter, died a few days after the battle of Towton (6 April 1461) of wounds received in the preliminary skirmish at Ferrybridge, when his son and heir was nine years of age. The latter seems to have resided for a time at Calais or Guisnes, and to have returned to England, where he settled at Attleborough, about 1476 (Paston Letters, iii. 156, 160). He was a relative of the Paston family (ib. iii. 341–3). Until 1485 he was styled John Radcliffe of Attleborough, esq., or John Radcliffe Fitzwauter, but on 15 Sept. in that year he received a summons to parliament as Lord Fitzwalter, though his mother seems still to have been alive; he continued to be so summoned until 14 Oct. 1495 (Dugdale, i. 515; Testamenta Vetusta, p. 496; Paston Letters, iii. 83). Henry VII also made him steward of the household in the first year of his reign, and two years later (25 Nov. 1487) joint high steward of England with Jasper Tudor, duke of Bedford, and others at the coronation of his queen, Elizabeth of York. But on taking part in the conspiracy on behalf of Perkin Warbeck, Radcliffe was attainted in the parliament of October 1495, and sent prisoner to Calais, where, after a futile attempt to escape by bribing his keepers, he was beheaded in November 1496.
Radcliffe married, first (before 12 March 1476), Anne, sister of Sir Richard ​Whethill of Calais (Paston Letters, iii. 160); his second wife is usually supposed to have been Anne, daughter of Edward, lord Hastings, who in 1507, if not earlier, became the wife of Thomas Stanley, second earl of Derby (d. 1521), and died in 1550; but this supposition is not free from difficulties, and a Margaret, lady Fitzwalter, mentioned in 1518, is sometimes taken to be his widow. By his first wife Radcliffe had five daughters and one son. The attainder was removed in favour of this son Robert, afterwards first earl of Sussex [q. v.], by letters patent of 25 Jan. 1506, confirmed by an act of parliament in 1509.
[G. E. C[okayne]'s Complete Peerage, iii. 371; Dugdale's Baronage; Bentley's Excerpta Historica, pp. 101, 111; Rotuli Parliamentorum, vi. 504; Busch's England under the Tudors, Engl. transl. pp. 95, 340.]
J. T-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Radcliffe, Alexander

​RADCLIFFE, ALEXANDER (fl. 1680), verse-writer, the son and heir of Alexander Radcliffe of Hampstead, Middlesex, was ​admitted at Gray's Inn on 12 Nov. 1669 (Foster, Gray's Inn Admission Register). He was not called to the bar, but seems to have deserted the legal profession for the army, in which he had attained the rank of captain in 1696. He was a disciple of the Earl of Rochester in verse, and rivalled his master in ribaldry. He published:
* ‘Ovid Travestie, a mock Poem on five Epistles of Ovid,’ 16mo, 1673 (Gaisford Library Sale Catalogue). This, the first edition, was ignored when the book was reprinted, 4to, 1680, 1681, 1696 (with additions), and 1705.
* ‘Bacchanalia Cœlestia: a Poem, in praise of Punch, compos'd by the Gods and Goddesses in Cabal,’ London, 1680, fol. broadside. Reprinted in the ‘Ramble,’ &c.
* ‘The Ramble: an anti-heroick Poem. Together with some Terrestrial Hymns and Carnal Ejaculations,’ London, 1682, 8vo. Part of ‘The Ramble’ had previously appeared in the edition of Rochester's Poems which bears the imprint Antwerp, 1680. Nos. 1 (3rd edit.) and 3 were reissued with a general title, ‘The Works of Capt. Alexander Radcliffe,’ in 1696, 2 pts. (London, 8vo).
[Hunter's Chorus Vatum, Addit. MS. 24490, fol. 247; Nichols's Select Collection of Poems, i. 141, iii. 163.]
G. T. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hudson, Mary

​HUDSON, MARY (d. 1801), organist, daughter of Robert Hudson [q. v.] , was elected organist of St. Olave's, Hart Street, London, on 20 Dec. 1781, at a yearly salary of twenty-five guineas, and held this post until her death on 28 March 1801. During the last eight or nine years of her life she also fulfilled the duties of organist at the church of St. Gregory, Old Fish Street.
She was the composer of several hymn tunes, and of a setting for five voices of a translation of the epitaph on Purcell's gravestone, commencing `Applaud so great a guest!' The hymn tune 'Llandaff' is assigned both to her and to her father.
R. F. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hudson, Henry (fl.1784-1800)

​HUDSON, HENRY (fl. 1784–1800), mezzotint engraver, engraved a few good plates. Among the portraits engraved by him were Viscount Macartney and Lord Loughborough after Mather Brown, Sir William Hamilton after Sir Joshua Reynolds, Frances and Emma Hinchliffe, as 'Music,' after W. Peters, Admiral Roddam after L. F. Abbott, and others. Among other pictures which he engraved were 'Industry' and 'Idleness' after George Morland, 'A Rescue from an Alligator' after J. Hoppner, 'David and Bathsheba' after Valerio Castelli, 'Belshazzar's Feast' after Rembrandt, &c. Some of his prints were published at 13 Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, but one, a portrait of Andrew Wilkinson after W. Tate, was published at Petersham.
[Dodd's manuscript History of English Engravers (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 33402); Chaloner Smith's British Mezzotinto Portraits.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hale, Warren Stormes

​HALE, WARREN STORMES (1791–1872), lord mayor of London, descended from a family settled in Bennington, Hertfordshire, was born on 2 Feb. 1791. Left an orphan at an early age, he came to London in 1804 as apprentice to his brother, Ford Hale, a wax-chandler in Cannon Street. He subsequently carried on a successful business in Cateaton Street, now Gresham Street, removing afterwards to Queen Street. His success was largely due to the fact that he was the first English manufacturer to utilise the valuable investigations made by MM. Chevreul and Lussac, the celebrated French chemists, in relation to animal and vegetable fatty acids. He was elected a member of the common council on St. Thomas's day, 1826, and was mainly instrumental in 1833 in inducing the corporation to apply the bequest of John Carpenter (1370?–1441?) [q. v.], for the clothing and education of four poor boys, to the establishment of a large public day school. An act (4 & 5 Will. IV, c. 35) was obtained, under which the City of London School was erected in 1837, and Hale was elected chairman of the committee, an office which he retained till his death. He also took a principal part in promoting the foundation by the corporation of the Freemen's Orphan School for children of both sexes, which was opened at Brixton in 1854. In 1849 and again in 1861 he served as master of the Company of Tallow Chandlers, and his portrait in full length is preserved in their hall in Dowgate Hill. He was appointed deputy of Coleman Street ward in 1850, and became alderman of the same ward on 3 Oct. 1856. He served the office of sheriff in 1858–9, and that of lord mayor in 1864–5. During his mayoralty he continued the work of his two immediate predecessors in raising a fund for the relief of the Lancashire operatives who suffered from the cotton famine of 1862–5, and his arms appear in the memorial window at the east end of the Guildhall. To commemorate his public services in the cause of education, particularly as originator of the City of London School, and chairman of its committee of management for more than thirty years, a fund was raised during his mayoralty, as a result of which the Warren Stormes Hale scholarship was established in connection with the school on 28 July 1865.
He died on 23 Aug. 1872 at his house, West Heath, Hampstead, and was buried on the 30th in Highgate cemetery. In 1812 he married a daughter of Alderman Richard Lea, and left a son, Josiah, and two unmarried daughters. A bust by Bacon and a portrait by Allen are at the City of London School, and a portrait by Dicksee is at the Freemen's Orphan School.
[Times, 4 Oct. 1856 p. 10, 22 Oct. 1856 p. 7, 24 Aug. 1872 p. 9; City Press, 12 Nov. 1864, Suppl., 24 Aug. 1872 p. 5, 31 Aug. 1872 p. 4, 12 Oct. 1872 p. 5; Price's Descriptive Account of Guildhall, 1886, p. 85; City of London School, Prospectus of Scholarships, Medals, &c. 1867, p. 26, and App. p. 3.]
C. W-h.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hale, Bernard

​HALE, Sir BERNARD (1677–1729), judge, eighth son of William Hale of King's Walden, Hertfordshire, by Mary, daughter of Jeremiah Elwes of Roxby, Lincolnshire, was born in March 1677, entered Gray's Inn in October 1696, was called to the bar in February 1704, was appointed lord chief baron of the Irish exchequer on 28 June 1722, and was transferred to the English court of exchequer as a puisne baron on 1 June 1725 and knighted on 4 Feb. following. He died in Red Lion Square, London, on 7 Nov. 1729, and was buried in the parish church of King's Walden, the manor of which had been in his family since the time of Elizabeth, and still belongs to his posterity. He married Anne, daughter of J. Thoresby or Thursby of Northamptonshire, by whom he had four sons and three daughters. Of his sons, the eldest, William, died in 1793, and was buried at King's Walden; the second, Richard, died in 1812 in his ninety-second year; the third, Bernard, entered the army and rose to the rank of general, was appointed lieutenant-governor of Chelsea Hospital in 1773, and afterwards lieutenant-general of the ordnance. He married in 1750 Martha, daughter of Richard Rigby of Mistley Hall, Essex, by whom he had one son, who assumed the name of Rigby, and married Frances, daughter of Sir ​Thomas Rumbold [q. v.], governor of Madras, by whom he had issue one daughter only, who married Horace, third Lord Rivers. Hale's fourth son, John, also served with distinction in the army, attaining the rank of general, being appointed governor of Londonderry and Culmore Forts in 1781. He died on 20 March 1806, leaving eleven children by his wife Mary, second daughter of William Chaloner of Gisborough.
[Foss's Lives of the Judges; Hist. Reg. (Chron. Diary) 1725; Berry's County Gen. Hertfordshire, p. 36; Misc. Gen. et Herald. new ser. iv. 134; Smyth's Law Officers of Ireland; Cussans's Hertfordshire, Hundred of Hitchin, p. 122; Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire, iii. 133; Burke's Landed Gentry.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hales, Christopher

​HALES, Sir CHRISTOPHER (d. 1541), master of the rolls, son of Thomas Hales, eldest son of Henry Hales of Hales Place, near Tenterden, Kent, by Elizabeth, daughter of John Caunton, alderman of London, was a member of Gray's Inn, where he became an ancient in 1516 and was autumn reader in 1524. In an undated letter conjecturally assigned to 1520, Prior Goldwell of Christ Church, Canterbury, wrote to the lord chancellor begging that 'Master Xpher Hales' might be appointed to adjudicate upon a case in which he was interested; in 1520-1 Hales was counsel for the corporation of Canterbury, and in 1523 he was returned to parliament for that city. On 14 Aug. 1525 he was appointed solicitor-general, and he is mentioned as one of the counsel to the Princess Mary in the same year. He was also one of the commissioners of sewers for the Thames between Greenwich and Gravesend, and in 1525 was placed with Lord Sandes, Sir William Fitzwilliam, and others, on a commission to frame ordinances for the better administration of the county of Guisnes. The commissioners met at Guisnes and promulgated on 20 Aug. 1528 'A Book of Ordinances and Decrees for the County of Guisnes,' relating chiefly to the tenure of land, which will be found in Cotton. MS. Faustina E. vii. ff. 40 et seq. They also furnished Henry VIII with a report on the state of the fortifications of Calais. Hales was appointed attorney-general on 3 June 1529, and on 30 Oct. following preferred an indictment against Cardinal Wolsey for having procured bulls from Clement VII to make himself legate, contrary to the statute of præmunire (16 Ric. II), and for other offences. He was on the commission of gaol delivery for Canterbury Castle in June 1530; was one of the commissioners appointed on 14 July following to make inquisition into the estates held by Cardinal Wolsey in Kent; and was placed on the commission of the peace for Essex on 11 Dec. of the same year. ​In 1532 he was one of the justices of assize for the home circuit; in 1533 he was actively engaged in investigating the case of the holy nun Elizabeth Barton [q. v.], and in 1535 he conducted the proceedings against Sir Thomas More, Bishop Fisher, and Anne Boleyn. He is mentioned as one of the commissioners of sewers for Kent in 1536, in which year he succeeded Cromwell (10 July) as master of the rolls. In 1537–8 the corporation of Canterbury presented him with a gallon of sack. This is doubtfully said to be the first recorded appearance of this wine in England. He was one of those appointed to receive the Lady Anne of Cleves on her arrival at Dover (29 Dec. 1539). In 1540 he was associated with Cranmer, Lord-chancellor Rich, and other commissioners in the work of remodelling the foundation of Canterbury Cathedral, ousting the monks and supplying their place with secular clergy. He profited largely by the dissolution of the monasteries, obtaining many grants of land which had belonged to them in Kent. He died a bachelor in June 1541, and was buried at Hackington or St. Stephen's, near Canterbury. Sir James Hales [q. v.] was his cousin.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hale, Richard

​HALE, RICHARD, M.D. (1670–1728), physician, eldest son of Richard Hale of New Windsor, Berkshire, was born at Beckenham, Kent, in 1670. He entered at Trinity College, Oxford, with his younger brother, ​Henry, in June 1689, and Mr. Sykes was his tutor. He graduated B.A. on 19 May 1693, M.A. on 4 Feb. 1695, M.B. on 11 Feb. 1697, and M.D. on 23 June 1701. He settled in London, and was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians on 9 April 1716. He was three times a censor, and delivered the Harveian oration in 1724. It was published in 1735, and contains an account of the English mediæval physicians, which makes it one of the most interesting of the orations. Its style is lively and the author shows considerable knowledge of the original sources of English history. He studied insanity and was famous for his extreme kindness to lunatics. He gave the College of Physicians 500l. for the improvement of their library, and his arms, vert, three pheons argent, are still to be seen upon many of the books. In the college are two portraits of him, one being a copy by Richardson, made in 1733, of a painting done during his life. He died on 26 Sept. 1728.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 48, iii. 396; MS. Admission Book of Trinity College, Oxford.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hales, Alexander of

​HALES, ALEXANDER of (d. 1245), philosopher. [See Alexander.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haldimand, William

​HALDIMAND, WILLIAM (1784–1862), philanthropist, was the son of Anthony Francis Haldimand (1741–1817), a London merchant, nephew and heir of Sir Frederick Haldimand [q. v.] He was one of twelve children, most of whom died young, and was born in London 9 Sept. 1784. After receiving a plain English education he entered at sixteen his father's counting-house, showed a great talent for business, and at twenty-five became a director of the Bank of England. He was a warm advocate of the resumption of specie payments, and gave evidence in the parliamentary inquiry which led to the act of 1819. In 1820 he was elected M.P. for Ipswich, and was re-elected in 1826, but the return being disputed he gave up the seat. In 1828 he settled permanently at his summer villa, Denantou, near Lausanne. He took a great interest in Greek independence, sending the insurgents 1,000l. by his nephew, and guaranteeing Admiral Cochrane 20,000l. for the equipment of a fleet. A visit to Aix-les-Bains for his health resulted in his erecting there in 1829 a hospital for poor patients. The municipality gave it his name, but after the annexation of Savoy to France it was styled the Hortense Hospital, Queen Hortense having, however, merely endowed some beds in it. Large purchases of French rentes, made with a view of strengthening the new Orleans dynasty, involved Haldimand in considerable losses, but his liberality remained unabated. He gave 24,000l. for a blind asylum at Lausanne, and 3,000l. towards the erection of an Anglican church at Ouchy. Inclined to radicalism in politics, and to scepticism in religion, he nevertheless exerted himself in favour of the free church in Vaud, threatened with state persecution. He died at Denantou 20 Sept. 1862. He was unmarried, and bequeathed 20,000l., the bulk of his remaining property, to the blind asylum at Lausanne. In 1857 he presented to the British Museum Addit. MSS. 21631–895, which include his great-uncle's official correspondence.
[W. de la Rive's Vie de Haldimand; A. Hartmann's Gallerie berühmter Schweizer.]
J. G. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mary (1723-1772)

​MARY (1723–1772), princess of Hesse, fourth daughter of George II by Queen Caroline, born at Leicester House on 22 Feb. 1722-3, was married to Frederic, hereditary prince, afterwards landgrave, of Hesse Cassel, by proxy, the Duke of Cumberland representing the prince, in the Chapel Royal St. James s, on 8 May 1740, and afterwards to the prince in person at Cassel, apparently at the end of June. Bielfeld, who saw her at a fancy dress ball at Herrenhausen in the following October, describes her as tall, and handsome enough for a painter's model (faite à peindre). Horace Walpole characterises her as 'the mildest and gentlest of her race, and her husband as a boor and a brute, who treated her 'with great inhumanity,' In 1754 she was separated from him in consequence of his conversion to the Roman catholic faith, and thenceforth resided ordinarily with her children at Hanau. On the invasion of Hesse Cassel by the French in 1757 she fled with her father-in-law, the Landgrave William VIII, to Hamburg, where they were at first in such straits that Pitt anticipated the meeting of parliament by a remittance of 20,000l. to provide for their immediate personal expenses. In the following year a life annuity of 5,000l. was settled on the princess. On the death of her father-in-law, at Rinteln, 1 Feb. 1760, she became regent of Hanau, which she ably administered. She died at Hanau on 14 Jan. 1772, and was buried in the protestant church, now the Marienkirche, on 1 Feb. The news of her death reached London on 25 Jan., and eclipsed the gaiety of the town, not a few ladies of fashion staying away from the opening of the Pantheon on the 27th for want of mourning. She left the bulk of her property to her two younger sons, Charles and Frederic, who also succeeded to her pension and lived to immense ages. Her eldest son, William, succeeded his father as landgrave in 1785.
The princess figures in a group of George II's children belonging to the Duke of Devonshire.
[London Gazette, May 1740; Gent. Mag. 1754 p. 527, 1755 p. 330, 1757 p. 374, 1760 p. 102, 1772 p. 44; Grenville Papers, i. 206; Chatham Corresp. i. 244; Bedford Corresp. ed. Russell, ii. 337; Liber Hibern. pt. vii. 86; Hoffmeister's Historisch-genealogisches Handbuch; Röth's Geschichte von Hessen-Cassel, 335 et seq.; Vehse's Geschichte der Höfe der Haüser Baiern, Würtemberg, Baden und Hessen, v. 184–6, 217–21; Bielfeld's Lettres Familières, 1763, pp. 209–10; Horace Walpole's Letters, ed. Cunningham, ii. 49; Journal of the Reign of George III, ed. Doran, i. 2; Ann. Reg. 1772, p. 68: Almanach de Gotha, 1772; art. George II.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mascall, Edward James

​MASCALL, EDWARD JAMES (d. 1832), collector of customs, entered the civil service probably in 1779. He was appointed examiner of the outport quarter books on 12 Jan. 1813, and collector of customs for the port of London, at a salary of 1,500l. per annum, on 9 Oct. 1816. His books on the customs, which were sanctioned by the commissioners, did much to extend among merchants a knowledge of the numerous changes made between 1784 and 1817. He died at Yately Cottage, Hampshire, on 6 March 1832, after an illness of six weeks. Mascall married, on 19 Sept. 1793, at Croydon. Juliana Anne, eldest daughter of Robert Dalzell of Tidmarsh, Berkshire. She died on 24 July 1823.
Mascall published: 1. 'The Consolidation of the Customs and other Duties,' London, 1787, 8vo. 2. 'A Practical Book of Customs,' London, 1799, 4to; 2nd edit. 1801, 8vo. 3. 'A Digest of the Duties of Customs and Excise,' &c, London, 1812, 8vo; &c.
[Gent. Mag. 1793 pt. ii. p. 956, 1823 pt. ii. p. 188, 1832 pt. i. p. 379; Monthly Review, 1799 xxx. 469, 1801 xxxvi. 429; Civil and Military Establishments: Parl. Returns, 1822 (No. 328), xviii. 46.]
W. A. S. H.