OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pigeon

See also Columbidae on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* PASSENGER-PIGEON
Pigeon (pĭ′jŭn), a name for members of the dove family. There are about 300 species all over the world, being most abundant in the East Indies. Only two are found in the Eastern United States — the wild pigeon and the turtledove. The wild or passenger-pigeon is exceedingly rare. It formerly was very abundant, perching in the forests in such numbers as to break limbs of trees and covering a large territory in their daily flight in search of food. During migration they flew in such large flocks that it would sometimes require days for them to pass a particular point. They were nearly exterminated by wholesale slaughter. The bird is about 17 inches long, with large wings and a long, pointed tail. The male is bluish above, purple brownish-red below, more violet behind, with a black bill and yellow feet. It depended largely upon acorns and beechnuts for food, with occasional feasts on grain and berries. The turtle or mourning dove still is quite common. The long, soft, mournful note of the male during the nesting season is known to nearly everyone in the United States. It is a smaller bird than the passenger pigeon, being about 11¾ inches long. The upper parts are olive grayish brown, the neck iridescent, the breast pinkish and the belly buff; the outer tail-feathers are tipped with white. They nest in isolated pairs, and two broods are produced a year. There is a large number of domestic pigeons, all descended from a wild form generally ​believed to be the blue rock-pigeon; but there is reason to doubt this. Pigeon-breeding has been engaged in throughout Europe and eastern countries for centuries. It is a favorite pastime in the United States. A great range of variation has been produced by breeding. Some of the more conspicuous varieties are the fan-tail with large spreading tail; the pouter, with inflated breast; the tumbler; carrier; trumpeter; barb; and jacobin. Darwin made use of pigeons in observing the changes produced in animals under domestication, through the influence of artificial selection. The breed which is called the carrier pigeon, or the homing pigeon, is employed for carrying messages. There is no real distinction between doves and pigeons.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pike's Peak

See also Pike's Peak on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pike's Peak, a peak of the Rocky Mountains, 65 miles south of Denver in Colorado, discovered by Captain (afterwards General) Z. M. Pike in 1806. It is 14,134 feet high. A railway from Manitou to the top, nine miles in length, was constructed in 1891.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pig

See also the disclaimer.
​Pig. See Swine.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pike

See also Esox on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pike, a ravenous fresh-water fish, with long slender body, broad snout and large mouth. There are five species of the pike family. One inhabits the fresh waters of both continents; the other four are American species. The muskallunge, attaining a length of eight feet, is the finest and largest of the pikes. It is found in the Great Lake region and, occasionally, in the Ohio valley. The smaller varieties are commonly called pickerel in the United States. All rank high as food.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pileus

See also Pileus (mycology) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pileus (pī′le-ŭs), the spreading cap-like portion of a mushroom or toadstool. See Basidomycetes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pierrepont, Edwards

See also Edwards Pierrepont on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pierre'pont, Edwards, American lawyer and diplomat, was born at New Haven, Conn., in 1817; and died at New York, March 6, 1892. As attorney-general of the United States he conducted the trial of Surratt, an accomplice in the murder of President Lincoln. In 1876-8 he was minister to England. As a jurist he had a wide reputation, and European governments were influenced by his writings upon international law.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pigments

See also Pigment on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pig′ments, the color materials of painting. It is necessary to distinguish these from dyeing colors. Pigments are insoluble, and, mixed in oil or water or other liquid, are used for painting. Dye-stuffs are held in solution as tinctorial substances. A pigment must have covering power, that is, it must cover and conceal with an opaque covering the surface on which it is spread. When dry, it must have durability; must resist the air. It should also dry quickly. Pigments for artistic work need to be prepared with more care and of better material, if possible, than pigments for mechanical purposes. A house can be repainted, but a madonna cannot be. Artists' pigments are ground to a finer powder than ordinary paints.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pilate, Pontius

See also Pontius Pilate on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pi′late, Pon′tius, the Roman procurator of Judæa, who, after his most solemn assertions of the innocence of Christ, yielded to the demands of His accusers and gave Him up to be crucified. There are quite a number of traditions as to Pilate's end: He committed suicide; he was beheaded by Nero; he embraced Christianity. In the Ethiopic church he is celebrated as a saint. One legend tells how his body was thrown into the Tiber, making an overflow, another that the body was carried to Mount Pilatus and there sunk securely in the deep pool on its top. But here again it made storms arise, and every year the devil on Good Friday lifts him out of the pool and places him on the judgment-seat, where he washes his hands anew. In the Greek church Pilate's wife has been canonized as a saint. His era is the first half of the 1st century.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pile-Driver

See also Pile driver on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pile-Driver, a machine for driving piles. The ordinary form consists of a heavy iron weight which can be raised vertically from 10 to 40 feet between upright guides and then be released to fall on the pile beneath. The common weight of the ram is from 1,000 to 2,000 pounds, but weights of 4,000 pounds and over are occasionally used. It usually is lifted by a wire-rope, which is wound on a drum revolved by a small steam-engine, the ram being released when the desired height is reached. In the Vulcan-Nasmyth steam pile-driver a hammer is attached directly to the rod of a piston which works in a vertical steam cylinder. The admission of the steam to the cylinder causes reciprocating hammering, the number and character of the blows being regulated by an adjustable valve-gear. Another form of pile-driver is the gunpowder pile. In this the explosive force of gunpowder confined in a suitable mortar is used to drive the pile.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pilgrim's Progress

See also The Pilgrim's Progress on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pilgrim's Progress. This famous masterpiece was composed by John Bunyan (1628-88), a tinker of Bedfordshire, England. Having become converted to intense faith in the free-church point of view, he began to preach and was arrested for delivering sermons without a license. He was confined in Bedford Jail for over eleven years (1660-72), and during this period composed Pilgrim's Progress. This is an easily interpreted allegory describing the spiritual experiences of Christian, the pious man, on the way to the heavenly ​Jerusalem. He passes Neighbors Obstinate and Pliable, Worldly Wiseman, Apollyon, the Valley of the Shadow of Death, the Slough of Despond, Doubting Castle and Giant Despair. The allegory in a simple and yet brilliant way presents the religious notions current among the common people of the time.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Orthoptera

Edition of 1905. See also Orthoptera on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ORTHOP'TERA (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. ὄρθόπτερος, having upright wings, from ὄρθός, orthos, straight, correct + πτερόν, pteron, wing). A large and important group of insects comprising the forms known as the straight-winged insects, and including the grasshoppers or true locusts, long-horned grasshoppers
(including katydids), crickets, cockroaches, walking-sticks, and leaf-insects, and the praying mantis or rear-horse (qq.v.). The mouth parts are fitted for biting, and the metamorphoses are incomplete, the young when first hatched closely resembling the adult insects except in lacking wings. The eggs are few in number, and as a rule are laid in specialized egg-cases, although with some they are deposited without such cases, and with a few are scattered singly. The fore wings are somewhat thickened, but are not as tough as the wing-cases of beetles, and when at rest lie closed upon the back so as to protect the abdomen and the hind wings. They are known as ‘tegmina.’ The hind wings function in flight, and are delicate and usually folded like a fan. About 10,000 species exist, which makes it a small order when compared with the Hymenoptera, the Coleoptera, and the Lepidoptera, but, in spite of the comparatively small number of eggs, many of the species are tenacious of life and apparently very prolific, and swarm in enormous numbers of individuals, as in the case of the destructive and migratory locusts. One of the striking peculiarities of the order is that we find here most highly developed the ability to produce sounds of a more or less musical character, by rubbing one part of the body, modified for the purpose, upon another. This capability thus to make sounds is confined to the male sex, and its object is to attract the female; and this ability belongs only to the families which jump (the Saltatoria); the runners, walkers, and graspers (Cursoria, Gressoria, and Raptoria) make no sound, but in these groups the phenomena of protective and aggressive resemblances are very highly developed, especially in the tropical forms. In these groups the wings seem to be of little use as organs of flight, but they are of striking value in ornamentation and in concealment. This is especially true with the Phasmidæ and Mantidæ, where the effectiveness of color and pattern is extraordinary, the tegmina resembling plant structures with remarkable minuteness of detail. Even the eggs are so modified as to resemble the seeds of plants.
Orthoptera are among the oldest of fossil insects. Cockroaches were numerous and varied in Paleozoic time, and the other families are numerously represented in Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks.
Consult: Sharp, Cambridge Natural History (London, 1895); Comstock, Manual for the Study of Insects (Ithaca, 1898); Howard, The Insect Book (New York, 1902); Lugger, Annual Report of the State Entomologist of Minnesota (Minneapolis, 1898); Scudder, North American Orthoptera (Cambridge, 1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Orton, James

Edition of 1905. See also James Orton on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ORTON, James (1830-77). An American naturalist, born at Seneca Falls, N. Y. He graduated at Williams College in 1855, and then studied theology at the Andover Seminary. In 1860 he returned from an extensive trip through Europe and Palestine, and was ordained a Congregational minister. He became professor of natural science in Rochester University in 1866, in the next year he took charge of a scientific expedition across South America, and in 1873 took part in an expedition to Lima and Lake Titicaca. From 1869 to the time of his death he was professor of natural history in Vassar College. He published The Miner's Guide and Metallurgist's Directory (1849); The Andes and the Amazon (1870); and Comparative Zoölogy (1875).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ostend Manifesto

Edition of 1905. See also Ostend Manifesto on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OSTEND MANIFESTO. A dispatch drawn up at Ostend, October 9, 1854, and signed by James Buchanan, John Y. Mason, and Pierre Soulé, at that time the United States Ministers to Great Britain, France, and Spain respectively, declaring that the sale of Cuba would be as advantageous and honorable to Spain as its purchase would be to the United States, but if Spain refused to sell, self-preservation required that it be wrested from her by force. Encouraged by the acquisition of Texas, the pro-slavery leaders had been affording ready assistance to filibustering expeditions directed against the islands of the Spanish West Indies, and especially Cuba. These expeditions and the probable future action of the Federal Government in regard to the island created anxiety in Europe, and in 1852 Great Britain and France addressed a joint note to the United States proposing a tripartite convention by which the three Powers should disclaim all intention to obtain possession of Cuba and should discountenance such attempts by any Power. Everett, then Secretary of State, replied, refusing to accede to such an arrangement, while declaring that this country would never question Spain's title to the island. President Pierce in August, 1854, directed the American ministers resident at London, Paris, and Madrid to meet at some convenient point for discussion of the Cuban question.
They met at Ostend, October 9th, and subsequently at Aix-la-Chapelle, though it was at the former place that the memorandum known as the Ostend Manifesto was prepared.
The declaration was not approved in the United States in the platforms of either party, and it was strongly condemned in Europe. Consult: Cluskey, Political Text-book (Philadelphia, 1860); also Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power (Boston, 1872-77).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Orthopoda

Edition of 1905. See also Genasauria on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ORTHOP'ODA (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. ὄρθός, orthos, straight, correct + ποῦς, pous, foot). An order of dinosaurs, in the system of Gadow, embracing the groups Stegosauria and Ornithopoda of Marsh. See the sections on these groups under Dinosauria.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Orton, Edward

Edition of 1905. See also Edward Orton, Sr. on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OR'TON, Edward (1829-99). An American educator and geologist. He was born in Deposit, N. Y., graduated at Hamilton College in 1848, and studied at Lane Theological Seminary, at the Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard, and at Andover Theological Seminary. He taught successively at the State Normal School, Albany, N. Y., at the Chester (N. Y.) Academy, and at Antioch College, of which he was also president in 1872-73. He was first president of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College (now Ohio State University) (1873-81), and was professor of geology there from 1873 to 1899. He was an assistant State geologist (1869-82), was State geologist (1882-99), served for a time on the geological surveys of the United States, of Kentucky, and of Kansas, and was president of the Geological Society of America (1896), and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1898-99). He was essentially an economic geologist, and specialized in the study of oil and gas, developing several well-known theories, notably the ‘anticlinal theory,’ and becoming widely known as an authority on the nature and geological occurrence of these products. He wrote portions of vols. i., ii., and iii. of the Reports of the Ohio Geological Survey, and a large part of vols. v., vi., and vii., besides numerous papers in the geological magazines and papers on petroleum, gas, and asphalt in the Kentucky Geological Reports (1891), and in the Report of the United States Geological Survey (1887).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Orion

Edition of 1905. See also Orion (mythology) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ORI'ON (Lat., from Gk. Ὠρίων). In Greek legend, a giant hunter; also the name of a constellation. In the Homeric poems Orion appears as the name of a constellation, conceived as a hunter who is watched by the bear, and of a handsome hero, beloved by Eos and slain by Artemis, but there is no hint of a connection between the two stories. Later writers preserve a multitude of local legends about Orion, which cannot be united into a consistent narrative. In Bœotia he enjoyed special fame, as a hunter of mighty strength, who, while reputed son of King Hyrieus, was borne from the earth by the intervention of three gods. A Cretan version made him the son of Euryale, daughter of Minos, and Poseidon, who gave him the power of traversing the sea. Here also he appears as a hunter and the chosen companion of Artemis and Leto. The Chians connected him with their local hero Œnopion, for whose daughter Merope he became a suitor. Here too he, with the aid of Artemis, cleared the land of wild beasts, but Œnopion still refused to give him his daughter, and finally by strategy blinded him; according to one version, because Orion in drunkenness had offered violence to Merope. Orion forced a boy to guide him to the rising sun, whose rays, falling full upon his eyes, restored their sight, or was helped to this cure by Hephæstus, and returned to take vengeance on Œnopion, who was saved by Poseidon. From the Homeric story of his death was developed a series of stories of his love for Artemis, who slew him when his passion became too violent, or she loved him and only killed him by accident, for Apollo, in his anger at her love, challenged her to hit a black spot on the sea: she shot her arrow and found only too late that it was the head of her lover, who was swimming. In general these myths seem to have no connection with the constellation, but in the following it is difficult not to see astronomical origin. Orion in Bœotia met Pleione and her daughters, and pursued them for five years till they were caught up into the sky as the Pleiades, who still seemed to flee before the giant. In Crete Orion boasted that he would kill all beasts upon the earth, whereupon Gæa sent a scorpion, who killed the hunter by stinging his heel. Artemis set both in the sky, and Orion still hastens to set as he sees the scorpion appear above the horizon.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ortigueira

Edition of 1905. See also Ortigueira on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ORTIGUEIRA, or'tḗ-gā'ḗ-rȧ. A town in the Province of Coruña, Spain, picturesquely situated in a beautiful valley at the head of a land-locked bay 23 miles northeast of Ferrol. The harbor is well sheltered, but shallow, and has no wharves; the town is chiefly noted for its romantic surroundings and for the good sea-bathing afforded. Population (commune), in 1887, 17,563; in 1900, 18,975.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ortler

Edition of 1905. See also Ortler on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ORT'LER, or Ortler Spitze. The highest peak of the Austrian Empire, on the border of the Tyrol, 68 miles southwest of Innsbruck. It rises to a height of 12,790 feet from the northern portion of the Ortler group, in the chain of the Rhætian Alps. It was first ascended in 1804.
The view from the summit is the most imposing of the Eastern Alps.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ortolan

Edition of 1905. See also Ortolan Bunting on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ORTOLAN (Fr. ortolan, from It. ortulano, ortolan, gardener, from Lat. hortulanus, gardener, from hortus, garden). A European bunting (Emberiza hortulana) having a plumage of mixed browns, black, and white. It appears in the autumn in great flocks on both coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, when it returns from its summer home and breeding places in the far north. No bird is so highly esteemed by epicures, and vast numbers are used for the table. It is taken chiefly by nets. See Plate of Buntings.
In America the name is given to both the bobolink (‘reed-bird’) and the sora-rail, neither of which has the slightest relation to an ortolan, but both of which are small birds, much sought after in the fall in the Middle States, as a delicacy.
# The Old Guard/Volume 1/Issue 1/New England Ruling the Middle and Western States

To realize how completely the New England school of politicians has seized the Government of the United States, we have only to refer to the following list of the chairmen of all the important committees of the Senate:
| Committee. | Chairman. | Where from. |
| Foreign Relations. | Sumner. | New England. |
| Finance. | Fessenden. | New England. |
| Miltary Affairs | Wilson. | New England. |
| Naval Affairs. | Hale. | New England. |
| Post Offices. | Collamer. | New England. |
| Pensions. | Foster. | New England. |
| Claims. | Clark. | New England. |
| Public Buildings. | Foote. | New England. |
| Conting’t Expenses. | Dixon. | New England. |
Practically, the United States Senate might just about as well meet in Boston as in Washington. The same preponderance of Yankee abolitionism is found in the committees of the Lower House. The fifteen millions of people in the Middle and Western States are used as a tail to the New England abolition kite. These sharpers of New England thus control over $800,000,000 per annum of the money of the country. The great States of New York, Pennsylvania, and of the West, have comparatively no voice in the management of the finance of the country. Its monetary and political destiny are in the hands of a set of abolition colporteurs and crazy fanatics. If a contry thus used and thus abused can survive, either financially or politically, it will be a miracle indeed.
Beecher, in a late speech, boasted that "New England rules the United States." He might have said that it is determined to rule or ruin the United States, and that it has very nearly accomplished the latter. But the Middle and the Western States will some day throw off the abolition yoke. That day is at hand.
# The Old Familiar Faces

Where are they gone, the old familiar faces? I had a mother, but she died, and left me, Died prematurely in a day of horrors -- All, all are gone, the old familiar faces.
I have had playmates, I have had companions, In my days of childhood, in my joyful school-days, All, all are gone, the old familiar faces.
I have been laughing, I have been carousing, Drinking late, sitting late, with my bosom cronies, All, all are gone, the old familiar faces.
I loved a love once, fairest among women; Closed are her doors on me, I must not see her -- All, all are gone, the old familiar faces.
I have a friend, a kinder friend has no man; Like an ingrate, I left my friend abruptly; Left him, to muse on the old familiar faces.
Ghost-like, I paced round the haunts of my childhood. Earth seemed a desart I was bound to traverse, Seeking to find the old familiar faces.
Friend of my bosom, thou more than a brother, Why wert not thou born in my father's dwelling? So might we talk of the old familiar faces --
How some they have died, and some they have left me, And some are taken from me; all are departed; All, all are gone, the old familiar faces.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Old Guard

* related portals: Periodicals.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
subtitled Devoted to the principles of 1776 and 1787, was a conservative magazine published in New York by C. Chauncey Burr & Co., 1863-1867. The magazine decried federal involvement in the abolition of slavery and was firmly opposed to the civil war.
Sort by date, title, or other :
| Date | Title | Commments |
| 1863-01-02January, 1863 | A Traitor Congress and a Traitor President | A condemnation of President Lincoln |
| January, 1863 | The U.S. Treasury Robbed to Buy Negroes |
| January, 1863 | Acrostic |
| January, 1863 | New England Ruling the Middle and Western States | A critique of the Senate committees |
| February, 1863 | Governor Parker's Inaugural Address | Praise of the inaugural address of Governor Joel Parker of New Jersey |
| February, 1863 | Beecher Blasphemy and Negro Patriotism | A critique of Henry Beecher's call for the Union to draft African America troops in the South |