OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Saintes

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​SAINTES, a town of western France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Charente-Inférieure, 47 m. S.E. of La Rochelle by the railway from Nantes to Bordeaux. Pop. (1906), town, 13,744; commune, 19,025. Saintes is pleasantly situated on the left bank of the Charente, which separates it from its suburb of Les Dames. It is of interest for its Roman remains, of which the best preserved is the triumphal arch of Germanicus, dating from the reign of Tiberius. This formerly stood on a Roman bridge destroyed in 1843, when it was removed and reconstructed on the right bank of the river. Ruins of baths and of an amphitheatre are also to be seen. The amphitheatre, larger than that of Nîmes, and in area surpassed only by the Coliseum, dates probably from the close of the 1st or the beginning of the 2nd century and was capable of holding 20,000 spectators. A Roman building known as the Capitol was destroyed after the capture of the town from the English by Charles of Alençon, brother of Philip of Valois, in 1330, and its site is occupied by a hospital. Saintes was a bishop’s see till 1790; the cathedral of St Peter, built in the first half of the 12th century, was rebuilt in the 15th century, and again after it had been almost destroyed by the Huguenots in 1568. The interior has now an unattractive appearance. The tower (15th century) is 236 ft. high. The church of St Eutropius (founded at the close of the 6th century, rebuilt in the 11th, and had its nave destroyed in the Wars of Religion) stands above a very interesting well-lighted crypt—the largest in France after that of Chartres—adorned with richly sculptured capitals and containing the tomb of St Eutropius (4th or 5th century). The fine stone spire dates from the 15th century. Notre-Dame, a splendid example of the architecture of the 11th and 12th centuries, with a noble clock tower, is no longer devoted to religious purposes. The old hotel de ville (16th and 18th centuries) contains a library, and the present hotel de ville a museum. Bernard Palissy, the porcelain-maker has a statue in the town, where he lived from 1542 to 1562. Small vessels ascend the river as far as Saintes, which carries on trade in grain, brandy and wine, has iron foundries, works of the state railway, and manufactures earthenware, tiles, &c.
Saintes (Mediolanum or Mediolanium), the capital of the Santones, was a flourishing town before Caesar’s conquest of Gaul; in the middle ages it was capital of the Saintonge. Christianity was introduced by St Eutropius, its first bishop, in the middle of the 3rd century. Charlemagne rebuilt its cathedral. The Normans burned the town in 845 and 854. Richard Coeur de Lion fortified himself within its walls against his father Henry II., who captured it after a destructive siege. In 1242 St Louis defeated the English under its walls and was received into the town. It was not, however, till the reign of Charles V. that Saintes was permanently recovered from the English. The Protestants did great damage during the Wars of Religion.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phraortes

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​ PHRAORTES, the Greek form of Fravartish, king of Media. According to Herodotus (i. 102) he was the son of Deioces, and began the Median conquests. He first subjugated the Persians, and then a great many other peoples of Asia, till at last he attacked the Assyrians, but was defeated and killed in a battle, after a reign of twenty-two years (about 646-625 B.C.; but perhaps, as G. Rawlinson supposes, the fifty-three years of Deioces ought in reality to be transferred to him). From other sources we obtain no information whatever about Phraortes; but the data of the Assyrian inscriptions prove that Assur-bani-pal (see Babylonia and Assyria), at least during the greater part of his reign, maintained the Assyrian supremacy in Western Asia, and that in 645 he conquered Susa. The Medians too were subject to him as far as the Elburz and the central Iranian desert.
When after the assassination of Smerdis all the Iranian tribes, the Babylonians and the Armenians rebelled against Darius and the Persian rule, “a man of the name of Fravartish (i.e. Phraortes), a Mede, rebelled in Media and spoke to the people thus: I am Khshathrita, of the family of Uvakhshatra (Cyaxares).” He reigned for a short time, but was defeated by Hydarnes, and afterwards by Darius himself, taken prisoner in Rhagae (Rai), and executed in Ecbatana (520 B.C.; see inscription of Darius at Behistun).
(Ed. M.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phrantza, George

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​ PHRANTZA, GEORGE [Georgios Phrantzes] (1401-c. 1477), the last Byzantine historian, was born in Constantinople. At an early age he became secretary to Manuel II. Palaeologus, in 1432 protovestiarius (great chamberlain), in 1446 praefect of Sparta, and subsequently great logothete (chancellor). At the capture of Constantinople by the Turks (1453) he fell into their hands, but managed to escape to Peloponnesus, where he obtained protection at the court of Thomas Palaeologus, despot of Achaea. After the downfall of the Peloponnesian princes (1460) Phrantza retired to the monastery of Tarchaniotes in Corfu. Here he wrote his Chronicle, containing the history of the house of the Palaeologi from 1258-1476. It is a most valuable authority for the events of his own times.
Editions by I. Bekker (1838) in the Corpus scriptorum hist. byz., and in J. P. Migne, Patrologia graeca, clvi; see also C. Krumbacher, Geschwhte der byzantinischen Litteratur (1897).
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/An Lu-shan

​11An Lu-Shan 安祿山. Died A.D. 757. A native of Lukchak, of Turkic descent, whose original name was 康 K'ang. His mother was a witch, and prayed for a son on the 軋窂 Ya-lao mountains, whence he is sometimes known as Ya-lao-shan. At his birth, a halo was seen around the house, and the beasts of the field cried aloud. The authorities sent to have the child put to death, but he was successfully concealed by his mother. His father dying while he was still young, his mother married a man named An; whereupon he changed his surname, and took the name as above. He grew up to be a tall, heavily-built, clever fellow, and a good judge of character. He spoke the various frontier dialects well; a point which once saved his head when condemned to death for sheep-stealing. He began to be employed in repressing the raids of the Kitan Tartars, in which occupation he made quite a name for himself, and was at length brought to the capital by Li Lin-fu. The Emperor Ming Huang took a great fancy to him, and Yang Kuei-fei called him her adopted son, making him do obeisance to her first and to the Emperor afterwards, on the ground that such was the Turkic custom. Despatched upon an expedition against the Kitans, he was so successful that he was ennobled as Duke. Then, inflated with pride and ambition, he rebelled, and added to the general confusion which was surrounding the wretched Ming Huang, ​who had been repeatedly warned of this new danger. He called himself the Emperor 雄武 Hsiung Wu of the Great Yen dynasty, and for a time carried everything before him. But he was assassinated by his own son 安慶緒 An Ch'ing-hsü, who feared that he was going to be deprived of the succession in favour of the offspring of a concubine; and within three years of the first rising, the son too had been taken prisoner and put to death by Shih Ssŭ-ming. Canonised by his adherents as 燕剌王.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/An-ch'i Shêng

​7An-ch'i Shêng 安期生. A legendary being, said to inhabit the Isles of the Blest. He appears to have been a magician, and possessed the power of rendering himself visible or invisible at pleasure. The First Emperor sent an expedition under Hsü Shih to find him, and so did the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, at the instigation of Li Shao-chün.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/An-lo Kung-chu

​10An-lo Kung-chu 安樂公主. Died A.D. 710. The Princess An-lo, a daughter of the Emperor Chung Tsung of the T'ang ​dynasty, who with her sister, T'ai-p'ing Kung-chu, acquired under the weak rule of their father considerable political power. She was married in the first instance to a relative of the Empress Wu Hou, 武崇訓 Wu Ch'ung Hsün, who was shortly afterwards executed for treason. In 710 she married his brother, 武延秀 Wu Yen-hsiu, and joined her mother, the Empress 韋 Wei, in the conspiracy against her father, and his ultimate murder (see Li Hsien); for which she was put to death by the young Prince, her nephew, afterwards known as the Emperor Ming Huang.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/An Ch'ung-hui

​9An Ch'ung-hui 安重誨. 10th cent. A.D. A faithful Minister and counsellor of the Emperor Li Ssŭ-yüan of the Later T'ang dynasty. He became the victim of political intrigue, and was put to death with his wife and two sons, regretting with his latest breath only that he had not been able to purge the empire of Li Ts'ung-ko. See Ch'ien Liu.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ayuli Palpata

​13Ayuli Palpata 爱育黎披力八達. 1285-1320. Younger brother of Kaisun, whom he succeeded in 1311, to the exclusion of the latter's own son, as fourth Emperor of the Yüan dynasty. Of excellent personal character, well-read in Confucianism and Buddhism, averse to field sports and to war, he laboured to improve the government, and readily removed abuses brought to his notice. However, the practice of confining the highest posts to Mongols of birth worked ill, and the people were ground down with exactions. He instituted regular triennial official examinations, and the first list of Mongol chin shih was published in 1315. In 1314 he forbade eunuchs to hold civil office, but broke the prohibition in the following year. Sumptuary laws were enacted for the ​Chinese, and the game laws were relaxed. On Bnddhist priests and ceremonies vast sums were expended, and in 1318 the Canon was written out in golden characters. Numerous calamities marked the reign, and local risings were not infrequent. Canonised as 仁宗.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Bôdhidharma

​14Bôdhidharma 菩提達摩 or Ta-mo 達磨. Died A.D. ? 535. The last of the Western and the first of the Eastern Patriarchs of Buddhism. He was the third son of the King of 香至 Hsiang-chih in Southern India. His name was given to him by his master, the Patriarch Pradjñâtara, whom he served assiduously for forty years. In A.D. 520 (or according to some, 526) he came by sea to Canton, bringing with him the sacred bowl of the Patriarchate, and was received by the Governor with honour. Summoned to Nanking by the Emperor Wu Ti of the Liang dynasty, he offended that pious monarch by explaining that real merit lay not in works, but solely in purity and wisdom duly combined. He therefore retired to Lo-yang, crossing the swollen Yang-tsze on a bamboo twig or a reed. At Lo-yang he abode nine years in the 少林 Shao-lin Temple on the 嵩 Sung Hill, sitting in silent contemplation with his face to the wall, whence the populace styled him 壁觀 the Wall Gazer. The learned priest who succeeded him as Patriarch (see Hui-k'o) at length, by patient attendance through a snowy night, until by daybreak the snow had risen above his knees, induced him to give instruction. He wished to return to India, but died, his rivals having five times tried in vain to poison him, and was buried on the 熊耳 Bear's Ear Hill. Sung Yün having reported meeting him on the Onion Range, barefoot and holding in his hand a single sandal, his tomb was opened and in his coffin was found nothing but the other sandal, ​which in 727 was stolen from the Shao-lin Temple and disappeared, Bôdhidharma taught that religion was not to be learnt from books, but that man should seek and find the Buddha in his own heart. To the people he is the powerful Arhan who crossed the Yang-tsze on a reed, a favourite subject in Chinese art.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/An Chin-ts'ang

​8An Chin-ts'ang 安金藏. Died A.D. 711. A native of Loyang, who was employed in the Court of Sacrificial Worship under the Empress Wu Hou. When charges of treason were brought against the Heir Apparent, Li Tan, he loudly protested that the latter was innocent; and in token of good faith seized a knife and ripped up his own belly so that his bowels hung down to the ground. It was with difficulty that his life was saved; the Empress however was convinced of his loyalty, and Li Tan was left in peace. His name was subsequently carved upon M$^{ts}$ Tai and Hua, and he was canonised as 忠.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/An Ti

​An Ti. See (Han) Liu Tu; (Chin) Ssŭ-ma Tê.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ao-pai

​12Ao-pai 鼇拜. Died A.D. 1669. A Minister under the Emperor Shun Chih. Ennobled as Duke and appointed one of four Regents during the minority of K'ang Hsi, he overawed his colleagues and established a species of tyranny. For opposing his wanton proposal to transfer the farms of officers of the Plain White Banner (that being the Banner of his enemy Su-k'o-sa-ha) to his own Bordered Yellow Banner, several statesmen of high rank were executed; and in one case he did not hesitate to forge a Decree of death. His crimes came to light in 1669, and he paid the penalty with his life.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Bayan

​Bayan. See Po-yen.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thermidor

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​THERMIDOR (from Gr. θέρμη), heat, and δῶρον, gift), the name given during the French Revolution to the eleventh month of the year in the Republican Calendar. The month fell in the hottest season of the year, beginning on the 19th or 20th of July and ending on the 18th or 19th of August, according to the year. As in all the other months of the Republican Calendar, each of the days of Thermidor was, in accordance with the suggestion of Fabre d’Églantine, consecrated to some useful object. Thus 1 Thermidor was consecrated to spelt, 10 Thermidor to the watering-pot, 15 Thermidor to sheep, and 27 Thermidor to lentils. The most important event that took place in this month was the revolution of 9 Thermidor year II. (27th of July 1794), which resulted in the fall of Robespierre and the collapse of the Terror. The name Thermidorian (Thermidorien) was given to the authors of this revolution and to the supporters of the reactionary movement of which it was the signal.
See C. d'Héricault, La Révolution de Thermidor (2nd ed., Paris, 1878); E. B. Courtois, Rapport fait au nom de la commission chargée de l’examen des papiers trouvés chez Robespierre et ses complies (1795); D. A. Martin, Papiers inédits … supprimés ou omis par Courtois (3 vols., 1828); also bibliography in M. Tourneux, Bibliog. de la ville de Paris … (1890), vol. i., nos. 4265–4309.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thermopylae

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​THERMOPYLAE (Gr. θερμός, hot, and πύλη, gate), a Greek pass leading from Locris into Thessaly between Mount Oeta and the sea. (Maliac Gulf). It is chiefly famous for the heroic defence made by Leonidas, the Spartan king, with 300 Spartan soldiers against the Persian army of Xerxes advancing upon Greece in 480 (see Leonidas and authorities there quoted). Two other famous battles took place at the pass. In 279 B.C. Brennus and the Gauls were checked for several months by a Greek army under the Athenian Calippus, and in 191 Antiochus of Syria vainly attempted to hold the pass against the Romans under M'. Acilius Glabrio. In the time of Leonidas the pass was a narrow track (probably about 14 yds. wide) under the cliff. In modern times the deposits of the Spercheius have widened it to a breadth of 1 1/2 to 3 m. broad. The hot springs from which the pass derived its name still exist close to the foot of the hill. There is one large spring used as a bath and four smaller ones, and the water, which is of a bluish green colour and contains lime, salt, carbonic acid and sulphur, is said to produce good effects in cases of scrofula, sciatica and rheumatism. The accommodation for bathers is, however, quite inadequate.
For the topography see Grundy, Great Persian War, pp. 277–291,
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Therezina

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​THEREZINA, a city of Brazil, capital of the state of Piauhy, on the left bank of the Parnahyba river, about 220 m. from its mouth. Pop. (1890) 21,620; for the commune or municipio, 31,523; (1906, estimated), 25,000. It is prettily situated on an open plain and is laid out regularly with broad straight streets with seven large squares. Among its public buildings are the government palace, the legislative and municipal hall, the “Quatro de Setembro” theatre, Misericordia hospital, public market, sanitation and public works, building, courts, police headquarters, barracks, &c. The town is characteristically Portuguese in appearance, its buildings being one or two stories in height, plastered and frequently coloured outside, with large rooms, thick walls, and tile roofs to ensure coolness. There is one lyceum, or high school, with about 400 students, in addition to its primary schools. Its manufacturing industries include a cotton mill, foundry, and soap-works. A steamboat service, with three small boats, maintains regular communication with Parnahyba, near the mouth of the river, besides which there are a number of independent freight-carrying boats. Therezina was founded in 1852, its site being originally called Chapada de Corisco, and was named in honour of the empress, Dona Thereza Christina. It was made the capital of Piauhy in succession to Oeiras.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wekerle, Alexander

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WEKERLE, ALEXANDER (1848-), Hungarian statesman (see 28.500), was again appointed prime minister on Aug. 20 1917, and resigned in a public sitting of Parliament in 1918 (see Hungary). At the time of the Bolshevist rule in Hungary he was held prisoner as a hostage.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Weber, Sir Hermann

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WEBER, SIR HERMANN (1823-1918), British physician, was born at Holzkirchen, Germany, Dec. 30 1823, the son of a German father and an Italian mother. He studied medicine at Fulda, Marburg and Bonn, where he took his M.D. degree in 1848. His residence at Bonn brought him into touch with the English colony there, and through this connexion he received the position of house physician at the German Hospital, Dalston, London. When this appointment came to an end, he started in private practice, having become a naturalized British subject, and studied at Guy's Hospital with the object of obtaining an English qualification (1855). Weber came into great prominence as a pioneer of the open-air treatment for tuberculosis, and himself spent many winters in Switzerland in charge of patients. In 1899 he was appointed a delegate to the Berlin congress on the prevention of tuberculosis, and the same year was knighted. He retired from practice at the age of 80, but retained his health and vigour till his death, which took place in London Nov. 11 1918, in his 95th year.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Weeks, John Wingate

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WEEKS, JOHN WINGATE (1860-), American public official, was born at Lancaster, N.H., April 11 1860. He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1881, served two years as midshipman, then resigned from the navy and became a civil engineer. From 1886 he was assistant land commissioner of the Florida Southern Railroad. In the latter year he helped to organize the banking and brokerage firm of Hornblower & Weeks, Boston, Mass., of which he was a member until 1912. His interest in the navy meanwhile continued. In 1890 he joined the Mass. naval brigade, was made captain, and during the Spanish-American War commanded the second division of the auxiliary U.S. naval force on the Atlantic coast. From 1894 to 1900 he was a member of the Mass. military advisory board and of the military board of examiners; in 1896 he was a member of the board of visitors of the U.S. Naval Academy. He was elected alderman of Newton, Mass., in 1900, was reëlected for two terms, and then elected mayor (1903-4). In 1905 he was chairman of the Mass. Republican State Convention. During 1905-13 he was a member of the national House of Representatives and as a member of the committee on banking and currency took an active part in framing the Aldrich-Vreeland Currency bill. In 1913 he entered the U.S. Senate, succeeding Winthrop Murray Crane, but was defeated for reëlection in 1919. As a member of the Senate committee on military affairs during the World War he took part in investigations which resulted in a reorganization of the ordnance and quartermaster departments as well as the aircraft production board. In 1921 he entered the Cabinet of President Harding as Secretary of War.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Weismann, August

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WEISMANN, AUGUST (1834-1914), German biologist (see 28.499), died at Freiburg-in-Baden Nov. 6 1914. His latest publications were an estimate of Darwin's work and Die Selectionstheorie, both published in 1909.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wedmore, Sir Frederick

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WEDMORE, SIR FREDERICK (1844-1921), English art critic and man of letters (see 28.466), was knighted in 1912. He published that year his Memories, a book of reminiscences, social and literary. He also published Painters and Painting (1913) and a novel, Brenda Walks On (1916). He died at Sevenoaks Feb. 25 1921. His daughter, Millicent Wedmore (b. 1879), herself the author of two volumes of verse, helped him to edit during the World War Poems of the Love and Pride of England.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Weiss, Bernhard

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WEISS, BERNHARD (1827-1914), German Protestant New Testament scholar (see 28.499), died in 1914.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scoop

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​SCOOP (from M. L. Ger. or M. Du. schope, cf. Du. schoep, a bailing vessel, Ger. schöpfen, and, from M. Du. schoppe, Ger. Schüppe, shovel), properly a utensil or implement for ladling or bailing out water or liquid from a vessel, and so used of the bucket of a water-wheel or of a dredger; in its most usual sense the word is applied to a small kind of shovel with a short handle and a sharply curved blade, often covered in towards the handle end, and used for the moving and lifting of loose materials or for cutting out a rounded piece from any substance. In journalistic slang, originally American, a “ scoop " is an exclusive piece of information obtained by a newspaper.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Score

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​SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. “shear”), properly a notch or groove cut in a piece of wood, called a “tally” (q.v.), as a method of counting; hence an account or reckoning made in this way. Either from a custom of keeping each series of twenty numbers or notches on a separate tally, or of marking the twentieth number by a longer or deeper mark, the word was early used to denote the number twenty; it is still used as a measure of weight, equivalent to 20 ℔, computing the weight of animals sold for slaughtering for food. In music, a score is the written or printed copy of a composition on two or more staves, barred and braced together. For instrumental and vocal music a “full score” has the parts for each class of voice and instrument on a separate staff.