# Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices (3d ed. 2014)/Introduction

​Introduction to the Third Edition of the COMPENDIUM OF U.S. COPYRIGHT OFFICE PRACTICES
The Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, Third Edition (the “Compendium” or “Third Edition”) is the administrative manual of the Register of Copyrights concerning Title 17 of the United States Code and Chapter 37 of the Code of Federal Regulations. It provides instruction to agency staff regarding their statutory duties and provides expert guidance to copyright applicants, practitioners, scholars, the courts, and members of the general public regarding institutional practices and related principles of law. See 37 C.F.R. § 201.2(b)(7).
Effective Date of the Third Edition
The Compendium, Third Edition was released and became effective on December 22, 2014.
The Compendium, Third Edition is a living, electronic document accessible on the official website of the U.S. Copyright Office. The Office publishes regular revisions, as appropriate, to reflect changes in the law and/or practices, which customers may access, download, or print. The version posted on the Office’s website at any given time should be consulted as the current official version. The Office maintains an archive of all revisions so released, as well as prior versions.
Citing to the Compendium
The full title of this manual is the “Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, Third Edition.” The full title may be abbreviated as the “Compendium.” The manual may be cited as follows:
Full citation:
Short form citation:
What the Compendium Covers
The Compendium documents and explains the many technical requirements, regulations, and legal interpretations of the U.S. Copyright Office with a primary focus on the registration of copyright claims, documentation of copyright ownership, and recordation of copyright documents, including assignments and licenses. It describes the wide range of services that the Office provides for searching, accessing, and retrieving information located in its extensive collection of copyright records and the ​associated fees for these services. The Compendium provides guidance regarding the contents and scope of particular registrations and records. And it seeks to educate applicants about a number of common mistakes, such as providing incorrect, ambiguous, or insufficient information, or making overbroad claims of authorship.
The Compendium does not cover every principle of copyright law or detail every aspect of the Office’s administrative practices. The Office may, in exceptional circumstances, depart from its normal practices to ensure an outcome that is most appropriate.
Standard of Deference for the Compendium
The Compendium does not override any existing statute or regulation. The policies and practices set forth in the Compendium do not in themselves have the force and effect of law and are not binding upon the Register of Copyrights or U.S. Copyright Office staff. However, the Compendium does explain the legal rationale and determinations of the U.S. Copyright Office, where applicable, including circumstances where there is no controlling judicial authority.
The Supreme Court recognized that courts may consider the interpretations set forth in administrative manuals, policy statements, and similar materials “to the extent that those interpretations have ‘the power to persuade.’” Christensen v. Harris County, 529 U.S. 576, 587 (2000) (internal citations omitted). “The weight of [the agency’s] judgment in a particular case will depend upon the thoroughness evident in its consideration, the validity of its reasoning, its consistency with earlier and later pronouncements, and all those factors which give it power to persuade….” Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140 (1944).
Courts have cited the Compendium in numerous copyright cases. See, e.g., Alaska Stock, LLC v. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Co., 747 F.3d 673, 684 (9th Cir. 2014) (finding the Compendium “persuasive” concerning the registration requirements for databases); Inhale, Inc. v. Starbuzz Tobacco, Inc., 739 F.3d 446, 449 (9th Cir. 2014) (finding the Compendium “persuasive” on the issue of conceptual separability); Metropolitan Regional Information Systems, Inc. v. American Home Realty Network, Inc., 888 F. Supp. 2d 691, 706–07 (D. Md. 2012) (deferring to the Compendium concerning the registration requirements for collective works); Rogers v. Better Business Bureau of Metropolitan Houston, Inc., 887 F. Supp. 2d 722, 732 (S.D. Tex. 2012) (“The Copyright Office’s ‘policy statements, agency manuals, and enforcement guidelines’ do not carry ‘the force of law,’ but they are entitled to some deference given the ‘specialized experience and broader investigations and information’ of the agency.”); McLaren v. Chico’s FAS, Inc., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 120185, at **9–10 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 9, 2010) (concluding that the Office’s interpretation of the unit of publication regulation “is particularly compelling”).
Compendium Chapters
The Compendium’s chapter scheme addresses the following key areas:
* Background on U.S. Copyright Office and general copyright law (Chapter 100).
* Overview of the registration process (Chapter 200). ​
* What is copyrightable (Chapter 300).
* Who may file an application for copyright registration, and distinguishing between applicants, claimants, and correspondents (Chapter 400).
* What may be or is covered by a registration and legal concepts relating to the authorship and ownership of joint works, works made for hire, derivative works, compilations, and collective works (Chapter 500).
* How to complete an application, including general categories of works and standards for examination (Chapter 600).
* Guidance regarding the copyrightability and registrability of literary works, works of the performing arts, and visual art works (Chapters 700, 800, and 900).
* Guidance regarding the copyrightability and registrability of websites and website content (Chapter 1000).
* When and how to register multiple works with one application, one filing fee, and one set of deposit copies (Chapter 1100).
* When and how to register mask works and vessel designs (Chapters 1200 and 1300).
* Types of applications and filing fees (Chapter 1400).
* Identifying and filing proper deposit copies for registration and mandatory deposit (Chapter 1500).
* Conditions for, benefits of, and processes for preregistration (Chapter 1600).
* How to request reconsideration of a refusal of a registration (Chapter 1700).
* How to modify a registration record, such as correcting or amplifying the information in a certificate of registration, cancelling a copyright registration, or asserting an adverse claim to copyright (Chapter 1800).
* Guidance on the meaning of publication and how to determine if a work is published (Chapter 1900).
* Registering a foreign work (Chapter 2000).
* How to seek a renewal registration for works first published or registered before January 1, 1978 (Chapter 2100).
* Copyright notice and the works that are subject to the notice requirement (Chapter 2200). ​
* Recording documents related to copyright ownership, notices of termination, and other documents that the Office records under Title 17 (Chapter 2300).
* Accessing and obtaining Office records and other Office services (Chapter 2400).
First and Second Editions of the Compendium
The first edition of the Compendium (commonly referred to as “Compendium I”) governed the Office’s general practices for registration, recordation, and other matters arising under the Copyright Act of 1909. Largely an internal manual, it was directed to the Office’s examining staff. Compendium I was made available to the public for the first time in 1967 and it was last revised in 1973. See U.S. Copyright Office, Introduction to Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices (1st ed. 1973); Inspection and Copying of Records and Other Documents, 32 Fed. Reg. 9314 (June 30, 1967).
The second edition of the Compendium (commonly referred to as “Compendium II”) was also designed for internal use. Compendium II reflects the Copyright Office’s general practices for registration, recordation, and other matters arising under the Copyright Act of 1976, prior to the adoption of the Third Edition. It was first published in 1984 and revised in part in 1988 and 1998. In 1988 the Office revised Chapter 600 (Registration Procedures) and added Chapter 1900 (Records, Indexes and Deposits). In 1998 the Office revised Chapter 1600 (Recordation of Transfers) and Chapter 1900 (Records, Indexes, and Deposits). See generally Change in Procedure for Recording Certain Multiple Title Documents, 63 Fed. Reg. 23,475 (Apr. 29, 1998); Compendium of Copyright Office Practices, 53 Fed. Reg. 20,392 (June 3, 1988); Compendium of Copyright Office Practices, 49 Fed. Reg. 23,125 (June 4, 1984).
Although the Copyright Act of 1909 was repealed effective January 1, 1978, Compendium II did not supersede Compendium I. The preface to Compendium II expressly stated that Compendium I continued “to apply to Copyright Office actions, in situations … where the provisions of the Copyright Act of 1909, as amended, are dispositive.” U.S. Copyright Office, Preface to Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices (2d ed. 1984). In other words, Compendium I remained the governing administrative manual for all registrations, renewals, and recordations issued by the Office prior to January 1, 1978. It also set forth the registration requirements for works published before January 1, 1978 where the applicant subsequently sought to register the work for the original copyright term (i.e., the first twenty-eight years of the copyright), including issues involving copyright notice and the manufacturing clause.
Compendiums I and II are available on the Office’s website (copyright.gov/comp3/prior-editions.html). They are also available for inspection and copying in the Records, Research and Certification Section. See 37 C.F.R. § 201.2(b)(7).
Relationship Between the First, Second, and Third Editions of the Compendium
To the extent there is a conflict between the Third Edition and any prior version of the Compendium, including Compendiums I or II or any prior version of the Third Edition, the current official version shall control.
​The Third Edition does not comprehensively cover all U.S. Copyright Office practices under the prior copyright law. To the extent that issues arise that are not addressed by the Third Edition, Compendiums I and II remain in effect and continue to be the governing administrative manuals for practices involving those issues.
In particular, the Third Edition generally does not address practices under the Copyright Act of 1909. Compendium I continues to be the controlling manual for registrations, renewals, and recordations issued by the Office prior to January 1, 1978, and for the registration requirements for works published before January 1, 1978 that were never registered for the original copyright term. For ease of reference, however, Chapter 2100 of the Third Edition summarizes most of the relevant practices from Compendium I concerning the registration and renewal of such works.
Similarly, the Third Edition does not address all practices involving provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 that have been amended or repealed since 1978. As a general rule, Compendium II continues to be the relevant administrative manual for registrations, renewals, and recordations issued by the Office between January 1, 1978 and the effective date of the Third Edition. In particular, Chapter 1200 of Compendium II continues to be the governing manual concerning the manufacturing clause, although that Chapter only applies to works published before June 30, 1986, which is the date that the manufacturing clause expired.
Using the Compendium
The U.S. Copyright Office makes the Compendium available in PDF format. The complete manual may be accessed or downloaded in its entirety or on a chapter-by-chapter basis. Each chapter can be accessed through the link set forth in the table of contents for the Compendium as a whole. Additionally, the Compendium includes a glossary of terms that are commonly used in registration and recordation practice. These terms are defined and linked throughout the chapters. Certain frequently used phrases are defined for convenience.
How to Search the Compendium
The “find” feature allows users to search for specific words or phrases within the entire Compendium or within specific chapters. To conduct a search, follow these steps:
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How to Provide Comments on the Compendium
The U.S. Copyright Office welcomes input on an ongoing basis regarding the Compendium. Comments may be emailed to the Office by using the form posted on the Office’s website at copyright.gov/comp3/comments.html. In particular, the Office appreciates feedback on the readability, clarity, coverage, and usability of the Compendium. It also may consider well-developed observations regarding the Office’s practices themselves.