OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pinel, Philippe

See also Philippe Pinel on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PINEL, PHILIPPE (1745–1826), French physician, was born at the chateau of Rascas, Saint-André, in the department of Tarn, France, on the 20th of April 1745 He studied at Lavaur and afterwards at the university of Toulouse, where he took his doctor's degree in 1773. From Montpellier he removed in 1778 to Paris, engaging there chiefly in literary work connected with his profession. His first publication was a French translation of William Cullen's Nosology (1785), it was followed by an edition of the works of G. Baghvi (1788), and in 1791 he published a Traité medico-philosophique de l'aliénation mentale. In 1792 he became head physician of the Bicêtre, and two years afterwards he received the corresponding appointment at the Salpêtrière, where he began to deliver a course of chnical lectures, these formed the basis of his Nosographie philosophique (1798; 6th ed., 1818), which was further developed in La Médecine clinique (1802). Pinel was made a member of the Institute in 1803, and soon afterwards was appointed professor of pathology in the École de Médecine. His fame rests entirely upon the fact that he was among the first to introduce the humane treatment of the insane. He died at Paris on the 26th of October 1826.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pinero, Sir Arthur Wing

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​PINERO, SIR ARTHUR WING (1855–), English dramatist, was born in London on the 24th of May 1855, the son of John Daniel Pinero, a Jewish solicitor, whose family was of Portuguese origin, long established in London. A. W. Pinero was engaged in 1874 as an actor at the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh, and came to London in 1876, to play at the Globe Theatre. Later in the year he joined the Lyceum company, of which he remained a member for five years. The first piece of his to see the footlights ​was £200 a year, played in October 1877 at the Globe Theatre for the benefit of Mr F. H. Macklin. The first play to make a hit was The Money Spinner (Theatre Royal, Manchester, Nov. 1880); but in The Squire (St James's Theatre, Dec. 1881) he attempted serious drama, and gave promise of the qualities of his later work. In 1883 and 1884 Pinero produced seven pieces, but the most important of his works at this period were the successful farces produced at the Court Theatre: The Magistrate (March 1885), which ran for more than a year; The Schoolmistress (March 1886); Dandy Dick (Jan. 1887), revived in February 1900, The Cabinet Minister (April 1890), and The Amazons (March 1893). Two comedies of sentiment, Sweet Lavender (Terry's, March 1888) and The Weaker Sex (Theatre Royal, Manchester, Sept. 1888), met with success, and Sweet Lavender has enjoyed numerous revivals. With The Profligate (Garrick, April 1889) he returned to the serious drama which he had already touched on in The Squire. Out of deference to the wishes of John Hare the play was fitted with the conventional “ happy ending,” but the original denouement was restored, with great advantage to the unity of the play, in the printed version. The Second Mrs Tanqueray (St James's, May 27, 1893) dealt with the converse of the question propounded in The Profligate, but with more art and more courage. The piece aroused great discussion, and placed Pinero in the front rank of living dramatists (see Drama: Recent English). It was translated into French, German and Italian, and the part of Paula Tanqueray, created in the first place by Mrs Patrick Campbell, attracted many actresses, among others Eleonora Duse. His later plays were The Notorious Mrs Ebbsmith (Garrick, March 13, 1895), The Benefit of the Doubt (Comedy, Oct 1895), The Princess and the Butterfly (St James's, April 7, 1897), Trelawney of the Wells (Court, ]an. 30, 1898), The Gay Lord Quex (Globe, April 8, 1899), Iris (Garrick, Sept. 21, 1901), Letty (Duke of York's, Oct. 8, 1903), A Wife Without a Smile (Wyndham's, Oct 9, 1904), His House in Order (St James's, Feb 1, 1906), The Thunderbolt (St James's, May 9, 1908) and Mid-Channel (St James's, Sept. 2, 1909). Pinero was knighted in 1909.
His Plays (II vols. 1891–1895) have prefaces by M. C. Salaman. See also H. Hamilton Fyfe, A. W. Pinero (1902).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ping-pong

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​PING-PONG, or Table-Tennis, a miniature variety of lawn-tennis played on a table, which may be of any size not less than 5 1/2 ft. long by 3 ft. broad. Various attempts were made to adapt lawn-tennis to the house, but the real popularity of the game began when, near the close of the 19th century, celluloid balls were introduced, and the game was called ping-pong from the sound of the balls as they were struck by the racket or rebounded from the table. In 1900 the ball was improved and made heavier, and for the next two years ping-pong enjoyed a popularity never before attained by a game in so short a time, not only in Great Britain but in France, the British Colonies and America. Two leagues were formed, the “Table-Tennis Association” and the “Ping-Pong Association,” whose laws were practically identical. The regular tournament table is 9 ft. long by 5 ft. broad, and the net is a little less than 7 in. high. The balls, which are of hollow celluloid, are about 3/4 in. in diameter. The racket has a blade, shaped like a lawn-tennis racket, about 6 in long and a handle long enough to grasp comfortably, all in one piece. Rackets are made either wholly of wood covered with vellum, cork, sand-paper or rubber, or of light frames covered with vellum or some other material. The table was at first marked out in courts, but is now plain. It should be unpolished and stained. In serving, a player must stand directly behind his end of the table and use an underhand motion only. The ball must clear the net and strike the table anywhere on the other side. The game is then continued until the ball misses the table or fails to pass over the net. Only one service is allowed, except in case of a let. The scoring is the same as in lawn-tennis.
See Ping-Pong, by Arnold Parker (London, 1902); Table Tennis, by A. Sinclair (London, 1902).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pindus

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PINDUS, the ancient name of a rugged group of mountains which separates Thessaly from Epirus, and branches south in various directions. The geographical name is sometimes extended over all these branches, and so reaches from Aetolia to the Gulf of Lamia. The northern part of the ridge was known as Lacmon. There is no modern name covering the whole range, but its different parts have separate names. Several of them attain a height of 7000 ft. or more.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pine-apple

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​PINE-APPLE. The pine-apple so called consists in reality of the inflorescence of the plant, the originally separate flowers of which, together with the bracts supporting them, become fleshy and consolidated into one mass. The swelling and fusion of the tissues take place after the process of fertilization, and it may be that the richly perfumed succulent mass is an aid in the distribution of seed by affording food to certain animals. In the highly developed cultivated pines, however, it frequently happens that the seeds do not ripen properly The pine Ananas sativus, is a member of the natural order Bromeliaceae of tropical American origin, where it is widely spread, and it is now naturalized in the tropical regions of the Old World.
Evelyn in his Diary mentions tasting a pine-apple from Barbados at the table of Charles II., and this is we believe the first mention of the fruit in English literature. A picture, of which a copy may be seen at the rooms of the Royal Horticultural Society of London, represents the royal gardener, Mr Rose, presenting on bended knee the first pine apple grown in Britain, and it is surmised that this may have been grown from the "suckers" of the fruit above alluded to by Evelyn, though it generally considered that the pine was not cultivated in England till 1712. For many years pine-apples were cultivated in large private gardens, but owing to the great developments in culture in the West Indies, the Azores, Canary Islands, &c., they are no longer cultivated in Britain or Europe.
Pine-apple (Ananas sativus) much reduced.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pine Bluff

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​PINE BLUFF, a city and the county seat of Jefferson county, Arkansas, U.S.A., situated at an altitude of about 200 ft. in the alluvial bottoms of the Arkansas river, about 107 m. from it mouth, and about 42 m. S. by E. of Little Rock. Pop. (1910), 15,102. It has an active river trade with St Louis, Memphis and New Orleans, and five railway outlets—the Missouri Pacific and its branch, the Pine Bluff & Western, and the St Louis South-Western and its two branches, the Pine Bluff & Arkansas River and the Altheimer. The city has many schools, and a business college, the state normal school for negroes, and Merrill institute, endowed by Joseph Merrill of Pine Bluff with $100,000. Large quantities of cotton and lumber are shipped from the city. Among the manufactures are cotton-seed oil, lumber and staves, and furniture. Pine Bluff has shops of the St Louis South-Western railway. The city's factory products were valued at $2,989,242 in 1905, an increase of 94% over their value in 1900 Pine Bluff was laid out in 1832 and chartered as a city in 1885.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pinerolo

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​PINEROLO [Pignerol], a city and episcopal see of Piedmont. Italy, in the province of Turin. Pop. (1901), 12,608 (town), 18,039 (commune). It is built on a hill-side just above the valleys of the Chisone and the Lemina, at a height of 1234 ft. above the sea, 24 m. by rail S W. of Turin. The railway goes on to Torre Pellice; and steam tramways run from Pinerolo to Perosa, and to Cavour and Saluzzo. Till 1696 it was strongly fortified with a citadel on Santa Brigida, a castle on S. Maurizio, and city walls constructed by Thomas I. of Savoy. It has a cathedral (St Donatus), the palace of the princes of Acaia and other buildings of some interest. Cotton, silk, wool and hemp are among the local manufactures.
Pinerolo was bestowed on the bishops of Turin by Otto III. in 996, but in 1078 the countess Adelaide made it over to the Benedictine abbey of Santa Maria, in whose possession it remained till 1159. Thomas I. of Savoy captured the castle in 1188, and in 1246 the commune formally recognized the supremacy of Savoy. Passing in 1295 into the hands of Philip, son of Thomas III, Pinerolo became his residence and capital, a distinction which it retained under Amadeus VIII. of Savoy Francis I. of France obtained possession of the town in his descent into Italy, but Emmanuel Philibert received it back from Henry III. in 1574. A second occupation by the French occurred under Cardinal Richelieu, the French language was imposed on the people, great fortifications were constructed, and the fortress (Pignerol) was used as a state prison for such men as Fouquet, De Caumont and the Man with the Iron Mask (see Iron Mask). Victor Amadeus bombarded the place in 1693, and ultimately compelled Louis XIV to relinquish his hold on it, but before the withdrawal of the French troops the defences were demolished. In 1748 the town was made a bishop's see.
# 55th Annual National Thanksgiving Turkey presentation

26 November 2002
Good afternoon and welcome to the Rose Garden. I'm glad you all are here.
I see the turkey standing there. He looks a little nervous, doesn't he? He probably thinks he's going to have a press conference.
I really appreciate you coming to watch me give this bird a Presidential pardon. I'm especially glad to see all the young people who are here; thank you for coming – and such wonderful looking costumes. We welcome the Boys and Girls Clubs, the Boy Scouts and school students from the Washington, D.C. area. Thanks for coming to the White House.
I wish my dog, Barney, was here. But I'm afraid Barney would have met his match with that turkey. So we kept him inside.
I want to thank the Secretary of Agriculture for coming. Ann, it's great to see you. I appreciate all our distinguished guests for being here. I particularly want to thank Ron Prestage, who is the chairman of the National Turkey Federation. It turns out his dad, Bill, was the chairman of the National Turkey Federation. We kind of like father and son combos around here. It's also good to have Alice Johnson with us, as well. Thank you all for coming.
The Thanksgiving Proclamation which I signed this morning is a Presidential tradition which began with George Washington. The days of Thanksgiving are an American tradition. We've observed this tradition since the Pilgrims. Americans have always been a grateful people: we're grateful for our freedom; we're grateful for our families; we're grateful for our beautiful country.
Each year at Thanksgiving we gather in that spirit to count our blessings and to share those blessings with our families and with others. On this holiday, American families will be thinking of loved ones far from home – especially members of our military, who defend our country.
We remember those in other lands who suffer under oppression, who long for freedom and we pray that they might one day live in a world at peace and in a free society. And in this nation of many faiths, we ask that the Almighty God continue to bless us and to watch over us.
And now, as we look to our national Day of Thanksgiving, I have the honor of carrying out an important Presidential tradition. The bird's name is Katie. Ron, it was awfully nice of you to name that bird after your daughter. It's a high honor to be named – to have that turkey named after your child. And it's a fine looking turkey.
By virtue of this pardon, Katie is on her way not to the dinner table, but to Kidwell Farm in Herndon, Virginia. There she'll live out her days as safe and comfortable as she can be. Thank you all for coming, happy Thanksgiving. I look forward to having a conversation with Katie. Let's do it.
All right, thank you all for coming. Happy Thanksgiving.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Salas Barbadillo, Alonso Jerónimo de

See also Alonso Jerónimo de Salas Barbadillo on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SALAS BARBADILLO, ALONSO JERÓNIMO DE (c. 1580–1635), Spanish novelist and playwright, born at Madrid about 1580, and educated at Alcalá de Henares and Valladolid. His first work, La Patrona de Madrid restituida (1609), is a dull devout poem, which forms a strange prelude to La Hija de Celestina (1612), a malicious transcription of picaresque scenes reprinted under the title of La Ingeniosa Elena. This was followed by a series of similar tales and plays, the best of which are El Cavallero puntual (1614), La Casa de placer honesto (1620), Don Diego de Noche (1623) and a most sparkling satirical volume of character-sketches, El Curioso y śabio Alexandro (1634). He died in poverty at Madrid on the 10th of July 1635. Some of his works were translated into English and French, and Scarron’s Hypocrites is based on La Ingeniosa Elena; he deserved the vogue which he enjoyed till late in the 17th century, for his satirical humour, versatile invention and pointed style are an effective combination.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Saldanha Bay

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​SALDANHA BAY, an inlet on the south-western coast of South Africa, 63 m. by sea N. by W. of Cape Town, forming a land-locked harbour. The northern part of the inlet is known as Hoetjes Bay. It has accommodation for a large fleet with deep water close inshore, but the arid nature of the country caused it to be neglected by the early navigators, and with the growth of Cape Town Saldanha Bay was rarely visited. Considerable deposits of freestone in the neighbourhood attracted attention during the later 19th century. Proposals were also made to create a port which could be supplied by water from the Berg river, 20 m. distant. From Kalabas Kraal on the Cape Town-Clanwilliam railway, a narrow gauge line runs via Hopefield to Hoetjes Bay—126 m. from Cape Town.
Saldanha Bay is so named after Antonio de Saldanha, captain of a vessel in Albuquerque’s fleet which visited South Africa in 1503. The name was first given to Table Bay, where Saldanha’s ship cast anchor. On Table Bay being given its present name (1601) the older appellation was transferred to the bay now called after Saldanha. In 1781 a British squadron under Commodore George Johnstone 1731–1787) seized six Dutch East lndiamen, which, fearing an attack on Cape Town, had taken refuge in Saldanha Bay. This was the only achievement, so far as South Africa was concerned, of the expedition dispatched to seize Cape Town during the war of 1781–1783.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sale, George

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​SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697–1736), English orientalist, was the son of a London merchant. In 1720 he was admitted a student of the Inner Temple, but subsequently practised as a solicitor. Having studied Arabic for some time in England, he became, in 1726, one of the correctors of the Arabic version of the New Testament, begun in 1720 by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and subsequently took the principal part in the ​work. He made an extremely paraphrastic, but, for his time, admirable English translation of the Koran (1734 and often reprinted), and had a European reputation as an orientalist. He died on the 13th of November 1736. His collection of oriental manuscripts is now in the Bodleian library, Oxford.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sale (Cheshire)

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​ SALE, an urban district in the Altrincham parliamentary division of Cheshire, England, 5 m. S.W. of Manchester. Pop. (1901), 12,088. It is served by the Manchester, South Junction & Altrincham and the London & North-Western railways, and the Cheshire Lines, and has become a large residential suburb of Manchester. At the beginning of the 19th century the greater part of the township was still waste and unenclosed. There are numerous handsome villas. Market gardening is carried on in the neighbourhood; and there are large botanical gardens.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sale (Victoria)

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​ SALE, a town of Tanjil county, Victoria, Australia, the principal centre in the agricultural Gippsland district, on the river Thomson, 127½ m. by rail E.S.E. of Melbourne. Pop. (1901), 3462. It is the seat of the Anglican bishop of Gippsland, and contains the cathedral of the Roman Catholic bishop of Sale. Attached to its mechanics' institute are schools of mines, art and technology, and a fine free library. The finest buildings, excluding a number of handsome churches, are the Victoria Hall and the convent of Notre Dame de Sion. The Agricultural Society has excellent show grounds, in which meetings are annually held. Sale is the head of the Gippsland lakes navigation, the shipping being brought from the lakes to the town by canal. Daily communication is maintained with Cunningham at the lakes' entrance, and ocean-going steamers ply frequently between Sale and Melbourne.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Salem (India)

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​ SALEM, a city and district of British India, in the Madras presidency. The city is on both banks of the river Tirumanimuttar, 3 m. from a station on the Madras railway, 206 m. S.W. of Madras city. Pop. (1901), 70,621. There is a considerable weaving industry and some manufacture of cutlery. Its situation in a green valley between the Shevaroy and Jarugumalai hills is picturesque.
The District of Salem has an area of 7530 sq. m. Except towards the south it is hilly, with extensive plains- lying between the several ranges. It consists of three distinct tracts, formerly known as the Talaghat, the Baramahal and the Balaghat. The Talaghat is situated below the Eastern Ghats on the level of the Carnatic generally; the Baramahal includes the whole face of the Ghats and a wide piece of country at their base; and the Balaghat is situated above the Ghats on the tableland of Mysore.
The western part of the district is mountainous. Amongst the chief ranges (5000-6000 ft.) are the Shevaroys, the Kalrayans, the Melagiris, the Kollimalais, the Pachamalais and the Yelagiris. The chief rivers are the Cauvery with its numerous tributaries, and the Ponniar and Palar; the last, however, only flows through a few miles of the north-western corner of the district. The forests are of considerable value. The geological structure of the district is mostly gneissic, with a few irruptive rocks in the form of trap dikes and granite veins. Magnetic iron ore is common in the hill regions, and corundum and chromate of iron are also obtainable. The qualities of the soil differ very much; in the country immediately surrounding the town of Salem a thin layer of calcareous and red loam generally prevails, through which quartz rocks appear on the surface in many places. The climate, owing to the great difference of elevation, varies considerably; on the hills it is cool and bracing, and for a great part of the year very salubrious; the annual rainfall averages about 32 in.
The population in 1901 was 2,204,974, showing an increase of 12% in the decade. The principal crops are millets, rice, other food grains and oil-seeds, with a little cotton, indigo and tobacco. Coffee is grown on the Shevaroy hills. The chief irrigation work is the Barur tank system. Salem suffered severely from the famine of 1877-1878. The Madras railway runs through the district, with two narrow-gauge branches. The chief industry is cotton-weaving, and there is some manufacture of steel from magnetic iron ore. There are many saltpetre refineries, but no large industries. The district was acquired partly by the treaty of peace with Tippoo Sultan in 1792 and partly by the partition treaty of Mysore in 1799. By the former the Talaghat and Baramahal were ceded, and by the latter the Balaghat or what is now the Hosur taluk.