OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kohler, Kaufmann

Edition of 1920. See also Kaufmann Kohler on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KOHLER, Kaufmann, American rabbi: b. Fürth, Bavaria, 10 May 1843. After completing his studies at the universities of Munich, Berlin and Leipzig, he was chosen as rabbi in Detroit in 1869, and two years later elected rabbi of Temple Sinai, Chicago, where he introduced Sunday lectures, a novelty in those days. In 1879 he was called to Temple Beth El, New York. At his initiative in 1885 a rabbinical conference was held at Pittsburgh, Pa., which formulated a platform for Reformed Judaism. In later years he frankly receded from the radical standpoint and assumed a more conservative position. In 1903 he was elected president of the Hebrew Union College. He has been a frequent contributor to the Jewish press, edited the Sabbath Visitor (1881-82), the Jewish Reformer (1886), was one of the editors of the 'Jewish Encyclopaedia,' and in addition to various volumes and critical papers has written 'Der Segen Jakobs' (1868); 'Guide to Instructions in Judaism' (1900); 'On Capital Punishment' (1869); 'On Song of Songs' (1877); 'Ethical Basis of Judaism' (1877); 'Backwards or Forwards — Lectures on Reform Judaism' (1885); 'Church and Synagogue in their Mutual Relations' (1889); 'Systematische Theologie des Judentums auf geschichtlicher Grundlage' (1909); 'Well of Living Waters' (1916).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kohlrausch, Rudolf Hermann Arndt

Edition of 1920. See also Rudolf Kohlrausch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KOHLRAUSCH, Rudolf Hermann Arndt, German physicist: b. Göttingen, 6 Nov. 1809; d. Erlangen, 9 March 1858. He was successively teacher of mathematics and physics at Lüneberg, Rinteln, Cassell, Marburg. He was appointed professor of physics of the University of Erlangen (1857). In collaboration with W. Weber, he carried out the first mechanical measurements of electric currents, laying the
ground for the absolute system of electrical measurement. Consult Weber, W., and Kohlrausch, R., ‘Fünf Abhandlungen über absolute elektrische Stromung Widerstandsmessung’ (in Paper No. 142 of Ostwald's ‘Klassikern der exakten Wissenschaften,’ Leipzig 1904).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kootenay River

Edition of 1920. See also Kootenay River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KOOTENAY (koo'tē-nā) RIVER, a tributary of the Columbia, rising in British Columbia. It is 400 miles long. After flowing south into Montana and Idaho it again enters British
Columbia. It was discovered by David Thompson in 1808.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kohn, Salomon

Edition of 1920. See also Salomon Kohn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KOHN, kōn, Salomon, German novelist: b. Prague, 8 March 1825; d. there, 6 Nov. 1904. He was the son of a Jewish merchant; studied at the local university (1844-46), then became partner in his father's business and was sole proprietor from 1863. But (since 1873) he devoted his entire time to literary work. His novel ‘Gabriel’ was first published anonymously in a collection of works entitled ‘Sippurim’ (Prague 1852), and had various translations, but, strangely, only obtained circulation in Germany in the English, the author's name being unknown and his right to the authorship not being proven till 20 years later. Of his other works should be cited ‘Ein Spiegel der Gegenwart’ (Jena 1875); ‘Die silberne Hochzeit’ (Leipzig 1882); ‘Prager Ghettobilder’ (ib. 1884); ‘Neue Ghettobilder’ (ib. 1886); ‘Der Lebensretter und andere Erzählungen’ (Berlin 1893); ‘Fürstengunst’ (ib. 1894); ‘Ein deutscher Handelsherr’ (Zürich 1896); ‘Judith Löhrich’ (Strassburg 1897).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pfaff, Christian Heinrich

Edition of 1920. See also Christian Heinrich Pfaff on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PFAFF, pfäf, Christian Heinrich, German phyiscian and physicist: b. Stuttgart, 2 March 1772; d. Kiel, Holstein, 24 April 1852. His interest in electricity was first awakened by the celebrated experimenter Gross. He was graduated as a physician at Stuttgart in 1793 and then went to Göttingen, where he published the results of his galvanic inquiries in ‘Ueber thierische Electricität und Reizbarkeit.’ In 1797 he became an extraordinary professor at Kiel and in 1801 was made professor of chemistry, physics and medicine there with rank at the same time as a member of the medical faculty. He then directed his attention particularly to pharmaceutical chemistry, and was thus led to the composition of his most important work, ‘System der Materia Medica nach chemischen Principien’ (1808-24). Among other writings of his are ‘Handbuch der analytischen Chemie’ (1824-25); ‘Ueber und gegen den thierichen Magnetismus’ (1807); ‘Der Electromagnetismus’ (1824); ‘Parallele der chemischen Theorie und der voltaischen Contacttheorie der galvanischen Kette’ (1845).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Peace of the Pyrenees

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
PEACE OF THE PYRENEES. See Pyrenees, Peace of the.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Peter Schlemihls wundersame Geschichte

Edition of 1920. See also Peter Schlemihl on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PETER SCHLEMIHLS WUNDERSAME GESCHICHTE. “The Wonderful History of Peter Schlemihl” by Adalbert von Chamisso — first published in Germany in 1814, in the United States in English translation in 1825 — is one of the most famous fairy-tales of German Romanticism. The fundamental idea, that a man can lose his shadow, Chamisso probably took from folk-lore and he made it a fascinating means of putting the reader in an atmosphere hovering between the real and the fantastic. The meaning which Chamisso gave to the shadow seems to be social repute, which men imperatively demand of each other without testing it for its true value. Schlemihl, a Hebrew name, originally meaning friend of God, Theophilus, was also used euphemistically by the Jews for a man who is denied all success in the world. Our Peter Schlemihl exchanges his shadow for the gold sack of Fortunatus, but only to fall a victim to unhappiness very soon, since men withdraw from him on account of his defect and he himself becomes involved in guilt. Yet when the devil wants to return his shadow to him in exchange for his soul, Schlemihl, as the friend of God, rejects the proposal and throws away the magic gold sack besides. He seeks refuge in nature and travels about the world in seven-league boots. When overtaken with sickness he is reconciled with his fellow-men who take care of him and in his sickness do not look for his shadow. Finally, however, he returns to his studies of nature and finds his deepest satisfaction in communion with her and his own better self.
Undoubtedly ‘The Wonderful History of Peter Schlemihl’ contains features and experiences of Chamisso's own, but the poet himself protested against carrying the comparison between him and the hero of his story too far. Consult edition in ‘Deutsche National-Literatur’ (1882-98, Vol. 148, with excellent introduction and references); English translation in ‘German Classic’ (Vol. V).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Peeper

Edition of 1920. See also Spring Peeper on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PEEPER, a popular name for several species of the family Hylidæ or tree-frogs, which make a peeping noise in the early spring, when they go to the water for breeding purposes. The title belongs particularly to the small yellowish thin-voiced Pickering's tree-frog (Hyla pickeringii), common over all the eastern United States and in Canada westward to Manitoba. This little frog hibernates during December and January and in very cold seasons
through part of February. His is the first voice heard in the spring, either late in February or early March, and he continues “peeping” until the second or third week in May, at which time the other tree-frogs begin their piping. The peeper ranges in color from a light fawn color to a deep wood-brown, and his color varies according to the color of the place where he sits. He is marked with an oblique cross on his back and bars on his hind legs. In size he rarely reaches more than an inch in length. The peeper will become quite tame and may be kept quite successfully in a mossy fernery if fed properly. These little frogs eat prodigious numbers of mosquitoes and gnats, and are themselves eaten by larger frogs. See Tree-frogs.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Peeping Tom

Edition of 1920. See also peeping tom on Wiktionary, and the disclaimer.
PEEPING TOM, a common name for an inquisitive person. It was originally “Peeping Tom of Coventry,” a person who disobeyed the injunction not to look in the street when Lady Godiva (q.v.) rode by.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pennypacker, Samuel Whitaker

Edition of 1920. See also Samuel W. Pennypacker on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PENNYPACKER, Samuel Whitaker, American jurist and author: b. Phœnixville, Pa., 9 April 1843; d. Schwencksville, Pa., 2 Sept. 1917. He received his education at the Grovemont Seminary at Phœnixville and at the West Philadelphia Institute. As a member of the 26th Emergency Pennsylvania regiment he participated in the first engagement at Gettysburg (1863). He then studied law at the University of Pennsylvania and after admission to the bar was elected in 1868 president of the Law Academy of Philadelphia. His legal productions include four volumes of ‘Supreme Court Reports,’ a volume of ‘Colonial Cases,’ a ‘Digest of the English Common Law Reports’ and he also assisted in the publication of 45 volumes of the ‘Weekly Notes of Cases.’ In 1889 he was appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas No. 2 and was elected for two terms of 10 years each, acting for five
years as president judge of that court. In 1902 he became governor of Pennsylvania and in that capacity instituted several notable reforms. During his administration a law was passed requiring newspapers to print the names of their owners and editors and making them responsible for negligence; the State constabulary, the health department and the highway department were created and a new capitol building was erected. Governor Pennypacker's session was particularly stormy. He repudiated his party, which opened his administration to violent criticism, and led a war on the easy divorce system of Pennsylvania. Economy and vigor marked his term. He was later president of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania and held positions of honor in various German and Netherlandish societies. He was author of ‘Pennslyvania in American History’; ‘Pennsylvania, the Keystone’; 'Settlement of Germantown’; ‘Historical and Biographical Sketches’; ‘Annals of Phœnixville’ and numerous other historical documents. In 1915 he was appointed chairman of the Public Service Commission of Pennsylvania, which office he held until his death.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pfeiffer, Ida Laura Reyer

Edition of 1920. See also Ida Laura Pfeiffer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PFEIFFER, pfīf'ĕr, Ida Laura Reyer, Austrian traveler: b Vienna. 14 Oct. 1797; d. there, 27 Oct. 1858. She received the education usually given a boy and was married in 1820 to Dr. Pfeiffer, a lawyer connected with the Austrian government. Her first long journey was a trip to Palestine and Egypt when she was but five years old. The influence of this experience remained with her, and upon the death of her husband in 1842 she determined to travel. In that year she made a tour which included the Holy Land, Constantinople, Cairo, Arabia and the Red Sea, the Mediterranean and Rome, and later she again visited the Holy Land. In 1845 she visited Scandinavia and Iceland, and in 1846-48 made a tour of the world traveling in Brazil, Chile, China, India, Persia, Armenia, Caucasus and Turkey, and in 1851-55 made a tour which included England, South Africa, the Malay Archipelago, Australia and North and South America. Her last long journey was to Madagascar in 1856 and after many hardships and a narrow escape from death following imprisonment at the hands of Queen Ranavalona I, she returned to Vienna. Her travels covered 160,000 miles of sea routes and over 21,000 miles on land; a record which had never been approached by any woman traveler up to the time of her death. Among her works which have been translated into English are ‘Journey of a Viennese to the Holy Land’ (1843); ‘Journey to the Scandinavian North and Iceland’ (1846); ‘A Woman's Journey Round the World’ (1852); ‘A Lady's Second Journey Round the World’ (2 vols., 1855); ‘Last Travels: Inclusive of a Visit to Madagascar’ (posthumously 1861).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Peepul

Edition of 1920. See also Sacred fig on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PEEPUL, PIPUL, PIPPUL, BO-TREE, or SACRED FIG, an East Indian tree (Ficus religiosa) of the order Urticaceæ. It often attains a height of 100 feet, bears heart-shaped leaves with attenuated points which act as drainage for dew in moist tropical forests. The fruits, which are about the size of a gooseberry, are little used for food. The trees are frequently planted around Hindu temples because tradition says that Vishnu was born under one of these trees, hence their sacredness. Buddhists revere this tree. It is a favorite food-plant of the lac insect and is valued on that account also. Its juice is used as bandoline and as a source of caoutchouc As an ornamental tree it is specially attractive because the leaves upon their long slender petioles move with the slightest breeze.
# The Despouy Report on Human Rights and Extreme Poverty/Annex III

Source: United Nations Document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/13 28 June 1996 ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH/FRENCH/SPANISH adopted by the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities
Official Title : THE REALIZATION OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS Final report on human rights and extreme poverty, submitted by the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Leandro Despouy The Despouy Report

## Contents

* Introduction
* Part I - THE SCOURGE OF POVERTY
* Part II — ACTIVITIES OF INSTITUTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS RELATING TO POVERTY
* Part III — A HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACH TO EXTREME POVERTY
* Part IV — HUMAN RIGHTS FOR ALL AS A UNIVERSAL OBJECTIVE AND AS A MEANS OF ERADICATING EXTREME POVERTY
* Part V — RECOMMENDATIONS
* Annex I HUMAN RIGHTS RESOLUTIONS WITH A BEARING ON EXTREME POVERTY MANY OF WHICH SUPPORT THE NEED FOR THE STUDY
* Annex II FURTHER ACTIVITIES BY INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS WITH A BEARING ON POVERTY
* Annex III A DEFINITION OF EXTREME POVERTY

## Annex III A definition of extreme poverty

"The lack of basic security connotes the absence of one or more factors enabling individuals and families to assume basic responsibilities and to enjoy fundamental rights. The situation may become widespread and result in more serious and permanent consequences. The lack of basic security leads to chronic poverty when it simultaneously affects several aspects of people’s lives, when it is prolonged and when it severely compromises people’s chances of regaining their rights and of reassuming their responsibilities in the foreseeable future."
This definition is doubly innovative because it defines poverty in terms of rights and responsibilities and it was drafted in association with all the social partners of a country and in consultation with very poor families and individuals.
Moreover, it underscores both the similarity and the difference between situations of poverty (first part of the definition) and extreme poverty (second part of the definition): both appear to be due to similar phenomena, varying essentially in number, extent and duration. It also shows that the demarcation line between poverty and extreme poverty, although very real, may be fluid.
The persistence of multiple insecurity over a long period, sometimes several generations, appears to contribute to the decline from a situation of poverty into one of extreme poverty.
By focusing on the fact that extreme poverty is due to a combination of underlying factors of insecurity, this definition places us in the area of the indivisibility and the interdependence of human rights. (Definition proposed by Father Joseph Wresinski, in the report entitled "Grande pauvreté et précarité économique et sociale", adopted by the French Economic and Social Council (Journal officiel, "Avis et rapport du CES", p. 25) which was first submitted for consideration by the Sub Commission’s experts in the preliminary report on the realization of economic, social and cultural rights by Mr. Danilo Türk (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1989/19).)
# The Despouy Report on Human Rights and Extreme Poverty

* information about this edition.
* related portals: United Nations.
Source: United Nations Document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/13 28 June 1996 ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH/FRENCH/SPANISH adopted by the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities
Official Title : THE REALIZATION OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS Final report on human rights and extreme poverty, submitted by the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Leandro Despouy The Despouy Report

## Contents

* Introduction
* Part I - THE SCOURGE OF POVERTY
* Part II — ACTIVITIES OF INSTITUTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS RELATING TO POVERTY
* Part III — A HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACH TO EXTREME POVERTY
* Part IV — HUMAN RIGHTS FOR ALL AS A UNIVERSAL OBJECTIVE AND AS A MEANS OF ERADICATING EXTREME POVERTY
* Part V — RECOMMENDATIONS
* Annex I HUMAN RIGHTS RESOLUTIONS WITH A BEARING ON EXTREME POVERTY MANY OF WHICH SUPPORT THE NEED FOR THE STUDY
* Annex II FURTHER ACTIVITIES BY INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS WITH A BEARING ON POVERTY
* Annex III A DEFINITION OF EXTREME POVERTY
This work is excerpted from an official document of the United Nations. The policy of this organisation is to keep most of its documents in the public domain in order to disseminate "as widely as possible the ideas (contained) in the United Nations Publications".
Pursuant to UN Administrative Instruction ST/AI/189/Add.9/Rev.2 available in English only, these documents are in the public domain worldwide:
* Official records (proceedings of conferences, verbatim and summary records, …)
* United Nations documents issued with a UN symbol
* Public information material designed primarily to inform the public about United Nations activities (not including public information material that is offered for sale).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Despouy Report on Human Rights and Extreme Poverty/Annex I

Source: United Nations Document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/13 28 June 1996

## Contents

* Introduction
* Part I - THE SCOURGE OF POVERTY
* Part II — ACTIVITIES OF INSTITUTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS RELATING TO POVERTY
* Part III — A HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACH TO EXTREME POVERTY
* Part IV - HUMAN RIGHTS FOR ALL AS A UNIVERSAL OBJECTIVE AND AS A MEANS OF ERADICATING EXTREME POVERTY
* Part V - RECOMMENDATIONS
* Annex I HUMAN RIGHTS RESOLUTIONS WITH A BEARING ON EXTREME POVERTY MANY OF WHICH SUPPORT THE NEED FOR THE STUDY
* Annex II FURTHER ACTIVITIES BY INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS WITH A BEARING ON POVERTY
* Annex III A DEFINITION OF EXTREME POVERTY

## Annex I HUMAN RIGHTS RESOLUTIONS WITH A BEARING ON EXTREME POVERTY MANY OF WHICH SUPPORT THE NEED FOR THE STUDY

General Assembly
Resolutions entitled "Human rights and extreme poverty":
46/121, 47/134, and 49/179;
Resolutions relating to the International Day, the International Year
and the United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty
47/196, 48/183 and 50/107;
Economic and Social Council
Resolutions entitled "Extreme poverty": 1988/47, and "Human rights and extreme poverty" 1993/44;
Commission on Human Rights
Resolutions relating to the question of the effective enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights: 1988/23 et seq.;
Resolutions entitled "Human rights and extreme poverty": 1989/10, 1990/15, 1991/14, 1992/11, 1993/13, 1994/12, 1995/16 and 1996/10;
Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities
Decision 1990/119, entitled "Human rights and extreme poverty";
Resolutions entitled "Human rights and extreme poverty": 1992/27, 1993/35, 1994/41 and 1995/28.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schmalkalden, Articles of

Edition of 1920. See also Smalcald Articles on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHMALKALDEN, shmäl'käl"dĕn, Articles of, a Protestant confession which was drawn up at the instance of John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, by Luther and other divines, and signed at Schmalkalden in February 1537. These articles were essentially the same as those of the Confession of Augsburg, but in much stronger language. See Reformation, The.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schmalkaldic League

Edition of 1920. See also Schmalkaldic League on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHMALKALDIC LEAGUE, the league formed at the close of 1530 by the Protestant princes of Germany, assembled at Schmalkalden, to resist the aggressive measures contemplated by the Emperor Charles V. It ultimately included the whole of northern Germany, Saxony, Würtemberg and Denmark, with portions of Bavaria and Switzerland. The object of the league was the common defense of the political and religious freedom of the Protestants, and the confederacy was first intended to continue only for six years, but subsequent events induced them in 1535 to renew it for another period of 10 years, and to raise a permanent army to carry out the objects of the league. About this time it was joined, among others, by the king of France, Francis I, though only from political motives, and Henry VIII of England declared himself its protector. The confederacy received a fuller consolidation by a new Protestant confession, drawn up at the instance of John Frederick of Saxony by Luther and other divines, and known as the Articles of Schmalkalden, from the circumstance of their having been signed (1537), like the league itself, at the town of Schmalkalden. These articles were essentially the same as those of the Confession of Augsburg. The league was latterly crippled by mutual jealousy and the conflict of interests, and its early successes in the so-called Schmalkalden War were ultimately more than outweighed by the complete rout at Mühlberg and the capture of John Frederick. The ends of the league, however, were ultimately gained through the instrumentality of Duke Maurice, now Elector of Saxony, who in 1552 declared war against the emperor, and forced him in 1552 to grant the Treaty of Passau, which secured the religious liberty of the Protestants. See also Charles V; Reformation, The.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schmidt, Nathaniel

Edition of 1920. See also Nathaniel Schmidt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHMIDT, Nathaniel, American Orientalist: b. Hudiksvall, Sweden, 22 May 1862. He was educated at the universities of Stockholm, Colgate and Berlin. He became professor of Semitic languages and literature at Colgate University in 1888 and since 1896 holds the same chair in Cornell University. In 1904-05 he was director of the American School for Oriental Study and Research in Jerusalem. He was president of the Society for Biblical Literature and Exegesis in 1914. Among his publications are ‘Introduction to the Hexateuch’ (1896); ‘Biblical Criticism and Theological Belief’ (1897); ‘The Republic of Man’ (1899); outline histories of Egypt, India, Babylonia and Assyria, Syria and Arabia (1901-04); ‘The Prophet of Nazareth’ (2d ed., 1907); ‘The Original Language of the Parables of Enoch’ (1908); ‘The Messages of the Poets’ (1911). He has written a number of articles on the books of the Old Testament for The Encyclopedia Americana, and has also contributed largely to other encyclopedias and to theological publications.