OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ihering, Mauritius van

Edition of 1892. No confirmation of this person's existence outside of Appletons' and derived sources has as yet been located, but there is also no verifiable source which states the person is one of Appletons' fictitious entries. Use this information with extra caution. There is a marked incompatibility in that the subject is supposedly Dutch, but the title of the alleged literary work is written in French.
​IHERING, Mauritius van (e-air'-ing), Dutch mariner, b. in Minden in 1580 : d. in Amsterdam in 1635. He served under Le Maire when that navigator discovered in 1616 the strait that bears his name, and afterward commanded several expe- ditions to the South American coast. The Span- ish government was meanwhile greatly disturbed by the discovery of Le Maire, which enabled the Dutch to reach the Pacific ocean in a few days. Philip III. suggested the possibility of erecting fortifications on the banks of the strait, and so closing the passage, and he sent in 1618 an expe- dition commanded by Alfonso and Estevan Nodal, with orders to make a thorough exploration of the strait. When the navigators returned to Europe in 1620, the supreme council of the Netherlands determined to protect Dutch interests. Ihering was given four ships and ordered to take possession of the shores of the strait and build a fortress, if he thought it necessary. He sailed from Amster- dam in September, 1626, and on 27 Dec. discov- ered the Los Reyes islands, where he encountered dangerous rocks, and ascertained their exact posi- tion, although he had only defective instruments. He then entered the Strait of Le Maire, discovered the Bay of Mauritius, and again, in lat. 56° 9' S., found some rocks and seven small islands, which he named the Stattsonder islands. He landed af- terward on the western coast of Tierra del Fuego, and then sailed around that island. On returning he made soundings, ascertaining that the depth of the Strait of Le Maire was on an average fifty-two fathoms, and, continuing till he was 125 miles from the South American coast, he discovered that the ocean increased in depth. He reached Amsterdam in December, 1627, and published his journal, " Relation de Texpedition envoyee au detroit de Le Maire par Messeigneurs des Etats sous la con- duite du Capitaine Maurice d'lhering, de Septem- bre, 1626, a Decembre, 1627" (2 vols.. Amsterdam).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ibercourt, Henry Louis

Edition of 1892. No confirmation of this person's existence outside of Appletons' and derived sources has as yet been located, but there is also no verifiable source which states the person is one of Appletons' fictitious entries. Use this information with extra caution. The title of one of the alleged literary works has been partially copied from the title of a legitimate literary work from 1844, i.e. 26 years after the subject's date of death.
​IBERCOURT, Henry Louis d' (e-bair-koor), Flemish traveller, b. in Mons in 1771 ; d. in Char- leroi in 1818. He entered the Spanish service at the age of sixteen, and was in garrison for several years in Jamaica, where he took part in the repres- sion of the troubles of 1791, but resigned soon afterward on inheriting a large estate, and indulged his taste for travel. He visited Cuba, Porto Rico, and Santo Domingo, where he was elected colonel by the negro insurgents in 1797, but declined, and then sailed for South America. He explored Brazil for six years, and afterward visited Para- guay, the Argentine provinces, Chili, and Pata- gonia, where he was detained two years a prisoner by the natives, and, as he says, refused their offer to make him their king. He went to the United States in 1807, afterward to Japan, and returned to Europe by way of India in 1811. He published " L'Amerique devoilee," in which he predicted that the United States would very soon exceed Europe in civilization and science (Charleroi, 1811); " Du nord a Test et du sud a l'ouest du Bresil" (1812); " Voyage en Chili " (1812) ; " Un voyageur captif en Patagonie," a novel (1814); "Nouveau traite sur les legumineuses de PAmerique du Sud " (1815) : " La constitution des Etats-Unis, est-elle applicable a l'Europe ? " a pamphlet which brought the author before the Dutch courts, and caused him a condemnation to two months' imprisonment (1818) ; and several other works.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Iff, Simon van

Edition of 1892. This is a fictitious person. George Marggraff was the actual author of the 1648 literary work, while Surinam was not named as such until 1667, i.e. 16 years after the subject's date of death, and there is a marked incompatibility as the subject was supposedly Dutch, but the title of the 1650 alleged literary work is written in French.
​IFF, Simon van, Dutch physician, b. in Ypres in 1605; d. in Amsterdam in 1651. He practised medicine in Tobago and Surinam, and was appointed in 1637 physician to Count Maurice of Nassau, governor-general of the Dutch possessions in South America. Owing to the protection of that prince, he explored, in company with George Marggraff, the countries that are now known as Guiana and Brazil, advancing as far south as Pernambuco, and thence returned to Surinam. He discovered the properties of the ipecacuanha-bark, and imported some seeds of the tree into Europe. The name of Iff has been given to a plant of the family of Rhinantoceæ that grows in Brazil. He published “De Medicina Brasiliensis,” which was a standard book on the continent for about a century (Leyden, 1648); “Les longs tracas et tournoiements d'un voyageur en Guyane et au Brésil, avec les mœurs des habitants, leurs usages, les productions du pays, suivi d'un traité sur les plantes médicinales propres à ces regions” (Amsterdam, 1650); “Verhandelinge over de Taback” (1649); “De plantibus Brasiliensis”; and other books.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Illiers, Henry Louis, Comte d'

Edition of 1892. This is a fictitious person. The comte of Illiers was a real title, but there was no count named Henry Louis.
​ILLIERS, Henry Louis, Comte d' (eel-yay'), French soldier, b. in the principality of Ligne, Lux- embourg, in 1750; d. in Paris in 1794. He entered the French army, served in the war of American independence, and saved, at Brandywine, his friend Pulaski, who had been dangerously wounded dur- ing the battle. He acted for awhile in 1778 as ordnance officer of Lafayette, and, when peace was signed, became a member of the Society of the Cin- cinnati. He went to Jamaica in 178(5. and was ap- pointed by Charles III. chief of police of that isl- and, but had some difficulty with the governor- general, and, being ordered to leave, took refuge in Guadeloupe, where in 1787. through the recommen- dation of the Count of Bouille. he was made lieu- tenant of the king in Pointe a Pitre. At the be- ginning of the French revolution he asked to serve in France, and, receiving the brevet of colonel, was attached in that capacity to the army of Custine, who surrendered on 23 July, 1793, in Mayence to the Prussian forces. Custine, together with Illiers and other officers of his army, was tried by a court- martial and condemned to death. Count d'llliers is the author of " Histoire de la guerre d'Ame- rique " (2 vols., Pointe a Pitre, 1790), and " Histoire de la domination Espagnole dans les iles de l'Ame- rique appelees Antilles" (2 vols., 1789).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Imhoffer, Gustave M.

Edition of 1892. This is a fictitious person. This entry has been copied to a large extent from the Cyclopædia entry of Cristobal de Acuna - who is said to have persecuted the subject - while the subject's name is very similar to that of Melchior Inchofer. There is also a style error in the title of one of the alleged literary works.
​IMHOFFER, Gustav Melchior, Brazilian explorer, b. near Graetz, Styria, in 1593; d. in Bahia de Todos os Santos in 1651. He became a Jesuit, and was attached in 1624 to the missions of South America. He resided many years in Peru, crossed the Andes to the headwaters of the Amazon. in 1636, and descended that river from the Napo to its mouth in 1637, two years before the expedition of Texeira. He arranged his notes in Para, prior to his leaving for Spain when the expedition of Texeira arrived in that city, 1639, and. hearing that Acunha, who had accompanied Texeira, proposed to go to Madrid and present the council of the Indies with a relation of the expedition, he asked leave from his superiors to sail in advance of Acunha, arriving in Madrid in November, 1639, and published immediately the relation of his own journey, " Descubrimiento del Rio de las Amazonas" (2 vols., with charts, Madrid, royal printing-office, 1640). In an introduction the author urged the king of Spain to conquer and civilize the vast country that he had explored. Acunha, who had arrived in Madrid in the mean while, published his own narrative, trying to cast discredit upon that of Imhoffer, and succeeded so well that, although the latter's narrative is better and more complete than that of Acunha, his name is scarcely known, and many historians have forgotten that he was the first European to describe the Amazon. Gomberville, who gave a French version of Acunha's voyage (4 vols., Paris, 1682), published also a version of Imhoffer's narrative (3 vols., Paris, 1687), and the latter was also translated into English under the title " A Relation of a Journey along the River Amazon " (London, 1689). ​Imhoffer returned afterward to Bahia, and was rector of the College of the Jesuits. He is also the author of a "Dictionaries linguæ Amazoniæ," "Peruviæ Societatis historia," and "Vitæ illustrium missionarium qui in Peruviâ vixerunt." published in the "Bibliotheca Nova Societatis Jesu." edited by Father Bernard, of Bologna (1771).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ietersdorf-Klasten, Gustav von

Edition of 1892. No confirmation of this person's existence outside of Appletons' and derived sources has as yet been located, but there is also no verifiable source which states the person is one of Appletons' fictitious entries. Use this information with extra caution. Also listed by John Blythe Dobson as suspicious due to a grammatical error in the title of one of the alleged literary works. There is also a mention of his service in the Bavarian army until 1634, but the Bavarian army did not exist until 1682, i.e. 13 years after the subject's date of death.
​IETERSDORF-KLASTEN, Gustav von (e-ters-dorf), German explorer, b. in Neu Breisach in 1609; d. in Cologne in 1669. He was descended from an ancient family of the Palatinate and served in the Bavarian army till 1634, when he became a Dominican monk, and was attached in the following year to the South American missions. He resided for twenty years in Hispaniola, Cuba, and other West Indian islands, was elected provincial of his order for the West Indian missions in 1649, and founded several colleges in Hispaniola. He went also to Guatemala as provincial in 1653, but was compelled three years later to return to Europe in broken health. After a few months he prepared to sail for America again, but his family opposed his departure, and he settled in Cologne, where he became a canon in the cathedral and devoted the remainder of his life to arranging his notes on America. He published “Lexicon Linguæ Caraïbæ” (Cologne, 1659); “Grammatica Linguæ Caraïbæ” (1661); “Gebräuche, Sitten und Producte von Cuba, Hispaniola und einiger anderer Westindischer Inseln,” the original edition of which is very rare, one copy having brought at Didot's sale in Paris in 1853, $6,720 (1665); and “Relatio Gestorum a primis ordinis Prædicatorum missionariis in insulis Americanis, præsertim apud Indigenes quos Caraïbes vulgo dicunt, ab anno 1635, ad annum 1653” (3 vols., 1768). The dictionary and the grammar of the idiom of the Caribs are yet considered as the most complete documents on the language of those people.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ignacio, José de Jesu Maria

Edition of 1892. This is a fictitious person. There is a style error in one of the titles of the alleged literary works, and there is no evidence of a writer named Chastlelard. It also seems unusual that the subject assumed an alias after becoming a Jesuit, and there also is a remarkable disconnect in that the subject is described as a missionary, but his career involves work in deciphering hieroglyphics.
​IGNACIO, José de Jesu Maria (ig-nath'-yo), German missionary, b. in Paderborn in 1721 ; d. in Bartenstein in 1780. His real name was Her- man Loessing. He became a Jesuit and went to New Spain in 1746, and for several years taught rhetoric and philosophy in the College of Mexico, but, having found in a journey some old stones covered with hieroglyphs, took such an interest in them that he obtained from his superiors permis- sion to devote his time to the study of hierology. He left Mexico in 1753, and for nine years ex- plored the country in its remotest parts, buying Aztec antiquities at any price. On his return to Germany he was appointed librarian of the Arch- bishop of Cologne in 1 768, and began to work on the materials that he had collected. He published "De Arte Hieroglyphum Mexicanorum," a key to the Mexican hieroglyphs, which, although incom- plete and incorrect in many ways, has nevertheless enabled the scientists to decipher some old inscrip- tions (Cologne, 1774) ; " Historia Novae Hispaniae " (1777) ; '• Reisen in Neu Spanien " (1778) ; " Historia regni Aztecorum " (1780) ; " Cosmographia " (3 vols., with charts, 1780). Father Ignacio had not made use of all his notes when he became blind. He then went to live in Bartenstein with a brother who was cham- berlain of the Prince of Hohenlohe. His notes were afterward utilized by Chastelard, who pub- lished " De la civilisation Azteque demontree par les monuments " (2 vols., Rouen, 1809) ; " Superi- ority des Azteques sur leurs conquerants" (1811) ; and several other works.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Igolino, Giuseppe

Edition of 1892. This is a fictitious person. The titles of the alleged literary works by the subject are those of legitimate works by the real-life botanist Giuseppe Raddi, who was also a Florentine. Raddi accompanied an Austrian expedition to Brazil in 1817, and returned to Europe in June of the following year: he did not travel to the United States.
​IGOLINO, Giuseppe (e-go-le'-no), Italian bot- anist, b. in Florence in 1759; d. there in 1833. He came to the United States in 1803 on a scien- tific mission, and remained till 1807 as Italian vice-consul in North Carolina. He sent to Europe several cases of seeds, and discovered some new gramineals, which he described afterward in his " Agrostographia " (Florence, 1824). He was re- lieved from his consular duties in 1807, but two years later was appointed consul at Buenos Ayres. During his stay in the United States his attention was called to the Mexican hieroglyphs, which had already occupied the attention of many distin- guished men of science, and it is asserted that he found a key to them, but lost the manuscript among others when he was shipwrecked in the Straits of Bonifacio on his return to Genoa in 1808. He was the first European to study the an- thropology of America, and thus led the way to the work of Darwin, Boyer. De Quatrefages, and Brasseur de Bourbourg. During his stay in South America in 1809-19, Igolino formed a rich collec- tion of plants and engravings of animals and in- sects peculiar to those latitudes, studying also the cryptogamic plants of Brazil. He published "Plantas cryptogamae Brasilia?" (Florence, 1829), and read several papers before the Academy of Florence on the "Effects of the Colored Upas," and on the several species of strychnia peculiar to South America. See " Vita illustrissimi Giuseppe Igolino " (Florence, 1841).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Imfreville-Baudry, Louis, Comte d'

Edition of 1892. No confirmation of this person's existence outside of Appletons' and derived sources has as yet been located, but there is also no verifiable source which states the person is one of Appletons' fictitious entries. Use this information with extra caution.
​IMFREVILLE-BAUDRY, Louis, Comte d' (am-fray-veel'), French administrator, b. in Fort Royal, Martinique, in 1731 ; d. there in 1780. He entered the colonial administration in 1750, held several offices in Santo Domingo, Guadeloupe, and Martinique, and in 1762 was appointed lieutenant of the king at Fort Royal. After the treaty of Paris in 1763. the French government resolved to compensate the loss of Canada by improving the colonies of Guiana and the West Indies. Count d'Imfreville was asked to report on the best means to promote emigration from France to those countries, and was appointed commissioner and charged with the establishment in Guiana of 7,000 colonists, principally from Alsace. But the scheme of the colonial administration was not a practica- ble one, and the commissioner demanded permis- sion to deal with the emigrants as he thought fit. This was denied, and he resigned, returning to Fort de France to resume his old office in 1764. The new " France equinoxiale " in Cayenne proved a failure, the greater part of the emigrants re- turned home, but a few went to Martinique under the direction of Count d'Imfreville, where they settled and contributed to the prosperity of the colony. Imfreville built a magnificent court-house in Fort de France, and devoted his great wealth to the benefit of the people, establishing, at his own expense, a botanical garden and founding a hospi- tal for disabled sailors. He published many works on agriculture and history, including " Memoire k sa majeste tres Chretienne sur la colonisation de la Guyane " (1763) ; " Du regime interieur des es- claves aux Antilles francaises " (Fort de France, 1767); "Statistique historique de la Martinique" (3 vols., 1769) ; and " De la fabrication du sucre aux colonies" (1776), which is yet a guide of the agri- culturist in French West Indies.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Igné-Chivré, Barthelemy

Edition of 1892. This is a fictitious person. There are spelling errors in the titles of two of the alleged literary works.
​IGNE-CHIVRE, Barthelemy d' (een-yay- shee-vray), Spanish explorer, b. in Bruges in 1677 ; d. in Saint Acheul in 1746. He became a Jesuit in 1699, and was attached to the South American missions in 1703. After studying the Guarani idiom in Buenos Ayres, he was in 1714 sent by the provincial to make a thorough survey of the coun- tries that border on Paraguay river, and find a shorter way from Buenos Ayres to the missions of the Chiquitos. Accompanied by two other Jesuits, he left that city, 20 Jan., 1715, and ascended the Paraguay in a canoe for 500 miles, when he met a party of Layaguas Indians, who killed his com- panions and took him prisoner. He remained with them twelve years, but managed to win their affec- tion, and civilized them. The hostile Indians, that were formerly the terror of the Spaniards, submitted to the missionary, and he organized the missions of San Bias, which soon became the most prosperous of that region. He returned to Buenos Ayres in 1727, and was elected provincial of his or- der. In that capacity he greatly extended the influ- ence of the Jesuits, and devoted his time to the bene- fit of the Indians ; but his exertions in their behalf made him obnoxious to the authorities, who ordered him to leave the country in 1731. Returning to his native land, he became rector of the College of Saint Acheul in 1734, but resigned to devote his time to the arrangement of his notes, and published " De arte Lingua Layagua," which is the only monu- ment left of the language of that extinct nation (Mechelen, 1737) ; '• Douze ans de captivite chez les Indiens du Paraguay, avec une description de leur pays, les moeurs et coutumes de ces peuples " (2 vols., with charts, Mechelen, 1742) ; and " Historia General de las misiones de la Compania de Jesus en America," the best authority on the Jesuit mis- sions in South America (6 vols., Brussels, 1745).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Westerman, Hans

Edition of 1889. No confirmation of this person's existence outside of Appletons' and derived sources has as yet been located, but there is also no verifiable source which states the person is one of Appletons' fictitious entries. Use this information with extra caution.
​WESTERMAN, Hans (ves-ter-mon), Alsatian explorer, b. in Hagenau in 1660; d. in Paris in 1721. He studied law in Strasburg and Paris, but early showed a strong desire for travel and visited western Europe, serving as volunteer against the Turks for a few months, and, after publishing a narrative of his travels in Paris, sailed for Manila as supercargo. He afterward visited the East Indies, where, to avoid difficulties with the Spanish and Portuguese authorities, he became a Franciscan friar and received minor orders. Thus enabled to visit South America, he sailed from Manila for Acapulco, going afterward to Mexico and Vera Cruz, made an exploration of the pyramids of Tezcoco, and visited the mines of Pachuca and San Agustin de las Cuevas. He visited Cuba, Porto Rico, Santo Domingo, and several of the Lesser Antilles, returning to Paris in 1708. Besides works that describe his travels in Europe and Asia, he wrote “De Manille à Vera-Cruz, à travers le royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne” (1710); “Essai sur les pyramides de Tezcoco et les mines méxicaines” (1710); and “Voyage aux Indes Occidentals” (1715).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wheatley, Charles Moore

Edition of 1889.
​WHEATLEY, Charles Moore, mineralogist, b. in Essex, England, 16 March, 1822; d. in Phœnixville, Pa., 6 May, 1882. He came to this country when a boy, was educated in New York city, and, entering mercantile life in 1835, continued so engaged until 1845. Mr. Wheatley became in 1837 a member of the Mercantile library, was a director in 1841-'3, and served as recording secretary in 1844-'5. He then turned his attention to mining, and in 1846 became manager of the Bristol copper-mine in Connecticut, whence in 1848 he was called to a similar place at the Perkiomen copper-mine in Pennsylvania. From 1850 till 1857 he was general manager and part owner of the Wheatley silver-lead mines, which he discovered and opened. Subsequently he mined in Pennsylvania and in California, but finally settled in Phœnixville, Pa., where he established the Schuylkill copper works and was the first person successfully to reduce copper-ores. Mr. Wheatley was an active collector, and gathered a valuable library of books in geology and mineralogy. He also accumulated a collection of more than 6,000 minerals and shells, valued at $25,000, which was purchased by Edward C. Delavan and given to Union college to be kept as the Wheatley cabinets, forever subject to the control of the University of New York. Later he made an extensive collection of fresh-water shells. At the World's fair held in New York in 1853 he exhibited specimens from the Wheatley mine, plans of the mining operations and drawings of machinery, for which he received one of the two silver medals that were given. He discovered a cave near Port Kennedy, on Schuylkill river, where he found many specimens of fossils, an account of which was read before the American philosophical society in 1871 by Prof. Edward D. Cope, who named one of the species Megalonyx Wheatleyi in his honor. The degree of A. M. was given him by Yale in 1858. He was elected a member of the New York lyceum of natural history in 1840, was its treasurer in 1847-'58, and was connected with other scientific associations both in this country and abroad. He published “Catalogues of the Shells of the United States, with their Localities,” one of the first volumes of its kind that were ever published (New York, 1842).