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# Royal Naval Biography/Smith, Edward Tyrell

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EDWARD TYRRELL SMITH, Esq Admiral of the White.
This officer obtained Post rank, May 2, 1781; and commanded the Endymion, of 44 guns, one of Sir George B. Rodney’s repeaters on the memorable 12th April, 1782. He subsequently served on the Jamaica station.
During the Spanish and Russian armaments, in 1790 and 1791, he had the Proserpine, of 28 guns; from which time we find no further mention of him until the month of November, 1795, when he sailed from England in the Abergavenny, of 54 guns, in company with the late Sir Hugh C. Christian, on an expedition against St. Lucia; after the reduction of which island, he proceeded to Jamaica, and in the Autumn of 1796, removed into the Hannibal, of 74 guns, on the same station, where he continued during the greater part of the war.
Captain Smith joined the Carnatic, of 74 guns, at Jamaica, in 1800; and, on the first day of the following year, was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral; since which, we believe, he has been on half pay. He was made a Vice-Admiral Nov. 9, 1805; and a full Admiral, Aug. 12, 1812.
Residence.– Garden Row, Southwark.
* ↑ See p. 35, et seq.
* ↑ See note †, at p. 134.
# Royal Naval Biography/Smith, Matthew

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MATTHEW SMITH, Esq Fellow of the Royal Society. [Retired Captain.]
This officer is a son of the late Matthew Smith, Esq. Major of the Tower of London, Colonel of the 2d regiment of Tower ​Hamlets’ militia, F.R.S. and F.S.A. who died Feb. 17, 1812, at the advanced age of 73 years.
He was promoted to the rank of Post-Captain, April 18, 1783, and during the Dutch and Spanish armaments, commanded the Carysfort of 28 guns. At the commencement of the French war, in 1793, he was appointed to the Diomede, a 50-gun ship, and ordered to the East Indies.
On the 22d Oct. 1794, the Diomede, being off the Mauritius, in company with the Centurion, a ship of similar force, fell in with a French squadron consisting of two frigates, one corvette, and a brig. After a smart action the enemy retreated into Port Louis, with the loss of 38 men killed and 87 wounded. The Diomede’s loss we have not been able to ascertain; but the Centurion, which ship appears to have borne the brunt of the action, had 27 men killed and wounded.
On the 2d Aug. in the following year, the Diomede, whilst turning into Back Bay, near Trincomalee, with a transport brig in tow, struck on a sunken rock which was supposed to be about half a mile further to the northward than its true situation, and after getting off sunk with all her stores on board about three miles to the northward of Flag-Staff Point. The Diomede, at the time this accident occurred, formed part of the squadron under Commodore Rainier, employed in the reduction of Trincomalee, which surrendered by capitulation on the 26th of the same month. During the latter part of the siege, Captain Smith commanded a detachment of 300 seamen and marines, landed to co-operate with the army, under Colonel J. Stuart.
​The report made by Captain Osborne of the Centurion, of the action with the French squadron, in the preceding year, not being satisfactory to Captain Smith, he applied to that officer for an explanation. Captain Osborne, after more distinctly expressing his approbation of Captain Smith’s conduct than he had done in his public letter, thought fit to demand a court-martial for enquiring into the conduct of the two ships, with a view of justifying his letter on service. The court sentenced Captain Smith to be dismissed the service; but on his return to England in 1798, he appealed against their verdict; and his memorial being referred to the Crown lawyers and the Admiralty counsel, they reported their opinion that the sentence was unwarrantable, and not to be supported. Captain Smith was consequently restored to his rank in the navy, but never afterwards called into service.
# Royal Naval Biography/Smith, Henry (a)

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HENRY SMITH (a), Esq. [Captain of 1829.]
Was made a lieutenant in July 1821; appointed to the Genoa 74, Captain Sir Thomas Livingston, Bart., in April 1823; to the Fairy sloop. Captain G. W. C. Courtenay, fitting out for the West India station. May 7th, 1827; promoted to the command of the Ferret brig, Feb. 3d, 1828; removed to the Arachne 18, in April 1828; and ordered to act as captain ​of the Magnificent, receiving ship at Jamaica, Sept. 8th, 1829. He obtained his present rank in the beginning of 1831, but his commission as captain bears the same date as the last mentioned appointment.
# Royal Naval Biography/Smith, John (a)

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JOHN SMITH, (a.) Esq. A Companion of the Most Honorable Military Order of the Bath. [Post-Captain of 1813.]
A native of Aberdeen. This officer served as acting master of the Egmont 74, at the defeat of the Spanish fleet, off Cape St. Vincent, February 14, 1797; and was first lieutenant of the Africa 64, at the ever-memorable battle of Trafalgar: his commission as a commander bears date December, 24, 1805.
Captain Smith’s subsequent appointments were to the Devastation bomb, Magnet brig, and Beagle of 18 guns. The latter vessel formed part of the squadron under Sir George R. Collier, at the reduction of St. Sebastian, in 1813. He obtained post-rank October 27, in the same year; and was nominated a C.B. December 8, 1815.
Agent.– J. Dufaur, Esq.
* ↑ See Vol. I. Part I. p. 255.
* ↑ See id. Part II. p 763.
* ↑ See Vol. II. Part II. pp. 528-532.
# Royal Naval Biography/Smith, George Sidney

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GEORGE SIDNEY SMITH, Esq. [Captain of 1828.]
Nephew to Admiral Sir W. Sidney Smith, K.C.B., with whose gallant but unfortunate protégé, the late Captain John Wesley Wright, he was taken prisoner in the Vincejo brig, May 8th, 1804. We next find him serving as midshipman of the Redwing 18, Captain the Hon. Robert C. Spencer, and receiving a wound in the thigh, at the attack upon Cassis, near Toulon, by a squadron under Captain Thomas Ussher, Aug. 18th, 1813. His first commission bears date Jan. 21st, 1814; and in April following, he was appointed to the Undaunted frigate, commanded by the last named officer.
Having become well versed in French, during several years’ captivity at Verdun, Lieutenant Smith was selected by Captain Ussher to command the boat in which Napoleon Buonaparte embarked when quitting France for Elba; and he appears to have been afterwards landed at Capraja, as temporary governor of that island. His next appointments were, – Jan. 5th, 1816, to the Albion 74, fitting out for the flag of Sir Charles V. Penrose; in which ship he bore a part at the battle of Algiers: and, May 13th, 1817, to the Satellite 18, Captain James Murray, on the Mediterranean station. He was promoted to the command of the Bustard sloop, employed in the West Indies, Mar. Pith, 1827; and advanced to the rank of captain in Aug. 1828.
* ↑ See Suppl. Part IV. p. 184 et seq.
* ↑ See Suppl. Part I. p. 353 et seq.
# Royal Naval Biography/Smith, John Bernhard

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JOHN BERNHARD SMITH, Esq. [Commander.]
We first find this officer serving as midshipman of the Hercule 74, bearing the flag of Rear-Admiral J. R. Dacres, on the Jamaica station; where, April 8th, 1806, being then in command of that ship’s tender, the Gracieuse, mounting twelve guns, he captured a large Spanish schooner, full of ​passengers, from San Domingo bound to Porto Rico; and, two days subsequently, drove on shore and destroyed, after a smart action, in which a brother-midshipman and two of his crew were wounded, a French national vessel of five guns, four swivels, and 96 men. He was made a lieutenant on the 8th Sept. 1808; and promoted to his present rank, Dec. 1st, 1812.
# Royal Naval Biography/Smith, John Langdale

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JOHN LANGDALE SMITH, Esq. [Commander.]
Was born in 1767; made a lieutenant in Nov. 1790; promoted to the rank of commander on the 14th Jan. 1806; and granted the out-pension of Greenwich Hospital in May, 1821. He died at Westminster, Oct. 30th, 1827, after a distressing illness of four years.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hainichen

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​HAINICHEN, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony, on the Kleine Striegis, 15 m. N.E. of Chemnitz, on the railway to Rosswein. Pop. (1905), 7752. It has two Evangelical churches, a park, and commercial and technical schools. Hainichen is a place of considerable industry. Its chief manufacture is that of flannels, baize, and similar fabrics; indeed it may be called the centre of this industry in Germany. The special whiteness and excellence of the flannel made in Hainichen are due to the peculiar nature of the water used in the manufacture. There are also large dye-works and bleaching establishments. Hainichen is the birthplace of Gellert, to whose memory a bronze statue was erected in the market-place in 1865. The Gellert institution for the poor was erected in 1815.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hair-tail

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​HAIR-TAIL (Trichiurus), a marine fish belonging to the Acanthopterygii scombriformes, with a long band-like body terminating in a thread-like tail, and with strong prominent teeth in both jaws. Several species are known, of which one, common in the tropical Atlantic, not rarely reaches the British Islands.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hajipur

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​HAJIPUR, a town of British India, in the Muzaffarpur district of Bengal, on the Gandak, just above its confluence with the Ganges opposite Patna. Pop. (1901), 21,398. Hajipur figures conspicuously in the history of the struggles between Akbar and his rebellious Afghan governors of Bengal, being twice besieged and captured by the imperial troops, in 1572 and 1574. Within the limits of the old fort is a small stone mosque, very plain, but of peculiar architecture, and attributed to Hājī Ilyās, its traditional founder (c. 1350). Its command of water traffic in three directions makes the town a place of considerable commercial importance. Hajipur has a station on the main line of the Bengal and North-western railway.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hainburg

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​HAINBURG, or Haimburg, a town of Austria, in Lower Austria, 38 m. E.S.E of Vienna by rail. Pop. (1900), 5134. It is situated on the Danube, only 21/2 m. from the Hungarian frontier, and since the fire of 1827 Hainburg has been much improved, being now a handsomely built town. It has one of the largest tobacco manufactories in Austria, employing about 2000 hands, and a large needle factory. It occupies part of the site of the old Celtic town Carnuntum (q.v.). It is still surrounded by ancient walls, and has a gate guarded by two old towers. There are numerous Roman remains, among which may be mentioned the altar and tower at the town-house, on the latter of which is a statue, said to be of Attila. A Roman aqueduct is still used to bring water to the town. On the neighbouring Hainberg is an old castle, built of Roman remains, which appears in German tradition under the name of Heimburc; it was wrested from the Hungarians in 1042 by the emperor Henry III. At the foot of the same hill is a castle of the 12th century, where Ottakar of Bohemia was married to Margaret of Austria in 1252; earlier it was the residence of the dukes of Babenberg. Outside the town, on an island in the Danube, is the ruined castle of Röthelstein or Rothenstein, held by the Knights Templars. Hainburg was besieged by the Hungarians in 1477, was captured by Matthias Corvinus in 1482, and was sacked and its inhabitants massacred by the Turks in 1683.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hajj

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​HAJJ or Hadj, the Arabic word, meaning literally a “setting out,” for the greater pilgrimage of Mahommedans to Mecca, which takes place from the 8th to the 10th of the twelfth month of the Mahommedan year; the lesser pilgrimage, called umrah or omra, may be made to the mosque at Mecca at any time other than that of the hajj proper, and is also a meritorious act. The term hajji or hadji is given to those who have performed the greater pilgrimage. The word hajj is sometimes loosely used of any Mahommedan pilgrimage to a sacred place or shrine, and is also applied to the pilgrimages of Christians of the East to the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem (see Mecca; Mahommedan Religion).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hainau

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​HAINAU (officially Haynau), a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Silesia, on the Schnelle Deichsa and the railway from Breslau to Dresden, 12 m. N.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 10,500. It has an Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church, manufactories of gloves, patent leather, paper, metal ware and artificial manures, and a considerable trade in cereals. Near Hainau the Prussian cavalry under Blücher inflicted a defeat on the French rearguard on the 26th of May 1813.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pyrometer

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​PYROMETER (Gr. πῦρ, fire, μέτρον, a measure), an instrument for measuring high temperatures. The term was first used by Musschenbroek to denote an instrument wherein the expansion of a metal rod measured the temperature. Discontinuous thermoscopes, depending on the fusion of a metal or salt, are also employed. Prinsep prepared a series of alloys of silver and gold, and of gold and platinum, whose melting points, as determined by accurate instruments, covered a range of temperature from 954° to 1775°, at intervals of from 25° to 30°. By placing ingots in a furnace and observing which one melted a fair idea of the temperature was obtained. Carnelley and Williams employed certain salts of known melting point; whilst the Seger's cones, employed in porcelain manufacture, depend on the fusion of small cones made of clay. (See Thermometry for scientific forms.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pyroxenite

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​PYROXENITE, a rock consisting essentially of minerals of the pyroxene group, such as augite and diallage, hypersthene, bronzite or enstatite. Names have been given to members of this group according to their component minerals, e.g. pyroxenite (augite), diallagite (diallage), hypersthenite (hypersthene), bronzitites (bronzite), websterite (diallage and hypersthene). Closely allied to this group are the hornblendites, consisting essentially of hornblende. The term perknite (Gr. περκνός, dark) has also been used to designate the whole series.
They are essentially of igneous origin, though some pyroxenites are included in the metamorphic complex of the Lewisian of Scotland; those pyroxene rocks which result from the contact alteration of impure limestones are described as pyroxene hornfelses (calc-silicate hornfelses). The pyroxenites are closely allied to the gabbros and norites, from which they differ by the absence of felspar, and to the peridotites, which are distinguished from them by containing olivine. This connexion is indicated also by their mode of occurrence, for they usually accompany masses of gabbro and peridotite and seldom are found by themselves. They are strictly plutonic and often very coarse-grained, containing individual crystals which may be several inches in length. The principal accessory minerals, in addition to olivine and felspar, are chromite and spinels, garnet, iron oxides, rutile, scapolite. They frequently occur in the form of dikes or segregations in gabbro and peridotite: e.g. in Shetland, Cortlandt on the Hudson river, North Carolina (websterite), Baltimore, New Zealand, and in Saxony. The component minerals often have a close resemblance to those of the surrounding rock. By decomposition the rocks consisting of pyroxene pass into serpentine, which sometimes preserve the original structures of the primary minerals, such as the lamination of hypersthene and the rectangular cleavage of augite. Under pressure-metamorphism hornblende is developed and various types of amphibolite and hornblende-schist are produced. Occasionally rocks rich in pyroxene are found as basic facies of nepheline syenite; a good example is provided by the melanite pyroxenites associated with borolanite (q.v.) at Ledbeg in Sutherlandshire. (J. S. F.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pyrophyllite

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​PYROPHYLLITE, a mineral species belonging to the clay family, and composed of hydrous aluminium silicate HAl (SiO$_3$)$_2$. It occurs in two more or less distinct varieties, namely, as crystalline folia and as compact masses; distinct crystals are not known.
The folia have a pronounced pearly lustre, owing to the presence of a perfect cleavage parallel to their surfaces: they are flexible but not elastic, and are usually arranged radially in fan-like or spherical groups. This variety, when heated before the blowpipe, exfoliates and swells up to many times its original volume, hence the name pyrophyllite, from the Greek πῦρ (fire) and φύλλον (a leaf), given by R. Hermann in 1829. The colour of both varieties is white, pale green, greyish or yellowish; they are very soft (H. = 1–2) and are greasy to the touch. The specific gravity is 2.8–2.9. The two varieties are thus very similar respectively to talc (q.v.) and its compact variety steatite, which is, however, a hydrous magnesium ​silicate. The compact variety of pyrophyllite is used for slate pencils and tailors' chalk (“ French chalk ”), and is carved by the Chinese into small images and ornaments of various kinds. Other soft compact minerals (steatite and pinite) used for these Chinese carvings are included with pyrophyllite under the terms agalmatolite and pagodite
Pyrophyllite occurs in schistose rocks, often associated with cyanite, of which it is an alteration product. Pale green foliated masses, very like talc in appearance, are found at Beresovsk near Ekaterinburg in the Urals, and at Zermatt in Switzerland. The most extensive deposits are in the Deep river region of North Carolina, where the compact variety is mined, and in South Carolina and Georgia.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pyromorphite

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​PYROMORPHITE, a mineral species composed of lead chlorophosphate (PbCl)Pb$_4$(PO$_4$)$_3$, sometimes occurring in sufficient abundance to be mined as an ore of lead.
Crystals are common, and have the form of a hexagonal prism terminated by the basal planes, sometimes combined with narrow faces of a hexagonal pyramid. Crystals with a barrel-like curvature are not uncommon. Globular and reniform masses are also found. As proved by the etched figures on the faces, crystals possess the same parallel-faced hemihedrism as apatite, with which mineral pyromorphite and also mimetite are isomorphous. Between pyromorphite and the corresponding chloro-arsenate (mimetite, (q.v.) the resemblance in external characters is so close that, as a rule, it is only possible to distinguish between them by chemical tests: and they were formerly confused under the names “ green lead ore ” and “ brown lead ore ” (German, Grünbleierz and Braunbleierz). The phosphate was first distinguished chemically by M. H. Klaproth, in 1784, and it was named pyromorphite by J. F. L. Hausmann in 1813, being so named from the Gr. πῦρ (fire) and μορφή (form), because when a fragment of the mineral is fused the globule assumes a faceted form on solidifying. The colour of the mineral is usually some bright shade of green, yellow or brown, and the lustre is resinous. The hardness is 3½ and the specific gravity 6.5–7.1. Owing to isomorphous replacement of the phosphorus by arsenic there may be a gradual passage from pyromorphite to mimetite. Varieties containing calcium isomorphously replacing lead are lower in density (specific gravity 5.9–6.5) and usually lighter in colour; they bear the names "polysphaerite" (because of the globular form), "' miesite ” from Mies in Bohemia, “ nussierite ” from Nussière near Beaujeu, Rhône, France, and "c heroine" from Cherokee county in Georgia. ​Pyromorphite has resulted from the alteration of galena in the oxidized portions of metalliferous veins, and is frequently met with in the upper levels of lead mines. Finely crystallized specimens have been found at Braubach and Ems in Nassau, Wheal Alfred in Cornwall, Roughten Gill in Cumberland, Leadhills in Scotland, Phoenixville in Pennsylvania, Huelgoat in Finistère, Brittany, &c. At the last-named locality, as well as at Wheal Hope, near Truro in Cornwall, there were formerly found curious pseudomorphs of galena after pyromorphite, known as “ blue lead ore.” (L. J. S.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pyrrho of Elis

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​PYRRHO OF ELIS (c. 360–270 B.C.), a Greek sceptic philosopher and founder of the school known as Pyrrhonism. Diogenes Laërtius (ix. 61), quoting from Apollodorus, says that he was at first a painter, and that pictures by him were in existence in the gymnasium at Elis. Later he' was diverted to philosophy by the works of Democritus, and became acquainted with the Megarian dialectic through Bryson, pupil of Stilpo. With Anaxarchus, he went to the East in the train of Alexander, and studied in India under the Gymnosophists (q.v.) and under the Magi in Persia. From the Oriental philosophy he seems to have adopted a life of solitude. Returning to Elis, he lived in poor circumstances, but highly honoured by the Elians and also by the Athenians, who gave him the rights of citizenship. His doctrines are known mainly through the satiric writings (Σίλλοι) of his pupil Timon of Phlius (the Sillographer) The main principle of his thought is expressed in the word acatalepsia, which implies the impossibility of knowing things in their own nature. Against every statement the contradictory may be advanced with equal reason (ἰσοσθενεία τῶν λόγν). Secondly, it is necessary in view of this fact to preserve an attitude of intellectual suspense (évroxh), or, as Timon expressed it, οὐδὲν μᾶλλον (i.e. no assertion more valid than another). The same idea is expressed also by the terms eippexkia' (equilibrium) and dqbarria. (refusal to speak, non-committal silence). Thirdly, these results are applied to life in general. Pyrrho concludes that, since nothing can be known, the only proper attitude is imperturbability (ataraxia). The impossibility of knowledge, even in regard to our own ignorance or doubt, should induce the wise man to withdraw into himself, avoiding the stress and emotion which belong to the contest of vain imaginings. This drastic scepticism is the first and the most thorough exposition of agnosticism in the history of thought. Its ethical results may be compared with the ideal tranquillity of the Stoics and the Epicureans. (For its relation to the New Academy and to scepticism in general see Scepticism and Megarian School of Philosophy.)
See histories of philosophy by Zeller, Erdmann, Ueberweg; Ritter and Preller, § 364; Waddington, Pyrrhon et le pyrrhonisme (1877); Zimmermann, Darstellung d. pyrrh. Phil. (1841) and Ueber Ursprung und Bedeutung d. pyrrh. Phil. (1843); Wachsmuth, De Timone Phliasio (1859).