OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Bohemians most liberal givers

BOHEMIANS MOST LIBERAL GIVERS
Appeals to give and campaigns for war funds of many kinds follow so closely one another than the average citizen is hardly able to button his pocket for as long as a day. People of Bohemian descent have proved that they are second to none, both in lending money to the government and in giving to Red Cross and war chest funds. If it be remembered that for three years before America entered the war they had been financing the great campaign for Czechoslovak independence, one would expect to see a decline in the collections of the Bohemian National Alliance.
A year ago, after this country got into the war, the national officers of the Bohemian Alliance were greatly worried over the outlook. Calls made by this country would naturally come first, and it was easy to see that they would be heavy. At the same time the Czechoslovak National Council, originally a revolutionary organization, developed into the real revolutionary government of the Czechoslovak people and its needs were multiplied. There was, of course, always the alternative of calling upon the Allied governments to finance this anti-Austrian revolution and when it came as far as maintaining an army in the field, this course had to be pursued. But if the scattered Czechoslovaks were not strong enough to support an army, they had pride enough and money enough to support at least the revolutionary government of their native land.
It has been a pleasant surprise to the members of the Central Committee at Chicago to watch the rising tide of liberal giving among their member ship—and that membership includes today practically every man and woman born in Bohemia. The greatest source of revenue, exceeding in importance even membership dues, have been the big bazaars or rather national fetes. The Chicago bazaar this year brought in over $50,000 as against some $42,000 last year. Even better showing was made by the smaller settlements and the farmers. During the first years of the existence of the Bohemian National Alliance its chief financial support was drawn from the cities; today the farmers give the most. So the little Bohemian farming settlement of Schuyler Neb., held a fete which netted eight thousand. In Gregory, S. D., the few Bohemian farmers collected in one day $1,500 and in Tabor, S. D., one of the smaller farming communities of Bohemian-speaking people and practically unknown among the Bohemians of New York or Chicago, a bazaar actually crossed the ten thousand dollar line in one day.
The same spirit and the same incrcease in giving is manifested in the Slovak League. The bazaar of Chicago Slovaks netted over thirty thousand dollars, and the Slovak League is now taking its full share in the support of the Czechoslovak National Council.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
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# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Book Review: Bohemian Grammar

BOOK REVIEW.
Previous to the appearance of this small book of 200 pages the only grammars of Bohemian avail able to English-speaking people who desire to study this language were very hard to obtain. Charles Jonáš wrote a grammar in 1890, entitled Bohemian Made Easy, and R. W . Morfill, professor at the University of Oxford, published a book in 1899 entitled “Grammar of the Bohemian or Čech Language.”
Mr. Nigrin’s book is neither too heavy nor too elementary and it will be very useful to American and English friends of the Czechoslovaks who are sufficiently in earnest to try to master their difficult language. Mr. Nigrin has been for three years a teacher of Bohemian in the Carter H. Harrison Technical High School and is well qualified for the task which he undertook.
The Bohemian Literary Society, publishers of the grammar, are also publishing a series of Bohemian Classics to be used primarily as school texts. The books that have appeared so far are: Krupař Kleofáš by A. V. Šmilovský (short story), České pohadky (Bohemian folklore), and Noc na Karlštejně (comedy) by Jaroslav Vrchlický.
The address of the Bohemian Literary Society is 2315 South Ridgeway avenue, Chicago, Ill.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
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# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Bohemian bibliography

BOHEMIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Under this title a book of 256 pages has just been published by Fleming H. Revell Company. The authors are Thomas Čapek and Anna Vostrovský Čapek.
The need for a book of this sort has been felt for a long time. Some of the pamphlets and book lets written on Bohemia have contained a short bibliographic list of English writings, dealing with the country and the people of the Czechs, but all those lists were very incomplete, in fact amateurish. The new book is a work of scholars. In all America there is no man better fitted to deal in an exhaustive and critical manner with this subject than Mr. Čapek, who, in addition to his business as president of the Bank of Europe in New York, has given years of his life to the work of acquainting America with the nation from which he sprang. His wife is well-known as a translator of Bohemian literature into English.
Mr. Čapek’s book can fairly claim to be an exhaustive list of all that has been written in English on Bohemian subjects. Of special interest is the chapter “Bohemia in British State Papers and Manuscripts” for which the material has been drawn ​from the British Museum collections. The book is divided into twenty-four chapters; the title of some of them will indicate the wide scope of the book. There is a chapter on Bohemian Glass, Drama, Fiction, John Hus, History, Music, Periodicals, Politics, etc.
Thebook is indispensable to every serious student of Bohemia; it will be very useful to all who want to acquaint their American friends with what has been written in English about Bohemia. The price of the book is $1.50.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
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# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Bohemians at the Minnesota state fair

BOHEMIANS At The MINNESOTA STATE FAIR
This fair, which has been an annual feature of Minnesota for a great number of years, had this year for the first time a Czechoslovak exhibit. It was provided by Bohemians and Slovaks of St. Paul and Minneapolis under the auspices of the Young Women’s Christian Association. The exhibit con sisted of elaborate Bohemian costumes, native em broidery which the grandmothers of the Bohemians living here used to wear. Bohemian glassware more than a hundred years old, pictures and old Bibles from the days of the Reformation, portraits of Bohemian heroes, etc. The center of attraction was the Czechoslovak service flag with hundreds of stars among which were three gold ones, so arranged as to spell the word “Bohemian”; above it was hte picture of Professor Masaryk. The exhibit was always surrounded by great crowds who ex pressed their admiration of the high degree of education prevailing among Chechoslovak people. On September 3rd when news came of the American recognition of the Czechoslovaks the declaration was at once framed and placed among the exhibits. Czechoslovak Day was held at the fair on September 5th, the program consisting of national songs, Sokol drills and folk dances in national costumes.
The small Czechoslovak settlement in the twin cities of Minnesota deserves much credit for this exhibit which has contributed very largely toward a better acquaintance of Americans with our people.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
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# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Bohemian Review enters upon second year

BOHEMIAN REVIEW ENTERS UPON SECOND YEAR
Much has happened, since the first issue of the Bohemian Review came out. A year ago the United States was still neutral, and though thoughtful men foresaw the necessity of our active participation, few imagined that January, 1918, would see hundreds of thousands of American boys under arms in France. We are at war both with Germany and its vassal, Austria-Hungary. Peace it not yet in sight, in fact it seems to be as far away as it was a year ago; but this much is certain that the most powerful voice in the settlement of affairs, after the guns shall have been silenced, will be the voice of the United States.
If there were reasons a year ago to call into being this little review that it might advocate the claims of Bohemia to freedom, there are many more reasons today to keep it alive and to widen its usefulness. We said in the first issue: “To earn the sympathy and good will of America for the struggles of Czechs and Slovaks toward freedom will be the main purpose of the Bohemian Review.” How vastly more important to the Czechs and Slovaks is the sympathy and good will of America now that this premiere republic of the world has staked its all on the defeat of the Central Empires. And how difficult it is to gain over the United States. Not because the American people are indifferent to the struggles of a brave nation for freedom, but because this country is so big, because the causes which claim the attention of the people are so many, and because this little monthly has so far reached only a few of the influential citizens whose sympathies and active help we want to enlist.
You can help in this work. Renew your own subscription so that the necessary expenses of publication may be defrayed. And then subscribe the Review for someone who ought to read it. Your local newspaper editor ought to have it; very likely he will reprint occasionally some news item or argument which will inform thousands of his readers what the Bohemians are doing for the cause of the Allies and for their own liberation. The Bohemian Review ought to be in your public library and in the university library, where it would be seen by many. It ought to be sent to men of influence in your town that they may know who the Czechs and Slovaks are and learn to distinguish them from Austrians and Hungarians. At this time, when our unnaturalized people are classed as alien enemies, it is more than ever desirable that local authorities all over the United States should be informed of the absolute loyalty of Czechoslovaks to the cause of America.
Help to have the Bohemian Review read, and you will help both the people of Bohemia and the Bohemian and Slovak residents of the United States.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ratke, Wolfgang

Edition of 1920. See also Wolfgang Ratke on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RATKE, rät kė, Wolfgang (better known by his Latinized name of Ratichius), German educator: b. Wilster, Holstein, 18 Oct. 1571; d. Erfurt, 27 April 1635. He was trained in the Johanneum at Hamburg and the University of Rostock. Between 1603 and 1611 he lived in Holland and was the inaugurator of a new plan of school reform. The essence of his system was to discard the old memory and rote
method of teaching children; to interest them, by presenting things to their observation, and, afterward, names — a reversal of the method then in vogue; to teach them their mother tongue first and thence proceed to foreign languages. At first he met with little success in propagating his views. In 1618, however, he settled at Köthen, Anhalt, and Prince Ludwig von Anhalt furnished him with the means of opening a school to be conducted according to his own ideas. Owing to certain faults of his own, as well as to the unsettled religious condition of Germany at that time, he was obliged to leave Köthen and settled at Magdeburg in 1721. Here he made a second failure and afterward led a somewhat wandering life. But his influence upon his contemporaries and posterity was much greater than would be supposed from the failure of his own attempts to put his plan in practice. Consult Krause, ‘Wolfgang Ratke, im Licht seiner und seiner Zeitgenossen Briefe’ (1872); Schumann, ‘Die echte Methode W. Ratkes’ (1876).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Raton

Edition of 1920. See also Raton, New Mexico on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RATON, rạ-tōn′, N. Mex., city, county-seat of Colfax County, on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad, about 130 miles northeast of Santa Fé and eight miles south of the northern boundary of the State. In the vicinity are extensive coal fields. It is the commercial and industrial centre of a large region devoted chiefly to farming and stock raising. It has railroad shops, stock-yards, grain elevators, wholesale houses and brick and lumber yards. Pop. 4,539.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rastatt

Edition of 1920. See also Rastatt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RASTATT, räs'tät, or RASTADT, a town of Baden, Germany, on the river Murg, about four miles from the Rhine and about 15 miles southwest of Karlsruhe. It was formerly a fortress of the first rank but in 1892 the fortifications were dismantled. The town has manufactures of lace, tobacco and cigars. Pop. about 15,196. Rastatt was the scene of two diplomatic congresses in the 18th century. The first congress of Rastatt met in 1713 to arrange lerms of peace between the emperor and France, then still engaged in the war of the Spanish Succession. Peace was concluded 7 March 1714. In accordance with the terms of the treaty, signed by Marshal Villars and Prince Eugene, France gave up possession of the towns of Kehl, Freiberg and Breisach, and the electors of Cologne and Bavaria were reinstated in power. The terms of the Treaty of Utrecht (q.v.) were ratified. The second congress of Rastatt met in 1797 for the purpose of terminating hostilities between France and the empire. After negotiations had been prolonged for more than a year, war broke out again between France and the allies and the congress suspended its sessions (April 1799). As the French representatives, Roberjot, Bonnier and Debry left the city on the evening of 28 April they were set upon by a company of hussars wearing the Austrian uniform and the first two were murdered and the third sabred and left for dead in a ditch. The papers of the legation were carried off, but no other spoil was taken. This violation of the law of nations aroused the indignation and horror of all Europe. Many attempts have been made to fix the responsibility for the deed. Some have ascribed the crime to the Austrian government which was desirous of obtaining certain papers in the possession of the ambassadors; others maintain that the murderers were French émigrés, while others still assert that the act was instigated by Napoleon and other leaders of the War party in France for the purpose of exasperating the French people against Austria. In 1849 the town again became conspicuous as the stronghold of the Baden revolutionists.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rattan

Edition of 1920. See also Rattan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RATTAN, răt-tăn, a product of Calamus rotang, a scandent palm of Ceylon, but also found in India and Burma. While this species furnishes the best commercial rattan, there are about 200 species in this genus, inhabiting tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa and Australia. The most important species other than the above are C. rudentum, C. pachystemonus and C. radiatus, abounding throughout the damp forests of Ceylon up to 3,500 feet elevation. C. rotang and the first two species named above are manufactured into a great variety of useful articles such as baskets, chairs, the hoods of carts, and when split into strips can be twisted into cordage of great strength. C. rotang is often used in Eastern countries for rope bridges, or, used entire, is stretched across rivers as the supports of suspension bridges; and is also employed for the manufacture of Malacca canes. In China rattan is a favorite material for cordage, and the material also enters into the manufacture of umbrella handles and ribs, and as a substitute for whalebone. The cane is used for saddlery and harness and for wicker-work helmets, said to be sword-proof. The two smaller species (C. pachystemonus and C. radiatus) are largely employed in the manufacture of baskets for the Ceylon tea gardens, used in picking the tea leaves. C. radiatus supplies the material for chair bottoms, being split into thin strips. In fact the many uses of rattan in Eastern countries are almost nameless. In the United States rattan is largely used for manufacturing chairs and other furniture, for chair-seating, baby-carriage bodies, baskets, floor mattings, brooms, corset-stays, whips and many other uses of minor importance. The “reed” used in raffia fancy-basket manufacture is the split inner portion of rattan dressed in
cylindrical form like the true reeds. See also Fibre.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rat

Edition of 1920. See also Rat on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAT, any of several large rodents of the mouse family (see Mouse), especially two species of “house-rats” now habituated to civilization in all parts of the world. The black rat (Mus rattus) is of light and slender build, about seven inches in length, usually of a bluish black color, but sometimes grayish, and has quite large, thin ears. The brown rat (M. decumanus) or Norway rat, as it is often inappropriately styled, is much heavier and larger, with short, rounded ears and a dull brown color. Both species are believed to be natives of China but the black rat was abundant in Europe at least as early as the 13th century. The brown rat migrated from western China, entering Russia in great numbers in 1727, and from there quickly spreading over Europe, which was fully occupied by it by the middle of the 18th century. By its greater fecundity and ferocity it quickly overcame the black rat, which it has now replaced in most parts. It infested ships and by this means has been carried to all parts of the world. Its wonderful capacity for increase (from 20 to 50 annually), its boldness, tough, elastic constitution and adaptable nature, make it everywhere dominant, and its omnivorous habits, voracity and destructiveness frequently lead it to become a source of great annoyance, loss and disease about human habitations. The ferocity of this species when brought to bay is well known; and when driven by hunger it is so ravenous that neglected babies have been known to be killed and eaten by them, and a few cases are recorded where even able-bodied men have suffered a like fate when attacked by hordes of rats. They are also agents in the spread of disease, particularly bubonic plague and trichinoses. Against their many faults may be set the solitary virtue that they serve a useful purpose as scavengers in the city sewers, etc. The albino and black and white pied rats sold for pets by bird dealers are derived from the black rat, which has a far milder disposition. The rats of the United States include the black and brown of Norway, above described; the roof, or white-bellied (M. tectorum) of the southern States, named from its preference for thatched roofs for its abode; the Florida (neotorua Floridana) a habitat of the Gulf States, common to wild places and swamps, and frequently nesting in trees; the Cotton (Sigmodon hispidus), named from its use of cotton in forming its nest; and the Rocky Mountain, which is destructive to the trappings and stores of campers. Rat skins make fine leather for gloves.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ratisbon

Edition of 1920. See also Regensburg on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RATISBON, rät'ĭs-bōn (REGENSBURG, rā'gĕns-boorg), Bavaria, Germany, 82 miles by rail northeast of Munich, partakes of the artistic tendencies of the latter. Chief among its public buildings and institutions are the Gothic cathedral, library, art-gallery, seminaries and glass-staining factory. Trade, facilitated by its favorable position on the Danube, is considerable. Ratishon suffered much from bombardments at various periods of its history, especially in 1809, when it was stormed by the French. It became a free port in 18S3. Pop. (1910) 52,624.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rattazzi, Marie Studolmine de Solms

Edition of 1920. See also Laetitia Marie Wyse Bonaparte on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RATTAZZI, rät-tät'sē, Marie Studolmine de Solms, French novelist: b. Waterford, Ireland, 1833; d. Paris, February 1902. She was the daughter of Sir Thomas Wyse, British Ambassador to Greece, and Letitia, eldest daughter of Lucien Bonaparte. She was married to Frederic de Solms, a rich native of Alsace in 1850, to Urbano Rattazzi (q.v.) in 1863 and to M. de Rute in 1877. Twice, in 1852 and 1864, she was exiled. She wrote much in prose and verse, and was a prominent figure in politics and society. She was one of the first woman journalists; for four years she wrote a feuilleton for the Constitutionel, and also wrote for the Pays and the Turf. In the early days of the Second Empire she was a woman of great personal beauty and gathered around her in her salon men of all shades of opinion — Hugo, Rochefort, Semenuais, Sue, About, etc. In Italy she was called the ‘Divina Fanciulla.’ In 1881 she edited ‘Rattazi et son Temps,’ and in the last two or three years of her life she published two volumes of her own memoirs, and edited the Nouvelle Revue Internationale, to which she also contributed largely. Among her other works were ‘Les Mariages d'une Creole’ (1864); ‘Si j'etais Reine’ (1868); ‘L'Aventurier des Colonies’ (1885), a drama; and the volume of tales, ‘Enigme sans Clef’ (1894).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ratitæ

Edition of 1920. See also Ratite on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RATITÆ, ră-tī'tē, a group of birds broadly characterized as having a non-carinate sternum and little or no power of flight. The group originally was one of the two grand divisions of Aves, embracing all those whose sternum had no keel, as opposed to Carinatæ; but this character alone will not define the Ratitæ as at present constituted by the researches of Gadow and accepted by ornithologists generally. Its place is as a subdivision of the Neornithes (q.v.) co-ordinate with the Odontolcæ (hesperornis, etc.) and the Carinatæ; and the sum of many anatomical peculiarities distinguishes the group, which consists of the ostriches, cassowaries, kiwis, moas, rocs (Æpyornis), and perhaps some of the fossil birds of Patagonia whose relationships are not yet perfectly clear. The conspicuous feature of all these is the rudimentary condition of the wings, so that the ratites are well-designated flightless birds, the disappearance of the tail and the great prominence of the functions and development of the legs and feet. These features are believed to be the result of changes, very long continued, from ancestors which possessed the power of flight and have lost it by disuse, and in adaptation to life upon plains and deserts. This group was introduced by Merrem in his ‘Attempt at a Natural System of Birds,’ and contains his genus ‘Struthio,’ since divided. Consult Evans, ‘Birds’ (1900); Newton, ‘Dictionary of Birds’ (1893-96); Stejneger, ‘Standard Natural History’ (Vol. IV, 1885).