OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mackail, Hugh

​MACKAIL, HUGH (1640?–1666), Scottish martyr, was born about 1640 at Liberton, near Edinburgh. At an early age he went to reside with an uncle, Hugh Mackail, one of the ministers of Edinburgh, and entered the university, where he distinguished himself, graduating, as the records show, in 1658 'sub M. Thoma Crafordio.' Shortly afterwards he became chaplain and tutor in the family of Sir James Stuart of Coltness and Goodtrees, then lord provost of Edinburgh. In 1661, being then in his twenty-first year, he was licensed by the presbytery of Edinburgh, and afterwards preached several times with much success. A sermon which he delivered in the High Church, Edinburgh, in September 1662, in which he declared that 'the church of Scotland had been persecuted by an Ahab on the throne, a Haman in the state, and a Judas in the church,' gave such offence that a party of horse was sent to apprehend him. He escaped, however, and, after lying concealed in his father's house for some time, retired into Holland, where he improved his time by studying for several years at a Dutch university. Then, returning to Scotland, he lived chiefly at his father's house, until in November 1666 he joined a rising of the covenanters. After nine days' marching, however, his weak health obliged him to leave the insurgents, and on his way back to Liberton he was arrested, carried to Edinburgh, and committed to the Tolbooth. He was several times brought before the council and tortured with the boot. Burnet erroneously states that he died under this treatment, and the assertion has been copied by the biographer of Lord William Russell (i. 169). Finally, after trial, despite the efforts of his cousin, Matthew Mackail [q. v.], who interceded with James Sharp, archbishop of St. Andrews, on his behalf, Hugh was hanged at the market-cross of Edinburgh on 22 Dec. 1666, amid 'such a lamentation,' says Kirkton, 'as was never known in Scotland before, not one dry cheek upon all the street, or in all the numberless windows in the market-place.' According to MS. Jac. V. 7. 22, in the Advocates' Library (quoted in the 'Memoirs of William Veitch,' p. 87 n.), 'immediately after the execution of the forementioned four men there came a letter from the king, discharging the executing of moe; but the Bishop of St. Andrews kept it up till Mr. Hew was executed,' Mackail behaved with great fortitude on the scaffold, addressing the crowd with singular impressiveness. He was buried in Greyfriars churchyard. Wodrow describes him as 'universally beloved, singularly pious, and of very considerable learning.'
[Scots Worthies, i. 309; Anderson's Scottish Nation, iii. 2-5; Memoirs of William Veitch, pp. 35-8.]
T. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mackay, Alexander (1808-1852)

​MACKAY, ALEXANDER (1808–1852), journalist, born in Scotland in 1808, was in early life conductor of a newspaper in Toronto, Canada. After residing in Canada for several years and travelling over a great portion of the provinces and the States, he returned home, and accepted an engagement on the staff of the London 'Morning Chronicle.' In the interest of that journal he revisited the United States in 1846 to report the debates in Congress on the Oregon question, and to ascertain public opinion on the subject. His letters were admirably written. Mackay was called to the bar from the Middle Temple on 7 May 1847. He severed his connection with the 'Morning Chronicle' in 1849, on account of its opposition to the Rebellion Losses Bill of Canada. In 1851 the chambers of commerce of Manchester, Liverpool, Blackburn, and Glasgow sent him to inquire into the cultivation of cotton in India and the condition of the cultivators of the soil, more especially within the presidencies of Bombay and Madras. ​After a sojourn of about a year in India, ill-health obliged Mackay to embark for home. He died at sea on 15 April 1852.
Mackay wrote: 1. 'Electoral Districts; ... an Inquiry into the working of the Reform Bill,' 8vo, London, 1848. 2. 'The Western World, or Travels in the United States in 1846-7/ 3 vols. 8vo, London, 1849, dedicated to Richard Cobden. This was for long the most complete work published on the United States. 3. 'The Crisis in Canada, or Vindication of Lord Elgin and his Cabinet ... in reference to the Rebellion Losses Bill,' 8vo, London, 1849. 4. 'Analysis of the Australian Colonies' Government Bill,' 8vo, London, 1850. 5. 'Western India: Reports addressed to the Chambers of Commerce of Manchester, Liverpool, Blackburn, and Glasgow,' 8vo, London, 1853, a posthumous work edited by James Robertson, with a preface by Sir Thomas Bazley.
[Gent Mag. 1852 pt. i. p. 634; Appleton's Cyclop, of Amer. Biog.; Mackay's Works; Law List for 1852.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Machlinia, William de

​MACHLINIA, WILLIAM de (fl. 1482–1490), printer, appears, as his name denotes, to have been a native of Mechlin in Belgium. It is uncertain when he first came to England or when he first began to print, but in 1482 he was in partnership with John Lettou [q. v.] for some months at a printing-press near the church of All Saints in the city of London. There they printed the first edition of the 'Tenores Novelli,' by Sir Thomas Littleton [q. v.], and a few other works. From about 1483 to 1485 Machlinia was residing alone near the Fleet Bridge, where he printed ' Vulgaria Terencii,' Albertus Magnus's 'Liber Aggregationis' and 'Secreta Mulierum,' the 'Revelation to a Monke of Evesham,' 'Horæ ad usum Sarum,' and a few other books. From about 1485 he had a press in Holborn, where he printed 'The Chronicles of England;' Canutus 'On the Pestilence' (perhaps in consequence of that which raged in London in the first year of Henry VII)—of this he issued three editions; the ' Speculum Christian'; 'a few law books, and a bull of Innocent VIII (dated 2 March 1485-6), being a broadside relating to Henry VIIs title and marriage. About twenty-two books are allotted to Machlinia's press, some being only known by a few detached leaves: one edition of Canutus 'On the Pestilence,' printed by Machlinia, has a separate title-page, an innovation not known in England before 1491-2. Machlinia appears to have been succeeded as a printer by Richard Pynson [q. v.]
[Information from E. Gordon Duff, esq.; Brit. Mus. Cat. of Early English Books to 1640; Ames's Typographical Antiquities.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Macilwain, George

​MACILWAIN, GEORGE (1797–1882), medical writer, born in 1797, was the son of an Irish country surgeon, who had been a pupil of John Abernethy (1764-1831) [q. v.] In 1814 he was likewise sent to study under Abernethy at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and was admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons on 4 Sept. 1818, being elected honorary fellow in 1843. For twenty years he was surgeon to the Finsbury Dispensary, and temporarily to the Fever Hospital, being appointed consulting surgeon on his retirement. He was also consulting surgeon to St. Anne's Society schools, and surgeon to the City of London Truss Society. In practice he was opposed to indiscriminate amputation and the use of violent purgatives. He was besides an uncompromising foe to vivisection. In 1871 he gave up his chambers in the Courtyard, Albany, Piccadilly, London, where he had resided since November 1853, and retired to Matching, near Harlow, Essex. He died at Matching on 22 Jan. 1882.
Macilwain was member of the Royal Institution, fellow and for some time vice-president of the Royal Medico-Chirurgical Society, and member of the Royal Irish Academy.
In 1853 Macilwain published rambling ​but entertaining 'Memoirs of John Abernethy,' 2 vols. 8vo, London, a second edition being called for during the same year. In this compilation he was assisted by Abernethy's family. The third edition (1 vol. 8vo, 1866) contains important additions.
Macilwain's chief medical writings are: 1. 'A Treatise on Stricture of the Urethra,' 8vo, London, 1824; 2nd edition, entitled 'Surgical Observations on . . . Diseases of the Mucous Canals of the Body,' 1830. 2. 'Clinical Observations on the Constitutional Origin of the various Forms of Porrigo,' 8vo, London, 1833. 3. 'Remarks on the Unity of the Body,' 8vo, London, 1836. 4. 'Medicine and Surgery one Inductive Science,' 8vo, London, 1838. 5. 'The General Nature and Treatment of Tumours,' 8vo, London, 1845. 6. 'Remarks on Vivisection,' 8vo, London, 1847. 7. 'A Clinical Memoir on Strangulated Hernia,' 8vo, London, 1858. 8. 'On the Inutility of Cruel Experiments on Living Animals in the Prosecution of Physiological Researches,' 8vo, London, 1860, a reply to the report of the Paris commission on vivisection. 9. 'Remarks on Ovariotomy,' 8vo, London, 1863. 10. 'Surgical Commentaries, first series,' 8vo, London, 1868 ; no more was published. 11. 'Vivisection : being Short Comments on . . . the Evidence given before the Royal Commission,' 8vo, London, 1877.
He also published in the American 'Transylvanian Journal' and the London 'Medical Times' an 'Analysis of Fever, in Lectures.'
[Lancet, 28 Jan. 1882, p. 159 ; Medical Times, 28 Jan. 1882, p. 107 ; Preface to Macilwain's Memoirs of John Abernethy; London and Provincial Medical Directory.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Goulston, Theodore

​GOULSTON or GULSTON, THEODORE, M.D. (1572–1632), physician, son of William Goulston, rector of Wymondham, Leicestershire, was born in 1572. He entered at Merton College, Oxford, was elected a fellow in 1596, and graduated M.A. 8 July 1600, and M.D. 30 April 1610. He had before practised at Wymondham, and after taking his final degree settled as a physician in the parish of St. Martin-extra-Ludgate in London, and was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians 29 Dec. 1611. He was elected censor in 1615, 1616, 1625, and 1626. In 1619 he published in London 'Versio Latina et Paraphrasis in Aristotelis Rhetoricam,' with a dedication to Prince Charles in Latin prose, and his notes and Latin version were reprinted in the edition of the Greek text published at Cambridge in 1696. In 1623 he published 'Aristotelis de Poetica liber Latine conversus et analytica methodo illustratus,' with a dedication in Latin verse to Prince Charles. He also wrote 'Versio, variae lectiones, et annotationes criticae in opuscula varia Galeni,' which was published in 1640, with a preface by his friend Thomas Gataker [q. v.] He had in his own time a well-earned reputation for general learning and a considerable practice as a physician. He died at his house in St. Martin's on Ludgate Hill 4 May 1632, and by his will, dated 26 April 1632, left 200l. to the College of Physicians of London ​to found a lectureship, to be held in each year by one of the four youngest doctors of the college. These lectures have been annually delivered since 1639, to the great advantage of medicine in England.
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Goupy, Joseph

​GOUPY, JOSEPH (d. 1763), water-colour painter and etcher, is stated to have been born at Nevers in France, and to have come early in life to London. He was a nephew of Lewis Goupy [q. v.] In 1711 he was with his uncle a subscriber to the academy of painting started under Sir Godfrey Kneller in Great Queen Street. About 1720 he was employed in conjunction with Peter Tillemans [q. v.] to paint a set of scenes for the opera. He was a good miniature-painter, drew landscapes and small figure subjects with accuracy, worked in pastels, and was a skilful copyist of the Italian masters, including Raphael's cartoons. He made numerous sketching excursions with Dr. Brook Taylor [q. v.], through whom he obtained the patronage of Frederick, prince of Wales, who made him his drawing-master, employed him largely at Kew and at Clieveden, and in 1736 appointed him to the post of ‘cabinet-painter.’
Goupy is best known for his etchings after Salvator Rosa, whose style was then in vogue. They are executed with some spirit, and somewhat in that master's own style. Nine of these are in the print room at the British Museum, including ‘The Dream of Jacob,’ ‘St. John the Baptist preaching in the Wilderness,’ ‘Glaucus and Scylla,’ &c. Goupy also etched the following plates: ‘Diana at the Chase,’ after Rubens; ‘Landscape with Pyramus and Thisbe,’ after N. Poussin; ‘Zeuxis painting Helen at Agrigentum,’ after Solimena; ‘The Calling of St. Andrew,’ after P. Berrettini; ‘Hiero, king of Syracuse and Archimedes,’ after S. Ricci; and a view of ‘Castel-Gandolfo,’ after G. F. Grimaldi. He also executed etchings from his own designs, including ‘Hagar’ and ‘Mucius Scævola,’ the latter from a picture exhibited by him at the first exhibition of the Society of Artists in 1765, of which he was a member. Goupy produced water-colour copies of Raphael's cartoons, painted on counterproof impressions of Dorigny's engravings. A set of these is in the collection of the Earl of Derby at Knowsley, and another, formerly belonging to the Duke of Chandos, is in the collection of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone. On the accession of George III Goupy received a small pension. He died at an advanced age in 1763. His collections were sold in 1765. A portrait of him was painted by M. Dahl. Among his works is a well-known caricature of Handel. He was also a fan-painter.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gould, Robert

​GOULD, ROBERT (d. 1709?), poet, was originally a servant of Charles, earl of Dorset and Middlesex. He contrived to obtain some education, and in 1680 wrote ‘Love given over, or a Satyr against Woman,’ which became popular. His ‘Presbytery rough-drawn, a Satyr. In contemplation of the late Rebellion,’ 4to, London, followed in 1683. In 1689, being then under thirty, he published a volume of ‘Poems chiefly consisting of Satyrs and Satyrical Epistles,’ 8vo, London (2nd edit., 1697), hoping by its sale to realise sufficient to set up in business. In this he was disappointed, and in deep distress found a friend in James, earl of Abingdon, who employed him at his country seat at Rycote in Oxfordshire. His next publications were: ‘The Corruption of the Times by Money, a Satyr,’ 4to, London, 1693, and ‘A Poem most humbly offered to the Memory of … Queen Mary,’ fol., London, 1695. A more ambitious attempt was a tragedy entitled: ‘The Rival Sisters, or the Violence of Love,’ 4to, London, 1696, the plot of which is in great measure borrowed from Shirley's ‘Maid's Revenge.’ It was acted with some success at Drury Lane Theatre, D'Urfey supplying both prologue and epilogue. After Gould's death in 1708 or 1709 his widow, Martha, issued an edition of his ‘Works,’ 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1709. Another of his tragedies called ‘Innocence Distress'd, or the Royal Penitents,’ 8vo, London, 1737, was published by subscription for the benefit of his daughter, Hannah Gould.
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gould, Thomas

​GOULD, THOMAS (1657–1734), controversialist, born at Cork in 1657, went to France about 1678, and settled at Poitiers, where he studied theology. After being ordained priest he was sent to Thouars in Poitou and appointed almoner to the Ursuline nuns of that village. He soon devoted himself to the special work of converting protestants, and obtained from the court a license as ‘missionnaire pour le Poitou.’ He achieved great success, and, as his biographer admits, ‘when the obstinacy of parents was a hindrance to the return of their children to the bosom of the church, he gave notice of the circumstance to the court, which seconded his labours by special orders.’ These labours were rewarded by the grant from the king of two pensions, one of three hundred and the other of six hundred livres; and he also obtained the abbey of Saint-Laon de Thouars of the order of St. Augustine. He died at Thouars in September 1734.
Of his controversial writings the principal ​are: 1. ‘Lettre à un gentilhomme du Bas-Poitou, touchant la véritable croyance de l'Église catholique, contre les dogmes qui lui sont faussement imputés dans les écrits des ministres,’ 1705, 12mo. This work reached a fourth edition in 1720. 2. ‘Traité du Sacrifice de la Messe, avec l'explication des cérémonies qui s'y servent et la manière d'y assister dévotement, selon l'esprit de la primitive Église; adressés à une dame de qualité nouvellement convertie,’ Paris, 1724, 12mo. 3. ‘Entretiens où l'on explique la doctrine de l'Église catholique par l'Écriture Sainte,’ Paris, 1727, 12mo. 4. ‘Recueil de differentes objections que font les protestants contre les catholiques, … et des reponses des catholiques …,’ Paris, 1735, 12mo. 5. ‘Abrégé des psaumes de David, sur la conduite qu'un chrétien doit tenir dans le cours de sa vie.’
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gourdon, William

​GOURDON, WILLIAM (fl. 1611), traveller, was a native of Hull, who was master pilot on two expeditions sent to the north of Russia by a company of English merchants. He wrote an account of his first expedition, entitled ‘Voyage made to Pechora 1611.’ He was absent from England from April to September, during which time he landed the merchants at Pustozera, and himself explored part of the way up the river Pechora. In 1614 he was again at Pustozera with the colony of English merchants there, and spent from November to April 1614–15 exploring further north to the river Ob or Obi. He wrote an account of this expedition also, entitled ‘Later Observations of William Gourdon in his wintering of Pustozera in the yeeres 1614 and 1615, with a description of the Samoeds' Life.’ Both these pamphlets are printed in ‘Purchas's Pilgrimes,’ iii. 530, 553, with the accounts given by Gourdon's fellow-voyagers. In his ‘History of Muscovia’ Milton made ​use of these travels, and especially of Gourdon's quaint details about the inhabitants of Samoed.
E. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gouter, James

​GOUTER or GAULTIER, JAMES (fl. 1636), lutenist, was a Frenchman in the service of Charles I. A warrant dated 28 Nov. 1625 directs the payment of ‘the sum of one hundred pounds due to him at Christmas next, and likewise a hundred pounds a year until such time as his Majesty shall make him a grant under the Great Seal of England, of the like value, during his life.’ By later warrants, dated 21 Oct. 1629 and 26 March 1631, this annuity was confirmed and arrears ordered to be paid (Sign Man. Car. I, vol. i. No. 133, and vol. xiii. No. 2). In the returns, dated October 1635, to the privy council by the justices of the peace of ‘Straungers borne,’ dwelling within Westminster and the liberties thereof, among those of the parish of St. Margaret's, Westminster, occurs the entry, ‘Mr. Gottiere, a frenchman, householder, Musician’ (State Papers, Dom. ccc. 75). In the charter, dated 15 July 1636, granted by Charles to Nicholas Lanier, ‘Mounsieur Gaultier’ is mentioned among the fifty-two musicians hereafter to be ‘the musicians of us, our heirs and Successors,’ and ‘by force and virtue of theis p'sents, a body corporate and politique in deed, fact and name, by the name of Marshall, Wardens and Cominalty of the Arte and Science of Musick in Westm' in the County of Midd'.’ (Patent Rolls, ii. Car. I, Nona pars, 4). A petition of Michael Burton to the privy council dated 30 April 1637, shows that Gaultier had incurred a debt to one Sara de Lastre; that Burton had solicited her cause in the court of arches, and had obtained judgment ​against him for 66l. 13s. 4d. Sara de Lastre had disappeared without paying her solicitor; and it was ordered that her debt of 16l. to Burton should be paid out of Gaultier's wages ‘payable in the exchequer’ (State Papers, Dom. cccliv, 131 and ccclvii. 59). There is an etched portrait of him by Jan Livius, holding a theorbo or arch-lute, and with a Latin inscription. In the print-room of the British Museum is an impression of this etching in a very early state of the plate. The face is somewhat Dutch in character, with long, full hair; the eyes are large and penetrative, and the nose and mouth finely modelled; in this state it is a noble portrait. Gaultier is chiefly interesting from the two allusions made to him by Herrick, once in a ‘Lyrick to Merth’ (Hesperides, 1648, p. 41), where he is coupled with John Wilson, ‘the best at the lute in all England,’ according to Wood; and again in the verses (ib. p. 326) addressed to Henry Lawes.
[Authorities cited in text.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Goupy, Lewis

​GOUPY, LEWIS (d. 1747), painter, born in France, came before 1710 to London, where he is said to have had a brother already resident as a fan-painter. In 1711 we find him, as ‘Mr Goupee, senr,’ a subscriber to the new academy of painting started under Sir Godfrey Kneller in Great Queen Street. In 1720 he was one of the seceding members who started the academy in St. Martin's Lane under Louis Cheron [q. v.] and Vanderbank. He painted portraits in oil, and also drew in crayons and tempera. He obtained some repute as a miniature-painter. He is said to have been patronised by Lord Burlington, whom he attended on his journey to Italy. His own portrait, painted by himself, was engraved in mezzotint by G. White, and later in line by J. Thomson. White also engraved after him a portrait of Mr. Isaac the dancing-master. Goupy died in 1747, and in February 1747–8 his collections were sold by auction. They comprised numerous drawings of his own. Joseph Goupy [q. v.] was his nephew.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gourlie, William

​GOURLIE, WILLIAM (1815–1856), botanist, was born at Glasgow in March 1815, his father being a merchant in that city. He was educated at the public school and university of Glasgow, studying botany under Dr. (afterwards Sir) W. J. Hooker and Dr. J. H. Balfour. Being regular and orderly in his habits, he was able, though in partnership with his father, to spare time for the study of science, for which he had an ardent love. He collected British plants, especially mosses, and also shells and fossil plants. In 1836 he joined the Edinburgh Botanical Society, and in 1841 the Glasgow Philosophical Society. In 1855 he became a fellow of the Linnean Society. He took an active part in the promotion of various benevolent institutions, and in 1855 acted as local secretary in connection with the Glasgow meeting of the British Association. He was attacked by cancer and died at his brother's house at Pollockshields, 24 June 1856, leaving a widow and two children.
G. S. B.