OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fairfax, William (1609-1644)

1904 Errata appended.
​FAIRFAX, Sir WILLIAM (1609–1644), soldier, was the second son of Sir Philip Fairfax of Steeton and Frances Sheffield. In 1629 William Fairfax married Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Chaloner of Guisborough in Cleveland, and sister of James and Thomas Chaloner, the regicides [q. v.] He was knighted by Charles I at Whitehall on 1 June 1630 (Catalogue of the Dukes, Marquesses, Knights, &c., by T. W[alkley], 1634, p. 85). In 1636 he succeeded to the family estates at Steeton and Newton Kyme. In 1642 he took the side of the parliament, and signed the Yorkshire petition of 12 May 1642, beseeching the king to trust to parliament and dismiss his guards (Old Parliamentary History, x. 524). He was given the command of a regiment in the army of Essex, which was stationed on the left wing at Edgehill and ran away (ib. xi. 475). Fairfax then joined his uncle, Ferdinando, lord Fairfax [q. v.], in Yorkshire, and took part in the capture of Leeds (23 Jan. 1643) and Wakefield (21 May 1643). In a letter to his wife he says of himself and his cousin: ‘For Thomas's part and mine we rest neither night nor day nor will willingly till we have done God some good service against His and our enemies’ (Markham, Robert Fairfax, p. 14). In the victory at Nantwich (25 Jan. 1644) Sir William Fairfax commanded a wing of the horse, and at Marston Moor headed a brigade of foot on the right of the parliamentary line (Markham, Life of the Great Lord Fairfax, pp. 130, 169; Rushworth, v. 302). In August 1644 he was despatched into Lancashire with two thousand Yorkshire horse, and took part in the siege of Liverpool. In the relief of Montgomery Castle on 18 Sept. 1644 he was mortally wounded, and died the following day (Markham, Robert Fairfax, p. 23; Phillips, Civil War in Wales, ii. 201–9). Vicars, who gives a detailed account of the death of Fairfax, states that he had fifteen wounds, and adds that his widow said ‘that she grieved not that he died in this cause, but that he died so soon to do no more for it’ (Burning Bush, p. 34). Parliament voted 1,500l. for the widow and children, and on 7 Sept. 1655 the council of state voted them 2,000l. more in lieu of arrears of pay due to their father (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1655, pp. 151, 324).
[Markham's Life of Admiral Robert Fairfax, 1885 (contains five letters by Sir William Fairfax); Fairfax Correspondence, ed. Johnson (1848) and Bell (1849).]
C. H. F.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.120 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 150 | ii | 2-1 f.e. | Fairfax, Sir William G.: omit of a family . . . . the time of Ed- |
| 151 | i | 1-5 | for ward III . . . . in the horse guards, read born on 8 March 1738-9, was son of Joseph Fairfax (who after retirement from the horse guards settled at Bagshot, Surrey), and was grandson of Joseph Fairfax of Saxton, Yorkshire. |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fairfield, Charles

​FAIRFIELD, CHARLES (1761?–1804), painter, executed some original works of great merit, which passed almost unnoticed owing to his retired and diffident nature and the seclusion in which he lived. He is best known as a copyist of the works of the Dutch and Flemish masters of the seventeenth century. These were extremely well done, and were eagerly sought after by dealers, who disposed of them as originals. A copy by him of Teniers's ‘Le Bonnet Rouge’ was ‘of the most striking perfection of finish and tone, capable of deceiving any one could it have but age’ (manuscript notes in Anderdon, Collectanea Biographica, print room, British Museum). He died in Brompton in 1804 in his forty-fifth year. He etched a few plates, including one of a ‘Cavalier at the Door of an Inn,’ after Metsu.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Gent. Mag. (1805), lxxv. 880; Nagler's Künstler-Lexikon; Bryan's Dict. of Painters and Engravers, ed. Graves.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fairless, Thomas Kerr

​FAIRLESS, THOMAS KERR (1825–1853), landscape-painter, born in 1825 at Hexham, Northumberland, was one of the sons of Joseph Fairless of Hexham, a well-known and popular antiquary, whose name is inseparably connected with the history of Northumbrian antiquities. Young Fairless showed an early predilection for art, which was encouraged by his parents. He was a great student of Bewick's vignette engravings, and for some time worked under Bewick's pupil, Nicholson, a wood-engraver, at Newcastle. Being dissatisfied with his progress he came to London, with the intention of making art his profession, and devoted himself to landscape-painting. His works were executed in a broad and vigorous manner, with a fine idea of colour and exquisite feeling for the beauties of country scenery, gathered during the summer days among the woods and pastures of England. From 1848 to 1851 he was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy, the British Institution, and the Suffolk Street Gallery. He had considerable practice as a teacher of drawing and painting. He also painted sea-views and shipping, and intended practising his art in Scotland and on the continent. His constitution was not, however, fitted to bear the strain of hard work, and in August 1851 he returned with shattered health to Hexham, where he died on 14 July 1853, in his twenty-eighth year.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fairland, Thomas

​FAIRLAND, THOMAS (1804–1852), lithographer and portrait-painter, showed an early taste for drawing, and practised from nature in Kensington Gardens. He subsequently became a student of the Royal Academy under Fuseli, and gained a silver medal for a drawing from the cast of Hercules which stood in the entrance-hall of that institution. Turning his attention to line-engraving he became a pupil of Charles Warren [q. v.], but was more attracted by the new art of lithography, in which he produced some very good works. Among these may be noted ‘The Recruit; or Who'll serve the King?’ ‘The Village Champion,’ and ‘Left Leg Foremost,’ from pictures by R. Farrier, ‘The Poacher's Confederate,’ after Charles Hancock, ‘The Rat-Catcher,’ after A. Cooper, and others of a similar nature, including a set entitled ‘The Sportsman's Exhibition. A Series of Heads of the principal British Sporting Dogs,’ from pictures by Sir E. Landseer, A. Cooper, and C. Hancock. A volume of ‘Comic Sketches,’ after W. Hunt, published in 1844, attained great popularity. His most important work, and one of the best ever executed in lithography, was the cartoon of the Virgin and Child (known as the Rogers Madonna) by Raphael; this was done when the cartoon was in the possession of Messrs. Colnaghi. Other subjects lithographed by him were ‘The Misers,’ after Q. Matsys, ‘Napoleon crossing the Alps,’ after David, ‘Imogene,’ after Westall, and some portraits. Owing to the decline of lithography, due to foreign competition and the vagaries of fashion, Fairland devoted himself to portrait-painting, and enjoyed the patronage of many eminent and illustrious personages, including royalty. He was, however, never able to place himself and his family above the pressure of pecuniary difficulties, and after a prolonged struggle between industry and ill-health he died of consumption in October 1852, in his forty-ninth year. William Fairland, perhaps his brother, also practised as a lithographer, and executed ‘The Culprit Detected,’ after R. Farrier (published 1831), ‘The Lovers' Vigil,’ after Smirke, and others. He also executed anatomical subjects.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fairfax, William George

​FAIRFAX, Sir WILLIAM GEORGE (1739–1813), vice-admiral, of a family settled in Warwickshire since the time of ​Edward III, possibly an offshoot of the Yorkshire family of the same name, was born on 8 March 1738–9, in the neighbourhood of London, his father being an office in the horse guards. He entered the navy in 1750, and, after serving under Keppel and Arbuthnot, was promoted to be lieutenant on 20 Dec. 1757. In 1759 he was a lieutenant of the Eurus with Captain John Elphinston [q. v.] in the operations in the St. Lawrence, and continued actively serving till August 1760. He had no further employment till June 1766, when he was appointed to the Greyhound, and from June 1769 to September 1776 he was again on half-pay as a lieutenant. In May 1778 he was promoted to the command of the Alert cutter, and in her, while attached to the grand fleet under Keppel, and in company with the Arethusa, captured, after a sharp engagement, the French lugger Coureur, at the same time that the Arethusa was beaten off in her celebrated fight with the Belle Poule. A few months later the Alert was herself captured by the Junon frigate of 40 guns, and Fairfax was detained a prisoner during the greater part of the war. In January 1782 he was promoted to post rank, and appointed to the Tartar frigate, which he commanded till the peace. In 1793 he was appointed to the Sheerness, in which and in the Repulse he remained till 1796, when he was appointed flag-captain to Admiral Duncan, the commander-in-chief in the North Sea [see Duncan, Adam, Lord]. In the Venerable with Duncan he shared in the difficulties of the mutiny and the glories of Camperdown, his services on which occasion were rewarded by his being made a knight banneret (United Service Gazette, 12 Jan. 1829). He continued in command of the Venerable till 7 Jan. 1801, when he was promoted to flag rank. He had no further service; was advanced to be a vice-admiral on 13 Dec. 1806; and died in Edinburgh on 7 Nov. 1813. He was twice married: first, in 1767, to Hannah, daughter of the Rev. Robert Spears of Burntisland; she died without issue in 1770: secondly, to Margaret, daughter of Mr. Samuel Charters, and cousin of the Russian admiral, Sir Samuel Greig [q. v.]; by her he had a son, Henry, created a baronet in 1836, and, with other issue, a daughter, Mary, afterwards Mrs. Somerville [q. v.]
[Ralfe's Naval Biog. iv. 485; Naval Chronicle (with an engraved portrait), v. 465; Foster's Baronetage; Official Documents in the Public Record Office; information communicated by Sir W. G. H. T. Ramsay-Fairfax, bart., in whose possession is the portrait by Sir Martin Shee, engraved for the Naval Chronicle.]
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Faithorne, William (1656-1701?)

​FAITHORNE, WILLIAM, the younger (1656–1701?), mezzotint engraver, born in London in 1656, was the eldest son of William Faithorne the elder [q. v.] According to Walpole he was negligent, and fell into ‘distresses which afflicted his father, and obliged him to work for booksellers;’ but Chaloner Smith remarks that this assertion cannot be true, for his father died in 1691, and as the younger man's prints reach far into Queen Anne's reign they could not possibly have been executed before his father's death; moreover his earlier pieces are inscribed ‘W. Faithorne, junior,’ and it is presumable that when the remainder were published he was ‘junior’ no longer. The exact year of his death is unknown; he was, it is said, buried in St. Martin's Churchyard, from the house of ‘Mr. Will. Copper in Half Moon Street, Covent Garden.’ Forty-three plates are known to have been engraved by him. Among these are: Anne of Denmark, when princess; Anne, when queen of England, after Dahl; Charles I; Charles II, after Ehrenstrahl; John Dryden, after Closterman; Prince Eugene, after Pfeffer; Lady Grace Gethin, after Dickson; Sir Richard Haddock, after Closterman; the Impeached Lords, four ovals, on one sheet, with titles under each: William, earl of Portland; Edward, earl of Orford; John, lord Somers; Charles, lord Halifax; John Moore, ​after Kneller; Mary, princess of Orange, after Hanneman; Frederick I of Prussia; Frederick, duke of Schomberg, after Dahl; Thomas Shadwell, after Kerseboom; three portraits of William III, after Kneller; James Thynne, and Sophia Dorothea of Zelle, after Kerseboom.
L. F.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fairholm, Charles

​FAIRHOLM, CHARLES. [See Ferme, Charles.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Andrews, Henry (1743-1820)

​ANDREWS, HENRY (1743–1820), an astronomical calculator, was born in 1743, of poor parents, at Frieston, near Grantham, Lincolnshire. At the age of ten, he began to observe the stars with a telescope mounted on a table in Frieston Green, and quickly developed an uncommon facility and fondness for astronomical calculations. He entered domestic service while still a lad, first in the house of a shopkeeper at Sleaford, next with a lady living at Lincoln, and lastly with a Mr. Verinum, who allowed him some hours a day for study. A distinguished company assembled at Aswarby Hall was supplied by him with the means of viewing the solar eclipse of 1 April 1764, which he had calculated with remarkable accuracy. Soon after, he became usher in a school kept by a clergyman at Stilton, having first tried the profession on his own account at Basingthorpe, near Grantham; he then removed for a while to Cambridge, and finally set up as bookseller and schoolmaster at Royston, Herts, where he remained until his death, at the age of 76, 26 Jan. 1820. For above forty years he was one of the calculators for the ‘Nautical Almanack,’ and on his retirement received the thanks of the Board of Longitude, with a handsome present in recognition of his services. Dr. Hutton employed him similarly for Moore's and other almanacks, and Dr. Maskelyne corresponded with him during nearly fifty years. By him and others he was esteemed no less for the modesty and integrity of his character than for the singular abilities by which he had raised himself from a humble station to a position of honour amongst men of science.
[Gent. Mag. xc. pt. i. 182, pt. ii. 639.]
A. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Andrew, James

​ANDREW, JAMES, LL.D. (1774?–1833), principal of the East India Company's Military Seminary at Addiscombe, Surrey, was a native of Scotland, and received his education at Aberdeen. He established a private academy at Addiscombe, which acquired so high a reputation that the East India Company made choice of it for the education of their engineer and artillery pupils, when they decided to educate them separately from the king's cadets. In 1809 they purchased the mansion house of Addiscombe, Andrew being appointed head master and professor of mathematics. After conducting the college with great success he retired about 1823. He died at Edinburgh 13 June 1833. Andrew was the author of ‘Astronomical and Nautical Tables,’ 1805; ‘Institutes of Grammar and Chronological Tables,’ 1817; ‘Key to Scriptural Chronology,’ 1822; and ‘Hebrew Grammar and Dictionary without Points,’ 1823. The copy of this book in the British Museum belonged to the Duke of Sussex, and contains an autograph letter of Andrew.
[Gent. Mag. vol. ciii. part ii. 89; British Museum Catalogue.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Andrews, George

​ANDREWS, GEORGE (fl. 1776), of the Middle Temple, barrister-at-law, published reports of cases argued in the court of King's Bench during the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth years of the reign of George II (1737–1740) before Sir William Lee, chief justice, and Sir Francis Page, Sir Edmund Probyn, and Sir William Chapple. He was only son of George Andrews, of Wells; was a member of the Middle Temple, and called to the bar in 1740.
Andrews's ‘Reports’ are seldom now referred to, but they had a high reputation in the last century. A folio edition was published in 1754, and an octavo edition, with some additional cases, in 1792 by G. W. Vernon of the Irish bar. They are pronounced by Marvin (Legal Bibliography, sub tit. ‘Andrews’) to be ‘accurate, judicious, and satisfactory,’ and are characterised by Rayner (Readings on the Statutes, p. 96, published 1775) as ‘very much esteemed by the profession in general.’
[J. B. Wallace, Reporters, sub tit. Andrews; and the authorities cited above.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Andree, John (fl.1790)

​ANDREE, JOHN, jun. (fl. 1790), surgeon, who was born about 1740, was the son of Dr. John Andree, senior, to whom one of his books is dedicated. He was apprenticed to Mr. Grindall, senior surgeon to the London Hospital, and in 1766 he appears as a lecturer on anatomy in London, and surgeon to the Magdalen Hospital, and practising in Carey Street, Chancery Lane. In 1780 he was a candidate for the surgeoncy to the London Hospital, but was defeated by Mr. (afterwards Sir William) Blizard. In 1781 he became surgeon to the Finsbury Dispensary, and in 1784 to St. Clement Danes workhouse. About the year 1798 he took the degree of M.D., though it does not appear in what university, and afterwards practised for some years in Hertford, but afterwards returned to London. He died some time after 1819.
Andree published several books, chiefly on surgical subjects. Through not being connected with a large hospital, he never took a leading position as a surgeon in London, but he performed one operation of historical importance. This was a successful operation of tracheotomy for the relief of croup of the larynx in February 1782, which, if not the first on record, since priority is claimed for an operation by Martin in 1730, was the first to attract attention. The patient was a boy five years old, who completely recovered. The case is described by Andree himself in a letter to Sir Astley Cooper, published in the appendix to a paper on ‘Cynanche Laryngea’ by Dr. J. R. Farre (Med.-Chir. Transactions, 1812, iii. 335), but had been previously related in 1786 in an inaugural dissertation by Dr. T. White, published at Leyden in that year. The same operation was done in 1812 by Sir Astley Cooper himself, and afterwards became celebrated in the hands of Bretonneau and Trousseau. In Andree's operation the annular cartilages were not divided, but only two punctures made in the membrane between them. No tube was introduced.
He wrote (all in 8vo):
* ‘On a Case of ​Suppression of Urine, Medical Observations and Enquiries,’ vol. v., 1776.
* ‘Essay on Gonorrhœa,’ London, 1777.
* ‘Observations on the Venereal Disease,’ London, 1779.
* ‘Considerations on Bilious Diseases,’ Hertford, 1788; second edition, London, 1790.
* ‘Cases and Observations [in Surgery],’ London, 1799.
Andree's writings on venereal diseases show much originality. In one capital point he anticipated John Hunter (whose work appeared in 1786), and described other pathological facts which have since been brought forward as novelties (see Proksch, Virchow's Jahresbericht der Medizin, 1879, i. 395). A more conspicuous position, and possibly more self-confidence, were the only things wanting to make him famous.
[Medical Register, 1779–80–83; James Paget in Biog. Dict. S.D.U.K. (from manuscript communications); Colburn's Biog. Dict. of Living Authors, 1816.]
J. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Andrewe, Laurence

​ANDREWE, LAURENCE (fl. 1510–1537), translator and printer, a native of Calais, translated in 1510 ‘The noble lyfe and natures of man, of bestes, serpentys, fowles & fisshes, yt be made known [col.] Translated be me Laurens Andrewe of the towne of Calis, in the famous cite of Andwarpe. Emprented be me John of Doesborowe [n.d.]’ folio (Hazlitt's Coll. and Notes, 1876, p. 474). He probably learned the art of printing from John Doesborowe or Peter Treveris (Ames's Typ. Ant. ed. Herbert, i. 412), and practised for some time in London in Fleet Street, at the Golden Cross by Fleet Bridge. Here, in 1527, he printed his own translation of ‘The vertuose boke of Distyllacion of the waters of all maner of Herbes … by Jherom Bruynswyke, and now newly translate out of Duyche,’ sm. folio. He appears to have translated other minor works which have not come down to us, as in the Prologue he observes: ‘After dyvers and sondry small volumes and tryfeles of myrth and pastaunce som newly composed, some translated and of late finished, [I am] now mynded to exercise my pene in mater to the reder som what more pfytable.’ The book contains a great number of woodcut illustrations of distilling apparatus with interesting figures and descriptions of plants. It is this work which has given Andrewe the credit of producing an edition of ‘The grete Herball’ in 1527. He also printed, without a date, ‘The myrrour & dyscrypcion of the World,’ folio, a reproduction of the 1481 text of Caxton, with some of the original wood blocks. Herbert (Typ. Ant. iii. 1786) says: ‘I have a fragment of Æsop's Fables, bound with his Myrrour, which seems to have been also printed by him.’ Another undated production of his press was ‘The Directory of Conscience,’ 4to. A work entitled ‘The Valuacion of Golde and Siluer. Made in the famous citie of Antwarpe and newely translated into Englishe by me Laurens Andrewe … Emprentyd in the famous citie of Andwarpe,’ without date or printer, is placed by Ames (Herbert's edition, i. 412), who does not, however, appear to have seen it, at 1537, with the remark: ‘Mr. Oldis supposed as he was a printer it might be printed by him, but then he must have been at Antwerp at that time.’ Another edition of a similar work is given by Herbert (p. 1529) as of 1499, and described precisely. Although not an original author, Andrewe deserves consideration as one of the earliest of those who translated into English works on scientific subjects.
[Besides the editions of Ames's Typogr. Antiquities by Herbert and Dibdin, see Tanner's Bibl. Britannico-Hibernica.]
H. R. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Andrewes, Gerrard

​ANDREWES, GERRARD (1750-1825), divine, was the son of Gerrard Andrewes, vicar of Syston and St. Nicholas, Leicester, and master of the Leicester Grammar School. Cradock, who was one of his pupils, says that he was an excellent scholar, and had become an admirable reader by attending Garrick (Memoirs i. 3 and iv. 90). The younger Gerrard was born at Leicester 3 April 1750, and educated at Westminster. He was elected to a Westminster scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge, took his B.A. degree in 1773, M.A. 1779, and S.T.P. 1809. He became occasional preacher at St. Bride's, and afterwards at St. James's, in the Hampstead Road. In 1788 an old pupil, Lord Barrington, gave him the living of Zeal Monachorum, in Devonshire; and on 1 Dec. 1788 he married Elizabeth Maria, daughter of the Rev. Thomas Bale, by whom he had three daughters and a son, who married the daughter of Dr. Heberden. In 1791 he became preacher at the Magdalen, and in 1799 at the Foundling Hospital. Lady Talbot admired his sermons, and presented him in 1800 to the living of Mickleham, Surrey, to which he was again presented in 1802 after resigning it upon his collation by Bishop Porteus to St. James's, Piccadilly. In 1809 he gave up Mickleham on his appointment by Perceval to the deanery of Canterbury. In 1812 he declined an offer of the bishopric of Chester on the plea of advancing years. Dibdin says that his 'full strong voice' was never more sonorous and effective than when, in answer to the prime minister's question whether he would be a bishop, he answered, 'Nolo' (Dibdin, Reminiscences, i. 173). He died 2 June 1825 at the rectory of Piccadilly, and was buried at Great Bookham, Surrey. He appears to have been an amiable man, and effective in the pulpit, where, we are told, he was 'fond of insisting on the evidences, and of enforcing, from motives of propriety and expediency, the moral duties.' His only publications are a few sermons.
L. S.