OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mountain, The

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​MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne), the name applied during the French Revolution to a political group, whose members, called Montagnards, sat on the highest benches in the Assembly. The term, which was first used during the session of the Legislative Assembly, did not come into general use until 1793. At the opening of the Convention the Montagnard group comprised men of very diverse shades of opinion, and such cohesion as it subsequently acquired was due rather to the opposition of its leaders to the Girondist leaders than to any fundamental hostility between the two groups. The chief point of distinction was that the Girondists were mainly theorists and thinkers, whereas the Mountain was composed almost entirely of uncompromising men of action. During their struggle with the Girondists, the Montagnards gained the upper hand in the Jacobin Club, and for a time Jacobin and Montagnard were synonymous terms. The Mountain was successively under the sway of such men as Marat, Danton, and Robespierre, and the group finally disappeared after Robespierre’s death and the successes of the French arms.
See also the articles Jacobins, Girondists and French Revolution.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mountebank

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​MOUNTEBANK (Ital. montambanco, montimbanco, from montare, to climb up on, mount, and banco, bench, cf. saltimbanco, an acrobat or dancer, one who dances or leaps on a bench), a wandering juggler, story-teller, seller of quack medicines, &c., who performs his entertainment on a platform or raised bench, hence any charlatan or quack.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mountain

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​MOUNTAIN (O. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. “mount,” a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest), a natural elevation of the earth’s surface. The term properly connotes height superior to that of a hill (O. Eng. hyll, cognate with Lat. collis); but the distinction depends on the prominence of a given elevation in relation to its surroundings, and in some degree to the bold or gentle character of its outline.
For the classification of mountains according to the various processes of their formation, see Geography, § Principles of Geography; and for further details Geology, § viii.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mount Vernon (Indiana)

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​MOUNT VERNON, a city and the county-seat of Posey county, Indiana, U.S.A., on the Ohio river, in the extreme south-west corner of the state. Pop. (1890) 4705; (1900), 5132, including 892 negroes and 262 foreign-born; (1910), 5563. It is served by the Evansville & Terre Haute, the Louisville & Nashville, and the Evansville & Mount Vernon (electric) railways. The city is a trading centre for the surrounding farming region. It has a valuable river trade, and various manufactures. The first settlement here was made in 1803, and in 1819 a town was laid out and named Mount Vernon. It became the county-seat in 1825, and was incorporated as a town in 1846 and chartered as a city in 1865.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mount Vernon (Ohio)

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​MOUNT VERNON, a city and the county-seat of Knox county, Ohio, U.S.A., on the Kokosing river, about 45 m. N.E. of Columbus. Pop. (1890), 6027; (1900), 6633, including 359 foreign-born and 239 negroes; (1910), 9087. Mount Vernon is served by the Baltimore & Ohio and the Cleveland, Akron & Columbus, railways. The city is the seat of the state hospital for tuberculosis, has a fine court-house, a public library, and various manufacturing establishments. Natural gas is found in the vicinity. Mount Vernon was laid out in 1805; it became the county-seat in 1807, was incorporated as a town in 1845, and became a city in 1853.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quirinus

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QUIRINUS, the Sabine name of the god Mars, probably an adjective meaning "wielder of the spear" (Quiris, cf. Janus Quirinus). Other suggested etymologies are: (1) from the Sabine town Cures; (2) from curia, i.e. he was the god of the Roman state as represented by the thirty curies. A. B. Cook (Class. Rev. xviii., p. 368) explains Quirinus as the oak-god (quercus), and Quirites as the men of the oaken spear. From early times he was worshipped at Rome on the Quirinal hill, whither, according to tradition, a body of Sabines under Titus Tatius had migrated from Cures and taken up their abode. In the religious system of Numa, Quirinus and Mars were both recognized as divine beings, distinct but of similar attributes and functions; thus, like Mars, Quirinus was at once a god of war and a nature god, the protector of fields and flocks. Subsequently, at the end of the republic, Quirinus became identified with the deified Romulus, son of Mars. One of the greater flamens was attached to the service of Quirinus, a second college of Salii founded in his honor, and a festival "Quirinalia" celebrated on the 17th of February, the day of the supposed translation of Romulus to heaven. Old Roman formulæ of prayer mention a Hora Quirini, his female cult associate, afterwards identified with Hersilia, the wife of Romulus.
The name was also borne by the following saints: (1) a Roman tribune who suffered martyrdom under Hadrian; (2) a bishop of Siscia in Pannonia; (3) the patron of the Tegernsee in Bavaria, beheaded in Rome in 269 and invoked by those suffering from gout. The petroleum (Quirinus-oil) found in the neighborhood of the lake takes its name from him.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quire

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QUIRE, (in earlier forms quaer, quair and quere, from the O. Fr. quaier, modern cahier, a copy-book, manuscript book; Lat. quaterni, set of four, from quattuor), originally the term for four sheets of paper or parchment folded so as to make eight leaves, the ordinary unit in manuscripts and early printed books; the term is now chiefly applied to a twentieth part of a ream of writing paper, twenty-four sheets. In bookbinding and publishing the expression "in quires" is used of the sheets of a book when not folded or bound. "Quire" was formerly used of a small book contained in a single quire of paper, and so is frequently found in the title of short poems, treatises, &c. A familiar example is the Kingis Quair of King James I. of Scotland. "Choir," a body of singers or the part of a church where the singers sit, was formerly spelled "quire," following the pronunciation of the word (See CHOIR).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quirites

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QUIRITES, (literally "spearmen"; see QUIRINUS), the earliest name of the burgesses of Rome. Combined in the phrase "populus Romanus Quirites (or Quiritium)" it denoted the individual citizen as contrasted with the community. Hence ius Quiritium in Roman law is full Roman citizenship. Subsequently the term lost the military associations due to the original conception of the people as a body of warriors, and was applied (sometimes in a deprecatory sense, cf. Tac. Ann. i. 42) to the Romans in domestic affairs, Romani being reserved for foreign affairs. (For the distinction between Quiritary and praetorian ownership, see ROMAN LAW.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quiver

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QUIVER, a case for holding arrows. The word is taken from O. Fr., where it appears in such forms as quivre, cuevre or coivre. This is apparently cognate with the O. E. cocer, Ger. Köcher, quiver or case. The ultimate origin is obscure, and the medieval Latin and Greek words cucurum and κούκουρον are stated to be from the German. The word meaning "to shake" or "tremble" must be distinguished; this is connected with "quaver", "quake"; the New English Dictionary takes these words to be onomatopoeic in origin.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quintus Smyrnaeus

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QUINTUS SMYRNAEUS, Greek epic poet, probably flourished in the latter part of the 4th century A.D. He is sometimes called Quintus Calaber, because the only MS. of his poem was discovered at Otranto in Calabria by Cardinal Bessarion in 140. According to his own account (xii. 310), he tried his hand at poetry in his early youth, while tending sheep at Smyrna. His epic in fourteen books, known as Ta µe6' "Oµrjpov or Posthomerica, takes up the tale of Troy at the point where Homer's Iliad breaks off (the death of Hector), and carries it down to the capture of the city by the Greeks. The first five books, which cover the same ground as the Aethiopis of Arctinus of Miletus, describe the doughty deeds and deaths of Penthesileia the Amazon, of Memnon, son of the Morning, and of Achilles; the funeral games in honour of Achilles, the contest for the arms of Achilles and the death of Ajax. The remaining books relate the exploits of Neoptolemus, Eurypylus and Deiphobus, the deaths of Paris and Oenone, the capture of Troy by means of the wooden horse, the sacrifice of Polyxena at the grave of Achilles, the departure of the Greeks, and their dispersal by the storm. The poet has no originality; in conception and style his work is closely modelled on Homer. His materials are borrowed from the cyclic poems from which Virgil (with whose works he was probably acquainted) also drew, in particular the Aethiopis of Arctinus and the Little Iliad of Lesches.
Editio princeps by Aldus Manutius (1504); Kochly (ed. major with elaborate prolegomena, 1850; ed. minor, 1853); Z. Zimmermann (author of other valuable articles on the poet), (1891); see also Kehinptzov, De Quinti Smyrnaei Fontibus ac Mythopoiia (1889); C. A. Sainte-Beuve, Etude sur . . . Quinte de Smyrne (1857) ; F. A. Paley, Quintus Smyrnaeus and the " Homer " of the tragic Poets (1879) ; G. W. Paschal, A Study of Quintus Smyrnaeus (Chicago, 1904).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quipus

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QUIPUS (Khipus, Qippos), the ancient Peruvian name for a method of recording which was in use at the time of the arrival of the Spaniards. It consisted of a cord two feet in length to which were attached a series of knotted-strings (Peruv. quipu, a knot) hanging like a fringe. These strings were coloured, and the knots, their number and size, their distance apart, the colours, the order in which the coloured threads hung, all had a signification, e.g. white was silver, yellow gold; white meant peace, red war, &c. In this manner a rough register of important events, of births, deaths and marriages, and other statistics was kept, the quipus even constituting a rude history of the people. They were also much used for conveying orders to military chiefs in the provinces.
The idea of knotted strings to aid memory is so simple that it is common to many peoples. A Pelew islander, visiting England, knotted strings as a diary of all that struck him during his travels. In the Hawaiian Islands native carriers have knotted-string records of their rounds. The Peruvian quipus is simply the perfecting of a system of mnemonics common to the Red Indians. See also WAMPUM.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quintessence

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QUINTESSENCE, in ancient and scholastic philosophy, the name given to the fifth immaterial element, over and above the four material elements, air, water, earth and fire, which Aristotle assumed to be permeating the whole world, and called obcria: in medieval philosophy this was called quinta essentia, the fifth essence, and by many was considered material and therefore capable of extraction. The ancient Indian philosophers also contain the same idea of a fifth element; thus there were five Sanskrit elements (bhutas), earth, wind, fire, water and aether. In the history of chemistry the name was applied, by analogy, to the most concentrated extract of a substance.
# Royal Naval Biography/Willis, Richard

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RICHARD WILLIS, Esq [Superannuated Rear-Admiral.]
This officer, a brother, we believe, of Dr. Willis, a gentleman celebrated for his skilful treatment of insane patients, was made Post, Nov. 3, 1790; and obtained his present rank, June 14, 1808.
Residence:– Petworth, Sussex.
# Royal Naval Biography/Wills, Thomas George

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THOMAS GEORGE WILLS, Esq. [Commander.]
Was made a lieutenant in Jan. 1806; and promoted to the rank of commander, while employed in the Sussex coast blockade service, by commission dated May 27th, 1820. His last appointment was, July 6th, 1830, to be an inspecting commander in the coast guard.
# Royal Naval Biography/Wilson, Henry Smith

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HENRY SMITH WILSON, Esq. [Commander.]
Obtained his first commission on the 9th Sept. 1799; served as senior lieutenant of the Unicorn frigate. Captain Lucius Hardyman; and commanded the boats of that ship at the capture of the French cutter privateer Tape-a-bord, of four guns and forty-six men, near the island of St. Domingo, May 6th, 1805. He subsequently commanded the Bahama prison ship and Surly cutter. His promotion to the rank of commander took place on the 19th July 1821.
# Royal Naval Biography/Willock, Frank Gore

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FRANK GORE WILLOCK, Esq. [Post-Captain of 1815.]
Is a native of the West Indies, and was a midshipman on ​board the Donegal 74, in Sir John T. Duckworth’s action, off St. Domingo, Feb. 6, 1806. He obtained the rank of lieutenant, June 12, 1807; was made commander, March 4, 1811; and posted, Nov. 24, 1815.
Agent.– Sir F. M. Ommanney.
# Royal Naval Biography/Willoughby, Digby

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DIGBY WILLOUGHBY, Esq. [Commander.]
Cousin and heir-presumptive to the Right Hon. Lord Middleton. He received his education at the Maritime School, Chelsea; obtained a lieutenant’s commission in 1794; and was promoted to the rank of commander in May, 1802.
Addendum.
DIGBY WILLOUGHBY, Esq. [Captain of 1831.]
Was on board the Culloden 74, at the battle of June 1st, 1791.
# Royal Naval Biography/Wilson, Andrew

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ANDREW WILSON, Esq. [Commander.]
Obtained a lieutenant’s commission in Feb, 1800; and commanded the boats of the Alceste and Topaze frigates, at ​
# Royal Naval Biography/Wilson, Alexander

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ALEXANDER WILSON, Esq [Superannuated Rear-Admiral.]
This officer’s good conduct when coxswain to the late Lord Bridport, raised him to favor and promotion. He was a Lieutenant in that nobleman’s flag-ship on the glorious 1st June, 1794, and in the action off l’Orient; after which he was entrusted with the charge of the Alexander 74, recaptured from the enemy on that occasion. His post commission is dated September 2, 1795. He subsequently commanded the Flora frigate, and Trusty, a 50 gun ship, armed en flute; served in the expedition against the French in Egypt; and is one of those gentlemen who were presented with the Turkish gold medal. He was superannuated July 18, 1814.
Residence.– Wexford, Ireland.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sleaford

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​SLEAFORD, a market town in the North Kesteven or Sleaford parliamentary division of Lincolnshire, England, in a fertile and partly fenny district on the river Slea. Pop. of urban district (1901) 5468. It is 112 m. N. by W. from London by the Great Northern railway, being the junction for several branch lines and for the March-Doncaster joint line of the Great Northern and Great Eastern companies. The church of St Denis is one of the finest in the county, exhibiting transitional Norman work in the base of the western tower, which is crowned by an Early English spire, which, however, is mainly a copy of the original. The nave is of beautiful late Decorated work with an ornate south porch. There is a splendid carved rood screen of oak. The chancel is Perpendicular. There are a few picturesque old houses. The district is very fertile, and the trade of the town is principally agricultural, while malting is also carried on.
The discovery of numerous coins of the Constantine period, the earthworks of the castle-area, and its proximity to the ford by which Ermine Street crossed the Witham, point to the probability of Sleaford (Slaforde, Lafford) being on the site of a Roman settlement or camp, and that the Saxons occupied the site before their conversion to Christianity is evident from the large cemetery discovered here. Domesday Book records that the manor had been held from the time of Edward the Confessor by the bishops of Lindsey, whose successors, the bishops of Lincoln, retained it until it was surrendered to the Crown in 1546. It soon afterwards passed to the family of Carr and from them, by marriage, in 1688 to John Hervey, afterwards earl of Bristol. The quadrilateral castle, with its square towers and massive keep, was built by Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, and became one of the chief episcopal strongholds. King John rested here in 1216 after his disastrous passage of the Wash, and in 1430 Bishop Richard Fleming died here. The castle was in good repair on its surrender in 1546, but was dismantled before 1600. Sleaford never became a municipal or parliamentary borough, and the government was manorial, the bishops possessing full jurisdiction. The townsfolk were, however, largely organized in the gilds of Corpus Christi, St John and Holy Trinity, accounts for which are extant from the year 1477. The origin of the markets and fairs is unknown, but in answer to a writ of quo warrants of the reign of Edward I., the bishop declared that they had been held from time immemorial.
See Victoria County History, Lincolnshire; G. W. Thomas, “On Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Sleaford, Lincolnshire,” Archaeologia, vol. i. (London, 1887); Edward Trollope, Sleaford and the Wapentakes of Flaxwell and Aswardhurn in the county of Lincoln (London, 1872).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sleeper

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​SLEEPER, a term used with many technical applications for a piece of timber, metal, &c, used as a support; in carpentry it is such a piece of timber laid on low cross walls as a plate to receive ground joists; in shipbuilding, a strengthening timber for the bows and stern frame; the most frequent use of the term is for a timber or steel support on which the chairs are fixed for carrying the rails on a railway; in America these are called “ties” (see Railways). The common explanation of the origin of the word is to connect it with “sleep,” the timbers supposed to be lying at rest. The real source of the word is the Norwegian sleip, a piece of timber used for dragging things over, a roller, especially used of timbers laid in a row in making a road. This word Skeat (Etymol. Dict., 1898) connects with “slab,” a flat piece of stone or wood. The French term dormant is used in carpentry, but as part of the frame of a window or door.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sleeve

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​ SLEEVE (O. Eng. slieve, slyf, a. word allied to “slip,” cf. Dutch sloof, apron), that part of a garment which covers the arm, or through which the arm passes or slips. The pattern of the sleeve is one of the characteristics of fashion in dress, varying in every country and period. Various survivals of the early forms of sleeve are still found in the different types of academic or other robes (q.v.). Where the long hanging sleeve is worn it has, as still in China and Japan, been used as a pocket, whence has come the phrase “to have up one's sleeve,” to have something concealed ready to produce. There are many other proverbial and metaphorical expressions associated with the sleeve, such as “to wear one's heart upon one's sleeve,” “to laugh in one's sleeve,” &c. In technical usage a “sleeve” is a tube into which another tube is inserted, which in the case of small tubes is called a thimble.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sleeman, Sir William Henry

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​SLEEMAN, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1788–1856), Indian soldier and administrator, was born at Stratton, Cornwall, on the 8th of August 1788. He was the son of Philip Sleeman, yeoman and supervisor of excise. In 1809 he joined the Bengal army, served in the Nepal War (1814–1816), and in 1820 became assistant to the governor-general's agent in the Saugor and Nerbudda ​territories. He is best known for his suppression of the Thugs or religious murderers in India, becoming superintendent of the operations against them in 1835, and commissioner for the suppression of Thuggi and Dacoity in 1839. During these operations more than 1400 Thugs were hanged or transported for life, one of whom confessed to having committed over 700 murders. Detection was only possible by means of informers, for whose protection from the vengeance of their associates a special gaol was established at Jubbulpore. Sleeman was resident at Gwalior 1843-1840, and at Lucknow 1849-1856. He was opposed to the annexation of Oudh by Lord Dajhousie, but his advice was disregarded. He died at sea on his way home on the 10th of February 1856.
See Sir H. Sleeman, Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official (1844; 2nd edition, 1893), and A Journey through Oudh (1858).