OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rawalpindi

See also Rawalpindi on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RAWALPINDI, a town of British India, which gives its name to a district and a division in the Punjab. The town is situated on the north bank of the little river Leh, 1726 ft. above the sea, 111 m. E. by S. of Peshawar, and 1443 m. N.W. of Calcutta. Pop. (1901) 87,688. It is chiefly notable as the largest military station in India, and the key to the British system of defence upon the North-West Frontier. Railways radiate to Peshawar, Kohat, and the Malakand Pass, and a road runs to the Abbotabad frontier. It is also the starting-point of the cart-road to the hill-station of Murree and of the route into Kashmir. It is protected by a strong chain of forts, connected by the Circular Road. It is the headquarters of the second division of the northern army with a strong force of all arms, and contains an arsenal. Besides the locomotive works of the North-Western railway, there are gas-works, a tent factory, an iron foundry, and a brewery. An annual horse fair is held in April.
The District of Rawalpindi has an area of 2010 sq. m., Attock having been separated from it and formed into a separate district in 1904. It is situated on the southern slopes of the north-western extremities of the Himalayas, including large mountain tracts with rich valleys traversed by mountain torrents. It contains the Murree hills with the sanatorium of that name, the chief hill-station in the Punjab. The Indus and the Jhelum are the chief rivers, and the climate is noted for its healthiness. The principal crops are wheat, barley, maize, millets, and pulses. The district is traversed by the main line of the North-Western railway, crossing the Indus at Attock, and also by a branch towards the Indus at Kushalgarh. The population in 1901 was 558,699, showing an increase of 4.7%, in the decade.
The Division of Rawalpindi lies in the north-west of the Punjab. It consists of the five districts of Gujrat, Attock, Shahpur, Ihelum, and Rawalpindi. The total area is 15,736 sq. m. and the population in 1901 was 2,799,360.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Raven

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​RAVEN (O.E. hræfn, Icel. hrafn, Dan. ravn, Du. raaf, Ger. Rabe), the largest of the birds of the order Passeres, and a member of the family Corvidae, probably the most highly developed of all birds. Quick-sighted, sagacious and bold, the raven preys on the spoils of fishers and hunters, as also on weakly ​animals among flocks and herds. A sentiment of veneration or superstition has from remote ages and among many races attached to it. The raven is associated with various characters of history, sacred or profane—Noah and Elijah, Odin and Flokki, the last of whom by its means discovered Iceland. It is said to have played its part in the mythology of the Red Indian; and it has often figured in prose and verse, from the time of Shakespeare to that of Poe and Dickens. Superstition has been generally succeeded by persecution, which in many districts has produced extirpation.
The raven breeds very early in the year, in England resorting to its nest, which is usually an ancient if not an ancestral structure, about the middle or towards the end of January. Therein are laid from five to seven eggs of the common Corvine coloration (see Crow), and the young are hatched before the end of February. In more northern countries the breeding season is naturally delayed, but everywhere this species is almost, if not quite, the earliest breeder. The raven measures about 26 in. in length, and has an expanse of wing considerably exceeding a yard. Its bill and feet are black, and the same may be said of its whole plumage, but the feathers of the upper parts as well of the breast are glossy, reflecting a bright purple or steel-blue. The species (Corvus corax) inhabits the whole of Europe, and the northern if not the central parts of Asia; but in the latter continent its southern range is not well determined. In America it is, or used to be, found from the shores of the Polar Sea to Guatemala if not to Honduras, but is said hardly to be found of late years in the eastern part of the United States. In Africa its place is taken by three allied but well-differentiated species, two of which (Corvus umbrinus, readily distinguished by its brown neck, and C. affinis, having its superior nasal bristles upturned vertically) also occur in south-western Asia, while the third (C. leptonyx or C. tingitanus, a smaller species characterized by several slight differences) inhabits Barbary and the Atlantic Islands. Farther to the southward in the Ethiopian region three more species appear whose plumage is varied with white—C. scapulatus, C. albicollis, and C. crassirostris—the first two of small size, but the last rivalling the real raven in that respect. (A. N.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ravenscroft, Edward

See also Edward Ravenscroft on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RAVENSCROFT, EDWARD (fl. 1671–1697), English dramatist, belonged to an ancient Flintshire family. He was entered at the Middle Temple, but devoted his attention mainly to literature. Among his pieces are Mamamouchi, or The Citizen turned Gentleman (Dorset Garden, 1671, pr. 1675); The Careless Lovers (Dorset Garden, 1673, pr. 1673), a comedy ​of intrigue; Scaramouch a Philosopher, Harlequin a Schoolboy, Bravo a Merchant and Magician (Theatre Royal, 1677); English Lawyer (Theatre Royal, 1678), an adaptation of George Ruggle’s Latin play of Ignoramus, presented before James I. at Cambridge in March 1615; The London Cuckold (Dorset Garden, 1683), which became a stock piece, but was struck out of the repertory by Garrick in 1751; and The Italian Husband (Lincoln’s Inn Fields, 1697). He wrote in all twelve plays, in which he adapted freely from Molière and others, confessing on one occasion that he “but winnowed Shakespeare’s corn.” He ventured to decry the heroic drama, and Dryden retaliated by satirizing his Mamamouchi, a foolish adaptation from Moliére’s Bourgeois Gentilhomme and Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, in the prologue to the Assignation (Dryden, Works, ed. Scott, iv. 345 seq.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ravi

See also Ravi River on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RAVI, a river of India, one of the “Five Rivers” of the Punjab. It rises in the Kulu subdivision of Kangra district, flows through Chamba state, and enters British territory again in Gurdaspur district. At Madhupur the head works of the Bari Doab canal draw off a large portion of its waters. Thence it flows through the plains of the Punjab, passing within a mile of Lahore, and finally falls into the Chenab after a course of about 450 m.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rawitsch

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​RAWITSCH (Polish Ravicz), a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Posen, lying near the Silesian frontier, 37 m. N. of Breslau, at the junction of railways to Posen and Liegnitz. Pop. (1905) 11,403. It contains a handsome Protestant church and a medieval town hall. The principal industry is the manufacture of snuff and cigars, and for the former it enjoys a considerable reputation. Trade is carried on in grain, wool, cattle, hides, and timber. Rawitsch was founded by Protestant refugees from Silesia during the Thirty Years' War. It passed to Prussia at the second partition of Poland in 1793.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Raven-Hill, Leonard

See also Leonard Raven-Hill on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RAVEN-HILL, LEONARD (1867–), English artist and illustrator, was born on the 10th of March 1867. He was educated at Bristol grammar school and the Devon county school, and studied art at Lambeth and then in Paris under MM. Bougereau and Aimé Morot. He began to exhibit at the Salon in 1887, and in the Royal Academy in 1889. In 1893 he founded, with Arnold Golsworthy, the humorous and artistic monthly The Butterfly (1893–94, revived in 1899–1900). He contributed to many illustrated many magazines, and began to work for Punch, with which he was afterwards prominently associated, in 1896. He illustrated Sir Walter Besant's East London (1901) and J. H. Harris's Cornish Saints and Sinners; he published his impressions of his visit to India on the occasion of the tour of the prince and princess of Wales as An Indian Sketch-Book (1903); and his other published sketch-books include Our Battalion (1902) and The Promenaders (1894).
# Religions of Ancient China

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
First Published in 1906 by Constable and Company Ltd., London

## Contents

* Chapter I — The Ancient Faith
* Chapter II — Confucianism
* Chapter III — Taoism
* Chapter IV — Materialism
* Chapter V — Buddhism And Other Religions

## Chronological Syllabus

Legendary Period (Twenty-ninth Century to Tenth Century B.C.)—P'an Ku and Creation—First Worship of Spirits—Worship of God, with incense—Sacrifices to Mountains and Rivers—Worship of Sun, Moon, and Stars—Institution of Ancestral Worship—God enjoys music, dancing, and burnt offerings—God resents bad government—Revelation in a Dream—Anthropomorphism—Fetishism—No Devil—No Hell—Terms for God—The Character for "God" is a picture of a Man—God and Jehovah—God in the Odes—Hou Chi and Parthenogenesis—Superstitions and Supernatural Manifestations—Sacrifice—Ancestral Worship—Filial Piety.
Feudal Age (Tenth Century to Third Century B.C.)—The Influence of Confucianism—His Agnosticism—Weakening of Supernatural Beliefs—Consolidation of Confucianism—Human Sacrifices—Prayers for Rain—The Philosophy of Taoism—A Rival to Confucianism—But uniting to weaken the old Monotheistic Faith—Its Theory of Spirits—Modifications of Taoism—The Elixir of Life—Evidences of a Spiritual World—Mysticism.
The Empire (Third Century B.C. to modern times)—Arguments against a Spiritual World—Attributes of God—Good and Evil—Buddhism appears—Conflict of Faiths—Struggle between Buddhism and Taoism—Taoism borrows from Buddhism and becomes a Religion—Mazdeism appears—Followed closely by Mahometanism, Nestorian Christianity, and Manichaeism—Mahometanism alone survived—Jews arrived about Eleventh Century A.D.—Chu Hsi materialised the Confucian Canon—Henceforward Agnosticism the rule for literati—Buddhism and Taoism (both debased) for the Masses—The Jesuits arrive in the Sixteenth Century—Protestant Missionaries date from 1799.

## Selected Works Bearing on the Religions of China

* Religion in China. Joseph Edkins, D.D.
* The Religions of China. James Legge, D.D.
* The Dragon, Image and Demon, or the three Religions of China. Rev. H. C. du Bose.
* Les Religions de la Chine. C. de Harbez.
* The Religious System of China: Its ancient forms, evolution, history, etc. J. J. de Groot, Ph.D.
* The Sacred Books of China. James Legge, D.D.
* Chinese Buddhism. Joseph Edkins, D.D.
* Le Shinntoisme. Michel Revon.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1935, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 88 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Religious Musings

Religious Musings was composed by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1794 and finished by 1796. It is one of his first poems of critical merit and contains many of his early feelings about religion and politics. Warning: template has been deprecated. It was first published in its complete form in Coleridge's 1796 collection of poems. Prior to that, approximately 100 lines of it, under the title "The Present State of Society", were published in The Watchman, 9th March, 1796. The lines prefixed to the poem are adapted from Book 1 of The Pleasures of Imagination by Mark Akenside
* "Religious Musings" in Poems on Various Subjects (1796)
* "Religious Musings" (unsourced)
# Royal Naval Biography/Yule, John

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JOHN YULE, Esq. [Commander.]
Served as one of Nelson’s lieutenants at the battle of Trafalgar; obtained his present rank on the 24th Dec. 1805; and was appointed to assist in superintending the Ordinary at Plymouth, June 27th, 1828.
# Royal Naval Biography/a'Court, Edward Henry

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EDWARD HENRY A’COURT, Esq. M.P. for Heytesbury, Wilts. [Post-Captain of 1811.]
The A’Court family, long settled at Rodden, a hamlet situate in Frome hundred, co, Somerset, has recently been ennobled by the elevation of this officer’s brother to the peerage.
We first find the subject of this sketch serving as a midshipman on board the Blanche frigate, off St. Domingo, in Nov. 1803:– a gallant exploit which he performed at that period is thus described by Mr. James:
“Midshipman Edward Henry A’Court, with a marine and seven seamen, was despatched from the Blanche in the red cutter, to collect sand for the use of the ship. Although it had been ordered that youngsters, sent upon services of this kind, lest their pugnacious spirit should lead them into danger, were not to be allowed arms, the men in the boat, before they pushed off from the frigate, contrived to smuggle five or six muskets through the ports. It so happened that, in the dusk of the evening, the boat fell in with a schooner nearly becalmed. The midshipman and his little party of sanders unhesitatingly pulled towards her, and as she had the appearance of a privateer, and might open a cannonade upon them, Mr. A’Court judiciously kept in her wake. Just as the boat had approached the stern of the schooner, a fire of musketry from the latter mortally wounded one man, and badly wounded another, of the boat-party. Mr. A’Court, nevertheless, pulled straight up alongside, and, with the assistance of his five remaining hands, boarded and carried a French schooner, bound to Cape François, having among her passengers a detachment of between 30 and 40 soldiers, commanded by a Colonel, who had fought, bled, and distinguished himself, at the battle of Arcole.”
Mr. A’Court was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant, Feb. ​13, 1804; and made a Commander June 10, 1808. His post commission bears date Mar. 29, 1811.
Agents.– Messrs. Maude.
* ↑ Sir William A’Court, Bart., now Lord Fleytesbury.
* ↑ Nav. Hist. III., 295 et seq.
# Royal Naval Biography/d'Aeth, George William Hughes

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GEORGE WILLIAM HUGHES D’AETH, Esq. [Post-Captain of 1815.]
Was made Lieutenant Jan. 30, 1806; Commander, Aug. 16, 1811; and Post-Captain, June 13, 1815. He married, July 20, 1816, Harriet, third daughter of the late Sir E. Knatchbull, Bart. M.P. for the county of Kent.
Agents.– Messrs. Cooke, Halford, and Son.
# Royal Naval Biography/d'Auvergne, Corbet James

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CORBET JAMES D’AUVERGNE, Esq. Ranger of the Island of Jersey and its Dependencies. [Post-Captain of 1811.]
Son of the late Charles d’Auvergne, Esq. (a descendant of the celebrated Godfrey, first Duke of Bouillon, in France) by his second wife Bandinel, daughter of the Seigneur de Melesches, the head of one of the most ancient families in Jersey.
We first find this officer commanding the Aristocrat hired ​armed brig, and capturing a French gun-vessel, off Cape Frehel, Feb. 19, 1800, at which period he was employed under the orders of his half-brother, Philip d’Auvergne, whom the reigning prince of Bouillon had some years before formally adopted as his son and successor, conformably to precedents established in that duchy so far back as the time of the crusades.
Lieutenant d’Auvergne’s next appointment appears to have been to the Severn 44, bearing the broad pendant of the same officer on the Jersey station; and if we mistake not he was the senior officer on board that ship when she was driven ashore and wrecked, in Grouville Bay, Dec. 21, 1804. He subsequently served as first-lieutenant of the Majestic 74, flag-ship of Vice-Admiral Thomas Macnamara Russell, who makes the following handsome mention of him in his official letter reporting the capture of Heligoland, Sept. 5, 1807:–
“I have appointed Lieutenant d’Auvergne as acting governor until their lordships’ pleasure is known; and I beg leave to add, that from his perfect knowledge of both services, his zeal and loyalty, and a high sense of honor, I know no seaman more competent to the trust.”
The subject of this sketch was made a commander Oct. 13, 1807, and continued at Heligoland for some time after his promotion. On leaving that island he received a very flattering address from the magistrates, aldermen, and other principal inhabitants. He subsequently commanded the Autumn sloop of war.
Captain d’Auvergne obtained post rank, Aug. 1, 1811; and died at Havre, Feb. 2, 1825. A memoir of his brother’s services will be found in the Nav. Chron. vol. 13, pp. 169-191, and vol. 36, p. 264.
# Royal Naval Biography/de Roos, John Frederick Fitzgerald

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HON. JOHN FREDERICK FITZGERALD DE ROOS. [Commander.]
Third son of Lord Henry Fitzgerald (fourth son of James first Duke of Leinster),by Charlotte, Baroness De Roos.
This officer is maternally descended from Robert De Ros, one of the twenty-five barons who extorted Magna Charta from King John; and his wife Isabelle, daughter of William the Lion, King of Scotland. His mother is the only daughter and heiress of the Hon. Robert Boyle Walshingham, youngest son of Henry, first Earl of Shannon, by Charlotte, daughter of Sir Charles Hanbury Williams, Bart., the descendant of Frances, sister to the sixth Earl of Rutland and seventeenth Baron De Roos, on the demise of whose ​grandson, George, second Duke of Buckingham and eighteenth Baron De Roos, in 1687, the latter title fell into abeyance, and so continued until terminated in favor of the present peeress. May 9th, 1806, when her ladyship assumed the additional surname of De Roos.
The subject of the following sketch was born at Boyle Farm, co. Surrey, on the 6th Mar. 1804; and entered the royal navy, as midshipman on board the Tonnant 80, flagship of the late Sir Benjamin Hallowell Carew, at Cork, Mar. 10th, 1818. He subsequently served under the late Hon. Sir Robert C. Spencer, and his brother, Captain the Hon. Frederick Spencer, in the Ganymede 26, Owen Glendower 42, Alacrity 10, and Creole 42, on the Mediterranean and South American stations. He was made a lieutenant, from the Royal George yacht, May 30th, 1825.
In 1826, Lieutenant De Roos, then belonging to the Jupiter 50, flag-ship of Rear-Admiral (now Sir Willoughby T.) Lake, on the Halifax station, made a tour of the United States and Canada. In 1827, he published a “Narrative of his travels, with observations on the Maritime Resources of North America, and present state of her Dock-yards and Navy.” In the same year, he accompanied his present Majesty, then Lord High Admiral, in the Royal Sovereign yacht, as flag-lieutenant, during his first visit to the out ports. He as promoted to the rank of commander, from the Undaunted frigate. Captain (now Sir Augustus W. J.) Clifford, Jan. 10th 1828.
This officer’s next appointment was, May 14th, 1831, to the Algerine sloop, then in South America, to which station he proceeded, as passenger on board the Druid frigate. Captain G. W. Hamilton. In the following year, he relieved Commander Thomas Dickinson, of the Lightning sloop, at Cape Frio, and succeeded in getting up a considerable portion of the treasure from among the wreck of H.M. late frigate Thetis. The Algerine was put out of commission on the 3d Dec. 1333.
# Royal Naval Biography/de Sausmarez, Durell

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DURELL DE SAUSMAREZ, Esq. [Commander.]
Entered the royal navy in 1812; obtained his first commission on the 10th May, 1824; was advanced to the command of the Zebra sloop, on the East India station, July 23d, 1830; invalided from that vessel, at New South Wales, in Feb. 1832 ; and returned home in the Strathfieldsaye whaler.
# Royal Naval Biography/de Rippe, James

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JAMES DE RIPPE, Esq. [Commander.]
Was made a lieutenant in May, 1804, and promoted to the command of the Racehorse sloop, on the Cape of Good Hope station, April 18th, 1811. On the 20th of the following month, he witnessed the capture of la Renommée, French frigate, near Madagascar; and on the 24th, assisted in taking possession of her late consort, la Néréide, together with several merchant vessels, in the port of Tamatavé.He died in the year 1828.
# Royal Naval Biography/de Courcy, Nevinson

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NEVINSON DE COURCY, Esq. Knight Commander of the Royal Portuguese Order of the Tower and Sword. [Post-Captain of 1814.]
This officer is a son of the late Admiral the Hon. Michael De Courcy, who died at Stoketon House, near Plymouth, Feb. 22, 1824.
He was made lieutenant Jan. 29, 1806; promoted to the command of the Fawn sloop, in the West Indies, April 15, 1808; and appointed to the Mutine brig, of 16 guns, Oct. 31, 1810.
On the 18th April, 1813, Captain De Courcy addressed an official letter to Lord Amelius Beauclerk, of which the following is the substance:–
“Yesterday morning, while in execution of your lordship’s orders, at day-light, a strange ship was discovered on our lee bow, to which chase was immediately given; at 2 p.m. the stranger hoisted French colours, and commenced a fire from her stern-guns, which, disabling us in our sails and rigging, occasioned us to drop astern; at 8-40, being again within gun-shot, he hoisted a light, and opened a fire from his broadside, which was continued until 10-45, when his main-top-gallant-mast and jibs being shot away, we were enabled to cUtse him; still it was not until after a spirited resistance of 50 minutes that he hauled down his colours. The prize is l’Invincible privateer corvette, pierced for 20 guns, mounting twelve 18-pounder carronades (French calibre) and 4 long sixes, with 80 men on board (partly Americans), the remainder of her crew absent in prizes. It gives me pleasure to state to your lordship, that no loss has been sustained on our side, save 2 men slightly wounded; our rigging and sails are much cut, and masts wounded.”
Captain De Courcy’s post commission bears date June 7, 1814. He obtained permission to accept and wear the above Portuguese order in April 1825.
Agent.– Sir F. M. Ommanney.
# Rosemary and Pansies/After a Concert

AFTER A CONCERT
# Rosemary and Pansies/Afterwards (When I am dead do not weep)

AFTERWARDS
# Rosemary and Pansies/A Song of Yearning

A SONG OF YEARNING
# Rosemary and Pansies/Bach's Second Concerto

BACH'S SECOND CONCERTO
# Rosemary and Pansies/Another

ANOTHER
# Rosemary and Pansies/A Rhymer's Complaint

A RHYMER'S COMPLAINT
# Rosemary and Pansies/Afterwards (Some day the sun will rise, but I shall rise)

AFTERWARDS
# Rosemary and Pansies/Autumn Song

AUTUMN SONG
(From the French of Paul Verlaine)
The autumn gale
Doth sob and wail
Like viols eerie;
Its monotone,
So like a groan,
My soul doth weary.
And hark! a bell
That's like a knell
For dead hope tolling!
Then sorrows past
Arise and fast
The tears are rolling!
Sad sport of grief,
Like a dead leaf
I shrink and wither;
No refuge nigh
I vainly fly
Hither and thither.
# Rosemary and Pansies/A Reply

A REPLY
# Royal Naval Biography/Smith, Isaac

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ISAAC SMITH, Esq [Superannuated Rear-Admiral.]
This officer entered the naval service about the year 1766, and served for some time on board the Grenville, a brig commanded by Cook, the celebrated circumnavigator, who was at that period employed as marine surveyor of Newfoundland; and whom he afterwards accompanied in the Endeavour, on a ​voyage to the South Sea, for the purpose of observing the transit of Venus over the sun’s disk.
His commission as Post-Captain bears date Dec. 1, 1787; and he subsequently commanded the Perseverance of 36 guns, in which ship he served for several years on the East India station, to which he had proceeded with Commodore Cornwallis in 1789.
At the promotion of Flag-Officers in 1807, Captain Smith, who was at that time severely afflicted with the hepatitis, ​obtained the superannuation of a Rear-Admiral. He resides, if we mistake not, with the widow of his lamented friend Captain Cook, at Merton Abbey, Surrey.