OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dawkins, William Boyd

Edition of 1905. See also William Boyd Dawkins on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​DAWKINS, William Boyd (1838—). An English geologist and paleontologist, appointed professor at Owens College in 1874, He was born at Welshpool, Montgomeryshire, Wales, and after graduating at Jesus College. Oxford (1860). became assistant geologist (1862), and later geologist (1867), to the Geological Survey of Great Britain. He was a member of the Channel Tunnel Committee (1882), and, after making a geological survey of the French and English coasts, laid down the line for a tunnel under the Humber (1883-84), His principal scientific work relates to the investigations of cave faunas. In addition to his papers on fossil mammalia contributed to the Proceedings of the Geological, Anthropological, and Royal societies, he published: Cave Hunting (1874); Researches on the Evidences of Caves Respecting the Early Inhabitants of Europe (1874); Early Man in Britain (1880); British Pleistocene Mammalia (1866-87), He was made examiner at the University of London in 1885.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Declaration of Indulgence

Edition of 1905. See also Declaration of Indulgence on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​DECLARATION OF INDULGENCE. This name is applied to several acts of the last two Stuart kings, but particularly to the proclamation of James II., in 1687, suspending the operation of the penal statutes directed against the Roman Catholics and the Protestant Nonconformists, and of all acts imposing a test as a qualification for holding lay or ecclesiastical office. In this way, James hoped to gain, in favor of his Catholic policy, the adherence of the Protestant dissenters, many of whom were suffering severe persecution under those laws. Several hundred addresses of thanks were presented to the King; but the majority of the dissenting clergy would not accept toleration on such terms. The great leaders, Baxter, Howe, and Bunyan, declined the Indulgence at the price of a breach of the law and the encouragement of Romanism.
The clergy, generally, refused to read the proclamation in their churches, as commanded by a royal order of May, 1688. The seven bishops, with Archbishop Sancroft at their head, signed a firm but moderate petition to the King, refusing to publish a declaration which they knew to be illegal. James commanded the Ecclesiastical Commissioners to deprive these bishops of their sees, but this was going too far, even for that body; and on the suggestion of Jeffreys, a prosecution before the King's Bench for seditious libel was substituted. So threatening was the popular indignation, that the accused prelates were acquitted, although the jury was packed and the judges were mere tools of the Crown. The declaration cost James the allegiance of the Anglican Church, and precipitated the Revolution of 1688. Consult: Howell, State Trials, xii. (London, 1809-28); and D'Oyly, Life of William Sancroft (London, 1840). See Sancroft.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Debt, Action of

Edition of 1905. See also Form of action on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​DEBT, Action of. One of the old forms of personal actions in common-law pleading, being used, under that system, to recover a sum certain, or capable of being ascertained by computation only. Formerly the declaration alleged the debet et detinet, on the theory that the defendant owed the money and was guilty of an unjust detention of the goods or whatever happened to be the consideration, but this fell into disuse and is no longer proper. Where the obligation is founded on a simple contract the declaration must allege the consideration, and if on a specialty or on a record it must be set out in full. It differs from assumpsit (q.v.), where a special promise is necessary. It is still retained in some of the United States where common-law pleading is used, but has been abolished by statute in England, where it originated. See Common Counts; Common Forms; Forms of Action; also Pleading, and consult the authorities there referred to.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bosphorus

See also Bosphorus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bosporus or Bosphorus meaning oxford, from the legend that Io swam across it in the form of a cow, is the channel that separates Europe from Asia and connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora. It was more particularly called the Thracian Bosporus to distinguish it from other straits to which the same name had been given. Throughout its length the strait has on either side seven bays or gulfs, with corresponding promontories on the other side. One of these gulfs, often called the Golden Horn, forms the harbor of Constantinople. The Bosporus is about seventeen miles long and from a third of a mile to two miles broad, with an average depth of about 180 feet. The banks are richly dotted with cypress, laurels and ancient plane trees, and covered with palaces, villages, villas and gardens. It was at the middle of this strait that Darius made his bridge of boats when he marched against the Scythians. The Bosporus has long been under the control of Turkey, and by common consent of the European powers, is closed to all but her own war vessels, though the sultan may open them to his allies in time of war.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bosnia

See also Bosnia and Herzegovina on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bos'nia, Herzegovina and Novi-Bazar are provinces in the northwest of the Balkan Peninsula, formerly under Turkish rule, but now, by the treaty of Berlin in 1878, turned over to the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, of which it now forms a part. The joint area of the three is 23,570 square miles, about the size of West Virginia, and the population is over a million and a half. Bosnia is mountainous, covered with forests, and interspersed with beautiful valleys. Numerous rivers flow northward and join the Save, which forms the northern boundary. The capital is Bosna Serai or Serajevo, with a population of 38,000. The people are mainly Slavs, divided by religion into Mohammedans, Roman Catholics and Orthodox Greeks.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Booth, Edwin Thomas

See also Edwin Booth on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Booth, Edwin Thomas, one of the greatest of actors, a son of Junius Brutus Booth, was born at Belair, Maryland, in November, 1833. He was educated for the stage, and early appeared in several minor parts with his father; and on one occasion filled successfully his father's place as Richard III. He made a trip to California, then to Australia, and on his return to New York appeared as Richard III, and soon gained a high reputation for his playing of Shakespeare's leading characters, especially Iago and Hamlet. In 1861 he went to Europe, playing in England and studying his art on the continent. Returning to New York, he produced the play of Hamlet at the Winter Garden for 100 nights. In 1869 he opened a splendid theater in New York, devoted to the classic drama, at a cost of over $1,000,000. In 1880 and 1882 he visited England again and also Germany, and was received everywhere with enthusiasm. His career was one of the most brilliant in the annals of the drama. Besides the characters of Shakespeare he represented, his rendering of Richelieu, in Bulwer's drama of that name, won him fame. He died at New York, June 7, 1893.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Borden, Robert Laird

See also Robert Laird Borden on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Borden, Robert Laird, became premier of Canada after the defeat of the Laurier ministry on the reciprocity issue in 1911. He was born in Grand Pre, Nova Scotia, June 26, 1854, and educated at Acadia Villa Academy, Horton. He studied law and was called to the bar in 1878. He soon rose to a high place in his profession. In 1896 he became a member of parliament and was elected leader of the conservative party in 1901.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Boomerang

See also Boomerang on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Boom′erang, an instrument used by the natives of Australia in hunting and war. It is about two feet long, flat on one side and rounded on the other, with a sharp edge. It is made of hard wood bent into a curve. The method of using this remarkable weapon is as follows: taking it by one end with the bulged side downward, the Australian throws it forward as if to hit an object some yards in front. Instead of going straight forward, it slowly rises in the air, whirling round and round in a curved line, until it reaches quite a height, when it begins to fly back again, and, sweeping over the head of the thrower, falls behind him. This surprising motion is produced by the action of the air on the bulging side of the boomerang. The Australians have a remarkable skill in the use of this weapon, and it is said that with it they can almost cut an animal in two.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Boone

See also Boone, Iowa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Boone, a city and county-seat of Boone County, Iowa, 36 miles from Des Moines. In the vicinity are deposits of coal, also fire and pottery clay, and the city is engaged in the mining and shipping of coal and the manufacture of pottery, tiles, brick and flour. Boone has a public library, a hospital and the service of three railroads. Population, 10,347.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bore

See also Tidal bore on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bore, also called Eagre, a peculiar tidal effect at the mouth of certain rivers. When a river's mouth widens rapidly, and it is subject to high tides, the spring flood-tide drives an immense volume of water from the sea into the river. The water collects in the mouth faster than it can flow up into the river, and so there is gradually formed a kind of watery ridge stretching across and rushing up the opening with great violence and noise. It sometimes rises many feet. The most notable Old World bores are those of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Indus. In one branch of the Ganges the bore travels seventy miles in four hours, and often it appears suddenly as a wall seven feet high.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Boreas

See also Anemoi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Boreas, the north wind, was one of the nature gods in the Greek myths. He was depicted as an old man, with hair and beard flaked with snow and having wings. The Athenians built him a temple for assisting to wreck the fleet of the Persian monarch Xerxes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bonn

See also Bonn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bonn, a city of Rhenish Prussia, lying on the left bank of the Rhine. It is chiefly famed for its university. This great institution has about 185 professors and lecturers and 3,275 students, a library of 250,000 volumes, a splendid laboratory, an art museum, an observatory, a botanic garden and various other valuable collections. There is also a celebrated agricultural academy. Among the famous professors of the university were the great historian Niebuhr and the philosopher Schlegel. Niebuhr, Bunsen and Schumann lie buried in the minster of Bonn, which is said to have been founded by the Empress Helena in 320; and near it is a monument to Beethoven. Population about 87,967.
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Lady Susan/Chapter 41

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Mrs. Vernon to Lady De Courcy
Churchhill.
My dear Mother,—Your letter has surprised me beyond measure! Can it be true that they are really separated—and forever? I ​should be overjoyed if I dared depend on it, but after all that I have seen how can one be secure? And Reginald really with you! My surprise is the greater because on Wednesday, the very day of his coming to Parklands, we had a most unexpected and unwelcome visit from Lady Susan, looking all cheerfulness and good-humour, and seeming more as if she were to marry him when she got to London than as if parted from him forever. She stayed nearly two hours, was as affectionate and agreeable as ever, and not a syllable, not a hint was dropped, of any disagreement or coolness between them. I asked her whether she had seen my brother since his arrival in town; not, as you may suppose, with any doubt of the fact, but merely to see how she looked. She immediately answered, without any embarrassment, that he had been kind enough to call on her on Monday; but she believed he had already returned home, which I was very far from crediting. Your kind invitation is accepted by us with pleasure, and on Thursday next we and our little ones will be with you. Pray heaven, Reginald may not be in town again by that time! I wish we could bring dear Frederica too, but I am sorry to say that her mother's errand hither was to fetch her away; and, miserable as it made the poor girl, it was impossible to detain her. I was thor​oughly unwilling to let her go, and so was her uncle; and all that could be urged we did urge; but Lady Susan declared that as she was now about to fix herself in London for several months, she could not be easy if her daughter were not with her for masters, etc. Her manner, to be sure, was very kind and proper, and Mr. Vernon believes that Frederica will now be treated with affection. I wish I could think so too. The poor girl's heart was almost broke at taking leave of us. I charged her to write to me very often, and to remember that if she were in any distress we should be always her friends. I took care to see her alone, that I might say all this, and I hope made her a little more comfortable; but I shall not be easy till I can go to town and judge of her situation myself. I wish there were a better prospect than now appears of the match which the conclusion of your letter declares your expectations of. At present it is not very likely.
Yours ever, etc.,
C. Vernon.
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Lady Susan/Chapter 4

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Mr. De Courcy to Mrs. Vernon
Parklands.
My dear Sister,—I congratulate you and Mr. Vernon on being about to receive into your family the most accomplished coquette in England. As a very distinguished flirt I have always been taught to consider her, but it has lately fallen in my way to hear some particulars of her conduct at Langford, which prove that she does not confine herself to that sort of honest flirtation which satisfies most people, but aspires to the more delicious gratification of making a whole family miserable. By her behaviour to Mr. Mainwaring she gave jealousy and wretchedness to his wife, and by her attentions to a young man previously attached to Mr. Mainwaring's sister deprived an amiable girl of her lover.
I learnt all this from Mr. Smith, now in this neighbourhood (I have dined with him, at Hurst and Wilford), who is just come from Langford, where he was a fortnight with her ladyship, and who is therefore well qualified to make the communication.
What a woman she must be! I long to see her, and shall certainly accept your kind ​invitation, that I may form some idea of those bewitching powers which can do so much—engaging at the same time, and in the same house, the affections of two men, who were neither of them at liberty to bestow them—and all this without the charm of youth! I am glad to find Miss Vernon does not accompany her mother to Churchhill, as she has not even manners to recommend her; and according to Mr. Smith's account, is equally dull and proud. Where pride and stupidity unite there can be no dissimulation worthy notice, and Miss Vernon shall be consigned to unrelenting contempt; but by all that I can gather Lady Susan possesses a degree of captivating deceit which it must be pleasing to witness and detect. I shall be with you very soon, and am ever
Your affectionate brother,
R. de Courcy.
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Lady Susan/Chapter 40

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Lady De Courcy to Mrs. Vernon
My dear Catherine,—I have charming news for you, and if I had not sent off my letter this morning you might have been spared the vexation of knowing of Reginald's being gone to London, for he is returned. Reginald is returned, not to ask our consent to his marrying Lady Susan, but to tell us they are parted forever. He has been only an hour in the house, and I have not been able to learn particulars, for he is so very low that I have not the heart to ask questions, but I hope we shall soon know ​all. This is the most joyful hour he has ever given us since the day of his birth. Nothing is wanting but to have you here, and it is our particular wish and entreaty that you would come to us as soon as you can. You have owed us a visit many long weeks; I hope nothing will make it inconvenient to Mr. Vernon; and pray bring all my grandchildren; and your dear niece is included, of course; I long to see her. It has been a sad, heavy winter hitherto, without Reginald, and seeing nobody from Churchhill. I never found the season so dreary before; but this happy meeting will make us young again. Frederica runs much in my thoughts, and when Reignald has recoved his usual good spirits (as I trust he soon will), we will try to rob him of his heart once more, and I am full of hopes of seeing their hands joined at no great distance.
Your affectionate mother,
C. de Courcy.
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Lady Susan/Chapter 9

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Mrs. Johnson to Lady S. Vernon
Edward Street.
My dearest Friend,—I congratulate you on Mr. De Courcy's arrival, and I advise you by all ​means to marry him; his father's estate is, we know, considerable, and I believe certainly entailed. Sir Reginald is very infirm, and not likely to stand in your way long. I hear the young man well spoken of; and though no one can really deserve you, my dearest Susan, Mr. De Courcy may be worth having. Mainwaring will storm of course, but you may easily pacify him; besides, the most scrupulous point of honour could not require you to wait for his emancipation. I have seen Sir James; he came to town for a few days last week, and called several times in Edward Street. I talked to him about you and your daughter, and he is so far from having forgotten you that I am sure he would marry either of you with pleasure. I gave him hopes of Frederica's relenting, and told him a great deal of her improvements. I scolded him for making love to Maria Mainwaring; he protested that he had been only in joke, and we both laughed heartily at her disappointment; and, in short, were very agreeable. He is as silly as ever.
Yours faithfully,Alicia.
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Letters of Jane Austen, Part 1

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LETTERS OF JANE AUSTEN
A MEMOIR
“He knew of no one himself who was inclined to the work. This is no uncommon motive. A man sees something to be done, knows of no one who will do it but himself, and so is driven to the enterprise.”
Help’s Life of Columbus, ch I.
TO
THE QUEEN’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
Madam,
It was the knowledge that your Majesty so highly appreciated the works of Jane Austen which emboldened me to ask permission to dedicate to your Majesty these volumes, containing as they do numerous letters of that authoress, of which, as her grand-nephew, I have recently become possessed. These letters are printed, with the exception of a very few omissions which appeared obviously desirable, just as they were written, and if there should be found in them, or in the chapters which accompany them, anything which may interest or amuse your Majesty, I shall esteem myself doubly fortunate in having been the means of bringing them under your Majesty’s notice.
I am, Madam, Your Majesty’s very humble and obedient subject,
BRABOURNE.
* Introduction
* Letters of 1796
* Letter I
* Letter II
* Letter III
* Letter IV
* Letter V
* Letter VI
* Letter VII
* Letters of 1798, 1799
* Letter VIII
* Letter IX
* Letter X
* Letter XI
* Letter XII
* Letter XIII
* Letter XIV
* Letter XV
* Letter XVI
* Letter XVII
* Letters of 1799
* Letter XVIII
* Letter XIX
* Letter XX
* Letter XXI
* Letters of 1800, 1801
* Letter XXII
* Letter XXIII
* Letter XXIV
* Letter XXV
* Letter XXVI
* Letter XXVII
* Letter XXVIII
* Letter XXIX
* Letters of 1801
* Letter XXX
* Letter XXXI
* Letter XXXII
* Letters of 1805
* Letter XXXIII
* Letter XXXIV
* Letter XXXV
* Letters of 1807
* Letter XXXVI
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maine (France)

Edition of 1905. See also Maine (province) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MAINE, mā̇n. One of the ancient provinces of France, bounded on the north by Normandy, on the east by Orléannais, on the west by Brittany, and on the south by Anjou and Touraine. It corresponds to the modern departments of Sarthe and Mayenne. The Crown obtained final possession of it in 1481, after the House of Anjou had become extinct. The capital was Le Mans.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maitland, William

Edition of 1905. See also William Maitland of Lethington on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MAITLAND, William (1528?-73). A Scotch statesman, better known as ‘Secretary Lethington.’ He was the eldest son of Sir Richard Maitland (q.v.), of Lethington. He was educated at Saint Andrews and on the Continent, and quickly displayed great aptitude for a political career. He became a convert to the Reformed doctrines about 1555, but could not have been a violent partisan, since in 1558 he was appointed Secretary of State by Mary of Guise. In the tollowing year, however, he openly joined the lords of the congregation, and was one of the Scotch commissioners who met the Duke of Norfolk at Berwick to arrange the conditions on which Queen Elizabeth would give them assistance. In 1561, after the arrival of Queen Mary from France, he was made an extraordinary Lord of Session. He strongly objected to the ratiﬁcation of Knox’s Book of Discipline, and in 1563 conducted the prosecution raised against Knox for treason; from this time he appears to have split with the Reformers. In 1564 he held a long debate with Knox on the claims of the Reformed Church to be independent of the State In 1566 he took part in the plot against Rizzo, after whose assassination he was proscribed and obliged to seek shelter for some months in obscurity. He was cognizant of Bothwell’s scheme for the murder of Darnley; yet when he saw the hopeless nature of Bothwell’s designs, he immediately joined the confederacy of the lords. While Mary was still a prisoner at Lochleven he is said to have written to her offering his services, yet he was present at the coronation of King James VI., 1567; and although he secretly aided in the escape of the Queen, he fought against her on the ﬁeld of Langside. In 1568 he accompanied the regent Murray to the conferences held at York regarding the Scottish Queen; but even here he tried to further her interests, and is said to have been the ﬁrst to propose to the Duke of Norfolk a union between him and Mary. The Scottish lords felt that he was a dangerous enemy to the commonwealth, and in 1569 he was arrested at Stirling for complicity in Darnley’s murder, but was liberated shortly after by an artiﬁce of Kirkaldy of Grange. After the murder of the regent Murray he and Kirkaldy became the leaders of the Queen’s party, in consequence of which he was declared a rebel, deprived of his ofﬁces and hands by the regent Morton, and besieged, along with Kirkaldy, in Edinburg Castle. After a long resistance, the castle surrendered, and Maitland was imprisoned in Leith, where he died (1573). Buchanan drew his character with a severe pen in The Chameleon. Consult: Chalmers, Life of Mary, Queen of Scots (3 vols., London, 1822); Skelton, Maitland of Lethington (London, 1887-88).