OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Newton, William John

​NEWTON, Sir WILLIAM JOHN (1785–1869), miniature-painter, born in London in 1785, was son of James Newton the engraver, and was nephew of William Newton (1735–1790) [q. v.] The father, born on 2 Nov. 1748, engraved many plates for his brother William's translation of ‘Vitruvius,’ and the portrait of the translator is by him. As an engraver he worked both in line and stipple, and engraved some mythological subjects after Claude Lorraine, M. Ricci, and Zuccarelli, besides a few portraits. He resided in Thornhaugh Street, Bedford Square, London. He died about 1804.
The son, William John, commenced his career as an engraver, and executed a few plates, including a portrait of Joseph Richardson, M.P., after Shee, but turning early to miniature-painting he became one of the most fashionable artists of his day. He was a constant contributor to the Academy exhibitions from 1808 to 1863, and for many years his only rival was Sir William Ross. In 1831 ​he was appointed miniature-painter in ordinary to William IV and Queen Adelaide, and from 1837 to 1858 held the same office under Queen Victoria. He was knighted in 1837. Newton devised a plan for joining several pieces of ivory to form a large surface, and was thereby enabled to paint some historical groups of unusual size. Three of these, ‘The Coronation of the Queen, 1838;’ ‘The Marriage of the Queen, 1840;’ and ‘The Christening of the Prince of Wales, 1842’— were lent to the Victorian Exhibition at the New Gallery in 1892. Many of his portraits have been engraved, including those of Dr. Lushington, Joanna Baillie, Sir Herbert Taylor, Joseph Hume, Lady Byron, Miss Paton the actress, and Lady Sophia Gresley. Though popular, Newton's art was of rather poor quality, weak in drawing and deficient in character, and he never obtained Academy honours. He long resided in Argyll Street, but after his retirement removed to 6 Cambridge Terrace, Hyde Park, where he died 22 Jan. 1869. He married in 1822 Anne, daughter of Robert Faulder; she died in 1856. Some drawings by Newton, among them a portrait of himself, are in the print room of the British Museum. A collection of his works was sold at Christie's, 23 June 1890.
Newton's son, Harry Robert Newton, an architect, studied under Sydney Smirke, R.A.; he died in November 1889. His collection of drawings and manuscripts now belongs to the Institute of British Architects.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Niall (d.1062)

Niall mac Eochada in the ODNB.
​NIALL (d. 1062), king of Ulidia or Lesser Ulster, was son of Eochaidh and grandson of Ardghar, eighth in descent from Bec Boirche, king of Ulidia in 716. His ​nephew Niall, son of Dubhtuinne, who was king of Ulidia, was defeated by him in battle and deposed in 1011. In 1015 he was attacked by Maelseachlainn II [q. v.], king of Ireland, and had to yield him hostages. After this defeat the deposed Niall, son of Dubhtuinne, with some of the inhabitants of Dal nAraidhe, the southern sub-kingdom of Ulidia, rose against him; but he defeated them and slew his nephew. To secure his position, in 1019 he blinded his kinsman, Flaibheartach O'Heochaidh. Niall had many ships, and in 1022 defeated a Danish fleet off his coast and captured most of its vessels and their crews. Later in the year he invaded the territory of the Airghialla in the south of Ulster, and won a great victory at Slieve Fuaid, co. Armagh. The Cinel Eoghain attacked him in 1027, and carried off a great spoil of cattle from Ulidia. In 1047 there was so great a famine in his country that many of his people migrated to Leinster. The famine was followed by deep snow from 2 Feb. to 17 March, and the year was long known to chroniclers as ‘bliadhain an mór sneachta’ (‘the year of the great snow’). He died 13 Sept. 1062. His son Eochaidh died on the same day, but left descendants who take their name from him; some of them survive on the coasts of Ulster to this day, and are famous for their skill as boatmen and sea-fishers. They are called after him in Irish O'Heochaidh, which is often anglicised Haughey, and sometimes Haugh, Hoey, or Howe.
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Niall (715-778)

​NIALL (715–778), king of Ireland, surnamed Frassach, born in 715, was son of Ferghal mac Maelduin, king of Ireland, (711–22), and younger brother of Aodh Ollan, king of Ireland (734–43), was directly descended from Muircheartach (d. 533) [q. v.] and from Niall (d. 405) [q. v.] He became king of Ireland on the death of Domhnall mac Murchadha in 763. Niall's reign was a period of famine and pestilence; he fought no great battles, but exacted tributes from Connaught, Munster, and Leinster. In 770 he resigned his throne and entered the religious community of Icolmcille, where he died in 778 and was buried. There is a copy of a poem of four lines on his reign by Gilla Modubhda in the ‘Book of Ballymote,’ a fifteenth-century manuscript, another poem of twelve lines in the ‘Annals of Ulster,’ and a shorter one in the ‘Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland.’ The two last refer only to his cognomen, Frassach. Fras is the Irish for a shower, and frassach or frossach means ‘of showers,’ and is translated ‘nimbosus’ by O'Flaherty (Ogygia, p. 433). The ‘Annals of Ulster’ explain the word by a story of the king with seven bishops praying in ​a season of famine and drought for rain, and three showers of silver, of honey, and of wheat following, but the ‘Book of Ballymote’ (f. 49 a, l. 37) says ‘tri frassa le gein,’ three showers at his birth. The translation of the ‘Annals of Clonmacnois’ gives another variant of the tale, and the ‘Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland’ (i. 362) a fourth. The lateness of the fable is shown by the mention of money (Annals of Clonmacnois), which was not in general use in Ireland in the eighth century, but it is perhaps worth note that a deep snow of three months' duration is mentioned in the annals as occurring in the first year of his reign.
He married Ethne, daughter of Breasal Breagh; she died in 768, leaving a son, Aedh Oirnidhe, who became king of Ireland in 798, and whose son Niall (791–845) [q. v.] succeeded him.
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Niall (791-845)

​NIALL (791–845), king of Ireland, in Irish annals known as Niall Caille or Cailne, son of Aedh Oirnidhe, king of Ireland, was born in 791, and was seven years old when his father became king of Ireland. Niall (715–778) was his grandfather. He is called Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh in ‘Book of Leinster,’ f. 217 (cf. Annala Rioghachta Eireann, i. 470). In 821 he deposed Murchadh, son of Maelduin, and became chief of the Cinel Eoghain. Eoghan Mainistrech, primate of Armagh, was driven from his see by Cathal, chief of the Oirghialla, in 825, and at once sent his psalm-singer with a complaint in verse to Niall, whose confessor he was. Niall raised the clans of both Tyrone and Tyrconnell, a proof of his great power in the north at the time, and fought a battle with the Oirghialla and the Ulidians near Armagh. He defeated them after a severe contest, and replaced Eoghan in his bishopric. In 833 he succeeded Conchobhar, son of Donnchadh, as king of Ireland. His home was Ailech, near Derry, and when the Danes attempted the plunder of the church of Derry in 833 he met and defeated them. He inherited a feud with the Leinstermen from his father, who had often made war on them, and in 834 invaded Leinster, obtained a tribute, and set up Bran, son of Faelain, as a king in his interest. He also plundered Meath as far as the border of MacCoghlan's country in the present King's County. He made a treaty with Feidhlimidh, son of Criomhthainn, king of Munster, at Cloncurry, co. Kildare, in 837, but in 839 Feidhlimidh tried to become king of Ireland, plundered Meath and encamped at Tara, then, as now, a mere open hill with earthworks. Niall marched from the north, and Feidhlimidh, who had gone to attack Wexford, turned and met him at Maghochtair in Kildare, where he was defeated, and never again attacked Niall. The Danes, who had several times sailed up Lough Swilly in Niall's reign, were caught and defeated by him on Magh Itha, by the river Finn, co. Donegal, in 843. In 845 he was drowned in the River Callan, near Armagh. A cairn, which in 1799 was, in spite of many inroads, still forty-four yards in diameter, was asserted by tradition to be his tomb. A farmer demolished it early in this century. Niall Caille is mentioned in several ancient poems. One of these is put into the mouth of Dachiarog, the patron saint of Erigal Keeroge, co. Tyrone, another into that of Bec Mac De, while a third is attributed to Maenghal Alithir. He is mentioned as an ancestor to be proud of in a poem by Gillabrighde MacConmidhe [q. v.], bard of Brian O'Neill, written in 1260.
His son, Aedh Finnliath, became king of Ireland in 863, and was father of Niall (870?–919) [q. v.] His daughter, who married Conang, king of Magh Bregh, composed a poem on the battle of Cilluandaighri, in which her son Flann was slain (Cogadh Gaedel re Gallaibh, ed. Todd, p. 32).
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Niall (d.1139)

Niall mac Áeda meic Máel Ísu in the ODNB.
​NIALL (d. 1139), anti-primate of Armagh, was son of Aedh and grandson of Maelisa, who with his father, Amhalghaidh, filled the primacy of Ulster for fifty-six years. Another member of his family held the temporalities of the see for three years after the election of St. Malachy O'Morgair [q. v.], and in 1131 they were seized by Niall, who publicly displayed the Bachall Isa, or pastoral staff of Jesus, to the populace, and was able for a short time to hold his own. He also seized an ancient book, probably that now known as the book of Armagh. St. Bernard, the friend of his rival, speaks of him with severity as ‘Nigellus quidam, imo vero nigerrimus.’ He wandered about in the diocese, and reasserted his claim in 1137, when Giolla Iosa succeeded Malachy as the regular archbishop, but was driven out and died, ‘after intense penance,’ say the chronicles, in 1139.
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Joy, William (d.1734)

​JOY, WILLIAM (d. 1734), 'the English Samson,' born at St. Lawrence, near Ramsgate, seems to have first attracted public attention about 1699, when he commenced a regular course of performances at the Duke's Theatre in Dorset Garden. The novel use to which the theatre, where most of Otway's plays had been produced, was thus subjected excited adverse comment. Tom Brown remarks, in a 'Letter to George Moult, Esqre.,' dated 12 Sept. 1699, 'the strong Kentish man (of whom you have heard so many stories) has, as I told you above, taken up his quarters in Dorset Gardens, and how they'll get him out again the Lord knows, for he threatens to thrash all the poets if they pretend to disturb him.' In the prologue to Farqubar's 'Constant Couple,' written a few months later, complaint is made of the wrong done to 'poor Dorset Garden-house' by 'that strong dog Samson,' who 'snaps rope like thread.' Joy is said among other feats to have broken a rope which had borne 3,500 pounds weight, and to have lifted from the ground a stone weighing 2,240 pounds. 'Topham, Sheppard, and Madame Gobert were but pigmies,' says Caulfield, 'compared with the English Samson.' In a pamphlet entitled 'A Walk to Smithfield, or a True Description of the Humours of Bartholomew Fair,' 1701, 4to, the writer describes how, having at last squeezed his way to Pye Corner, he was informed that our English Samson was performing there, and having paid his money at the door was admitted to a seat three stories high, when presently the Man of Kent appeared 'equipped like one of the London champions on the Artillery ground at the mock storming of a castle.' In addition to his regular performances, Joy exhibited at Kensington Palace before William III, and afterwards before Queen Anne and other notabilities. When his vogue was over he seems to have 'followed the Infamous Practice of Smugling, and was drowned 1734' (Lewis, Hist, of Tenet, p. 189). Some advertisements containing further details of the feats performed by Joy, or as he was sometimes called Joyce, are given in Mr. Henry Morley's 'Bartholomew Fair,' pp. 253-4. There are two engravings of Joy mentioned in Bromley's 'Engraved Portraits;' one, dated 1699, is given in Caulfield, the other, 'in an oval, with representations of his surprising feats in seven compartments, and descriptions in Dutch beneath. P. v. de Berge fecit,' is quoted in Evans's 'Catalogue of Engraved Portraits.'
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Joyliffe, George

​JOYLIFFE, GEORGE, M.D. (1621–1658), physician, son of John Joyliffe of East Stower, Dorsetshire, was born there in 1621. In 1637, when sixteen years old, he became a member of Wadham College, Oxford, but migrated to Pembroke College, whence he graduated B.A. June 1640, and M.A. April 1643. He served as lieutenant in the royal army under Lord Hopton in 1643. He studied medicine under Dr. Clayton, master of Pembroke College, and regius professor of physic, and in April 1650 entered Clare Hall, Cambridge, as a fellow-commoner, became acquainted with Francis Glisson [q. v.], the regius professor of physic, and took the degree of M.D. 1 July 1652. He told Glisson when he called on him to make the necessary arrangements for graduation, that besides arteries, veins, and nerves, a fourth and distinct set of vessels existed, distributed to several parts of the body, and containing a watery humour. He had, he said, made out these vessels in numerous animals and in several parts of the body, and he was sure that the fluid contained in them moved towards the mesentery, and especially towards the beginning of it (Glisson, Anatomia Hepatis, Amsterdam, 1659, ch. xxxi. p. 319). Glisson's statement, first published in 1654, is conclusive evidence as to the originality of Joyliffe's anatomical discovery of the lymph ducts, and was no doubt made then because of the publications of Rudbeck (‘Exercitatio exhibens ductus Hepaticos Aquosos et Vasa Glandularum Serosa,’ Westeräs, 1653) and of Thomas Bartholinus (‘Vasa Lymphatica,’ Copenhagen, 1653), both anatomists who had also dissected out the main lymphatic trunks. Joyliffe was admitted a candidate of the College of Physicians 4 April 1653, lectured there on the vasa lymphatica, and was elected a fellow 25 June 1658. His house was on Garlick Hill, London, and there he died 11 Nov. 1658. He did not himself make his discovery known in print.
[Gardiner's Wadham College Register, p. 133; Munk's Coll. of Phys. i. 280; Wood's Athenæ Oxon., ed. Bliss, iii. 351; Hamey's Bustorum Aliquot Reliquiæ, manuscript at Coll. of Physicians; Philosophical Transactions, 1668; Glisson's Anatomia Hepatis, ed. 1659.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Judkin-Fitzgerald, Thomas

​JUDKIN-FITZGERALD, Sir THOMAS (d. 1810), high sheriff of the county of Tipperary, was the second son of Robert Uniacke, esq., of Corkbeg, co. Cork, by Frances, daughter of John Judkin of Greenhills, Tipperary. The father, in compliance with the will of his grandmother's brother, Robert Fitzgerald of Lisquinlan and Corkbeg, had assumed the surname of Fitzgerald. Sir Thomas himself adopted the surname of Judkin in addition to and before that of Fitzgerald in compliance with the will of his maternal uncle, John Judkin, esq., of Cashel. Early in 1798, before the rebellion had broken out, but when the public mind was disturbed by rumours of an impending insurrection supported by a French invasion, Judkin-Fitzgerald, who was known to be a man of resolute character, consented, at the unanimous request of the principal gentry of Tipperary, to fill the responsible office of high sheriff. Acting on the strength of information secretly supplied to him, he immediately set himself to discover the chief agents of the plot in his county. To this end he adopted the most brutal methods. Although successful in extirpating the germs of insurrection in the county, he excited widespread discontent by the violence of his conduct, and the extreme severity with which he punished innocent persons. After the suppression of the rebellion, a civil action was brought against him at Clonmel assizes (14 March 1799) by one Mr. Wright, a teacher of French in the town of Clonmel, whom he had flogged within an inch of his life. The jury, although wholly composed of protestants, and selected by himself, awarded the plaintiff 500l. damages. Other suits were soon impending against him, and Judkin-Fitzgerald, finding no protection in the act recently passed for indemnifying loyalists for illegal acts committed by them in order to suppress the rebellion, appealed to parliament. After much interesting debate on his petition, the Indemnity Act was amended in order to cover his case; though, on the other hand, an application made by him in the court of exchequer to set aside the verdict obtained against him by Mr. Wright was dismissed with full costs. He, however, received a considerable pension from government, and on 5 Aug. 1801 he was created a baronet of the United Kingdom. He died on 24 Sept. 1810.
Judkin-Fitzgerald married, in January 1785, Elizabeth, second daughter and coheiress of Joseph Capel, esq., of Cloghroe House, co. Cork, and had three sons—John Judkin-Fitzgerald, by whom he was succeeded as second baronet, Joseph Capel, who died in 1840, and Robert Uniacke, who was killed at Salamanca in 1812.
[Burke's Baronetage; Howell's State Trials, vol. xxvii.; Gordon's Hist. of the Rebellion; Plowden's Historical Register; Lord Castlereagh's Correspondence, ii. 279; Musgrave's Hist. of the Rebellion, App. xi.; Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, xxxvi. 1391; Froude's English in Ireland; Lecky's England in the Eighteenth Century.]
R. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Jubb, George

1904 Errata appended.
​JUBB, GEORGE, D.D. (1718–1787), regius professor of Hebrew at Oxford, son of Thomas Jubb of Oxford, was born there in 1718. In 1731, at the age of thirteen, he was entered at Westminster School, and was elected thence to a studentship at Christ Church, Oxford, where he matriculated 9 June 1735. He graduated B.A. 1739, proceeded M.A. 1742, B.D. 1748, and D.D. 12 April 1780. A copy of hexameters by him is included in the Oxford verses on the death of Queen Caroline in 1738. After his ordination he was appointed chaplain to Dr. Herring, archbishop of York, and continued to hold this office on Herring's translation to Canterbury. He was presented by Herring to the rectory of Cliffe, near Rochester, which he held till 1751, when he exchanged it for that of Chenies in Buckinghamshire, having in the same year been pre​ sented by Lord Stafford to the neighbouring living of Toddington in Bedfordshire. In 1754 he was appointed registrar of the prerogative court of Canterbury, the duties being merely nominal, and in 1755 he received the Lambeth degree of D.D. He was made archdeacon of Middlesex in 1779, but resigned on being appointed to the prebend of Sneating in St. Paul's Cathedral in 1781, in which year he was also appointed chancellor of York Minster.
Jubb was chosen regius professor of Hebrew and canon of Christ Church 25 March 1780. His inaugural dissertation was published at Oxford in 1781, with the title ‘Linguæ Hebraicæ studium iuventuti academiæ commendatum.’ A Latin ode, dated 1752, addressed by him to Mr. Thomas Herring on his marriage to the daughter of Sir John Torriano, is printed in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ (xliv. 232).
Jubb died suddenly at Oxford of gout in the stomach on 12 Nov. 1787, and is buried in Christ Church Cathedral. He was twice married, first, 20 Nov. 1775, to Mrs. Mason (d. 4 Feb. 1782), the widow of George Mason, esq. (a malt distiller of Deptford), of Porters in Hertfordshire; and, secondly, 6 March 1784, to a Mrs. Middleton of Windsor.
[Alumni Oxon.; Alumni Westmon.; obituary notice in Gent. Mag. November 1787.]
E. J. R.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.170 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Joy, William (1803-1867)

1904 Errata appended.
​JOY, WILLIAM (1803–1867), and JOY, JOHN CANTILOE (1806–1860), marine-painters, were brothers, born at Yarmouth, the former in 1803, the latter in 1806. Their father was for many years guard to the mailcoach between Yarmouth and Ipswich, and their mother's surname was Cantiloe. They were educated at Wright's Southtown academy in Yarmouth, where they showed an early taste for drawing, sketches by them of the school being engraved. From a room overlooking the sea in the Royal Hospital, Yarmouth, of which the barrack-master, Captain G. W. Manby [q. v.], gave them the use, they studied drawing and painting the sea and shipping. There is a drawing by them in the South Kensington Museum of the Royal Sovereign, with George IV on board, at Yarmouth in 1822. About 1832 they removed to Portsmouth,and were employed as draughtsmen by the government. They made a drawing of the lord high admiral, the Duke of Clarence, on the Euryalus at Spithead, which brought them into notice, and after some years they were able (with the help of the Earl of Abergavenny) to remove to London. The two brothers always worked together on the same pictures. Subsequently they moved to Chichester, thence to Putney, and eventually again to London, where John died in 1866. William then removed to the country, and died in 1867. Their work was of great merit, and esteemed for its vigour and accuracy. There are some good examples in the print room at the British Museum. They rarely exhibited at the London exhibitions.
L. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.170 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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| | ii | 33 | Joy, William (1803-1867): for About 1882 read Subsequently |
| | | 37 | after Spithead insert in 1828 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Forbes, James (1779-1837)

​FORBES, JAMES, M.D. (1779–1837), inspector-general of army hospitals, was born at Aberdeen in 1779, and received his general education at Marischal College there. For the study of medicine he went to Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. In 1803 he entered the army as assistant-surgeon to the 30th regiment, became surgeon to the 95th regiment in 1809, and staff-surgeon the same year. He was in the retreat from Corunna, and immediately after accompanied the expedition to Walcheren, where he was commended for his abilities and zeal during the disastrous prevalence of intermittent fever and other camp sickness. He then returned to service in the Peninsula, receiving the rank of physician to the forces. After the peace he was appointed to take charge of the large hospital erected at Colchester for the sick and wounded from the field of Waterloo. He then became successively superintendent of Chelsea Hospital and medical director at Chatham. In 1822 he returned to foreign service in the West Indies, Nova Scotia, and Canada. In 1829 he was appointed principal medical officer in Ceylon, from which he returned in 1836 with his health broken by the climate. He was promoted to the rank of inspector-general of hospitals, and nominated to the chief direction of the army medical department in India, but was unable from ill-health to proceed to his post. He died 7 Nov. 1837 at Maddox Street, Regent Street, London, in his fifty-ninth year, and was buried in Rochester Cathedral. No writings of his appear in library catalogues.
C. C.