OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Digital Millennium Copyright Act

From the U.S. Copyright Office.
Note: This is the original legislation as it was initially enacted. Any subsequent amendments hosted on Wikisource may be listed using What Links Here.
An Act To amend title 17, United States Code, to implement the World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty and Performances and Phonograms Treaty, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

## Section 1. Short Title.

    This Act may be cited as the “Digital Millennium Copyright Act”.

## Sec. 2. Table of Contents.

       Sec. 1. Short title.
       Sec. 2. Table of contents.
       TITLE I—WIPO TREATIES IMPLEMENTATION
          Sec. 101. Short title.
          Sec. 102. Technical amendments.
          Sec. 103. Copyright protection systems and copyright management information.
          Sec. 104. Evaluation of impact of copyright law and amendments on electronic commerce and technological development.
          Sec. 105. Effective date.
       TITLE II—ONLINE COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT LIABILITY LIMITATION
          Sec. 201. Short title.
          Sec. 202. Limitations on liability for copyright infringement.
          Sec. 203. Effective date.
       TITLE III—COMPUTER MAINTENANCE OR REPAIR COPYRIGHT EXEMPTION
          Sec. 301. Short title.
          Sec. 302. Limitations on exclusive rights; computer programs.
       TITLE IV—MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
          Sec. 401. Provisions Relating to the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks and the Register of Copyrights.
          Sec. 402. Ephemeral recordings.
          Sec. 403. Limitations on exclusive rights; distance education.
          Sec. 404. Exemption for libraries and archives.
          Sec. 405. Scope of exclusive rights in sound recordings; ephemeral recordings.
          Sec. 406. Assumption of contractual obligations related to transfers of rights in motion pictures.
          Sec. 407. Effective date.
       TITLE V—PROTECTION OF CERTAIN ORIGINAL DESIGNS
          Sec. 501. Short title.
          Sec. 502. Protection of certain original designs.
          Sec. 503. Conforming amendments.
          Sec. 504. Joint study of the effect of this title.
          Sec. 505. Effective date.
Approved October 28, 1998.

## Legislative History

H.R. 2281 (S. 2037):
HOUSE REPORTS:
    Nos. 105–551, Pt. 1 (Comm. on the Judiciary) and Pt. 2 (Comm. on Commerce) and 105–796 (Comm. of Commerce).
SENATE REPORTS:
    No. 105–190 accompanying S. 2037 (Comm. on the Judiciary).
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 144 (1998):
    Aug. 4, considered and passed House.
    Sept. 17, considered and passed Senate, amended, in lieu of S. 2037.
    Oct. 8, Senate agreed to conference report.
    Oct. 12, House agreed to conference report.
WEEKLY COMPILATION OF PRESIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS, Vol. 34 (1998):
    Oct. 28, Presidential statement.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Digital Millennium Copyright Act/Title III

This Act forms Title III of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (Pub. L. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860). From the U.S. Copyright Office.
TITLE III—COMPUTER MAINTENANCE OR REPAIR COPYRIGHT EXEMPTION

## Sec. 301. Short Title.

    This title may be cited as the ``Computer Maintenance Competition Assurance Act''.

## Sec. 302. Limitations on Exclusive Rights; Computer Programs.

    Section 117 of title 17, United States Code, is amended—
       (1) by striking ``Notwithstanding'' and inserting the following:
             ``(a) Making of Additional Copy or Adaptation by Owner of Copy.—Notwithstanding'';
       (2) by striking ``Any exact'' and inserting the following:
             ``(b) Lease, Sale, or Other Transfer of Additional Copy or Adaptation.—Any exact'';
       and
       (3) by adding at the end the following:
             ``(c) Machine Maintenance or Repair.—Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an infringement for the owner or lessee of a machine to make or authorize the making of a copy of a computer program if such copy is made solely by virtue of the activation of a machine that lawfully contains an authorized copy of the computer program, for purposes only of maintenance or repair of that machine, if—
                ``(1) such new copy is used in no other manner and is destroyed immediately after the maintenance or repair is completed; and
                ``(2) with respect to any computer program or part thereof that is not necessary for that machine to be activated, such program or part thereof is not accessed or used other than to make such new copy by virtue of the activation of the machine.
             ``(d) Definitions.—For purposes of this section—
                ``(1) the 'maintenance' of a machine is the servicing of the machine in order to make it work in accordance with its original specifications and any changes to those specifications authorized for that machine; and
                ``(2) the 'repair' of a machine is the restoring of the machine to the state of working in accordance with its original specifications and any changes to those specifications authorized for that machine.''.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Mackay, Alexander (1815-1895)

​MACKAY, ALEXANDER (1815–1895), educational writer, born in Thurso on 15 Nov. 1815, was the youngest of the eight children of Murdoch Mackay, farmer, of Latheron, Caithness. On his father's second marriage young Mackay went to Aberdeen, where he studied at King's College, and graduated M.A. in 1840. In 1844 he became the first Free church minister of Rhynie in Aberdeenshire, the established minister of which had been one of the seven clergymen of Strathbogie deposed by the evangelical majority of the church of Scotland. Here his geological studies, chiefly in connection with rare fossils found in the old red sandstone in a quarry near Rhynie, brought him into communication with Hugh Miller, Sir A. Ramsay, of the Geological Survey, Sir Roderick I. Murchison, and Dr. A. Keith Johnston, who recommended him as a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1859.
In 1861 Mackay published a 'Manual of Modern Geography, Mathematical, Physical, and Political,' which attracted much attention, and has since proved a mine of wealth to other writers on geography. In 1866 the degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by King's College, Aberdeen.
In 1867, finding the charge of a congregation less congenial than literary work, he resigned his pastorate at Rhynie and went to Edinburgh, from which he removed to Ventnor in 1878. During this period he devoted himself entirely to works on geography and kindred subjects. He had just completed the rewriting and revision of proofs of his work on physiography and physical geography, when he died suddenly at Ventnor on 31 Jan. 1895. Mackay married in November 1846 Margaret Lillie, daughter of Alexander Lillie of Banff. By her he had five sons, all of whom he survived. One of them was the well-known missionary of Uganda, Alexander Murdoch Mackay [q. v.]
Mackay s works have had a very large circulation, and are characterised by the best qualities of the old school of geographical text-books, being full of facts systematically arranged, scrupulously verified, and illustrated by brief notes of general interest. In one instance he made an attempt to fasten the elementary facts on the minds of young scholars by producing a 'Rhyming Geography' (1873; new edit. 1876), some of the stanzas of which, once read, are difficult to forget. His most arduous piece of work was an ingenious mnemonic system for remembering numbers, which he developed in a book entitled 'Facts and Dates' (1869; 3rd edit. 1879).
[The Geographical Journal, v. 276-7; private information; Mrs. J. W. Harrison's Story of Mackay of Uganda; Brit. Museum Cat.]
G. S-h.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Macfie, Robert Andrew

​MACFIE, ROBERT ANDREW (1811–1893), free-trade advocate, son of John Macfie, sugar refiner, of Leith, by Alison, second daughter of William Thorburn, was born at Leith on 4 Oct. 1811. Educated at the high schools of Leith and Edinburgh, and at the university of Edinburgh, he entered, in 1827, his father's business, of which about ten years later he established a branch at Liverpool. There he co-operated with Leone Levi in founding the chamber of commerce, and was elected trustee of the Exchange. He retired from business about 1863 and devoted the rest of his life to public objects. As member for Leith Burghs in the parliament of 1868-74, he made himself conspicuous by his uncompromising advocacy of free trade in inventions, proposing a system of 'national recompenses' in lieu of patents. He also agitated for the abridgment of authors' copyrights. These extreme views he combined with an earnest solicitude for the consolidation and defence of the empire, which rendered him a determined opponent of all tampering with the Union, and a pioneer of imperial federation. He died at his country seat, Dreghorn, near Edinburgh, on 16 Feb. 1893. He was F.R.C.I. and F.R.S.E., and a Knight Commander of the Hawaian Order of Kalakaua.
Macfie married in 1840 Caroline Eliza, daughter of John Eastin of Conrance Hill, Dumfries.
Macfie published : 1. 'The Patent Question: a solution of difficulties by abolishing or shortening the Inventor's monopoly and instituting National Recompenses,' London, 1863, 8vo. 2. 'Recent Discussions on the ​Abolition of Patents for Inventions in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and the Netherlands,' London, 1869, 8vo. 3. 'Colonial Questions pressing for immediate solution in the interest of the Nation and the Empire,' London, 1871, 8vo. 4. 'Copyright and Patents for Inventions. Pleas and plans for cheaper books and greater industrial freedom,' Edinburgh, 1871, 8vo. 5. 'A Glance at the Position and Prospects of the Empire,' London, 1872, 8vo. 6. 'The Patent Question in 1875; with a suggestion as to Copyright,' London, 1875, 8vo. 7. 'Cries in a Crisis for Statesmanship popular and patriotic to test and contest Free Trade in our Manufactures,' London, 1881, 8vo. 8. 'The Patent Bills of 1883: private aims and public claims,' Edinburgh, 1883, 8vo. 9. 'The Questions put by the Royal Commissioners on the Depressed State of Trade dealt with in an independent but sympathetic spirit,' Edinburgh, 1885, 8vo. 10. 'The Scotch Church Question. Letter of an Heritor in a country parish, and Notes on the Question how to adapt and improve the Ecclesiastical System of Scotland without destroying it,' Edinburgh, 1885, 8vo. 11. 'Offhand Notes on "Prayers for Social and Family Worship for the use of Soldiers, Sailors, Colonists, Sojourners in India, prepared by a Committee of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland: a revised edition, 1889,"' Edinburgh, 1892.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Macleod, John Macpherson

​MACLEOD, Sir JOHN MACPHERSON (1792–1881), Indian civilian, born at Ardarden in Dumbartonshire in 1792, was the eldest son of Donald Macleod of St. Kilda, colonel in the Madras army, by his wife, Diana, daughter of Donald Macdonald of Tormore in Inverness-shire. He was educated at Haileybury and at the university of Edinburgh, and obtained a writership in the Madras civil service on 27 July 1811. On 7 Jan. 1814 he was appointed second assistant to the secretary to government in the several civil departments, and on 8 July was promoted to be first assistant. In 1816 he was nominated secretary and member of the committee for revising the customs laws. After a three years' visit to England he was appointed acting secretary to government in the financial and general departments on 27 June 1823, and on 6 July 1824 he was permanently confirmed as secretary. In 1825 he became Tamil translator to government, and member of the college board, of the board of public instruction, and of the mint committee. On 14 April 1826 he was nominated Persian translator to government, and on 20 Feb. 1827 he became secretary in the revenue and judicial departments. On 16 Jan. 1829 he was appointed a temporary member of the board of revenue, and he afterwards was permanently confirmed third member. On 22 June 1832 he received the post of commissioner for the government of Mysore, and in 1834 he was deputed to Hyderabad on special duty by the governor-general. Macleod's work in Mysore was of especial importance. The province had in the previous year been transferred from native rule to English superintendence. The task of organising the financial and political administration fell largely upon him and was carried out with ability and success. On 19 Feb. 1835 he became a member of the Indian law commission, and in 1836 member of the committee for revising the system of prison discipline throughout India. He returned to England in July 1838 and retired from the service in 1841. In 1866 he was nominated K.C.S.I., and in 1871 a privy councillor. He died on 1 March 1881 at his London residence, 1 Stanhope Street, Hyde Park. In 1822 he married Catharine, daughter of William Greig of Thornhill in the county of Stirling.
[Times, 31 March 1881; Dodwell and Miles's Madras Civil Servants, 1839; Prinsep's Record of Services of Civil Servants in the Madras Presidency, 1885.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/White, John (1826-1891)

​WHITE, JOHN (1826–1891), historian of the Maoris, son of Francis White, was born in England in 1826, and went out to New Zealand with his father in 1832, settling first at Kororareka; the sack of that place by the Maoris drove them to Auckland in 1844. He was early attracted towards the Maori race and their customs, and was employed by the government in positions where he came much into contact with them. Subsequently he was gold commissioner at Coromandel, and received the appointment of official interpreter and agent for the purchase of native lands; in this last capacity he succeeded in obtaining for the colonists the title to most of the lands round Auckland. At a later date he became magistrate of Central Wanganui. He died suddenly at Auckland on 13 Jan. 1891.
White was employed by the government of New Zealand to compile a complete history of the traditions of the Maori race; he had completed four volumes only at the time of his death. They appeared in 1889 with the title ‘The Ancient History of the Maori’ (Wellington, 8vo). He was also author of a novelette, entitled ‘Ta Rou, or the Maori at Home.’
[Mennell's Dict. of Australasian Biography; Auckland Weekly News, 24 Jan. 1891, p. 7.]
C. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/White, John (fl.1585-1593)

​WHITE or WITH, JOHN (fl. 1585–1593), Virginian pioneer, sailed with Sir Richard Grenville from Plymouth on 9 April 1585, and was one of the 107 men whose names are recorded by Hakluyt as those of the first settlers in Virginia. They were left by Grenville on the island of Roanoke under the governorship of (Sir) Ralph Lane [q. v.]; but in June 1586, at their own earnest request, they were taken back to England by Drake. Two years later one of the colonists, Thomas Harriot [q. v.], wrote for the edification of Ralegh (at whose expense the experiment had chiefly been made) his ‘Briefe and True Report of the new found land of Virginia’ (London, 1588, 8vo; and Frankfort, ‘sumptibus Theodori De Bry,’ 1590). The Frankfort edition was illustrated by twenty-three copperplates from drawings by John White, including a ‘carte of all the coast of Virginia,’ which formed the basis of the subsequent ‘Map of Virginia’ (1612) of John Smith.
In July 1587 a hundred and fifty new settlers were sent out by Ralegh under John White, who is generally identified with the draughtsman of the previous expedition (cf. Stevens, Bibl. Historica, 1870, p. 222). In August White wished to send home two of his subordinates to represent the needs of the colonists, but the wish of the colony generally was that White himself should undertake the mission. He was reluctant to leave some relatives who had accompanied the expedition, but eventually on 27 Aug. he sailed, and after a painful voyage reached Southampton on 8 Nov. With him there landed an Indian, who was baptised in Bideford church, but died within the year. In April 1588 Ralegh sent White back with two small relief vessels, but the sailors, as usual, had thoughts for nothing ​but Spanish prizes, and, after having been worsted in an encounter, the vessels had to put back to Plymouth ‘to the utter destruction of the unhappy colonists.’ He managed ultimately, in March 1590, to sail upon what he states in his letter to Hakluyt to be his fifth voyage to the West Indies, in one of the ships of a merchant, John Wattes (probably Sir John Watts [q. v.], lord mayor in 1606–7), the captain of which undertook to land supplies at Roanoke. On 15 Aug. they weighed anchor off that island, cheered by the sight of some ascending smoke, but when next day they went ashore, nothing of the former colonists could be found. White arrived back at Plymouth on 24 Oct. On 4 Feb. 1593 from his ‘house at Newtowne in Kylmore,’ he wrote a letter to Hakluyt, in which he apologises for his ‘homely stile,’ giving details of his last voyage. This letter was printed in Hakluyt's third volume (1600, pp. 288–95).
In Additional MS. 5270 (now in the print room at the British Museum) are some watercolour drawings by White of Virginian subjects. Some of these drawings are copied in Additional MS. 5253.
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/White, John (1570-1615)

​WHITE, JOHN (1570–1615), divine, son of Peter White, vicar of St. Neots, Huntingdonshire, and of the neighbouring parish of Eaton Socon, Bedfordshire, was born at Eaton Socon in 1570, and educated at St. Neots grammar school. He was admitted a sizar of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, on 15 Feb. 1585–6, was scholar from Lady-day 1588 to Michaelmas 1592, and graduated B.A. in 1589–90, M.A. in 1593, and D.D. in 1612. He was appointed vicar of Eccles, Lancashire, and fellow of the Collegiate Church, Manchester, in 1606, and resigned these offices in 1609 on being presented by Sir John Crofts to the rectory of Barsham, Suffolk. In 1614 or 1615 he was made chaplain in ordinary to James I.
White in his will speaks of the ‘distresses’ that he suffered at Eccles, ‘which I was never able to look through to this day.’ It is inferred from this that he was in poverty when he died, at the age of 45, in 1615, in Lombard Street, London. He was buried on 28 May 1615 at the church of St. Mary Woolnoth. He left seven children. The eldest, John, entered Gonville and Caius College in 1611, aged 16, and became vicar of Eaton Socon; another son is mentioned by Fuller as a druggist in Lombard Street, London.
White wrote ‘The Way to the True Church: wherein the principal Motives perswading to Romanisme are familiarly disputed and driven to their Issues,’ London, 1608, 4to. Further editions of this learned defence of the reformed faith came out in 1610, 1612, and 1616.
It was answered at first by A. D. or Fisher, alias Piercy, to whom White rejoined in ‘A Defence of the Way to the True Church against A.D. his Reply,’ 1614, 4to. White's ‘Defence’ occasioned ‘A Discovery of certain notorious Shifts, Evasions, and Untruths uttered by M. J. White … By W. G.,’ London, 1619, 4to. Meanwhile White's original work evoked Thomas Worthington's ‘Whyte dyed Black, or a Discovery of many most Foule Blemishes, Impostures and Deceipts which D. Whyte hath practysed in his Book,’ &c., 1615, 4to. A reply to Worthington was published after White's death, namely in 1617, by his brother Francis White [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Ely. A third reply to White's original book was ‘A Treatise of the Church, in which it is proved Mr. J. W. his Way to the True Church to be indeed no Way at all to any Church,’ 1616, 4to.
John White also published: 1. ‘English Paradise, discovered in a Latine Prospect of Jacobs Blessing, a Sermon on Gen. xxvii. 27,’ London, 1612, 4to. 2. ‘Two Sermons: the Former at Pauls Crosse on 1 Tim. ii. 1, upon the Anniversary Commemoration of the Kings most happy Succession to the Crowne of England; the Latter at the Spittle on 1 Tim. vi. 17,’ London, 1615, 4to. His works were collected and republished by his brother Francis in 1624 in one volume folio, with a portrait of the author.
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/White, John Tahourdin

​WHITE, JOHN TAHOURDIN (1809–1893), classical scholar, born in 1809, was the second son of John White of Selborne in Hampshire. He matriculated from Corpus Christi College, Oxford, on 28 Jan. 1830, was elected an exhibitioner in the same year, and graduated B.A. in 1834, M.A. in 1839, and B.D. and D.D. in 1866. He was ordained deacon in 1834 as curate at Swinnerton in Staffordshire. He was appointed reader at St. Stephen Walbrook in 1836, and acted as assistant master at Christ's Hospital from 1836 to 1869. In 1837 he became curate at St. Ann, Blackfriars, was ordained priest in 1839, and in 1841 was appointed curate at St. Martin Ludgate, serving until 1868, when he was instituted rector. He died at 17 Cambridge Road, Brighton, on 17 Dec. 1893.
White was an able classical scholar, and published numerous scholastic works and critical editions of Greek and Latin authors. He is best known perhaps for his ‘Grammar School Texts,’ a series of Latin and Greek authors most commonly read in schools. In conjunction with Joseph Esmond Riddle [q. v.] he brought out in 1862 ‘A Latin-English Dictionary,’ London, 8vo, founded on Ethan Allen Andrews's translation of Wilhelm Freund's ‘Wörterbuch der lateinischen Sprache.’ Freund's ‘Wörterbuch’ was published at Leipzig between 1834 and 1845, and Andrews's translation at New York in 1852. White and Riddle's ‘Dictionary’ was largely superseded by that by Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short in 1879. A ‘College Latin-English Dictionary’ of intermediate size appeared in 1865, and a ‘Junior Student's Complete Latin-English and English-Latin Dictionary’ in 1869. White also edited Robert Lynam's ‘History of the Roman Emperors’ (London, 1850, 2 vols. 8vo).
E. I. C.