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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Thomas Carve

From volume 3 of the work.
Historian, b. in Co. Tipperary, Ireland, 1590; d. probably in 1672. His correct name was Carew, that of a family of great influence in Munster during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. From his own works it is clear that the Butlers of Ormonde were his patrons during his early years. It is not certain where he was educated, but he was ordained priest, and passed some years in an Irish diocese. On the invitation of Walter Butler, then Colonel of an Irish regiment serving in Austria, he left Ireland and remained for some time as chaplain to Butler's regiment. He returned to Ireland twice (1630, 1632), and on the death of Butler he acted as chaplain to Devereux, Butler's successor in the command of the Irish forces fighting under Ferdinand II. He accompanied the troops during several of the campaigns of the Thirty Years' War, and had thus a good opportunity of observing the events recorded in his history of the war. In 1640 he was appointed chaplain to the English, Scotch, and Irish forces in Austria, and continued to hold that position till 1643, when he went to reside at Vienna as a choral vicar of the Cathedral of St. Stephen. His last book was published at Sulzbach in 1672. The principal works from his pen are: (1) "Itinerarium R. D. Thomae Carve Tipperariensis, Sacellani majoris in fortissima juxta et nobilissima legione strenuissimi Colonelli D. W. Devereux", etc. (Mainz, 1639-41, pts. I-II; Speyer, 1648, III; new ed., 1 vol., 1640-41). A new edition of the whole work was published at London, 1859. It gives a good account of the Thirty Years' War. In connection with the mysterious career of Wallenstein it is particularly valuable. (2) "Rerum Germanicarum ab anno 1617 ad annum 1641 gestarum Epitome" (1641). (3) "Lyra seu Anacephalaeosis Hibernica, in qua de exordio, seu origine, nomine, moribus ritibusque Gentis Hibernicae succinte tractatur, cui quoque accessere Annales ejusdem Hiberniae necnon rerum gestarum per Europam 1148-1650" (Vienna, 1651; 2nd ed., Sulzbach, 1666). (4) "Enchiridion apologeticum Noribergae" (1670). (5) "Responsio veridica ad illotum libellum cui nomen Anatomicum examen P. Antonii Bruodini, etc." (Sulzbach, 1672)
An account of Carve is given by KEARNEY in his Preface to the Itinerarium (London, 1859); WARE-HARRIS, Writers of Ireland (Dublin, 1746), 144-161; SHIRLEY, Catalogue of the Library of Lough Fea (Dublin), 35-36; LOWNDES, Bibl. Manual (Bohn), 382-383.
James MacCaffrey.
# Coulter v. Anthony

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
358 U.S. 73
Coulter v. Anthony
Mr. U. A. Gentry, for appellants.
Mr. J. E. Gaughan, for appellees.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Could that sweet Darkness where they dwell

Could that sweet Darkness where they dwell Be once disclosed to us The clamor for their loveliness Would burst the Loneliness —
# Coulter v. Anthony/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
358 U.S. 73
Coulter v. Anthony
The motion to dismiss is granted and the appeal is dismissed. Treating the papers whereon the appeal was taken as a petition for writ of certiorari, certiorari is denied.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Convention of Peking

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Convention of Peking."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.

### First Convention of Peking treaties

* Sino-English Convention of Peking (24 October 1860)
* Sino-French Convention of Peking (25 October 1860)
* Sino-Russian Convention of Peking (14 November 1860)

### Second Convention of Peking treaties

* Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory (9 June 1898)

### See also

* Portal:Convention of Peking
# Convention of Friendship between Great Britain and China

* related portals: Convention of Peking.
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The Convention of Friendship between Great Britain and China is one of three treaties passed at the Convention of Peking.
* "Convention of Peace Between Her Majesty and the Emperor of China" in the Hong Kong Government Gazette (external scan)
* "Convention of Friendship between Great Britain and China" in A Complete Collection of the Treaties and Conventions (1864)
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Zenobius Membre

From volume 10 of the work.
Born 1645 at Bapaume, Department of Pas-de-Calais, France, he was a member of the Franciscan province of St. Antony. He arrived in Canada in 1675, and in 1679 he accompanied Robert de la Salle to the country of the Illinois, of which he wrote a description. Though Membre laboured zealously for the conversion of the natives, owing to their moral degradation the success was small. In 1681 be descended the Mississippi with La Salle to the Gulf of Mexico, returned with the leader of the expedition to Europe by way of Canada, and became superior of the Franciscan monastery in his native city. In 1684 Membre with two Franciscans and three Sulpicians followed La Salle into Texas. The commander erected Fort St. Louis at Espiritu Santo Bay in 1685, but Membre endeavoured to establish a mission among the Cenis Indians. In this he failed. After about two years of toil he was killed by the savages, along with Fr. Maximus Le Cerq, Rev. Chefdeville, and the small garrison which La Salle had left at the settlement.
BARCIA, Ensayo Cronológico (Madrid, 1723); HENNEPIN, Description de la Louisiane (Paris, 1683); THWAITES, A New Discovery of a Vast Country (Chicago, 1903); SHEA, Cath. Church in Colonial Days (New York, 1886); Cath. Missions (New York, 1854); WALLACE, Illinois and Louisiana (Cincinnati, 1893).
Z. Engelhardt.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Zenonopolis

From volume 15 of the work.
Titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Seleucia, Trachaea in Isauria. The abbreviated form used in the Roman Curia is Zenopolis. It was the native village of Emperor Zeno, and was formerly known as Codissos. In the "Notitia Episcopatuum" of Antioch (sixth century) Zenononpolis is among the suffragans of Seleucia (Echos d'Orient, X., 145). About 732 the province of Isauria was joined to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and Zenopolis appears about 940 in the "Notitia Episcopatuum" of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, but is situated in Pamphylia (Georgius Cyprius, "Descriptio Orbis Romani", ed. Gelzer, 1606. The city is again mentioned by George of Cyprus in the seventh century (op. cit., 847) and by Constantine Porphyrogenitus (De Themat., I, 13) as a city of the Decapolis. Le Quien (Oriens Christ., II, 1033) mentions two bishops: Eulalius, present at the Council of Constantinople, 681; Marcus, at that of Nice, 787. Gennadius, who assisted at the fifth council, 553, as bishop of Zenonopolis in Pamphylia, was very probably a prelate of this see (Mansi, "Concil. Coll", IX, 176, 393). Zenonopolis is to-day Isnebol in the caza of Ermenck and the vilayet of Adana (Ramsay, "Asia Minor", 365). It must not be confounded with another of the same name situated in Lycia.
S. VAILHÉ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Zionists

From volume 15 of the work.
Zionists are followers of the movement to segregate the Jewish people as a nation and to give it a national home either in Palestine or elsewhere. Orthodox Judaism holds to a Zionism pure and simple, the return of the Jews to Palestine, the coming of the Messias, the overthrow of hostile powers by Him, the restoration of the Temple and its worship, the Messianic reign. The Reformed Jews reject this idea of a return to Zion. The conference of rabbis, at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 15-28 July, 1845, deleted from the ritual all prayers for a return to Zion and a restoration of a Jewish state. The Philadelphia conference, 1869, followed the lead of the German rabbis and decreed that the Messianic hope of Israel is "the union of all the children of God in the confession of the unity of God". The Pittsburg conference, 1885, reiterated this Messianic idea of reformed Judaism.
The practical carrying out of Zionism by orthodox Jews has until recently been attempted only fitfully and very ineffectually, and often with no return to Zion as an objective. In the middle of the sixteenth century Joseph Nasi tried to gather the Portuguese Jews to an island owned by the Republic of Venice. In the seventeenth century Shabbethai Zebi (1626-1676) announced himself as the Messias and gained over many Jews to his side; among these, the philosopher Baruch Spinoza. Jewish settlements were established in the upper Mississippi region by W.D. Robinson, 1819; near Jerusalem, by the American Consul Warder Cresson, a convert to Judaism, 1850; in Prague, by Steinschneider, 1835; and elsewhere. Sir Moses Montefiore tried to colonize Jews in Palestine (1840). Laurence Oliphant failed in a like attempt to bring to Palestine the Jewish proletariat of Poland, Lithuania, Rumania, and the Turkish Empire (1879 and 1882). The man who gave dignity, form, and permanence to the Zionist movement was Theodor Harzl. In 1896 his "Jüdenstaat" appeared in Vienna. He soon won over such Jewish leaders as Israel Zangwill, Max Nordau, Alexander Marmorek, and others. The ideas of "Jüdenstaat" spread throughout the Jewish world. Six successive Zion congresses were held. By 1899 there were more than 100,000 shekel-payers. The Sultan of Turkey removed the ban whereby Jews had been prevented from staying longer than three months in Palestine. The now flourishing colony of Mikweh Israel was established near Jaffa. All attempts failed to get from the sultan for the Jews in Palestine any kind of corporate political existence, and any form of provincial or municipal autonomy. Harzl died on 3 July, 1904. At the next, the seventh, Zionist congress, Max Nordau was elected president (1905). Since then the movement has gone on and has remained true to the first, or Basle, congress platform of Jewish autonomy in the new Jewish state.
GOTTHEIL, The Aims of Zionism (New York, 1899); articles by NORDAU in the International Quarterly (1902); by ZANGWILL in Lippincott's Magazine (1899); HERZL, Zionitische Schriften (Berlin, 1905).
WALTER DRUM
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Zela

From volume 15 of the work.
Titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Amasea in the Helenopontus. In pagan times the city, which was situated on the Seylax, belonged to priests, equal in dignity to the princes of Pontus, lords of the territory. On the eminence which rises in the middle of the city stood a famous temple, consecrated by the Persian kings to their national divinities, Anahita, Vohu-Mano, and Anadates. Zela is famous for the victory of Mithridates Eupator over Valerius Trianus, lieutenant of Lucullus (67 B.C.), also for that of Caesar over Pharnaces (47 B.C.), after which he wrote his famous letter, "Veni, Vidi, Vici" (I came, I saw, I conquered). At first a mere hamlet, Zela obtained from Pompeii the title of city, and became the capital of a district allotted to Queen Pythadoris (Strabo, XI, viii, 4; XII, iii, 37; Pliny, "Hist. Nat.", VI, 8). It was finally ceded to Nero, with all Pontus Polemoniacus, by its last king, and remained part of the Greco-Roman empire until 1397, when the Turks seized it. According to a letter (72) of St. Basil, a council was held there by the Arians in the fourth century. Le Quien (Oriens christ., I, 541) mentions several bishops: Heraclius, at Nice (325); Atticus, at Chalcedon (451); Hyperechius (458), Georgius (692); Constantine (787); Paul (879). According to the "Acta Patriarchatus Constantinopolitani" of Miklosich and Muller (I, 69), there was a bishop at Zela in 1315; he was then named Metropolitan of Amasea; later the see was suppressed. Zela (now Zilch) is caza in the sandjak of Tokat and the vilayet of Silvas; the city numbers 20,000 inhabitants, 5000 of whom are Christians, the rest being nearly all schismatic Armenians.
SMITH, Dict, Greek and Roman Geog., s.v.; TEXIER, Asie-Mineure (Paris, 1862), 602; CUINET, La Turquie d'Asie, I, 729-32; BABELEON AND REINACH, Monnaires d'Asie-Mineure, I, 117; CUMONT, Studia pontica (Brussels, 1906), 188-94; PERROT, Exploration archeologique de la Galatie et de la Bithynie (Paris, 1872), 377-80.
S. VAILHÉ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Zeferino González

From volume 16 of the work.
Dominican, cardinal, theologian, and philosopher, b. at Villoria in the Province and Diocese of Oviedo, Spain, 28 Jan., 1831; d. at Madrid, in the Dominican Convent of La Pasion, 29 Nov., 1894. On 28 Nov., 1844, in the College of Ocania González entered the Dominican Order, and a year later took his solemn vows. He was sent to Manila in 1848 to complete his studies, and in Jan., 1853, he was made a lector of philosophy. The following year he was ordained priest. After teaching philosophy and theology for many years in the University of Manila, he returned to Spain in 1867, where, the year following, he was elected rector of Ocania College, discharging the duties of this office for three years. In 1874 he was named Bishop of Malaga, but, before taking charge of this diocese, he was consecrated bishop of the Diocese of Cordova in Oct., 1875. Eight years later he was removed to the archiepiscopal See of Seville, and in Nov., 1884, he was created cardinal by Pope Leo XIII, with Santa Maria sopra Minerva as his titular church. In May, 1885, Cardinal González was appointed to the primacy of Spain, was made Patriarch of the Indies, vicar-general of the army, and major-chaplain to the royal chapel. After many years of splendid service González, in Dec., 1889, resigned all his offices and dignities, except that of the cardinalate, and retired from active life. The remaining five years of his life were spent in study and prayer. He was honoured with medals of Isabella the Catholic and Charles III, he was appointed chancellor of Castile, was chosen as royal adviser, made a member of the Royal Academy of Languages, of History, of Political and Moral Sciences, and of the Roman Academy of St. Thomas Aquinas. Among his several works are: "Estudios sobre la filosofia de Sto Tomas"; "Estudios religiosos, politicos y sociales"; "Philosophia elementaria"; "Historia de la filosofia"; "La Biblia y la ciencia"; "La infalibilidad pontificia" (pamphlet); "Discurso de recepcion en la Academia Espanola" (pamphlet); "Discurso de recepcion en la Academia de Ciencias politicas y morales" (pamphlet).
Acta Cap. Ord. Praed. (Rome, 1885); HURTER, Nomencl. lit., III (Innsbruck, 1895), 1499; VIGIL, La orden de praedicatores (Madrid, 1884), 297.
Chas. J. Callan.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Zeugma

From volume 15 of the work.
A titular see of Syria, suffragan of Hierapolis, in the Province of the Euphratensis. The city is often called Zeuma (see the texts in Gelzer's ed. of "Georgii Cyprii Descriptio Orbis Romani", 149). A bridge uniting the two banks of the Euphrates suggested the name, the Greek work meaning "a yoke". Pliny (Hist. Nat., XXXIV, 150) says that Alexander the Great was the first to build a bridge at this point, no doubt a pontoon bridge. Seleucus Nicator repaired it (Pliny, op. cit., V, 86). The Parthians were accustomed to cross the river at this place (Dio Cassius, XLIX, 19) it being the easiest crossing (Tacitus, "Annals", 12). Cassius camped here in his campaign against the Parthians during the reign of Claudius. In early times two distinct cities, Seleucia and Apamea, had each its opposite bank of the river (Pliny, op. cit., V, 86, 119; "Corp. Inser. Græc.", 2548). It became customary to say that both cities were on the passage of the "Zeugma", and from the first century of our era this name was in current use. Procopius (De Ædificiis, II, 9) says that Justinian built a wall about the city and strongly fortified it. The "Notitia Episcopatum" of Antioch (sixth century; see "Echos d'Orient", X, 145), mentions Zeugma among the suffragans of Hierapolis. Le Quien (Oriens Christ., II, 941-44) mentions several of its bishops: Bassus at Nicaed (325); Antonius, an Arian, present at the Council of Philippopolis (344); Sabinianus (363); Aphthonius, at first abbot of a local monastery, later bishop; Heliades, at Ephesus (431); Evocrius at Chalcedon (451); Julian (553). Theodoret ("Hist. Relig.", V; P.G., LXXXII, 1352-57) deals at length with St. Publius, a monk of Zeugma, and with his monastery. The site of Zeugma has not yet been found; doubtless it is near Biredjik, and facing that place.
SMITH, Dict. Greek and Rom. Geog., s. v.; RITTER, Erdkunde, X, 989; CHAPOT, La frontiere de l'Euphrate (Paris, 1907), 275-78.
S. VAILHÉ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Zeno of Elea

From volume 15 of the work.
Greek philosopher, born at Elea, about 490 B.C. At his birthplace Xenophanes and Parmenides had established the metaphysical school of philosophy known as the Eleatic School. The chief doctrine of the school was the oneness and immutability of reality and the distrust of sense-knowledge which appears to testify to the existence of multiplicity and change. Zeno's contribution to the literature of the school consisted of a treatise, now lost, in which, according to Plato, he argued indirectly against the reality of motion and the existence of the manifold. There were, it seems, several discourses, in each of which he made a supposition, or hypothesis, and then proceeded to show the absurd consequences that would follow. This is now known as the method of indirect proof, or reductio ad absurdum, and it appears to have been used first by Zeno. Aristotle in his "Physics" has preserved the arguments by which Zeno tried to prove that motion is only apparent, or that real motion is an absurdity. The arguments are fallacious, because as Aristotle has no difficulty in showing, they are founded on on false notions of motion and space. They are, however, specious, and might well have puzzled an opponent in those days, before logic had been developed into a science. They earned for Zeno the title of "the first dialectician," and, because they seemed to be an unanswerable challenge to those who relied on the verdict of the senses, they helped to prepare the way for the skepticism of the Sophists. Besides, the method of indirect proof opened up for the sophist new possibilities in the way of contentious argument, and was very soon developed into a means of confuting an opponent. It is, consequently, the forerunner of the Eristic method, or the method of strife.
WILLIAM TURNER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Zephyrium

From volume 15 of the work.
A titular see in Cilicia Prima, of Tarsus. Nothing is known of the history of Zephyrium, lying off the coast of Cilicia, between Cilicia Tracheia and Pedias. This city is mentioned, however, by numerous ancient authors — it had many coins; here was prepared the best molybdenum (white lead), drawn from the neighbouring mines of Coreyra. It was situated on the road from Selinus to Rhossus. It is to-day Mersina, chief town of a caza of the vilayet of Adana; having about 14,000 inhabitants, of whom 3,000 are Greeks, 1,000 Armenians, 650 Catholics; the population seems to increase quite rapidly. The sea-port exports agricultural products; it is joined to Tarsus and Adana by a railway line, which will soon be connected with the Constantinople line to Bagdad. Le Quien (Oriens Christ., II, 883) names four bishops of Zephyrium: Aerius, present at the Council of Constantinople, 381; Zenobius, a Nestorian, at the Council of Constantinople, 432-34; Hypatius, present at Chalcedon, 451; Peter, at the Council in Trullo, 692. The Latin parish of Mersina is administered by Capuchins; there are likewise Sisters of St. Joseph of the Apparition; schools for boys and girls, and hospitals.
LEAKE, Asia Minor (London, 1824), 214; SMITH, Dict. Greek and Roman Geog. s. v.; MULLER, Geographi graeci minores, ed. DIDOT, I (Paris, 1882) 481; CUINET, La Turquie d'Asie, II (Paris, 1894), 50-58.
S. Pétridès.
# Cox v. United States (406 U.S. 934)/Dissent Douglas

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Order of the Court
* Dissenting Opinion Douglas
[p934] MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, dissenting.
Petitioner was convicted of bank robbery after a trial in which the Government introduced over objection tape recordings of his telephone communications. These tape recordings had resulted from a federal court order which was issued pursuant to Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-2520, and which permitted federal agents to wiretap. Although the order was limited to seizures of communications relating to narcotics offenses, the eavesdroppers discovered that the subjects were discussing a bank robbery and those conversations were recorded despite the limited scope of the order.
The petitioner challenged the introduction of these tapes on the ground that their subject matter was outside the scope of the warrant. The Court of Appeals rejected this argument, reasoning that once the device was legitimately spliced into the designated telephone lines anything overheard was in "plain view" and therefore could be seized lawfully. Said the Court of Appeals: "Once the listening commences it becomes impossible to turn it off when a subject other than one which is authorized is overheard," 449 F. 2d 679, 686-687. With all respect, that is precisely the point. As I said in Osborn v. United States, 385 U.S. 323, 353:
   "Such devices lay down a dragnet which indiscriminately sweeps in all conversations within its scope, [p935] without regard to the nature of the conversations, or the participants. A warrant authorizing such devices is no different from the general warrants the Fourth Amendment was intended to prohibit."
I would grant this petition, reverse, and hold that Title III offends the Warrant Clause of the Fourth Amendment.
# Coy v. Mason

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
58 U.S. 580
Coy v. Mason
THIS case was brought up, by writ of error, from the district court of the United States for the district of Iowa.
The facts in the case are fully stated in the opinion of the court.
It was argued by Mr. Platt Smith, for the appellants, and by Mr. Chase, for the appellee.
Mr. Justice McLEAN delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cox v. Western Land Cattle Company

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United States Supreme Court
123 U.S. 375
Cox v. Western Land Cattle Company
A. McCoy, for the motion.
R. A. Child, in opposition.
WAITE, C. J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cox v. Wood

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United States Supreme Court
247 U.S. 3
Cox v. Wood
Argued: April 17 and 18, 1918. --- Decided: May 6, 1918
Mr. Hannis Taylor, of Washington, D. C., for appellant.
Mr. Solicitor General Davis, for appellee.
Mr. Chief Justice WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cox v. United States (406 U.S. 934)
## Dissenting Opinion

    Douglas
Supreme Court of the United States
406 U.S. 934
Cox v. United States
On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
No. 71-5910. Argued: N/A --- Decided: May 15, 1972
Certiorari denied.
MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS and MR. JUSTICE MARSHALL are of the opinion that certiorari should be granted.
Reported below: 449 F. 2d 679.