OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Earth and Its Inhabitants/Africa/Volume 1

Incomplete duplicate of Africa by Élisée Reclus/Volume 1.
BISHARI CAMEL-DRIVER.
THE
EARTH AND ITS INHABITANTS.
A F R I C A .
BY
ÉLISÉE RECLUS.
EDITED BY
A. H. KEANE, B. A.,
MEMB. OF COUNCIL, ANTHROP. INSTITUTE; COR. MEMB. ITALIAN AND WASHINGTON ANTHROP. 80C.; PROFESSOR OF HINDUSTANI, UNIVERSITY COL. LONDON; AUTHOR OF "ASIA," ETC.
VOL. I.
NORTH-EAST AFRICA.
ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS AND MAPS.
NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1, 3, and 5 BOND STREET. 1892.
CONTENTS.
| CHAP. | | PAGE |
| I. | General Survey | 1 |
| II. | The Nile Basin | 31 |
| | The River, p. 31. Lake Victoria Nyanza, p. 35, The Somerset Nile, p. 37. Lake Albert Nyanza, p. 39. The White Nile, p. 40. The Blue Nile, p. 47. The Atbara River, p. 50. The Nubian Nile, p. 62. The Lower Nile, p. 57. The Fayum Depression, p. 60. Periodical Rising of the Nile, p. 69. |
| III. | Region of the Great Lakes | 74 |
| | Climate, Flora, Fauna, p. 75. Inhabitants, p. 76. The Ruanda Country, p. 82. The Empire of U-Ganda, p. 82. Religion, Trade, Administration, p. 86. Topography, p. 88. The Kavirondo and Nanda Countries, p. 88. The U-Nyoro Territory, p. 91. |
| IV. | Region of the Upper Nile Tributaries | 95 |
| | Inhabitants, p. 97. The Latuku Country, p. 102. Topography, p. 112. |
| V. | Sobat and Yal Basins | 116 |
| | The Gambil and Koma Tribes, p. 116. The Shilluks, p. 119. Topography, p. 122. |
| VI. | Abyssinia (Ethiopia) | 123 |
| | Belief of the Land, Population, p. 123. Historic Retrospect, p. 124. Exploration, p. 126. The Abyssinian Plateau, p. 128. The Kwallas and River Gorges, p. 128. Orographic System, p. 131. The Northern Highlands, p. 131. Hamassen and Simen Uplands, p. 133. The Eastern Border Range, p. 135. Central and Western Highlands, p. 136. The Abyssinian Seaboard, p. 137. Lake Alalbed, p. 137. Climate, p. 139. Flora, p. 142. Fauna, p. 144. Inhabitants, p. 145. Agriculture, p. 154. Arts and Industries, p. 164. Religion and Education, p. 165. Government, p. 159. Topography, p. 161. Gondar, p. 161. Debra-Tabor, p. 163. Magdala, p. 168. Adua, p. 171. Aksum, p. 172. Massawah, p. 178. Dahlak Islands, p. 180. Administrative Divisions, p. 183. |
| VII. | Shoa, Danakil, and North Galla States | 184 |
| | The Shoa Highlands, p. 184. Volcanic Formations, p. 185. The Galla Highlands, p. 186. The Afar Ccuntry, p. 186. The Awash Basin, p. 187. Climate, Flora and Fauna, p. 188. Inhabitants, p. 190. The Somali, p. 193. The Gallas, p. 194. Topography, p. 200. Harrar and Zeilah, p. 202. Innarya, p. 213. Yangaro, p. 214. Kaffaland, p. 214. |
| VIII. | Upper Nubia | 216 |
| | Physical and Political Features, p. 217. Guna, Berta, and Lega Highlands, p. 218. Climate, Flora, Fauna, p. 220. Inhabitants, p. 222. The Funj Race, p. 227. The Kunama and Barea. p. 229. The Bejas, p. 234. Topography, p. 239. Senar, p. 241. Khartum, p. 241. Naga, Meroë, p. 246. Kanala, p. 249. Berber, p. 252. |
# The East-West dichotomy

This source text was taken from The East-West dichotomy, retrieved August 16, 2009

## Preface

"The East-West dichotomy is a philosophical concept of ancient origin claiming that the two cultural hemispheres, East and West, developed diametrically opposed, one from the particular to the universal and the other from the universal to the particular; the East is more inductive while the West is more deductive. Together they form an equilibrium..."
    —Thorsten Pattberg

## Table of contents

* Chapter 1: History
* Chapter 2: Induction and deduction
* Chapter 3: The dichotomy with Asia-centrism
* Chapter 4: Equilibrium
* Chapter 5: Demography
* Chapter 6: Migration
* Chapter 7: Cultural effects of the dichotomy
* Chapter 8: Two successful models
* Chapter 9: Two incommensurable realities
* Chapter 10: The theory of power and to whom it belongs
* Chapter 11: The problem of standard
* Chapter 12: A loveless Darwinian desert
* Chapter 13: The psychology of communion
* Chapter 14: Cultural evolution
* Chapter 15: A Copernican revolution
* Chapter 16: The problem with Nature
* Chapter 17: Truths and values
* Chapter 18: Ideology
* Chapter 19: Gender
* Chapter 20: The dialectics of dichotomy
* Chapter 21: Problems with the dichotomy
* Chapter 22: The future of the dichotomy
* Chapter 23: The author
* Chapter 24: References
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it has been so released by the author.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Yung Wing

Edition of 1920. See also Yung Wing on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
YUNG WING, yoong' wĭng', Chinese diplomatist and scholar: b. Nan Ping, province of Kwang Tung, 17 Nov. 1828; d. 21 April 1912. After graduation from Yale in 1854, he was in the silk and tea trade until 1864, and then entered the governmental service of China. The China Steam Navigation Company was established on his initiative, as was also the Chinese Educational Mission, for the education of Chinese in America. Yung Wing was made chief commissioner of this enterprise, for which an appropriation of $1,500,000 was made by the
Chinese government. He was granted the rank of mandarin of the second grade, and appointed intendant of Kiang-Su province; and was for four years associate resident minister to the United States, where he took up his residence in 1902. Author of ‘My Life in China and America’ (1909).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Youmans, Edward Livingston

Edition of 1920. See also Edward L. Youmans on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
YOUMANS, yoo'manz, Edward Livingston, American scientist: b. Coeymans, N. Y., 3 June 1821; d. New York, 18 Jan. 1887. Partially blind at times through many years of his life, he pursued his studies by the aid of his sister, Eliza Ann Youmans, and became widely known as a popularizer of science. He lectured extensively and in 1872 founded The Popular Science Monthly, which he edited till his death and established the ‘International Scientific Series,’ in which the works of Herbert Spencer and other prominent scientists were presented to American readers. The volumes of this series were published simultaneously in different languages in London, Paris, New York, Leipzig, Petrograd and Milan. Author of ‘Chemical Chart’ (1851); ‘Handbook of Household Science’ (1857); ‘Culture Demanded by Modern Life’ (1867), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Youmans, William Jay

Edition of 1920. See also William Jay Youmans on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
YOUMANS, William Jay, American chemist, brother of E. L. Youmans (q.v.): b. Milton, Saratoga County, N. Y., 14 Oct. 1838; d. Mount Vernon, N. Y., 10 April 1901. He studied chemistry at Columbia College and at the Sheffield Scientific School, New Haven, and was graduated from the medical department of the New York University in 1863 and practised his profession for a time at Winona, Minn. In 1871 he was called to assist his brother, who had planned to publish The Popular Science Monthly, and from that time till 1900 was actively connected with the management and editorship of that periodical. He edited ‘Pioneers of Science in America’ (1895); Huxley's ‘Lessons in Elementary Physiology,’ adding a second part, ‘Elementary Hygiene’ (1867) and was author of ‘Pioneers of Science in America’ (1895).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Young, Alexander

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
YOUNG, Alexander, American Unitarian clergyman: b. Boston, 22 Sept. 1800; d. there, 15 March 1854. He was graduated at Harvard in 1820, studied theology at Cambridge, and in 1825 became pastor of the New South Congregational Church in Boston, which office he held till the close of his life. He was famous as a delineator of character and his discourses in memory of prominent men of his acquaintance, among which were ‘Nathaniel Bowditch’ (1838); ‘President Kirkland of Harvard’ (1840), and ‘Judge William Prescott, father of the historian’ (1844), were widely read. He published ‘Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth’ (1841); ‘Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay’ (1846); ‘Library of Old English Prose Writers’ (9 vols., 1831-34), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Zahn, Johann Karl Wilhelm

Edition of 1920. See also Wilhelm Johann Karl Zahn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ZAHN, Johann Karl Wilhelm, German architect, painter and art critic: b. Rodenberg, Schaumburg, 21 Aug. 1800; d. Berlin, 22 Aug. 1871. He became professor in the Academy of Arts, Berlin, 1829. He superintended excavations at Herculaneum and Pompeii; cast the finest bronzes and silver vases for the Museum Borbonico; and was architect of many fine houses and villas in Pompeiian style in England and America. Author of ‘The Most Beautiful Ornaments and the Most Notable Pictures from Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiæ’ (1828-30); ‘Ornaments of All Classical Periods of Art’ (1832-39).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Zahn, Theodor

Edition of 1920. See also Theodor Zahn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ZAHN, Theodor, German theologian: b. Mörs, Prussia, 10 Oct. 1838. After studying at Basel, Erlangen and Berlin he became professor of theology in the University of Göttingen in 1871. He filled a similar chair at Kiel in 1877, at Erlangen in 1878, at Leipzig in 1888 and in 1892 returned to Erlangen. He became a foremost authority on the New Testament. Among his works may be named ‘Marcellus of Ancyra’ (1867); ‘The Shepherd of Hermas’ (1868); ‘Ignatius of Antioch’ (1873); ‘The Acts of Saint John’ (1880); ‘Cyprian of Antioch and the German Story of Faust’ (1882); ‘Researches Into the History of the New Testament Canon’ (1881-93); ‘The Gospel of Peter’ (1893); ‘Introduction to the New Testament’ (1897); ‘Das Evangelium des Lucas’ (1913), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Young, Frederick George

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
YOUNG, Frederick George, American educator: b. Burnett, Wis., 3 June 1858. He was graduated at Johns Hopkins University in 1886; was vice-principal of the State Normal School, in Madison, S. Dak., 1887-90; principal of the Portland High School, Ore., 1890-94; president of Albany College, Ore., 1894-95; and was appointed professor of economics and history in the University of Oregon in the year last named. Since 1908 he has been secretary of the Oregon Conservation Commission. He edited ‘Sources of the History of Oregon,’ and is editor of the 'Quarterly Journal of the Oregon Historical Society.' Author of ‘Exploration Northward’ (1898); ‘The Lewis and Clark Expedition in American History’ (1901); ‘Procedure for Tax Reform in Oregon’ (1909), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Zahn, Ernst

Edition of 1920. See also Ernst Zahn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ZAHN, tsän, Ernst, Swiss novelist and writer of short stories: b. Zurich, 24 Jan. 1867. In 1873 his father, an innkeeper, bought a hotel at Siders in the canton of Wallis and here Ernst obtained his first instruction in the Protestant Elementary School. In 1875 he went to Zurich, where his grandparents took charge of him and sent him to the public schools, later (for three years) to the gymnasium. His father leased, in 1880, the restaurant in the railroad station at Goschenen, at the entrance to the Saint Gotthard Tunnel, and here Zahn worked as a waiter in 1883. For a year and a half he also attended the Breidenstein International Boys' School at Grenchen, canton of Solothurn. In all these various capacities, and in spite of a much interrupted education, he was energetically pursuing every opportunity that presented itself to him for increasing his knowledge. In the winter of 1885 he again worked as a waiter at Hotel Beaurivage, Geneva; in the winter of 1886 he was at Hastings, England, learning the language; in 1887 he was hotel clerk at the Hotel de la Ville, Genoa. He returned to his father's restaurant in 1888, becoming a partner in 1894 and taking sole charge in 1897. The town of Goschenen made him a town councillor, and one of his first acts in office was to cause the erection of a monument for the constructor of the Mount Saint Gotthard Tunnel and for the many laborers who met their death during its construction. In 1902 he became judge of the Uri Criminal Court, in 1904 a member of the Cantonal Council of Uri, in 1908 its president. He received the honorary degree of Ph.D. from the University of Geneva in 1909. He has written an unusual quantity of stories of Swiss local life, which are very attractive in form and correct in technique. Some of his short stories seem like faultless works of art, especially ‘Stephan der Schmied’ and ‘Verena Stadler.’ In his larger works, however, he has not devoted his
attention chiefly to the difficult task of analyzing serious conflicts of character, but rather to more or less superficial problems, with the result that he is drifting more and more into the position of a writer interested only in success, which will therefore perhaps not be of very durable character. Consult ‘Gesammelte Werke’ (10 vols., Stuttgart 1910); ‘Herzenskämpfe’ (1893); ‘Die Clari-Marie’ (1904); ‘Die Helden des Alltags’ (1905; 20th ed., 1912). ‘Firnwind’ (1906); ‘Der Apotheker von Klein Weltwil’ (Stuttgart 1913). A translation of ‘Stephan der Schmied’ is given in ‘German Classics’ (Vol. XIX. New York 1914).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Zaimis, Alexander

Edition of 1920. See also Alexandros Zaimis on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ZAIMIS, Alexander, Greek statesman: b. Athens, 1855. He was educated at the universities of Athens, Leipzig, Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris. He was elected to the Chamber of
Deputies in 1885; served as Minister of Justice in 1890-92, and was president of the Chamber of Deputies in 1895-97. He was Premier in 1897-99, under King George, and again in 1901-02. He was High Commissioner of the Powers in Crete in 1906-11 and was successful in securing the annexation of that island to Greece. He was appointed Premier to succeed Venizelos in October 1915, but resigned a month later when his government failed to receive a vote of confidence. He was again appointed Premier in June 1916, but was succeeded by Lambros before the end of the year, only to succeed Lambros in May 1917. Upon the abdication of King Constantine, however, he was asked to resign, and was succeeded by Venizelos 25 June 1917. He was generally supposed to favor neutrality for Greece in the European War, but to be personally in favor of the Allies.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Lavater, George Theodore Adams

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​Lavater, George Theodore Adams, was born at Lausanne, Canton Vaud, Switzerland, on May 4th, 1831, and is a grandson of the younger brother of the celebrated ​divine and physiognomist, Johann Caspar Lavater. He took to the sea, and having come to Victoria as second officer of the Hoogly, left his vessel in 1852 to go to the goldfields. In July 1861 he entered the railway department of the Victorian Government service, and was appointed chief accountant in 1873. In Jan. 1887 he was temporarily relieved of his duties at the request of the Government, to act as secretary to the Melbourne Centennial International Exhibition of 1888.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Lanigan, Right Rev. William

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​Lanigan, Right Rev. William, Roman Catholic Bishop of Goulburn, N.S.W., was born in Tipperary in 1820, and educated at Thurles and Maynooth Colleges. He was ordained priest at Maynooth in 1848, and emigrated to Sydney in 1859. After seven years' missionary work in Goulburn and Berrima, he was consecrated Bishop of Goulburn on June 9th, 1867.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Laurie, Henry

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​Laurie, Henry, M.A., LL.D., was appointed Lecturer on Logic in Melbourne University in 1881, and in the following year Lecturer on Logic and Philosophy. In consequence of the success attending the introduction of philosophy into the University, a chair of mental and moral philosophy was founded, and in 1886 Dr. Laurie was appointed its first Professor, a position which he still holds.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Langridge, Hon. George David

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​Langridge, Hon. George David, M.L.A., was born in Kent in 1829, and emigrated to Australia, where he represented Collingwood in the Legislative Assembly of Victoria from 1874 till he died. He was Commissioner of Public Works and Vice-President of the Board of Land and Works in the third Berry Government from August 1880 to July 1881. In the Service-Berry Ministry he was Commissioner of Trade and Customs from March 1883 to Feb. 1886. In Nov. 1890, when Mr. Munro became Premier, Mr. Langridge accepted the post of Chief Secretary and Minister of Customs, which he filled till his death on March 24th, 1891.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Larnach, Hon. William James Mudie

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​Larnach, Hon. William James Mudie, C.M.G., sometime Colonial Treasurer and Minister of Railways in New Zealand, went to Otago, N.Z., in Sept. 1867, as manager of the Bank of Otago (afterwards merged in the National Bank of New Zealand). In 1866 he was returned to the House of Representatives for Dunedin; and in 1877, having carried a vote of no-confidence against the Whitaker-Atkinson Ministry, he joined the administration formed by Sir George Grey on Oct. 14th as Colonial Treasurer and Minister of Public Works. Subsequently he went to England in connection with a Colonial loan, but returned in 1880, the Grey Government having in the meantime been ousted. In the same year he re-entered Parliament. Mr. Larnach was Minister of Mines and of the Marine in the Stout-Vogel Government, which entered office on Sept. 3rd, 1884, and went out on Oct. 8th, 1887. Mr. Larnach married Miss Eliza Jane ​Guise. He was created C.M.G. in 1879. At the general election in Dec. 1890 he failed to secure his return to the House of Representatives for the Peninsula.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Langtree, Charles William

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​Langtree, Charles William, was born in Glenarm, co. Antrim, on Oct. 25th, 1846. He went to Melbourne in 1852, and served his apprenticeship as a mechanical engineer in the Hobson's Bay Railway Company's workshops. After considerable experience in private employment, he entered the Department of Mines as draughtsman in July 1865, and was appointed chief draughtsman in Feb. 1866. In 1882 be became chief clerk, and in 1884 permanent head of the department as Secretary for Mines and Water Supply and Chief Mining Surveyor, which post he held till Feb. 1889, when he was appointed to his present position as one of the Civil Service Commissioners of Victoria. Mr. Langtree married on Oct. 15th, 1874, Jeannie, daughter of Peter McCracken, J.P., the well-known Melbourne brewer. He has held the offices of Vice-President and President of the Victorian Institute of Surveyors and Engineers, and is a Fellow of that body.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Larnach, Donald

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​Larnach, Donald, Chairman, London Board, Bank of New South Wales, is the son of the late William Larnach, of ​Newton, Caithness, N.B., and was born in 1817, the year in which the Bank of New South Wales was founded. At the age of seventeen he emigrated to Sydney, N.S.W., where he engaged with great success in squatting and mercantile pursuits. In 1845 he married Jane Elizabeth, daughter of William Walker, a prominent Sydney merchant. In the following year he became a director of the Bank of New South Wales, and was chosen president in 1852. On the discovery of gold in Australia in 1851, Mr. Larnach, in conjunction with his colleagues, entered largely into the purchase of the precious metal on account of the Bank, and in 1852 doubled the capital out of profits. In the latter year he returned to England and became manager of the London branch, in the founding of which he was the active spirit. He retained his connection with the management of the Bank of New South Wales for twenty-five years, and on his retirement was elected Chairman of the London Board of the Bank. In 1858 he became a director of the London Joint Stock Bank, and is also on the board of the Indemnity Mutual Marine Insurance Company. Whilst the Bank of New South Wales held the agency of that colony, its monetary affairs were conducted with great success by Mr. Larnach, who is regarded as one of the leading financial authorities in the city of London.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Langton, Hon. Edward

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​Langton, Hon. Edward, third and youngest son of David Elland Langton, was born at Gravesend, Kent, on Jan. 2nd, 1828, and emigrated to Victoria in 1852. He early distinguished himself as an unflinching opponent of fiscal protection, and in 1859 he lectured at Fitzroy in favour of the retention of free trade. In face of the rising tide of protection he unsuccessfully contested Collingwood in 1859 and 1861, East Melbourne in 1861, East Bourke Boroughs in 1864, and Dundas in 1865. At length, in Jan. 1866, his perseverance was rewarded, and he succeeded Mr. Kyte as member for East Melbourne. He exchanged that constituency for West Melbourne at the general election in 1868, and continued to sit until 1877, when he was defeated. In May 1868 Mr. Langton, who was a staunch Conservative as well as a Free-trader, became Treasurer in Sir Charles (then Mr.) Sladen's short-lived Ministry, and occupied the same post, with the additional office of Postmaster-General, in the Francis Government, from June 1872 to July 1874, when he resigned with his colleagues. Mr. Langton has written much for the Melbourne press, and was one of the earliest proprietors of the Spectator, a free trade organ started in 1865. He was secretary of the Free Trade League of Victoria from its commencement until 1866, has been an honorary member of the Cobden Club since 1874, and is a trustee and treasurer of the Melbourne Public Library and Museum. Mr. Langton was an unsuccessful candidate for the Assembly in April 1892.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hitchcock, Ethan Allen (politician)

Edition of 1920. See also Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
HITCHCOCK, Ethan Allen, American politician: b. Mobile, Ala., 19 Sept. 1835; d. Washington. D. C., 9 April 1909. Was in mercantile business at Saint Louis, Mo., 1855-60, then went to China to enter a commission house, of which firm he became a partner in 1866. In 1872 he retired from business, in 1874 returned to the United States, and in 1874-97 was president of several manufacturing, mining and railway companies. He was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia in 1897 and in February 1898 Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, the first Ambassador accredited from the United States to the court of Russia. In 1898 he was nominated and confirmed as Secretary of the Interior, and held that position till 4 March 1907.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hitchcock, Ethan Allen (soldier)

Edition of 1920. See also Ethan A. Hitchcock (general) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
HITCHCOCK, Ethan Allen, American soldier: b. Vergennes, Vt., 18 May 1798; d. Sparta, Ga., 5 Aug. 1870. He was a grandson of Ethan Allen (q.v.), and was graouated at West Point in 1817, entering the corps of artillery as a third lieutenant. In 1829 he became the military commandant of the corpa of cadets, in which office he continued until 1833. He served in Florida against the Indians, and in the war with Mexico, where he received two brevets, one as colonel and another as brigadier-general. In 1855 he printed for private circulation a pamphlet in support of his opinion that genuine alchemy was not an art for making gold, but that the alchemists were students of man, whose perfection was symbolized by their ‘philosophers stone.’ He subsequently published ‘Remarks upon Alchemy and the Alchemists’ (1857); ‘Swedenborg a Hermetic Philosopher’ (1858); ‘Notes on the Vita Nuova of Dante’ (1866).