OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/William, King of the Romans

See also William II of Holland on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WILLIAM (1227–1256), king of the Romans and count of Holland, was the son of Count Floris IV. and his wife Matilda, daughter of Henry, duke of Brabant. He was about six years of age when his father was killed in a tournament, and the fact that his long minority was peaceful and uneventful speaks well for the good government of his two paternal uncles, who were his guardians. William was, however, suddenly in 1247 to become a prominent figure in the great Guelph-Ghibelline struggle, which at that time was disturbing the peace of Europe. The quarrel between the church and the emperor Frederick II. had now reached an acute stage. Pope Innocent IV., who had failed in repeated efforts to induce various princes to accept the dignity of king of the Romans in place of the excommunicated Frederick, found the youthful William of Holland ready to accept the proffered crown. After a long siege William succeeded in taking the imperial city of Aix-la-Chapelle, where he was crowned on All Saints’ Day 1248. As the recognized head of the Guelph party he spared no efforts to win for himself friends ​in Germany, but he never really succeeded in forming a party or gaining for himself a footing in the Empire during the lifetime of Frederick. With the extinction of the Hohenstaufen house in 1254 his chances were much improved, but shortly afterwards his death occurred on the 28th of January 1256 through his horse breaking through the ice during an obscure campaign among the Frisian marshes. William was more successful in his struggles with Margaret, countess of Flanders and Hainaut, known as “Black Meg.” She wished her succession to pass to the sons of her second marriage with William of Dampierre in preference to those of his first marriage with Bouchard of Avennes. But John of Avennes, her eldest son, had married William's sister Aleidis. William took up arms in defence of his brother-in-law's rights and Margaret was decisively beaten at West Kappel in 1253, and was compelled to acknowledge John of Avennes as her successor to the county of Hainaut.
See A. Ulrich, Geschichte des römischen Königs, Wilhelm von Holland (Hanover, 1882).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Willems, Jean François

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​WILLEMS, JEAN FRANÇOIS (1793-1846), Flemish writer, began life in the office of a notary at Anvers. He devoted his leisure to literature, and in 1810 he gained a prize for poetry with an ode in celebration of the peace of Tilsit. He hailed with enthusiasm the constitution of the kingdom of the Netherlands, and the revival of Flemish literature; and he published a number of spirited and eloquent writings in support of the claims of the native tongue of the Netherlands. His political sympathies were with the Orange party at the revolution of 1830, and these views led him into trouble with the provisional government. Willems, however, was soon recognized as the unquestioned leader of the Flemish popular movement, the chief plank in whose platform he made the complete equality of the languages in the government and the law courts. He died at Ghent in 1846.
Among his writings, which were very numerous, the most important were: Les Sciences et les arts (1816), Aux Belges (1818); Étude sur les origines et l'histoire des temps primitifs de la ville d'Anvers (1828); Mélanges de littérature et d'histoire (1829); besides several learned critical editions of old Flemish texts.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Willette, Leon Adolphe

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​WILLETTE, LEON ADOLPHE (1857–), French painter, illustrator, caricaturist, and lithographer, was born in Chalons sur Marne. He studied for four years at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts under Cabanel—a training which gave him a unique position among the graphic humorists of France. Whether comedy or tragedy, dainty triviality or political satire, his work is instinct with the profound sincerity of the artist. He set Pierrot upon a lofty pedestal among the imaginary heroes of France, and established Mimi Pinson, frail, lovable, and essentially goodhearted, in the affections of the nation. Willette is at once the modern Watteau of the pencil, and the exponent of sentiments that move the more emotional section of the public. Always a poet, and usually gay, fresh, and delicate, in his presentation of idylls exquisitely dainty and characteristically Gallic, illustrating the more "charming" side of love, often pure and sometimes unnecessarily materialistic, Willette frequently reveals himself bitter and fierce, even ferocious, in his hatreds, being a violent though at the same time a generous partizan of political ideas, furiously compassionate with love and pity for the people—whether they be ground down under the heel of political oppression, or are merely the victims of unrequited love, suffering all the pangs of graceful anguish that are born of scornful treatment. There is charm even in his thrilling apotheosis of the guillotine, and in the introduction into his caricatures of the figure of Death itself. The artist was a prolific contributor to the French illustrated press under the pseudonyms "Cémoi," "Pierrot," "Louison," "Bébé," and "Nox," but more often under his own name. He illustrated Mélandri's Les Pierrots and Les Giboulles d'avril, and has published his own Pauvre Pierrot and other works, in which he tells his stories in scenes in the manner of Busch. He decorated several "brasseries artistiques" with wall-paintings, stained glass, &c., notably Le Chat noir and La Palette d'or, and he painted the highly imaginative ceiling for La Cigale music hall. His characteristically fantastic "Parce Domine" was shown in the Franco-British Exhibition in 1908. A remarkable collection of his works was exhibited in 1888. His "Valmy" is in the Luxembourg, Paris.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Suffrage

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​SUFFRAGE (Lat. sufragium), the right or the exercise of the right of voting in political affairs; in a more general sense, an expression of opinion, assent or approval; in ecclesiastical use, the short intercessory prayers in litanies spoken or sung by the people as distinguished from those of the priest or minister. (See Representation; Vote and Voting, and Registration: and, for the Women’s Suffrage Movement, Women: § Political Rights.) The etymology of the Latin word sufragium has been much discussed. It is usually referred to sub- and the root of frangere, to break, and its original meaning must thus have been a piece of broken tile or a potsherd on which the names or initials of the candidates were inscribed and used as a voting tablet or tabella. There is, however, no direct evidence that this was ever the practice in the case of voting upon legislation in the assembly (see W. Corssen, Ueber Aussprache, &c., der Lateinischen Sprache, i. 397, and Mommsen, Römische Geschichte, iii. 412 n. i.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Suhl

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​SUHL, a town of Germany, in the province of Prussian Saxony, picturesquely situated on the Lauter, on the southern slope of the Thuringian Forest, 61/2 m. N.E. of Meiningen and 29 m. S.W. of Erfurt by rail. Pop. (1905), 13,814. The armourers of Suhl are mentioned as early as the 9th century, but they enjoyed their highest vogue from 1550 to 1634. The knights of south Germany especially prized the swords and armour of this town. and many of the weapons used in campaigns against the Turks and in the Seven Years' War are said to have been manufactured at Suhl. It has suffered considerably in modern times from the competition of other towns in this industry, especially since the introduction of the breech-loading rifle. It still contains, however, large factories for firearms military and sporting, and side arms, besides ironworks, machine-works, potteries and tanneries. The once considerable manufacture of fustian has declined. A brine spring (Soolquelle) at the foot of the neighbouring Domberg is said to have given name to the town.
Suhl, which obtained civic rights in 1527, belonged to the principality of Henneberg, and formed part of the possessions of the kingdom of Saxony assigned to Prussia by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
See Werther, Chronik der Stadt Suhl (2 vols., Suhl, 1846–1847).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Suidun

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​SUIDUN (Chinese, Sui-din-chen), a town of China, capital of the province of Kulja. It is the residence of the governor-general, and was founded in 1762 during the Mussulman rising, and rebuilt in 1883. It is a military town, with provision stores, an arsenal and an arms workshop. Its walls are armed with steel guns.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Suffragan

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​SUFFRAGAN (Med. Lat. suffraganeus suffragator, one who assists, from suffragari, to vote in favour of, to support) in the Christian Church, (1) a diocesan bishop in his relation to the metropolitan; (2) an assistant bishop. (See the article Bishop.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sugar-bird

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​SUGAR-BIRD, the English name commonly given in the West India Islands to the various members of the genus Certhiola (belonging to the Passerine family Coerebidae) for their habit of frequenting the curing-houses where sugar is kept, apparently attracted thither by the swarms of flies. They often come into dwelling-houses, hopping from one piece of furniture to another and carefully exploring the surrounding objects with intent to find a spider or insect. In their figure and motions they remind a northern naturalist of a nuthatch, while their coloration—black, yellow, olive, grey and white—recalls to him a titmouse. They generally keep in pairs and build a domed but untidy nest, laying therein three eggs, white, blotched with rusty-red. Many species are recognized, some of them with a very limited range; three are continental, with a joint range extending from southern Mexico to Peru, Bolivia and south-eastern Brazil, while others are peculiar to certain of the Antilles, and several of them to one island only. Thus C. caboti is limited, so far as is known, to Cozumel (off Yucatan), C. tricolor to Old Providence, C. flaveola (the type of the genus) to Jamaica, and so on, while islands that are in sight of one another are often inhabited by different “species.” The genus furnishes an excellent example of the effects of isolation in breaking up an original form, while there is comparatively little differentiation among the individuals which inhabit a large and continuous area. The non-appearance of this genus in Cuba is very remarkable.  (A. N.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Suger

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​SUGER (c. 1081–1151), French ecclesiastic, statesman and historian, was born of poor parents either in Flanders, at St Denis near Paris or at Toury in Beauce. About 1091 he entered the abbey of St Denis. Until about 1104 he was educated at the priory of St Denis de l’Estrée, and there first met his pupil King Louis VI. From 1104 to 1106 Suger attended another school, perhaps that attached to the abbey of St Benoît-sur-Loire. In 1106 he became secretary to the abbot of St Denis. In the following year he was made provost of Berneval in Normandy, and in 1109 of Toury. In 1118 he was sent by Louis VI. to the court of Pope Gelasius II. at Maguelonne, and lived from 1121 to 1122 at the court of his successor, Calixtus II. On his return from Italy Suger was appointed abbot of StDenis. Until 1127 he occupied himself at court mainly with the temporal affairs of the kingdom, while during the following decade he devoted himself to the reorganization and reform of St Denis. In 1137 he accompanied the future king, Louis VII., into Aquitaine on the occasion of that prince’s marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, and during the second crusade was one of the regents of the kingdom (1147–1149). He was bitterly opposed to the king’s divorce, having himself advised the marriage. Although he disapproved of the second crusade, he himself, at the time of his death, on the 31st of January 1151, was preaching a new crusade.
Suger was the friend and counsellor both of Louis VI. and Louis VII. He urged the king to destroy the feudal bandits, was responsible for the royal tactics in dealing with the communal movements, and endeavoured to regularize the administration of justice. He left his abbey, which possessed considerable property, enriched and embellished by the construction of a new church built in the nascent Gothic style.
Suger was the foremost historian of his time. He was the author of a panegyric on Louis VI. (Vita Ludovici regis), and part-author of the perhaps more impartial history of Louis VII. (Historia gloriosi regis Ludovici). In his Liber de rebus in administratione sua gestis, and its supplement Libellus de consecratione ecclesiae S. Dionysii, he treats of the improvements he had made to St Denis, describes the treasure of the church, and gives an account of the rebuilding. Suger’s works served to imbue the monks of St Denis with a taste for history, and called forth a long series of quasi-official chronicles.
See O. Cartellieri, Abt Suger von Saint-Denis (Berlin, 1898); A. Luchaire, Louis le Gros (Paris, 1890); F. A. Gervaise, Histoire de Suger (Paris, 1721).
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Aloara

ALOARA, an Italian Princess. Died 992.
Daughter of a count named Peter, of whom history makes no other mention, than that he was her father. She was married to Pandulph, surnamed Ironhead, who stiled himself prince, duke, and marquis. He was, in reality, prince of Capua and Benevento, by inheritance; and the emperor Otho II. created him duke of Spoleto, and marquis Camerino, which rendered him the most potent prince then in Italy. He died at Capua, in 981, leaving five sons by Aloara; Landulph IV. prince of Capua and Benevento; Pandulph, prince of Salerno; Atenulph, entitled count, and also marquis, perhaps of Camerino; Landenulph, prince of Capua; and Laidulph, who succeeded him.
Landulph IV. perished in battle, fighting for the emperor, in 982, against the Greeks and Saracens. His brother Landenulph succeeded him; but, being very young, Otho, in investing him with the principality of Capua, desired Aloara might govern during her life conjointly with him. This decree was also confirmed by Theophania, widow of Otho, and regent, during the minority of Otho III. Aloara began to reign in 982. ​History relates no particular actions of this princess; but says she governed with much wisdom and courage.
Landenulph was assassinated by a plot of his own relations, in 993; and his brother Laidulph, who succeeded, was deposed by the emperor Otho III, in 999, for having a hand in the death of his brother.
It is reported, by an old historian in the life of St. Nil, that Aloara put to death a nephew, lest he should wrest the principality from her son; and, that St. Nil then predicted the failure of her posterity.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Alphaizuli, (Maria)

ALPHAIZULI, (MARIA) Poetess of Seville, during the Time the Moors had Possession of Spain.
She was called the Arabian Sappho; and excellent works of her composition are in the library of the Escurial. Many Spanish women, her cotemporaries, particularly in the province of Andalusia, cultivated the Muses with success.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Alpis

ALPIS, or ALPAIS, (DE CUDOT) a pious French Woman, who flourished in the Diocese of Sens, at the End of the Twelfth Century.
This young woman is mentioned in L'Histoire Litteraire de la France, as having, in a sort of vision or ecstacy, an idea of the form of the globe, similar to those of late geographers. She reported, that she saw the whole world as one compact body. The sun appeared larger to her than the earth, which hung like an egg suspended in the middle of the air, and was on all sides surrounded with water. This idea, which perhaps some simple observation first gave rise to in the mind of ​Alpis, served not in the least to rectify the false opinions which then prevailed, or give rise to any doubts or research. It was most likely considered by the wise as merely the dream of a visionary.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Altouviti, (Marseilles d')

ALTOUVITI, (MARSEILLES D') a Provençal Poetess. Died 1606.
The family of this lady was originally of Florence; but she was born at Marseilles, and christened by that name. She rendered herself famous by her learning and poetical abilities, so that she is considered one of the ornaments of the sixteenth century.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Almucs, (Donna)

ALMUCS, (DONNA).
A Provençal Poetess, born at Chateauneuf.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Albemarle, (Anne Clarges)

ALBEMARLE, (ANNE CLARGES) Duchess of,
Was the daughter of a blacksmith; and her mother was a female barber, by whom she was brought up a milliner. During the confinement of general Monk in the Tower, she officiated as his sempstress, and became first his mistress, and afterwards his wife. He had so high an opinion of her understanding, that he consulted her in the most important concerns; and, as she was a thorough loyalist, it is supposed she contributed greatly to bring ​about the Restoration. It is said, she afterwards carried on a very lucrative trade in selling offices. A bitter enemy to lord Clarendon, she prevailed on her husband to assist in the ruin of that great man, though one of his best friends. She was a woman of vulgar manners, homely person, and violent temper.
Ibid.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Johnson, Lady Arabella

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JOHNSON, LADY ARABELLA,
Was the daughter of Thomas, Earl of Lincoln. She married Mr. Isaac Johnson, who left his native land for New England, from religious motives. Lady Arabella cheerfully accompanied him, and they arrived at Salem, Massachusetts, in April, 1630. Her exalted character and gentleness gained her universal esteem; but she died the September after her arrival. Mr. Johnson survived her little more than a month. He is regarded as the founder of Boston; and though his time was brief, yet the good work he accomplished will never be forgotten by the people of New England. But dearer still is the memory of the Lady Arabella, whose example as a wife and a Christian is an ever-beaming light to her sex.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Johnson, Esther

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JOHNSON, ESTHER,
Celebrated as the Stella of Dean Swift, was born in 1684. Her father was the steward of Sir William Temple, who, at his death, left the daughter one thousand pounds, in consideration of her ​father's faithful services. At the death of Sir William she was in her sixteenth year; and about two years afterwards, at Swift's invitation, she left England, accompanied by Mrs. Dingley, a lady fifteen years older, and whose whole fortune, though she was related to Sir William, was only an annuity of twenty-seven pounds. Whether Swift desired the company of Miss Johnson as a friend, or intended to make her his wife, is uncertain; but they took every precaution to prevent scandal. When Swift was absent. Miss Johnson and her Mend resided at the parsonage, but when he returned, they removed; nor were they ever known to meet but in the presence of a third person. During his visits to London, he wrote, every day, an account of what had occurred, to Stella, and always placed the greatest confidence in her.
In 1713, Swift, it is believed, was married to her, by Dr. Ashe, Bishop of Clogher; but they continued to live in separate houses, and the marriage was never publicly acknowledged. This state of affairs is supposed to have preyed upon Stella's health so as to cause a decline. Dean Swift offered, when she was on her deathbed, to acknowledge her as his wife; but she replied, "It is too late!" She died in 1728, aged forty-three. She was a beautiful and intellectual woman. The whole story is more romantic than any romance of fiction, nor have its mysteries ever been satisfactorily explained.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Johnstone, Mrs.

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JOHNSTONE, MRS.,
Is a native of Scotland, and well deserves a distinguished place among contemporary writers of fiction. Her first work, "Clan Albin," was among the earliest of that multitude of novels which followed "Waverley" into the Highlands; but Mrs. Johnstone neither emulates nor imitates in the slightest degree the light that preceded her. Many writers, who were quite lost in the eclipse of the "Great Unknown," have since asserted that he did not suggest the idea of Scotland, as a scene for fiction; that their works were begun or meditated before "Waverley" appeared; among whom, Mrs. Brunton, author of "Discipline," whose testimony is unquestionable, may be placed. Perhaps, there was at that time a national impulse towards "Scotch Novels," just as the taste for nautical discoveries produced Columbus, and the attempt at steam-boats preceded Fulton.
"Clan Albin" is decidedly of the genre ennuyeux, the only kind that Voltaire absolutely condemns. It is full of good sentiment, but insipid and tiresome, and gives no indication of the talent afterwards abounding in Mrs. Johnstone's works. Her next book was "Elizabeth De Bruce," very superior to her first, containing portions that were highly praised by able critics. A very charming, well-written work, in that difficult class—"Children's Books," succeeded. "The Diversions of Hollycot" may take place near Miss Edgeworth's "Frank and Rosamond." Like her stories for juvenile readers, it is sprightly and natural—inculcates good principles, and much useful knowledge; and, what is rarer, it is totally free from anything sentimental or extravagant. Mrs. Johnstone has continued to improve in style, and to develop many amiable qualities as a writer; her humour is sui generis, equal in its way to that of Charles Lamb. Some of the sketches in her "Edinburgh Tales"—those of "Richard Taylor," and "Governor Fox," are not surpassed by any thing in Elia. These and many others were published In a monthly ​periodical, established at Edinburgh about the year 1830, bearing the title of "Johnstone's Magazine," of which she was the editor, and, we believe, proprietor. It was continued ten or fifteen years. In this was published the "Story of Frankland the Barrister," which is one of the most perfect gems of this kind of literature—wit, pathos, nice delineation of character, are all to be found in it, while the moral lesson is enforced very powerfully. "The Nights of the Round Table" was published in 1835, and contains some admirable tales. "Blanche Delamere" is still a later work; in it she has attempted to show what might be done, and ought to be done by the nobility, to lessen the load of misery pressing on the working classes. We may add, that in all her later works, Mrs. Johnstone, like most thinking writers in the British empire, directs her pen to subjects connected with the distresses of the people. Her tales illustrative of these speculations have neither the wit nor the fancy of their predecessors; the mournful reality seems "to cast a cloud between, and sadden all she sings."