OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Herlen, Fritz

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​HERLEN (or Herlin), FRITZ, of Nördlingen, German artist of the early Swabian school, in the 15th century. The date and place of his birth are unknown, but his name is on the roll of the tax-gatherers of Ulm in 1449; and in 1467 he was made citizen and town painter at Nördlingen, “because of his acquaintance with Flemish methods of painting.” One of the first of his acknowledged productions is a shrine on one of the altars of the church of Rothenburg on the Tauber, the wings of which were finished in 1466, with seven scenes from the lives of Christ and the Virgin Mary. In the town-hall of Rothenburg is a Madonna and St Catherine of 1467; and in the choir of Nördlingen cathedral a triptych of 1488, representing the “Nativity” and “Christ amidst the Doctors,” at the side of a votive Madonna attended by St Joseph and St Margaret as patrons of a family. In each of these works the painter’s name certifies the picture, and the manner is truly that of an artist “acquainted with Flemish methods.” We are not told under whom Herlen laboured in the Netherlands, but he probably took the same course as Schongauer and Hans Holbein the elder, who studied in the school of van der Weyden. His altarpiece at Rothenburg contains groups and figures, as well as forms of action and drapery, which seem copied from those of van der Weyden’s or Memlinc’s disciples, and the votive Madonna of 1488, whilst characterized by similar features, only displays such further changes as may be accounted for by the master’s constant later contact with contemporaries in Swabia. Herlen had none of the genius of Schongauer. He failed to acquire the delicacy even of the second-rate men who handed down to Matsys the traditions of the 15th century; but his example was certainly favourable to the development of art in Swabia. By general consent critics have assigned to him a large altar-piece, with scenes from the gospels and figures of St Florian and St Floriana, and a Crucifixion, the principal figure of which is carved in high relief on the surface of ​a large panel in the church of Dinkelsbühl. A Crucifixion, with eight scenes from the New Testament, is shown as his in the cathedral, a “Christ in Judgment, with Mary and John,” and the “Resurrection of Souls” in the town-hall of Nördlingen. A small Epiphany, once in the convent of the Minorites of Ulm, is in the Holzschuher collection at Augsburg, a Madonna and Circumcision in the National Museum at Munich. Herlen’s epitaph, preserved by Rathgeber, states that he died on the 12th of October 1491, and was buried at Nördlingen.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hermandad

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​HERMANDAD (from hermano, Lat. germanus, a brother), a Castilian word meaning, strictly speaking, a brotherhood. In the Romance language spoken on the east coast of Spain in Catalonia it is written germandat or germania. In the form germania it has acquired the significance of “thieves’ Latin” or “thieves’ cant,” and is applied to any jargon supposed to be understood only by the Initiated. But the typical “germania” is a mixture of slang and of the gipsy language. The hermandades have played a conspicuous part in the history of Spain. The first recorded case of the formation of an hermandad occurred in the 12th century when the towns and the peasantry of the north united to police the pilgrim road to Santiago in Galicia, and protect the pilgrims against robber knights. Throughout the middle ages such alliances were frequently formed by combinations of towns to protect the roads connecting them, and were occasionally extended to political purposes. They acted to some extent like the Fehmic courts of Germany. The Catholic sovereigns, Ferdinand and Isabella, adapted an existing hermandad to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with large powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. The hermandad became, in fact, a constabulary, which, however, fell gradually into neglect. In Catalonia and Valencia the “germanias” were combinations of the peasantry to resist the exactions of the feudal lords.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Herkomer, Sir Hubert von

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​HERKOMER, SIR HUBERT VON (1849– ), British painter, was born at Waal, in Bavaria, and eight years later was brought to England by his father, a wood-carver of great ability. He lived for some time at Southampton and in the school of art there began his art training; but in 1866 he entered upon a more serious course of study at the South Kensington Schools, and in 1869 exhibited for the first time at the Royal Academy. By his picture, “The Last Muster,” at the Academy in 1875, he definitely established his position as an artist of high distinction. He was elected an associate of the Academy in 1879, and academician in 1890; an associate of the Royal Society of Painters in Water Colours in 1893, and a full member in 1894; and in 1885 he was appointed Slade professor at Oxford. He exhibited a very large number of memorable portraits, figure subjects and landscapes, in oil and water colour; he achieved marked success as a worker in enamel, as an etcher, mezzotint engraver and illustrative draughtsman; and he exercised wide influence upon art education by means of the Herkomer School (Incorporated), at Bushey, which he founded in 1883 and directed gratuitously until 1904, when he retired. It was then voluntarily wound up, and is now conducted privately. Two of his pictures, “Found” (1885) and “The Chapel of the Charterhouse” (1889), are in the National Gallery of British Art. In the year 1907 he received the honorary degree of D.C.L. at Oxford, and a knighthood was conferred upon him by the king in addition to the commandership of the Royal Victorian Order with which he was already decorated.
See Hubert von Herkomer, R.A., a Study and a Biography, by A. L. Baldry (London, 1901); Professor Hubert Herkomer, Royal Academician, His Life and Work, by W. L. Courtney (London, 1892).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Herisau

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​HERISAU, the largest town in the entire Swiss canton of Appenzell, built on the Glatt torrent, and by light railway 7 m. south-west of St Gall or 131/2 m. north of Appenzell. In 1900 it had 13,497 inhabitants, mainly Protestant and German-speaking. The lower portion of the massive tower of the parish church (Protestant) dates from the 11th century or even earlier. It is a prosperous little industrial town in the Ausser Rhoden half of the canton, especially busied with the manufacture of embroidery by machinery, and of muslins. Near it is the goats’ whey cure establishment of Heinrichsbad, and the two castles of Rosenberg and Rosenburg, ruined in 1403 when the land rose against its lord, the abbot of St Gall. About 5 m. to the south-east is Hundwil, a village of 1523 inhabitants, where the Landsgemeinde of Ausser Rhoden meets In the odd years (in other years at Trogen) on the last Sunday in April.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hermagoras

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​HERMAGORAS, of Temnos, Greek rhetorician of the Rhodian school and teacher of oratory in Rome, flourished during the first half of the 1st century B.C. He obtained a great reputation among a certain section and founded a special school, the members of which called themselves Hermagorei. His chief opponent was Posidonius of Rhodes, who is said to have contended with him in argument in the presence of Pompey (Plutarch, Pompey, 42). Hermagoras devoted himself particularly to the branch of rhetoric known as οἰκονομία (inventio), and is said to have invented the doctrine of the four στάσεις (status) and to have arranged the parts of an oration differently from his predecessors. Cicero held an unfavourable opinion of his methods, which were approved by Quintilian, although he considers that Hermagoras neglected the practical side of rhetoric for the theoretical. According to Suidas and Strabo, he was the author of τέχναι ῥητορικαί (rhetorical manuals) and of other works, which should perhaps be attributed to his younger namesake, surnamed Carion, the pupil of Theodorus of Gadara.
See Strabo xiii. p. 621; Cicero, De inventione, i. 6. 8, Brutus, 76, 263. 78, 271; Quintilian, Instit. iii. 1. 16, 3. 9, 11. 22; C. W. Piderit, De Hermagora rhetore (1839); G. Thiele, Hermagoras Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Rhetorik (1893).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Heritable Jurisdictions

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​HERITABLE JURISDICTIONS, in the law of Scotland, grants of jurisdiction made to a man and his heirs. They were a usual accompaniment to feudal tenures, and the power which they conferred on great families, being recognized as a source of danger to the state, led to frequent attempts being made by statute to restrict them, both before and after the Union. They were all abolished in 1746.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Herman de Valenciennes

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​HERMAN DE VALENCIENNES, 12th-century French poet, was born at Valenciennes, of good parentage. His father and mother, Robert and Hérembourg, belonged to Hainault, and gave him for god-parents Count Baldwin and Countess Yoland—doubtless Baldwin IV. of Hainault and his mother Yoland. Herman was a priest and the author of a verse Histoire de la Bible, which includes a separate poem on the Assumption of the Virgin. The work is generally known as Le Roman de sapience, the name arising from a copyist’s error in the first line of the poem:
“Comens de sapiense, ce est la cremors de Deu”
the first word being miswritten in one MS. Romens, and in another Romanz. His work has, indeed, the form of an ordinary romance, and cannot be regarded as a translation. He selects such stories from the Bible as suit his purpose, and adds freely from legendary sources, displaying considerable art in the selection and use of his materials. This scriptural poem, very popular in its day, mentions Henry II. of England as already dead, and must therefore be assigned to a date posterior to 1189.
See Notices et extraits des manuscrits (Paris, vol. 34), and Jean Bonnard, Les Traductions de la Bible en vers français au moyen âge (1884).
# Protestant Exiles from France/Book First - Chapter 7 - Section III

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III. Hierosme.
As I recorded in a previous chapter, the truly great and good man, Pasteur Jean D’Espagne, the minister of the Westminster French Church assembled in Somerset House, died in April 1659. He was succeeded by the Rev. James Jerome or Hierosme. The Restoration of Charles II. took place immediately after this pasteur’s settlement. The French Church in the City, founded in the reign of Edward VI., and recognised by succeeding Protestant monarchs, was an establishment not to be disturbed. But a French Church in Westminster was a community of modern origin, and sanctioned by the Cromwells only. The question therefore arose whether King Charles II. ought to recognise it. I have detailed the negotiations and discussions on this question in my Historical Introduction. The king offered the congregation a place of worship within the Savoy Palace in the Strand, on condition of their adopting the Anglican Liturgy translated into French. This offer, after hesitation, was accepted on the advice of Mr. Jerome.
He removed to Ireland, where, on 9th March 1667, was enrolled the Lord Chancellor’s certificate in behalf of James Jerome, D.D., to inhabit in Ireland, and in 1668 a grant to him of £30 per annum; on the 1st March 1668 he was made Precentor of Waterford Cathedral. Then there is the King’s letter, dated 14th July 1668, “The King taking notice of the piety and learning of James Hierome, clerk (to whom the Lord-Lieutenant, in consideration of his being a stranger, and one who not only early submitted to the government of the Church of England but brought the French congregation which then met at the Savoy to conform thereto, gave the ​vicarage of Chapel-Isold), has thought fit, as well in consideration thereof, as in regard of his undertaking to expend £300 in repairs of house and land, to grant him a lease of a ruinous house, and one acre and a-half of land in Chapel-Isold for 99 years, at 40s. per annum, together with free grazing for two horses and eight cows in Phoenix Park for same term.” Dr. James Hierome was presented in 1676 to the vicarages of Mullingar and Rathconnell, and in 1677 to the Rectories of Churchetowne and Piercetowne, all in Meath Diocese, and finally on 7th April 1680 to the Rectories of Clonegan and Newtownelenan in Lismore Diocese. (The above particulars from the Irish Patent Rolls were extracted for me by my valued correspondent, Mr. John J. Digges La Touche.)
# Protestant Exiles from France/Book First - Chapter 7

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Chapter VII.
REFUGEES DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIV.
The reign of Louis XIV. over France and Navarre began on 14th May 1643, and continued until 1st September 1715. We may therefore say that the period between his accession and the first year of the dragonnades (1681) was the first half of his reign. If we calculate his reign from his accession, the period is rather more than a half; it is rather less than a half if we begin with the year (1651) when he was declared to be of age.
# Protestant Exiles from France/Book First - Chapter 7 - Section II

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II. Danois.
Ezechiel Danois (sometimes called Daunois) was a native of Compiegne. He matriculated as a student in Geneva as E. Dannosivs in the year 1616. He entered the ministry of the French Reformed Church in 1620, and is on record as pasteur of Sezanne in 1625, next of Lisy in 1626, and then of Compiegne in 1650. He was sent as almoner to the garrison of La Brielle in Hanover, from whence he removed to England in 1652. At that time a French congregation was in process of formation at Thorney Abbey in Cambridgeshire. In 1646, and following years, a Sieur Du Perrier was attempting to form the French settlers at Whittlesey into a congregation, but had not been successful. M. Danois, being a solid and staid man as old as the century, succeeded in uniting the French of both localities into one congregation at Thorney, and was settled as its first minister in September 1653. He had, in 1651, issued a polemical pamphlet, entitled “Remarques sur la retractation de Pierre Jarrige rejesuitisé;” but at Thorney he lived a tranquil life for twenty-two years, being esteemed a great student and a man of immense learning, as well as a faithful preacher and pastor. He died on 24th February 1675, new style. His epitaph is in Thorney Church:—
M. S. Venerandi senis Ezechielis Danois, Compendiensis, Galli, Coetûs Gallici qui hic congregari coepit a.d.mdclii pastoris primi, qui studio indefesso, doctrinâ. et severitate movum nulli secundus, ingens litteraturae; thesaurus hic orbe latuit, Deo — sibi — paucis aliis notus, eisque contentus testibus per liv annorum spatium, ex quibus xxii hic Thorney Abbatiae, summo cum fructu ministerio suo functus, tandem hic ubi laboris sibi et quietis locum invenit. Obiit 24 Feb$^{r.}$ - A$^{o.}$ - D$^{ni.}$ - mdclxxiv.
# Report of a Tour through the Bengal Provinces/Jaynagar

JAYNAGAR.
There are traces of a small tope on the northern range of hills at Jaynagar; it is on a small flat piece of rock at the eastern end of the range, and just below the peak. Close to it is said to be the treasury of Indradyumna sealed with a magic seal; the spot presents the appearance of plain, smooth rock, perhaps artificially smoothed; but there is no difficulty in the way of popular belief, which flies at once to the supernatural. It is said Indradyumna had a great warrior, whom he trusted greatly and raised to the highest posts; at last the man began to entertain the idea of asking his master's daughter in marriage; the king informed of this became very angry, but the man was too powerful to be easily subdued, so he contrived that a cavern should here be constructed, into which he removed all his treasure, and when all were secured, he invited the warrior to the place; the man unsuspectingly went in, when Indradyumna at once let fall the trap door and sealed it with a magic seal; but it was not long before he suffered for thus killing his best general; the Muhammadans came down on him, drove him from place to place—his last place of refuge, as pointed out, being a natural cavern on the top of the southern range, and he finally was obliged to fly to Katak.
Indradyumna had a queen, so beautiful and of such airy lightness, that she used to bathe seated on a lotus leaf in the tank. When the Muhammadans had not yet come, but were about to do so to attack her husband, one of the premonitory signs vouchsafed was, that the queen could no longer be supported by the lotus. Some say this was the result of Indradyumna's treacherous behaviour to his general; for, as his wife floated on the lotus by force of the good acts of herself and ​her husband, the commission of a crime by him was at once shewn by the lotus refusing any longer to support his wife.
An annual fair is held here at the Dasahra festival.
For further particulars, I refer to General Cunningham's Report, Vol. III.
Two new inscriptions (short lines) from the pedestals of statues were found—one on a Ganeça at Lakhisarai, the other on the fine female statue of Párvati at Rajjhâna.
# Report of a Tour through the Bengal Provinces/Indappe

INDAPPE.
The exploration of the old fort of Indappe, pronounced Indpa by the people, was also entrusted to me. Owing to active opposition from the Rájá's people, I was unable to do more than complete a survey of the locality, and the result may be seen in the plate; but I can confidently say that a careful and thorough examination of the mounds, and especially of the great tope here, will prove a great acquisition to our present meagre knowledge of ancient Indian structures. The tope, judging from its dimensions, 125 feet in diameter at base by 35 feet in height, must be very old; for, although the base now is necessarily broader from the accumulation of debris than it was, yet, on examining the dimensions of the mound at a height of 20 feet above the ground, we find it to have been 65 feet in diameter at that height. When I examined the tope, it was almost entire, as the lowest portion of the socket hole for the umbrella existed then; so that the tope which I found 35 feet high could not have been much higher at any time—38 feet, perhaps, is as much as it ever could have been without the umbrella. Assuming this to have been its height (and for the purpose of ascertaining its form in view of its age it is safer to err on the side of excess of height, and consequently lateness of age), we find that at a depth of 18 feet from the crown it had a diameter of 65 feet. From these data, and remembering that the round portion of topes was usually a hemisphere, we find the radius of the hemisphere to have been about 37 feet, so that this tope was probably a plain hemisphere on a very low platform, and therefore must have been built at a very early period.
# Report of a Tour through the Bengal Provinces/Jethur

JETHUR.
On the west bank of the Chándan river, the ancient Champavati, and about 20 miles south of Bhâgalpur, is a hill with a small temple; here was found a single line of inscription on what was called the Charana of Narayana, dated Samvat 1053. The place, therefore, must have been of some importance as early as the tenth century of our era, the place and hill are named Jethur.
# Report of a Tour through the Bengal Provinces/Kalyâneswari, or Devisthan

KALYÂNESWARI, or DEVISTHAN.
Six or seven miles north of Barâkar, near the right banks of the Barâkar river, are some temples at a place known as Devisthan. All these appear to me of recent date—perhaps built of older materials. They are interesting, as showing that, even at a very late period, the horizontal arch was used by Hindus, as may be seen from the entrance archway of the enclosure, which is evidently built of the relics of some older structure, of which now no traces remain.
Two of the temples here are inscribed. The inscriptions are in bad order, from having been cut on a soft stone. ​They are in Bengali characters, and are cut in relief—an almost certain sign of their recent age. One of them mentions a Rájá's name and Kalyânakot; as the temples are known as the sthana of Devi Kalyâneswari, it appears that formerly a small fort) named Kalyânakot (kot meaning citadel), existed here. The statue of the Devi herself in the principal temple,—a large, plain, massive, pyramidal roofed, dark temple, with balustrade-shaped pillars in front,—is inscribed. The inscription is in Bengali. It reads "Sri Sri Kaiyâneswari charana parayan Srijukta Deva Nâtha Deva Sarmma."
Tradition says that a Rohni Deoghar Brahman once saw a jewelled arm rise out of the waters in the nala adjacent; he went and informed Rájá Kalaya Sinha of Kâsipur, Pachet, who came himself to see, and saw the prodigy. At night the goddess herself appeared to him in a dream, and pointing to an irregular stone, somewhat like a rude argha, said, "This is my murtti, worship it;" the Rájá accordingly caused the temple to be erected, and the stone having been duly inscribed, was installed in the temple. As the Rájás of Pachet did not reside at Kasipur till comparatively very recent times, the temples cannot be old.
# Report of a Tour through the Bengal Provinces/Ichâgarh

ICHÂGARH.
About ten miles west by a little south of Dulmi is the large village of Ichâgarh or Patkum; there are ruins of one ​old temple here, but farther west, about ten miles, and a mile from the south banks of the Kharkhari river, on which Ichâgarh is situated, are numerous remains close to a village named Dewaltand; I did not see the place. Ichâgarh itself is said to contain some old remains, but on examination they appeared to be comparatively recent.
# Report of a Tour through the Bengal Provinces/Islâmpur

ISLÂMPUR.
About 10 miles to north and a little cast of Nâderâ is Islâmpur. Here are several remains, but the better preserved sculptures were all removed to Bihâr, and only some large squared stones and fragments now remain; part is used up in modern buildings and huts, and also in some modern Hindu temples, of which there are several in various stages of neglect. The remains of this place had been noticed by Doctor Buchanan Hamilton; but the place is no longer rich in ancient remains.