OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Beaumont, John Thomas Barber

1904 Errata appended.
​BEAUMONT, JOHN THOMAS BARBER (1774–1841), founder of insurance offices, usually known as 'Barber Beaumont,' was born 22 Dec. 1774, and devoted his early life to historic painting, securing medals from the Royal Academy and the Society of Arts. At the time of the threatened Bonaparte invasion of England he raised a rifle corps, urged that the people should be armed as sharpshooters, and is said to have trained his men so perfectly in rifle practice, that on one occasion he held the target in Hyde Park, while his entire corps fired at it from a distance of one hundred and fifty yards. In 1807 he founded the County Fire and the Provident Life offices, still carrying on business in Regent Street, in offices designed by himself. He resisted a fraudulent claim made upon the fire company in 1824 by Thomas Thurtell, and ultimately secured the committal of this man and his associates to Newgate. The brother, John Thurtell ( ​afterwards executed for the murder of Mr. Weare), took up the quarrel, and made an attempt to murder Beaumont, which failed by a mere accident. Beaumont also took an active part in the exposure of a fraudulent insurance office (the notorious West Middlesex). In 1825 he fought against the board of stamps, which charged his company with defrauding the inland revenue, and came off victorious, notwithstanding that he had been mulct in a fine of 500l. Under the pseudonym of 'Philanthropes' he published an essay on 'Life Insurance' in 1814. He established (in 1806) the Provident Institution and Savings Bank in Covent Garden, and in 1816 he published an essay on 'Provident or Parish Banks.' In 1821 he published an 'Essay on Criminal Jurisprudence.' Shortly before his death he founded the New Philosophical Institution in Beaumont Square. He died 15 May 1841, aged 67.
C. W.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.20 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 60 | ii | 4 f.e. | Beaumont, John T. B.: for 1824 read 1823 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Beaumont, John (d.1701)

​BEAUMONT, JOHN (d. 1701), colonel, was the second son of Sapcote Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont of Swords, Leicestershire, and Bridget, daughter of Sir Thomas Monson of Carleton, Lincolnshire (ped. in Nichols's Leicestershire, iii. 744). He attended Charles II in his exile, and was employed at court under James II; but, notwithstanding this close connection with royalty, he was instrumental in thwarting the policy of the king in a matter deemed of the highest importance. With, it was supposed, an ulterior design of gradually leavening the army with Roman catholic sentiments, the experiment was attempted (10 Sept. 1688) of introducing forty Irishmen into the regiment of which the Duke of Berwick was colonel, then stationed at Portsmouth. Beaumont, who was lieutenant-colonel, resisted the proposal in his own name and that of five of the captains. 'We beg,' he said, 'that we may be either permitted to command men of our own nation or to lay down our commissions.' At the court-martial which followed they were offered forgiveness if they would accept the men, but they all refused, whereupon they were cashiered, the highest punishment a court-martial was then competent to inflict. In Clarke's 'Life of James II' (ii. 169) it is affirmed that Churchill (afterwards Duke of Marlborough) moved that they should be put to death, but this is apparently a baseless calumny. The resistance of the officers was supported by the general sentiment of the army, and no further attempts were made to introduce Irishmen into the English ​regiments. All the portraits of the officers were engraved by R. White on one large half-sheet in six ovals, joined by as many hands expressive of their union. The print, which is called the 'Portsmouth Captains,' is extremely scarce (Granger, Biog. Hist., 2nd ed., iv. 306). Colonel Beaumont was with the Prince of Orange at his first landing. After the coronation he was made colonel of the regiment of which he had previously been lieutenant-colonel, and served with it in Ireland, where he was present at the battle of the Boyne, in Flanders, and in Scotland, holding his command till December 1695 (Luttrell, Relation of State Affairs, iii. 564). He was also for some time governor of Dover Castle. In 1685 he was chosen M.P. for Nottingham, and he was returned for Hastings in 1688 and 1690. In May 1695 he fought a duel with Sir William Forrester, 'occasioned by some words between them in the parliament house, and the latter was disarmed' (ib. iii. 468). Beaumont died on 3 July 1701. He was twice married: first, to Felicia, daughter of Mr. Hatton Fermor of Easton Neston, and widow of Sir Charles Compton, and, second, to Phillipe, daughter of Sir Nicholas Carew of Bedington, Surrey, but by neither had he any issue.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Beaumont, John (d.1731)

​BEAUMONT, JOHN (d. 1731), geologist, lived a retired life at Stone-Easton, Somersetshire, where he practised as a surgeon. His letters to the Royal Society in 1676 and 1683 on the 'Rock-plants growing in the Lead Mines of Mendip Hills' attracted much attention, and their author was advised by Dr. Robert Hooke, a distinguished fellow of the society, to write the natural history of the county. Beaumont gave a specimen in his 'Account of Okey [Wookey]-hole and several other subterraneous Grottoes and Caverns,' printed in No. 2 of Hooke's 'Philosophical Collections' for 1681, and some three years afterwards presented a draft of his design to the society. He was elected a fellow in 1685, but soon laid his intended history aside that he might devote himself to theology and spiritualism. He was a man of considerable reading, of excessive credulity, and a firm believer in supernatural agency. His principal and certainly most curious performance, 'An Historical, Physiological, and Theological Treatise of Spirits, Apparitions, Witchcrafts, and other Magical Practices,' 8vo, London, 1705, is written in an amusing, gossiping style, and abounds with grotesque tales and illustrations from little-known authors. His personal experience of spirits, good and bad, was long and varied (pp. 91-4, 393-7); but he innocently contrives to lessen the effect of his narration by adding that in their frequent visitations 'all would disswade me from drinking too freely.' Of this work a German translation by Theodor Arnold appeared at Halle in 1721. Dr. Fowler, bishop of Gloucester, expressed high approval of this curious treatise (Thoresby's Diary, ii. 103, 124). Beaumont was buried at Stone-Easton on 23 March 1730-1. He had married Dorothy, daughter of John Speccott, of Penheale, Egloskerry, Cornwall; and his wife's claim to the family estate involved Beaumont in a long and disastrous lawsuit. His other publications were: 1. 'Considerations on a Book entituled the Theory of the Earth, publisht by Dr. Burnet,' 4to, London, 1693. 2. Postscript to above, 4to, London, 1694. 3. 'The Present State of the Universe,' 4to, London, 1694. 4. 'Gleanings of Antiquities,' 8vo, London, 1724 (the third part of which contains additions to the 'Treatise of Spirits').
G. G.
# Cox and Box

* Cox and Box, the complete version by Francis Cowley Burnand and Arthur Sullivan.
* Cox and Box, the shorter version of the above and the most commonly performed version.

## Articles about Cox and Box

"Cox and Box," in A Dictionary of Music and Musicians, (ed.) by George Grove, London: MacMillan & Co., Ltd. (1900)
# Cowie's Printer's Pocket-Book and Manual/The Warehouse-Book

THE WAREHOUSE-BOOK.
Cowie's Printers' Pocket-Book. No. (printed) 1000.
| Date. | Date. | Receipt of Paper, and of whom. | No. of Books delivered | To whom delivered—with his signature. | For whom. |
| Sept. | 1 | | | | |
| | 15 | 50 rms. of Messrs. Spalding & Co. 800 Ditto | | | |
| Oct. | 20 | | 500 | J Allen | Mr. Strange |
| | 24 | | 500 | J. Jones | Ditto |
| | 27 | | 25 | D. Phipps | Ditto |
| Dec. | 5 | with waste | 1025 | W. Wilson | Ditto |
| | | | 2050 | | |
The warehouseman should first be provided with a book agreeable to the above plan, about the size of a foolscap quarto. When the porter or carman brings paper from the stationer or bookseller, the warehouseman should demand the bill, before he discharges him; and if right, dismiss him, and enter it immediately into the warehouse-book as above.
# Cox and Box (complete)/Overture

COX AND BOX:
OR,
THE LONG-LOST BROTHERS.
James John Cox—A Journeyman Hatter. John James Box—A Journeyman Printer. Serjeant Bouncer—Late of the Dampshire Yeomanry.
# Cowie's Printer's Pocket-Book and Manual/The Saxon Alphabet

THE SAXON ALPHABET.
|  | a |
| B | b |
| C | c |
| D | d | ꝺ |
|  |  | e |
| F | f |
|  | g |
|  | h |
| I | i |
| K | k |
| L | l |
|  | m |
| N | n |
| O | o |
| P | p |
| Q | q |
| R | r |
|  | s |
| T | t |
| U | u |
| W | w |
| X | x |
| Y | y |
| Z | z |
| Ð | and |
| ð | th |
| ꝥ | that |
# Cowles v. Mercer County/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
74 U.S. 118
Cowles v. Mercer County
The record presents but one question which has not been heretofore fully considered and repeatedly adjudicated. That question is, whether the board of supervisors of Mercer County can be sued in the Circuit Court of the United States by citizens of other States than Illinois. It presents but little difficulty.
The board of supervisors is a corporation created by acts of the legislature of Illinois.
It has never been doubted that a corporation, all the members of which reside in the State creating it, is liable to suit upon its contracts by the citizens of other States; but it was for many years much controverted whether an allegation in a declaration that a corporation defendant was incorporated by a State other than that of the plaintiff, and established within its limits, was a sufficient averment of jurisdiction. And in all the cases, prior to 1844, it was held necessary to aver the requisite citizenship of the corporations. Then the whole question underwent a thorough re-examination in the case of The Louisville, Cincinnati, and Charleston Railroad Company v. Letson; #fn-s-s-s and it was held that a corporation created by the laws of a State, and having its place of business within that State, must, for the purposes of suit, be regarded as a citizen within the meaning of the Constitution giving jurisdiction founded upon citizenship. This decision has been since reaffirmed, and must now be taken as the settled construction of the Constitution.
In the case before us the corporators are all citizens of Illinois, and the corporation is liable to suit within the narrowest construction of the Constitution.
But it was argued that counties in Illinois, by the law of their organization, were exempted from suit elsewhere than in the Circuit Courts of the county. And this seems to be the construction given to the statutes concerning counties by the Supreme Court of Illinois. But that court has never decided that a county in Illinois is exempted from liability to suit in National courts. It is unnecessary, therefore, to consider what would be the effect of such a decision. It is enough for this case that we find the board of supervisors to be a corporation authorized to contract for the county. The power to contract with citizens of other States implies liability to suit by citizens of other States, and no statute limitation of suability can defeat a jurisdiction given by the Constitution. We cannot doubt the constitutional right of the defendant in error to bring suit in the Circuit Court of the United States upon the obligations of the County of Mercer against the plaintiff in error. And we find no error in the judgment of that court. It must, therefore, be
AFFIRMED.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Auber, Peter

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​AUBER, PETER (1770–1866)
Entered the India House at 16: rose to be Assistant Secretary, and afterwards Secretary to the E. I. Co., 1829–36; after 50 years' service, retired in 1836, on a pension of £,2000 a year, thus drawing £60,000 as pension. His name stands as the author of two important works, viz., an Analysis of the Constitution of the E.I.Co. with supplement, 1826–8: and Rise and Progress of British Power in India, 1837: but his claim to have written the firstnamed has been disputed: died 1866.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Avitabile, Paolo Di Bartolomeo

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​AVITABILE, PAOLO DI BARTOLOMEO (1791–after 1845)
General: a Neapolitan: born Oct. 25 1791: served in the Neapolitan forces, 1807–9: and in the Artillery under King Joseph Buonaparte and Murat in the Imperial Army: left Italy, and went, via Constantinople, to Persia, 1820: after 6 years there, joined Ranjit Singh in the Panjab: made Governor of Wazirabad, and of Peshawar in 1834: ruled by fear and severity and with success: gave great assistance to General Pollock and the Army of Retribution, 1842: left Peshawar, 1843, took refuge at Jalalabad and in India and returned to Europe: received a sword from the Court of Directors: a General in the French Army: died in a few years near Naples.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Austen, Sir Francis William

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​AUSTEN, SIR FRANCIS WILLIAM (1774–1866)
Brother of Jane Austen, the novelist: born April 23, 1774: educated at the Royal Naval Academy: entered the Navy in 1788: was on the East India station, in the Perseverance, from 1788 to 1801, and again from 1807 to 1809 in the St.Albans, 64 guns: his services were rewarded by the E. I. Co: served also in the North Sea, Baltic and West Indies Admiral of the Fleet, 1863: K.C.B., 1837: G.C.B., 1860: died Aug. 10, 1865.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Auckland, George Eden, Earl of

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​AUCKLAND, GEORGE EDEN, EARL OF (1784–1849)
Governor General: second son of the first Lord Auckland: born Aug. 25, 1784: educated at Christ Church, Oxford: called to the bar, 1809: President of the Board of Trade and Master of the Mint, 1833: First Lord of the Admiralty, 1834–35: G.C.B.: appointed Governor-General of India, April 4, 1836. In 1836–7 he sent Burnes (q.v.) on a mission to Kabul: in distrust of the Amir, Dost Muhammad, who received in 1837 the Russian officer, Vitkievitch, at Kabul, and with a view to counteract Russian influence there, Auckland, under pressure of the English Government, decided to dethrone Dost Muhammad (q.v.) and reinstate Shah Shuja (q.v.) as Amir: his declaration of war was issued on Oct. 1, 1838: the facts of the first Afghan War are well known: Dost Muhammad fled in Aug., 1839: Shah Shuja, though set up in 1839, and supported till 1841, was unpopular as a ruler: the British force was reduced: the subsidies were diminished: the Afghans rose in 1841: Sir A. Burnes was murdered on Nov. 2, 1841, and the envoy. Sir W. Macnaghten on Dec. 23,: the British army was destroyed in its retreat from Kabul to the Khyber. Lord Auckland was made an Earl in 1839, on the capture of Kabul: he had left India on March 12, 1842, before Pollock's avenging Army had advanced ​beyond Jalalabad. Afghan affairs chiefly engaged Auckland's attention. In 1840 the British Resident at Ava was expelled by the King of Burma and not re-estabished. Auckland was again First Lord of the Admiralty in 1846: died Jan. 1, 1849.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Austin, Charles Sumner

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​AUSTIN, CHARLES SUMNER (1837–1903)
Educated at Merchant Taylors' school, and St. John's College, Oxford: Senior Fellow: edited the Madras Times and afterwards the Athenceum and Daily News of Madras: Correspondent of the London Times during the siege of Paris and the Commune, 1870: also in the Ashanti war, and at Simla, and in the S.States of America: a brilliant and very vivid writer: Dr.: died May 2, 1903.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Atkinson, James

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​ATKINSON, JAMES (1780–1852)
Born March 9, 1780: studied medicine at Edinburgh and London: joined the Bengal Medical service, 1805: Civil Surgeon at Backerganj, to 1813: studied Persian: Assay Master of the Mint, 1813–28: officiating Deputy Professor of Persian at Fort William College, 1818, Superintendent of the Government Gazette, 1817, and of the Press from 1823: commenced the Calcutta Annual Register, 1823: in 1833, became Surgeon to the 55th N.I.: in 1838–41, went to Kabul with the Army of the Indus, as Superintending Surgeon: returned to Bengal in 1841: member of the Medical Board, 1845: retired, 1847: died Aug. 7. 1852: published a number of translations from the Persian classics, many of them inverse, including a portion, and an epitome, of the Shah Nameh: edited the Persian Hatim Tai: contributed publications to the Oriental Translation Fund: e.g. On the Loves of Laili and Majnun: wrote, 1842, an illustrated narrative of the expedition into Afghanistan: was also an artist of considerable merit: brought out lithographed Sketches in Afghanistan.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Auchmuty, Sir Samuel

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​AUCHMUTY, SIR SAMUEL (1756–1822)
General: born in New York, 1756, the grandson of a Scotch settler in Boston: saw service, first as a volunteer, from 1777 in the Army, in N. America: went to India in 1783 in the 52nd regt.: became Adjutant: promoted to Captain in the 75th, in 1788: was in the campaigns of 1790– 1 against Tippoo, and at the first siege of Seringapatam under Lord Cornwallis in 1792: D.Q.M.G. at Calcutta: Military Secretary to Sir Robert Abercromby (q.v.) when C. in C., 1795–7: in his campaign against the Rohillas: returned to England in 1797: commanded a force from the Cape to Egypt to cooperate with Sir D. Baird and Sir Ralph Abercromby against the French: Adjutant-General in Egypt: K.C.B. in 1803: in 1806–7, Brig-General in S. America at Monte Video and Buenos Ayres: Maj-General in 1808: went out to Madras as C. in C., May, 1810: in 1811 took Java and Batavia, and defeated the Dutch at Cornells and Samarang: left Madras for England in March, 1813: Lt-General: G.C.B., 1815: C. in C., and Privy Councillor in Ireland, 1821: died Aug. 11, 1822.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Aufrecht, Theodor

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​AUFRECHT, THEODOR (1822–)
Born Jan. 7, 1822, at Leschnitz in Silesia: educated at the College of Oppeln: studied Sanskrit and Philology at Berlin, and later the ancient languages of Northern Europe: Privat-docent at Berlin University, 1850: went to England, 1852, to study Sanskrit: Professor of Sanskrit and Philology at Edinburgh University, 1862: Professor of Philology at Bonn, 1875–89: now Professor of the Comparative Study of Languages at Bonn: Levi calls him the "illustrious veteran of Indian studies": he is especially noted for his catalogues of Sanskrit MSB.: among his works may be mentioned: De accentu compositorum Sanskriticorum, 1847: Halayudha's Abhi-dhanaratnamata, 1861: Die Hymnen des Rigweda, 1877: Bluten aus Hindostan, 1873: Das Aitareya Brahmana, 1879: his catalogues of Sanskrit MSS., at the Bodleian Library (1859–64), and at Cambridge (1869): Catalogus catalogorum, a register of Sanskrit works and authors, 1891–3: and Katalog der Sanskrit Hand-schriften der Universitdts-Bibliothek zu Leipzig, 1901.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Austen, Charles John

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​AUSTEN, CHARLES JOHN (1779–1852)
Son of Rev. George Austen, and brother of Miss Austen: entered the Navy early: served against the Dutch and French, and on a number of stations: at the bom-bardment of Acre, 1840, for which he was made C.B.: Rear Admiral, 1846: Naval C. in C. of the E. India station, 1850: in the second Burmese war, died of cholera at Prome, Sep. 29, 1852.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Awdry, Sir John Wither

* related portals: John Wither Awdry.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
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​AWDRY, SIR JOHN WITHER (1795–1878)
Born 1795: educated at Winchester and Christ Church, Oxford: Fellow of Oriel: called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1822: after being Puisne Judge of the Bombay Supreme Court, from 1830, was Chief Justice, 1839–42: knighted 1830: D.C.L. of Oxford, 1844: one of the Commissioners of Oxford University: died June, 1878.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Lepidus

​LE'PIDUS, the name of a celebrated family of the Aemilia gens, which was one of the most ancient patrician gentes. [Aemilia Gens.] This family first occurs in Roman history at the beginning of the third century before the Christian era, and from that time it became one of the most distinguished in the state. Finally, it became connected by marriage with the imperial house of the Caesars, but disappears towards the end of the first century of the Christian era. The following genealogical table is in some parts conjectural, but these are pointed out in the course of the article. (Comp. Perizonius, Animad. Hist. p. 131 ; Norisius, Cenot. Pis. p. 257, &c. ; Eckhel, vol. v. p. 123 ; Clement. Cardinal. Memorie Romane di Antichità, vol. i. p. 182 ; Orelli, Onom. Tull. vol. ii. p. 15; Drumann Gesch. Roms, vol. i. p. 1, &c.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Lepidus 1.

​1. M. Aemilius Lepidus, consul b. c. 285, but whose name only occurs in the Fasti.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Lepidus 12.

​12. Q. Aemilius Lepidus, the grandfather of Lepidus the triumvir, must have been either a son or grandson of No. 7. [See below. No. 17.] But the dates will hardly allow us to suppose that he was a son. He was therefore probably a son of No. 9, and a grandson of No. 7.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Lepidus 14.

​14. Mam. Aemilius Mam. f. M. n. Lepidus Livianus, who appears to have been a grandson of No. 8, but only an adopted son, as his surname Livianus shows, was consul, b. c. 77, with D. Junius Brutus. He belonged to the aristocratical party, and is mentioned as one of the influential persons who prevailed upon Sulla to spare the life of the young Julius Caesar. He failed in obtaining the consulship at his first attempt, because he was supposed, though very rich, to have declined the office of aedile in order to avoid the expences attending it. (Suet. Caes. 1 ; Cic. Brut. 47, de Off. ii. 17 ; Obsequ. 119 ; Val. Max. vii. 7. § 6.)