OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Goldschmidt, Jenny Lind

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
GOLDSCHMIDT, Jenny Lind. See Lind, Jenny.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Glisan, Rodney

Edition of 1920. See also Rodney Glisan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GLISAN, glĭs'an, Rodney, American physician: b. Linganore, Md., 29 Jan. 1827; d. 1890. He was graduated from the medical department of the University of Maryland (Baltimore) in 1849, was assistant surgeon, United States army, in 1850-60, afterward practised medicine in Portland, Ore., and in 1881 was a delegate to the Seventh International Medical Congress. His writings include a ‘Journal of Army Life’ (1874); ‘Two Years in Europe’ (1887).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Goldschmidt, Meier Aaron

Edition of 1920. See also Meïr Aron Goldschmidt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GOLDSCHMIDT, gȯld'shmit, Meier Aaron, Danish novelist and publicist: b. Vordingborg, 26 Oct. 1819; d. Copenhagen, 15 Aug. 1887. He entered journalism when quite young, edited the comic paper Corsaren (1840-46), and in 1847 founded a monthly publication in which he discussed the political movement of the time, and showed himself a strong advocate of constitutional freedom. His first novel, ‘A Jew,’ appeared in 1845; other novels of his are ‘Homeless’ (1853); ‘The Heir’ (1865); and ‘The Raven’ (1867); he also wrote a few dramas, and his autobiography (1877). His novels are most remarkable for the skill with which he pictures the life of the Jews.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Goldschmidt, Otto

Edition of 1920. See also Otto Goldschmidt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GOLDSCHMIDT, Otto, English composer: b. Hamburg, Germany, 21 Aug. 1829; d. London, 24 Feb. 1907. He was a pupil of Mendelssohn and Hauptmann at the Leipzig Conservatory, became a resident of England in 1858, was appointed a professor in the Royal Academy of Music in 1863 and was its vice-principal (1866-68). From 1876-85 he was first musical director of the Bach Choir. He several times conducted the famous Lower Rhine festivals at Düsseldorf. His compositions include the oratorio ‘Ruth’ (1867) and he also edited with Sterndale Bennett ‘The Chorale Book for England.’ In 1852 he married Jenny Lind (q.v.).
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Williamson, James Cassius

Layout 2
​Williamson, James Cassius, was born in Mercer, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on August 26th, 1845. Up to 1871 Mr. Williamson worked hard as a humble member of Wallack's Theatre, New York. In that year he accepted an engagement as principal comedian in the California Theatre, San Francisco, and in 1873 married Miss Maggie Moore, a member of the company. In 1875 began the Australian career of this talented couple, at the Theatre Royal, Melbourne, under the management of Messrs. Coppin, Harwood, Stewart & Co. While "starring" during this celebrated Australian engagement, Mr. Williamson showed his general capacity as a comedian and character actor, and his performance of Dion Boucicault's Kerry was regarded as an artistic triumph by the critics and playgoing public of Melbourne and Sydney. Mr. and Mrs. Williamson, animated by their success in Australia, took Struck Oil to London, and played it for one hundred nights at the Adelphi Theatre, and then "starred" for two years in their native America. In 1879 they returned to Australia, and in 1882 Mr. Williamson joined Mr. Arthur Garner and Mr. Musgrove in forming their powerful managerial combination. Since then Mr. Williamson has appeared in the dual capacity of actor and manager, and has made more than one business trip to England and America. He and his partners have spared no expense or trouble in introducing dramatic and operatic novelties, and in securing first-class actors and singers for their various theatres. The expenditure involved in such an undertaking would probably astound the English no less than the colonial public. The managerial "trio" has recently broken up by the retirement of Mr. Musgrove, a nephew of the late William Saurin Lyster. But they have displayed unequalled enterprise for the past eight years in the importation of so many London plays and operas—including the whole range of Gilbert and Sullivan opera—and of performers such as Miss Geneviève Ward and Mr. W. H. Vernon, Mr. Charles Warner, Mr. J. L. Toole and Company, Miss Nellie Farren, Mr. Fred Leslie, and the Gaiety Company, and others too numerous to specify; while Mr. Williamson is now promising his patrons a visit from Madame Sarah Bernhardt, and had already purchased, before its London production, Sir Arthur Sullivan's Ivanhoe. In other words, the dramatic and operatic amusements of Australia have been placed by this firm fairly on a level with those of London, Paris and New York—a fact further emphasised by the erection of the palatial Princess's Theatre in Spring Street, facing the Houses of Parliament, which is fitted with every modern contrivance of comfort and luxury, including a "movable roof" for the summer season.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Willoughby, Howard

Layout 2
​Willoughby, Howard, one of the leading journalists of Victoria, joined the reporting staff of the Melbourne Age soon after his arrival in the colony in 1860. and subsequently joined the Argus reporting staff. He was special correspondent for the latter journal in New Zealand during the last Maori war, and was with the headquarters of General Cameron during the campaign, which resulted, after severe fighting, in the conquest of the Waikato and the retreat of the King tribes to the interior. Soon after his return to Victoria, Mr. Willouhgby was despatched by the Argus to Western Australia to investigate the convict system there. His letters showing the inordinate expense of the system to Great Britain and its injustice to the free colonies, to whose shores the ex​ex-convicts steadily found their way, were of great service in securing the abolition of the last remnant of transportation to Australia. In 1866 the Government commenced the publication of the Victorian Hansard, and Mr. Willoughby became one of the official staff. From this post he retired in 1869, to take the editorship of the Melbourne Daily Telegraph, then just established. Mr. Willoughby remained in charge of this journal until 1877, when his services were again secured. by the Argus as a contributor, and charge of the reporting staff of the paper. Many of Mr. Willoughby's papers, such as "The British Convict in Western Australia," "Critiques on Spiritualism," "The Critic in Church," have been republished in separate form with success. Mr. Willoughby in 1891 made a valuable contribution to the literature of intercolonial federation by the issue of a brochure comprising a series of letters originally written for the Melbourne Argus newspaper.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Willson, Right Rev. Robert William

Layout 2
​Willson, Right Rev. Robert William, first Roman Catholic Bishop of Hobart, ​was born at Lincoln on Dec 11th, 1794. His father, William Willson, was a leading builder in that city, and was originally a member of the Established Church; but having married a Catholic lady, Miss Tenney, he subsequently joined the Roman Catholic Church. In his twenty-first year Robert entered Oscott College, and on the completion of his theological studies was ordained to the priesthood on Dec. 16th, 1824, by the famous controversialist, Bishop Milner. He was immediately appointed to Nottingham, where he achieved such a repute for energy that Dr. Ullathorne, till then Vicar-General of Australia, determined to secure his services for the Colonial Church, and procured his nomination as first Bishop of Hobart. Dr. Willson was astounded when he heard the news of the nomination, and used his best endeavours to evade the proffered dignity, but without success. Even Cardinal Wiseman endeavoured to keep him in England, but Pope Gregory XVI. insisted on the nomination being upheld, and Dr. Willson was duly consecrated by Dr. (afterwards Cardinal) Wiseman in Oct. 1842. He sailed for Tasmania at the end of Jan. 1844, and landed in Hobart on the 11th of the following May. For the next two-and-twenty years he laboured energetically and successfully to build up and organise the Roman Catholic Church in Tasmania He also earned the respect and admiration of all denominations for his self-sacrificing exertions on behalf of the convict population and the insane. General regret was experienced all over the colony when failing health compelled his retirement, and quite a host of farewell addresses was presented to the popular prelate. He embarked on Feb. 27th, 1865, but on the voyage home was struck down by paralysis. He was never afterwards able to officiate at the altar, but with the aid of a servant he was able to walk a little in Nottingham, where he lingered for a year, expiring on June 30th, 1866. His funeral oration was pronounced by Dr. Ullathorne, who published a memoir of the prelate in 1887, and his life has been sympathetically written by the Rev. T. Kelsh, of the diocese of Hobart, and published at the office of the Hobart Mercury.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Williamson, John

Layout 2
​Williamson, John, in conjunction with ​Mr. W. C. Wilson, founded the New Zealander newspaper, first published in 1845, and for twenty years exercised an important influence on New Zealand politics. He was three times elected to the office of Superintendent of the province of Auckland, a position which under the original constitution of New Zealand was analogous to a lieutenant-governorship in Canada, the provinces, however, in New Zealand being very much smaller. Mr. Williamson represented Auckland in the Parliament of the colony down to the time of his death. He was a man of broad Liberal views, and was a member of the second Fox Ministry, without portfolio, from July 12th to August 2nd, 1861. He was also one of the founders of the Bank of New Zealand. Mr. Williamson died in Feb. 1875.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Willis, John Walpole

Layout 2
​Willis, John Walpole, first resident judge of Victoria, second son of Captain William Willis, of Badsworth, co. York, by Mary, only daughter and heiress of Robert Hamilton Smyth, of Lismore, co. Down, was born on Jan. 4th, 1793, and educated at the Charterhouse and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He was called to the English Bar, and married, firstly, on August 8th, 1824, Lady Mary Isabella Lyon, daughter of Thomas, 11th Earl of Strathmore. This marriage was dissolved in 1833; and Mr. Willis married, secondly, on Sept. 15th, 1836, Ann Susanna Kent, eldest daughter of the late Colonel Thomas Henry Bund, of Wick House, co. Worcester. Mr. Willis was author of a well-known treatise on "Equity Pleading"; and in 1827 was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court or Upper Canada. He was deposed from the bench by the Governor, who dissented from a judgment which he delivered impugning the legality of detaining certain political prisoners. He was, however, reinstated on appeal to the King in Council; but did not return to Canada. Mr. Willis was subsequently employed in the West Indies in the adjustment of compensation claims under the Slavery Emancipation Act, and was a judge in British Guiana. He returned to England in 1836; and was subsequently appointed second Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, where he arrived on Nov. 3rd, 1837; and where, whilst his uprightness and legal acumen were respected, his eccentricities were constantly bringing him into collision with the Bar and the authorities. He was appointed Resident Judge of Victoria, where he arrived on March 10th, 1840. In a short time he aroused the ire of the local magnates by attempting to compel the attendance of justices of the peace at the criminal sittings of the Supreme Court, in order that they might be instructed in the exercise of their magisterial functions. He also lectured the members of the Bar upon their private and pecuniary concerns; and at last excited so much hostility that, upon a petition from a number of influential residents, Sir George Gipps summarily suspended him from his judicial functions. This exercise of power was anything but popular with the mass of the population; and when Mr. Willis left Melbourne, on Feb. 13th, 1843, he was escorted to the ship by some four hundred of the inhabitants, who expressed sincere sorrow at the departure of one whom they regarded as no respecter of persons, and an eminently impartial administrator of justice. Mr. Willis, on his return, appealed to the Home Government for redress; but received no compensation beyond the heavy arrears of salary which accrued whilst his case was under consideration. He retired from the practice of the law in 1852, and spent the last years of his life in retirement at Wick House, Worcester, of which county he was a J.P. and D.L. He died on Sept. 10th, 1877.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Williams, Sir Edward Eyre

Layout 2
​Williams, Sir Edward Eyre (p. 509). This distinguished jurist was the son of Burton Williams, a planter in Trinidad, West Indies, by his marriage with the daughter of Major Hartley. He married Jessie, daughter of Rev. Charles Gibbon, of Loumay, Mintlaw, Aberdeenshire, by his marriage with Miss Duff, a cousin of the Earl of Fife's.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Wilson, Hon. Andrew Heron

Layout 2
​Wilson, Hon. Andrew Heron, M.L.C., son of Andrew Wilson and Grace (Heron) his wife, was born in August 1844 at Ayr, Scotland, and educated at the Academy in that town. He emigrated to Queensland in 1864, and is now a large saw-mill owner at Maryborough in that colony. Mr. Wilson was called to the Legislative Council in 1883. He was married at Cunning Park, Ayr, to Miss Jessie Adam.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Wilson, Edward

Layout 2
​Wilson, Edward, was born at Hampstead in 1814, and after completing his education he embarked in the Manchester trade in London. The confinement was not to his taste, and he proceeded to Australia in 1842. The infant settlement of Melbourne attracted him, and he took up a cattle station near Dandenong. He soon became an adverse and uncompromising ​critic of the political administration of Mr. C. J. Latrobe, the superintendent of the district of Port Phillip. The reception which his vigorous letters received induced him to turn his thoughts to journalism, and in 1847 he purchased the Melbourne Argus from Mr. Wm. Kerr, incorporating with it the Patriot, which was the lineal descendant of the first newspaper published in Melbourne. A few years later the Daily News was bought and merged in the Argus, which was conducted with such indomitable energy and enterprise, and such conspicuous literary ability by Mr. Wilson, that it prospered immensely, notwithstanding the difficulty of producing a daily paper in such a disorganised state of society as resulted from the outbreak of the gold fever in 1852. Prior to this Mr. Wilson had taken a leading part in the resistance which was offered by the colonists to the influx of convicts from Tasmania, and which led to the passing of the Convicts Prevention Act. He strenuously supported the separation of Port Phillip from New South Wales; he cooperated earnestly with the Anti-transportation League founded in 1851; he denounced the unjust and irritating conduct of Governor Hotham towards the mining population; he largely contributed to secure the establishment of responsible government in the colony; and he was the first to advocate a popular land policy, and the recession of the pastoral tenants of the crown before the advance of agricultural settlement. He was also the founder of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, and is credited with the distinction of having introduced the lark, thrush, and other British songbirds, as well as the sparrow, into Australia. After many years of severe intellectual labour, Mr. Wilson, in 1857, returned to England, but revisited Australia and New Zealand in the following year, finally settling at Hayes, in Kent, in 1864, where he lived a life of dignified retirement until Jan. 10th, 1878, when his death took place as the result of a paralytic seizure. He was one of the founders of the Colonial Institute in 1868, and was ever earnest in promoting any movement calculated to benefit the colony he had been largely instrumental in calling into existence.
# The Family Kitchen Gardener (1856)/Nectarine

Layout 2
NECTARINE.
Amygdalis, var.—Brugnon, Fr.—Nectarpfirsche, Ger.
I have never considered this fruit as any other production than a garden variety of the Peach, from which it is only distinguished by the smoothness of the skin. Many highly wrought descriptions of it have extolled it as being finer fla- ​vored than the Peach. If so, it has not been our good fortune to have tasted such: on the contrary, we consider it an inferior variety of that fruit, and of an inferior flavor. Neither will the Nectarine ever be so universally cultivated, being generally of a smaller size; and the smoothness of its skin is favorable to the attacks of the Curculio, which destroys them in quantities every season, stinging the fruit even worse than the Plum; and until we can entirely extirpate these animals, it will be a scarce fruit in this vicinity. The following five sorts, from about twenty, will form a select collection.
Boston.—An American variety, by Mr. Lewis, of Boston, and brought into notice by S. G. Perkins, Esq. Color bright yellow, with red cheek. A sweet and pleasant flavor, large size. Freestone.
Downton.—Fruit of a greenish-white color, with a dark red cheek. Flesh very rich, melting, and juicy; large size, and the very best quality. Freestone.
New White.—Is of a creamy-white color, medium size. Flesh white, rich, melting, and rather juicy. A freestone.
Pitmaston Orange.—Fruit medium size, of a bright golden-yellow color, with a red cheek. Flesh deep yellow, melting, rich and sweet, fine flavor. Freestone.
Red Roman.—One of the oldest and most celebrated varieties. Fruit large, of a yellowish-green color, with a dull red cheek, specked with brown. Flesh firm, pale yellow, juicy, rich and very high flavored. Equal to the Downton, but is a cling-stone.
Violette hative.—Fruit very similar to the former, with a greenish-white flesh. A freestone.
They all ripen from the 1st of August to the 1st of Sept.
Cultivation.—The soil and culture suitable for the Peach perfectly agrees with the Nectarine. It is also budded in the same manner, and if practicable should always be obtained on the Plum stock.
# The Family Kitchen Gardener (1856)/Okra

Layout 2
OKRA, OR OCHRO.
Hibíscus esculéntus.—Gombo, Fr.
This plant has been introduced to our notice and table from the West Indies, where it is cultivated to some extent as a vegetable. The green seed pods are put into soups, or stewed and served up with butter. It is becoming very popular with us, and grown to a great extent by some gardeners for supplying the market.
Culture.—The seeds are sown thinly, on dry, warm soil, in shallow drills two feet apart, about the same time as the Lima Bean. Cover the seeds lightly. Sometimes they come up ​and are cut off with the frost; if so, plant again. An ounce of seed will supply any family. After the plants are up, thin them out to nine inches apart; hoe freely, and draw a little earth to the stems as they continue to grow. They will reach the height of five feet in good soil. The pods must be gathered when about an inch and a half long and quite green. As soon as they become brown and hard, they are useless for the kitchen.
# The Family Kitchen Gardener (1856)/Mint

Layout 2
MINT.
Méntha Virìdis.—Menthe, Fr.—Münze, Ger.
There are several varieties of Mint, but the one under consideration is commonly known as Green Mint, or Spear Mint, from its long-pointed leaves. In its green state, it is used in sauces, salads, and frequently in soups. When dried, and taken as a tea, it is very efficacious in stomach complaints, far surpassing any alcoholic preparation.
Culture.—It is a perennial plant, and propagated by parting the roots in Spring. It will grow in any kind of soil where moisture abounds, and if in a sheltered spot, will come forward more early for use. If required to be cultivated extensively, draw drills two inches deep, and one foot apart, drop therein small pieces of the root, six inches apart; cover them with the ​soil; and give the ground a good top-dressing every year with manure, or rich earth. A bed will keep in bearing five or six years. When new plantations must be made, it is cut when the shoots are a few inches high. If the plants are wanted for drying, they must be allowed to grow till they are in full bloom, when they are to be cut, and the stalks laid out thinly to dry, in a shed or airy out-building. When they are perfectly dry, and have a brittle feeling, tie them up in a paper to keep till wanted. When green Mint is very desirable, it can be taken up and planted in boxes, and forced in a hot-bed with very little trouble. In two weeks the plants will be fit to cut. Two years ago, I was forcibly struck with the abuse of this very healthful herb. My physician prevailed upon me to pay a visit to one of the Springs, in the interior of this State, to try the effect of its waters upon my system, then greatly reduced by an accident. To me, every table appears meagre, unless it has a very liberal supply of good wholesome vegetables. On this occasion, the table of “mine host” appeared to have very homœopathic dishes of my favorites. When my strength began to recruit, I sallied forth to the garden to observe the cause, when behold it contained almost exclusively Green Mint! I could not conceive what extensive use they made of it, till on being more familiar with the establishment, I observed that it was carried in armsful (as if for feeding cattle) to the barroom, where it was liberally saturated with brandy, ice, and sugar, to foster an appetite for the sons of Bacchus. May that Boniface live to learn that Cabbage, Beans, and Peas, are better for health and happiness than mint-juleps!
# The Family Kitchen Gardener (1856)/Morel

Layout 2
MOREL.
Phállus esculéntus.—Champignon, Fr.—Essbare, Ger.
This vegetable is a native of this country, and closely related to the Mushroom, from which it is distinguished by the ​cap being hollow within, and adhering to the stem by its base, and latticed on the surface with irregular sinuations. The height is about four inches. It is in perfection, and will be found from May to September, in wet banks, in woods, and in moist pastures, and should not be gathered when wet with dew, or soon after rain; if gathered dry, they will keep several months. They are used either fresh or dried, as an ingredient to heighten the flavor of gravies, ragouts &c.
Culture.—We are not aware that this vegetable has been introduced into garden-culture, like the Mushroom, but there can be no doubt of the attempt being attended with success. The spawn should be collected in June, and planted into dung-beds, or ridges of soil differently composed, in order by experiment, to come to the best mode of cultivation. Those who have practised the growing of Mushrooms, will find no difficulty in cultivating the Morel or Mascul plant.
# The Family Kitchen Gardener (1856)/Ochro

Layout 2
OKRA, OR OCHRO.
Hibíscus esculéntus.—Gombo, Fr.
This plant has been introduced to our notice and table from the West Indies, where it is cultivated to some extent as a vegetable. The green seed pods are put into soups, or stewed and served up with butter. It is becoming very popular with us, and grown to a great extent by some gardeners for supplying the market.
Culture.—The seeds are sown thinly, on dry, warm soil, in shallow drills two feet apart, about the same time as the Lima Bean. Cover the seeds lightly. Sometimes they come up ​and are cut off with the frost; if so, plant again. An ounce of seed will supply any family. After the plants are up, thin them out to nine inches apart; hoe freely, and draw a little earth to the stems as they continue to grow. They will reach the height of five feet in good soil. The pods must be gathered when about an inch and a half long and quite green. As soon as they become brown and hard, they are useless for the kitchen.