OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chisholm, Colin

​CHISHOLM, COLIN, M.D. (d. 1825), medical writer was in 1796 acting as surgeon to H.M.'s Ordnance in Grenada, an office which he resigned in 1798 (Royal Kalendar). A few years later he fixed his residence at Bristol, where he long enjoyed a lucrative practice. His latter days were chiefly spent in retirement on the continent. He died in Sloane Street, London, in the beginning of 1825 (Gent. Mag. vol. xcv. t. i. pp. 647-8). Besides papers in various medical periodicals, such as the ‘Medical Repository,' Duncan's ‘Medical Commentaries,’ Duncan’s ‘Annals of Medicine,’ &c., Chisholm was the author of:
* ‘An Essay on the Malignant Pestilential Fever introduced into the West India Islands from Boulam, on the coast of Guinea, as it appeared in 1793 and 1794,’ 8vo, London, 1795 (second edition, much enlarged, 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1801).
* ‘A Letter to John Haygarth, M.D., exhibiting further evidence of the infectious nature of the Pestilential Fever in Grenada … and in America,’ &c., 8vo, London, 1809. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 24 Nov. 1808.
[Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Biog. Dict. of Living Authors, 1816.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chisholm, William (d.1629)

​CHISHOLM, WILLIAM III (d. 1629), bishop of Vaison, was the nephew of William Chisholm the second, bishop of Dunblane and Vaison [q. v.], and succeeded his uncle, by the special license of Pope Gregory XIII, as bishop of Vaison, when the latter became ​a Carthusian monk in 1684. He took as keen an interest in the ecclesiastical affairs of Scotland as his uncle, and wrote a learned book against the Calvinists, of which, however, no copy is in the British Museum, and for this reason, as well as on account of his favour with the pope, he became the object of a curious intrigue in 1602, which was intended to secure his elevation to the cardinalate.
It seems that the small but influential body of catholics in Scotland wished to convince James VI of the desirability of having a representative to watch over his interests at Rome, and that they tried to induce him to write directly to the pope, requesting that Chisholm should be made a cardinal for this purpose. James, however, refused to compromise himself, but Elphinstone, the secretary of state, afterwards Lord Balmerino, managed to get the king's signature to a letter to the pope, by thrusting it among a number of other documents, when he was in a hurry to go hunting one day (Gardiner, History of England, ed. 1883, i. 80–1). Chisholm was accordingly spoken of at Rome for a cardinal's hat, and boasts were made that the king of Scotland was coming back to the faith; but Elizabeth, when she heard of it, remonstrated hotly with James for his intrigue, and he hastened to disavow his connection with the whole affair. Chisholm then retired to his diocese, and was made rector of the Venaissin, the pope's county in France, a post which he held until his death at Vaison in 1629.
[Sainte-Marthe's Gallia Christiana, xvii. 935; Gardiner's History of England, i.]
H. M. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chisholm, William (d.1593)

​CHISHOLM, WILLIAM II (d. 1593), bishop of Dunblane and bishop of Vaison, was a son of Chisholm of Cromlix, and nephew to William Chisholm, bishop of Dunblane fom 1527 to 1564 [q.v.], to whom he was appointed coadjutor by a brief of Pope Pius IV dated 1 June 1561. He is spoken of by Knox as ‘one of the chief pillars of the Papisticall Kirk’ (Knox, History, ed. D. Laing, ii. 88), and in the very highest terms the by the pope's legate, Nicolas de Gouda, in his despatch from the Scotch court in 1562. The legate, after commenting on the incapacity of the Scotch bishops generally, goes on to say: ‘The only exception is the coadjutor bishop of Dunblane; though holding but a secondary position during the lifetime of his superior, he has already made his influence felt, both in public an in private, having succeeded in confirming a great many people in the faith, and being justly held in high esteem and regard by all good men’ (Leith, Narratives of the Scottish Catholics under Mary Stuart and James VI, p. 75). This bishop was much employed by Mary Queen of Scots in diplomatic missions, of which the most important were in 1565 to Rome to obtain the pope’s leave for her marriage with Darnley in spite of their consanguimty, and in 1567, when she sent him as special envoy to France to convey the intelligence of her marriage with Bothwell, and to explain the circumstances attending that event (Burton, History of Scotland, iv. 229). He was also one of the commissioners for the divorce of Bothwell from Lady Jane Gordon. He is said to have still further dilapidated the income of his bishopric, and was declared to have forfeited it for non-compliance with the new arrangements after the fall of his royal mistress, and on 3 July 1573 a license was issued by the four regents for the choice of successor. Chisholm had before this retired to France, where he was well known, and in 1570 he was instituted by the pope to the bishopric of Vaison, near Avignon, as some recompense for the loss of his position in Scotland and his exile. This bishopric, however, he resigned in 1584 in favour of his nephew, William Chisholm III [q. v.], when he retired to the convent of Grande Chartreuse. He took the vows only of a simple monk, but was soon made prior of the Chartreuse at Lyons, and eventually at Rome. He continued to busy himself greatly with Scotch affairs until his death at Rome on 26 Sept. 1593, and is buried in the church of the Carthusians there.
[Keith’s Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, ed. 1824, p. 180; Leith’s Narratives of the Scottish Catholics; article on Chisholm, under the ‘Bishopric of Vaison,’ in Sainte-Marthe’s Gallia Christiana, i. 935.]
H. M. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chisholm, John

​CHISHOLM, JOHN (1752–1814), Scotch catholic prelate, brother of Æneas Chisholm [q. v.], was born at Inchully in Strathglass, Inverness-shire, in September 1752, and educated in the Scotch college at Douay. He was nominated fourth vicar-apostolic of the highland district in 1791; consecrated at Edinburgh as bishop of Oria in Africa, 12 Feb. 1792; and died at Killichiaran in the island of Lismore 8 July 1814.
[Gordon’s Catholic Church in Scotland, p. 458; Catholic Directory (1885), p. 61.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chisholm, William (d.1564)

​CHISHOLM, WILLIAM I (d. 1564), bishop of Dunblane, was the second son of Edmund Chisholm of Cromlix, near Dunblane, a son of Chisholm of that ilk in Rhoxburghshire and half-brother of James Chisholm, who was bishop of Dunblane from 1486 to 1527, when he resigned his see, with the consent of Pope Clement VII and King James V, in favour of William Chisholm. William Chisholm was consecrated bishop at Stirling on 14 April 1527 but James continued to administer the affairs and receive the income of the see until his death in 1534. Chisholm seems to have been a man of immoral character, and a nepotist, for, being an adversary of the Reformation, he alienated nearly all the property of the bishopric of Dunblane to his relations. Most of it he gave to his nephew, Sir James Chisholm of Cromlix ; and large portions also to his illegitimate son James Chisholm of Glassengall, and to his two illegitimate daughters, who were married respectively to Sir James Stirling of Keir and to John Buchanan of that ilk. His daughter Jean, who married Sir James Stirling of Keir, is said in an old genealogy of the Drummonds, quoted by Fraser in his 'Stirlings of Keir,’ to have been the daughter of the bishop by Lady Jean Grahame, daughaer of the Earl of Montrose (p. 40), and in the same book are contained many gants of land from the bishop to this daughter and her husband. He died in 1564, and was succeeded in the bishopric of Dunblane by his nephew, William Chisholm II of the family of Cromlix [q. v], who had been appointed his co adjutor in 1561.
[Keith’s Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, ed. 1824, pp. 179-80.]
H. M. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chisholm, Æneas

​CHISHOLM, ÆNEAS (1759–1818), Scotch catholic prelate, was born in Strathglass in 1759, and educated in the Scotch college at Valladolid, of which he became one of the masters. In 1786 he was nominated prefect of studies in the Scotch college at Douay. Three years later he came home to the mission, and was stationed in Strathglass. In 1804 he was appointed coadjutor to his brother, John Chisholm [q. v.] vicar-apostolic of the highland distract, and he was consecrated bishop of Diocæsarea in Isauria, 15 Sept. 1805. He succeeded his brother as vicar-apostolic in 1814; and died at Lismore 31 July 1818.
[Gordon's Catholic Church in Scotland, p. 460; Catholic Directory (1885), p. 61.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cope, Richard

​COPE, RICHARD (1776–1856), author and divine, was born near Craven Chapel, Regent Street, London, on 23 Aug. 1776. When less than twelve years old he entered upon business life; but it proved uncongenial to his disposition, and he became a student at the Theological College, Hoxton, in March 1798. After remaining in that institution for more than two years, he received an invitation from the independent congregation at Launceston in Cornwall. He preached his first sermon there (28 June 1800), remained on trial for twelve months, was ordained in the church on 21 Oct. 1801, and remained in that position until 24 June 1820, having for the previous twenty years kept with great success a boarding school, which was attended by the sons of dissenters throughout the county. From 1820 to 1822 he filled the post of tutor in the Irish Evangelical College, Manor Street, Dublin; but the appointment afforded him but slight satisfaction, and he eagerly withdrew. After this brief change of occupation, Cope returned to preaching. He was minister of Salem Chapel, Wakefield, from 1822 to 1829; of Quebec Chapel, Abergavenny, from 1829 to 1836; and of New Street Independent Chapel at Penryn, in his old county of Cornwall, from April 1836 until his death. He died at Penryn on 26 Oct. 1856, and was buried on 31 Oct. He married Miss Davies at St. James's Church, Piccadilly, on 30 June 1801. The degree of M.A. was conferred upon him at Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 12 March 1819, and he ​ was elected F.S.A. on 13 Feb. 1824. Cope's ‘Autobiography and Select Remains,’ edited by his son, R. J. Cope, in 1857, included poems from the ‘Evangelical Magazine’ (1815–17), and ‘Youth's Magazine’ (1816). Cope published: 1. ‘The object accomplished by the Abolition of the Slave-trade,’ a sermon, 1807. 2. ‘Adventures of a Religious Tract,’ anonymous (1820, 1825). 3. ‘Robert Melville, or Characters contrasted,’ Abergavenny, 1827. 4. ‘Pulpit Synopsis,’ outlines of sermons, 1837. 5. ‘Entertaining Anecdotes,’ 1838. 6. ‘Pietas Privata,’ 1857.
[Autobiography, 1857; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub.; Boase's Collectanea Cornub. p. 161.]
W. P. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cope, Walter

​COPE, Sir WALTER, (d. 1614), politician, second son of Edward and grandson of Sir Anthony Cope [q. v.], was M.P. for St. Mawes in 1588, for Weymouth in 1601, for Westminster in 1604, and for Stockbridge in 1614. He was member of the Elizabethan Society of Antiquaries; was knighted 20 April 1603; became chamberlain of the exchequer, where he helped to catalogue the records, in 1609, master of the wards July 1613, and keeper of Hyde Park 1612. In 1607 he built at Kensington a house called Cope Castle (designed by John Thorpe), and bought Kensington manor in 1612. James I stayed with him in November 1612. He died, 27,000l. in debt, 31 July 1614, and was buried at Kensington. His only child, Isabel (by Dorothy, second daughter of Richard Grenville of Wotton), inherited the Kensington mansion, which was renamed Holland House by her husband Henry Rich, earl of Holland. Cope wrote an apology for his friend Salisbury's financial policy, printed in Gutch's ‘Collectanea Curiosa,’ i. 119. Many of his letters are at Hatfield.
[Nichols's Progresses; Cal. State Papers, 1590–1614; Collins's Baronetage, i. 112; Princess Liechtenstein's Holland House; Hearne's Curious Discourses.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Copinger, William

​COPINGER, WILLIAM (d. 1416), clerk, was a member of a family settled at Buxhall, Suffolk. His will is dated 20 Jan. 1411–12, and was proved on 2 March 1415–16. He was buried at Buxhall (Davy, Athenæ Suffolcenses, i., Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 19165, f. 53). Copinger's claim to be included among English writers rests upon the testimony of Bishop Bale, who mentions in his note-book (Bodleian Library, Cod. Selden., supra, 64, f. 58 b) that he found two works of his in the possession of Balliol College, Oxford. These works were a treatise, ‘De Virtutibus et Vitiis,’ and a ‘Sacramentale’ in one book (so too in Bale, Scriptt. Brit. Cat. xi. 48, pt. ii. 62 et seq.). Pits expands this account by the statement that Copinger was a master of arts of some note in the university of Oxford, and that he is supposed to have been a member of Balliol College (De Angliæ Scriptoribus, appendix, ii. 22, p. 852). Two copies of the ‘De Virtutibus et Viciis Auctoritates Sacre Scripture et Sanctorum ac Philosophorum’ remain in the Balliol Library (codd. lxxxiii. 136–67, lxxxvi. f. 2 et seq.), both of the fourteenth century; and the former has the following colophon—‘Explicit tractatus de viciis et virtutibus compilatus. Toppynger’ (or perhaps ‘Toppyng’—the flourish is ​ambiguous). The name is apparently that, not of the author, but of the transcriber (H. O. Coxe, Catal. of Oxford MSS., Balliol College, p. 24 a), and the initial letter is not C but T. Finally, there is no christian name given; and it is possible that the name ‘William’ was prefixed through an inadvertent confusion with a William Copinger of New College, who proceeded B.C.L. in 1542 (Wood, Fasti Oxon. i. 116, ed. Bliss), or perhaps with another William Copinger who made extracts from a Dublin chartulary which formed part of Sir James Ware's collection, and afterwards passed into the possession of the Earl of Clarendon (Catal. Cod. MSS. Angl. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 8, 1697). As for the Sacramentale’ referred to above, it is probably a copy of the well-known ‘Pupilla Oculi’ of John Borough [q. v.], (Balliol MS. ccxx. f. 54). It results, therefore, that Copinger has only found a place in English biographical dictionaries in consequence of an error of transcription on the part of Bishop Bale.
[Authorities cited above.]
R. L. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Copeland, William John

​COPELAND, WILLIAM JOHN (1804–1885), scholar and divine, was the son of William Copeland, surgeon, of Chigwell, Essex, where he was born on 1 Sept. 1804. When eleven years old he was admitted at ​ St. Paul's School (11 Sept. 1815), and while there won the English verse prize (1823) and the high master's prize for the best Latin essay (1824). In the latter year he proceeded with a Pauline exhibition to Trinity College, Oxford, and, like another distinguished sympathiser with tractarian doctrines, was first a scholar and then a fellow of that college. Trinity College ranked second to Oriel only in sympathy with the Oxford movement, and Copeland, though never wavering in his attachment to the English church, entered into close connection with all the leading tractarians of the university. While at college he was ill and took no honours; but he was always known as one of the best Latin scholars at Oxford. His degrees were B.A. 1829, M.A. 1831, and B.D. 1840, and he was duly elected to a fellowship. In 1829 he was ordained to the curacy of St. Olave, Jewry; for the next three years he was curate of Hackney; and in 1832 he went to Oxford, where he remained until he accepted, in 1849, the college living of Farnham, Essex. This was his sole preferment in the church, and after a long illness he died at the rectory on 26 Aug. 1885. He never neglected his parochial duties, and he rebuilt the parish church with extreme care of design and execution.
Copeland was gifted with a keen sense of humour and with strong sympathies, which attracted to him a host of friends. He collected materials for, if he did not actually begin to write, a history of the tractarian movement; and as he possessed a tenacious memory, and had been intimately allied with the leaders of the cause, he would have completed the task to perfection. Newman dedicated to Copeland his ‘Sermons on Subjects of the Day’ as the kindest of friends, and Copeland edited eight volumes of Newman's ‘Parochial and Plain Sermons’ (1868), an edition which was more than once reprinted, besides printing a valuable volume of selections from the same series of discourses. The ‘Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle to the Ephesians’ were translated by Copeland, and included in the fifth volume of the ‘Library of the Fathers;’ and Mozley says that Copeland contributed to the ‘Tracts for the Times.’ Part of his library passed, through the agency of his nephew, W. Copeland Borlase, formerly M.P. for St. Austell, Cornwall, to the National Liberal Club.
W. P. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Copeland, William Taylor

​COPELAND, WILLIAM TAYLOR (1797–1868), alderman of London, and porcelain manufacturer, was born 24 March 1797. He was the son of William Copeland, the partner of Josiah Spode, and after the decease of his father and the retirement of the latter he was for a long period at the head of the large pottery establishment known as that of ‘Spode’ at Stoke-on-Trent, and also of the firm in London. In 1828–9 he served the office of sheriff of London and Middlesex, and during the year was elected alderman for the ward of Bishopsgate. He became lord mayor in 1835, and was seven years president of the royal hospitals of Bridewell and Bethlehem (1861–8), and member of the Irish Society, upon which devolves the management of the estates in Ireland belonging to the city of London. In 1831 and 1833 he as a liberal contested unsuccessfully the borough of Coleraine, but was seated on petition in both years, and retained his seat until the general election of 1837. He was then returned as a conservative for Stoke-on-Trent, which seat he held until 1852, when he was defeated, and again from 1857 to 1865. He was a moderate conservative after abandoning the liberal party, and although he did not take an active part in the debates of the House of Commons, he was a useful member of committees, and a watchful guardian of the interests of the important district of the potteries which he represented. He also took an active part in civic affairs, maintaining with chivalrous zeal the ancient rights and privileges of the city of London whenever any of these were objects of attack. Copeland's name will rank along with that of Minton and one or two others as the real regenerators of the industry of the potteries. Though not possessing the knowledge of art which distinguished Wedgwood, he chose as his associates men of unquestionable taste and judgment, among whom was Thomas Battam, with whose aid the productions of his manufactory gained a world-wide renown, and in all the great international exhibitions of recent times obtained the highest commendation both for their design and execution. But the branch of ceramic art which Copeland carried to the highest degree of perfection was the manufacture of parian groups and statuettes, in which he secured the co-operation of some of the most eminent sculptors of the day, including Gibson, Calder Marshall, Foley, Marochetti, and Durham. Copeland was in early life a keen sportsman, keeping a stud of race-horses, and always identifying himself with those who sought to maintain the honour of the sport as an old English institution. He died at Russell Farm, Watford, Hertfordshire, 12 April 1868.
[Times, 14 April 1868, reprinted in Gent. Mag. 1868, i. 691; City Press, 18 April 1868; Art Journal, 1868, p. 158.]
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Copland, Patrick

​COPLAND, PATRICK, LL.D. (1749–1822), naturalist, was born in 1749 at the manse of Fintray, Aberdeenshire, where his father was minister, and elected professor of natural philosophy in Marischal College and University, Aberdeen, in 1775. In 1779 he was transferred to the chair of mathematics, but in 1817 was again appointed to his former chair, which he held till his death (10 Nov. 1822). He enjoyed considerable local reputation as a teacher; but his claim to notice lies in the pains he took to form a collection of models and other apparatus suitable for a museum of natural philosophy. Hardly anything of this kind was known in the north of Scotland; but by means of assistance from the Board of Trustees and Manufactures, he contrived to form a valuable collection, travelling on the continent for information, and doing not a little by his own mechanical skill, and by directing and superintending his workmen. This service looks but small in the light of our vast modern museums of science and art, our international exhibitions, and illustrated scientific journals; but to Copland belongs the credit of having discovered a want, and done what he could in his circumstances to supply it. Copland was also among the first to extend the knowledge of science beyond academic circles by means of a popular course of natural philosophy.
[Anderson's Scottish Nation; Kennedy's Annals of Aberdeen, vol. ii.]
W. G. B.