OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Maurus, St., founder of Glanfeuil monastery

Maurus (2), St., founder and abbat of the Benedictine monastery of Glanfeuil or St. Maur-sur-Loire. He is better known, as Herzog says, to tradition than to history, but the primary authority is Gregorius Mag. (Dial. ii. cc. 3 seq.). His Life, written by Faustus Cassinensis, and re-written with alterations by Odo or Eudes, at one time abbat of Glanfeuil, is given by Mabillon (Acts SS. O. S. B. saec. i. 274 seq.) and the Bolland. (Acta SS. Jan. i. 1039 seq.). [FAUSTUS (31)]. St. Maurus, better known in France as St. Maur, was when 12 years old entrusted by his father Equitius, an Italian nobleman, to the charge of St. Benedict at Subiaco (or at Monte Cassino) and trained in monastic rule. By St. Benedict he was sent into Gaul c. 543, and established his monastery on the Loire by favour of King Theodebert. He introduced the Benedictine rule, and was the chief means of its acceptance in France, but the details of his work are not given. He died A. D. 584. His monastery, secularized in 16th cent., was in the middle ages one of great influence, and the "Congregation of St. Maur" has done much from the 17th cent. to elevate the tone of the monastic orders. The genuineness of his life in all its stages has been disputed. Ceillier, Sacr. Aut. xi. 157, 170, 610; Herzog, Real-Encycl. ix. 201; Cave, Lit. Hist. i. 574; Mosheim, Hist. Ch. Ch. cent. xvii. § 2, pt. i. c. 1.
[J.G.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Maximianus I., M. Aurelius Valerius

Maximianus (1) I., M. Aurelius Valerius (Herculius), emperor of Rome a.d. 286–305 with Diocletian, 306–308 with Maxentius or Constantine; compelled to strangle himself Feb. 310, being probably 60 years old (Tillem. "Diocletian," vol. iv. p. 7, Hist. des Emp.). A Pannonian soldier of humble birth but great military ability and unresting activity, he was created Caesar in 285 by Diocletian, and Augustus in 286. (For the chief events in his history see DIOCLETIAN, CONSTANTINE, and MAXENTIUS in D. of G. and R. Biogr.) The Diocletian persecution began in A.D. 303, and Maximian joined in it: He is said in the de Mortibus Persecutorum to have been the worthy brother of Diocletian, and Eusebius speaks of his death in the same retributive tone as of the other emperors except Constantius and Constantine (H. E. viii. 13).
The military talents and activity of Maximianus were of the greatest value to the Western empire and in Africa, and while under Diocletian's influence or direction he seconded him honestly and well. He was a barbarian soldier without honour, principle, or education; crime was familiar to him, though he seems not to have practised cruelty for its own sake. He is accused of the usual sensual excesses, though not to the same extent as Maxentius.
[R.ST.J.T.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Maximinus, Saint, bp. of Trèves

Maximinus (4), St., 5th archbp. of Trèves (c. 332—349) known to us from the part he played in the history of Athanasius. In Feb. 336 the latter was banished by the emperor Constantine to Trèves, then the seat of government of his eldest son Constantine II. Maximin received him with honour, became his zealous partisan and friend, and was thenceforth numbered among the champions of orthodoxy in the West (Hieron. Chron. an. 346, Migne, Patr. Lat. xxvii. 682; Athan. Ep. ad Epasc. Aegypt. § 8; Apologia ad Imp. Const. § 3, ed. Benedict. i. 278, 297; Hilarius, Hist. Frag. ii. ed. Maff. ii. 634, in Patr. Lat. x. 644). For the probable influence of Athanasius's sojourn on the struggle between Arianism and orthodoxy and the growth of monasticism in the West, see Rettberg, Kirchengeschichte, i. 187, 188. Athanasius left Trèves in June 338, and in 340 Maximin was called upon to entertain and assist Paul, the
banished bp. of Constantinople. His efforts resulted in Paul's restoration in 341. In 342 a deputation of four Arian bishops arrived at Trèves, hoping to win Constans to their views. They brought a creed of compromise, but Maximin was inflexibly hostile, refused them communion, and was mainly instrumental in securing the rejection of their proposals (Hilar. Hist. Frag. iii. ed. Maff. ii. 662, 663, in Patr. Lat. x. 674, 675). In 343 Maximin was present at the council of Milan (Hist. litt. de la France, i. B. 111). Whether he was also at the great council of Sardica, 343 or 344, is not quite certain, but he assented to its decisions (Athan. Apol. contr. Arianos, § 50, ed. Benedict. i. 168; Hilar. ib. ii. 647, in Patr. Lat. 659). His prominent part in the conflict with Arianism is shewn by the special excommunication pronounced against him at the heretical council of Philippopolis (Hist. Frag. iii. 27).
Maximin's cult was established from very early times. The legends that collected round his name are embodied in two biographies, one by an anonymous monk of St. Maximin in 8th cent. (Boll. Acta SS. Mai. vii. 21–25), the other by a Lupus, who, in the opinion of Ceillier (xii. 511) and others, was Lupus, bp. of Châlons. It is in Migne, Patr. Lat. cxix. 665–680. According to their story, Maximin was a native of Poitou, brother of Maxentius, bp. of Poictiers. Drawn to Treves by the favour of St. Agricius, he was ordained by him and succeeded him in the see. Against the Arian heresy, then in the ascendant, he boldly contended and suffered much persecution. He summoned a council at Cologne, which condemned Euphratas, the bp. of that city, who denied the divinity of Christ. (This council is now admitted to be fictitious; see Baron. Ann. 346, vii. sqq.; Rettberg, Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands, i. 131). He died in Aquitaine after an episcopate of 17 years, and was buried there. For the early history of his famous monastery see Gall. Christ. xiii. 523 sqq.; Rettberg, u.s. i. 474.
[S.A.B.]
# Dawson v. Columbia Avenue Saving Fund Safe Deposit Title & Trust Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
197 U.S. 178
Dawson v. Columbia Avenue Saving Fund Safe Deposit Title & Trust Company
Argued: January 26, 27, 1905. --- Decided: March 6, 1905
Messrs. Charles A. Douglass, Dupont Guerry, and Homer Guerry for appellant.
Messrs. Olin J. Wimberly and John I. Hall for appellee.
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dawson v. Kentucky Distilleries & Warehouse Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
255 U.S. 288
Dawson v. Kentucky Distilleries & Warehouse Company
Argued: Jan. 6, 1920. --- Decided: Feb 28, 1921
Mr. Charles I. Dawson, of Frankfort, Ky., for appellants.
Mr. W. Overton Harris, of Louisville, Ky., for an appellant in No. 582.
Mr. Wm. Marshall Bullitt, of Louisville, Ky., for appellee Kentucky Distilleries & Warehouse Co.
Messrs. T. Kennedy Helm, of Louisville, Ky., and Levi Cooke, of Washington, D. C., for appellee J. & A. Freiberg Co., Inc.
Mr. Justice BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Bourdillon, Sir James Austin

Layout 2
​BOURDILLON, SIR JAMES AUSTIN (1848–)
I.C.S.: born at Madras, March, 1848: son of J. D. Bourdillon (q.v.): educated at Marlborough: Captain of the Cricket XI: went out to India, 1870: Superintendent of the Census of Bengal, 1880–3: acting Secretary to the Bengal Government, Financial Department, 1893–5: Commissioner of Patna, in the famine, 1897: C.S.I., 1898: Chief Secretary to the Government of Bengal, 1900: Member of the Famine Commission in India, 1901: Member of the Board of Revenue, 1902: for some years Member of the Bengal Legislative Council: acted as Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, Nov. 1902–Nov. 1903: Resident in Mysore, 1903: K.C.S.I., Jan. 1904: V.D., 1896, for long service as a volunteer in the Calcutta Light Horse and Bihar Light Horse.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Bowring, Lewin Bentham

Layout 2
​BOWRING, LEWIN BENTHAM (1824–)
I.C.S.: born July 15, 1824: third son of Sir George Bowring: educated at Exeter, Leipzig and Haileybury, 1841–3: went out to India, 1843: Deputy Commissioner in the Panjab, 1849–54: Private Secretary to Lord Canning, when Viceroy, April, 1858 to 1862: Chief Commissioner of Mysore and Coorg, 1862–70: retired, 1870: C.S.I., 1867: author of Eastern Experiences, Hyder Ali and Tippoo Sultan, and contributions to the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Bowser, Sir Thomas

Layout 2
​BOWSER, SIR THOMAS (1748–1833)
Born 1748, at Kirkby Thore, Westmorland: educated at Appleby Grammar School: entered the E.I. Co.'s Army at 24: at the taking of Tanjore in 1773: for 3 years engaged in the capture of forts in the N. Sircars: at the siege of Pondicherry, 1778: in the Guntur Sircar campaign, 1779: as a Lieutenant, in Sir Hector Munro's army in 1780, sent to help Col. Baillie and, with him, taken prisoner by Hyder Ali in the Perambakam disaster, Sept. 1780: confined at Seringapatam 3 years and 8 months: loaded with irons for 3 years and 4 months: liberated, 1784: to England for 3 years: published in 1788 his Memoirs of The Late War in Asia: served under Medows in 1792, at the storming of Dindigul: given by Cornwallis the command of a sepoy battalion: served under General Braithwaite at the siege of Pondicherry, 1798: employed against the Raja of Ramnad: effected the reduction of Ceylon, 1796: took fort Calpentein and Colombo: sent to reduce the French force under Perron at Hyderabad: at Seringapatam, May 4, 1790: stormed the fortress of Gooty: commanded from Hyderabad a mixed force, joining Colonel A. Wellesley, against Doondia Waugh: to England, 1803: again to India in 1820: commanded the Mysore Division: was temporarily C. in C. of Madras Army, 1824–6, on the death of Sir Alexander Campbell: retired. May, 1826: was a Lt-General and K.C.B.: died June, 1833.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Boyd, Hugh

Layout 2
​BOYD, HUGH (1746–1794)
Son of Alexander Macaulay: took his mother's name, Boyd: born in Oct. 1746: educated at Dublin, and graduated at Trinity College, 1765: studied law, and contributed to journals and literature: in 1781 became Secretary to Lord Macartney, Governor of Madras: sent on a mission to Ceylon, captured by the French and kept a prisoner at Bourbon for some months: became Master Attendant at Madras, and conducted the Madras Courier: wrote the Indian Observer papers, and the Hircarrah: it was said that he was the author of the Letters of Junius, a supposition which he never positively contradicted: his works were collected and published: died Oct. 15, 1764.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Braddon, Sir Edward Nicholas Coventry

Layout 2
​BRADDON, SIR EDWARD NICHOLAS COVENTRY (1829–1904)
Son of Henry Braddon, and brother of Miss Braddon the novelist: went out to India in 1847 to join the mercantile house of Bagshaw and Co., in Calcutta, but preferred work in the Mofussil: while he was employed on the E.I. Railway, the Sonthal rebellion of 1855 broke out, in which he rendered such excellent service that he was appointed an Assistant Commissioner in the Sonthal Parganas: during the mutiny he served in the Volunteer force under Sir George Yule, Commissioner of Bhagalpur, and, after the mutiny, on that officer's invitation, joined the Oudh Commission, where he remained until Oudh was amalgamated with the N.W.P. in 1877: resigned the Service and went to Tasmania, where he rose to be Premier and Agent-General for Tasmania in London: K.C.M.G., 1891: published Life in India, and Thirty Years of Shikar, in 1895: died Feb. 3, 1904.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Bourguien, Louis

Layout 2
​BOURGUIEN, LOUIS ( ? - ? )
Louis Bernard: a Frenchman: went to India with Admiral Suffrein: from Pondicherry went to Calcutta and enlisted in the E.I. Co.'s service: was a cook and pyrotechnist: employed by Begam Samru: in 1794 by De Boigne: under Perron in 1800, in Sindia's service: fought against George Thomas (q.v.): and was defeated by him at Georgeghar: later, made Thomas surrender at Hansi: captured Rohtak, 1803: after the defeat of Colonel Pedron by Lake at Alighar, Bourguien revolted against Perron: the latter surrendered to the British, and Boiurguien, as General, held command of Sindia's troops for a fortnight, until he himself was defeated by Lake at the battle of Delhi, Sep. 11, 1803: three days afterwards he surrendered to Lake: was sent to Calcutta: returned to France, with great wealth, and was heard of no more.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Boulger, Demetrius Charles

Layout 2
​BOULGER, DEMETRIUS CHARLES (1853–)
Born July 14, 1853: educated at Kensington Grammar School and privately: has contributed to all the leading journals on questions relating to India, China, Egypt and Turkey since 1876: founded, in conjunction with Sir Lepel Griffin, the Asiatic Quarterly Review in 1885, and edited it for some years: author of Life of Yakub Beg of Kashgar, England and Russia in Central Asia, Central Asian Portraits, Armies of the Native States of India, Central Asian Questions, Lord William Bentinck, Story of India, India in the Nineteenth Century, History of China, of which several editions have been published. Life of Gordon, Life of Sir Stamford Raffles, etc.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Bourchier, Sir George

Layout 2
​BOURCHIER, SIR GEORGE (1821–1898)
Son of Rev. Edward Bourchier: educated at Addiscombe: entered the Bengal Artillery, 1838: in the Gwalior campaign, 1843–4: at Punniar: in the mutiny commanded a battery at Trimmu Ghat: at the siege and capture of Delhi: at Bulandshahr, Alighar, Agra, Sir Colin Campbell's relief of Lucknow, at Cawnpur: Brevet Colonel and C.B.: commanded the R.A. in Bhutan, 1864–6: commanded the E. frontier district, 1871, and the Cachar column in the Lushai expedition, 1871–2: K.C.B., 1852: Maj-General: died March 15, 1898.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Brackenbury, Sir Henry

Layout 2
​BRACKENBURY, SIR HENRY (1837–)
Born Sept. 1, 1837: educated at Eton and R.M.C., Woolwich: joined the Royal Artillery, 1856: in the Indian mutiny: served in Central India, 1857–8: Ashanti war, 1873–4: Zulu war, 1879–80: Private Secretary to Lord Lytton, the Viceroy of India, 1880: Military Attache at Paris, 1881–2: commanded River Column, Egypt, 1884–5: promoted Maj-General for distinguished service in the field: Director of Military Intelligence, 1886–91: Military Member of the Supreme Council of India, 1891–6: Director-General of Ordnance at the War Office, 1899: K.C.B., 1894: K.C.S.I., 1896: G.C.B., 1900: General R.A., 1901: P.C.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Bourdillon, James Dewar

Layout 2
​BOURDILLON, JAMES DEWAR (1811–1883)
I.C.S: son of the Rev. T. Bourdillon: educated at Ramsgate and Haileybury: joined the Civil Service at Madras in 1828: was Secretary to the Board of Revenue and Secretary to Government in the Revenue and P.W.D.: advocated irrigation and the improvement of communications: was an authority on land revenue and the despatch of public business: retired in 1861: died May 21, 1883.
# Crimes Ordinance

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Crimes Ordinance."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Crimes Ordinance 1971 (currently cited as Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200)), an Ordinance enacted by the Legislative Council of Hong Kong that consolidates criminal law related to treason, offences against the crown and piracy at its enactment.
* Crimes Ordinance 2014, an Ordinance enacted by the Legislative Assembly of Falkland Islands that serves as the criminal code of the islands.
# Criminal Appeal Act

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Criminal Appeal Act."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Criminal Appeal Act 1907 (7 Edw. 7 c. 63), an UK Act of Parliament that establishes the Court of Appeal and provides for appeal to the court in criminal cases.
* Criminal Appeal Act 1964 (c. 43)
* Criminal Appeal Act 1966 (c. 66)
* Criminal Appeal Act 1968 (c. 19), an UK Act of Parliament that regulates appeal in criminal cases to the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (formerly the House of Lords). Also repeals the Criminal Appeal Act 1907.
* Criminal Appeal Act 1995 (c. 35), an UK Act of Parliament that amends the Criminal Appeal Act 1968 and establishes the Criminal Cases Review Commission.
# Criminal Code Act 1995 (Australia)

* related portals: Parliament of Australia.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
* Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth.), as enacted.
* Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth.), a unsourced compilation of the Act.
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Poemen, anchorite of Egypt

Poemen (1), (Ποιμήν, Pastor), a famous anchorite of Egypt. He retired very young into the monasteries of Scete c. 390, and continued there 70 years, dying c. 460. His Life occupies much space in Rosweyd's Vitae Patrum, v. 15, in Patr. Lat. t. lxxiii. and in Cotelerii Monum. Eccl. Graec. t. i. pp. 585–637. The anecdotes in the last-mentioned authority give the best idea of the man. He treated his aged mother with neglect, refusing to see her when she sought him. His solitary life destroyed all feelings of human nature. His story is concisely told in Ceillier, viii. 468–470, and Tillemont, Mém. xv. 147.
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Pontianus, bp. of Rome

Pontianus (3), bp. of Rome from July (?) 21, 230, to Sept. 28, 235. These dates, given in the Liberian Catalogue, are probably correct, though later recessions of the Pontifical give them differently. The same record states that he was, with Hippolytus a presbyter, banished to Sardinia, which it describes as "nociva insula," implying possibly that he was sent to the mines there. His banishment doubtless took place under Maximinus, who succeeded Alexander after the assassination of the latter in May 235. The date, Sept. 28, 235 was probably that of his deprivation only.
His only episcopal act of which anything needs to be said is his probable assent to the condemnation of Origen by Demetrius of Alexandria. Jerome (Ep. ad Paulam, xxix. in Benedict. ed.; Ep. xxxiii. in ed. Veron.) says of Origen: "For this toil what reward did he get? He is condemned by the bp. Demetrius. Except the priests of Palestine
Arabia, Phoenicia, and Achaia, the world consents to his condemnation. Rome herself assembles a senate [meaning apparently a synod] against him." The condemnation of Origen by Demetrius being supposed (though not with certainty) to have been c. 231, the Roman bishop who assembled the synod was most probably Pontianus. Two spurious epistles are assigned to him.
[J.B—Y.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Pontius, a deacon of Carthage

Pontius (2), Mar. 8, a deacon of Carthage. We know him only from his Vita Cypriani, prefixed to all editions of St. Cyprian's works. He was chosen by Cyprian to accompany him into exile to Curubis (cc. xi. and xii.; cf. Dodwell's Dissertationes Cyprianicae, iv. 21). The Vita is evidently an authentic record. Its style is rugged, and in places very obscure; yet presents all internal marks of truth and antiquity. It uses all the correct technical terms of Roman criminal law, and refers to all the usual forms observed in criminal trials. Jerome, in his Liber de Vir. Ill. c. 68, describes the Vita of Pontius as "egregium volumen vitae et passionis Cypriani."
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Polycrates, bp. of Ephesus

Polycrates (1), bp. of Ephesus in the last decade of 2nd cent. When Victor of Rome sought to unify the practice of the whole Christian world in the matter of Easter celebration, he first asked for meetings of bishops in different places to report on the practice of their localities. This request was made in the name of his church, as we learn from the use of the plural in the reply of Polycrates. From every other place, as far as we can learn, the answer was that they celebrated the feast of our Lord's Resurrection on no other day than Sunday; but Polycrates, writing in the name of the bishops of Asia, declared that they had preserved untampered the tradition to celebrate only on the 14th day of the month, the day when the Jewish people put away their leaven. He appeals to the authority of the great luminaries which the Asian church could boast, and whose bodies lay among them, Philip, one of the twelve apostles, and his three daughters, John, who lay on our Lord's breast, a priest who wore the πέταλον, Polycarp of Smyrna, Thraseas of Eumenia, Sagaris, Papirius, Melito, all of whom had observed the 14th day, according to the Gospel, walking according to the rule of faith. Polycrates himself had followed the traditions of his kindred, seven of whom had been bishops before him, and had been confirmed in his view by his own study of the whole Scripture and by conference with brethren from all the world. Although his letter bore no signature but his own, he claims that it had received the assent of a great number of bishops (Eus. H. E. v. 24). For the sequel see IRENAEUS.
[G.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Pontitianus, a soldier

Pontitianus, a soldier, perhaps of the praetorian guard, an African by birth and a Christian, who indirectly contributed much towards the conversion of St. Augustine, who relates in his Confessions how one day, while he was at Milan with Alypius, Pontitianus came, as it seemed by accident, to visit his countrymen, and found on the table a book containing the writings of St. Paul, and having expressed some surprise, informed the friends that he was a Christian and constantly prayed to God both in public worship and at home. The conversation then turned upon Anthony the Egyptian monk, of whose history Pontitianus knew much more than they did. He told them how, when he was at Trèves, in attendance on the emperor, with three comrades he went to the public gardens. Having separated, two of them met again at the dwelling of a recluse, and found there an account of St. Anthony, which one read to the other until he was stirred to relinquish his military life and enlist in the service of God as a monk, and prevailed on his companion to join him. Pontitianus and the fourth member of the party coming up, the other two endeavoured to persuade them to follow their example, but without success. They returned to the palace while the disciples of St. Anthony remained behind. We hear no more of Pontitianus; for the sequel see AUGUSTINE (Aug. Conf. viii. 6, 7).
[H.W.P.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Placidia, empress

Placidia (1), empress. [GALLA.]