OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Audiffret-Pasquier, Edme Armard Gaston, duc d'

Edition of 1905. See also Gaston Audiffret-Pasquier on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUDIFFRET-PASQUIER, o'de'frS'pas'kyii', Edme Armard Gaston, Duc d' (1823—). A French statesman, born in Paris. In 1862 he inherited the title of Duc de Pasquier from a granduncle. During the reign of Napoleon III. ​he was identified with the Orleanist opposition, and under the presidency of Thiers was one of the Moderate Conservative Party. In 1875 he was chosen president of the National Assembly, which he had entered in 1871, and though he had been an avowed supporter of the Bourbon restoration, he then accepted the Republic. He was the first life-Senator elected by the Assembly (1875); was president of the Senate from 1876-79, and in 1878 was chosen to the French Academy.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Atlantic

Edition of 1905. See also Atlantic, Iowa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ATLAN′TIC. A city, the county-seat of Cass County, Iowa, 82 miles west-southwest of Des Moines, on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad (Map: Iowa, B 3). It has starch works, machine-shops, and other manufactures. Atlantic was incorporated in 1869; by the existing charter the mayor holds office for two years and the city council consists of eight members. Population, in 1890, 4351; in 1900, 5046.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Atlantic Cable

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ ATLANTIC CA′BLE. See Atlantic Telegraph, History of.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aube, Hyacinthe Laurent Théophile

Edition of 1905. See also Théophile Aube on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUBE, Hyacinthe Laurent Théophile (1826-90). A French admiral. He was born at Toulon; entered the navy in 1840; served with distinction in the colonies, and was in charge of some coast defenses during the Franco-German war. In 1879 he was appointed governor of Martinque, and on his return to France in 1881 was made a rear-admiral. His appointment to the ministry of the navy and to the rank of vice-admiral followed in 1886. Aube was a strong ​advocate of the torpedo system. He was a voluminous writer, some of his more important works being: De la marine française (1873); La guerre navale et les ports militaires de la France (1879); Italie et Levant (1884); Marine et colonies (1885). Most of his writings have been collected under the titles: Entre deux campagnes and A terre et à bord.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Atlantes

Edition of 1905. See also Atlas (architecture) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ATLANTES, ăt-lăn′tēz (Gk. nom. pl. Ἄτλαντες; see Atlas.) Carved male figures used in architecture as supports to cornices, architraves, etc. They correspond to the female Caryatides, but were not so popular in Greek art. Examples are in the temple at Girgenti, the theatre at Athens, in minor parts of Mediæval decorative work, and especially, on a large scale, in late Renaissance buildings.
# The Makropoulos Secret

* related portals: Czech literature, Plays, Science fiction, The Makropoulos Secret.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
Science-fiction play, originally written and performed in Czech (Věc Makropulos) in 1922
Layout 2
THE MAKROPOULOS SECRET
By KAREL CAPEK Author of R. U. R.
Adapted by Randal C. Burrell Introduction by H. T. Parker
BOSTON JOHN W. LUCE & COMPANY
Copyright as Manuscript, 1924
By Richard S. Aldrich
Copyright, 1925
By Randal C. Burrell
First published January, 1925
All applications for permission to perform “The Makropoulos Secret” in the United States of America must be addressed to the publishers of Randal C. Burrell, Esq., in their care.
Printed in the United States of America
THE MURRAY PRINTING COMPANY CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
* Introduction
* Cast of characters
* Act I
* Act II
* Act III
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The Makropoulos Secret/Cast of characters

Layout 2
CAST OF CHARACTERS
Emilia Marty Jaroslav Prus Albert Gregor Janek Prus Prus Kristina Dr . Kolonaty Hauk-Sendorf Vitek Mechanic Scrubwoman Emilia’s Maid Physician
| Act I | Dr. Kolonaty’s law office. |
| Act II | The stage of a theater. |
| Act III | Emilia Marty’s boudoir at an hotel. |
# The Life of the Bee/Appendix

To give a complete bibliography of the bee were outside the scope of this book; we shall be satisfied, therefore, merely to indicate the more interesting works:—
1. The Historical Development of Apiarian Science:
(a) The ancient writers: Aristotle, "History of Animals" (Trans. Bart. St. Hilaire); T. Varro, "De Agricultura," L. III. xvi.; Pliny, "Hist. Nat.," L. xi.; Columella, "De Re Rustica;" Palladius, "De Re Rustica," L. I. xxxvii., etc.
(b) The moderns: Swammerdam, "Biblia Naturæ," 1737; Maraldi, "Observations sur les Abeilles," 1712; Réaumur, "Mémoires pour servir a l'Histoire des Insectes," 1740; Ch. Bonnet, "Œuvres d'Histoire Naturelle," 1779–1783; A. G. Schirach, "Physikalische ​Untersuchung der bisher unbekannten aber nachher entdeckten Erzeugung der Bienenmutter," 1767; J. Hunter, "On Bees" (Philosophical Transactions, 1732); J. A. Janscha, "Hinterlassene Vollständige Lehre von der Bienenzucht," 1773; François Huber, "Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles," 1794, etc.
Practical Apiculture:
Dzierzon, "Theorie und Praxis des neuen Bienenfreundes;" Langstroth, "The Honey-bee" (translated into French by Ch. Dadant: "L'Abeille et la Ruche," which corrects and completes the original); Georges de Layens and Bonnier, "Cours Complet d'Apiculture;" Frank Cheshire, "Bees and Bee-keeping" (vol. ii.—Practical); Dr. E. Bevan, "The Honey-bee;" T. W. Cowan, "The British Bee-keeper's Guidebook;" A. Root, "The A B C of Bee-Culture;" Henry Allen, "The Bee-keeper's Handy-book;" L'Abbé Collin, "Guide du Propriétaire des Abeilles;" Ch. Dadant, "Petit Cours d'Apiculture Pratique;" Ed. Bertrand, "Conduite du Rucher;" Weber, "Manuel pratique d'Api​culture;" Hamet, "Cours Complet d'Apiculture;" De Bauvoys, "Guide de l'Apiculteur;" Pollmann, "Die Biene und ihre Zucht;" Jeker, Kramer, and Theiler, "Der Schweizerische Bienenvater;" S. Simmins, "A Modern Bee Farm;" F. W. Vogel, "Die Honigbiene und die Vermehrung der Bienvölker;" Baron A. Von Berlepsch, "Die Biene und ihre Frucht," etc.
3. General Monographs:
4. Special Monographs (Organs, Functions, Undertakings, etc.):
5. Notes on Melliferous Hymenoptera:
# The Life of William of Wykeham

* The Life of William of Wykeham (2nd edition, London, 1759) external link
** full title: The Life of William of Wykeham, the Bishop of Winchester.
* The Life of William of Wykeham (3rd edition, Oxford, 1777) external link
** full title: The Life of William of Wykeham, the Bishop of Winchester.
# The Life of the Bee

The Life of the Bee
BY
MAURICE MAETERLINCK
Translated by
ALFRED SUTRO
NEW YORK DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY 1904
Copyright, 1901
By Dodd, Mead and Company
All rights reserved
Published May, 1901
UNIVERSITY PRESS ⁃ JOHN WILSON AND SON⁃CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mahāyāna

Edition of 1905. See also Mahayana on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MAHĀYĀNA, mä′hȧ-yä′nȧ (Skt., Great Vehicle). The development of Buddhism (q.v.) which in the course of a few centuries after the death of Buddha became the dominant system in Northern India as well as in Kashmir and Nepal, and later still spread into China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, etc. Hence it is sometimes spoken of as Northern Buddhism or the ‘Northern School,’ as distinct from the ‘Southern School’ of Ceylon, Siam, and Burma, where the primitive system formulated by Gautama is still the prevailing form. The system of the Northern School is called Mahāyāna, ‘the Great Vehicle or Conveyance,’ because it is supposed to afford the means of salvation to a much larger number than can find places in the Hinayāna, or ‘Little Vehicle,’ as the southern system is disparagingly designated by the followers of the Mahāyāna School. Under the influence of contemporary Hinduism and the Shamanistic notions and practices of the northern barbarians among whom Buddhism had begun to spread, animistic beliefs and views concerning the supernatural were introduced; Shivaitic gods and practices were adopted, the attainment of magic powers by means of occult formulas and phrases was eagerly sought, and objects of worship were multiplied. A thousand new Buddhas were invented, among them the Adi-Buddha (q.v.), who came to be worshiped in Nepal as the self-existent Supreme Being. By spontaneous acts of contemplation and wisdom each of these Buddhas projected from his own essence other intelligences, called Bodhisattva, or spiritual sons, who are represented as having reached such a stage of saintship that but one more birth was necessary for them to become Buddhas, but who had decided to forego Buddhahood, and become the guardians of the Buddhist community on earth, and to help mankind, between the death of one earthly Buddha and the appearance of the next. Each of the five earthly Buddhas of the present Kalpa or age has his spiritual counterpart, who exists in formless worlds of meditation, as a Dhyani-Buddha (q.v.), and has his reflex Bodhisattva. Three correspond to the three Buddhas who preceded Gautama, one to Maitreya, the coming Buddha (expected 2500 years hence), and one, Amitabha, represents the historical Buddha. His spiritual son is Avalokiteshvara of Padmapani, better known in China as Kwan-yin (q.v.) and in Japan as Kwan-non. It is thus evident that northern Buddhism has diverged most remarkably from the primitive system evolved by Sakyamuni. In Tibet and Mongolia, where it is known as Lamaism (q.v.), it has become the contrary of Gautama's system, and so far has
celibacy been discarded that in certain Japanese sects the priests may marry.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mahāvansa

Edition of 1905. See also Mahavamsa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MAHĀVANSA, mä′hȧ-väN′sȧ (Pali, great lineage). The title of a celebrated historical work, written in Pali, giving an account in epic form of the island of Lanka, or Ceylon, from the earliest times and the introduction of Buddhism down to the death of King Mahasena, which occurred A.D. 302, and extended later by various additions down to the time of the English occupation. Like the Dīpavansa (q.v.), the Mahavansa is derived from a more ancient source, the historical portion of the Aṭṭakathā, which commented on the Buddhist Scriptures after giving an annalistic record by way of introduction. An incomplete edition of the Mahavansa, with an English translation, was published by G. Turnour (Ceylon, 1837) and reissued later in revised form by L. C. Wÿesinha, Mahāwanso, Translated from the Pali into English, vol. i. (Colombo, 1889). Consult Geiger, Dīpavansa und mahāvansa, die beiden Chroniken der Insel Ceylon (Erlangen, 1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Madison Square Garden

Edition of 1905. See also Madison Square Garden (1890) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MADISON SQUARE GARDEN. One of the largest buildings devoted to amusement, located in the heart of the City of New York. It contains an amphitheatre accommodating 15,000 people, and used for horse-shows, circuses, bicycle races, and similar purposes, a theatre, a concert and ball room, a restaurant, a roof garden, and a number of studios. The building is of buff brick and terra-cotta and is notable for its great tower, over 300 feet in height, modeled after the Giralda at Seville.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mahaseer

Edition of 1905. See also Mahseer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MAHASEER, mä'hȧ-sēr. A large barbel of India and Ceylon (Barbus tor), which reaches a length of six feet under favorable circumstances. These great fish reside in the streams
of the highlands, and form one of the principal attractions to the 'angler in the East. When the rainy season begins, the mahaseers ascend the hill rivers and their tributaries as far as possible, and spawn, after which they drop down with the subsiding waters. When the ova hatch the fry find themselves alone in the scanty headwaters, and safe from the devouring appetites of their now absent parents. In these small streams and pools they grow almost unmolested until the next season's high water enables them to go down stream. Thus the continued supply of this and of various other similar fishes is secured to the people of the plains. Mahaseer fishing is one of the leading sports of India.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mahātma

Edition of 1905. See also Mahātmā on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MAHĀTMA (Skt., possessing a great soul). A name applied in theosophy (q.v.) to a class of saints who are said to refrain from entering Nirvana (q.v.) that they may help mankind by their presence on earth. As a result of their asceticism and meditation they are supposed to possess superhuman powers, by means of which they are enabled to project their astral bodies to vast distances. The idea of mahātmas is entirely theosophical. Real Oriental philosophy knows nothing of them.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mahāvīra

Edition of 1905. See also Mahavira on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MAHĀVĪRA, mȧ′hä′vē′rȧ (Skt. mahā-vīra, great hero). Name of the founder of the sect of the Jains. (See Jainism.) He is known also as Vardhamāna ‘the Exalted,’ Vīra ‘the Hero,’ or as Jina ‘the Victorious.’ He is regarded as the twenty-fourth and last in the long list of deified masters recognized in Jainism, and he appears to have been an elder contemporary of Buddha. His birthplace was at Kotigama (now Vasakund), in Northeastern India. His legendary history is given in the Kalpa-Sūtra (q.v.) and the Mahavīra-Charitra, two works held in great authority by the Jainas. According to these works, Mahāvīra's first birth occurred at a period infinitely remote; it was as a nayasara, head man of a village, that he first appeared in the country of Vijaya, subject to Satrumardana. He was next born as Marichi, the grandson of the first Jaina saint Rishabha; he then came to the world of Brahma, was reborn as a worldly minded Brahman, and after several other births—each separated from the other by an interval passed in one of the Jaina heavens, and each period of life extending to many hundreds of thousands of years—he quitted the state
of a deity to obtain immortality as a saint, and was incarnate toward the close of the fourth age, when seventy-five years and eight and one-half months of it remained. After he was thirty years of age he renounced worldly pursuits, and departed to practice austerities. Finally, he became an Arhat or Jina; and at the age of seventy-two years, the period of his liberation having arrived, ‘he resigned his breath,’ and his body was burned by Indra and other deities, who divided among them such parts as were not destroyed by the flames. The ashes of the pile were distributed among the assistants; the gods erected a splendid monument on the spot, and then returned to their respective heavens.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Madisonville

Edition of 1905. See also Madisonville, Kentucky on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MADISONVILLE. A city and the county-seat of Hopkins County, Ky., 38 miles south of Henderson; on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (Map: Kentucky, D 3). It is the centre of a fine agricultural country, and has an important tobacco trade and various industrial plants, including saw and planing mills, flour mills, a tobacco factory, tobacco stemmeries, a coal mine, etc. Natural gas has been discovered in the vicinity. Population, in 1890, 2212; in 1900, 3628.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Madness

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​MADNESS. See Insanity; Lunacy.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maharif

Edition of 1905. See also Roan antelope on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MAHARIF, mä'hȧ-rḗf. An antelope of the Sudan (Hippotragus Bakeri), allied to the roan and sable antelopes, and standing nearly five feet high at the withers. It is of a pale liver color, with penciled ears and black stripes across the shoulders. This fine antelope, whose horns are massive, was discovered by Sir Samuel Baker.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Biskra

Edition of 1905. See also Biskra on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BISKRA, or BISKARA, bēs′kȧ-rä (named after the tribe Biskri). A town and commune in the Department of Constantine, Algeria, on the south side of the Aures Mountains, 117 miles southwest of Constantine by rail. It is the most important military post of the district, and formerly had a large caravan trade between the Sahara and the Tell (Map: Africa, E 1). Biskra is situated in the midst of a highly fertile oasis, rich in date-palms and olives. The climate is the warmest in Algeria, the summer temperature rising often above 120° F.; in winter, however, the freezing-point is not infrequently reached. The town has broad streets, with substantial houses, a fort, barracks, caravanserai, and hospital. Burnous and carpets are manufactured, and iron, limestone, and saltpeter are mined in the neighborhood. The Zaba of the Romans, it was an important town under the Moors, but declined after the plague of 1863, by which 71,000 inhabitants perished. In 1844 it was taken by the French, with whom it has become a favorite health resort. Population (commune), in 1891, 7166; in 1890, 8417.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bitumen

Edition of 1905. See also Asphalt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BITU'MEN (Lat., a kind of mineral pitch). A name applied to a number of inflammable mineral substances varying in chemical composition and ranging in consistency from solid to gaseous. The bitumens consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen, but usually they contain also small amounts of sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen. The most important substances included under the name are natural gas, naphtha, petroleum, maltha, mineral tar, asphalt, elaterite, wurtzilite, albertite, grahamite, gilsonite, ozocerite, and coal. Natural gas is composed mostly of marsh-gas, with small quantities of other hydrocarbons and of carbon oxide. Petroleum and naphtha and the solid bitumens are essentially hydrocarbon compounds, containing also subordinate amounts of sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen, and other elements which may be regarded as impurities. The bitumens are widely distributed over the earth's surface, and occur in all the geological formations from the Silurian to the present. Their origin in most eases can be traced to the decomposition of vegetable matter, but various theories have been advanced to account for the deposits of petroleum. The several bitumens are desicribed in special articles. See Anthracite; Asphaltic Coal; Bituminous Coal; Lignite;
Coal; Gas (Natural); Naphtha; Petroleum; Asphalt; Bituminous Limestone; Bituminous Shale; Elaterite; Albertite; and Grahamite.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bitter, Karl Hermann

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Hermann Bitter on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BIT'TER, Karl Hermann (1813-85). A Prussian statesman and writer on music. He was born at Schwedt, Province of Brandenburg, and studied law and cameralistics at Berlin and Bonn. He served as the plenipotentiary of Prussia on the Danube Commission from 1856 to 1860, was prefect of the Department of Vosges during the Franco-Prussian War, and subsequently became minister of finance (1879) — an office in which he displayed exceptional ability. He increased the indirect duties derived from the so-called tobacco monopoly and the tax on spirits and malt, introduced the ‘Börsensteuer’ (tax on the bourse), and concluded the commercial treaty with the city of Hamburg by which that city entered the German Customs Union. He reëstablished the stability of the Prussian finances, and took a prominent part in bringing the railroads of Germany under Government control. He resigned in 1882, in consequence of differences with Bismarck. His
literary activity was confined almost exclusively to works on music.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bitterwood

Edition of 1905. See also Xylopia and Simarouba on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BITTERWOOD. A name given to certain species of the genus Xylopia, trees and shrubs remarkable for the bitterness of their wood, particularly the West Indian Xylopia glabra. Furniture made of this wood is safe from the attacks of insects. The genus Xylopia belongs to the natural order Anonaceæ. The fruit of some of the species, particularly Xylopia sericea, is highly aromatic and pungent like pepper. Xylopia sericea is a large tree, a native of Brazil; its bark is used for making excellent cordage.
Bitterwood is also the name of Quassia excelsa or Simaruba excelsa, a tree of the natural order Simarubaceæ, a native of Jamaica, the wood of which is used in medicine. Botanically, it is very nearly allied to the true quassia, and possesses very similar properties, containing the crystallizable bitter principle called quassin. The wood, which is intensely bitter, is a very useful stomachic and tonic; if introduced by the rectum, it acts in certain eases as an excellent anthelmintic. An infusion of bitterwood is, further, a well-known and useful fly-poison; and it appears to act as a powerful narcotic on many quadrupeds.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bituminous Coal

Edition of 1905. See also Bituminous coal on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BITU′MINOUS COAL (Lat. bituminous, from bitumen, a kind of mineral pitch, bitumen). A term applied to the varieties of coal which contain a large percentage of volatile matter. They yield, by destructive distillation, a considerable quantity of gas, easily purified, and with good illuminating qualities, and are consequently largely used for that purpose. Some varieties also cake when heated out of contact with the air, and yield a hard, porous product known as coke. See Coal; Coke.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bituminous Sandstone

Edition of 1905. See also Oil sands on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BITUMINOUS SANDSTONE. A sedimentary rock of siliceous character, containing more or less asphalt or bitumen. When rich in bitumen it is a valuable economic product; sometimes it is used directly as a paving material, but more often it is previously subjected to a process of refining. In the United States it is mined in California, Kentucky, and Indian Territory. The output in 1900 was 34,277 short tons, valued at $138,892. Consult the volumes of The Mineral Industry, especially Vol. VIII. (New York, 1900). See Bitumen; Asphalt.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bismarck

Edition of 1905. See also Bismarck, North Dakota on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BISMARCK, bĭz′märk. The capital of North Dakota, and county-seat of Burleigh County, on the Missouri River, and on the Northern Pacific Railroad (Map: North Dakota, E 3). It has an attractive situation on the east bank of the river, which is here crossed by a magnificent bridge of steel and iron, 50 feet above high water, and contains a fine court-house, several Federal institutions, the State penitentiary, the State Library, and Saint Alexius's Hospital. The capitol, completed in 1894 at a cost of half a million dollars, is the most prominent building. The city controls a very extensive river trade, the principal articles of commerce being coal, with which the surrounding region is underlaid, grain, hides, etc. The industrial establishments include grain-elevators, a large flouring-mill, etc. Lewis and Clark spent the winter of 1804-05 on or near the site of Bismarck, which was permanently settled in 1873 and incorporated shortly afterwards. In 1883 it was made the capital of Dakota Territory, and in 1889 was chosen as the State capital of North Dakota. The government, under a general State law of 1900, is vested in a mayor, elected every two years, who has important appointive powers in municipal offices, and a city council. Population, in 1890, 2186); in 1900, 3319.