# The World Factbook (1982)/Poland
## POLANDPOLAND

* (See reference map V)

### LANDLAND

312,354 km$^2$; 49% arable, 14% other agricultural, 27% forested, 10% other
Land boundaries: 3,090 km

### WATERWATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (6 nm contiguous zone claimed in addition to the territorial sea; fishing 12 nm, lateral limits based on geographical coordinates)
Coastline: 491 km

### PEOPLEPEOPLE

Population: 36,229,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun—Pole(s); adjective—Polish
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% Polish, 0.6% Ukrainians, 0.5% Belorussians, less than 0.05% Jews, 0.2% other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (about 75% practicing), 5% Uniate, Greek Orthodox, Protestant, and other
Language: Polish, no significant dialects
Literacy: about 98%
Labor force: 19.3 million; 27% agriculture, 32% industry, 41% other nonagricultural (1980)
Organized labor: Solidarity Union—new independent trade union formed as result of labor disturbances in Gdańsk (fall 1980)—claims 10 million members, suspended in December 1981

### GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

Official name: Polish People's Republic
Type: Communist state, temporarily under martial law
Capital: Warsaw
Political subdivisions: 49 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1952; court system parallels administrative divisions with Supreme Court, composed of 104 justices, at apex; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at seven law schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Liberation Day, 22 July
Branches: legislative, executive, judicial system dominated by parallel Communist party apparatus
Government leaders: Wojciech JARUZELSKI, Chairman of Council of Ministers (Premier); Henryk Jabłloński, Chairman of Council of State (President)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: parliamentary and local government every four years
Dominant political party and leader: Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR; Communist), Wojciech Jaruzelski, First Secretary
Voting strength (1975 election): 99% voted for Communist-approved single slate
Communists: 3,091,900 party members (1980)
Other political or pressure groups: National Unity Front (FJN), including United Peasant Party (ZSL), Democratic Party (SD), progovernment pseudo-Catholic Pax Association and Christian Social Association, Catholic independent Znak group; powerful Roman Catholic Church
Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ICES, IHO, Indochina Truce Commission, ILO, IMCO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, Korea Truce Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, all specialized agencies except IMF and IBRD, Warsaw Pact, WIPO, WMO, WTO

### ECONOMYECONOMY

GNP: $165.0 billion in 1980 (1980 dollars), $4,638 per capita; 1980 growth rate, -2.6%
Agriculture: self-sufficient for minimum requirements; main crops—grain, sugar beets, oilseed, potatoes, exporter of livestock products and sugar; importer of grains; 3,200 calories per day per capita (1970)
Fishing: catch 791,000 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals, shipbuilding, and food processing
Crude steel: 19.5 million metric tons produced (1980), about 546 kg. per capita
Electric power: 26,240,000 kW capacity (1981); 113.0 million kWh produced (1981), 3,129 kWh per capita
Exports: $16,975 million (f.o.b., 1980); 48% machinery and equipment, 35% fuels, raw materials, and semimanufactures, 8% agricultural and food products, 9% light industrial products (1980)
Imports: $19,064 million (f.o.b., 1980); 35% machinery and equipment; 46% fuels, raw materials, and semimanufactures; 15% agricultural and food products; 4% light industrial products (1980)
​Major trade partners: $36,039 million (1979); 56% with Communist countries, 44% with West
Monetary conversion rate: 80.0 złlotys=US$1 (January 1982)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data are reported for calendar years except for caloric intake which is reported for the consumption year, 1 July-30 June

### COMMUNICATIONSCOMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 27,236 km total; 24,380 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 2,856 km other gauge; 7,474 km double track; 6,868 km electrified; government owned (1980)
Highways: 305,863 km total; 65,000 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 98,000 km crushed stone, gravel; 142,863 km earth (1977)
Inland waterways: 4,035 km navigable rivers and canals (1979)
Pipelines: 3,540 km for natural gas; 1,515 km for crude oil; 322 km for refined products
Freight carried: rail—481.8 million metric tons (1980), 135.3 billion metric ton/km (1979); highway—2,146 million metric tons, 43.9 billion metric ton/km (1979); waterway—23.2 million metric tons, 2.0 billion metric ton/km (1979)
Ports: 4 major (Gdańsk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Świnoujście), 12 minor (1979); principal inland waterway ports are Gliwice, Wrocłlaw, and Warsaw (1979)

### DEFENSE FORCESDEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,242,000; 7,388,000 fit for military service; 256,000 reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, 75.2 billion złlotys; 4.9% of total budget