OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fouqué, Ferdinand André

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​FOUQUÉ, FERDINAND ANDRÉ (1828–1904), French geologist and petrologist, was born at Mortain, dept. of La Manche, on the 21st of June 1828. At the age of twenty-one he entered the École Normale in Paris, and from 1853 to 1858 he held the appointment of keeper of the scientific collections. In 1877 he became professor of natural history at the Collège de France, in Paris, and in 1881 he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences. As a stratigraphical geologist he rendered much assistance on the Geological Survey of France, but in the course of time he gave his special attention to the study of volcanic phenomena and earthquakes, to minerals and rocks; and he was the first to introduce modern petrographical methods into France. His studies of the eruptive rocks of Corsica, Santorin and elsewhere; his researches on the artificial reproduction of eruptive rocks, and his treatise on the optical characters of felspars deserve special mention; but he was perhaps best known for the joint work which he carried on with his friend Michel Lévy. He died on the 7th of March 1904. His chief publications were: Santorin et ses éruptions, 1879; (with A. Michel Lévy) Minéralogie micrographique, Roches éruptives françaises (2 vols., 1879); and Synthèse des minéraux et des roches (1882).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fourchambault

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​FOURCHAMBAULT, a town of central France in the department of Nièvre, on the right bank of the Loire, 41/2 m. N.W. of Nevers, on the Paris-Lyon railway. Pop. (1906) 4591. It owes its importance to its extensive iron-works, established in 1821, which give employment to 2000 workmen and produce engineering material for railway, military and other purposes. Among the more remarkable chefs-d’œuvre which have been produced at Fourchambault are the metal portions of the Pont du Carrousel, the iron beams of the roof of the cathedral at Chartres, and the vast spans of the bridge over the Dordogne at Cubzac. A small canal unites the works to the Lateral canal of the Loire.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fourmies

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​FOURMIES, a town of northern France, in the department of Nord, on an affluent of the Sambre, 39 m. S.E. of Valenciennes by rail. Pop. (1906) 13,308. It is one of the chief centres in France for wool combing and spinning, and produces a great variety of cloths. The glass-works of Fourmies date from 1599, and were the first established in the north of France. Iron is worked in the vicinity, and there are important forges and foundries. Enamel-ware is also manufactured. In 1891 labour troubles brought about military intervention and consequent bloodshed. A board of trade arbitration and a school of commerce and industry are among the public institutions.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fournet, Joseph Jean Baptiste Xavier

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​FOURNET, JOSEPH JEAN BAPTISTE XAVIER (1801–1869), French geologist and metallurgist, was born at Strassburg on the 15th of May 1801. He was educated at the École des Mines at Paris, and after considerable experience as a mining engineer he was in 1834 appointed professor of geology at Lyons. He was a man of wide knowledge and extensive research, and wrote memoirs on chemical and mineralogical subjects, on eruptive rocks, on the structure of the Jura, the metamorphism of the Western Alps, on the formation of oolitic limestones, on kaolinization and on metalliferous veins. On metallurgical subjects also he was an acknowledged authority; and he published observations on the order of sulphurability of metals (loi de Fournet). He died at Lyons on the 8th of January 1869. His chief publications were: Études sur les dépôts métallifères (Paris, 1834); Histoire de la dolomie (Lyons, 1847); De l’extension des terrains houillers (1855); Géologie lyonnaise (Lyons, 1861).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fourcroy, Antoine François

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​FOURCROY, ANTOINE FRANÇOIS, Comte de (1755–1809), French chemist, the son of an apothecary in the household of the duke of Orleans, was born at Paris on the 15th of June 1755. He took up medical studies by the advice of the anatomist Félix Vicq d’Azyr (1748–1794), and after many difficulties caused by lack of means finally in 1780 obtained his doctor’s diploma. His attention was specially turned to chemistry by J. B. M. Bucquet (1746–1780), the professor of chemistry at the Medical School of Paris, and in 1784 he was chosen to succeed P. J. Macquer (1718–1784) as lecturer in chemistry at the college of the Jardin du Roi, where his lectures attained great popularity. He was one of the earliest converts to the views of Lavoisier, which he helped to promulgate by his voluminous writings, but though his name appears on a large number of chemical and also physiological and pathological memoirs, either alone or with others, he was rather a teacher and an organizer than an original investigator. A member of the committees for public instruction and public safety, and later, under Napoleon, director general of instruction, he took a leading part in the establishment of schools for both primary and secondary education, scientific studies being especially provided for. Fourcroy died at Paris on the 16th of December 1809, the very day on which he had been created a count of the French empire. By his conduct as a member of the Convention he has been accused of contributing to the death of Lavoisier. Baron Cuvier in his Éloge historique of Fourcroy repels the charge, but he can scarcely be acquitted of time-serving indifference, if indeed active, though secret, participation be not proved against him.
The Royal Society’s Catalogue of Scientific Papers enumerates 59 memoirs by Fourcroy himself, and 58 written jointly by him and others, mostly L. N. Vauquelin.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fourmont, Étienne

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​FOURMONT, ÉTIENNE (1683–1745), French orientalist, was born at Herbelai, near Saint Denis, on the 23rd of June 1683. He studied at the Collège Mazarin, Paris, and afterwards in the Collège Montaigu, where his attention was attracted to Oriental languages. Shortly after leaving the college he published a Traduction du commentaire du Rabbin Abraham Aben Esra sur l’ecclésiaste. In 1711 Louis XIV. appointed Fourmont to assist a young Chinese, Hoan-ji, in compiling a Chinese grammar. Hoan-ji died in 1716, and it was not until 1737 that Fourmont published Meditationes Sinicae and in 1742 Grammatica Sinica. He also wrote Réflexions critiques sur les histoires des anciens peuples (1735), and several dissertations printed in the Mémoires of the Academy of Inscriptions. He became professor of Arabic in the Collège de France in 1715. In 1713 he was elected a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, in 1738 a member of the Royal Society of London, and in 1742 a member of that of Berlin. He died at Paris on the 19th of December 1745.
His brother, Michel Fourmont (1690–1746), was also a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, and professor of the Syriac language in the Royal College, and was sent by the government to copy inscriptions in Greece.
An account of Étienne Fourmont’s life and a catalogue of his works will be found in the second edition (1747) of his Réflexions critiques.
# Protestant Exiles from France/Volume 2 - Book Third - Chapter 25 - Arthur Henry Kenney

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​Rev. Arthur Henry Kenney, D.D. (styled in 1842 Rector of St. Olave’s, Southwark, formerly Dean of Achonry, and Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin), is known as the biographer of Archbishop Magee. He ought, probably, to be included among the descendants of Huguenot refugees. One reason for this conjecture is, that a well-represented family surnamed Kenny, has already been so honoured, on the authority of Burke’s Dictionary of Landed Gentry. Another reason is that Dr Kenney is the author of a volume which contains a readable digest of Claude’s Pamphlet on the Persecution in France, and of the controversy between Bossuet and the Huguenots, in which Archbishop Wake so ably and gallantly wielded his pen. This volume was published in 1827, with the title “Facts and Documents illustrating the history of the period immediately preceding the accession of William III., referring particularly to Religion in England and France, and bearing on recent events.” With the view of showing his desire that the law for the political emancipation of the Romanists in the United Kingdom should have a fair trial, he soon withdrew this volume from circulation; but he re-issued it in 1839 with a new title, “The Dangerous Nature of Popish Power in these countries, especially ​as illustrated from awful records of the time of James the Second.” The following is Dr Kenney’s note regarding the burning of Claude’s pamphlet:—
“A general denial of the truth of Claude’s narrative was published by order of Louis XIV.; but no proof was brought to invalidate it, while it was attested by such a multitude of concurrent witnesses, and confirmed by such various and unquestionable circumstantial evidence. According to a requisition which the French Ambassador, by command of Louis, presented to King James’s government, a copy of the English translation of Claude’s narrative was burned by the hangman, and an order was issued for the suppression of the book. But the Romish method of refuting a book by committing it to the flames, or ordering it to be suppressed, was but an unfortunate kind of argument against the truth of a narrative established by so many decisive proofs.”
Dr Kenney died at Boulogne on 27th January 1855, aged seventy- eight.
# Protestant Exiles from France/Volume 2 - Book Third - Chapter 25 - Collette

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​Collette. — The Huguenot family of Collette took refuge in England after the Edict of Revocation. They had been for a long time naturalized British subjects, when they emigrated to the American colonies. There by industry they made a fortune, and became extensive proprietors of land. After the American war, the Republican Government confiscated their estates. The present representative is an English barrister, Charles Hastings Collette, Esq., who is one of the Directors of the French Hospital. Mr Collette is celebrated as a historical and polemic writer against Romanism. He has been very successful in exposing the pious frauds of the Right Rev. John Milner, Bishop of Castabala and Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District of England, also of Cardinal Wiseman and several other Popish ecclesiastics. Mr Collette’s books and pamphlets are numerous, and prove him to be an honourable disputant, an acute reasoner, and a learned Church historian. His most important works are (1) “The Novelties of Romanism,” 2d edition revised and enlarged, a collection of historical facts, exhibiting the antiquity o f Gospel faith and precepts, and the subsequent accumulation of Romish dogmata and idolatries. (2) “Henry VIII. — an Historical Sketch as affecting the Reformation in England” (there is a library edition, dated 1864, and a revised and cheap edition, dated 1868); the first draft was a lecture prepared in 1862, founded upon researches among our State Papers, and to some extent anticipating the conclusions promulgated by Mr Froude in his History of England. (3) A Reply to Cobbett’s History of the Protestant Reformation in England and Ireland. The late William Cobbett vilified the Reformers and apologised for the cruelties of their persecutors, and therefore his book is kept in constant circulation among the Roman Catholics in the English and Italian languages. Cobbett had been answered by older writers; but the peculiarity of Mr Collette’s work is, that it examines and criticises alleged facts in history only, and does not discourse upon the creeds of the Protestant and Popish parties. This seasonable Reply was published in 1869.
# Protestant Exiles from France/Volume 2 - Book Third - Chapter 25 - Dupuis

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​Dupuis. — Thomas Sanders Dupuis, born in England on 5th November 1733, was the third son and fourth child of John Dupuis and Susannah, his wife, natives of ​France. John Dupuis occupied some position about the court, and was an acknowledged relation of Abraham Dupuis (already memorialized). His son, Thomas, was placed in the Chapel-Royal, and instructed in music by the celebrated Bernard Gates (who died in 1773, and constituted him his ultimate heir). Afterwards he became a pupil of Travers, organist of the King’s Chapel, for whom he officiated as Deputy for a time. He succeeded Dr. Boyce as organist and composer to the Chapel-Royal in 1779, on the nomination of the Bishop of London. In 1784 he was the Assistant-Director of the Handel Commemoration. The University of Oxford conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Music on 26th June 1790. He published “Organ Pieces” and “Chants;” and after his death a “Selection of Services and Anthems,” written by him for the use of the King’s Chapel, was printed in two handsome volumes, displaying “great knowledge and taste,” and “by no means deficient in invention.” He died at his house in King’s Row, Park Lane, on 17th July 1796, and was buried in Westminster Abbey (contrary to his written desire to be buried “at Fulham, on the coffin of his dear wife”). His wife’s maiden name was Martha Skelton. Two of their sons grew up, namely, Rev. Thomas Skelton Dupuis, and Charles Dupuis, Esq., of Mount Street, Grosvenor Square; the latter was the father of the late Rev. Charles Sanders Skelton Dupuis. (“Imperial Dictionary of Biography,” Colonel Chester’s “Westminster Abbey Registers,” Mr. Wagner’s “Dupuis Pedigree.”)
# Psmith in the City

Contents
* 1. Mr Bickersdyke Walks behind the Bowler's Arm
* 2. Mike Hears Bad News
* 3. The New Era Begins
* 4. First Steps in a Business Career
* 5. The Other Man
* 6. Psmith Explains
* 7. Going into Winter Quarters
* 8. The Friendly Native
* 9. The Haunting of Mr Bickersdyke
* 10. Mr Bickersdyke Addresses His Constituents
* 11. Misunderstood
* 12. In a Nutshell
* 13. Mike is Moved On
* 14. Mr Waller Appears in a New Light
* 15. Stirring Times on the Common
* 16. Further Developments
* 17. Sunday Supper
* 18. Psmith Makes a Discovery
* 19. The Illness of Edward
* 20. Concerning a Cheque
* 21. Psmith Makes Inquiries
* 22. And Takes Steps
* 23. Mr Bickersdyke Makes a Concession
* 24. The Spirit of Unrest
* 25. At the Telephone
* 26. Breaking the News
* 27. At Lord's
* 28. Psmith Arranges His Future
* 29. And Mike's
* 30. The Last Sad Farewells
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1975, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 48 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# Psmith, Journalist/Preface

THE conditions of life in New York are so different from those of London that a story of this kind calls for a little explanation. There are several million inhabitants of New York. Not all of them eke out a precarious livelihood by murdering one another, but there is a definite section of the population which murders—not casually, on the spur of the moment, but on definitely commercial lines at so many dollars per murder. The "gangs" of New York exist in fact. I have not invented them. Most of the incidents in this story are based on actual happenings. The Rosenthal case, where four men, headed by a genial individual calling himself "Gyp the Blood" shot a fellow-citizen in cold blood in a spot as public and fashionable as Piccadilly Circus and escaped in a motor-car, made such a stir a few years ago that the noise of it was heard all over the world and not, as is generally the case with the doings of the gangs, in New York only. Rosenthal cases on a smaller and less sensational scale are frequent occurrences on Manhattan Island. It was the prominence of the victim rather than the unusual nature of the occurrence that excited the New York press. Most gang victims get a quarter of a column in small type.
P. G. WODEHOUSE New York, 1915
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Faro (game)

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​FARO (from Pharaoh, a picture of the Egyptian king appearing on a card of the old French pack), a game of cards, played with a full pack. Originally the pack was held in the dealer’s left hand, but nowadays very elaborate and expensive implements are used. The dealer places the pack, after shuffling and cutting, in a dealing-box face upwards, and the cards are taken from the top of the box in couples through a slit in the side. The exposed card on top is called soda, and the last card left in the box is in hoc. The implements include counters of various colours and values, a dealing-box, a case or frame manipulated by a “case-keeper,” upon which the cards already played are arranged in sight, a shuffling-board, and score-sheets for the players. Upon the table is the “lay-out,” a complete suit of spades, enamelled on green cloth, upon or near which to place the stakes. The dealer takes two cards from the box, placing the first one near it and the second close beside it. Each deal of two cards is called a turn, and there are twenty-five such, soda and hoc not counting. The players stake upon any card they please, or in such manner as to take in several cards, reducing the amount, but increasing the chances, of winning, as at roulette. The dealer, having waved the hand, after which no more bets may be made, deals the turn, and then proceeds to gather in the stakes won by him, and to pay those he has lost. The chances as between dealer and punters, or players, are equal, except that the banker wins half the money staked on the cards of a turn should they chance to be alike. Faro is played considerably in parts of the United States, whither it is said to have been taken from France, where it had a great vogue during the reign of Louis XIV. Owing to the dishonest methods of many gambling “clubs” the game is in disrepute.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Faro (town)

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​FARO, the capital of a district bearing the same name, in southern Portugal; at the terminus of the Lisbon-Faro railway, and on the Atlantic Ocean. Pop. (1900) 11,789. Faro is an episcopal see, with a Renaissance cathedral of great size, an ecclesiastical seminary, and a ruined castle surrounded by Moorish fortifications. Its broad but shallow harbour is protected on the south by the long island of Cães, and a number of sandy islets, which, being constantly enlarged by silt from the small river Fermoso, render the entrance of large vessels impossible. Fishing is an important industry, and fish, with wine, fruit, cork, baskets and sumach, are the principal articles of export. Little has been done to develop the mineral resources of the district, which include tin, lead, antimony and auriferous quartz. Faro was taken from the Moors by Alphonso III. of Portugal (1248–1279). It was sacked by the English in 1596, and nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1755.
The administrative district of Faro coincides with the ancient kingdom and province of Algarve (q.v.); pop. (1900) 255,191; area, 1937 sq. m.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Farrant, Richard

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​FARRANT, RICHARD, composer of English church music, flourished during the 16th century. Very little is known about him. Fétis gives 1530 as the date of his birth, but on what authority does not appear. He became a gentleman of the Chapel Royal in the reign of Edward VI., but resigned his post in 1564 on being appointed master of the children of St George’s chapel, Windsor. In this capacity he presented a play before the queen at Shrovetide 1568, and again at Christmas of the same year, receiving on each occasion the sum of £6: 13: 4d. In November 1569 he was reinstated as gentleman of the Chapel Royal. It is stated by Hawkins (History of Music, vol. iii. 279) that Farrant was also one of the clerks and organists of St George’s chapel, Windsor, and that he retained these posts till his death. Many of his compositions are printed in the collections of Barnard and Boyce. Among the most admired of them are a service in G minor, and the anthems “Call to remembrance” and “Hide not thou thy face.” It is doubtful whether Farrant is entitled to the credit of the authorship of the beautiful anthem “Lord, for thy tender mercies’ sake.” No copy of the music under his name appeared in print till 1800, although it had been earlier attributed to him. Some writers have named John Hilton, and others Thomas Tallis, as the composer. From entries in the Old Check Book of the Chapel Royal (edited for the Camden Society by Dr Rimbault) it appears that Farrant died, not in 1585, as Hawkins states, but on the 30th of November 1580 or 1581.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Farren, Elizabeth

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​FARREN, ELIZABETH (c. 1759–1829), English actress, was the daughter of George Farren, an actor. Her first London appearance was in 1777 as Miss Hardcastle in She Stoops to Conquer. Subsequent successes established her reputation ​and she became the natural successor to Mrs Abington when the latter left Drury Lane in 1782. The parts of Hermione, Olivia, Portia and Juliet were in her repertory, but her Lady Betty Modish, Lady Townly, Lady Fanciful, Lady Teazle and similar parts were her favourites. In 1797 she married Edward, 12th earl of Derby (1752–1834).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Farnworth

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​FARNWORTH, an urban district in the Radcliffe-cum-Farnworth parliamentary division of Lancashire, England, on the Irwell, 3 m. S.E. of Bolton by the Lancashire & Yorkshire railway. Pop. (1901) 25,925. Cotton mills, iron foundries, brick and tile works, and collieries employ the large industrial population.