OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Family Kitchen Gardener (1856)/New Zealand Spinach

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NEW ZEALAND SPINACH.
Tetragònia expánsa.—Epinard d’éte, Fr.
THE great advantage this Spinach possesses over the other varieties is that of supplying a crop of leaves in the dryest weather, when crops of other sorts have failed. From its rapidity of growth, a few dozen of plants will afford a supply during its growing season. If a few leaves of Sorrel are boiled with it, the flavor is improved.
Culture.—It is a spreading. towering plant. growing in a circular form, attaining the height of four or five feet. Sow the seed very thinly, in rows one inch deep and two feet apart, about the first week of April, in an open, rich piece of ground. Hoe freely and keep clean of weeds. The seeds, in a green state, make an excellent pickle, for which alone it is worth cultivation.
# The Family Kitchen Gardener (1856)/Nasturtium

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INDIAN CRESS, OR NASTURTIUM.
Tropǽolum màjus.—Capucine, Fr.—Kapuzinerblume, Ger.
The botanic name is derived from a Latin word signifying a warlike trophy. This idea might have originated with botanists from its shield-like leaves and its brilliant, golden, helmet-shaped flowers, pierced and stained with blood. It is a native of Peru and Chili, where there are many curious and fanciful varieties, though none so beautiful as the Common Nasturtium that has been cultivated for nearly three hundred years. Its gay colors enliven the gardens of the rich and the poor. The flowers and leaves have a sharp and warm taste, like Garden or Curled Cress; and are frequently used in salads. The seeds, when gathered young and green, on a dry day, and pickled in vinegar, form an excellent substitute for Capers, and indeed are preferable.
Culture.—It is properly treated as an annual plant, and sown for the benefit of its seed, flowers and foliage, as well as for ornament. Sow the seed thinly, in rows or patches, an inch deep, about the end of March or first of April. It is not ​particular in regard to either soil or situation; they will thrive almost any where, if the ground is rich. The plants will run from five to fifteen feet, and require stakes or trellis-work to climb upon. They are excellent for a blind, to cover any disagreeable object. There are several varieties of yellow, golden, or crimson color. The yellow stands the severity of the sun better than the crimson.
# The Family Kitchen Gardener (1856)/Nuts

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FILBERT.
Córylus Avellana.—Noisette, Fr.—Nussbaum, Ger.
The common Hazel Nut will never be an article of profit to the American gardener or husbandman; yet we introduce the ​subject for some who cultivate for pleasure, variety, and amusement. It is a curious fact that all good things come “from the east:” so say writers on the Filbert. It comes from Pontus. Thousands grow wild on the “braes” of Scotland, and millions are over the whole United States, from Maine to Texas. Cultivation has greatly improved the size, but we doubt of the flavor being more delicious. In its wild state it is a large-sized shrub, with a gray colored bark, and roundish, heart-shaped leaves. The male catkins (flowers) appear on the preceding year's shoots, in Autumn, and wait all Winter for the expansion of the female flowers in Spring. The varieties in quality are all very similar, though they considerably differ in appearance. The Red, White, Cosford, and Frizzled, are sufficient for cultivation.
Propagation.—By layers, as directed for Figs; by suckers, which spring up freely from the roots; or by seeds, that may be purchased at the fruit-stores, in any of our cities.
Culture.—They like a heavy, moist loam, and will grow where partially shaded. Plant them eight or ten feet apart. Prune as directed for currants, merely to check the superabundant growth, to throw them into spur-buds, for fruiting.
# The Creeds of Christendom: with a History and Critical Notes/Volume III

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Bibliotheca Symbolica Ecclesiæ Universalis.
THE CREEDS OF CHRISTENDOM,
with
A HISTORY AND CRITICAL NOTES.
by
PHILIP SCHAFF, D.D., LL.D., PROFESSOR OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE IN THE UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, N. Y.
IN THREE VOLUMES.
FOURTH EDITION—REVISED AND ENLARGED
Volume III.
THE EVANGELICAL PROTESTANT CREEDS, WITH TRANSLATIONS.
NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1877, by
Harper & Brothers,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
THE CREEDS
OF THE
EVANGELICAL PROTESTANT CHURCHES.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(Vol. III.)
THE CREEDS OF THE EVANGELICAL PROTESTANT CHURCHES.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mazurka

Edition of 1920. See also Mazurka on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MAZURKA, a lively Polish national dance, popular also in the United States. The movements are of a grotesque character. The term is also applied to the music which accompanies the dance, sometimes in three-eighths time, hut for the most part in three-fourths. The mazurka is danced by four or eight couples. Augustus III brought the mazurka to Germany, whence it was learned by the French and finally about the middle of the 19th century it acquired considerable popularity in England. The music of the dance has taken its modern form from Chopin.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Massachusetts Bay

Edition of 1920. See also Massachusetts Bay on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MASSACHUSETTS BAY, an arm of the Atlantic indenting the eastern shore of Massachusetts and extending from Plymouth Harbor on the south to Cape Ann on the north, a distance of 42 miles. It is triangular in shape, the north and south shores inclining toward each other until at the entrance to Boston Harbor they are about five miles apart. The depth from the base of the triangle to Boston Harbor is about 21 miles. The northern shore is rocky and irregular, the southern low and sandy. The principal inlets are: on the north coast, Gloucester and Nahant bays and Salem, Marblehead and Lynn harbors, and on the west Boston Harbor. Along the shores are a number of capes and headlands, and off the coast a number of small islands. At the entrance to Boston Harbor there are several islands, on some of which are fortifications. Cape Cod Bay on the southeast is sometimes included in Massachusetts Bay.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Masters, Edgar Lee

Edition of 1920. See also Edgar Lee Masters on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MASTERS, Edgar Lee, American lawyer and writer: b. Garnett, Kan., 23 Aug. 1868. He studied at Knox College, Illinois, and was admitted to the bar in 1891. His publications include ‘A Book of Verses’ (1898); ‘Maximilian,’ a drama in blank verse (1902); ‘The New Star Chamber and Other Essays’ (1904); ‘Blood of the Prophets’ (1905); ‘Althea,’ a play (1907); ‘The Trifler,’ a play (1908); ‘The Spoon River Anthology’ (1915); ‘The Great Valley’ (1916). Mr. Masters writes his poems both in vers libre and in rhymed verse. His ‘Spoon River Anthology’ is the best known of his works. It is a unique collection of truthful epitaphs on the inhabitants of a middle Western village. It is marked by a biting vigorous satirical style, and is pervaded by a materialism
that shocks and surprises. Despite its obvious limitations, its naive force has won many readers and much favorable comment. Consult Lowell, Amy, ‘Tendencies in Modern American Poetry’ (New York 1917).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Massachusetts Medical Society

Edition of 1920. See also Massachusetts Medical Society on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOCIETY, an association incorporated at Boston,
Mass., 1 Nov. 1781, and holding regular sessions from that date to the present. Its charter was signed by John Hancock, first State governor of Massachusetts. Physicians and surgeons, who have made their medical studies in colleges approved by the society and who have been examined by its censors and are of known probity, are eligible to membership. Women were first admitted in 1884. Since 1790 it has regularly issued its ‘Medical Communications.’ It also issues a ‘Pharmacopœia’ and ‘Publications,’ various reports and essays, an annual directory, and, since 1789, a triennial catalogue. The society is a potent force in maintaining a high standard in the medical profession. It has about 3,500 members.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Massachusetts Bay Colony

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. See Massachusetts, History.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Massachusetts Historical Society

Edition of 1920. See also Massachusetts Historical Society on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MA8SACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. An association founded at Boston in 1791 and incorporated three years later, for the purpose of collecting and preserving early Americana and documents relative to the early history of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Since 1792, 70 volumes of ‘Collections’ and 50 volumes of ‘Proceedings’ have been printed. It supports a museum of relics and a library containing 60,000 volumes and over 120 brochures, etc. Its prize collections are the Winthrop manuscripts on the early settlement of New England and the Parkman manuscripts dealing with French Canada.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Keratin

Edition of 1920. See also Keratin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KERATIN (from Gr. keras, a horn), a substance, obtained from claws, feathers, hair, horn, nails, wool, and other epidermal appendages. This tissue or substance is distinguished from gelatinous tissue by becoming soft when acted on by water for some time but no glue is produced. It is insoluble in alcohol and in ether and contains a high percentage of sulphur.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kiderlen-Waechter, Alfred von

Edition of 1920. See also Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KIDERLEN-WAECHTER, kē'dẽr-lĕn-vek'tẽr, Alfred von, German Foreign Minister: b. Stuttgart, 1852; d. there, 30 Dec 1912. The son of a banker, he served in the war of 1870 and afterward studied law. He entered the Foreign Office in 1879 and some years later accompanied the emperor to Russia, Sweden and Denmark. He was minister in the free
town of Hamburg in 1894, in Copenhagen 1895-96, and later at Bucharest. In Rumania he gathered a deep knowledge of Eastern politics, which led to his acting temporarily as ambassador at Constantinople and as chief at the Foreign Office. He became Foreign Minister in 1910. He conducted the Agadir negotiations in 1911 and was severely criticised both at home and abroad for his provocative attitude in the Panther incident. He succeeded, however, in relieving the strained relations between Germany and Great Britain, and endeavored to make a friend of Russia. See Morocco.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ker, John

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
KER, John, Scottish ecclesiastical writer and minister: b. Tweedmuir, 1819; d. 1886. Educated in Edinburgh University, he spent some time in Germany in post-graduate work. He became pastor of East Campbell Church, Glasgow, in 1851; and in 1876 was appointed professor of practical training in the United Presbyterian Theological Hall. Among his published works are ‘Sermons’ (1868–88); ‘The Psalms in History and Biography’ (1886); ‘Scottish Nationality’ (1887); ‘The History of Preaching’ (1888); ‘Letters’ (1890).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kindi, Abu Yusuf Ya'kub Ibn Ishak Al-

Edition of 1920. See also Al-Kindi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KINDI, kēn'dē, ALCHINDIUS, ăl-kĭn'-dĭ-ŭs, Abu Yusuf Ya'kub Ibn Ishak Al-Kindi, Arabian philosopher of the 9th century; b. Kufa and educated at Basra and Bagdad. He came of good family and received the best of instruction through the efforts of his father
who was Governor under two famous Arabian rulers, Mahdi (775-85) and Harun al-Rashid (789-809). He was a very prolific writer and is credited with having written over 200 treatises on philosophy and science, over the whole field of which as known in his day he wandered. He was a very clever and original thinker and even to-day, after a lapse of nearly 1,000 years, his name stands high among the Arabs. Many of his works are now only a name, having long since been lost; yet some relating principally to astrology and medicine, remain to attest his worth as a philosopher and original thinker. Probably numbers of his works disappeared when his library was seized, during the reign of Motawakkil (847-61). Consult De Boer, ‘Geschichte der Philosophie im Islam’ (Stuttgart 1901); Flügel, ‘Al Kindi genannt der Philosoph der Araber’ (Leipzig 1857); Nagy, ‘Die philosophischen Abhandlungen des al-kindi’ (Münster 1897).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Keppler, Joseph

Edition of 1920. See also Joseph Ferdinand Keppler on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KEPPLER, Joseph, American caricaturist: b. Vienna, Austria, 1 Feb. 1838; d. New York, 19 Feb. 1894. He early made his reputation as a satiric artist and the leading periodicals of his native city were publishing his witty sketches, almost before he had left the Academy of Fine Arts. But art was not then a serious business to him and he took to the stage as a comedian and opera singer, and actually began to study medicine at Saint Louis, Mo., where he made his residence in 1868. But it was in Saint Louis that he found his real vocation. There he established the German Puck, which, while it failed as a commercial enterprise, made his reputation. It was seen at once that a caricaturist of rare skill as a draftsman, of mental fertility and freshness, of witty and incisive satire, had appeared. He was engaged from 1872 to 1877 as caricaturist for Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper in New York, to which city he had removed, and in 1875 he started a New York German Puck in association with Adolph Schwartzman. This was followed in 1877 by the English Puck. He was the first to use colored cartoons in caricature and drew upon a vast store of classical and historical incidents
for adaptation in criticising modern social and political life.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kerner, Justinius

Edition of 1920. See also Justinus Kerner on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KERNER, kĕr'nĕr, Justinius, German poet: b. 1786; d. 1862. He belonged to the Schwabian school. He was at times morbid, fanciful, dreamy, sensitive and poetic and endowed with a strange, fantastic humor that gained him many admirers. He graduated in medicine and practised his profession in several towns of Germany. Among his popular works are ‘Reiseschatten’ (1811), and ‘Die Seherin von Provost’ (1829).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Key to pronunciation

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer. There is a substitution in one place: for the th with the bent t, a single phonetic symbol is used. In the articles, occasionally ẽ is used instead of ė, for example Kocher, Emil Theodor; and even both can be used, as in Oberhoffer, Emil.
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION.
| ä | far, father |
| ā | fate, hate |
| a or ă | at, fat |
| ã | air, care |
| ạ | ado, sofa |
| â | all, fall |
| ch | choose, church |
| ē | eel, we |
| e or ĕ | bed, end |
| ė | her, over: also Fr. e, as in de; eu, as in neuf; and oeu, as in boeuf, coeur; Ger. ö (or oe), as in ökonomie. |
| ẹ | befall, elope |
| ë | agent, trident |
| ff | off, trough |
| g | gas, get |
| gw | anguish, guava |
| h | hat, hot |
| h or H | Ger. ch, as in nicht, wacht |
| hw | what |
| ī | file, ice |
| i or ĭ | him, it |
| î | between e and i, mostly in Oriental final syllables, as, Ferid-ud-din |
| j | gem, genius |
| kw | quaint, quite |
| ṅ | Fr. nasal m or n, as in embonpoint, Jean, temps |
| ñ | Span. ñ, as in cañon (căn'yǒn), piñon (pēn'yŏn) |
| ng | mingle, singing |
| nk | bank, ink |
| ō | no, open |
| o or ŏ | not, on |
| ô | corn, nor |
| ȯ | atom, symbol |
| ọ | book, look |
| oi | oil, soil; also Ger. eu, as in beutel |
| ö or oo | fool, rule |
| ou or ow | allow, bowsprit |
| s | satisfy, sauce |
| sh | show, sure |
| th | thick, thin |
| ð | father, thither |
| ū | mute, use |
| u or ŭ | but, us |
| u̇ | pull, put |
| ü | between u and e, as in Fr. sur, Ger. Müller |
| v | of, very |
| y | (consonantal) yes, young |
| z | pleasant, rose |
| zh | azure, pleasure |
| ′(prime), ′(secondary) accents, to indicate syllabic stress. ||
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kind, Johann Friedrich

Edition of 1920. See also Johann Friedrich Kind on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KIND, kĭnt, Johann Friedrich, German poet, dramatist and novelist: b. Leipzig, 1768; d. 1843. Graduating in law he practised his profession for 21 years. He was a very industrious writer in many fields of literature, in all of which he was popular in his day with a large class of lreaders. Though he published five volumes of sentimental and popular poetry his poetry is the weakest of his literary efforts. His popular tales have somewhat more merit than his poems; but it is in the line of operatic plays that he is best and most generally known. Among his opera productions the best are ‘Das Nachtlager von Granada’ (to Kreutzer's music); ‘Der Holzdieb’ (Marschner's music), and ‘Der Freischutz’ (Weber's music). He wrote too much to have produced really valuable literary works; but scattered throughout his various compositions are many passages which read well and are capable of being separated from their contexts and used as selected readings.
# The Enchantress

The Enchantress by Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.)
From Heath’s Book of Beauty, 1833 Compiled by Peter J. Bolton
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encheiridion of Epictetus

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Epictetus
Goethe.
THE
ENCHEIRIDION
OF
EPICTETUS
TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK WITH PREFACE AND NOTES BY T. W. H. ROLLESTON, B.A., T.C.D.
London KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, & CO. MDCCCLXXXI
[All rights reserved]
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Raymond, John Howard

Edition of 1920. See also John Howard Raymond on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAYMOND, John Howard, American educator: b. New York, 7 March 1814; d. Poughkeepsie, 14 Aug. 1878. He was graduated at Union College in 1832; studied law in New Haven; entered the theological seminary at Hamilton, N. Y., in preparation for the Baptist ministry in 1834; was appointed tutor in Hebrew before graduation; became professor of rhetoric and English literature at Madison University in 1839, and removed to the newly established Rochester University as professor of belles-lettres in 1850. As an organizer of educational institutions he showed remarkable aptitude, performing that service for the Collegiate and Polytechnique Institute in Brooklyn in 1856 and for Vassar College in 1865. He filled the post of president and professor of mental and moral science at Vassar until his death. Consult his ‘Life and Letters’ (1880).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Raupp, Karl

Edition of 1920. See also Karl Raupp on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAUPP, rowp, Karl, German painter: b. Darmstadt, 1837. He began as a landscape painter, and between 1856 and 1858 studied genre under J. Becker at Frankfort, and under Karl Piloty at Munich Academy from 1860 to 1865. Subsequently he opened a studio, taking private pupils in painting, and in 1868 his reputation as a teacher gained for him the position of professor in the art school at Nuremberg, which he held up to 1879, when he was appointed professor in the academy at Munich. Among his works may be mentioned ‘A Boating Party on the Chiem See’; ‘Home Before a Storm’; ‘A Calm’; ‘Ave Maria’; ‘Sport and Work’; ‘Starting Home from the Monastery School.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Raven, The

Edition of 1920. See also The Raven on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAVEN, The. ‘The Raven’ by Edgar Allan Poe is the one of his poems which is most inseparably connected with his name in common recollection. It is entirely expressive of the dominant sentiment of his life, the longing and regret for beauty which he had once known; it is an excellent example of his most popular qualities as a versifier; and he himself has selected it as a means of explaining how a poet might develop his ideas into poetic form. Like ‘Annabel Lee,’ ‘Ulalume’ and others of Poe's best-known verse, ‘The Raven’ is a recurrence of the thought of a beautiful love early known and early lost. In its form it has all the quality of softness and sonorousness, of repetition and refrain which will be found elsewhere in Poe. In ‘The Philosophy of Composition ’ Poe explains the steps by which these elements were built up and combined into the present poem. It is possible that he tells exactly what took place in his own mind. He was, however, rather fond of hoaxing people; he was also fond of exact intellectual manipulation; and it is very possible that his account is really an after-statement of what might have been. However that may be, the poem is a wonderful example of the emotional, even sentimental, lyric of the middle of the 19th century. It is a mistake to think of Poe's poetry as being more music than meaning. ‘The Raven’ has a very distinct meaning although not such as could easily be reduced to a systematic statement. In our own day such reveries and meditations seem sentimental and old fashioned; a century ago they were the natural moods of hundreds of young men. And no poem in our literature better expresses just the mood that in that post-Byronic day was so common, not even anything by Byron himtelf.
As an expression of its author and its own time ‘The Raven’ is perfect. It realises an ideal of beauty which is rare to-day and which many to-day find it impossible to appreciate, but it it an ideal of beauty and it is realised.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Raymond, Rossiter Worthington

Edition of 1920. See also Rossiter W. Raymond on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAYMOND, Rossiter Worthington, American mining engineer: b. Cincinnati, Ohio, 27 April 1840; d. Brooklyn, N. Y., 31 Dec. 1918. He was graduated from the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute in 1858 and spent three years in study at Freiburg, Munich and Heidelberg. Returning from Europe he entered the Union army and served from 1861 to 1864 as additional aide-de-camp with the rank of captain. From 1864 to 1868 he was consulting engineer in New York, at the end of which time he was appointed United States commissioner of mining statistics and held this post until 1876. From 1870 to 1882 he was lecturer on economic geology at Lafayette College. In 1885-88 he was New York State commissioner of electric subways for the city of Brooklyn. One of the original members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, he became its vice-president in 1871, was its president 1872-74, secretary 1884-1911, and secretary emeritus from 1911. He was a member of scientific and technical societies in Europe and America, including the Society of civil Engineers of France. In 1903 he became lecturer on mining law in Columbia University. He published ‘Reports on the Mineral Resources West of the Rocky Mountains’ (1869-76); ‘The United States Mining Industry’; ‘Mines, Mills and Furnaces’; ‘Silver and Gold’; ‘Brave Hearts,’ a novel (1873); ‘The Man in the Moon and Other People’ (1874); ‘The Book of Job’ (1878); ‘Camp and Cabin’ (1880); ‘A Glossary of Mining and Metallurgical Terms’ (1881); ‘Memorial of Alexander L. Holly’ (1883); ‘Life of Peter Cooper’ (1901); also technical works and papers, especially on mining law.