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# The Novels and Other Works of Lyof N. Tolstoï

New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1902
* v. 1-6 War and Peace. (transcription volumes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
* v. 7-9. Anna Karenina. (transcription volumes: 1, 2, 3)
* Volume 10: Childhood, Boyhood, Youth. (transcription project)
* Volume 11: The Cossacks; Sevastopol. (transcription project)
* Volume 12: The Invaders, and Other Stories. (transcription project)
* Volume 13: A Russian Proprietor, and Other Stories. (transcription project)
* Volume 14: The Death of Ivan Ilyitch, and Other Stories. (transcription project)
* Volume 15: The Long Exile, and Other Stories. (transcription project)
* Volume 16: Master and Man. Kreutzer Sonata. Dramas. (transcription project)
* Volume 17: 17. My Confession. My Religion. The Gospel in Brief. (transcription project)
* Volume 18: What is to be done? Life. (transcription project)
* Volume 19: The Kingdom of God is Within You. What is Art? (transcription project)
* Volume 20: Essays, Letters, Miscellanies. (transcription project)
* v. 21-22. Resurrection. (transcription volumes: 1, 2)
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1938, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 85 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Novels and Other Works of Lyof N. Tolstoï/Volume 16

New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1902
​Page:The Novels and Other Works of Lyof N. Tolstoï-v16.djvu/15
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1938, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 85 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Letters of Jane Austen, Part 1/Letters of 1807

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1807
There are no letters of 1806, so that this batch were written after the Austens had been established at Southampton for more than a year. “Our guests” in the thirty-sixth letter were James and Mary, who had been staying with their relations in Castle Square. There is little to observe in the rest of the letter, although one is glad to find that Captain Foote was not put out of temper by having to eat underdone mutton, and that Mrs. Austen’s finances were in a satisfactory condition at the commencement of the new year.
“Clarentine” is, of course, Miss S. S. Burney’s work, which other people besides Jane have thought “foolish.” It is a novel of the most ordinary description, and not one which she would have been likely to approve. There is a playful allusion in these letters to the chance of Martha Lloyd’s marriage; Jane could not foresee that this even would be delayed until her own brother Frank sought the lady’s affection many years later.
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/The Watsons

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THE WATSONS
* Preface
* The Watsons
# The New International Encyclopædia/Suffren de Saint-Tropez, Pierre André de

Edition of 1905. See also Pierre André de Suffren on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SUFFREN DE SAINT-TROPEZ, sụ′fräN′ de săN trō̇′pā̇′, Pierre André de (1726-88). A French naval hero, born at Saint-Cannat, near Lambesc. He was captured by Hawke in 1747 and after his exchange served for years with the Knights Hospitalers of Malta. From 1767 to 1771 he was again in the service of Malta. He was created Baillie in the order of the Knights, and was thereafter popularly known as the Baillie de Suffren. In 1772 he was commissioned captain in the French Navy. His most noteworthy services were rendered at the very close of his career, against the English, in the Indian Ocean, where he went in command of a squadron in 1781.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sun Yat-sen

Edition of 1916. See also Sun Yat-sen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SUN YAT-SEN, sōōn' yät-sĕn' (1866-). A famous Chinese revolutionary leader. He was born at Fatshan, near Canton. His parents took him as a boy to Hawaii, where he attended Iolani College. Later he graduated from the Hongkong School of Medicine, now part of Hongkong University (1892). For a year he practiced at Macao. Afterward he gave himself wholly to the project of driving the Manchu dynasty from China. As early as 1895 he attempted a revolt at Canton, which failed, and Sun alone succeeded in escaping. He fled to
Kobe, Japan, and later to Honolulu and San Francisco. He was soon active the world over in organizing and educating Chinese abroad for his Kao Lao Hwei, or reform associations, and in raising and sending money to his agents in China, particularly General Hwang-hsing, for the coming Revolution. He was in constant danger of his life at this time because of the hostility of the Manchu government, and a reward of $50,000 was offered for his death. Finally the Revolution broke out in China in the fall of 1911, and was successful mainly because of the work of Dr. Sun in the years of preparation. He received his reward in his election as Provisional President of the Chinese Republic by the Assembly at Nanking. On Feb. 15, 1912, Dr. Sun resigned as President in favor of Yuan Shih-kai (q.v.), so as to induce the latter and his north China adherents to join the Republican cause. For this act Sun received a remarkable tribute from the Nanking Assembly. Difficulties in the new Republic soon arose from the opposition of the Kuomingtang (the south China party of Sun and Hwang-hsing) in the Parliament at Peking to the policy of President Yuan Shih-kai. Yuan finally expelled these members and later dismissed the entire Parliament. Dr. Sun retired to Japan, but it was believed that his continued active opposition to Yuan Shih-kai was shown in the rebellion of July, 1913, and in the revolt of the southern provinces in 1915-16. Consult: E. N. Bland, Recent Events and Present Policies in China (Philadelphia, 1912); Cantlie and Jones, Sun Yat-Sen and the Awakening of China (3d ed., New York, 1913); J. S. Thomson, China Revolutionized (Indianapolis, 1913). See China, Modern History.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sunn

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
SUNN. A plant (Crotalaria juncea) grown in India and some other warm climates for its fibre. See Hemp, Sunn; Crotalaria, and illustrations on Plate of Cranberry, etc.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sunken Bell, The

Edition of 1905. See also The Sunken Bell on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SUNKEN BELL, The (Ger. Die versunkene Glocke). A poetic play in blank verse by Gerhart Hauptmann (1896). It is a fairy-drama, the chief human character of which is Heinrich, a master bell-founder who has completed his crowning work, a bell which is to be hung in a church on a mountain inhabited by sprites. Through their hostility the wagon bearing the bell is overthrown and the latter is sunk in a mountain brook. Heinrich is injured and is nursed by the chief personage of the drama, Rautendelein, half child, half fairy, whose love changes Heinrich's standards and brings about the death of his wife.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Supreme Court

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​SUPREME COURT. See Court.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sunna

Edition of 1905. See also Sunnah on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SUN'NA (Ar. sunnah, custom, legal usage, tradition, from sanna, to establish a usage or law). In the original meaning among Moslems,
the sayings and the example of Mohammed and his community, provided they are in accordance with the Koran, the meaning of which, however, is itself explained by the Sunna. As embracing traditional law, Sunna is divided into three parts: (1) what Mohammed did; (2) what he enjoined; and (3) what was done in his presence and not forbidden by him. The term is therefore (though incorrectly) used for the collections of moral and legal traditions known as Hadith (q.v.) traced to the Prophet, which supplement the Koran, somewhat like the Mishna (q.v.), which supplements the laws of the Pentateuch. The Sunna not only comprises religious doctrines and practice, but also civil and criminal laws, and the usages of common life, the way to eat and to drink, to dress, and the like. For the credibility and canonicity of a tradition, it was originally necessary that it should have been heard by one truthful witness; but this law was much relaxed in later times. By the beginning of the ninth century a large number of individual collections known as Musnads had been produced by different theologians, but the first who sifted them critically, and without regard to any special theological system, was Buchari (810-887). His collection contains 7275 single traditions, 4000 of which, however, occur twice in the work. Muslim. a younger contemporary (817-873), supplemented Buchari with another collection, containing 12,000 traditions, again including 4000 repetitions. Besides these, there are “canonical” collections by Abu Daud (817-888). by Tirmidhi (830-914), a pupil of Buchari, and by Abu Maja (824-886), besides others that also enjoyed some measure of authority. The Sunna, as we have it in these collections, contains, broadly speaking, more truth than it is generally supposed to contain, and, critically used, is, besides the Koran, the most authentic source of a knowledge of Islam. A selection from the different collections (both canonical and otherwise), called Mishkat Al Masabih, has been translated into English by Matthews (Calcutta, 1809). The Arabic text of Buchari has been published by Krehl, Le recueil des traditions musalmanes (Leyden, 1862-68), and fragments of this work in German translation were embodied by Hammer-Purgstall in his Fundgruben des Orients (Vienna, 1810-19). Goldziher has a valuable treatise on the Hadith literature in his Mohammedanische Studien, vol. ii., pp. 1-274 (Halle, 1890).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lyon, Mary

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LYON, MARY, an American educator; born in Buckland, Mass., Feb. 28, 1797. After more than 20 years of teaching, she founded at South Hadley, Mass., the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, of which she was president until her death. Many of her pupils afterward established schools on the same plan. She died in South Hadley, March 5, 1849. See Mount Holyoke College.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/MacKaye, Percy

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
MACKAYE, PERCY, dramatist and poet; born in 1875 in New York, graduated from Harvard in 1897, and became a student at Leipsic, after traveling in Europe, he taught privately in New York and from 1904 has been engaged in dramatic work. His works include “The Canterbury Pilgrims,” a comedy (1903); “A Modern Rendering into Prose of Chaucer's Tales” (1904); “Fenris the Wolf,” a tragedy (1905); “Jeanne d'Arc,” a tragedy (1906); “Sappho and Phaon” (1907); “The Scarecrow: a tragedy of the Ludicrous” (1908); “The Playhouse and the Play” (1909); “The Civic Theater” (1912); “The Present Hour” (1914); “Caliban” (1916); “Christmas Masque” (1917); “George Washington” (1920).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lutherans

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LUTHERANS, a designation originally applied by their adversaries to the Reformers of the 16th century, and afterward distinctively appropriated among Protestants themselves to those who took part with Martin Luther against the Swiss Reformers, particularly in the controversies regarding the Lord's Supper. It is so employed to this day as the designation of one of the two great sections into which the Protestant Church was soon unhappily divided, the other being known as the Reformed Church (q. v.). To the end of Luther's life perfect harmony subsisted between him and his friend Melanchthon; but already there were some who stood forth as more Lutheran than Luther, and by whom Melanchthon was denounced as a “crypto-Calvinist” and a traitor to evangelical truth. After Luther's death this party became more confident, and, holding by Luther's words, without having imbibed his spirit, changed his evangelical doctrine into a dry scholasticism and lifeless orthodoxy, while extreme heat and violence against their opponents were substituted in the pulpit itself for the zealous preaching of the Gospel. The principal seat of their strength was in the University of Jena, which was founded in 1557 for this very object, and maintained their cause against Wittenberg. Great intolerance was manifested by this party; and no controversy was ever conducted with more bitterness and ill-feeling than the Sacramentarian Controversy.
Lutheranism is the prevailing form of Protestantism in Germany; it is the national religion of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway; and there are Lutheran Churches in the Baltic provinces of Russia, in Holland, France, Poland, and the United States. In all there are about 30,000,000 Lutherans.
In its constitution the Lutheran Church is generally unepiscopal, without being properly presbyterian. It is consistorial, with the civil authorities so far in place of bishops.
In Denmark, Sweden, and Norway there are bishops, and in Sweden an archbishop (of Upsala), but their powers are very limited.
There were in the United States and Canada in 1919 3,652,010 baptized members and 2,451,997 confirmed members, with 9,829 ministers and 15,638 congregations. The Canadian membership was 64,490, with 237 ministers and 827 congregations. The denomination maintained missions, both domestic and foreign. Contributions for domestic missionary work in 1918 amounted to $6,383,103.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lutzk

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LUTZK, Russia, a strongly fortified town on the Styr river, fifty miles W. of Rovno and 120 miles S. W. of Lublin. This fortress, together with Dubno and Rovno, formed a very powerful triangle of permanent fortifications erected by Russia in recent years. Lutzk was taken by the Germans on Aug. 30, 1915, after only three days of fighting, the stronghold having been previously abandoned by the Russians for strategic reasons. Twenty-three days later it was recaptured by the Russians. Four days later the Russians were again forced to withdraw. On June 8 it was again taken by the Russians, under General Brusiloff , during his famous Galician drive, together with over 11,000 prisoners and much war material. Henceforth the fortress remained in Russian hands until the termination of hostilities on the eastern front. The town is the center of an agricultural grain-raising region, with a population, before the war, of about 32,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Luxburg, Count Karl

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LUXBURG, COUNT KARL, German Chargé d'Affaires at Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1917, during the Great War. In the summer of that year, he sent secret dispatches to Berlin through the Swedish legation via Stockholm, which were made public by Secretary Lansing of the United States Department of State. These dispatches urged that certain Argentine ships should be “spurlos versenkt” — destroyed without a trace. The publication of the documents resulted in the dismissal of Count Luxburg from Argentina, and the virtual entrance of Argentina into the war. Luxburg was also Minister to Uruguay, and on his dismissal from Argentina, he asked for a passport to Montevideo instead of to Berlin.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lynn

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LYNN, a city in Essex co., Mass., on Massachusetts Bay, and the Boston and Maine and the Boston Revere Beach and Lynn railroads; 5 miles S. W. of Salem, and 11 miles N. E. of Boston. The city contains the villages of East Lynn, Glenmere, Highlands, Linwood, Lynnmere, West Lynn, and Wyoma. The chief industries are the manufacture of shoes in which it is the first city in the world, morocco leather, and electrical appliances, machinery, and foundry products, and patent medicines. There are two public libraries, National and savings banks, waterworks owned by the city, daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. Lynn was organized as a city in 1850. Pop. (1910) 89,336; (1920) 99,148.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lâo-tsze

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LÂO-TSZE (lä-o-tsā′), a celebrated philosopher of China; generally reputed to have been the founder of Tâoism; which at the present day shares the allegiance of the Chinese with Confucianism and Buddhism under the appellation of San Chiào, born probably in 604 B. C. He was curator of the royal library in the capital city of Loh, not far from the present city of Loh-yang in Ho-nan. The designation Lâo-tsze means the “old philosopher.” Nothing certain can be said of the length of Lao's life. Szema-Ch'ien, the historian of ancient China, tells us that he cultivated “the Tâo and its characteristics,” his chief aim being to keep himself unknown; that he resided long at the capital, and then seeing the decay of the dynasty of Châu went away to the gate which led out of the royal domain toward the regions of the N. W.; that there he was recognized by Yin Hsi, the keeper of the gate, the place of which is shown in the present Shan Châu of Ho-nan, and was prevailed on to write out for him the treatise called the “Tâo Teh King,” which has come down to us as the only record of his teaching. It is not easy, however, to say what he meant by his Tâo. “It was the originator of heaven and earth: it is the mother of all things.” At the same time it is not a personal being. “It might appear,” he says, “to have been before God.” “It gave,” says Chwang-tsze, the ablest of all Lâo's followers, “their mysterious existence to spirits and to God (or to gods).” The character Tâo properly means “path,” “course,” or “way”; and it is in this sense that Lâo uses it. His “great way” is but a metaphorical expression for the way in which things came at first into being out of the primal nothingness. Of the same kind should be the influence of the Tâo in the conduct of individuals and of government. The secret of good government is to let men alone. The appeal to arms is hateful. All learning is injurious. The
wisdom of men defeats its own ends. Tâo works by contraries, and the secret of its strength is its weakness. In many of these teachings Lao-tsze may seem to be only a visionary dreamer, but he enunciates many lessons of a very high morality. Its fundamental quality is humility. He even rises to the greatest of all moral principles, the returning of good for evil, and enunciates “recompensing injury with kindness.” He nowhere speaks clearly of the state of man after death.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Luton

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LUTON, a market-town of Bedfordshire, England, on the little Lea, among the Chiltern Hills, 31 miles N. N. W. of London; is the chief seat in England of the straw-plait (for hats, bonnets, etc.), an industry dating from the reign of James I., and employing 20,000 persons here and in the neighborhood; has St. Mary's Church, Plait-hall (1869), a town-hall, corn exchange, people's park, etc. Pop. about 45,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lynx

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Lynx (constellation) on Wikipedia.
LYNX, a common name for the different varieties of Felis lynx, or, as some zoölogists think, of the different species of the genus Lyncus. The Greek lyngx was probably the caracal. Lynxes shared
with leopards the duty of drawing the chariot of Bacchus; Pliny calls them the most “sharp-sighted of all quadrupeds,” hence the epithet lynx-eyed. The lynxes are all of moderate size, but larger than the true cats; limbs long, tail short and stumpy; ears tipped with a pencil of hair, the cheeks bearded, and pads of the feet overgrown with hair; color, light-brown or gray, more or less spotted with a darker shade. They are fierce and savage, and prey on sheep and poultry. Their skins are valuable as fur. Felis lynx
is the common lynx, found in Scandinavia, Russia, the N, of Asia, and formerly in the forest regions of central Europe; F. cervaria is a native of Siberia; F. pardina of Turkey, Greece, Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain; and F. isabellina of Tibet. The New World has also four lynxes: F. canadensis, the Canada lynx, the most N. species; F. rufa, the bay or red lynx, extending nearly over the United States, but giving place in Texas and the S. of California to F. maculata, and in Oregon and Washington to F. fasciata. Professor Flower is of opinion that, on further investigation, all these will be found to be varieties of a single species.
LYNX
In astronomy, a constellation of Hevelius, between the head of Ursa Major and the star Capella. None of the stars in the group are larger than the fourth magnitude.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lützen

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Battle of Lützen (1813) on Wikipedia.
LÜTZEN (lüt'sen), a small town in the Prussian province of Saxony, famous for two great battles fought in its vicinity. The first a brilliant victory of the Swedes in the Thirty Years' War, took place Nov. 6, 1632. The battle on May 2, 1813, was fought somewhat farther to the S., at the village of Grossgörschen. It was the first great conflict of the united Russian and Prussian army with the army of Napoleon in that decisive campaign; and the French were left in possession of the field.