# West Irish folk-tales and romances/Appendix

THE PHONETIC TEXT.
WHEN folk-lore is narrated by peasants in their own dialect, it seems desirable, for various reasons, that the tales should be recorded in that dialect, and not in some form of speech differing from it more or less widely. This being conceded, the question arises, when one takes to recording Irish folk-lore, how the object is to be attained. It needs but a very small acquaintance with the ordinary Irish orthography to perceive that, if it is adhered to, the object cannot be even aimed at. The greatest defect in the English language is admitted to be its extraordinary spelling. But in this respect it is completely outdone by Irish Gaelic, which is troubled in an aggravated form with every evil that afflicts English. Different sounds are written in the same way. Identical sounds are written in different ways. Silent letters attain to a tropical forestine luxuriance, through which the tongue of the learner despairs of hewing a way. There are, moreover, ​cases in which there is no indication in writing of single sounds, and even syllables, which are actually pronounced; and there is at least one case of a word being written as if it began with a vowel, while it really begins with a consonant.
One of the chief reasons for this state of affairs is the attempt which has been made to represent an exceedingly numerous and varied series of sounds with a meagre alphabet of eighteen letters. The system of orthography developed, though highly ingenious, has proved entirely inadequate to its purpose. But if this be true of the so-called classical speech of the few educated persons, whose original pronunciation has been to some slight extent modified by the influence of books, far more decidedly must it be affirmed of the actual peasant dialects which, for two hundred years at least, have taken each of them its own way, uncontrolled by any central influence. Of these the mere sounds cannot be given at all on the basis of the common spelling. Here are two of the simplest examples. The Donegal pronunciation of the word “tá” cannot be written by any device known to Irish orthography; neither can the Kerry pronunciation of “glean.” The strange spectacle is sometimes witnessed of an attempt to give the actual sound of Irish words by means of a spelling based on English values,—of Chaos applying for help to Confusion.
​In addition to the reasons which might be urged generally in favour of recording folk-lore in the dialect of the narrators, is one which is largely peculiar to Irish tales. I will indicate it in the briefest manner. Words are of frequent occurrence which are not to be found in the dictionaries. If one of these words contains the sound of v or w, you cannot tell, if writing in the ordinary way, whether to use b or m aspirated. If by mistake you choose the wrong letter, you may afterwards throw yourself or others entirely on a wrong scent. But if the actual v or w is written, you will not be responsible for misleading any one. It is further to be observed that these stories constitute the only body of matter having an intrinsic interest, which can be used as a vehicle for placing some considerable specimens of the spoken language before Continental and other students, who have little opportunity of gaining acquaintance with it directly.
It is true that the difficulties in the way of accurately writing the dialects are formidable. Not only, as already remarked, are the sounds of Irish exceptionally numerous and subtle in any one dialect that may be chosen, but the dialects are well-nigh innumerable. While certain broad differences are characteristic of Kerry, Connaught, and Donegal respectively, there are minor varieties in every district, shading off in every possible ​combination into those of the surrounding districts. The native of Ballymore does not speak as the inhabitant of Ballybeg, only two miles away; and the native of Ballybeg probably has several pronunciations, of which he will give you the benefit impartially. This last statement must appear almost incredible, but its truth is unquestionable. I have taxed the peasants with these variations, and they have admitted them, only observing “that's how the word's said there,” i.e., in that context.
The alphabet which now follows is the work of Mr. James Lecky, whose untimely death was a severe blow to the study of modern Irish. In addition to the list here given, Mr. Lecky had noted some additional distinctions, the precise value of which I do not understand. I have therefore not employed them in my own stories, and though I have included one story written down by himself, I have been obliged to omit them.
THE ALPHABET.
| | Phonetic Spelling. | Ordinary Spelling. | English. |
| a | maq | mac | son |
| aa | laa | lá | day |
| ai | maih | maith | good |
| aai | faainnje | fáinne | a ring |
| æ | bæn | bean | a woman |
| ææ | fæær | feárr | better |
| e | lesj | leis | with |
| ee | sjee | sé | he |
| | Phonetic Spelling. | Ordinary Spelling. | English. |
| eei | eeisjg | éisg | of a fish |
| i | min | min | meal |
| ï or ii | sjï | sí | she |
| o | qos | cos | foot |
| oo | boo | bó | cow |
| ou | qoul | ca bh-fhuil | where is? |
| oi | oiărq | adharc | a horn |
| u | muq | muc | a pig |
| uu | tuu | tú | thou |
ă, ĕ, ǐ, ŏ, ŭ, are obscure sounds of the ordinary short vowels, ă occurs frequently, the others rarely. i final has the value of y in English “city.”
| b | baan | bán | white |
| d | madu | madadh | a dog |
| dj | djæs | deas | pretty |
| dd | meeădd-sjin | meud-sin | all that |
| f | fis | fios | knowledge |
| fj | fjuu | fiú | worth |
| g (slender g) | gæær | geárr | short |
| c (broad g) | cas | gas | stalk |
| ç (broad asp.) | mŏ çort | mŏ ghort | my field |
| h | huc | thug | took |
| hj | mŏ hjool | mŏ sheól | my sail |
| j | mŏ jæærher | mo dhearbhráthair | my brother |
| k (slender c). | kool | ceól | music |
| q (broad c). | qos | cos | foot |
| x (q asp.) | xirj | chuir | put |
| l | lee | lé | with |
| lj | balje | baile | town |
| ll | llonc | long | ship |
| llj | lljæbwi | leaba | bed |
| m | maq | mac | son |
| n | noos | nós | custom |
| nj | njïr | nior | neither |
| nn | bonn | bonn | bottom |
| | Phonetic Spelling. | Ordinary Spelling. | English. |
| nnj | qrinnju | cruinniughadh | assembly |
| p | paaisjdje | páisde | child |
| r | rud | rud | thing |
| rj | erjĕ | aire | attention |
| rr | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$see remarks. | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$see remarks. | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$see remarks. |
| rrj | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$see remarks. | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$see remarks. | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$see remarks. |
| s | saal | sál | heel |
| sj | sjæn | sean | old |
| t | taa | tá | is |
| tj | tjïrj | tír | country |
| tt | hitt-sjee | thuit-sjee | he fell |
| v | mŏ væn | mŏ bhean | my wife |
| w | waru | mharbh | killed |
) = a glide, (iota subscript) is the sign of nasality, mrææ̨.
The most important features in the foregoing are,—(1) the use of j, which when initial has the German value, to mark slenderness, when attached to another consonant; (2) the use of c for broad g, dictated partly by the necessity of economising the resources of the Roman alphabet, and by the consideration that c, in most alphabets of uncertain value, and therefore sometimes entirely discarded by phoneticians, is thereby fixed and utilised; (3) the doubling of the vowels, a practice known in old Irish, to indicate length. The accents thus disappear, and, no dots to indicate aspiration being required, the diacritics, whose number is such a frequent source of error, are almost entirely got rid of, the only exception being ‿ the mark of obscurity, which may be usually omitted without ​harm, as it never appears except on an unstressed syllable. In the Connaught and Donegal dialects the stress is thrown forward. There are a few exceptions, which are the following: ănsjin, ănsjo, ănoxt, ămæsg, ălig (all), ămax, amwijh, estjæx, estih, ăraan, anisj. All these have the stress on the last syllable, and the final vowel is in every case not obscure. rr, written in a few cases, is doubtful. rrj corresponding to llj and nnj does not, I think, occur on the coast of Connaught, and but rarely in Donegal. The j is, however, really pronounced as a separate consonant along with the following vowel. Thus, “Tïcerr-je.”
The Connaught values of the letters, specially those of Renvyle, are the basis of the alphabet.
* ↑ Sound hard, as English d.
* ↑ Donegal pronunciation.
* ↑ k asp. = hj.
* ↑ q asp. often = h.
* ↑ Sound hard.