OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/23

[Sidenote: (11) A'l Amràn, III, 136.]
    23. "Do ye think that ye could enter Paradise without God taking knowledge of those among you who (Jáhadoo) have toiled and of those who steadfastly endured."
The Rev. Mr. Rodwell translates Jáhadoo, "did valiantly," and does not agree with Sale and Palmer, who translate it, "fought strenuously," or "fought well."
By the connection of enduring patiently, the word Jáhadoo probably means those who toiled and suffered in their exile from Mecca.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/20

[Sidenote: (8) The Bee, XVI, 40.]
    20. "And they swear by God with their (Jahd) utmost oaths that 'God will never raise him who once is dead.' Nay; but on Him is a promise binding though most men know it not."
Sale renders the word "most solemnly;" Rodwell, "most sacred oath;" Palmer, "most strenuous oath."
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/18

[Sidenote: (6) The Spider, XXIX, 7.]
    18. "Moreover We have enjoined on man to show kindness to parents, but if they (Jáhadá) strive with thee in order that thou join that with Me of which thou hast no knowledge, then obey them not. To Me do ye return, and I will tell you of your doings."
None of the commentators take the word Jâhadâ in this passage to mean fighting or crusade, and it is difficult, therefore, to understand why the word should have been distorted from its proper literal and classical meaning in other places of the same book.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/19

[Sidenote: (7) The Spider, XXIX, 69.]
    19. "And those who (Jâhadoo) made efforts for Us, in our path will we surely guide; for verily God is with those who do righteous deeds."
Mr. Palmer translates the word here as meaning "fought," contrary to Mr. Sale, the Rev. Mr. Rodwell, and Sir William Muir, who translate it "endeavour," "effort," and "strive." The conventional term Jihád, meaning crusade or warfare, was not in use in the time of the revelation of the Koran.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/25

[Sidenote: (13) The Spoil, VIII, 75.]
    25. "But as for those who have believed and fled their country and (Jáhadoo) took pains in the way of God, and have been a refuge or help, these are the faithful, mercy is their due and a noble provision."
       Sale ... "Fought."
       Rodwell ... "Fought."
       Palmer ... "Fought strenuously."
There is nothing in this passage to warrant a departure from the literal and proper signification of the word Jáhadoo, and using it in a post-Koranic sense.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Costa, Maria Margarita

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COSTA, MARIA MARGARITA,
An Italian poetess, whose works were published at Paris, was born at Rome, in 1716. She was a woman of vast erudition, and was successful in different kinds of literature. She wrote tho librettos of several operas.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Cornaro, Helena Lucretia

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CORNARO, HELENA LUCRETIA,
A learned Venetian lady, was the daughter of Gio Baptista Comaro, and educated in a very different manner from her sex generally: she was taught languages, sciences, and the philosophy of the schools, difficult as it then was. She took her degrees at Padua, and was perhaps the first lady who was made a doctor. She was also admitted to the university at Rome, where she had the title of Humble given her, as she had that of Unalterable at Padua. She deserved both these appellations, since all her learning had not inspired her with vanity, nor could anything disturb her calmness and tranquility of mind. She made a vow of virginity, and though all means were used to persuade her to marry, and dispensation obtained from the Pope, she remained immoveable. She exercised upon herself the discipline of flagellation, fasted often, and spent nearly her whole time in study and devotion.
Persons of note who passed through Venice were more desirous to see her than any of the curiosities of that superb city. The Cardinals de Bouillon and d'Etreés were commanded by the King of France to call on her, on their journey through Italy, and examine whether what was said of her was true; and they found that she fully equalled her high reputation all over Europe. Her severe studies impaired her health, and she died in 1685.
As soon as the news of her death reached Rome, the academicians, called Infecondi, who had admitted her to their society, made innumerable odes and epitaphs to her memory. They celebrated a funeral solemnity in her honour, in the college of the Barnabite friars, with the highest pomp and magnificence; and one of the academicians made a funeral oration, in which he expatiated on all her great and valuable qualities.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Cornelia, daughter of Cinna

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CORNELIA,
Daughter of Cinna, and first wife of Julius Caesar. She became the mother of Julia, Pompey's wife, and was so beloved by her husband that he pronounced a funeral oration over her corpse.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Cortesi, Giovanna Marmocchini

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CORTESI, GIOVANNA MARMOCCHINI,
A celebrated Florentine artist, was born in 1670, and instructed by Livio Mechus, and Pietro Dandini but, by order of the grand-duchess, she was afterwards taught to paint in miniature by Hippolito Galantini. In that style she became very eminent for her colouring, drawing, and the striking likenesses she produced. She usually worked in oil, but also painted equally well with crayons. She died in 1736.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Corinna, or Crinna

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CORINNA, or CRINNA,
Of the Isle of Telos, lived about B. C. 610. She wrote a fine poem in the Doric language, consisting of three hundred verses. Her style is said to have resembled that of Homer. She died at the age of nineteen.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Cornano Caterina

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CORNANO CATERINA,
Queen of Cyprus. At the court of James the Fourth, King of Cyprus, resided a Venetian gentleman, exiled for some youthful indiscretions. He found especial favour with his adopted monarch. ​and rose to an intimate intercourse with him. One day, happening to stoop, he let fall a miniature, which represented so beautiful a face that the king eagerly inquired about the original. After stimulating his curiosity by affecting a discreet reserve, he acknowledged it to be the likeness of his niece. In subsequent conversations he artfully praised this young lady, and so wrought upon the sovereign that he resolved to take her for his wife. This honourable proposal being transmitted to Venice, she was adopted by the state, and sent as a daughter of the republic—a mode often adopted by that oligarchy for forming alliances with foreign powers. The fine climate and rich soil of Cyprus—an island so favoured by nature, that the ancients dedicated it to the queen of beauty and love—had made it always a coveted spot of earth, and on the death of James, which took place soon after his marriage with Caterina, the Venetians conceived the idea of obtaining it. Through their influence, Caterina was proclaimed queen, and afterwards as easily persuaded to abdicate in favour of the state of Venice. After various forms, and overpowering some opposition, Cyprus was annexed to the republic. On the 20th. of June, 1489, Caterina returned to her country and family, where she passed so obscure a life that no historian has taken the pains to note the period of her death.
Her name remains in the archives of Venice, because through her means a kingdom was acquired. Her features enjoy immortality, for she was painted by Titian.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Cornelia, daughter of Metallus Scipio

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CORNELIA,
A daughter of Metallus Scipio, who married Pompey, after the death of her first husband, P. Crassus. She was an eminently virtuous woman, and followed Pompey in his flight to Egypt, after his defeat by Caesar at Pharsalia, B. C. 48; and saw him murdered on his landing. She attributed all his misfortunes to his connection with her.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Corinna, the Lyric Muse

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CORINNA,
A poetess, to whom the Greeks gave the appellation of the Lyric Muse, was a native of Tanagra, Boeotia. She flourished in the fifth century B. C, and was a contemporary of Pindar, from whom she five times won the prize in poetical contests. Her fellow-citizens erected a tomb to her in the most frequented part of the city. Only a few fragments of her works arc extant. She did justice to the superiority of Pindar's genius, but advised him not to suffer his poetical ornaments to intrude so often, as they smothered the principal subject; comparing it to pouring a vase of flowers all at once upon the ground, when their beauty and excellence could only be observed in proportion to their rarity and situation. Her glory seems to have been established by the public memorial of her picture, exhibited in her native city, and adorned with a symbol of her victory. Pausanius, who saw it, supposes her to have been one of the most beautiful women of her age; and observes that her personal charms probably rendered her judges partial.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Costello, Louisa Stuart

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COSTELLO, LOUISA STUART,
Is an industrious and agreeable writer. Her first work, "Specimens of the Early Poetry of France," shewed research and taste bestowed on a subject which rarely interests any one save a native of Paris. Her next book was a pleasant one—"Summer among the Boccages and the Vines." "She also wrote "A Pilgrimage to Auvergne," "The Queen Mother," and other works. But her most important work is "Memoirs of Eminent Englishwomen;" published in 1844, in four volumes, with a number of well-executed portraits. There are, in all, thirty-seven biographies given, including England's proudest names. Mrs. Costello evidently put her heart in this work; it is purely English in its sentiments and turns of thought. Several other works have appeared from the same gifted pen; the last being a poem entitled "The Lay of the Stork," and bearing date 1856.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aicard, Jean François Victor

See also Jean Aicard on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​AICARD, JEAN FRANCOIS VICTOR (1848-1921), French poet and dramatist (see 1.434), published after 1910 a collection of poems for children (1912) and Hollande, Algerie (1913), as well as various volumes of war poetry, a novel Arlette des Mayans (1917), and two volumes of adventure stories, Un Bandit a la Française and its sequel Le fameux chevalier Gaspard de Besse, both in 1919. He died in Paris May 13 1921.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Addams, Jane

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​ADDAMS, JANE (1860–), American sociologist (see 1.183), published Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), with much autobiographical comment; A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil (1911) and The Long Road of Women's Memory (1916). She did much to promote the cause of woman suffrage, and in 1912 was an active worker in behalf of the short-lived National Progressive party. After the outbreak of the World War in Europe she attended the International Congress of Women held at The Hague in 1915, and was elected president. She was also appointed chairman of the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace. She was an avowed pacifist after America had entered the World War.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ador, Gustave

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ADOR, GUSTAVE (1845-), Swiss statesman, a member of a family of Vaud, which in 1814 obtained the burghership of Geneva, and grandson of Jean Pierre Ador, who first obtained this right, was born at Geneva Dec. 23 1845. He studied law at the academy (now the university) of Geneva and in 1868 became an advocate. In 1871 he started his political career as member of the communal council of Cologny, and was twice mayor, in 1878-9 and 1883-5. He was a member of the cantonal Parliament 1874-6, and continuously from 1878 to 1915 save for a short break in 1902. In 1878-9 he represented Geneva in the Swiss Conseil des États. Then he became a member of the executive of the canton of Geneva, being put in charge of the Department of Justice and Police. He resigned after an unfavourable election in 1880, but once more became member of the cantonal executive in 1885, and for 12 years had charge of the cantonal finances. In 1889 he became a member of the Swiss Conseil National, and remained so till 1917, being elected its president in 1901. He was president of the cantonal executive in 1890, 1892, and 1896. In 1894 he became lieutenant-colonel in the Swiss army. In 1914 he founded in Geneva the association for facilitating communications between prisoners-of-war and the central Geneva agency, and succeeded in giving this enterprise great importance and a wide-spread extension. After the enforced resignation of Arthur Hoffmann, Ador, in order to soothe the Entente, became a federal councillor or member of the Federal Executive in June 1917 and was entrusted with the Department of Foreign Affairs. Towards the end of 1918 he was elected by Parliament to be the Swiss President for 1919, but retired from the Federal Executive at the end of his year of office.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Agliardi, Antonio

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​AGLIARDI, ANTONIO (1832-1915), Italian cardinal and diplomatist (see 1.377). Noted for his strongly patriotic sentiments, he actively opposed the Temporalist tendencies which prevailed at the Vatican during a part of the pontificate of Leo XIII. At a time when clerical influences in France aimed at a restoration of the Temporal Power, Agliardi was frankly favourable to the Triple Alliance as the best guarantee of Italy's territorial integrity, and he eventually succeeded in convincing the Pope of the hopelessness of his schemes. With Leo's subsequent social-Catholic activities he was in hearty sympathy, and contributed much to their success. He enjoyed the personal friendship of many of the most eminent men in Italy, including Luigi Luzzatti, Antonio Salandra and the Marquis di San Giuliano. He died in Rome March 19 1915.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Conrad von Hötzendorf, Count

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CONRAD VON HÖTZENDORF, Count (1852-), Austrian field-marshal, was born at Vienna, and after graduating at the military academy of Wiener Neustadt entered the army as lieutenant in a Jäger regiment. He was appointed to the general staff, and distinguished himself during the fighting in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 and 1881. He continued to be employed mainly on the general staff, especially as lecturer on tactics in the Kriegsschule (the highest military academy), and he gained the reputation of an authoritative writer on military subjects. Among the many people in whom he inspired confidence was the heir to the throne, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, by whose influence he was appointed in 1906 to succeed Count Beck as chief of the general staff. He displayed extraordinary activity, concerning himself not only with the work of his own office, but with matters of internal, and still more of foreign, policy. This brought him into increasingly sharp disaccord with the Foreign Minister, Count Aehrenthal. Conrad was filled more particularly with the deepest distrust of Italy, and, convinced as he was that it would be impossible to avoid a struggle for the very existence of the Habsburg Monarchy, he wished to precipitate this struggle while the chances were not unfavourable. The latent opposition between the two men led to Conrad's temporary retirement in 1911. At the end of 1912 he was recalled to his post and in 1914 agreed to the military measures against Serbia which led to the World War. For more than two years of the war he was the real leader of the Austro-Hungarian armies. Though he was not always successful in the unequal struggle, the essential credit of the great success at Gorlice (1915) must be ascribed to him. To him also are due a series of successful operations, although a decisive victory was denied him. In 1917 he assumed the command of the forces operating in Tirol, and took part in every engagement until the battle of the Piave in the summer of 1918. After this he retired from
active service, was raised to the rank of count, created a field-marshal, decorated with numerous orders, and appointed commander of the Imperial Guard. Conrad was one of the most predominant personalities of the fallen monarchy, whose fate he was unable to avert. In his active military operations his most distinguished colleague was Gen. Metzger (b. 1870), who, after Conrad's retirement, took over a high command, distinguishing himself on the Italian front and finally in France in cooperation with the German armies. (A.—K.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Conrad, Joseph

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CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856–), English novelist (see 6.968). Later work includes a study of the revolutionary temperament, Under Western Eyes (1911); an autobiographical set of Reminiscences (1912); three volumes of short stories, ’Twixt Land and Sea (1912), Within the Tides (1915) and The Shadow Line (1917); as well as 4 novels, Chance (1914); Victory (1915); The Arrow of Gold (1919) and The Rescue (1920). A dramatized version of Victory was played at the Globe theatre, London, in 1920.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Coolidge, Calvin

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COOLIDGE, CALVIN (1873-), American statesman, was born at Plymouth, Vt., July 4 1873. After graduating from Amherst in 1895 he studied law in an office at Northampton, Mass. Here he began to practise in 1897 and soon became prominent in local affairs. After serving as city clerk, city councillor, and
city solicitor successively, he was elected in 1907 a member of the General Court, or House of Representatives, of Mass. He was mayor of Northampton, 1910-11, and sat in the state Senate from 1912 to 1915, being its president during his last year. He became lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts in 1916 and was reëlected in 1917 and 1918. He was elected governor of Massachusetts in 1919 and in 1920 was reëlected under circumstances that attracted nation-wide attention. He had dealt summarily with the striking policemen in Boston Sept. 1919, refusing to reinstate them. In the following gubernatorial campaign this was made an issue by his Democratic opponent, who appealed to those in sympathy with the strikers. The results vindicated the governor's action; he obtained a majority of 114,000 votes (out of a total of 510,000). Already in April 1919, during a strike of telephone operators in Boston, he had proposed that the state take over the lines, but the trouble was soon settled. That he was not opposed to labour was shown by his earlier support of the bill limiting the scope of injunctions against striking employees. In June 1919 he vetoed the bill for increasing the pay of members of the Mass. House, arguing that their service was optional and not a means of livelihood; it was public service and should not be made a job. As governor he recommended that Massachusetts ratify the woman-suffrage amendment to the Federal Constitution. In 1920 he vetoed a bill calling for censorship of moving pictures and likewise a bill to permit the sale of “2.75 per cent” beer. The latter he declared would be “hypocritical legislation” because, with a Federal law on the statute book forbidding beer with an alcoholic content of over one-half of 1%, it would still not be possible to sell 2.75% beer in Massachusetts. At the Republican National Convention in 1920 he received a few votes on all ten ballots for president. When the voting for vice-president began his victory was at once apparent and he was nominated by acclamation. He was elected in Nov. on the ticket with Warren G. Harding by an overwhelming vote.
Some of his speeches were published under the title Have Faith in Massachusetts (1919).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Commerce, Department of

See also United States Department of Commerce on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
COMMERCE, DEPARTMENT OF, one of the executive departments of the U. S. Government. It succeeded the earlier Department of Commerce and Labor, by an Act of Congress, approved March 4 1913, which also created a separate and independent Department of Labor (see Labor, Department of). The Secretary of Commerce is a member of the president's Cabinet but is not in line of succession to the presidency. It is his duty to promote the commerce, domestic and foreign, of the United States. There is also an assistant secretary and a solicitor, the latter acting as legal adviser to the Secretary and to the heads of the various bureaus of the department.
As originally organized there were 9 bureaus, as follows: (1) The bureau of the census, charged with the collection of data concerning population, agriculture, manufactures, mining, etc.; (2) the bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, for the collection and diffusion of information of use to the manufacturer and exporter; (3) the coast
and geodetic survey, for charting coast waters and surveying rivers to the head of tidewater or ship navigation, and for making deep-sea soundings, magnetic observations, etc.; (4) the bureau of fisheries, for regulating and conserving fisheries; (5) the lighthouse service, in charge of the aids to navigation on all U.S. territory, except Panama and the Philippines; (6) the bureau of navigation, having general superintendence of the commercial marine and merchant seamen, and the enforcement of navigation laws; (7) the steamship inspection service, which inspects steam vessels for the purpose of insuring safety at sea, and issues licences to masters, mates, pilots, and engineers of the merchant marine; (8) the bureau of standards, for determining all American measurements; and (9) the bureau of corporations. The last-mentioned bureau, on March 16 1915, was transferred to, and merged with, the Federal Trade Commission (see Federal Trade Commission).
Because of the importance of manufactures there had long been agitation among various commercial organizations of the United States for the creation of a governmental department for promoting commercial interests; but it was not until 1903 that a bill establishing the Department of Commerce and Labor was passed by Congress; it was approved by President Roosevelt Feb. 14. For the next ten years the joint interests of labor and capital were entrusted to this department. The arrangement proved unsatisfactory because of the frequent conflict of these interests, and in 1913 an independent Department of Labor was created, the name of the Department of Commerce and Labor being changed to Department of Commerce.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Compton, Edward

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​COMPTON, EDWARD (1854-1918), English actor, was born in London Jan. 14 1854. He was the son of the actor Henry Compton (Charles Mackenzie) and was educated at Kensington. He married Miss Virginia Bateman, an actress and a member of a well-known theatrical family. He first appeared at Bristol in 1873 and in London in 1877. In 1881 he organized the Compton Comedy company, which for over 30 years played Shakespearean and old English comedies throughout the country and formed a valuable school of training for young actors and actresses. He died in London July 16 1918. Among his children were Mr. Compton Mackenzie (b. 1883), the well-known novelist, and Miss Fay Compton, the actress.