OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# How to Use Your Mind/Concentration of Attention

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CHAPTER VIII CONCENTRATION OF ATTENTION
Nearly everyone has difficulty in the concentration of attention. Brain workers in business and industry, students in high school and college, and even professors in universities, complain of the same difficulty. Attention seems in some way to be at the very core of mental activity, for no matter from what aspect we view the mind, its excellence seems to depend upon the power to concentrate attention. When we examine a growing infant, one of the first signs by which we judge the awakening of intelligence is the power to pay attention or to "notice things." When we examine the intellectual ability of normal adults we do so by means of tests that require close concentration of attention. In judging the intelligence of people with whom we associate every day, we regard one who is able to maintain close attention for long periods ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/122 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/123 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/124 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/125 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/126 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/127 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/128 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/129 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/130 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/131 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/132 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/133 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/134 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/135 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/136 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/137
# How to Use Your Mind/How We Reason

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CHAPTER IX HOW WE REASON
If you were asked to describe the most embarrassing of your class-room experiences, you would probably cite the occasions when the instructor asks you a series of questions demanding close reasoning. As he pins you down to statement of facts and forces you to draw valid conclusions, you feel in a most perplexed frame of mind. Either you find yourself unable to give reasons, or you entangle yourself in contradictions. In short, you flounder about helplessly and feel as though the bottom of your ship of knowledge has dropped out. And when the ordeal is over and you have made a miserable botch of a recitation which you thought you had been perfectly prepared for, you complain that "if the instructor had followed the book," or "if he had asked straight questions," you would have an​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/139 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/140 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/141 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/142 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/143 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/144 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/145 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/146 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/147 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/148 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/149 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/150 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/151 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/152 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/153 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/154 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/155 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/156 ​Page:Harry Dexter Kitson - How to Use Your Mind, 2d ed. - (1921).djvu/157
# 1900; Or, the Last President

A novella depicting a disastrous William Jennings Bryan presidency.
- 1900 -
OR,
THE LAST PRESIDENT
BY
INGERSOLL LOCKWOOD,
Of the New York Bar.
Copyright, 1896, by Ingersoll Lockwood
The Trade Supplied by THE AMERICAN NEWS COMPANY, New York.
The Chicago Platform assumes, in fact, the form of a revolutionary propaganda. It embodies a menace of national disintegration and destruction. Garret A. Hobart.
* Chapter 1
* Chapter 2
* Chapter 3
* Chapter 4
* Chapter 5
* Chapter 6
* Chapter 7
* Chapter 8
* Chapter 9
* Chapter 10
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Accord

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​ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree), in law, an agreement between two parties, one of whom has a right of action against the other, to give and accept in substitution for such right any good legal consideration. Such an agreement when executed discharges the cause of action and is called Accord and Satisfaction.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Account

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​ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, computare, to calculate), counting, reckoning, especially of moneys paid and received, hence a statement made as to the receipt and payment of moneys; also any statement as to acts or conduct, or quite simply any narrative report of events, &c. A further sense-development is that of esteem, consideration.
As a stock-exchange term “account” is used in several senses. (1) The periodical settlements occurring, in London, monthly for British government and a few other first-class securities, and fortnightly for all others. The settlement extends over four days in mining shares and three days in other securities. The first day is the carry-over, “contango,” or making-up, day, on which speculative commitments are carried over, or continued: that is, the bulls, who have bought stock for the rise, arrange the rate of interest that they have to give on their stock to a moneylender, or bear, who will pay for it or take it in for them; and the bears, who have sold for the fall, arrange the rate that they receive from the bulls or, if the stock is scarce and oversold, the backwardation or rate that they have to pay to holders of the stock who will lend it them to enable them to complete their bargains. On the second day, called ticket-day or name day, a ticket giving the name and address of the ultimate buyer and the firm which will pay for the stock is passed through the various intermediaries to the ultimate seller, so that the actual transfer of the stock can be made directly. In the mining market the passing of names takes two days. On the last day, account day, pay day or settling day, cheques are paid to meet speculative differences, or against the delivering of stock. (2) The period between two settlements. A nineteen-day account is one in which nineteen days elapse between one pay-day and another. (3) The volume or condition of commitments. A speculator is said to have a large account open when he has dealt heavily either for the rise or fall. A bull account exists in a stock or group of stocks when it or they have been bought for the rise by a large number of operators; in the contrary case, when there have been heavy sales for the fall, a bear account is developed.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Accoutrement

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​ACCOUTREMENT (a French word, probably derived from à and coustre or coutre, an old word meaning one who has charge of the vestments in a church), clothing, apparel; a term used especially, in the plural, of the military equipment of a soldier other than his arms and clothing.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Accra

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​ACCRA, a port on the Gulf of Guinea in 5° 31′ N., 0° 12′ W., since 1876 capital of the British Gold Coast colony. Population about 20,000, including some 150 Europeans. Accra is about 80 m. E. of Cape Coast (q.v.), the former capital of the colony. The name is derived from the Fanti word Nkran (an ant), by which designation the tribe inhabiting the surrounding district was formerly known. The town grew up around three forts established in close proximity—St James (British), Crèvecœur (Dutch) and Christiansborg (Danish). The last named was ceded to Britain in 1850, Crèvecœur not till 1871. Fort St James is now used as a signal station, lighthouse and prison. Accra preserves the distinctions of James Town, Ussher Town and Christiansborg, indicative of its tripartite origin. Ussher Town represents Crèvecœur, the fort being renamed after H. T. Ussher, administrator of the Gold Coast (1867–1872). The sea frontage extends about three miles; there is, however, no harbour, and steamers have to lie about a mile out, goods and passengers being landed in surf boats. The streets formerly consisted largely of mud hovels, but since a great fire in 1894, which destroyed large parts of James Town and Ussher Town, more substantial buildings have been erected. Christiansborg, the finest of the three forts, is the official residence of the governor of the colony. Westwards of the landing-place, where is the customs house, lies James Town. Beyond the fort are various public buildings leading to Otoo Street, the main thoroughfare, which runs two miles in a straight line to Christiansborg. This street contains a fine stone church built in 1895 for the use of the Anglican community, a branch of the Bank of British West Africa, telegraph offices and the establishments of the principal trading firms. In Victoriaborg, a suburb of Ussher Town, are the residences of the principal officials, and here a racecourse has been laid out. (Accra is almost the only point along the Gold Coast where horses thrive.) Behind the town is rolling grass land, which gives place to the highlands of Aquapim and Akim. At Aburi in the Aquapim hills, 26 m. N. by E. of Accra, are the government sanatorium and botanical gardens.
Accra, the first town in the Gold Coast colony to be raised (July 1, 1896) to the rank of a municipality, is governed by a town council with power to raise and spend money. The council consists in equal proportions of nominated and elected members, no racial distinctions being made. Accra is connected by cable with Europe and South Africa, and is the sea terminus of a railway serving the districts N.E., where are flourishing cocoa plantations.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Accordion

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​ACCORDION (Fr. accordéon; Ger. Handharmonica, Ziehharmonica), a small portable reed wind instrument with keyboard, the smallest representative of the organ family, invented in 1829 by Damian, in Vienna.
The accordion consists of a bellows of many folds, to which is attached a keyboard with from 5 to 50 keys. The keys on being depressed, while the bellows are being worked, open valves admitting the wind to free reeds, consisting of narrow tongues of metal riveted some to the upper, some to the lower board of the bellows, having their free ends bent, some inwards, some outwards. Each key produces two notes, one from the inwardly bent reed when the bellows are compressed, the other from the outwardly bent reed by suction (as in the American organ; see Harmonium) when the bellows are expanded. The pitch of the note is determined by the length and thickness of the reeds, reduction of the length tending to sharpen the note, while reduction of the thickness lowers it. The right hand plays the melody on the keyboard, while the left works the bellows and manipulates the two or three bass harmony keys, which sound the simple chords of the tonic and dominant. The archetype of the accordion is the cheng (q.v.), or Chinese organ, between which and the harmonium it forms a connecting link structurally, although not invented for some thirty years after the harmonium. The timbre of the accordion is coarse and devoid of beauty, but in the hands of a skilful performer the best instruments are not entirely without artistic merit. Improvements in the construction of the accordion produced the concertina (q.v.), melodion and melophone.
See Adolf Mueller, Accordion-Schule oder vollständige Anleitung, das Accordion in kurzer Zeit richtig spielen zu erlernen (Wien, 1834). See also Free Reed Vibrator. (K. S.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Accomplice

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​ACCOMPLICE (from Fr. complice, conspirator, Lat. complex, a sharer, associate, complicare, to fold together; the ac- is possibly due to confusion with “accomplish,” to complete, Lat. complere, to fill up), in law, one who is associated with another or others in the commission of a crime, whether as principal or accessory. The term is chiefly important where one of those charged with a crime turns king’s evidence in the expectation of obtaining a pardon for himself. Accordingly, as his evidence is tainted with self-interest, it is a rule of practice to direct a jury to acquit, where the evidence of an accomplice is not corroborated by independent evidence both as to the circumstances of the offence and the participation of the accused in it. An accomplice who has turned king’s evidence usually receives a pardon, but has no legal right to exemption from punishment till he has actually received it.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Accoramboni, Vittoria

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​ACCORAMBONI, VITTORIA (1557–1585), an Italian lady famous for her great beauty and accomplishments and for her tragic history. She was born in Rome of a family belonging to the minor noblesse of Gubbio, which migrated to Rome with a view to bettering their fortunes. After refusing several offers of marriage for Vittoria, her father betrothed her to Francesco Peretti (1573), a man of no position, but a nephew of Cardinal Montalto, who was regarded as likely to become pope. Vittoria was admired and worshipped by all the cleverest and most brilliant men in Rome, and being luxurious and extravagant although poor, she and her husband were soon plunged in debt. Among her most fervent admirers was P. G. Orsini, duke of Bracciano, one of the most powerful men in Rome, and her brother Marcello, wishing to see her the duke’s wife, had Peretti murdered (1581). The duke himself was suspected of complicity, inasmuch as he was believed to have murdered his first wife, Isabella de’ Medici. Now that Vittoria was free he made her an offer of marriage, which she willingly accepted, and they were married shortly after. But her good fortune aroused much jealousy, and attempts were made to annul the marriage; she was even imprisoned, and only liberated through the interference of Cardinal Carlo Borromeo. On the death of Gregory XIII., Cardinal Montalto, her first husband’s uncle, was elected in his place as Sixtus V. (1585); he vowed vengeance on the duke of Bracciano and Vittoria, who, warned in time, fled first to Venice and thence to Salò in Venetian territory. Here the duke died in November 1585, bequeathing all his personal property (the duchy of Bracciano he left to his son by his first wife) to his widow. Vittoria, overwhelmed with grief, went to live in retirement at Padua, where she was followed by Lodovico Orsini, a relation of her late husband and a servant of the Venetian republic, to arrange amicably for the division of the property. But a quarrel having arisen in this connexion Lodovico hired a band of bravos and had Vittoria assassinated (22nd of December 1585). He himself and nearly all his accomplices were afterwards put to death by order of the republic.
About Vittoria Accoramboni much has been written, and she has been greatly maligned by some biographers. Her story formed the basis of Webster’s drama, The Tragedy of Paolo Giordano Ursini (1612), and of Ludwig Tieck’s novel, Vittoria Accoramboni (1840); it is told more accurately in D. Gnoli’s volume, Vittoria Accoramboni (Florence, 1870), and an excellent sketch of her life is given in Countess E. Martinengo-Cesaresco’s Lombard Studies (London, 1902). (L. V. *)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Accorso (Accursius), Mariangelo

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​ACCORSO (Accursius), MARIANGELO (c. 1490–1544), Italian critic, was born at Aquila, in the kingdom of Naples. He was a great favourite with Charles V., at whose court he resided for thirty-three years, and by whom he was employed on various foreign missions. To a perfect knowledge of Greek and Latin he added an intimate acquaintance with several modern languages. In discovering and collating ancient manuscripts, for which his travels abroad gave him special opportunities, he displayed uncommon diligence. His work entitled Diatribae in Ausonium, Solinum et Ovidium (1524) is a monument of erudition and critical skill. He was the first editor of the Letters of Cassiodorus, with his Treatise on the Soul (1538); and his edition of Ammianus Marcellinus (1533) contains five books more than any former one. The affected use of antiquated terms, introduced by some of the Latin writers of that age, is humorously ridiculed by him, in a dialogue in which an Oscan, a Volscian and a Roman are introduced as interlocutors (1531). Accorso was accused of plagiarism in his notes on Ausonius, a charge which he most solemnly and energetically repudiated.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Accountant-General

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​ACCOUNTANT-GENERAL, formerly an officer in the English Court of Chancery, who received all moneys lodged in court, and by whom they were deposited in bank and disbursed. The office was abolished by the Chancery Funds Act 1872, and the duties transferred to the paymaster-general (q.v.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ambrose the Camaldulian

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​AMBROSE THE CAMALDULIAN, the common name of Ambrogio Traversari (1386–1439), French ecclesiastic, born near Florence at the village of Portico. At the age of fourteen he entered the Camaldulian Order in the monastery of Sta Maria degli Angeli, and rapidly became a leading theologian and Hellenist. In Greek literature his master was Emmanuel Chrysoloras. He became general of the order in 1431, and was a leading advocate of the papacy. This attitude he showed clearly when he attended the council of Basel as legate of Eugenius IV. So strong was his hostility to some of the delegates that he described Basel as a western Babylon. He likewise supported the pope at Ferrara and Florence, and worked hard in the attempt to reconcile the Eastern and Western Churches. Though this cause was unsuccessful, Ambrose is interesting as typical of the new humanism which was growing up within the church. Voigt says that he was the first monk in Florence in whom the love of letters and art became predominant over his ecclesiastical views. Thus while among his own colleagues he seemed merely a hypocritical and arrogant priest, in his relations with his brother humanists, such as Cosimo de Medici, he appeared as the student of classical antiquities and especially of Greek theological authors. His chief works are:—Hodoeporicon, an account of a journey taken by the pope’s command, during which he visited the monasteries of Italy; a translation of Palladius’ Life of Chrysostom; of Nineteen Sermons of Ephraem Syrus; of the Book of St Basil on Virginity. A number of MSS. remain in the library of St Mark at Venice. He died on the 20th of October 1439.
See G. Voigt, Die Wiederbelebung des klass. Altertums (2 vols., 3rd ed., 1893); his Epistolae were published by Cannato (Florence, 1759 with a life by Menus; Bollandist Bibl. hag. lat. (1898), 65; A. Masius, Über die Stellung des Kamaldulensers Ambrogio Traversari zum Papst Eugen IV. und zum Basler Konzil (Döbeln, 1888); Savigny, Geschichte röm. Rechts, Mittel. (1850), vi. 422-424.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ambrosiaster

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​AMBROSIASTER. A commentary on St Paul’s epistles, “brief in words but weighty in matter,” and valuable for the criticism of the Latin text of the New Testament, was long attributed to St Ambrose. Erasmus in 1527 threw doubt on the accuracy of this ascription, and the author is usually spoken of as Ambrosiaster or pseudo-Ambrose. Owing to the fact that Augustine cites part of the commentary on Romans as by “Sanctus Hilarius” it has been ascribed by various critics at different times to almost every known Hilary. Dom G. Morin (Rev. d'hist. et de litt. religieuses, tom. iv. 97 f.) broke new ground by suggesting in 1899 that the writer was Isaac, a converted Jew, writer of a tract on the Trinity and Incarnation, who was exiled to Spain in 378–380 and then relapsed to Judaism, but he afterwards abandoned this theory of the authorship in favour of Decimus Hilarianus Hilarius, proconsul of Africa in 377. With this attribution Professor Alex. Souter, in his Study of Ambrosiaster (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1905), agrees. There is scarcely anything to be said for the possibility of Ambrose having written the book before he became a bishop, and added to it in later years, incorporating remarks of Hilary of Poitiers on Romans. The best presentation of the case for Ambrose is by P. A. Ballerini in his complete edition of that father’s works.
In the book cited above Professor Souter also discusses the authorship of the Quaestiones Veteris et Novi Testamenti, which the MSS. ascribe to Augustine. He concludes, on very thorough philological and other grounds, that this is with one possible slight exception the work of the same “Ambrosiaster.” The same conclusion had been arrived at previously by Dom Morin.