OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Greenleaf, Simon

Edition of 1879. See also Simon Greenleaf on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GREENLEAF, Simon, an American jurist, born Newburyport, Mass., Dec. 5, 1783, died in Cambridge, Oct. 6, 1853. He practised law in Massachusetts and afterward in Maine, was reporter of the supreme court of Maine from 1820 to 1832, and during this period published nine volumes of reports, and a treatise on the
“Origin and Principles of Free-Masonry” (Portland, 1820). In 1833 he became professor of law in Harvard university, and held this office till 1848. In 1840 he published a volume of “Overruled, Denied, and Doubted Decisions and Dicta,” which was expanded in subsequent editions to three volumes. In 1846 he published an “Examination of the Testimony of the Four Evangelists, by the Rules of Evidence as administered in Courts of Justice, with an Account of the Trial of Jesus.” In 1849 he published an edition of Cruise's “Digest of the Law of Real Property.” But his great work was a “Treatise on the Law of Evidence” (3 vols., 1842-'53).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Guahan

Edition of 1879. See also Guam on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GUAHAN, Guam, or San Juan, the largest and southernmost of the Ladrone islands, in lat. 13° N., lon. 145° E.; pop. about 5,000. It is about 100 m. in circumference, and surrounded by coral reefs. The coasts are broken by several bays, one of which, called Calderon de Apra, is a commodious haven. The S. part of the island is of volcanic formation, and there is also a small volcano in the N., but the shores on this side are high and coralline. The interior is well watered, wooded, and fertile, rice, maize, cacao, sugar cane, indigo, cotton, and fruits growing in profusion. The domestic animals of Europe were imported long ago, but most of them have become wild. The primitive possessors of the island were long
since extirpated. The present inhabitants, descendants of Mexicans and Philippine islanders, are peaceable, and are skilful mechanics. The principal place is San Ignazio de Agana, a fortified village of bamboo huts, having a good harbor enclosed by coral reefs. The island was discovered by Magalhaens in 1521.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Thomas Humphreys

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Thomas Humphreys, 1s. Griffith, of Dollgelly, co. Merioneth, arm. Jesus Coll., matric. 11 March, 1856, aged 19; of Llwyn, co. Merioneth.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Thomas Llewelyn

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Thomas Llewelyn, 1s. Thomas Jones, of Penymynydd, Isle of Anglesea, cler. Jesus Coll., matric. 24 Oct., 1866, aged 18; B.A. 1869, M.A. 1873, held various Welsh curacies 1871-84, vicar of Gwyddelwern, co. Merioneth, 1884.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Thomas Denham

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Thomas Denham, 1s. William Denham, of Prestwich, Lancashire, gent. Jesus Coll., matric. 30 Jan., 1873, aged 18: B.A. 1877, M.A. 1880, curate of Holy Trinity, East Finchley, 1886.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Thomas Francis Ford

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Thomas Francis Ford, 3s. Thomas, of Flint, cler. Oriel Coll., matric. 14 Oct., 1878, aged 19; B.A. 1884, M.A. 1887.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Thomas Beynon

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Thomas Beynon, y.s. Thomas, of Llangibby, co. Carmarthen, gent. Jesus Coll., matric. 18 Oct., 1883, aged 21; B.A. 1887.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Thomas Lewis

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Thomas Lewis, 1s. James, of Polshot, Wilts, cler. University Coll., matric. 14 Dec., 1826, aged 17; B.A. 1830, M.A. 1835, vicar of Matherne, co. Monmouth, 1845, until his death 1 July, 1879.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Thomas Benjamin

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Thomas Benjamin, 2s. George, of Wolverhampton, gent. Wadham Coll., matric. 16 Oct., 1883, aged 31; B.A. 1887.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Thomas Edmunds

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Thomas Edmunds, s. William, of Reading, Berks, gent. St. Mary Hall, matric. 21 Jan., 1809, aged 27; vicar of Bucklebury, Berks, 1832, until his death 30 May, 1849 (d.d.).
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Thomas John

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Thomas John, 2s. John, of Shrewsbury, arm. University Coll., matric. 20 Nov., 1850, aged 18; B.A. 1855, M.A. 1858, perp. curate Heath, Beds, 1858-63, rector of Waddesdon 1867-81 and 1881, vicar of Over Winchendon 1879.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Thomas Jones

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Thomas Jones, 3s. John, of Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, Isle of Anglesey, gent. Jesus Coll.,matric. 15 March, 1832, aged 18; B.A. 1835, M.A. 1838, perp. curate Pennynydd 1839-50, rector of Llanfair, Anglesey, 1864-6, and of Llanfaethlen 1866.
# American Medical Biographies/Chapoton, Jean

​Chapoton, Jean (1690?–1760)
Jean Chapoton, post surgeon-general, son of André Chapoton and Ann Cassaigne, was born in the village of Bagaille, diocese of Uzes, Province of Languedoc, France, about 1690. After receiving a good education, he entered the government service and rose to the rank of major in the Royal Marines and surgeon in the French Army. In 1719 he was ordered to relieve Dr. Forestier as post surgeon at Detroit (or Fort Pontchartrain). In the records of St. Anne's Church at the post, Dr. Chapoton first appears as best man at the marriage of Jean Baptiste Gouyon, and was among the first in the settlement of Cadillac to take up land for permanent occupancy. On June 13, 1734, he received a government grant of land known as a private claim number 5, being two arpents in width by forty in length, the title running to Jean Chapoton (Chirurgean). Dr. Chapoton's name appears spelled variously, as "Farmer's History of Detroit," vol. i, p. 50, Pierre Chapoton, "Jesuit Relations," vol. lxix, p. 308, Jean Baptiste Chapoton, and plain Jean Chapoton. Little is known of the extent and method of Dr. Chapoton's practice. Aside from his service to the soldiers and their families at the post it could not have been great, as Detroit had little resident population until the twenties and little land was taken up until the thirties. In the Jesuit Relations, vol. lxix, p. 249, it is said that on June 13, 1742, Sieur Chapoton, Surgeon of this port, borrowed the sum of one hundred livres in raccoon and lynx skins, promising to pay in similar peltries in May, 1743. That Chapoton was a devout Catholic appears from entries in the manuscript of Fr. Pierre Portier, Jesuit priest at Assumption Mission, Sandwich, viz.: In 1748 the father says that Surgeon Chapoton arranged for offering six masses; and in 1750 Chapoton became indebted to the mission for the same, but in 1845 the father began masses for his soul. In 1752 Dr. Chapoton resigned his post and retired to his farm. He had married in July, 1720, Magdalene Frappere, whose family had lived in the same province in France with the Chapotons, but at the time of her marriage were living in Quebec. At marriage Magdalene was fourteen years old, but bore the doctor twenty-two children! Of these, four died in infancy, two in childhood, five single in adult life, and eleven intermarried with prominent families. From his sons are descended the numerous branches of the Chapoton family in eastern Michigan and lower Canada. His second daughter, Madeleine, married Dr. LeGrande, who, in 1852, succeeded Dr. Chapoton as surgeon of the post.
Jean Chapoton died at his Detroit home November 12, 1760.
# American Medical Biographies/Chatard, Pierre

​Chatard, Pierre (1767–1848)
Pierre Chatard was born at Cape Francois, San Domingo, July 17, 1767, and educated in France, settling in Baltimore in 1797. He was a prolific writer, his paper, "An Account of a Case of Fistula Lachrymalis, with reflections on the different modes of operating in that disease," being the earliest Baltimore publication having reference to diseases of the eye. (Medical Repository, vol. vii, p. 28.)
He held the Montpellier, France, M. D. and was consulting physician to the Baltimore Hospital and member of the faculty of Washington University. He died in Baltimore on January 5, 1848.
# American Medical Biographies/Chapman, Chandler Burnell

​ Chapman, Chandler Burnell (1815–1877)
Chandler Burnell Chapman was born in Middlebury, Vermont, July 7, 1815, and graduated from a college of medicine in the City of New York, in which city he was married to Mary Eugenia Pease, June, 1837. The young couple settled in Trumbull County, Ohio, where Dr. Chapman practised until May, 1846, when he moved to Madison, Wisconsin, then a settlement of less than four hundred persons. He accomplished the journey in one week's time by means of private conveyance, steamboat and stage. In addition to his practice, in the early fifties he conducted a school of medicine. Later Dr. Chapman devoted a part of his time to his duties as professor of chemistry and other studies at Miami and Cincinnati Colleges of Medicine. Among his published works is an "Agricultural Chemistry." At the outbreak of the Civil War he accompanied the sixth Wisconsin Regiment as surgeon and later was appointed surgeon of the famous "Iron Brigade." During the later years of the war Dr. Chapman served as medical director of the Army of the Rio Grande under Gen. Herron, his entire service covering the period between June, 1861 and August, 1864. Not infrequently he did operations which would be considered difficult at this time and to be undertaken only by the foremost surgeons. He was one of the organizers of the Dane County Medical Society.
Chapman made two journeys to the old world, spending a year and more each time, observing with great interest a number of the earliest operations performed under anesthetics, and spent much of his time visiting the hospitals of Great Britain and the Continent.
During the later years of his life he became deeply interested in the development of the state of Kansas.
He died at his home in Madisons, May 18, 1877, leaving a widow, a daughter, Eugenia Gillette, and a son. Chandler Pease.
# American Medical Biographies/Chapman, Alvan Wentworth

​Chapman, Alvan Wentworth (1809–1899)
Alvan Wentworth Chapman, botanist, was born at Southampton, Massachusetts, September 28, 1809, and died at his home in Apalachicola, Florida, April 6, 1899, in his ninetieth year. The son of Paul and Ruth Pomeroy Chapman, he entered Amherst College at seventeen, graduating with honor in 1830. A few months later he became a teacher in a family on Whitemarsh Island, near Savannah, Georgia, where he spent two years; he was then elected principal of the academy at Washington, Georgia, and it was while at this place that he began the study of medicine, with Dr. Albert Reese. The study was continued at Savannah and Washington, Ga. (1830–1836).
It was in the winter of 1835–36 that he entered upon the practice of his profession in Florida, first at Quincy, then at Marianna, and finally, for more than half a century, at Apalachicola. It was in 1846, about the time that he settled at Apalachicola, that he received the honorary degree of M. D. from the Louisville Medical Institute. In 1886, the University of North Carolina conferred upon him the degree of LL. D.
Before leaving Massachusetts, young Chapman was greatly interested in the natural sciences, especially botany, entomology, and meteorology. As years passed by, he devoted more and more attention to botany, until it occupied all of the time that he could spare from his busy professional life. In 1860, after several years of hard and thorough work, he published his "Flora of the Southern United States;" this, in several editions, was for ​nearly fifty years the only manual of the flowering plants of the southeastern states, and assured the reputation of its author as one of the foremost American botanists of his day. He published little else, but his correspondence was extensive, and long before the appearance of his flora he was well known to his fellow-botanists as a keen observer and an enthusiastic and scholarly worker. It was as early as 1838 that Torrey and Gray named in his honor the genus Chapmannia; species in at least five genera (Aster, Liatris, Polygala, Rynchospora, and Spermacoce) had been named for him before 1860, to say nothing of many others in later years.
Dr. Chapman was a man of fine physique and robust constitution, retaining all of his faculties (except that of hearing) almost unimpaired until the last day of his long life. A label on a plant specimen records the fact that he walked thirteen miles to collect it, in his eighty-third year; and a companion on a day's trip along the Apalachicola river, in the almost inaccessible palmetto and cypress swamps, bears witness to the fact that then, when he was eighty-seven years old, he showed the alacrity of the botanical collector in the best years of life. In November, 1839, he married Mrs. Mary Ann Simmons Hancock, but he was a widower for the twenty years preceding his death, and left no surviving children.
# American Medical Biographies/Cheever, Abijah

​ Cheever, Abijah (1760–1843)
Abijah Cheever was descended in the fifth generation from Ezekiel Cheever, master of the Latin School, Boston, who came to Boston from Canterbury, England in 1637, and taught Latin for seventy years, dying in 1708.
Abijah Cheever was born in Saugus, Massachusetts in 1760, his boyhood being passed in farm work. On the evening before the battle of Lexington he was employed in running bullets from a mould over a fire of hickory coals for the long Queen Anne muskets of his brothers who shared in the battle the following day. He graduated from Harvard College in 1779, then studied medicine and surgery as a profession, and obtained his M. D. in 1782. He was a student of Dr. John Warren.
In 1782 he was commissioned as surgeon in the Revolutionary War.
"By his Excellency John Hancock, Esq., governor and commander-in-chief in and over the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
"To Abijah Cheever, Gentleman, Greeting. Having heard of your skill in surgery and reposing confidence in your ability and good conduct, I do by these presents constitute and appoint you surgeon on board the ship Tartar fitted out by this commonwealth for the service thereof. . . .
"Dated at Boston this thirteenth day of May in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-two, and in the sixth year of the Independence of the United States.
Signed, John Hancock."
In this privateer he made two voyages. In the first the Tartar captured four British merchant vessels. In the second voyage she was attacked by the British frigate Belisarius, and was herself captured. Dr. Cheever was sent to the old prison ship in New York harbor and confined some time. Exchanged later, after peace was proclaimed, he settled as physician and surgeon in Boston, at the then fashionable North End, married, and practised seventeen years. He then returned to Saugus, where he lived until his death at the age of eighty-three.
He was pensioned by John C. Calhoun, secretary of war, in 1818, as surgeon's mate in the army of the Revolution, and with the rank of captain of infantry of the continental line.
​He published in 1787 a remarkable case of "Encysted Dropsy" (which now would be termed a Dermoid Cyst of the Ovary) with illustrations. This was demonstrated to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
He was a genial and much liked physician and surgeon.
# American Medical Biographies/Charlton, Thomas Jackson

​Charlton, Thomas Jackson (1833–1886)
Thomas Jackson Charlton was born in Bryan County, Georgia, in 1833, and died in Savannah (where most of his professional life was passed), on December 8, 1886. He was the son of Dr. Thomas Jackson and Sarah Margaret Charlton. His grandmother was Emily, daughter of Thomas Walter, the author of "Flora Caroliniana," the first considerable work on southern botany. Dr. Charlton attended Franklin College, now the University of Georgia, and graduated from the Savannah Medical College, later becoming professor of obstetrics and clinical surgery there. While yet a student the yellow-fever epidemic of 1857 occurred in Savannah and he promptly volunteered his services, as he had previously given them in the Norfolk epidemic. He received a gold medal from the grateful people. Practising for a short time in Savannah, he received an appointment as assistant surgeon in the United States Navy, and was assigned to the sloop-of-war Jamestown. When Georgia seceded he promptly resigned and reported for duty at home. He was commissioned surgeon in the Confederate States Navy; was sent on a secret mission to France, and on his return was assigned to the Confederate cruiser Florida, being captured on that vessel in the harbor of Bahia, Brazil. On the voyage to Chesapeake Bay, small-pox broke out on the United States vessel and Dr. Charlton, with the prompt manliness and humanity which characterized him, at once volunteered his services. These were gratefully accepted, and his devotion was so pronounced and so successful that after a short incarceration in Fort Warren, Massachusetts, the enemy treated him as the British had his great grandfather under similar circumstances and turned their backs while he walked out, with the understanding that he would not return south. Being a man of the highest sense of honor, he observed his parole, and went first to England and then to Halifax, Nova Scotia, returning to Savannah after the cessation of hostilities, to enjoy a large practice to the end of his life. He was attending physician to the Savannah Hospital and when the epidemic of 1876 devastated Savannah, devoted himself with entire sacrifice to his people. Practising before the era of specialists, he nevertheless attained great reputation as a surgeon and in obstetrics and fevers. He was twice married, first to Julia Catherine Crane, daughter of Heman Averil Crane, and after her death to Julia Johnstone. His eldest son, Thomas Jackson, became a doctor in Savannah.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Hagedorn

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hagedorn | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hagedorn, ‘hawthorn,’ an OTeut. term, MidHG. hagedorn, AS. hœgþorn, hagaþorn, E. hawthorn, OIc. hagþorn, m. Comp. Hagestolz.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Hagel

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hagel | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hagel, m., from the equiv. MidHG. hagel, OHG. hagal, m., ‘hail’; comp. Du. hagel, m., AS. hagol, hœgel, m., E. hail; OIc. hagl, n.; the common Teut. word for ‘hail,’ by chance not recorded in Goth. only. A single pebble was called a ‘stone.’ OIc. haglsteinn, AS. hœgelstân, E. hailstone, MidHG. and earlier ModHG. Hagelstein. Comp. ModHG. kieseln, ‘to hail,’ Kieselstein, ‘hailstone.’ Perhaps Hagel itself signified orig. nothing but a ‘pebble’; at least there are no phonetic difficulties against the derivation from pre-Teut. kaghlo-, ‘flint-stone’ (comp. Gr. κάχληξ, ‘small stone, pebble’).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Hahnrei

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hahnrei | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hahnrei, m., ‘cuckold,’ ModHG. only; of obscure origin; in earlier G. it signifies ‘capon.’ Its figurative sense, ‘cuckold,’ derived from ‘capon,’ agrees with the expression Hörner tragen, lit. ‘to wear horns.’ Formerly the spur was frequently cut of and placed as a horn in the comb; the hoodwinked husband is thus compared to a capon. On account of the earlier variant Hahnreh, we may regard Hahnrei as a compound of Reh.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Hagestolz

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hagestolz | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hagestolz, m., ‘old bachelor,’ from MidHG. hagestolz, m., a strange corruption of the earlier hagestalt, OHG. hagastalt, m., prop. ‘possessor of an enclosure’ (allied to Goth. staldan, ‘to possess’); a West Teut. legal term, which originated before the Anglo-Saxons crossed to England (comp. also OIc. haukstaldr). It was used in contrast to the owner of the manor-house, which was inherited by the eldest son, in accordance with the OTeut. custom of primogeniture, and signified the owner of a small enclosed plot of ground, such as fell to the other sons, who could not set up a house of their own, and were often entirely dependent on their eldest brother. Even in OHG. glosses, hagustalt as an adj. is used for Lat. caelebs (hagustalt lîp, ‘single life’), and even for mercenarius, ‘hired labourer’; MidHG. hagestalt, m., ‘single man’; OSax. hagustald, m., ‘farm-servant, servant, young man’; AS. hœgsteald, hagosteald, m., ‘youth, warrior.’ The same phases in the development of meaning may be seen in the Rom.-Lat. baccalaureus, Fr. bachelier, E. bachelor.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Hahn

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hahn | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hahn, m., ‘cock,’ from MidHG. han, OHG. hano, m.; comp. AS. hana (as well as cocc, E. cock), OIc. hane, Goth. hana, m.; a common Teut. word for ‘cock,’ with the stem hanan-, hanin-, which is common to the OTeut. dialects. A corresponding fem. Henne is merely West Teut.; OHG. hęnna, MidHG. and ModHG. hęnne, f., AS. hęnn. On the other hand, Huhn seems to be really of common gender; it may at least be applied in OHG. to ‘cock’ also; comp. Otfried’s êr thaȥ huan singe, ‘before the cock crows,’ lit. ‘sings.’ In this passage we have a confirmation of the fact that the crowing of the cock was regarded as its song. The term Hahn by general acceptation signifies ‘singer.’ With this word, according to the laws of substitution, the stem of Lat. canere, ‘to sing’ (comp. Lith. gaidýs, ‘cock,’ lit. ‘singer,’ allied to gêdoti, ‘to sing’). A fem., ‘songstress,’ of Huhn is hardly conceivable; thus it follows that Henne is merely a recent West Teut. form. The common gender Huhn, however, can hardly be connected with the root kan, ‘to sing,’ since it is, at least, a primit. form. The method of its formation, as the name of the agent, has no analogies.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Hake

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hake | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hake, Hahen, m., ‘hook, clasp,’ from MidHG. hâke, hâken, m., OHG. hâko, hâcko, m., ‘hook.’ The HG. k can neither be Goth. k nor Goth. g; the former would be changed into ch, the latter would remain unchanged. The variants OHG. hâgo, hâggo, MidHG. hâgge, point to Goth. *hêgga, n., ‘hook’ (comp. Raupe, Schuppe). Curiously, however, the corresponding words of the cognate dialects have k and are graded: AS. hôc, m., ‘hook,’ E. hook, MidDu. hoek, ‘hook’; comp. also Du. haak, AS. hăca, OIc. hăke, m., ‘hook.’ The relations of the gutturals (especially of the gg) are still obscure; comp. also Kluppe, Schuppe, Kautz, Schnauze. A typical form is wanting. It it is impossible to connect the word hangen, Goth. hâhan (for hanhan); it ia more probably related to Hechel and Hecht.