OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morris, Sir Lewis

See also Lewis Morris (1833–1907) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833–1907), British poet, eldest son of Lewis Edward William Morris and Sophia, daughter of John Hughes of Carmarthen, was born at Penbryn in 1833. His great grandfather, Lewis Morris (1700–1765), had been a well-known Welsh poet and antiquary. He was educated at Sherborne School and Jesus College, Oxford, where he took first classes in classics (1853 and 1855). He won the chancellor’s prize for an English essay in 1858, was called to the bar in 1861, and elected hon. fellow of his old college in 1877. He practised for twenty years as a conveyancing counsel, retiring from active legal work in 1881. He was energetic on behalf of educational movements in Wales, and contested Welsh constituencies in the Liberal interest, but without success. He was knighted in 1896, and became also a Jubilee-medallist and Knight of the Redeemer of Greece. Comparatively late in life Sir Lewis Morris made his appearance as a writer of verse with three series of miscellaneous poems, called Songs of Two Worlds, published respectively in 1872, 1874 and 1875. These little volumes proved him to have a refined taste and a gentle metrical fluidity, which soon won for his work considerable popularity. In 1876 and 1877 he made a more important venture with The Epic of Hades, an attempt to re-tell the stories of Hellenic mythology with a certain modern and allegorical setting. This work, though it is somewhat strained in sentiment and is not free from artistic infelicities, contains his best verse and has passages of undeniable force and effect. His later work follows too closely upon the influence of Tennyson, from which he is never altogether free; but his earnest ​didacticism, genial optimism and evident sincerity have given his work a thoroughly wholesome moral influence. Among his other books were Gwen (1880), Songs Unsung (1883), Gycia (1886), A Vision of Saints (1890), Idylls and Lyrics (1896) and The New Rambler (1906). He died at Carmarthen on the 13th of November 1907.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morris, John

See also John Brande Morris on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MORRIS, JOHN (1810–1886), English geologist and palaeontologist, was born at Homerton, London, on the 19th of February 1810. He was brought up to the business of a pharmaceutical chemist. Early in life he published observations on the Tertiary and Post-Tertiary deposits in the Thames valley, and on fossil plants and various invertebrata, in the Magazine of Natural History, the Annals of Nat. Hist. and other journals. In 1845 he issued his Catalogue of British Fossils (2nd ed., 1854), a work of essential service to geology. He was also author (with John Lycett) of A Monograph of the Mollusca from the Great Oolite (Palaeontographical Soc., 1850–1853). In 1855 he became professor of Geology in University College, London, a post which he held until 1877. In 1868–1870 and 1877–1878 he was president of the Geologists’ Association. He was awarded the Lyell medal by the Geological Society in 1876, and was made Hon. M.A. of Cambridge in 1878 in acknowledgment of his services as deputy Woodwardian professor during the final illness of Sedgwick. He died in London on the 7th of January 1886.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morris, Richard

See also Richard Morris (philology) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MORRIS, RICHARD (1833–1894), English philologist, was born in London on the 8th of September 1833. In 1871 he was ordained in the Church of England, and from 1875–1888 was head master of the Royal Masonic Institution for Boys, near London. His first published work was The Etymology of Local Names (1857). Between 1862 and 1880 he prepared twelve volumes for the Early English Text Society, edited Chaucer (1866) and Spenser (1869) from the original manuscripts, and published Specimens of Early English (1867). His educational works, Historical Outlines of English Accidence (1872), Elementary Lessons in Historical English Grammar (1874) and English Grammar (1874), had a large sale and exercised a real influence. The rest of his life he devoted to the study of Pali, on which he became a recognized authority. He died at Harold Wood, Essex, on the 12th of May 1894.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morris-Dance

See also Morris dance on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MORRIS-DANCE, or Morrice-Dance (Span. Morisco, Moorish), an old English dance, which is said by various authorities to have been introduced by John of Gaunt from Spain or borrowed from the French or Flemings. That it was a development of the morisco-dance or Spanish fandango is not invalidated by the fact that the morisco was for one person only, for, although latterly the morris-dance was represented by various characters, uniformity in this respect was not always observed. There are few references to it earlier than the reign of Henry VII., but it would appear that in the reign of Henry VIII. it was an almost essential part of the principal village festivities. In earlier times it was usually danced by five men and a boy dressed in a girl’s habit, who was called Maid Marian. There were also two musicians; and, at least sometimes, one of the dancers, more gaily and richly dressed than the others, acted as “foreman of the morris.” The garments of the dancers were ornamented with bells tuned to different notes so as to sound in harmony. Robin Hood, Friar Tuck and Little John were characters extraneous to the original dance, and were introduced when it came to be associated with the May-games. At Betley, in Staffordshire, there is a painted window, of the time of Henry VIII. or earlier, portraying the morris—the characters including Maid Marian, Friar Tuck, the hobby-horse, the piper, the tabourer, the fool and five other persons apparently representing various ranks or callings. The hobby-horse, which, latterly at least, was one of the principal characters of the dance, consisted of a wooden figure attached to the person of the actor, who was covered with trappings reaching to the ground, so as to conceal his feet. The morris-dance was abolished along with the May-games and other festivities by the Puritans, and, although revived at the Restoration, the pageant gradually degenerated in character and declined in importance. Maid Marian latterly was personated by a clown, who was called Malkin or Marykin. The interest of the subject has revived in recent years in connexion with the new movements associated with folk-music generally.
See The Morris Book, by Cecil J. Sharp and H. C. McIlwaine. Among older authorities see Douce, “Dissertations on the Ancient Morris Dance,” in his Illustrations of Shakespeare (1839); Strutt, Sports and Pastimes of the People of England; Brand, Popular Antiquities (1849).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morrison, Arthur

See also Arthur Morrison on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MORRISON, ARTHUR (1863–), English novelist, was born in Kent on the 1st of November 1863. He was for a short time a clerk in the civil service, and in 1890 took to journalism. He had already published scattered tales and sketches of low life in London when W. E. Henley, with whom he was connected as a contributor to the National Observer, suggested their publication in volume form. Tales of Mean Streets (1894) immediately attracted attention, and this was followed by A Child of the Jago (1896), the scene of which is laid between High Street, Shoreditch, and Bethnal Green Road. Cunning Murrell (1900), The Hole in the Wall (1902), and the detective stories, Martin Hewitt, Investigator (1894), which had sequels in 1894 and 1896, and The Green Eye of Gorma, are among his other works.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morrison, Robert

See also Robert Morrison (missionary) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MORRISON, ROBERT (1782–1834), the first Protestant missionary to China, was born of Scottish parents at Buller’s Green, near Morpeth, on the 5th of January 1782. After receiving an elementary education in Newcastle, he was apprenticed to a lastmaker, but his spare hours were given to theology, and in 1803 he was received into the Independent Academy at ​Hoxton. In the following year he offered his services to the London Missionary Society, and after he had attended David Bogue’s college at Gosport and studied Chinese under a native teacher, he was appointed to Canton in 1807. After a year of much hardship he became translator to the East India Company’s factory there in 1809, and worked at a Chinese Grammar and a translation of the New Testament, both published in 1814. In 1817 he published A View of China for Philological Purposes, and his translation of the Old Testament (in which William Milne collaborated) was completed in the following year. His next enterprise was the establishment (1820) of an Anglo-Chinese college at Malacca for “the reciprocal cultivation of Chinese and European literature.” Here too were trained native Chinese evangelists who could proceed to the mainland and carry on Christian work with comparative immunity. In 1821 Morrisons’s Chinese Dictionary, in six 4to volumes, a monumental work, was published by the East India Company, at a cost of £12,000. Leaving China at the close of 1823, Morrison spent two years in England, where he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. Returning to China in 1826, he set himself to promote education and to prepare a Chinese commentary on the Bible and other Christian literature. He died at Canton on the 1st of August 1834. Morrison was admirably fitted for the pioneering work accomplished by his grammar and dictionary; and his establishment of a dispensary, manned by a native who had learned the main principles of European treatment, marks him out as the forerunner of modern medical missions.
His Memoirs, compiled by his widow, were published in 1839. See also R. Lovett, History of the London Missionary Society, vol. ii. ch. xix.; C. S. Horne, The Story of the L. M. S. ch. v.; Townsend, Robert Morrison (1888).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dewing, Thomas Wilmer

See also Thomas Wilmer Dewing on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​DEWING, THOMAS WILMER (1851–), American figure painter, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on the 4th of May 1851. He was a pupil of Jules Lefebvre in Paris from 1876 to 1879; was elected a full member of the National Academy of Design in 1888; was a member of the society of Ten American Painters, New York; and received medals at the Paris Exhibition (1889), at Chicago (1893), at Buffalo (1901) and at St Louis (1904). His decorative genre pictures are notable for delicacy and finish. Among his portraits are those of Mrs Stanford White and of his own wife. Mrs Dewing (b, 1855), née Maria Oakey, a figure and flower painter, was a pupil of John La Farge in New York, and of Couture in Paris.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dewlap

See also Dewlap on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​DEWLAP (from the O.E. læppa, a lappet, or hanging fold; the first syllable is of doubtful origin and the popular explanation that the word means “the fold which brushes the dew” is not borne out, according to the New English Dictionary, by the ​equivalent words such as the Danish doglaeb, in Scandinavian languages), the loose fold of skin hanging from the neck of cattle, also applied to similar folds in the necks of other animals and fowls, as the dog, turkey, &c. The American practice of branding cattle by making a cut in the neck is known as a “dewlap brand.” The skin of the neck in human beings often becomes pendulous with age, and is sometimes referred to humorously by the same name.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dewsbury

See also Dewsbury on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​DEWSBURY, a market town and municipal and parliamentary borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, on the river Calder, 8 m. S.S.W. of Leeds, on the Great Northern, London & North-Western, and Lancashire & Yorkshire railways. Pop. (1901) 28,060. The parish church of All Saints was for the most part rebuilt in the latter half of the 18th century; the portions still preserved of the original structure are mainly Early English. The chief industries are the making of blankets, carpets, druggets and worsted yarn; and there are iron foundries and machinery works. Coal is worked in the neighbourhood. The parliamentary borough includes the adjacent municipal borough of Batley, and returns one member. The municipal borough, incorporated in 1862, is under a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. Area, 1471 acres. Paulinus, first archbishop of York, about the year 627 preached in the district of Dewsbury, where Edwin, king of Northumbria, whom he converted to Christianity, had a royal mansion. At Kirklees, in the parish, are remains of a Cistercian convent of the 12th century, in an extensive park, where tradition relates that Robin Hood died and was buried.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dewan

See also Dewan on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​DEWAN or Diwan, an Oriental term for finance minister. The word is derived from the Arabian diwan, and is commonly used in India to denote a minister of the Mogul government, or in modern days the prime minister of a native state. It was in the former sense that the grant of the dewanny to the East India Company in 1765 became the foundation of the British empire in India.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dewey, George

See also George Dewey on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​DEWEY, GEORGE (1837–), American naval officer, was born at Montpelier, Vermont, on the 26th of December 1837. He studied at Norwich University, then at Norwich, Vermont, and graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1858. He was commissioned lieutenant in April 1861, and in the Civil War served on the steamsloop “Mississippi” (1861–1863) during Farragut’s passage of the forts below New Orleans in April 1862, and at Port Hudson in March 1863; took part in the fighting below Donaldsonville, Louisiana, in July 1863; and in 1864–1865 served on the steam-gunboat “Agawam” with the North Atlantic blockading squadron and took part in the attacks on Fort Fisher in December 1864 and January 1865. In March 1865 he became a lieutenant-commander. He was with the European squadron in 1866–1867; was an instructor in the United States Naval Academy in 1868–1869; was in command of the “Narragansett” in 1870–1871 and 1872–1875, being commissioned commander in 1872; was light-house inspector in 1876–1877; and was secretary of the light-house board in 1877–1882. In 1884 he became a captain; in 1889–1893 was chief of the bureau of equipment and recruiting; in 1893–1895 was a member of the light-house board; and in 1895–1897 was president of the board of inspection and survey, being promoted to the rank of commodore in February 1896. In November 1897 he was assigned, at his own request, to sea service, and sent to Asiatic waters. In April 1898, while with his fleet at Hong Kong, he was notified by cable that war had begun between the United States and Spain, and was ordered to “capture or destroy the Spanish fleet” then in Philippine waters. On the 1st of May he overwhelmingly defeated the Spanish fleet under Admiral Montojo in Manila Bay, a victory won without the loss of a man on the American ships (see Spanish-American War). Congress, in a joint resolution, tendered its thanks to Commodore Dewey, and to the officers and men under his command, and authorized “the secretary of the navy to present a sword of honor to Commodore George Dewey, and cause to be struck bronze medals commemorating the battle of Manila Bay, and to distribute such medals to the officers and men of the ships of the Asiatic squadron of the United States.” He was promoted rear-admiral on the 10th of May 1898. On the 18th of August his squadron assisted in the capture of the city of Manila. After remaining in the Philippines under orders from his government to maintain control, Dewey received the rank of admiral (March 3, 1899)—that title, formerly borne only by Farragut and Porter, having been revived by act of Congress (March 2, 1899),—and returned home, arriving in New York City, where, on the 3rd of October 1899, he received a great ovation. He was a member (1899) of the Schurman Philippine Commission, and in 1899 and 1900 was spoken of as a possible Democratic candidate for the presidency. He acted as president of the Schley court of inquiry in 1901, and submitted a minority report on a few details.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dewas

See also Dewas and Dewas District on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​DEWAS, two native states of India, in the Malwa Political Charge of Central India, founded in the first half of the 18th century by two brothers, Punwar Mahrattas, who came into Malwa with the peshwa, Baji Rao, in 1728. Their descendants are known as the senior and junior branches of the family, and since 1841 each has ruled his own portion as a separate state, though the lands belonging to each are so intimately entangled, that even in Dewas, the capital town, the two sides of the main street are under different administrations and have different arrangements for water supply and lighting. The senior branch has an area of 446 sq. m. and a population of 62,312, while the area of the junior branch is 440 sq. m. and its population 54,904.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dewberry

See also Dewberry on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​DEWBERRY, Rubus caesius, a trailing plant, allied to the bramble, of the natural order Rosaceae. It is common in woods, hedges and the borders of fields in England and other countries of Europe. The leaves have three leaflets, are hairy beneath, and of a dusky green; the flowers which appear in June and July are white, or pale rose-coloured. The fruit is large, and closely embraced by the calyx, and consists of a few drupules, which are black, with a glaucous bloom; it has an agreeable acid taste.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dewey, Davis Rich

See also Davis Rich Dewey on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​DEWEY, DAVIS RICH (1858–), American economist and statistician, was born at Burlington, Vermont, U.S.A., on the 7th of April 1858. He was educated at the university of Vermont and at Johns Hopkins University, and afterwards became professor of economics and statistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was chairman of the state board on the question of the unemployed (1895), member of the Massachusetts commission on public, charitable and reformatory interests (1897), special expert agent on wages for the 12th census, and member of a state commission (1904) on industrial relations. He wrote an excellent Syllabus on Political History since 1815 (1887), a Financial History of the U.S. (1902), and National Problems (1907).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dewey, Melvil

See also Melvil Dewey on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​DEWEY, MELVIL (1851–), American librarian, was born at Adams Center, New York, on the 10th of December 1851. He graduated in 1874 at Amherst College, where he was assistant librarian from 1874 to 1877. In 1877 he removed to Boston, where he founded and became editor of The Library Journal, which became an influential factor in the development of libraries in America, and in the reform of their administration. He was also one of the founders of the American Library Association, of which he was secretary from 1876 to 1891, and president in 1891 and 1893. In 1883 he became librarian of Columbia College, and in the following year founded there the School of Library Economy, the first institution for the instruction of librarians ever organized. This school, which was very successful, was removed to Albany in 1890, where it was re-established as the State Library School under his direction; from 1888 to 1906 he was director of the New York State Library and from 1888 to 1900 was secretary of the University of the State of New York, completely reorganizing the state library, which he made one of the most efficient in America, and establishing the system of state travelling libraries and picture collections. His “Decimal System of Classification” for library cataloguing, first proposed in 1876, is extensively used.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dunes, Battle of

See also Battle of the Dunes (1658) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​DUNES, or Dunkirk Dunes, Battle of, was fought near Dunkirk on the 24th of May (3rd of June) 1658, between the French and English army under the command of Marshal Turenne and the Spanish army under Don Juan of Austria and the prince of Condé. The severest part of the fighting was borne by the English contingents on either side. Six thousand English infantry under General Lockhart were sent by Cromwell to join the army of Turenne, and several Royalist corps under the command of the duke of York (afterwards James II.) served in the Spanish forces. The object of the Spaniards was to relieve Dunkirk, which Turenne was besieging, and the complete victory of the French and English caused the speedy surrender of the fortress.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dundalk

See also Dundalk on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​DUNDALK, a seaport of Co. Louth, Ireland, in the north parliamentary division, on the Castletown river near its mouth in Dundalk Bay. Pop. of urban district (1901), 13,076. It is an important junction on the Great Northern railway, by the main line of which it is 54 m. N. from Dublin. The company has its works here, and a line diverges to the north-west of Ireland. Dundalk is connected with the port of Greenore (for Holyhead) by a line owned by the London & North-Western railway company of England. The parish church is an old and spacious edifice with a curious wooden steeple covered with copper; and the Roman Catholic chapel is a handsome building in the style of King’s College chapel, Cambridge. There are ruins of a Franciscan priory, with a lofty tower. Adjacent to the town are several fine parks and demesnes. Until 1885 a member was returned to parliament. A brisk trade, chiefly in agricultural and dairy produce, is carried on, and the town contains some manufactories. Distilling and brewing are the principal industrial works, and there are besides a flax and jute-spinning mill, salt works, &c. The port is the seat of a considerable trade, mainly in agricultural produce and live stock. It is also the centre of a sea-fishery district and of salmon fisheries. Dundalk was a borough by prescription, and received charters from Edward III. and successive monarchs. Edward Bruce, having invaded Ireland from Scotland in 1315, proceeded south from his landing-place in Antrim, ravaging as he came, to Dundalk, which he stormed, and proclaimed himself king here. In this neighbourhood, too, he was defeated and killed by the English under Sir John de Bermingham in 1318, and at Faughart near Dundalk, near the ruined church of St Bridget, he is buried.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dunderlandsdal

See also Dunderlandsdal on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​DUNDERLANDSDAL, a valley of northern Norway, in Nordland amt (county), draining south-westward from the neighbouring glaciers to the Ranenfjord (lat. 66° 20′ N.). There are deposits of iron ore, the working of which was undertaken in 1902 by the Dunderland Iron Ore Company, water-power being provided by the strong Dunderland river. There are also pyrites mines. At the mouth of the river is Mo, a considerable trading village. The valley is remarkable for several stalactite caverns in the limestone, some of the tributary streams flowing for considerable distances underground. From Mo a fine road crosses the mountains to the head-lake of the great Ume river, draining to the Baltic, and from the head of Dunderlandsdal a sequestered bridle-path runs to Saltdal on the Skjerstadfjord, with a branch through the magnificent Junkersdal.