OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Saigon

See also Ho Chi Minh City on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Saigon (sī-gōn′), capital of French Cochin-China, stands on Saigon River, 60 miles from the sea. The present town has grown up since 1861, and is one of the handsomest cities of the east. The governor's palace, cathedral and arsenal are among its fine buildings. Chinese, Anamese and French make up the bulk of the population of 50,870, the suburb of Cholon, really a part of the city, having 130,000 inhabitants. Saigon is the chief port between Singapore and Hong-Kong. There is a railroad from Saigon to Mytho. The main export is rice. See Cochin-China.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sail

See also Sail on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sail. Sails are generally made of flax and hemp, but jute, cotton and linen are also used, while savages make them of matting and vegetable fibers. Sails are stretched by means of masts, yards, booms, gaffs and ropes. A vessel of shallow draught or of narrow beam can bear little sail, while a vessel of deep draught and heavily ballasted, as a yacht, or a vessel of great breadth of beam can carry large sail. A sail acts with greatest power when the wind is right astern, but it can be applied with less strength when on either beam. In the latter case the force of the wind is divided into two parts, one part tending to make the ship go forward, the other tending to make it go sideways, but from the shape of the vessel this second force causes little motion; any that it does cause is called leeway. The sails which are set square across the ship are nearly square in shape, and are called square sails. But many which are set parallel with the keel, called fore-and-aft sails, are also four-sided. Others are three-sided, as stay-sails, which are suspended from the ropes which stay the masts. The larger sailing-vessels usually carry both fore-and-aft and square sails. The schooner has mainly fore-and-aft sails. The brig is mainly square-rigged, and the brigantine is a cross between the brig and the schooner. The cutter is a fore-and-aft one-master. The ordinary sails are mentioned under Yacht.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Saginaw Bay

See also Saginaw Bay on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Saginaw Bay, an arm of Lake Huron and the largest inlet of the southern peninsula of Michigan, is 60 miles long and 30 wide. Saginaw River, 30 miles long, falls into it. It has several good harbors, and under its islands and shores vessels find shelter from the fierce storms that sweep over Lake Huron.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Saint-Pierre, Jacques Henri Bernardin de

See also Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Saint-Pierre (săn′-pyȧr′), Jacques Henri Bernardin de, was born at Havre, France, Jan. 19, 1737. As a boy he made a voyage to Martinique and studied at Caen and Rouen. He worked for a while as an engineer, made voyages and journeys, was a disciple of Rousseau, and wished to found an ideal state on the shores of the Sea of Aral. It was not till 1771 that his first book appeared, Voyage to the Isle of France, which at first was hardly noticed. He is remembered chiefly as the author of the beautiful story of Paul and Virginia, which was quickly scattered over Europe in English, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Polish and Russian translations. Napoleon took it with him on his Italian campaign, re-read it at St. Helena and heaped many favors on St. Pierre, which enabled him to spend his old age comfortably among his flowers at his country house at Éragny, where he died on Jan. 21, 1814.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Saint-Saens, Charles Camille

See also Camille Saint-Saëns on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Saint-Saens (săn′-sȧn′), Charles Camille, a distinguished French musician, was born in Paris in 1835. He showed musical talent even as an infant; and at 16 wrote a symphony. For many years he was organist at the Madeleine Church in Paris. His earlier operas were unsuccessful; but his Henry VIII, Ascanius and The Barbarians have been well-received. Saint-Saens, however, is more famous as a composer of instrumental symphonies than of opera. He was an admirable performer as well as critic. He was made a commander of the Legion of Honor in 1894. No modern French composer has done more to maintain the classical tradition in instrumental music. He died in 1921.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin

See also Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Sainte-Beuve (sănt′-bẽv′), Charles Augustin, the greatest literary critic of modern times, was born at Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, in 1804. His father died before his birth, and his mother had a hard struggle to find means to give her son a schooling. At 14 Charles went to Charlemagne College at Paris, and afterward studied medicine. In 1824 he began his literary career by becoming a regular contributor of Le Globe, a paper started in that year by one of his college professors. A review of Victor Hugo’s Odes and Ballads made him a lifelong friend of that poet. His best work as a critic began in 1840, when he was made keeper of Mazarin Library. In 1849 he began to write, for Le Constitutionel, an article on some literary subject every Monday, and this was his work for 20 years. These Monday Talks fill 28 volumes, and on them his fame chiefly rests. Sainte-Beuve died at Paris, Oct. 13, 1869.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Safety-Lamp

See also Safety lamp on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Safe′ty-Lamp. When marsh-gas, which is often set free in large quantities from coal-seams, is mixed with ten times its volume of air, it becomes highly explosive. Moreover, this gas, the fire-damp of mines, in exploding, renders ten times its bulk of air unfit for breathing, and the choke-damp thus produced is often as fatal to miners as the first explosion. To do away with these dangers, Sir Humphry Davy began his experiments on flame, which resulted in his invention of the safety-lamp. He found that when two vessels filled with a gaseous explosive mixture are joined by a narrow tube and the contents of one fired, the flame does not reach the other, provided the thickness of the tube, its length and the conducting power for heat of its material bear certain proportions to each other; the flame being put out by cooling and its transmission made impossible. He found also that high conducting power and less thickness make up for less length; and to such an extent may this shortening of length be carried that metallic gauze, which may be looked upon as a series of very short, square tubes arranged side by side, wholly stops the passage of flame in explosive mixtures. His lamp consists of a burner inclosed in a wire-gauze. When such a lighted lamp is brought into an explosive mixture of air and fire-damp, the flame is seen slowly to enlarge as the amount of fire-damp increases, until it fills the entire gauze-cylinder. Whenever this pale, enlarged flame is seen, the miners should at once get to a place of safety; for although no explosion can take place while the gauze is sound, yet at that high temperature the metal becomes rapidly burnt and might easily break, and a single opening, if large enough, would then cause a destructive explosion. Many improvements have since been made in Davy's lamp.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sago

See also Sago on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Sa′go, a starch obtained from the stems of certain palms. See Palm.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Saint-Simon, Claude Henri

See also Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Saint-Simon (sā́nt-sī′ mŭn), Claude Henri, Count of, the founder of French socialism, was born at Paris, Oct. 17, 1760. Like other French nobles he showed his love for liberty by serving as a volunteer in the American Revolutionary War. However, he took very little part in the French Revolution, except to undergo a short imprisonment. His first work was Letters of a Citizen of Geneva to His Contemporaries. His last and most important was New Christianity. He suffered hardships from lack of means, often being without decent clothes and food. This poverty caused him to try to shoot himself, in which attempt he lost an eye, two years before his death, May 19, 1825.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy

See also Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of, was born at Paris, Jan. 16, 1675. He served as a soldier in the wars of Louis XIV and took a leading part as courtier and politician at court. He is remembered for his Memoirs, which were not published in full till 1830. They are a masterpiece of art and are said not to be equaled by any work of the kind yet written. He died at Laferté, March 2, 1755. See Henry Reeve’s Royal and Republican France.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquette, Count de

See also Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Mirabeau (mē̇′rȧ′bō″), Honoré Gabriel Riquette, Count de, a great French statesman, was born at Bignon in Provence, March 9, 1749. He was badly scarred by smallpox at three years of age, and had a twisted foot and an unusually ugly face. Yet his great ability and a personal power of fascination made him the idol of his companions. His father, a tyrant in his home, placed him in the army and twice secured his imprisonment. His life was wild, and at one time he was condemned to death for his flight with a married woman. While in prison he wrote his famous essay on State Prisons. After his release he succeeded in having the sentence against him repealed, and made himself famous by his eloquent appeal in his own behalf. He spent his next years in writing pamphlets and books, and while on a secret mission for his government to Berlin obtained the materials for his History of the Prussian Monarchy under Frederick the Great. His political life began with the stormy days preceding the Revolution; and in the national assembly, when the king commanded the deputies to separate, he made the memorable answer: “We shall yield to nothing but bayonets.” His dream was to place the king at the head of the Revolution and reform the government by a new constitution, guarded by a ministry, somewhat after the pattern of the English parliament. He tried to make terms with Lafayette and Necker, suggesting their names for the new ministry. He labored incessantly and with great power, but was opposed by the queen and mistrusted by the better classes in either party. “The sins of my youth,” he bitterly exclaimed, “are giving me their full punishment now.” In 1790 he was made president of the Jacobin Club and administrator of the Seine department, and later one of its eight directors. In January, 1791, he was made president of the national assembly. He opposed the law against emigration and the proposal that at the king's death a regent be elected by the French assembly. His health, ruined by his early excesses and his tremendous labors, was failing, and with prophetic foresight he said: “I carry with me the ruin of the monarchy.” He died at Paris in his 43rd year, April 2, 1791, and was buried in the Panthéon. “Do not rejoice over the death of Mirabeau,” said the king to his wife; “we have suffered a greater loss than you imagine.” His was the one influence that might still have saved the throne. See History of the French Revolution by Carlyle; by Michelet; and by Taine.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Miracle-Plays

See also Mystery play#Miracle play on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Mir′acle-Plays or Mys′teries were plays performed in the middle ages, the subjects of which were taken from the Bible or the lives of saints. Miracle-plays were founded on legends, and the mysteries on the history of the Bible, but the distinction was not carefully observed. The plays were at first performed in the churches by the clergy and their assistants, but afterward on stages erected in the streets, and at one time every important place had its band of players. The first known specimen of these plays dates back to the 4th century. In 1110, in Dunstable, England, was exhibited the play of St. Catherine, the earliest mentioned in England. They were used at first as means of religious instruction, but became gradually corrupted by jests and vulgarities. After the Reformation they slowly declined, though the first blow against them came from the Roman Catholic church on the ground of their irreverence. The only modern instance of these plays is the Passion Play, which is performed once in ten years at Oberammergau in Bavaria, as the townspeople pleaded successfully to be excepted from the general condemnation in 1779. (See Oberammergau.) See Miracle Plays by Hase and English Miracle Plays, Mysteries and Moralities, by Pollard.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mississippi (river)

​ Mississippi (mĭs-i-sĭp′ĭ), the largest river in North America and, from its mouth to the source of the Missouri (its largest branch), the longest river in the world. It rises in Minnesota, in Lake Itasca, is 2,960 miles long or, with the Missouri, 4,200 miles, and drains all the country between the Allegheny and Rocky Mountains, a region nearly as large as half of Europe. It has about 16,000 miles of navigable waters. The largest tributaries are the Missouri, Arkansas, Red, White, Yazoo and Ohio Rivers. Besides these there are about 240 smaller ones. There are falls at Minneapolis, Rock Island and the Des Moines Rapids. The river begins with a width of 12 feet, widening to 4,700 feet below the mouth of the Ohio, and measuring 2,500 feet at New Orleans. It flows, in the lower part of its course, through lowlands, often below the level of the river and protected by embankments for over 1,600 miles. After receiving the waters of the Red River, the Mississippi divides into many separate channels, called bayous, each making its way to the Gulf of Mexico, where it forms what is called the delta. The water of the Upper Mississippi is clear, but gradually grows dark and muddy as the great rivers along its course pour their turbid currents into it. It yearly carries enough earth into the Gulf to make a square mile of land 263 feet thick. These great deposits obstruct the mouth, and the government has expended large sums in providing a system of jetties or walls to protect the channel. (See Breakwater.) The river from the mouth of the Ohio is subject to extensive floods, the water stretching for miles over the lowlands, many ​ ​of which are uncultivated because of this danger. The levees or embankments to prevent floods have been extensively built by the United States, and cost a large amount yearly for repairs. The first white man to discover the waters of the Mississippi was De Soto in 1541, and in 1673 Marquette and Joliet descended it nearly to its mouth, while La Salle sailed to the Gulf and took possession of the country for his king in 1682. See Physics and Hydraulics of the Mississippi River by Humphrey and Abbot.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Missolonghi

​ Missolonghi (mĭs′sṓ-lŏn′gḗ), a town in Greece, built on a swampy flat, is memorable for the sieges through which it passed in the struggle for Grecian independence. In 1821-22, under Marco Bozzaris and Mavrocordato, it held out for three months against the Turks. Again, in 1825, it resisted a large force of Turks for ten months; at last, putting the women and children in the center, the garrison cut their way through the Turkish army, 2,000 of them reaching the mountains. Byron joined the Greeks in their struggle at Missolonghi in January, 1824, and died there on April 9, 1824. Statues of Bozzaris and Byron have been erected here. Population about 9,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mint (coining)

See also Coining (mint) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mint, the place where money is coined by the government of a country, though in early times in England the bishops and barons had the privilege of coining. Until the middle of the 16th century coins were made from pieces of metal cut and hammered. In 1662 the use of the screw or mill became common in England. It was the invention of Antoine Brucher, a French engraver. The gold or silver to be coined is melted and has added to it the amount of copper needed to make it hard enough for use, and is formed into bars. In the United States the silver coins are one tenth copper and nine tenths silver, and in the gold coins one tenth is an alloy or mixture of silver and copper and nine tenths gold. The bars are then passed between rollers which flatten them into strips or ribbons of the right thickness. The gold bars are usually rolled ten times before they are thin enough and the bars of silver eight times. The strips are finally drawn between steel blocks to make them straight. The strips are then cut into pieces of the right size, or blanks, which in the gold coins are weighed by hand before being finished off. If top light, they are sent back to be melted again, and if too heavy the edges are filed off. This is usually done by women, as their delicacy of touch fits them for the work. The blanks are now passed through the milling machine, which finishes the rims of the coins, and then into the coining press, where they are stamped with the figures and letters of the different coins. After careful weighing and inspection and counting, they are put ​into bags and are ready for circulation. In the United States there are mints at Philadelphia, New Orleans, San Francisco, Carson City and Denver, and several assay offices where the metals are prepared for coinage. The mints are under the direction of a branch of the treasury department, called the bureau of the mint. The earliest money coined in the United States was copper cents in 1795, at Philadelphia, where the first mint was established.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Minute Men

See also Minutemen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Min′ute Men. This is a name which has been applied to the disaffected American colonists who, as the Revolutionary War approached, took a pledge to take up arms if given “a minute's notice” only. The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in 1774 passed an act which provided for the enrolment of such minute men. For war purposes their readiness and promptness were of the greatest importance as a guarantee of the nucleus of an army, even from the outset of hostilities.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Minto, Gilbert John, fourth earl of

See also Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Min′to, Gilbert John, G.C.M.G., fourth earl of, governor-general of India since 1905 and previously known in the Canadian Dominion under his junior title of Viscount Melgund, was born in 1845. Early in his career he entered the Scots Guards, was attached to the Turkish army on the Danube in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877, served in Afghanistan in 1879, and two years later accompanied Sir Frederick Roberts to South Africa as military secretary. During 1883-6 he was military secretary to Lord Landsdowne, then governor-general of Canada, and chief of staff in a short campaign against the insurgent Riel in the northwestern territories of the Dominion. He succeeded to the earldom in 1891, and in 1898 was appointed governor-general of Canada.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mississippi, University of

See also University of Mississippi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mis′sissip″pi, University of, was granted its charter in 1844, but was not actually set into operation until four years later. An elective system of studies, under the minor restriction of a division into schools, has been in operation since 1872. The degrees that are granted are those of doctor of philosophy, master of arts, bachelor of arts, bachelor of science, bachelor of mining, bachelor of engineering (either electrical or civil), bachelor of philosophy and bachelor of pedagogy. For entrance, high schools which are approved by the Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools of the Southern States have the right of sending students to the university without examination. The total property and endowment of the university is valued at over one million dollars.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mint (plant)

See also Mentha on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mint, a general name of species of the great family Labiatæ, but specially applied to the species of the genus Mentha, ordinarily recognized by their peculiar fragrance and their clusters of small purple, pink or white flowers. The genus contains about 30 species, all native to north temperate regions, 12 of which either are native or naturalized in North America. Their characteristics are square stems, opposite or whorled leaves, a spicy fragrance or “minty odor” and four-lobed ovary. In little glands in the leaves is secreted a volatile oil, which gives the plant its pungency. Peppermint (M. piperita) is the most important species in cultivation, and is one of the most important of plants in the production of essential oils. The leaves are dark green veined with purple; the stem is often purplish; the flowers are purple. The chief regions of peppermint cultivation in the United States are certain portions of Michigan, Indiana and New York. Spearmint (M. spicata) is also cultivated for its essential oil, but this is not so much in demand as peppermint oil. It is spearmint which is cultivated largely for table use in the making of mint sauce and mint julep. It is frequently cultivated in the vicinity of large cities to supply this demand. The leaves are wrinkled, serrate, short-stemmed or sessile; the small flowers are crowded around the stem in whorls.
# The North American Review/Volume 6/Issue 18/To a Waterfowl

* information about this edition.
* related portals: American literature.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
North American Review 6 (18): 383–384 (March, 1818)
This is the first publication of the poem. The author republished the poem in 1821 in a collection of works called Poems.
To a Waterfowl.
Whither, 'midst falling dew, While glow the heavens with the last steps of day, Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue Thy solitary way?
Vainly the fowler's eye Might mark thy distant flight, to do thee wrong, As, darkly painted on the crimson sky, Thy figure floats along.
Seek'st thou the plashy brink Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide, Or where the rocking billows rise and sink On the chafed ocean side?
There is a Power, whose care Teaches thy way along that pathless coast,— The desert and illimitable air,— Lone wandering, but not lost.
All day thy wings have fann'd At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere; Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land, Though the dark night is near.
And soon that toil shall end, Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest, And scream among thy fellows; reed shall bend, Soon, o'er thy sheltered nest.
Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven Hath swallowed up thy form, yet, on my heart Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given, And shall not soon depart.
He, who, from zone to zone, Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight, In the long way that I must trace alone, Will lead my steps aright.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The North Carolina

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
40 U.S. 40
The North Carolina
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals of Florida.
This case was argued by Coxe, for the appellant; and by Downing, for the owners of the schooner and cargo. The facts are fully stated in the opinion of the court.
TANEY, Ch. J., delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse