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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Henry Beaufort Plantagenet

From volume 12 of the work.
Cardinal, Bishop of Winchester, born c. 1377; died at Westminster, 11 April, 1447. He was the second illegitimate son of John of Gaunt, and Katherine Swynford, later legitimized by Richard II (1397). After his ordination he received much preferment, becoming successively dean of Wells (1397), Bishop of Lincoln (1398), chancellor of Oxford University (1399), chancellor of England (1403-4), and Bishop of Winchester (1404). He was much in favour with Henry Prince of Wales, and on his accession as Henry V, Beaufort again became chancellor (1413). He attended the Council of Constance (1417), and it was due to him that the Emperor Sigismund in alliance with Henry V withdrew his opposition to the plan of electing a new pope before measures for Church reform had been taken. This election ended the unhappy Western Schism. The new pope, Martin V, created Beaufort a cardinal. On Henry's death he was left guardian of the infant Henry VI and again acted as chancellor (1424-26). He was created cardinal-priest of St. Eusebius in 1426, and was employed as papal legate in Germany, Hungary, and Bohemia, where he assisted the pope in the Hussite War. Employed in French affairs in 1430-31, he crowned Henry, as King of France, in Paris (1431). The following year he defeated the Duke of Gloucester's effort to deprive him of his see on the ground that a cardinal could not hold an English bishopric. When war broke out with France he assisted the war-party with large financial advances. He completed the building of Winchester cathedral. where he is buried.
Radford, Henry Beaufort, bishop, chancellor, cardinal (London, 1908); Lingard, History of England, IV (London 1883); Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, Hamilton's tr. (London, 1894-1900); Creighton, History of the Papacy during the Reformation (London, 1882-97); Caley in Archaeologia (1826), XXI, 34; (1852), XXXIV, 44; Beaurepaire in Prec. trav. acad. Rouen (Rouen, 1888-90); Hunt in Dict. Nat. Biog., with reference to contemporary sources; s. v. Beaufort.
EDWIN BURTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Henry Bradshaw

From volume 2 of the work.
English Benedictine and poet, b. in the City of Chester, England, date unknown; d. 1513. From very early years his life was spent at St. Werburgh's monastery, with the exception of a period during which he was pursuing a course in theology at Gloucester College, Oxford. His writing are "De Antiquitate et magnificentiâ Urbis Cestriæ", and "Chronicon and a Life of St. Werburgh". This second work, in English verse, includes the "Foundation of the City of Chester" and the "Chronicle of the Kings"; it fixes the year of Bradshaw's death by a poem addressed to him, was printed by Pinson in 1521, and re-edited by E. Hawkins for the Chetham Society, 1848. The poet followed mainly a Latin work then in the library of St. Werburgh, called "The True or Third Passionary", by an author whose name was unknown to Bradshaw. His work, written not for the learned, but for the ruder classes, has been variously appraised by critics.
HUNT in Dict. Nat. Biog.; WARTON, History of English Poetry
J. Vincent Crowne.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Maria Theodor Ratisbonne

From volume 12 of the work.
A distinguished preacher and writer, and director of the Archconfraternity of Christian Mothers, b. of Jewish parentage at Strasburg, 28 Dec., 1802; d. in Paris, 10 Jan. 1884. He was raised in luxury, was educated at the Royal College of his native city, and at the age of manhood, was considered a leader among his people, who unanimously elected him to replace Samson Libermann when the latter was converted in 1824. The conversion of his three friends, Emile Dreyfus, Alfred Mayer, and Samson Libermann, caused him to study the Bible and the history of the Church. For two years the work of grace went on within him, and finally he was baptized in 1826. He entered the seminary, and received Holy orders in 1830. He worked in his native diocese until 1840, when he became subdirector of the Confraternity of Notre Dame des Victoires at Paris. It was whilst in this city, in 1842, that his brother Alphonse, a free-thinker animated with greatest hatred against Christianity, was miraculously converted at Rome, and suggested to him to secure a home for the education of Jewish children. Providence seemed to design him for the work, and answered his prayer for light by sending him the two daughters of a Jewish lady whom he subsequently converted. During the same summer he went to Rome; Gregory XVI decorated him a Knight of St. Sylvester, complimented him for his "Life of St. Bernard", and granted his request to labour for the conversion of the Jews. Houses were opened under the patronage of "Our Lady of Sion" for the Christian education of Jewish boys and girls. Pius IX gave Ratisbonne many marks of his affection, and Leo XIII appointed him prothonotary Apostolic. At his death he received the last Sacraments from the Archbishop of Paris, and the final blessing from Leo XIII. His chief works are: "Essai sur l'Education Morale" (1828); "Histoire de Saint-Bernard" (1841); "Méditations de Saint-Bernard sur le Présent et Futur" (1853); "Le Manuel de la Mère Chrétienne" (1860); "Questions Juives" (1868); "Nouveau Manuel des Mères Chrétiennes" (1870); "Le Pape" (1870); "Miettes Evangéliques" (1872); "Réponse aux Questions d'un Israélite de Notre Temps" (1878).
The Jewish Encyclopedia, X; Currier, History of Religious Orders; Vapereau, Dictionnaire des Contemporains; Larousse, Grand Dictionnaire Universel; Hogan, Irish Monthly, XII; M. Th. Ratisbonne (Paris, 1904).
MARTIN A. HEHIR
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Marian Dobmayer

From volume 5 of the work.
A distinguished Benedictine theologian, born 24 October, 1753, at Schwandorf, Bavaria; died 21 December, 1805, at Amberg, Bavaria. He first entered the Society of Jesus, and after its suppression in 1773 joined the Benedictines in the monastery of Weissenohe, Diocese of Bamberg, where he was professed in 1775, and in 1778 ordained priest. He was successively professor of philosophy at Neuberg, Bavaria (1781-87), of dogmatic theology and ecclesiastical history at Amberg (1787-94), and of dogmatic theology and patrology at the University of Ingolstadt (1794-99). On the reorganization of the latter school in 1799 he returned his monastery of Weissenohe, where he remained until its secularization. He them retired to Amberg, where he taught theology until his death. In 1789 he published at Amberg a "Conspectus Theologiæ Dogmaticæ". His chief work is the "Systema Theologiæ Catholicæ", edited after his death by Th. P. Senestrey in eight volumes (Sulzbach, 1807-19). The work is very learned and devoid of all harshness in its controversial parts.
FRANCIS J. SCHAEFER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Marian Wolfgang Koller

From volume 8 of the work.
Scientist and educator, b. at Feistritz in Carniola, Austria, 31 October, 1792; d. of cholera at Vienna, 19 September, 1866. His education was very thorough; after studying the rudiments at Feistritz he went to Laibach, where he spent nine years (1802-11) in classical, philosophical, and scientific studies, and completed his school life by a course in higher mathematics at Vienna. From 1814 to 1816 he acted as private tutor in a family at Steinbach, and whilst here he was so attracted by the life and work of the Benedictines of Kremsm nster that he finally entered their novitiate on 5 October, 1816, taking the name Marian in place of his baptismal name of Wolfgang. He was ordained priest on 18 August, 1821, and after three years of very successful work in the parish of Sippachzell he was recalled to Kremsm nster to teach natural history and physics. In 1830 he was relieved of the professorship of natural history and appointed director of the astronomical observatory, and during the next seventeen years by his indefatigable labours not only preserved but increased the high repute of the observatory throughout Austria. He continued also to teach physics until 1839, when he was given general charge of the student body. His administrative abilities were so great as to attract the attention of the authorities at Vienna whither he was called in 1847. From this time on he was employed in high offices either in the University of Vienna or in the Department of Education, which was at that time undergoing a process of reconstruction. All matters pertaining to the Realschulen, and to the polytechnic, nautical, and astronomical institutions, were placed under his immediate care, and, as a mark of appreciation for his share in the thorough organization of the Realschulen, the emperor bestowed on him the Cross of the Order of Leopold on 27 May, 1859. In 1848 he was elected member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, and always took a very active part in its proceedings. He was also an active writer, and contributed to various scientific periodicals many articles on astronomy, physics and meteorology. To his high intellectual abilities was added the charm of a genial character, and he thus won not only the esteem but also the affection of those with whom he came into personal contact. His principal work is the "Berechnung der periodischen Naturerscheinungen", published in the "Wiener Denkschrift" (1850).
FELLÖCKER, Gesch. der Sternwarte der Benedictiner-Abtei Kremsm nster (Linz, 1864-9), 247-98; WURZBACH, Biog. Lex. des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, XII (Vienna, 1864), 346-7.
Edward C. Phillips.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Marian Priests

From volume 9 of the work.
This term is applied to those English priests who being ordained in or before the reign of Queen Mary (1553-1558), survived into the reign of Elizabeth. The expression is used in contradistinction to "Seminary Priests" by which was meant priests ordained at Douai, Rome, or other English seminaries abroad. Shortly after Elizabeth's accession ordinations ceased altogether in England in consequence of the imprisonment of the surviving bishops, and unless the Seminary priests had begun to land in England to take the place of the older priests who were dying off, the Catholic priesthood would have become extinct in England. There was an important distinction between the Marian priests and the Seminary priests in the fact that the penal legislation of the rigorous statute 27 Eliz. c. 2 only applied to the latter who were forbidden to come into or remain in the realm under pain of high treason. Therefore the Marian priests only came under the earlier statutes, e.g. 1 Elizabeth c. 1 which inflicted penalties on all who maintained the spiritual or ecclesiastical authority of any foreign prelate, or 5 Eliz. c. 1 which made it high treason to maintain the authority of the Bishop of Rome, or to refuse the Oath of Supremacy. The recent researches of Dom Norbert Birt have shown that the number of Marian priests who were driven from their livings was far greater than has been commonly supposed. After a careful study of all available sources of information he estimates the number of priests holding livings in England at Elizabeth's accession at 7500 (p. 162). A large number, forming the majority of these, accepted, though unwillingly, the new state of things, and according to tradition many of them were in the habit of celebrating Mass early, and of reading the Church of England service later on Sunday morning. But the number of Marian priests who refused to conform was very large, and the frequently repeated statement that only two hundred of them refused the Oath of Supremacy has been shown to be misleading, as this figure was given originally in Sander's list, which only included dignitaries and was not exhaustive. Dom Norbert Birt has collected instances of nearly two thousand priests who were deprived or who abandoned their livings for conscience' sake. As years went on, death thinned the ranks of these faithful priests, but as late as 1596 there were nearly fifty of them still working on the English mission. Owing to their more favourable legal position they escaped the persecution endured by the Seminary priests, and only one-the Venerable James Bell-is known to have suffered martyrdom.
BIRT, The Elizabethan Religious Settlement (London, 1907); SANDER, Report to Cardinal Moroni in Cath. Record Soc., I (London, 1905); First and Second Douay Diaries: Appendix LIV (London, 1878).
EDWIN BURTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Mariano Payeras

From volume 11 of the work.
Born 10 Oct., 1769, at Inca, Island of Majorca; died 28 April, 1823. He received the habit of St. Francis at Palma, 5 Sept., 1784; left Spain in Feb., 1793, to join the College of San Fernando, Mexico, which provided missionaries for the Indian missions in California. He was sent to Monterey and stationed at San Carlos, 1796-1798; at Soledad, 1798-1803; at San Diego, 1803-1804; at Purisima Concepcion, 1804-1823. From July, 1815, to April, 1820, Father Payeras held the offices of presidente of the missions and vicario foraneo of the Bishop of Sonora, to whose jurisdiction California belonged. In 1819 the College of San Fernando elected him comisario-prefecto of the missions, in which capacity he, at various times, visited the twenty missions then existing from San Diego to San Rafael, a distance of more than six hundred miles. The zealous prelate also headed various expeditions to the territory of the savages for the purpose of finding suitable sites for new missions. Six months before his death he accompanied an expedition to the Russian settlements in the wilds of Sonoma County, and thereby most probably hastened his demise. In 1819, Fr. Payeras received the thanks of the King of Spain for his services during the Bouchard revolt. While in charge of Purisima he compiled a catechism in the language of the Indians, which was put to use but never published. "There was no friar of better and more evenly balanced ability", says H.H. Bancroft. "It was impossible to quarrel with him. He had extraordinary business ability, was a clear and forcible, as well as voluminous writer, and withal a man of great strength of mind and firmness of character".
Santa Barbara Mission Archives; Mission Records of Purisima Concepcion; Engelhardt, The Franciscans in California (Harbor Springs, Mich., 1897); Idem, The Missions and Missionaries of California, II (San Francisco, 1911); Bancroft, History of California, II (San Francisco, 1886).
Zephyrin Engelhardt.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Mariano Armellino

From volume 1 of the work.
Benedictine historian, b. in Rome (according to others, at Ancona) in 1657; d. at Foligno in 1737. At the age of twenty he entered the monastery of St. Paul in Rome, whence he was sent to Monte Cassino to complete his studies. From 1687 to 1695 he taught philosophy at various monasteries of the Cassinese Congregation. From 1697 to 1722 he devoted himself to preaching and became famous throughout Italy for his Lenten sermons. In 1722 Pope Innocent XIII appointed him abbot of the monastery at Sienna; in 1729 he was transferred as abbot to the Monastery of St. Peter at Assisi, and in 1734, to the Monastery at St. Felician, near Foligno. He wrote the "Bibliotheca Benedictino-Cassinensis", a carefully compiled list and sketch of all the authors of the Cassinese Congregation, and a few other historical and hagiographical works concerning the Ccassinese Congregation of Benedictines.
Hurter, Nomenclator (Innsbruck, 1893), I, 1212; Adelung, Supplement zu Jaechers Gelehrten-Lexicon (Leipzig, 1784), I, 1091; Studien und Mittheilungen aus dem Benediktiner-Orden, VIII, 243; Ziegelbauer, Historia rei literariae Ordinis Sancti Benedicti, III, 37.
MICHAEL OTT
# The Lives of the Poets-Laureate

* related portals: Poets Laureate of the United Kingdom.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
THE LIVES
OF
THE POETS-LAUREATE.
WITH AN INTRODUCTORY ESSAY ON
THE TITLE AND OFFICE.
BY WILTSHIRE STANTON AUSTIN, JUN.,
B.A., EXETER COLLEGE, OXON;
AND JOHN RALPH, M.A.,
BARRISTER-AT-LAW.
οὔτε γὰρ ἱστορίας γράφομεν, ἀλλὰ βίους· οὔτε ταῖς ἐπιφανεστάταις πράξεσι πάντως ἔνεστι δήλωσις ἀρετῆς, ἢ κακίας, ἀλλὰ πρᾶγμα βραχὺ πολλάκις καὶ ῥῆμα, καὶ παιδιά τις, ἔμφασιν ἤθους ἐποίησε μᾶλλον, ἤ μάχαι μυριόνεκροι, καὶ παρατάξεις αἰ μέγισται, καὶ πολιόρκιαι πόλεων.—PLUTARCH.
LONDON:
RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET. Publisher in Ordinary to Her Majesty. M.DCCC.LIII.
LONDON: Printed by Schulze and Co., 13, Poland Street.
PREFACE.
This Work is an attempt to arrange, under a new classification, an interesting portion of our literary and dramatic annals, and to give the origin and antiquities of an office, which, if it in some reigns fell deservedly into contempt, was in earlier times graced by the genius of Jonson and Dryden, and has of late been brought into honourable connection with the names of Southey, Wordsworth, and Tennyson.
The object of the Authors has been to produce a Work popular in style, but to be relied on for its accuracy. That some errors may be found in a volume, the contents of which are spread over such a space of time, and which make mention of the works of so many writers, will not be matter for surprise.
Had the Authors been intent upon mere book-making, it would have been quite possible to have constructed two or three volumes out of the materials which have been ​sparingly (and it is hoped judiciously) used. Their aim has rather been to give the most concise accounts, which might be consistent with clearness, of the lives of such of the Poets-Laureate as have met with biographers, and, in collecting from multifarious sources the narratives of the career of those who have not been so fortunate, to record nothing which was not in itself valuable, or interesting from its relation to literary, dramatic, or political history. Nothing would have been easier than to have imparted to the Work, by a copious parade of references, an appearance of industry and research, if not of learning.
LONDON,
JULY 21, 1853.
CONTENTS.
| | PAGE |
| INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER | 1 |
| BEN JONSON | 49 |
| SIR WILLIAM DAVENANT | 109 |
| JOHN DRYDEN | 142 |
| THOMAS SHADWELL | 183 |
| NAHUM TATE | 196 |
| NICHOLAS ROWE | 223 |
| REVEREND LAURENCE EUSDEN | 239 |
| COLLEY CIBBER | 246 |
| WILLIAM WHITEHEAD | 287 |
| REVEREND THOMAS WARTON | 316 |
| HENRY JAMES PYE | 333 |
| ROBERT SOUTHEY | 346 |
| WILLIAM WORDSWORTH | 396 |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arakan

Edition of 1905. See also Rakhine State on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ARAKAN, ä′rȧ-kän′, or Aracan. The northern division of Lower Burma, British India, extending along the Bay of Bengal from about 18° to 21° 33' northern latitude, and covering, with the adjacent islands, an area of 18,540 square miles. The surface is very mountainous in the interior, which is traversed by several parallel chains. There are vast forests and marshes covered with a thick growth of grasses and underbrush. The climate is exceedingly unhealthful. The lower parts of the country are well adapted to the cultivation of rice, indigo, pepper, and raw sugar, and many tropical fruits are found in a wild state. The chief articles of export are rice, salt, and teak-wood. The chief port is Akyab. The town of Arokan, situated
in the interior to the northwest of Akyab, which before the British conquest is said to have numbered nearly 100,000 souls, is now a place of ruins. The natives of Arakan are shorter and somewhat less round-headed than the Burmese proper, with whom they belong by race and language. A caste system with monogamy prevails among them. The population increased from 671,899 in 1891 to 760,848 in 1901. About seventy per cent. of the inhabitants are Buddhists, while the remainder is made up chiefly of Mohammedans. Arakan was formerly an independent kingdom. At the end of the Seventeenth Century it began to decline, owing to internal strifes, and a century later fell into the possession of Burma, from which it passed to Great Britain in 1826. Anthropological details concerning the peoples of Arakan will be found in Lewin, Wild Races of Southeastern India (London, 1870), and Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal (Calcutta, 1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arboleda, Julio

Edition of 1905. See also Julio Arboleda Pombo on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ARBOLEDA, är'bṓ-lā'Dȧ, Julio (1817-62). A Colombian poet and political leader. He was born at Barbacoas and was educated in Europe. In 1856 he joined the Conservative revolt in Antioquia, and soon became the leader of his faction. He concluded an alliance with President Moreno, of Ecuador, and made war upon the Federalist dictator, Mosquera. With the support of the States of western Colombia, he assumed supreme power, but soon afterwards was assassinated. In a literary way he is chiefly known for his poems, which, including Dios y la virtud, Estoy en la cárcel, and Mo aussento, gave him high rank among Spanish-American poets. The manuscript of his most important work, Gonzalo de Oyón, was almost completely destroyed by an enemy, and only fragmentary copies are preserved.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arbor Dianæ

Edition of 1905. See also Diana's Tree on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ARBOR DIA'NÆ (Lat., tree of Diana, the alchemic name of silver). An arborescent precipitate of metallic silver from a solution of silver nitrate, produced by the addition of a metallic element such as mercury. The proportions recommended are as follows: Dissolve twenty grains silver nitrate in one fluid ounce of water in a convenient bottle, add one-half dram of pure mercury, suspend a piece of zinc by means of a fine thread secured to the cork, and in a day or two the arborescent appearance will present itself.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arboretum

Edition of 1905. See also Arboretum on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
AR'BORE'TUM (Lat., from arbor, a tree). A collection of specimen trees in a park or nursery. See Botanic Gardens; Forestry; Horticulture; Nursery.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aquila, Johann Kasper

Edition of 1905. See also Caspar Aquila on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AQUILA, ä'kwḗ-lȧ, Johann Kasper (1488-1560). A German Protestant reformer. He was born in Augsburg, studied at Ulm and in Italy, and in 1515 was appointed chaplain to Franz von Sickingen. He accepted Lutheranism and was imprisoned, but was released, and while court chaplain to the Elector of Saxony at Wittenberg (1524-27), through his knowledge of Hebrew assisted Luther in translating the Bible. Against the Interim (q.v.) he wrote Christliche Bedenken auf das Interim (1548), and Das Interim illuminiert (1548), for which a price was set on his head by Charles V. In 1552 he was restored to his pastorate at Saalfeld, which Luther had procured for him in 1527, and filled that office until his death.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aquila, Ponticus

Edition of 1905. See also Aquila of Sinope on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AQ'UILA, Ponticus, i.e., Aquila of Pontus (Lat. Aquila Ponticus) . A celebrated translator of the Old Testament into Greek, who flourished about A.D. 130. He lived in Palestine and seems to have been a pagan converted first to Christianity and subsequently to Judaism. He studied under the Jewish Rabbis, notably the celebrated Rabbi Akiba. His Greek version, fragments of which are preserved in Origen's Hexapla, was marked by an extreme literalness of translation: it was probably this literalness that made the Jews for a long time prefer the version of Aquila to the Septuagint translation. A recently found specimen of Aquila's translation has been published by F. C. Burkitt, Fragments of the Book of Kings, according to the translation of Aquila (Cambridge, 1897).