# The Economics of Climate Change: a Primer/References

References
The references cited in this study, organized by chapter, are listed below.

## Chapter 2

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Clark, Peter U., and others. 2001. “The Role of the Thermohaline Circulation in Abrupt Climate Change.” Nature, vol. 415 (February 21), pp. 863-869.
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Crowley, Thomas J. 1996. “Remembrance of Things Past: Greenhouse Lessons from the Geologic Record.” Consequences, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 2-12.
Crowley, Thomas J., and Robert A. Berner. 2001. “CO$_2$ and Climate Change.” Science, vol. 292 (May 4), pp. 870-872.
Department of Energy. 1997. CO$_2$ Capture, Reuse, and Storage Technologies for Mitigating Global Climate Change: A White Paper. DOE Order no. DE-AF22-96PC01257. Prepared by Howard Herzog and others at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Laboratory. January.
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The Economist, “Economics Focus: Hot Potato, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Had Better Check Its Calculations,” February 15, 2003, p. 72.
Edmonds, J. 2002. “Atmospheric Stabilization: Technology Needs, Opportunities, and Timing.” Pp. 47-57 in J.A. Riggs, ed., U.S. Policy on Climate Change: What Next? Aspen, Colo.: Aspen Institute. Available at www.aspeninstitute.org/aspeninstitute/files/Img/EdmondsEEEClimate.pdf.
Falkowski, P., and others. 2000. “The Global Carbon Cycle: A Test of Our Knowledge of Earth as a System.” Science, vol. 290, no. 5490 (October 13), pp. 291-296.
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Heal, Geoffrey, and Bengt Kriström. 2002. “Uncertainty and Climate Change.” Environmental and Resource Economics, vol. 22, pp. 3-39.
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Holtz-Eakin, Douglas, and Thomas M. Selden. 1995. “Stoking the Fires? CO$_2$ Emissions and Economic Growth.” Journal of Public Economics, vol. 57 (January), pp. 85-101.
Houghton, J.T., and others, eds. 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
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Lamb, H.H. 1995. Climate, History, and the Modern World. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
Mahlman, Jerry D. 2001. “The Long Time Scales of Human-Caused Climate Warming: Further Challenges for the Global Policy Process.” Paper prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change Workshop on the Timing of Climate Change Policies. October. Available at www.pewclimate.org/events/timing_presentations.cfm.
Marland, G., T.A. Boden, and R.J. Andres. 2002. “Global, Regional, and National Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions.” In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.
Masters, William A., and Margaret S. McMillan. 2000. “Climate and Scale in Economic Growth.” CID Working Paper no. 48. Cambridge, Mass.: Center for International Development at Harvard University.
McCarl, Bruce A., and Uwe A. Schneider. 2001. “Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in United States Agriculture and Forestry.” Science, vol. 294 (December 21), pp. 2481-2482.
McCarthy, James J., and others, eds. 2001. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Mendelsohn, Robert O., and James E. Neumann, eds. 1999. The Impact of Climate Change on the United States Economy. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Metz, Bert, and others, eds. 2001. Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Moore, Thomas Gale. 1998. Climate of Fear: Why We Shouldn’t Worry About Global Warming. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.
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National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, Subcommittee on Global Change Research. 2001. Our Changing Planet: The FY2002 United States Global Change Research Program. September. Available at www.gcrio.org/ocp2002/.
Nordhaus, William D. 1994. Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Nordhaus, William D., ed. 1998a. Economic and Policy Issues in Climate Change. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future Press.
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Nordhaus, William D., and Joseph Boyer. 2000. Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
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Porter, Edward D. 1995. “Are We Running Out of Oil?” Discussion Paper no. 81. Washington, D.C.: American Petroleum Institute. December.
Reilly, John M., Henry D. Jacoby, and Ronald G. Prinn. 2003. Multi-Gas Contributors to Global Climate Change: Climate Impacts and Mitigation Costs of Non-CO$_2$ Gases. Arlington, Va.: Pew Center on Global Climate Change. February.
Richerson, Peter J., and others. 2001. “Was Agriculture Impossible During the Pleistocene but Mandatory During the Holocene? A Climate Change Hypothesis.” American Antiquity, vol. 66, no. 3 (July), pp. 387-411.
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Schimel, D. S., and others. 2001. “Recent Patterns and Mechanisms of Carbon Exchange by Terrestrial Ecosystems.” Nature, vol. 414 (November 8), pp. 169-172.
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Zachos, James, and others. 2001. “Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present.” Science, vol. 292 (April 27), pp. 686-693.
Zwiers, Francis W. 2002. “The 20-Year Forecast,” Nature, vol. 416 (April 18) , pp. 690-691.

## Chapter 3

Congressional Budget Office. 2000. Who Gains and Who Pays Under Carbon-Allowance Trading? The Distributional Effects of Alternative Policy Designs. June.
Cropper, Maureen L., Sema K. Aydede, and Paul R. Portney. 1994. “Preferences for Life Saving Programs: How the Public Discounts Time and Age.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, vol. 8, pp. 243-265.
Heal, Geoffrey, and Bengt Kriström. 2002. “Uncertainty and Climate Change.” Environmental and Resource Economics, vol. 22, pp. 3-39.
Howarth, Richard B. 2001. “Climate Rights and Economic Modeling.” Pp. 315-336 in Darwin Hall and Richard B. Howarth, eds. The Long-Term Economics of Climate Change: Beyond a Doubling of Greenhouse Gas Concentrations. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V.
Keller, Klaus, and others. 2000. Preserving the Ocean Circulation: Implications for Climate Policy. Working Paper no. 7476. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. January.
Lasky, Mark. Forthcoming. The Economic Costs of Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases: A Survey of Economic Models. CBO Technical Paper.
Newell, Richard, and William Pizer. 2001. Discounting the Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation: How Much Do Uncertain Rates Increase Valuations? Arlington, Va.: Pew Center on Global Climate Change. December.
Newell, Richard, James Sanchirico, and Suzi Kerr. 2002. Fishing Quota Markets. Discussion Paper 02-20. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. August.
Nordhaus, William D. 1994. Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Nordhaus, William D. 2000. Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Nordhaus, William D., and David Popp. 1997. “What Is the Value of Scientific Knowledge? An Application to Global Warming Using the PRICE Model.” Energy Journal, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1-47.
Papathanasiou, Demetrios, and Dennis Anderson. 2001. “Uncertainties in Responding to Climate Change: On the Economic Value of Technology Policies for Reducing Costs and Creating Options.” Energy Journal, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 79-114.
Pizer, William A. 1997. Prices vs. Quantities Revisited: The Case of Climate Change, Working Paper no. 98-02. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. October.
Webster, M.D. 2002. “The Curious Role of ‘Learning’ in Climate Policy: Should We Wait for More Data?” Energy Journal, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 97-119.
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## Chapter 4

Babiker, Mustafa H., Gilbert E. Metcalf, and John Reilly. 2002. Tax Distortions and Global Climate Policy. Report no. 85. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. May.
Baumol, William J., and Wallace E. Oates. 1988. The Theory of Environmental Policy. 2nd ed. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Burtraw, Dallas, and Michael Toman. 1997. The Benefits of Reduced Air Pollutants in the United States from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Policies. Discussion Paper 98-01-REV. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. November.
Burtraw, Dallas, and others. 1999. Ancillary Benefits of Reduced Air Pollution in the United States from Moderate Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Policies in the Electricity Sector. Discussion Paper 99-51. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. September.
Congressional Budget Office. 1990. Energy Use and Emissions of Carbon Dioxide: Federal Spending and Credit Programs and Tax Policies. CBO Paper. December.
Congressional Budget Office. 1996. Labor Supply and Taxes. CBO Memorandum. January.
Congressional Budget Office. 2000. Who Gains and Who Pays Under Carbon-Allowance Trading? The Distributional Effects of Alternative Policy Designs. June.
Congressional Budget Office. 2001. An Evaluation of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Reducing U.S. Carbon Emissions. June.
Congressional Budget Office. 2002. Reducing Gasoline Consumption: Three Policy Options. November.
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Lasky, Mark. Forthcoming. The Economic Costs of Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases: A Survey of Economic Models. CBO Technical Paper.
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Parry, Ian W.H. 2002. Adjusting Carbon Cost Analyses to Account for Prior Tax Distortions. Discussion Paper 02-47. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. August.
Parry, Ian W.H., and Antonio Miguel Bento. 1999. Tax Deductible Spending, Environmental Policy, and the “Double Dividend” Hypothesis. Discussion Paper 99-24. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. February.
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Parry, Ian W.H., Roberton C. Williams III, and Laurence H. Goulder. 1996. When Can Carbon Abatement Policies Increase Welfare? The Fundamental Role of Distorted Factor Markets. Discussion Paper 97-18. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. December.
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## Chapter 5

Aldy, Joseph E., Peter R. Orszag, and Joseph E. Stiglitz. 2001. Climate Change: An Agenda for Collective Action. Prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change Workshop on the Timing of Climate Change Policies. October. Available at www.pewclimate.org/events/timing_presentations.cfm.
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Congressional Budget Office. 2001. An Evaluation of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Reducing U.S. Carbon Emissions. June.
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