OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crawford, Thomas Jackson

​CRAWFORD, THOMAS JACKSON, D.D. (1812–1875), Scottish divine, was a native of St. Andrews. His father, William Crawford, was professor of moral philosophy in the United College in that city. He received his education in the university of St. Andrews, took his degree in 1831, and, being licensed as a preacher by the presbytery of St. Andrews in April 1834, was presented by the principal and masters of the United College to the parish of Cults. In 1838 he was translated to Glamis, to which parish he had been presented by the trustees of Lord Strathmore; and six years later, having received from the university of St. Andrews the degree of D.D., he was transferred to the charge of St. Andrew's parish in Edinburgh. In 1859 he was appointed professor of divinity; in 1861 he was made a chaplain-in-ordinary to the queen; subsequently he became a dean of the chapel royal; and in 1867 his eminence as a theologian was recognised by his election to the office of moderator of the general assembly. He died at Genoa on 11 Oct. 1875.
His works are:
* ‘Reasons of Adherence to the Church of Scotland,’ Cupar, 1843.
* ‘An Argument for Jewish Missionaries,’ Edinburgh, 1847.
* ‘Presbyterianism defended against the exclusive claims of Prelacy, as urged by Romanists and Tractarians,’ Edinburgh, 1853, 8vo.
* ‘Presbytery or Prelacy; which is the more conformable to ​the pattern of the Apostolic Churches?’ 2nd edit. Lond. [1867], 16mo. The subject dealt with in this and the preceding work led to a protracted controversy with Bishop Wordsworth, which was carried on in the columns of the ‘Scotsman.’
* ‘The Fatherhood of God, considered in its general and special aspects, and particularly in relation to the Atonement. With a review of recent speculations on the subject’ [by Professor R. S. Candlish and others], Edinburgh, 1866, 1867, 1870, 8vo.
* ‘The Doctrine of Holy Scripture respecting the Atonement,’ Lond. 1871, 1874, 8vo. 7. ‘The Mysteries of Christianity; being the Baird lecture for 1874,’ London, 1874, 8vo.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crawford, John

​CRAWFORD, JOHN (1816–1873), Scottish poet, was born at Greenock in 1816 in the same apartment in which his cousin, Mary Campbell, the ‘Highland Mary’ of Burns's song, had died thirty years previously. He learned the trade of a house-painter, and in his eighteenth year removed to Alloa, where he died 13 Dec. 1873. In 1850 he published ‘Doric Lays, being Snatches of Song and Ballad,’ which met with high encomiums from Lord Jeffrey. In 1860 a second volume of ‘Doric Lays’ appeared. At the time of his death he was engaged on a history of the town of Alloa, and this, edited by Dr. Charles Rogers, was published posthumously under the title ‘Memorials of Alloa, an historical and descriptive account of the Town.’
[Charles Rogers's Modern Scottish Minstrel, vi. 98–100; J. Grant-Wilson's Poets and Poetry of Scotland, ii. 396–7.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crawford, Robert

​CRAWFORD, ROBERT (d. 1733), author of ‘Tweedside,’ ‘The Bush aboon Traquair,’ and several other well-known Scotch songs, originally contributed to Ramsay's ‘Tea-table Miscellany,’ under the signature ‘C.,’ was the second son of Patrick Crawford, merchant in Edinburgh (third son of David Crawford, sixth laird of Drumsoy), by his first wife, a daughter of Gordon of Turnberry. Patrick Crawford purchased the estate of Auchinames in 1715, as well as that of Drumsoy about 1731, which explains the statement of Burns that the son Robert was of the house of Auchinames, generally regarded as entirely erroneous. Stenhouse and others, from misreading a reference to a William Crawford in a letter from Hamilton of Bangor to Lord Kames (Life of Lord Kames, i. 97), have erroneously given William as the name of the author of the songs. That Robert Crawford above mentioned was the author is supported by two explicit testimonies both communicated to Robert Burns: that of Tytler of Woodhouslee, who, as Burns states, was ‘most intimately acquainted with Allan Ramsay,’ and that of Ramsay of Ochtertyre, who in a letter to Dr. Blacklock, 27 Oct. 1787, asks him to inform Burns that Colonel Edmestone told him that the author was not, as had been rumoured, his cousin Colonel George Crawford, who was ‘no poet though a great singer of songs,’ but the ‘elder brother, Robert, by a former marriage.’ Ramsay adds that Crawford was ‘a pretty young man and lived in France,’ and Burns states, on the authority of Tytler, that he was ‘unfortunately drowned coming from France.’ According to an obituary manuscript which was in the possession of Charles Mackay, professor of civil history in the university of Edinburgh, this took place in May 1733. Burns, with his usual generous appreciation, remarks that ‘the beautiful song of “Tweedside” does great honour to his poetical talents.’ Most of Crawford's songs were also published with music in the ‘Orpheus Caledonius’ and in Johnson's ‘Musical Museum.’
[Laing's Edition of Stenhouse's Notes to Johnson's Musical Museum; Works of Robert Burns.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crawford, William (1825-1869)

​CRAWFORD, WILLIAM (1825–1869), painter, the second son of Archibald Crawford, the author of ‘Bonnie Mary Hay,’ and other popular lyrics, was born at Ayr in 1825. Evincing in boyhood a taste for artistic pursuits, he was at an early age sent to Edinburgh to study under Sir William Allan at the Trustees' Academy, where his success in copying one of Etty's great pictures secured for him a travelling bursary, by means of which he was enabled to visit Rome and study there for two or three years. While in Rome he contributed occasional papers and criticisms to some Edinburgh newspapers. On his return he settled down to the practice of his profession in Edinburgh, where he found an influential patron in Lord Meadowbank, and for several years he was engaged as a teacher of drawing at the Royal Institution until the School of Design became associated with the Science and Art Department. He was an indefatigable worker, and was almost invariably represented in the annual exhibitions of the Royal Scottish Academy by the largest number of works that any single artist was allowed to send. Among his contributions were various sacred subjects, and a considerable number of genre pictures, which were most successful when dealing with female characters. Many of them were bought by the Royal Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in Scotland. But Crawford achieved his greatest success with his portraits in crayons, especially those of children and young ladies, which were executed with a grace and felicity of style that rendered them perfect in their way, and caused them to be much sought after. He exhibited portraits at the Royal Academy in London also between 1852 and 1868. He was elected an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1860, and died suddenly in Edinburgh 1 Aug. 1869. His wife also has been a contributor to the exhibitions of the Royal Scottish Academy.
Among Crawford's best works are his ‘May Queen’ and ‘May Morning,’ ‘The Return from Maying,’ 1861, ‘Waiting at the Ferry,’ 1865, ‘A Highland Keeper's Daughter’ and ‘More Free than Welcome,’ 1867, ‘The Wishing Pool,’ and ‘Too Late’—a beautiful young girl arriving at a garden gate ‘too late’ to prevent a duel between two rival lovers, one of whom lies dead near the gateway—exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy in 1869.
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Anderson, Rev. John

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​ANDERSON, REV. JOHN (1805–1855)
Missionary: born in 1805, son of a Scotch farmer : educated at Edinburgh University : ordained in 1836 a minister of the Church of Scotland, and was sent as missionary to Madras : founded the Madras Christian College, which, after 1843, was continued in connexion with the Scotch Free Church : the education there afforded was greatly appreciated, and with Mrs. Anderson's help the education of native girls of all castes and creeds was successfully undertaken : he died at Madras in 1855.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Andrew, James

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​ANDREW, JAMES (1774?–1833)
A Scotchman, educated at Aberdeen : had a school at Addiscombe, which the E. I. Co. took over for the education of their engineer and artillery officers : on its purchase in 1809 he was appointed Headmaster and Professor of Mathematics : retired about 1823 and died June 13, 1833.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Anderson, James

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​ANDERSON, JAMES ( ? –1809)
In the medical service of the E. I. Co. : served in Madras : appointed Assistant Sturgeon, 1765 : Surgeon, 1786; Member of the Madras Medical Board, 1800 : a distinguished botanist : worked at developing the cochineal dye, and introducing the cultivation of silk : wrote for some years on sugarcane, the coffee-plant, cotton, and the apple : died Aug. 5, 1809.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Anderson, John (1)

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​ANDERSON, JOHN (1795–1845)
Of the E.I.Co.'s service : went out to, Pulo Penang, or Prince of Wales' Island, in 1813, as a writer : after the usual succession of minor appointments he became, in 1827, senior merchant, Secretary to Government, and Malay translator : was employed in negotiations with the neighbouring potentates of Sumatra, etc. : died Dec. 2, 1845 : wrote several works about the Malayan Peninsula, the British settlements, and the adjacent countries and their commerce.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Anderson, Sir Henry Lacon

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​ANDERSON, SIR HENRY LACON (1807–1879)
I.C.S. : eldest son of Sir George William Anderson, K.C.B. (q.v.) : educated at Haileybury : went to Bombay in the Civil Service, 1820 : Secretary to Government, Bombay, in the Secret, Political and Judical Departments, 1855 : Chief Secretary, 1861 : member of the Legislative Council, Bombay : resigned, 1865 : Secretary in the Judicial Department at the India Office, 1866 : K.C.S.I., 1867 : died April 7, 1879.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Anderson, Sir George William

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​ANDERSON, SIR GEORGE WILLIAM (1791–1857)
I.C.S. : entered the Bombay Civil Service in 1806 : drew up the "Bombay Code of 1827" : was a Judge of the Sadr Court, and, in 1835, was appointed to the Indian Law Commission : in 1838 he became Member of Council, Bombay : from April, 1841, to June, 1842, acted as Governor of Bombay, between Sir J. Rivett-Carnac and Sir G. Arthur : retired in 1844 : in 1849 was knighted and appointed Governor of the Mauritius, but after 16 months was transferred to Ceylon as Governor, and made K.C.B. : resigned in 1855 : died March 12, 1857.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Anderson, Thomas

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​ANDERSON, THOMAS (1832–1870)
Botanist : born Feb. 26, 1832, and took his M.D. degree at Edinburgh University in 1853 : joined the Medical Service, Bengal, in 1854, at Calcutta : was at Delhi during the mutiny : was, in 1860. Superintendent of the Botanic Garden at Sibpur, opposite Calcutta, introduced many improvements, and laboured specially for the cultivation of cinchona in India, which afterwards was effected : in 1864 he organised the Forest Department in Bengal : died Oct. 26, 1870, at Edinburgh : published an account of the flora of Aden, and worked at the flora of India generally.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Anquetil, Thomas John

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​ANQUETIL, THOMAS JOHN (1781–1842)
Native of Jersey : entered the Army, 1803 : served in the Mahratta campaign, ​attached to the Light Brigade, commanded the Pioneer Corps, the 57th N.I., and the 44th N.I. successively : Adjutant-General of General Stevenson's force in the Shekhawati campaign : D.A.G. : commanded the Oudh Contingent as Brigadier : Inspecting Officer of all the Contingents : as a Lt-Colonel and Brigadier commanded Shah Shuja's army : in the retreat from Kabul was killed at Jagdalak on Jan. 12, 1842.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Anderson, John (2)

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​ANDERSON, JOHN (1833–1900)
Son of Thomas Anderson : born Oct. 4, 1833, at Edinburgh : M.D. at Edinburgh University, 1862, obtaining the gold medal for zoology : President of the Royal Physical Society, Edinburgh, which he helped to found : Professor of Natural History in the Free Church College, Edinburgh : in 1865 appointed Curator, and, later, Superintendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, an office which he held till he retired in 1886. He was a member, as naturalist, of scientific expeditions to Upper Burma and Yunnan in 1867 : in the same direction, as far as the Burmese frontier, in 1875–6 : and to the Mergui Archipelago in 1881–2 : wrote full accounts of his travels, adding largely to the science of marine and general zoology, and anatomy : also on the reptiles and fauna of Egypt : and contributed to the proceedings of learned societies : F.R.S. in 1879 : LL.D. of Edinburgh, 1885 : Fellow of the Linnaean Society and of the Society of Antiquaries, and Vice-President of the Zoological Society of London : died Aug. 15, 1900.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Andrew, Sir William Patrick

* related authors: William Patrick Andrew.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
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​ANDREW, SIR WILLIAM PATRICK (1807–1887)
Born 1807 : son of Patrick Andrew : educated at Edinburgh and Oxford : was for a short time in India in his younger days : published a work on Indian Railways, 1846 : devoted much attention to the promotion of railway and telegraphic communication between England and India : specially advocating the scheme for an Euphrates Valley Railway : submitted to the Home Government his schemes for the defence of India : published, during 40 years, a number of works, letters and papers, and delivered lectures on the subject of Indian railways, the Euphrates Valley route, and the importance of the Indus and its provinces : was founder and Chairman of the Sind, Panjab and Delhi Railway : in 1856 he arranged with Government for the establishment of telegraphic communication with India : lectured and wrote on the Central Asian question, 1872–86 : wrote to the Times on the Advance of Russia : wrote India and her Neighbours, 1878 : advocated the construction of railway lines to the Bolan and the Khyber : advocated the 5 '6" gauge for Indian railways : Chairman in 1879 of a meeting to promote the construction of a railway from the Persian Gulf to Constantinople and the Mediterranean : was called " an apostle of railways," "the railway statesman," "the pioneer of railway enterprise" : continued to urge the advantage of the Euphrates Valley line as alternative to that of the Red Sea : knighted, 1882 : C.I.E. : Fellow of many scientific societies : died March 11, 1887.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Deare, Joseph

​DEARE, JOSEPH (1804?–1835), sculptor, born about 1804, was the nephew of John Deare (1759–1798) [q. v.] Writing in 1828, Smith says that Deare, ‘after having gained the whole series of silver medals in the Royal Academy, had, like his uncle, John Deare, the honour of receiving the gold medal (in 1825) for the best model of an original design of “David and Goliah,” a cast of which may be had at his father's house, No. 12 Great St. Helen's.’ He exhibited at the Royal Academy exhibitions from 1826–32 ten works, all groups in marble or portrait busts. Up to the latter date his address was in London, but he is supposed about this time to have gone to reside in Liverpool, where he had a studio in the old excise office, Hanover Street, and practised as a portrait painter, probably in addition to his own profession. In endeavouring to enter this studio by climbing a wall late one night, he fell and died of his injuries soon after, 5 Aug. 1835.
A. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Deas, George

​DEAS, Sir GEORGE (1804–1887), Scotch judge, son of Francis Deas of Falkland, Fifeshire, was born in 1804. He acquired the rudiments of knowledge in various schools in Falkland, Milnathort in Kinross, and Perth, and in 1817 entered a writer's office in Perth. Having spent some time there, and also in the office of a writer in Cupar, he came to Edinburgh, where he pursued his legal studies, and also attended various classes at the university, obtaining prizes in logic, metaphysics, moral philosophy, and law. He was called to the Scotch bar in 1828, where he soon acquired considerable practice. In 1840 he received the appointment of advocate depute, an office to which he was reappointed in 1846, and which he held until 1850. He was sheriff of Ross and Cromarty 1850–1, solicitor-general 1851–2, and was created a permanent lord ordinary of the court of session, with the courtesy title of Lord Deas, and a judge of exchequer in May 1853, and a lord commissioner of justiciary in April 1854. He was knighted in 1858. As an advocate he was distinguished rather by strong logical faculty than by eloquence. He proved himself an acute and painstaking judge; and though he was seldom deterred from making a caustic remark by the fear of giving pain, his disposition is said to have been really kindly. He spoke with a broad Scotch accent. Deas married, first, in 1838, Margaret, only daughter of Sylvester Reid, and secondly, in 1857, the widow of Sir Benjamin Fonseca Outram, C.B., M.D. He died on 7 Feb. 1887 at his residence, 32 Heriot Row, Edinburgh.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Deane, Thomas (1651-1735)

​DEANE, THOMAS (1651–1735), catholic controversialist, son of Edward Deane of Malden, Kent, was born in 1651, entered University College, Oxford, 19 Oct. 1669, and subscribed the articles and took the oath of supremacy in the following month, when he was probably admitted a servitor. He gra​duated B.A. 1673, M.A. 1676. He became a tutor in the college, of which he was elected fellow 4 Dec. 1684. He ‘declared himself a papist much about the same time that his master, Obadiah Walker, did in March 1685, whose creature and convert he was’ (Wood, Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iv. 450). After the landing of the Prince of Orange in England, he and John Massey, dean of Christ Church, withdrew privately from Oxford (30 Nov. 1688) to avoid the tumult of the mob, and came to London. Deane's fellowship was declared vacant 4 Feb. 1688–9. He was once or twice committed to prison in London on suspicion of being a jesuit or priest. On 18 Dec. 1691 he stood in the pillory at Charing Cross, under the name of Thomas Franks, a reputed jesuit, for concealing a libel or pamphlet against the government, written by a person who lodged in the same house as himself. During the latter part of his life Deane was a prisoner for debt in the Fleet; but he died at Malden on 10 Nov. 1735, having subsisted for some years mostly on charity (Gent. Mag. v. 681). He wrote—‘The Religion of Mar. Luther neither Catholick nor Protestant, Prov'd from his own Works. With some Reflections in Answer to the Vindication of Mar. Luther's Spirit, printed at the Theater in Oxon. His Vindication being another Argument of the Schism of the Church of England,’ Oxford, 1688, 4to, privately printed in Obadiah Walker's lodgings. Wood and his copyists confusedly describe this work as consisting of three separate tracts. The second part is a defence of Abraham Woodhead's ‘Discourse concerning the Spirit of Luther’ against an attack made upon it by Francis Atterbury, afterwards bishop of Rochester, in ‘An Answer to some Considerations on the Spirit of Martin Luther,’ 1687.
To Deane has been attributed ‘An Essay towards a Proposal for Catholick Communion,’ London, 1704 (Dodd, Certamen utriusque Ecclesiæ, p. 16), but the real author was probably Joshua Basset [q. v.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Deane, Thomas (1792-1871)

​DEANE, Sir THOMAS (1792–1871), builder and architect in Cork, was born there in 1792. His father, also a builder, died while he was still a youth. Gifted, however, with energy and sense beyond his years, and aided by his mother, a woman of superior mind, he managed to maintain and extend his father's business and to educate himself and a large family of younger brothers and sisters. He undertook and successfully carried out large works as a contractor for various public bodies, realised a handsome fortune, and becoming mayor of Cork, received the honour of knighthood during his year of office, 1830, at the hands of the lord-lieutenant. He then adopted the architectural profession, and was largely employed by the government, the municipal authorities, and by private individuals. He was architect of many of the public buildings of his native city, as the Bank of Ireland, the old and new Savings Banks, the Commercial Buildings, the Queen's College, and the classic portico of the Court House. Of the two last Macaulay, whatever his title to speak on architecture may be, declares ‘the former entitled to stand in the High Street of Oxford,’ while the latter would do honour ‘to Palladio.’ The phrase may be rhetorically exaggerated, but the praise has been substantially endorsed by the architectural profession. He also erected the fine lunatic asylum at Killarney, ‘an imposing mass, well distributed and finely executed in the stone of the country.’ In Dublin, assisted by his partner and former pupil, Mr. Benjamin Woodward (whose promising career was cut short by death in 1861), he erected the beautiful addition to Trinity College in the Venetian style. The sculptural details upon which the beauty of this style so much depends were carried out by Irish workmen trained by the architects to imitate unconventionally the beauties of natural foliage. The best known of his large works is probably the museum at Oxford. In this he was assisted as well by his partner as by his son Thomas, who completed the work, and to whom he now left the active prosecution of the profession. Sir Thomas was president for many years of the Institute of Irish Architects, and died at his house in Longford Terrace, Monkstown, county Dublin, on 2 Oct. 1871, at the advanced age of eighty. He was thrice married and left a widow and several children. A man, as his successful career testifies, of indomitable energy, he was of a light, hopeful, and genial disposition. His taste led him towards the classic styles in architecture, and most of his works were designed in this, or its modern form, the Italian. In business he was upright and honourable. The kindliness of his disposition and the patriotic tendencies of his nature led him actively to befriend the artistic talent of young Ireland, and the careers of Maclise and Foley, among many others, bear testimony both to his discrimination and generosity.
G. W. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Deare, John

​DEARE, JOHN (1759–1798), sculptor, born in Liverpool 26 Oct. 1759, was the son of a tax collector and jeweller of Castle Street. As a boy he had shown an aptitude for sculpture, and when sixteen was apprenticed to Thomas Carter of 101 Piccadilly, London, for whom he carved mantelpieces and monuments. After a few years of great application he was able to set up in rooms of his own, and obtained work from some of the best men of his time. At twenty he carried off the first gold prize medal granted by the Royal Academy for a design in bas-relief, ‘Paradise Lost,’ which was exhibited in the Liverpool Exhibition of 1784. In the spring of 1785 he was sent to Rome by the king and the Royal Academy, and settled there. His works were eagerly bought by both English and French collectors. In 1795 he sold three chimneypieces to the Prince of Wales, and executed a bust of Prince Augustus Frederick. Sir Richard Worseley had a fine ‘Marine Venus’ from his chisel; but his best work is said to be a bas-relief in the possession of Sir George Corbett, ‘Edward and Eleonora,’ the original model of which was given to the Royal Institution in Liverpool. There is also in that town a bas-relief over the dispensary modelled by Deare. He had married a beautiful Roman girl, and it has been said that the commander of the French troops in Rome, falling in love with his wife, imprisoned Deare, and caused his death. Mr. Charles Grignon, in whose arms Deare expired, informed Smith that he caught a fatal cold by sleeping on a block of marble of peculiar shape, expecting to get inspiration in his dreams for carving it. He died at his house in Rome 17 Aug. 1798, and was buried near the Pyramid of Caius Cestius.
A. N.