OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# City of Louisville v. Citizens' National Bank Citizens' National Bank of Louisville/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
174 U.S. 436
City of Louisville v. Citizens' National Bank Citizens' National Bank of Louisville
The Citizens' National Bank was organized on the 8th day of August, 1874, its charter being stipulated to endure for a period of 20 years. On April 1, 1894, the charter was renewed and extended for 20 years. The bank in these two cases filed its bills to enjoin the collection of certain taxes on the ground that, by the effect of a statute of the state of Kentucky, usually referred to as the 'Hewitt Act,' an irrevocable contract had been entered into between the state and the bank, from which it resulted that the taxes complained of could not be levied without impairing the obligations of such contract. It was moreover averred that the existence of this contract had been judicially determined in a suit between the Third National Bank and the city of Louisville, to which suit the Citizens' National Bank, although not a party, was a privy, because of certain agreements alleged to have been made between the city of Lousiville and the bank at the time the suit was brought by the Third National Bank. In consequence o this fact it was alleged that the existence of the contract between the Citizens' National Bank and the state had been Judicially determined, and the decree to that effect was pleaded as res judicata. In addition, the taxes in question were alleged to be illegal, because imposed upon the franchise and property of the bank, and because they were discriminatory, and they were averred, besides, to be illegal under the state constitution and laws. The lower court held that the plea of res judicata established an irrevocable contract as to the taxes for years prior to the date of the extended charter, but that the thing adjudged did not conclude that there was an irrevocable contract as to taxes imposed after the date of the extension of the charter, because such taxes were not, and could not have been, in controversy in the cause in which the prior judgment had been rendered. Upon these grounds, in the second case (that is, No. 405) it decided that the complainant was without right to relief, and in the first case (No. 365) that it was entitled to the relief sought.
These two cases are in all material respects identical with the cases of Bank v. Stone, 19 Sup. Ct. 759, and City of Louisville v. Third Nat. Bank, infra, which have been just decided. For the reasons given in the decisions rendered in those cases, it is ordered that the decree below rendered in No. 365 be, and the same is hereby, affirmed, and that rendered in No. 405 be, and the same is hereby, reversed, and that the last-mentioned case (viz. No. 405) be remanded to the court below, with directions to take such further proceedings as may be in conformity to this opinion, and it is so ordered.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Louisville v. Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
225 U.S. 430
City of Louisville v. Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Company
Argued: March 7 and 8, 1912. --- Decided: June 7, 1912
Messrs. Clayton B. Blakey, Huston Quin, and Joseph S. Lawton for appellant.
[Argument of Counsel from page 431 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. William L. Granbery, Alexander Pope Humphrey, and Alexander Pope Humphrey, Jr., for appellee.
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Louisville v. Third National Bank

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
174 U.S. 435
City of Louisville v. Third National Bank
H. L. Stone, for city of Louisville.
James P. Helm and Helm Bruce, for Third Nat. Bank.
Mr. Justice WHITE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Louisville v. Third National Bank/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
174 U.S. 435
City of Louisville v. Third National Bank
The appellee, the Third National Bank, filed its bill to enjoin the collection of certain taxes, relying upon grounds in all respects like unto those alleged in case No. 404 (Bank v. Stone [just decided] 19 Sup. Ct. 759). There was, however, this difference between the facts of the latter case and those arising on this record: In this case the taxes sought to be enjoined were levied prior to the renewal of the charter of the bank. Because of this difference the court below concluded that the want of power to assess and levy was conclusively established by the presumption of the thing adjudged arising from the decree of the court of appeals of Kentucky (31 S. W. 1013), to which we have referred in case No. 404. We need not, however, consider the question of res judicata, upon which the court below based its conclusion, as we have in case No. 404, just announced, held, entirely without reference to the plea of res judicata, that taxes in form exactly like those here in question were illegal because levied upon the property and franchise of the bank, and not upon the shares of stock in the names of the shareholders. It follows, therefore, that the decree below which restrained the collection of the taxes was correct, and it is therefore affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Marion v. Sneeden

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
291 U.S. 262
City of Marion v. Sneeden
Argued: Dec. 7, 8, 1933. --- Decided: Feb 5, 1934
Messrs. Richard Mayer, of Chicago, Ill., H. F. Driemeyer, of East St. Louis, Ill.,David F. Rosenthal and Carl Meyer, both of Chicago, Ill., for petitioners.
Wm. Cattron Rigby, of Washington, D.C.,
[Argument of Counsel from pages 263-265 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. H. V. Ferrell and John Hay, both of Marion, Ill., for respondent.
Mr. Justice BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Louisville v. Citizens' National Bank Citizens' National Bank of Louisville

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
174 U.S. 436
City of Louisville v. Citizens' National Bank Citizens' National Bank of Louisville
H. L. Stone, for city of Louisville.
W. S. Taylor, for Stone, Auditor, and others.
James P. Helm and Helm Bruce, for Citizens' Nat. Bank.
Mr. Justice WHITE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Review: Selections from Berkeley

Since bringing out this new edition, Professor Fraser has resigned the chair in which he succeeded Sir William Hamilton. Like his great predecessor he has done eminent service to philosophy, not only as a writer and a teacher, but also as an editor and interpreter. It is scarcely too much to say that his splendid edition of the works of Berkeley was a revelation to the modern world of that great thinker's philosophy, or at any rate of what was deepest in it. Of that ripe fruit of his studies on Berkeley the present volume is, as it were, the must. There is no need at this late date of reviewing a volume which is already so well known to the public. I believe there is no better introduction to philosophy — none at once so simple and so profound, so original and so comprehensive, so stimulating and so fascinating, as the beautiful and masterly writings of Berkeley, which are here illuminated and set in their historical framework by Professor Fraser's keen, sympathetic, clear, and exhaustive commentaries. This new edition is the best evidence of the estimation in which the book is held. As to changes other than considerable verbal improvements, Professor Fraser has characteristically added some new philosophical problems, thus increasing the suggestiveness of the work. Furthermore, the design in each of the three parts into which the Selections is divided has been made more obvious. The first part, which includes the "Principles," aims to show that Matter is necessarily dependent on percipient mind, thus disposing of the materialistic theory of being and causation. The second part, which includes Berkeley's writings on Vision, consists of psychological analyses intended to prove that our perception of the visible world unconsciously presupposes a faith in Divine Reason. The third part, made up of extracts from Siris, endeavors to illustrate the immanence of Active Reason in the universe and in man. The entire book is intended "as an aid to reflection on the spiritual constitution of man and the universe, in connection with fundamental questions raised by contemporary Materialism." As such it can be safely and even urgently recommended to every student of metaphysics and metaphysical psychology.
J. G. S.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1924, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 99 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Review: Silberstein - The Universe and its Evolution

This pamphlet is a brief extract translated from an Hebrew original of five volumes. The author has one thing in common with the classic speculative thinkers: he believes he has struck out a new, original, perfectly satisfactory, and epoch-making theory of the universe. Nor can one fail to discern behind the poor printing, and the bad English, in the midst of dubious criticisms and speculations of an ostensibly scientific character, flashes of genuine philosophic insight; but these fail to atone for the pre-scientific atmosphere and method of the work. It is the business of the metaphysician, on the basis of all existing knowledge, to conceive as a whole the world which the sciences interpret in parts. Though Mr. Silberstein thinks he is the first to attempt this task, he in reality comes no nearer to it than the beginners of ​speculation among the Greeks and Hebrews, of whose naïf theorizings the work often reminds one. Of his lengthy criticism of the first principles of physics, this is not the place to speak, though I will venture to say it seems to me beside the mark. What Mr. Silberstein does see clearly — and here he is at one with current philosophy — is the absurdity of speaking of a material universe unrelated to an Intelligence. He makes the world "an emanation of the absolute Intellect, an act of its thought." But so far as the present pamphlet goes, this conception remains unfruitful.
J. G. S.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1924, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 99 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Review: Seth - The Present Position of the Philosophical Sciences

This is the address with which Professor Andrew Seth entered upon the Edinburgh professorship vacated last summer by the retirement of Professor Campbell Fraser. Apart from reflections growing out of the occasion, it is substantially an account of the province and function of logic, psychology, and metaphysics; putting in a brief way the thoughts expressed more fully in his article in this number of the Review. It closes with a plea for a teleological and anthropocentric philosophy. The spirit of the address is judicial, courageous, noble, and ennobling.
J. G. S.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1924, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 99 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bangalore

See also Bangalore on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bangalore′ (băn′gȧ-lōr′), a strongly fortified town of Mysore, one of the native states in India, in a district of the same name. When Mysore was occupied by England in 1831, Bangalore was made the capital, and when, in 1881, Mysore was restored to the rule of its native prince, the district of Bangalore was exempted from native control. The city lies 3,000 feet above the sea, and is consequently very healthy. Silk and carpets are the principal manufactures. Population 189,485. The district of Bangalore has a population of 669,139.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bankrupt

See also Bankrupt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bankrupt is a term applied to a person who is unable to pay his debts, and bankruptcy laws are laws which prescribe the methods by which the estate of an insolvent debtor is applied in payment of his debts and the debtor himself is relieved from further obligation.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bancroft, Hubert Howe

See also Hubert Howe Bancroft on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bancroft, Hubert Howe, an American historian, was born at Granville, Ohio, in 1832, and settled in San Francisco, where, in the book business, he made a large fortune. He collected a library of 60,000 volumes, mainly on early American history. He was so fortunate as to secure the library of the Mexican Emperor Maximilian. His well-known work in five volumes, The Native Races of the Pacific States, forms the first part of his immense History of the Pacific States of North America, complete in forty volumes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bangor

See also Bangor, Maine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ban′gor, a city and port in the state of Maine, on the Penobscot River, about sixty miles from its mouth. The harbor is accessible during the open season to all except the very largest shipping vessels. Bangor is one of the largest lumber stations in the world. About 200,000,000 feet are yearly shipped during the season of eight months. The city has some shipbuilding, several sawmills, furniture factories, foundries, etc. When under the English government it was called Kenduskeag. Its present name was derived from the well-known tune of that name. Population, 24,803.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bankruptcy

See also Bankruptcy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bankruptcy may be voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary bankruptcy occurs when a debtor asks to be declared a bankrupt, involuntary bankruptcy when his creditors ask it. In the United States Congress legislates as to bankruptcy, though the states may do so, but a federal statute suspends a state law covering the same ground. Congress has four times passed a national bankruptcy law, that of 1898 being the latest. Proceedings begin by a debtor committing an act of bankruptcy, either by becoming unable to pay or by attempting dishonestly to alienate his property. Then a petition is filed, and the court orders the property to be put under the control of a receiver. The debtor states his affairs on oath and is publicly examined, and the creditors meet. Me may offer to compound with them, that is, to pay part of what he owes. If his creditors approve, the court or receiver may allow the arrangement. If he does not offer to pay, the court says he is a bankrupt and the creditors appoint a trustee. He administers the estate and controls the bankrupt's movements. The latter can at any time after being declared a bankrupt ask to be discharged, but this may be refused, suspended or granted conditionally. When the trustee has divided the debtor's property among his creditors in proportion to the amount he owed each, he is released from his debts and discharged from bankruptcy.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss

See also Nathaniel Prentiss Banks on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss, an American general, born in 1816 at Waltham, Massachusetts. He studied law and was elected to the state legislature, being made speaker of the house in 1851. He was elected to Congress in 1852, but being opposed to slavery left the Democratic party. In 1854 he was again sent to congress by the Republicans and Know-nothings, and was chosen speaker of the house in 1856. He was governor of Massachusetts from 1857 to 1860. Soon after the outbreak of the war he was given command of an army corps on the Potomac. In 1862 he succeeded General Butler in the command of the Department of the Gulf. In 1863 he captured Port Hudson with 6,000 prisoners, which effected the opening of the Mississippi River, and in 1864, with Admiral Porter in charge of a gunboat fleet, he led an unsuccessful expedition up the Red River, and was there relieved of his command in May, 1864. He was a member of Congress from 1864 to 1870 and again from 1874 to 1876, and was re-elected in 1888. He died Sept. 1, 1894.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Banff

See also Banff National Park on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Banff. A charming and very fashionable summer resort on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 922 miles west of Winnipeg and 560 miles east of Vancouver. Famous for its hot sulphur springs and grand majestic scenery. The National Park of Canada is at Banff. The journey from Winnipeg to the Pacific coast is generally broken at Banff.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bangkok

See also Bangkok on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bangkok′, the capital of Siam, situated on both banks of the Menam. One third the population are Chinese, who control the large trade of the city. For the right to trade there the Chinese pay a poll-tax of about three dollars every third year, which exempts them from the half-yearly military service which all other foreign residents have to give.
A large number of the houses are built on rafts in the river. They are made of bamboo boards, wicker work or palm leaves, usually with a veranda in front and a wing at each end. On land the houses are raised on piles six or eight feet from the ground and reached by ladders. The walls of the city are about six miles in circumference. The traffic of the city is carried on mainly by canals, there being only a few streets. Bangkok is the residence of the king of Siam. The palace is surrounded by a high wall, nearly a mile long, which incloses temples, public offices, a theater and accommodation for several thousand soldiers and for about 3,000 women, 600 of whom are the wives of the king. The temples of the city are very numerous, decorated in the most gorgeous style and served by 20,000 priests. The chief exports are rice, sugar, pepper, hides, ivory and feathers, while the imports are tea, silk, opium, hardware, machinery and glassware. The building of steamships, the introduction of gas into the royal palaces and the houses of the noblemen, the starting of a regular mail to the city in 1884, followed by Siam joining the International Postal Union in 1885, show the recent progress. A railway is now running from Bangkok to Paknam (14 miles in length), while one runs from the capital to Korat (165 miles); there are also electric tramways now in the kingdom. Telegraphs connect Bangkok with Burma and Cambodia. Population is 628,675.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bangs, John Kendrick

See also John Kendrick Bangs on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bangs, John Kendrick, (1862), American humorist, born at Yonkers, New York, and educated at Columbia College. He early took to literature as a profession, and has been connected editorially or as a writer with Harper's Weekly and Magazine, with Life, the Metropolitan Magazine, etc. He has written a number of amusing and entertaining books, among the best known of which are A Houseboat on the Styx, The Pursuit of the Houseboat, Mr. Bonaparte of Corsica, Coffee and Repartee, Uncle Sam, Trustee, The Idiot at Home, The Bicyclers and Other Farces, Toppleton's Client, A Rebellious Heroine, Olympian Nights and The Enchanted Typewriter.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Kobbé, Gustav

Edition of 1905. See also Gustav Kobbé on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KOBBÉ, kōb'bắ, Gustav (1857—). An American music critic and author, born in New York. When ten years old he was sent to
Wiesbaden, Germany, to study composition and the piano with Adolf Hagen. After five years with that teacher he completed his musical studies with Mosenthal in New York, and in 1877 graduated from Columbia College, and two years later from the Columbia Law School. He became engaged in literary and newspaper work, and contributed articles on musical and dramatic subjects to the leading magazines and periodicals. His two-volume Wagner's Life and Works (1890), which gives analyses and the leitmotives of the music dramas, is well known to students of music. In addition he published: The Ring of the Nibelung (1889); New York and Its Environs (1891); Plays for Amateurs (1892); My Rosary, and Other Poems (1896); Miriam (1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knox, Henry

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Knox on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNOX, Henry (1750-1806). An American soldier, prominent in the Revolutionary War. He was born in Boston, where he was engaged in business as a bookseller from 1770 to 1775. He entered the Continental Army immediately after the Battle of Lexington, served as aide to General Ward at the battle of Bunker Hill and during the siege of Boston, and distinguished himself by procuring from Lake George and the Canadian frontier a large number of cannon,
which were used by Washington in fortifying Dorchester Heights. For this he was made a brigadier-general of artillery by Congress. At Trenton and Princeton he served with great distinction, and was prominent in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth and at Yorktown. He became major-general in 1781, was one of the commissioners appointed in 1782 to negotiate the exchange of prisoners, and in 1783 was delegated by Washington to receive the surrender of New York. From 1785 to 1795 he was Secretary of War, having charge for a time of the Navy Department as well, and then removed first to Saint Georges, and later to Thomaston, Maine, where he died. Knox was one of the most intimate of Washington's friends, and one of the most trusted of his advisers. As an officer he was conspicuous for his bravery, his skill in handling artillery, and his tireless energy. Consult: Drake, Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox (Boston, 1873); and Brooks, Henry Knox, a Soldier of the Revolution (New York, 1900).