OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Weston, Henry Griggs

Edition of 1889.
​WESTON, Henry Griggs, clergyman, b. in Lynn, Mass., 11 Sept., 1820. He was graduated at Brown university in 1840, and at Newton theological institution in 1843. In the latter year he was ordained, at Frankfort, Ky., to the Baptist ministry. After preaching as a missionary for several years in Illinois he became in 1846 pastor of the Baptist church in Peoria, where he remained for thirteen years. He was then called to the pastorate of the Oliver street church, New York, and continued in this relation until 1868, when he accepted the presidency of Crozer theological seminary, Pa., which office he now holds. He was for a time editor of the “Baptist Quarterly,” and has also been president of the American Baptist missionary union. In addition to his duties as an instructor, his services have been in constant demand as a preacher. In 1859 he received from Rochester university the degree of D. D. Dr. Weston has contributed to periodicals, and is the author of a treatise on the “Four Gospels.”
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wheatley, Sarah

Edition of 1889.
​WHEATLEY, Sarah, actress, b. in St. John, New Brunswick, in 1790; d. in New York city in July, 1854. Her father, whose name was Ross, died when she was two years of age. She made her first appearance in New York at the Park theatre on 12 Nov., 1805, and in 1806 married Frederick Wheatley, an actor, and retired from the stage; but on his failure in business she resumed her profession for the support of her family and achieved success. Mrs. Wheatley was noted for her artistic representation of old women. — Her son, William, actor, b. in New York city, 5 Dec., 1816; d. there, 3 Nov., 1876, made his first appearance on the stage at the Park theatre, New York, in 1826 as Albert in “William Tell,” during the engagement of Macready, with whom he travelled through the United States. In 1842 he was engaged at the Walnut street theatre in Philadelphia, and in 1843 he retired and visited Nicaragua, where he raised the first American flag in Virgin bay. He returned to the United States, and in 1853 leased, with John Drew, the Arch street theatre in Philadelphia, of which he was sole manager in 1855-'8. Afterward he controlled the Continental theatre in Philadelphia, and leased Niblo's Garden, New York, of which he was manager from 1865 till he retired in 1868. During this period the “Black Crook” was first produced. Mr. Wheatley's best characters were Doricourt in “The Belle's Stratagem,” Rover in “Wild Oats,” Captain Absolute in “The Rivals,” and Claude Melnotte in “The Lady of Lyons.”
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Weston, Edward

Edition of 1889.
​WESTON, Edward, electrician, b. in England, 9 May, 1850. He showed as a boy a decided fondness for the physical sciences, especially electricity, but deferred to his parents' wishes and studied medicine. In 1870 he determined to follow his own special bent, and came to this country. He soon became chemist to the American nickel-plating company, and at once displayed his inventive genius by introducing improvements into the art of nickel-plating. Two years later he began to study dynamo-electric machinery, with the object of utilizing it in electro-metallurgy, and in 1873 he reached a very clear conception of the sectional armature, and in the same year prepared the first copper-coated carbons. In 1875 he removed to Newark, N. J., and there engaged in the manufacture of dynamo-electric machinery, establishing what is believed to be the first factory in this country that was devoted exclusively to that class of apparatus. His business increased so rapidly that in 1877 it was organized as the Weston dynamo-electric machine company, and in 1881 it was consolidated with the United States electric lighting company, of which he was electrician until 1888. In 1875 he began experimenting in arc and incandescent lighting, constructing several incandescent lamps in 1876, and since that time he has steadily developed his systems of both these varieties of electric lighting. In 1887 he built in Newark one of the largest private laboratories in the world, and he also possesses a fine technical library that contains many rare books on electricity. Mr. Weston has recently directed his attention to the production of new and original forms of electrical instruments such as voltmeters, ammeters, and electro-dynamometers for scientific and practical work. One of his most valuable inventions is that of tamidine, a modification of cellulose, which is extensively used in incandescent lamps. He was a charter member of the American institute of electrical engineers, and its president in 1888.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wheaton, Frank

Edition of 1889.
​WHEATON, Frank, soldier, b. in Providence, R. I., 8 May, 1833. He was educated in common schools, became a civil engineer,and engaged in California and in the Mexican boundary surveys from 1850 till he was commissioned 1st lieutenant in the 1st U. S. cavalry, 3 March, 1855. He served at Jefferson barracks, Mo., and in Kansas until 1856, and in the field against Cheyenne Indians till 1857, being in action near Fort Kearny, Neb. He was on the Utah expedition till August, 1858, on duty with his regiment in the Indian territory, and then on recruiting service till July, 1861, having been promoted captain in March. He received permission to accept the commission of lieutenant-colonel of the 2d Rhode Island volunteers in July, 1861, became colonel in the same month, and took part in the battle of Bull Run, also serving in the principal engagements of the Army of the Potomac, including the peninsula and Maryland campaigns. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers in November, 1869, commanding a brigade during the operations of the same army in 1863-'4, and then a division of the 6th corps, distinguishing himself in the operations in the Shenandoah valley in 1864, and those that culminated in the surrender at Appomattox in 1865. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers for gallant and meritorious services at the Opequan, Fisher's Hill, and Middletown, Va., and received brevets in the regular army to the grade of major-general for the battles of the Wilderness, Cedar Creek, and Petersburg, respectively. He became lieutenant-colonel of the 39th infantry, 28 July, 1866, was transferred to the 21st infantry in March, 1869, and promoted colonel of the 2d infantry, 15 Dec., 1874. Since the war Gen. Wheaton has held commands in Dakota, Montana, and Nebraska. In July, 1866, he was presented with a sword by his native state for gallant services in the above-mentioned battles.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Western, Pauline Lucille

Edition of 1889.
​WESTERN, Pauline Lucille, actress, b. in New Orleans, La., 8 Jan., 1843; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 11 Jan., 1877. She made her first appearance on the stage with her sister Helen as “change artist” at her father's theatre in Washington, D. C., and travelled extensively with her in this country. ​They were known as the “Star Sisters,” and their principal play was the “Three Fast Men.” In 1858 they appeared at the Old Bowery theatre in New York. On 11 Oct., 1859, she married James Harrison Mead. In 1859 or 1860 she appeared at the Holliday street theatre in “East Lynne,” achieving her first success. In 1861-'5 she travelled with a combination troupe, playing Nancy Sykes in “Oliver Twist,” with Edward L. Davenport as Bill Sykes and James W. Wallack, Jr., as Fagin. In 1865 she played in Philadelphia, appearing in “Eleanor's Victory,” “Lucretia Borgia,” “Jane Eyre,” “The Child-Stealer,” “Mary Tudor,” “Cynthia,” besides the two plays already mentioned. She appeared in the principal theatres in the United States, and at the time of her death was playing at the New Park theatre, Brooklyn.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Weston, Mary Catharine North

Edition of 1889.
​WESTON, Mary Catharine North, author, b. in Albany, N. Y., 14 April, 1822; d. in Greenwich, Conn., 4 Aug., 1882. She was the daughter of William Steuben North, and the granddaughter of Gen. William North, who served in the Revolutionary army as aide to Baron Steuben. After receiving her education in Schenectady, she married the Rev. Daniel C. Weston, D. D., on 4 Oct., 1842. Mrs. Weston is the author of standard books of instruction, which were published under the auspices of the Church book society of the Protestant Episcopal church. These include “Jewish Antiquities” (1886); “Biography of Old Testament Characters” (1869); “Biography of New Testament Characters” (1871); “Catechism on the Doctrines, Usages, and Holy Days of the P. E. Church” (1871); and “Old Testament Stories” (1882). There are memorial windows of Mrs. Weston in St. Mark's church, New York, and in Grace church, Madison, N. J.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Whalley, Edward

Edition of 1900.
​WHALLEY, Edward, regicide, b. in England about 1620; d. in Hadley, Mass., about 1678. He became a merchant, and at the beginning of the revolution of 1642 joined the parliamentary party, against the wishes of his family, who were royalists. At Naseby, in 1645, his command defeated two divisions of Sir Marmaduke Langdale's cavalry, and for bravery he was made a colonel by parliament. He led the horse at Bristol, Banbury, Worcester, and elsewhere, and was afterward intrusted with the custody of the king's person at Hampton court. He commanded the infantry with Gen. George Monk at Dunbar, where two horses were shot under him, and was afterward left by Cromwell in Scotland with four regiments. He sat in the high court of justice that condemned King Charles, and was a signer of his death-warrant. Afterward, as major-general, he governed five counties, and after sitting in Cromwell's second and third parliaments was given a seat in his house of lords. After the restoration he fled to this country with William Goffe (q. v.), his son-in-law, and shared his fortunes from that time. See “History of Three of the Judges of King Charles I.,” by Ezra Stiles (Hartford, 1794).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Marshall, Humphrey

Edition of 1900.
​MARSHALL, Humphrey, botanist, b. in West Bradford (now Marshallton), Pa., 10 Oct., 1722; d. there, 5 Nov., 1801. He received the rudiments of an English education, and was apprenticed to the business of a stone-mason, which trade he subsequently followed. Soon after his marriage in 1748 he took charge of his father's farm, and about that time began to devote his attention to astronomy and natural history, building a small observatory in one corner of his residence. Meanwhile, through his correspondence with his cousin, John Bartram (q. v.), his taste for horticulture and botany was fostered and developed. He procured books and began the collection and culture of the more curious and interesting indigenous plants. A large number of ornamental trees and shrubs in the vicinity of his house long remained to show his ​ness for the beauties of the vegetable kingdom. In 1767 he came into the possession of the family estate, and in 1773 he planned and created the botanic garden at Marshallton, which soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of the United States, together with many curious exotics; also of a large collection of native herbaceous plants. As late as 1849 a large part of these still survived, although the garden from neglect had become a mere wilderness. He held for many years the offices of treasurer for Chester county and trustee of the public loan office. In 1786 he was elected a member of the American philosophical society, and he was a member of other scientific societies. He published “Arboretum Americanum: the American Grove, an Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs, Natives of the American United States” (Philadelphia, 1785), which “was received with marked approbation and was promptly translated into the prevalent languages of continental Europe.” See “Memorials of John Bartram and Humphrey Marshall” (Philadelphia, 1849).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Maretzek, Max

Edition of 1900. The 1888 edition starts out “He was educated at the University of Vienna, and later, in that city, pursued a course of musical training . . .”
​MARETZEK, Max, opera-manager, b. in Brunn, Austria, 28 June, 1821; d. on Staten Island, 14 May, 1897. He was educated in that city, and later pursued a course of musical training under the noted chapel-master, I. X. Seyfried. Some years afterward he became connected with the Italian opera in London as chorus-master, and within that time wrote the music of several dances and ballets. He came to New York city in 1848, where he began his career as leader of the orchestra at the Italian opera. Of this establishment he soon became manager, continuing as such for many years at the Astor place and Grand opera-houses, and the Academy of music, with occasional visits to other cities, Cuba and Mexico. Maretzek's administration was characterized by the production of many novelties, and the introduction of some native vocalists that have since become famous. He also established sundry reforms, and was the one impresario that, for a term of years, succeeded in placing Italian opera on an enduring and satisfactory footing. Maretzek wrote two operas, “Hamlet” and “Sleepy Hollow.” The first was produced in Germany, the second in this country. He had been a frequent contributor of musical sketches to American, French, and German periodicals, and had published “Crotchets and Quavers,” a volume of operatic reminiscences (New York, 1858).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Mansfield, Jared

Edition of 1900.
​MANSFIELD, Jared, mathematician, b. in New Haven, Conn., 23 May, 1759; d. there, 3 Feb., 1830. He was graduated at Yale in 1777, and taught in New Haven and Philadelphia, making a reputation as a mathematician. He entered the regular army as captain of engineers, 3 May, 1802, and was promoted major, 11 June, 1805, and lieutenant-colonel, 25 Feb., 1808. He resigned on 23 July, 1810, was U.S. surveyor of Ohio and the Northwest territory from 1803 till 1812, and professor of natural and experimental philosophy in the U.S. military academy from the latter year till he resigned the chair, 31 Aug., 1828. In 1825 he received the degree of LL.D. from Yale. He is the author of “Essays, Mathematical and Physical” (New Haven, 1802). - His son, Edward Deering, author, b. in New Haven, Conn., 17 Aug., 1801; d. in Morrow, Ohio, 27 Oct., 1880, was graduated at the U.S. military academy in 1818, but instead of entering the army, pursued a classical course at Princeton, where he was graduated in 1822. He was admitted to the bar in Connecticut in 1825, and, removing to Ohio, practised in Cincinnati until 1835, when he accepted the professorship of constitutional law and history in Cincinnati college. Retiring from the practice of the law, he was editor of the “Cincinnati Chronicle” from 1836 till 1849, of the “Atlas” from 1849 till 1852. and of the “Railroad Record” from 1854 till 1872. While editing the “Chronicle” and “Atlas” he introduced the public to many young writers, among whom was Harriet Beecher Stowe. During the last twenty-five years of his life he was a regular contributor to the Cincinnati “Gazette.” He was long the correspondent of a New York journal, under the pen-name of “A Western Observer.” He served as commissioner of statistics for Ohio from 1859 till 1868, and was an associate of the French “Société de statistique universelle.” He wrote many treatises on mathematics, politics, education, and the early history of Ohio. His most interesting production is a volume of “Personal Memories,” extending to the year 1841 (1870). He received the degree of LL.D. from Marietta college, Ohio, in 1854. He was also the author of “A Discourse on the Utility of Mathematics”; “A Treatise on Constitutional Law” and “A Political Grammar of the United States” (Cincinnati, 1835); “The Legal Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of Married Women” (Salem, 1845); “The Life of Gen. Winfield Scott” (New York, 1848); “The History of the Mexican War” (1849); “American Education” (1851); “The Memoirs of Daniel Drake” (Cincinnati, 1855); and “A Popular Life of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant” (1868).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Marggraf, George

Edition of 1900. The 1888 edition refers to “Jan Laet” rather than “Joannes de Laet” and has a “(q.v.)” after the name. It also refers to “Pison” rather than “Piso”.
​MARGGRAF, George (marg-graf), German traveller, b. in Liebstaedt, Saxony, in 1610; d. on the coast of Guinea in 1644. He studied mathematics, and in 1636 accompanied to Brazil Dr. William Piso, the newly appointed governor of the Dutch possessions in that country. He afterward entered the service of Count Maurice, of Nassau, whose liberality supplied him with the means of exploring a considerable part of Brazil. He spent six years in travelling through the countries between Rio Grande and Pernambuco rivers, during which he collected a great number of facts in geography, natural history, and astronomy. With a view to increasing his knowledge, he went to the coast of Guinea, where he fell a victim to the climate. Fearing that through accident another might appropriate his materials, he wrote his manuscripts on natural history in cipher. These were deciphered by Joannes de Laet, who published the observations of Piso and Marggraf, with notes, under the litle “G. Pisonis, de medicina Brasiliensi libri quatuor; Georgii Marggravii historiæ rerum naturalium Brasiliæ libri octo” (Amsterdam, 1648). The work contains an immense number of new plants, to which he gave the names that were current among the natives of Brazil. Most of them have since been discovered again, and the descriptions of Marggraf have been recognized by naturalists as generally correct. Piso published a work in 1658 which combined the observations of himself and Marggraf, in which there is inserted a treatise of the latter entitled “Tractatus topographicus et meteorologicus Brasiliæ, cum eclipsi solari; quibus additi sunt illius et aliorum ​Commentarii de Brasiliensium et Chilensium indole et lingua.” Marggrafs premature death prevented him from completing a great work, the title of which, as given by Laet, was “Progymnastica mathematica Americana tribus sectionibus comprehensa.” It was intended to contain everything relating to the astronomy, geography, and geodesy of Brazil. A creeping-plant of the Antilles, belonging to the guttiferous family, has been named Marggravia in honor of its discoverer.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Marsh, Samuel

Edition of 1900.
​MARSH, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Danville, Vt., 3 July, 1796; d. in Underhill, Vt, 1 April, 1874. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1821, and at Andover theological seminary in 1824. He was ordained in 1825, and, after serving as a home missionary in New England for two years, was pastor of various Congregational churches in Vermont for nearly forty years. He originated in 1827 the system of colportage that has since been employed with excellent results by the American tract society, the American Sunday-school union, and other religious societies. Mr. Marsh was an able debater, and had repeated controversies with representatives of other denominations. He was a profound biblical scholar, and his knowledge of Greek and Hebrew was very thorough. In 1852 he was settled in Underhill, Vt., and continued there until his death. His publications, including essays and sermons on temperance and anti-slavery, were very popular, and during the latter part of his life he wrote 1,000 biblical hymns, some of which were published.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Hippolytus/The Refutation of All Heresies/Book V/Part 18

Chapter XVII.—The Sethian Doctrines to Be Learned from the “Paraphrase of Seth.”
The opinion of the Sethians appears to us to have been sufficiently elucidated. If, however, any one is desirous of learning the entire doctrine according to them, let him read a book inscribed Paraphrase of Seth; for all their secret tenets he will find deposited there. But since we have explained the opinions entertained by the Sethians, let us see also what are the doctrines advanced by Justinus.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Hippolytus/The Refutation of All Heresies/Book V/Part 20

Chapter XIX.—The Justinian Heresy Unfolded in the “Book of Baruch.”
But swear, says Justinus, if you wish to know “what eye hath not seen, and ear hath not heard, and the things which have not entered into the heart;” that is, if you wish to know Him who is good above all, Him who is more exalted, (swear) that you will preserve the secrets (of the Justinian) discipline, as intended to be kept silent. For also our Father, on beholding the Good One, and on being initiated with Him, preserved the mysteries respecting which silence is enjoined, and sware, as it has been written, “The Lord sware, and will not repent.” Having, then, in this way set the seal to these tenets, he seeks to inveigle (his followers) with more legends, (which are detailed) through a greater number of books; and so he conducts (his readers) to the Good One, consummating the initiated (by admitting them into) the unspeakable Mysteries. In order, however, that we may not wade through more of their volumes, we shall illustrate the ineffable Mysteries (of Justinus) from one book of his, inasmuch as, according to his supposition, it is (a work) of high repute. Now this volume is inscribed Baruch; and one fabulous account out of many which is explained by (Justinus) in this (volume), we shall point out, inasmuch as it is to be found in Herodotus. But after imparting a different shape to this (account), he explains it to his pupils as if it were something novel, being under the impression that the entire arrangement of his doctrine (springs) out of it.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Isa. lxiv. 4; 1 Cor. ii. 9.
* ↑ Ps. cx. 4; Heb. vii. 21.
* ↑ Or, “the rest of the Mysteries.”
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Hippolytus/The Refutation of All Heresies/Book V/Part 21

Chapter XX.—The Cosmogony of Justinus an Allegorical Explanation of Herodotus’ Legend of Hercules.
Herodotus, then, asserts that Hercules, when driving the oxen of Geryon from Erytheia, came into Scythia, and that, being wearied with travelling, he retired into some desert spot and slept for a short time. But while he slumbered his horse disappeared, seated on which he had performed his lengthened journey. On being aroused from repose, he, however, instituted a diligent search through the desert, endeavouring to discover his horse. And though he is unsuccessful in his search after the horse, he yet finds in the desert a certain damsel, half of whose form was that of woman, and proceeded to question her if she had seen the horse anywhere. The girl, however, replies that she had seen (the animal), but that she would not show him unless Hercules previously would come along with her for the purpose of sexual intercourse. Now Herodotus informs us that her upper parts as far as the groin were those of a virgin, but that everything below the body after the groin presented some horrible appearance of a snake. In anxiety, however, for the discovery of his horse, Hercules complies with the monster’s request; for he knew her (carnally), and made her pregnant. And he foretold, after coition, that she had by him in her womb three children at the same time, who were destined to become illustrious. And he ordered that she, on bringing forth, should impose on the children as soon as born the following names: Agathyrsus, Gelonus, and Scytha. And as the reward of this (favour) receiving his horse from the beast-like damsel, he went on his way, taking with him the cattle also. But after these (details), Herodotus has a protracted account; adieu, however, to it for the present. But what the opinions are of Justinus, who transfers this legend into (his account of) the generation of the universe, we shall explain.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Herodotus, iv. 8–10.
* ↑ Erytheia (Eretheia) was the island which Geryon inhabited. Miller’s text has ᾽Ερυθᾶς (i.e., sc. Θαλάσσης), “the Red Sea.” This, however, is a mistake.
* ↑ Some read τὸν νοῦν, which has been properly altered into τὸ νῦν, as translated above.