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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Timberlake, Henry

1904 Errata appended. Contains subarticle Henry Timberlake (fl. 1765).
​TIMBERLAKE, HENRY (d. 1626), traveller, wrote a ‘True and Strange Discourse of the Trauailes of two English Pilgrimes,’ &c., London, 1603, 4to. It was reprinted 1608, 1609, 1611, 1616, 1620, and 1631; by Robert Burton in ‘Two Journeys to Jerusalem,’ London, 1635, 1683, 1759, 1786, 1796, and again from the edition of 1616 in ‘Harleian Miscellany,’ vol. i. 1808. The work is said to have suggested Purchas's ‘Pilgrimes.’ The author tells how, leaving his ship, the Troyan (named only in the first edition of his book), at Alexandria, he proceeded to Cairo, which he left on 9 March 1601–2 for Jerusalem, accompanied by John Burrell of Middlesborough. He gives minute topographical details of the surroundings of Jerusalem, comparing it to London, and placing Bethel, Gilead, Nazareth, and other towns at the distance of Wandsworth, Bow, Chelmsford, &c., for the comprehension of the reader. The journey in the Holy Land occupied fifty days.
Timberlake was a member of the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London, formed in 1612 to discover a north-west passage, and he held first joint stock in the East India Company until 1617. He died about August 1626, as his adventures, worth 1,000l., in the same company, were transferred on 27 Sept. of that year from his executors to one Abraham Jacob.
Another Henry Timberlake (fl. 1765), born in Virginia, and holding commissions in the old regiment of that province from 1756, was engaged in 1761 in subduing the Cherokee Indians (cf. Bancroft, Hist. of the U. S. iii. 279 seq.). At the request of their king, he accompanied the Indians to their country as an evidence of the good feeling of England, and in May 1762 he escorted three of the chiefs to London, where they were received by the king at St. James's. Timberlake remained in England, hoping to be reimbursed for his outlay in their equipment, and at length received an order to wait on Sir Jeffrey (afterwards Baron) Amherst [q. v.], governor-general of Canada, in New York, to receive a commission as lieutenant in the 42nd highland regiment. This apparently he never obtained.
Timberlake made a second journey to England as escort to Cherokees desirous of complaining about encroachments on their hunting-ground, and was in London in March 1765, in which year he published ‘The Memoirs of Lieut. Henry Timberlake,’ &c., London, 1765, 8vo, containing an account of his adventures, with information on the habits, dress, arms, and songs of the Cherokees. It was used by Southey in his poem of ‘Madoc.’ A German translation appeared in Köhler's ‘Collection of Travels,’ 1767.
C. F. S.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.265 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Timperley, Charles H.

​TIMPERLEY, CHARLES H. (1794–1846?), writer on typography, was born at Manchester in 1794, and was educated at the free grammar school. In March 1810 he enlisted in the 33rd regiment of foot, was wounded at Waterloo, and received his discharge on 28 Nov. 1815. He resumed his apprenticeship to an engraver and copperplate printer, and in 1821 became a letterpress printer by indenture to Messrs. Dicey & Smithson, proprietors of the ‘Northampton Mercury.’ About 1829 he worked with that firm at the same time as Spencer Timothy Hall [q. v.] In April 1828 he gave two lectures on the art of printing before the Warwick and Leamington Literary Institution. He became foreman to T. Kirk of Nottingham, and editor of the ‘Nottingham Wreath.’ He married a widow of that town. In 1833 he produced ‘Songs of the Press and other Poems relating to the art of Printing, original and selected; also Epitaphs, Epigrams, Anecdotes, Notices of early Printing and Printers,’ London, small 8vo, of which an enlarged edition of the poetical portion appeared in 1845. It is still the best collection of printers' songs in English; some of the verse is by Timperley himself. In 1838 he published ‘The Printers' Manual, containing Instructions to Learners, with Scales of Impositions and numerous Calculations, Recipes, and Scales of Prices in the principal Towns of Great Britain, together with practical Directions for conducting every Department of a Printing Office,’ London, large 8vo. This was followed by ‘A Dictionary of Printers and Printing, with the Progress of Literature, ancient and modern, Bibliographical Illustrations,’ London, 1839, large 8vo. The remainder of the stock of these works was purchased by H. G. Bohn, who issued the two together, with twelve pages of additions, under the title of ‘Encyclopædia of Literary and Typographical Anecdote, being a Chronological Digest of the most interesting Facts illustrative of the History of Literature and Printing from the earliest period to the present time,’ 2nd edit. London, 1842, large 8vo. This useful compilation, which is chiefly devoted to English printers and booksellers, has been frequently referred to in this Dictionary. Timperley also wrote ‘Annals of Manchester, biographical, historical, ecclesiastical, and commercial, from the earliest period,’ Manchester, 1839, small 8vo. Towards the end of his life he had charge of a bookseller's shop owned by Bancks & Co. of Manchester, whose name is on the title-page of his ‘Printers' Manual.’ The business was not successful, and Timperley accepted a literary engagement with Fisher & Jackson, publishers, of London, and died in their service about 1846. He helped to edit the Rev. George Newenham Wright's ‘Gallery of Engravings’ [1845, &c.], 2 vols. 4to.
[Some autobiographical facts in pref. to Dictionary of Printers, 1839. See also Bigmore and Wyman's Bibliogr. of Printing, iii. 12–16; The Lithographer, April 1874, iv. 221; the Printers' Register, 6 Dec. 1873, p. 269; Curwen's Hist. of Booksellers, p. 463.]
H. R. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tilt, John Edward

Edward John Tilt in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​TILT, JOHN EDWARD (1815–1893), physician, was born at Brighton on 30 Jan. 1815, and received his medical education first at St. George's Hospital and then at Paris, where he graduated M.D. on 15 May 1839. He does not appear to have held any English qualification until he became a member of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1859. He acted as travelling physician in the family of Count Schuvaloff during 1848–50. He settled in London about 1850, devoting himself to midwifery and the diseases of women, and was then appointed physician-accoucheur to the Farringdon general dispensary and lying-in charity. He was one of the original fellows of the Obstetrical Society of London, where, after filling various subordinate offices, he was elected president for 1874–5. The title of cavaliere of the crown of Italy was conferred upon him in 1875, and he was at the time of his death a corresponding fellow of the academies of medicine of Turin, Athens, and New York. He died at Hastings on 17 Dec. 1893. It was the good fortune of Tilt that he learned from Dr. Récamier in Paris the use of the speculum as an aid to the diagnosis of many of the diseases of women; it was his merit that he made known in this country the use of this instrument at a time when the knowledge of its value was confined to very few persons.
Tilt's works comprise:
* ‘On Diseases of Menstruation and Ovarian Inflammation,’ London, 1850, 12mo; 3rd edit. 1862.
* ‘On the Elements of Health and Principles of Female Hygiene,’ London, 1852, 12mo; translated into German, Weimar, 1854.
* ‘The Change of Life in Health and Disease,’ 2nd edit. 1857; 4th edit. New York, 1882.
* ‘A Handbook of Uterine Therapeutics and of Diseases of Women,’ London, 1863, 8vo; 4th edit. New York, 1881; translated into German, Erlangen, 1864, and into Flemish, Leeuwarden, 1866.
* ‘Health in India for British Women,’ London, 1875, 12mo.
[Obituary notices in the Obstetrical Society's Trans. 1894, xxxvi. 107, and in the Medico-Chirurg. Trans. 1894, lxxvii. 36.]
D’A. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Timbrell, Henry

​TIMBRELL, HENRY (1806–1849), sculptor, was born at Dublin in 1806, and began his studies there about 1823 under John Smith, master of the Dublin school of sculpture. In 1831 he went to London, and assisted Edward Hodges Baily [q. v.], who continued to employ him occasionally for several years. He was at the same time a student at the Royal Academy. He exhibited in 1833 ‘Phaeton;’ in 1834 ‘Satan in search of the Earth,’ bas-relief; in 1835 ‘Sorrow,’ a monumental group. On 10 Dec. 1835 he gained the gold medal for his group, ‘Mezentius tying the Living to the Dead,’ which was exhibited in 1836. Among his other exhibits at the Royal Academy were several busts; ‘Grief,’ a bas-relief, 1839; ‘Psyche,’ 1842; ‘Hercules and Lycas,’ 1843. With the last-named group he won the travelling studentship of the Royal Academy, and went to Rome in the same year. In 1845 he completed a fine life-sized group, ‘Instruction,’ which was almost totally destroyed in the wreck of the vessel which was bringing it to England. At the time of his death Timbrell was engaged upon two statues for the new Houses of Parliament, and a life-sized statue of Queen Victoria in marble. He died of pleurisy at Rome on 10 April 1849.
His brother, James C. Timbrell (1810–1850), painter, exhibited three pictures of domestic subjects at the Royal Academy and five at the British Institution between 1830 and 1848. He died at Portsmouth on 5 Jan. 1850.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Royal Academy Catalogues; Art Journal, 1849, p. 198.]
C. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tilson, Henry

​TILSON, HENRY (1659–1695), portrait-painter, born in Yorkshire in 1659, was son of Nathaniel Tilson, and grandson of Henry Tilson (1576–1655), bishop of Elphin and formerly chaplain to the Earl of Strafford in Ireland. Tilson studied portrait-painting under Sir Peter Lely [q. v.], and worked for him. After Lely's death in 1680, Tilson went to Italy with Michael Dahl [q. v.], and they each painted the other's portrait while at Rome and exchanged them. On his return to England Tilson obtained some repute as a painter of portraits in oil and crayons, but in the stiff and heavy manner of the period. Being well connected, he was in the way of a successful career, when he shot himself, in 1695, at the age of thirty-six, through disappointment in love. A portrait group of his father, Nathaniel Tilson, and family, and Tilson's own portrait by himself are in the possession of the representative of the family, ​Henry Tilson Shaen Carter, esq., of Watlington House, Oxfordshire. They were exhibited at the National Portrait Exhibition, South Kensington, in 1867.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, ed. Wornum; Granger's Biogr. Hist. iv. 334. For the grandfather see Cotton's Fasti Eccl. Hib. ii. 42–3, iv. 126–6.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Aumonier, James

​AUMONIER, JAMES (1832–1911), landscape painter, born in Camberwell on 9 April 1832, was son of Henry Collingwood Aumonier, a jeweller, by his wife, Nancy Frances, daughter of George Stacy. The family was of French descent. A younger brother did excellent work as an engraver, and a nephew, Stacy Aumonier, became a landscape painter and decorative designer. James's childhood was spent at Highgate and High Barnet, and at fourteen he was placed in a business which was little to his taste. For some time he attended the evening classes, first at the Birkbeck Institution, then known as the Mechanics' Institute, and subsequently at South Kensington, where he worked with such application that he soon found employment as a designer of calicoes in a London firm.
Meanwhile he used all his spare time to practise landscape painting out of doors, working in the early morning hours in the cloisters of Westminster and in Kensington Gardens, and later in Epping Forest. He exhibited for the first time at the Royal Academy in 1871, but continued his work in the factory until after 1873, when Sir Newton Mappin purchased a picture shown by Aumonier at the Royal Academy, 'An English Cottage; Home.' The title is typical of the class of subject that appealed most forcibly to Aumonier. He devoted himself almost exclusively to the painting of the peaceful English countryside, and showed a special preference for the ward golden tints of autumn and of the late afternoon. A true lover of nature, he took her facts as he found (lion, without imposing upon her his own ideas of pictorial fitness. Aumonier never left England until 1891, when he visited Venice and the Venetian Alps, but he always preferred to find his subjects in his own country.
He became associate of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-colours in 1876, and was one of the original members of the Institute of Oil Painters. In 1889 he was awarded a gold medal for water-colour in Paris, and a bronze medal for oil painting at Adelaide. He also received a silver medal at the Brussels exhibition in 1897. An exhibition of his water-colour drawings was held at the Leicester Galleries in 1908, and another of his work in oils as well at the Goupil Gallery in March 1912. Among his best pictures are 'When the Tide is Out,' 'The Silver Lining of the Cloud' (both in the Royal Academy of 1895), 'In the Fen Country,' 'The Old Sussex Farmstead,' 'Sunday Evening,' and, above all, 'Sheep Washing,' now in the Chantrey bequest collection at the Tate Gallery, which also owns his 'Black Mountains.' He is represented, too, in the municipal galleries of Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Sheffield, Oldham, Adelaide, and Perth (Western Australia).
Aumonier died in London on 4 Oct. 1911, and his remains were cremated at Woking. He married in 1863 Amelia Wright, and had two sons and two daughters. A sketch portrait in oils by James Charles [q. v. Suppl. II] was executed in 1900.
[Studio, vol. xx. 1900; Morning Post, Oct. 1911; private information.]
P. G. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Austen Leigh, Augustus

​AUSTEN LEIGH, AUGUSTUS (1840–1905), thirty-second provost of King's College, Cambridge, born at Scarlets, Berkshire, on 17 July 1840, was sixth son of J. Edward Austen (after 1836 Austen Leigh, who died vicar of Bray (Berks) in 1874) and of Emma (d. 1876), daughter of Charles Smith, M.P., of Suttons in Essex. Austen Leigh entered Eton as a colleger in 1852; in 1858-9 he played cricket for the school. In 1859 he entered King's College, Cambridge, as a scholar on the foundation, gained a Browne medal for Latin ode, and a members' prize for Latin essay in 1862, graduated as fourth classic in 1863, and proceeded M.A. in 1866. He became fellow of his college in 1862, was ordained deacon by the bishop of Lincoln (visitor of the college) in 1865, and from 1865 to 1867 was curate of Henley-on-Thames. He never proceeded to priest's orders. In 1867 he returned to King's College, where he passed the rest of his life, taking an active part in teaching and administrative work. From 1868 to 1881 he was tutor, dean in 1871-3 and again in 1882-5, and from 1877 to 1889 vice-provost. On the death of Richard Okes [q. v.] he was elected provost (9 Feb. 1889). In 1876-80 and again in 1886-90 he was a member of the council of the senate, and in 1893-5 he served the office of vice-chancellor. ​Austen Leigh's work was that of an administrator, and his leading characteristics were fair-mindedness, courtesy, and unsparing industry. In the year in which he entered King's College, the old privilege of the foundation, in virtue of which Kingsmen were admitted to the degree of B.A. without passing any university examination, had been surrendered. This was only the first of a long series of reforms, which took shape in two successive bodies of statutes, ratified in 1861 and 1882 respectively. Under these the college, hitherto a close corporation of Eton collegers, was thrown open to the world. In the furthering of these reforms and in guiding their progress with justice and moderation, lay the principal achievement of Austen Leigh's life. As provost, he presided over the college with striking success during a period of its history remarkable for intellectual growth. He was an active member of the governing body of Eton College from 1889, and from 1890 did equally good service as a governor of Winchester College. Others of his interests are indicated by the fact that he was president of the Cambridge University Musical Society (from 1883), and of the university cricket club (from 1886). On 20 Jan. 1905 he died suddenly in his house at Cambridge of angina pectoris, and was buried at Grantchester. On 9 July 1889 he had married Florence Emma, eldest daughter of G. B. Austen Lefroy, but left no issue.
A portrait by the Hon. John Collier is in possession of his college. His only published work is a 'History of King's College' (in 'Cambridge University College Histories') 1899.
[Personal knowledge; Augustus Austen Leigh: a Record of College Reform, by W. Austen Leigh, 1906.]
M. R. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Ayerst, William

​AYERST, WILLIAM (1830–1904), divine, born at Dantzig on 16 March 1830, was eldest son of William Ayerst, vicar of Egerton, Kent. Educated at King's College, London (1847–9), he became in 1849 scholar and Lyon exhibitioner of Caius College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. with a third class in the classical tripos and junior optime in 1853, and M.A. in 1856. Ordained deacon in 1853 and priest in 1854, he served the curacies successively of All Saints, Gordon Square (1853–5), St. Paul's, Lisson Grove (1855–7), and St. Giles'-in-the-Fields (1857–9). Whilst working as a curate he won the Hulsean prize at Cambridge in 1855 and the Norrisian prize in 1858. In 1859 Ayerst went out to India as rector of St. Paul's School Calcutta. In 1861 he was appointed to a chaplaincy on the Bengal ecclesiastical establishment; served as senior chaplain with the Khyber field force from 1879 to 1881, and received the Afghan medal. Returning to London, he was appointed by the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews principal of its missionary college and minister of the Jews' Episcopal Chapel, Cambridge Heath, but accepted in 1882 the vicarage of Hungarton with Twyford and Thorpe Satchville, Leicestershire. In 1884 he opened at Cambridge a hostel, Ayerst Hall, designed to aid men of modest means in obtaining a university degree and theological training. He resigned his living in 1886, but served as curate of Newton, Cambridgeshire, from 1888 to 1890, and continued his work at Ayerst Hall until 1897.
In 1885 the church party in Natal, which had stood by Bishop Colenso after his deposition from the see of Natal, and continued after his death an independent ecclesiastical existence, formally applied to the English archbishops through the church council of Natal for the consecration of a successor to Colenso. The request was refused. After some delay, Ayerst accepted the offer of the bishopric, and again attempts were made to obtain consecration. This, in spite of Ayerst's persistency, was definitely refused by Archbishop Benson on 21 Oct. 1891. During his later years Ayerst lived quietly in London, where he died on 6 April 1904.
Ayerst married (1) in 1859 Helen Sarah Hough Drawbridge, by whom he had ten children, of whom three sons and a daughter survived him; and (2) in 1893 Annie Young Davidson. He published 'The Influence of Christianity on the Language of Modern Europe' (1856) and 'The Pentateuch its Own Witness' (1858).
[Guardian, 13 April 1904; A. C. Benson's Life of Edward White Benson, 1899, ii. 484–511; C. F. Pascoe, Two Hundred Years of the S.P.G., 1901, p. 334; Cambridge University Calendar; private information.]
A. R. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Asher, Alexander

​ASHER, ALEXANDER (1835–1905), solicitor-general for Scotland, born at Inveravon, Banffshire, in 1835, was son of William Asher, parish minister of Inverness. After education at Elgin Academy and at King's College, Aberdeen, he entered Edinburgh University, where he was a member of the Speculative Society (president 1863–5), but did not graduate. Passing to the Scottish baron 10 Dec. 1861, he gradually acquired a large practice, and became one of the most distinguished counsel of his day, his only rival being John Blair Balfour, first Baron Kinross [q. v. Suppl. II]. He took a leading part in numerous cases which attracted public attention, and he represented the United Free Church in litigation which ended in 1904 with the defeat of that body. A strong liberal in politics, he was appointed in 1870, during the Gladstone ministry of 1868–74, advocate-depute. At the general election of 1880 Asher was unsuccessful as liberal candidate for the Universities of ​Glasgow and Aberdeen; but in 1881 he was elected for the Elgin district of boroughs (in succession to Sir M. E. Grant Duff) and retained this seat for the rest of his life. He made no great mark in the House of Commons, where he followed Gladstone in his support of home rule. Meanwhile in 1881 he became Q.C., and was solicitor-general for Scotland during Gladstone's later ministries in the years 1881–5, 1886, and 1892–4. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the Universities of Aberdeen (1883) and of Edinburgh (1891). In 1894 he resigned office, ‘largely,’ it was said, ‘owing to the very inadequate remuneration then paid to the Scottish solicitor-general’ (The Times, 7 Aug. 1905), and in the following year was elected dean of the faculty of advocates. Suddenly taken ill in London on 4 July 1905, he died at Beechwood, near Edinburgh, on 5 Aug. following, and was buried in the churchyard of Corstorphine. Asher, who married in 1870 Caroline, daughter of the Rev. C. H. Gregan Craufurd, left no family. There is a portrait of him in the Parliament House at Edinburgh, painted, at the request of the Scottish bar, by Sir William Quiller Orchardson, R.A. [q. v. Suppl. II], in 1902.
[Scotsman and The Times, 7 Aug. 1905; Roll of Alumni in Univ. and King's Coll., Aberdeen, 1596–1860, p. 170; Hist. Speculative Soc. p. 150; Rolls of the Faculty of Advocates.]
G. W. T. O.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Plowden, Walter Chichele

​PLOWDEN, WALTER CHICHELE (1820–1860), consul in Abyssinia, youngest son of Trevor Chichele Plowden of the Bengal civil service, was born on 3 Aug. 1820, and educated at Dr. Evan's school, Hampstead. At the age of nineteen he entered the office of Messrs. Carr, Tagore, & Co., in Calcutta; but sedentary life was so uncongenial to him that he resigned in 1843, and embarked for England. At Suez he met Mr. J. T. Bell, and joined him in an expedition into Abyssinia to discover the sources of the White Nile. He remained in that country till 1847, and was shipwrecked in the Red Sea, on his way to England. In 1848 he was appointed consul in Abyssinia, with a mission to Ras Ali. He remained in the interior till February 1860, when he took leave of King Theodore. Near Gondar, on the Kaka river, he was attacked by a rebel chieftain, and was wounded and taken prisoner. He was ransomed by the authorities of Gondar on 4 March, and carried into the town, where he died of his injuries on 13 March 1860.
His manuscripts were forwarded to his brother, Trevor Chichele Plowden, by whom they were published as Travels in Abyssinia and the Galla Country, 8vo, London, 1868.
[Preface to the Travels, and information kindly supplied by Mr. Trevor C. Plowden.]
B. B. W.