OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fortunatus, Venantius Honorius Clementianus

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​FORTUNATUS, VENANTIUS HONORIUS CLEMENTIANUS (530–609), bishop of Poitiers, and the chief Latin poet of his time, was born near Ceneda in Treviso in 530. He studied at Milan and Ravenna, with the special object of excelling as a rhetorician and poet, and in 565 he journeyed to France, where he was received with much favour at the court of Sigbert, king of Austrasia, whose marriage with Brunhild he celebrated in an epithalamium. After remaining a year or two at the court of Sigbert he travelled in various parts of France, visiting persons of distinction, and composing short pieces of poetry on any subject that occurred to him. At Poitiers he visited Queen Radegunda, who lived there in retirement, and she induced him to prolong his stay in the city indefinitely. Here he also enjoyed the friendship of the famous Gregory of Tours and other eminent ecclesiastics. He was elected bishop of Poitiers in 599, and died about 609. The later poems of Fortunatus were collected in 11 books, and consist of hymns (including the Vexilla regis prodeunt, Englished by J. M. Neale as “The royal banners forward go”), epitaphs, poetical epistles, and verses in honour of his patroness Radegunda and her sister Agnes, the abbess of a nunnery at Poitiers. He also wrote a large poem in 4 books in honour of St Martin, and several lives of the saints in prose. His prose is stiff and mechanical, but most of his poetry has an easy rhythmical flow.
An edition of the works of Fortunatus was published by C. Brower at Fulda in 1603 (2nd ed., Mainz, 1617). The edition of M. A. Luschi (Rome, 1785) was afterwards reprinted in Migne’s Patrologiae cursus completus, vol. lxxxviii. See the edition by Leo and Krusch (Berlin, 1881–1885). There are French lives by Nisard (1880) and Leroux (1885).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Forty

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​FORTY, the cardinal number equal to four tens. The word is derived from the O. Eng. feówertig, a combination of feówer, four, and tig, an old form of “ten,” used as a suffix, cf. Icel. tiu, Dan. ti, ten, and Ger. vierzig, forty. The name “The Forty” has been given to various bodies composed of that number of members, particularly to a judicial body in ancient Athens, who tried small cases in the rural districts, and to a court of criminal jurisdiction and two civil appeal courts in the Venetian republic. The French Academy (see Academies) has also been known as “The Forty” or “The Forty Immortals.” The period just before the repeal of the corn laws in the United Kingdom is frequently alluded to, particularly by the free trade school, as the “hungry forties”; and the “roaring forties” is a sailor’s name for the stormy region between the 40th and 50th latitudes N. and S., but more particularly applied to the portion of the north Atlantic lying between those latitudes.
# Rodrigue v. Aetna Casualty And Surety Company

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United States Supreme Court
395 U.S. 352
Paulette Boudreaux RODRIGUE et al., Petitioners, v. AETNA CASUALTY AND SURETY COMPANY et al.
Argued: Feb. 25, 1969. --- Decided: June 9, 1969
Philip E. Henderson, Houma, La., for Petitioners.
James E. Diaz, Lafayette, La., for respondents.
Mr. Justice WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Red Ball Motor Freight, Inc. v. Shannon/Dissent Goldberg

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Dissenting Opinions Goldberg White
United States Supreme Court
377 U.S. 311
Red Ball Motor Freight, Inc. v. Shannon
Argued: April 28, 1964. --- Decided: June 1, 1964
Mr. Justice GOLDBERG, with whom Mr. Justice HARLAN, Mr. Justice STEWART and Mr. Justice WHITE join, dissenting.
I agree with the Court 'that § 203(c) merely codifies the primary business test,' ante, at 318, enunciated by the Commission in the Brooks case. I also agree that 'the primary business test * * *, as applied by the ICC, requires an analysis of the backhaul operation in the factual setting of each case.' Ante, at 317.
This is all that we need and should decide. The Court errs, in my view, in deciding the purely factual question of 'whether, applying the standards developed under the primary business test, appellees' backhauling of sugar was within the scope, and in furtherance, of a primary, noncarrier business.' Ante, at 318.
The primary responsibility for granting or denying enforcement of Commission orders is in the District Courts and not in this Court. 28 U.S.C. § 1336; cf. National Labor Relations Board v. Pittsburgh Steamship Co., 340 U.S. 498, 502, 71 S.Ct. 453, 455, 95 L.Ed. 479. The District Court in enjoining enforcement of the Commission's order in this case did not refer explicitly or implicitly to § 203(c) of the Act. It did not cite any cases enunciating the 'primary business test' as a basis for its decision. Moreover, the District Court did not discuss the facts upon which the Commission based its determination that appellees' backhaul transportation of sugar was not within the scope and in furtherance of a primary business enterprise other than transportation. See 219 F.Supp. 781; compare Unite States v. Drum, 368 U.S. 370, 385, 82 S.Ct. 408, 415.
Having determined, as the Court does, that § 203(c) codifies the primary business test, I would remand the case to the District Court for that court to decide the issue of unsubstantiality of the evidence under the proper test. Under this disposition of the case, the District Court would have to be mindful that this is the kind of case which 'belongs to the usual administrative routine' of the agency, Gray v.Powell, 314 U.S. 402, 411, 62 S.Ct. 326, 332, 86 L.Ed. 301, and that the Commission's application of the statutory test to the specific facts of this case 'is to be accepted if it has 'warrant in the record' and a reasonable basis in law.' National Labor Relations Board v. Hearst Publications, Inc., 322 U.S. 111, 131, 64 S.Ct. 851, 861, 88 L.Ed. 1170; United States v. Drum, supra, 368 U.S. at 386, 82 S.Ct. 416.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Red Ball Motor Freight, Inc. v. Shannon/Dissent White

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Dissenting Opinions Goldberg White
United States Supreme Court
377 U.S. 311
Red Ball Motor Freight, Inc. v. Shannon
Argued: April 28, 1964. --- Decided: June 1, 1964
Mr. Justice WHITE, dissenting.
I join the dissenting opinion of my Brother GOLDBERG. I add that the Court has failed to demonstrate how appellees' sugar business qualifies as a 'primary' business when it clears only 35 cents per 100 pounds of sugar over and above the cost of the sugar at Supreme, Louisiana. This is less than the normal costs of transportation from Supreme to San Antonio. No one without backhaul capacity could make a viable business out of selling Supreme sugar in the San Antonio market and appellees admit that they are 'backhauling to make a profit.' I therefore cannot view the sugar business as a bona fide primary business to which a private transportation operation is only an incident. It would be more appropriate to say that this catch-as-catch-can sugar business is wholly incidental to an otherwise empty backhaul.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orbetello

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​ORBETELLO, a town of Tuscany, Italy, in the province of Grosseto, 24 m. S. by E. of Grosseto by rail, 13 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901) 4188 (town), 5335 (commune). It is situated on a tongue of land projecting westward into a lagoon which is enclosed on the W. and S. by two long narrow sandy spits, and on the seaward (S.W.) side by the peninsula of Monte Argentario. A causeway connecting the town with this peninsula was built across the lagoon in 1842. On every side except the landward (E.) side the town is enclosed by an ancient terrace wall of polygonal work, and tombs have been discovered in the vicinity and even within the town itself. On the N. side of the promontory are the remains of a Roman villa partly below sea-level. The town must thus occupy an ancient site, the name of which is unknown. The town still has the bastions which the Spaniards built during the period (1557–1713) when they were masters of this corner of Italy. There is a large convict prison with which is connected another at Porto Ercole, on the east side of the peninsula. The mother house of the Passionist order crowns an eminence of Monte Argentario, now strongly fortified. The salt-water lagoon (11 sq. m. in extent), in the middle of which the town stands, abounds in white fish, soles and eels. On the eastern edge of the Monte Argentario is an active manganese iron ore mine, yielding some 30,000 tons per annum.
After the fall of the Republic of Siena, when the territory of Siena passed to Tuscany, Philip II. of Spain retained Orbetello, Talamone, Monte Argentario and the island of Giannutri until 1713, under the name of the Reali Stati dei Presidii. There are still many Spanish names among the inhabitants of Orbetello. In 1713 this district passed by treaty to the emperor, in 1736 to the king of the two Sicilies, in 1801 to the kingdom of Etruria, and in 1814 to the grand-duchy of Tuscany.
See G. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria (London, 1883), ii. 240; M. Carmichael, In Tuscany (London, 1901), 283, sqq.  (T. As.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orchard

See also Orchard on Wikipedia; "Fruit and Flower Farming," in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed., 1911); and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ORCHARD (O. Eng. ort-geard, later orceard; a combination apparently of Lat. hortus, garden, and “yard” or “garth”), a piece of ground enclosed for the purposes of horticulture. The term was formerly used in a general way for a garden where herbs and fruit-trees were cultivated, but is now used exclusively for a piece of enclosed ground for fruit-trees only, and particularly for apples, pears, plums and cherries.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orbigny, Alcide Dessalines d'

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​ORBIGNY, ALCIDE DESSALINES D’(1802–1857), French palaeontologist, was born at Couërzon, Loire Inférieure, on the 6th of September 1802. He was educated at La Rochelle, where he became interested in the study of natural history, and in particular of zoology and palaeontology. His first appointment was that of travelling naturalist for the Museum of Natural History at Paris. In the course of his duties he proceeded in 1826 to South America, and gathered much information on the natural history and ethnology, the results being embodied in his great work Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale (1839–1842). Meanwhile he had decided to devote his time and energies to palaeontology, and he dealt in course of time with various invertebrata from foraminifera to crinoids and mollusca. In 1840 he commenced the publication of Paléontologie Française, ou description des fossiles de la France, a monumental work, accompanied by figures of the species. Eight volumes were published by him dealing with Jurassic and Cretaceous invertebrata, and since his death many later volumes have been issued. (See notes by C. D. Sherborn, “On the Dates of the Paléontologie Française of D’Orbigny,” Geol. Mag., 1899, p. 223.) Among his other works were Cours élementaire de paléontologie et de géologie stratigraphiques (3 vols., 1849–1852), and Prodrome de paléontologie stratigraphique (3 vols., 1850–1852). D’Orbigny introduced (1852) a methodical system of nomenclature for geological formations based partly on the English terms—thus Bathonian for the Great or Bath Oolite, Bajocian from Bajocea or Bayeux in Calvados for the Inferior Oolite. Many of these names have been widely adopted, but some are of too local application to be generally used. In 1853 he was appointed professor of palaeontology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris, but died four years later, on the 30th of June 1857, at Pierresitte, near St Denis.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orbilius, Pupillus

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​ORBILIUS, PUPILLUS, a Latin grammarian of the 1st century A.D., who had a school at Rome, where the poet Horace was one of his pupils. Horace (Epistles, ii.) criticizes his old schoolmaster and describes him as plagosus (a flogger), and Orbilius has become proverbial as a disciplinarian pedagogue.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orb

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​ORB, a circle or ring (Lat. orbis), hence a globe or disk or other spherical object. It is thus used, chiefly poetically, of any of the heavenly bodies, including the earth itself (Lat. orbis terrarum), or of the eye-ball or eye. The “orb,” also known as the “mound” (Lat. mundus, “world”), consisting of a globe surmounted by a cross, forms part of many regalia, being a symbol of sovereignty (see Regalia). In architecture the meaning to be attached to the word “orb” is doubtful. It is usually now taken to mean properly a blank or blind window, and thence a blank panel. If so the word represents Lat. orbus, “bereft of,” “orphaned,” fenestra orba luminis. It is also identified with a circular boss concealing the intersection of arches in a vault.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orchestrion

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​ORCHESTRION, a name applied to three different kinds of instruments, (1) A chamber organ, designed by Abt. Vogler at the end of the 18th century, which in a space of 9 cub. ft. contained no less than 900 pipes, 3 manuals of 63 keys each and 39 pedals (see Harmonium). (2) A pianoforte with organ pipes attached, invented by Thomas Anton Kunz of Prague in 1791. This orchestrion comprised two manuals of 65 keys and 25 pedals, all of which could be used either independently or coupled. There were 21 stops, 230 strings and 360 pipes which produced 105 different combinations. The bellows were worked either by hand or by machinery. (3) A mechanical instrument, automatically played by means of revolving cylinders, invented in 1851 by F. T. Kaufmann of Dresden. It comprises a complete wind orchestra, with the addition of kettle-drums, side-drums, cymbals and triangle. (K. S.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mercadier

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​MERCADIER (d. 1200), French warrior of the 12th century, and chief of freebooters in the service of Richard I. of England. In 1183 he operated for Richard, then duke of Aquitaine, in the Limousin and the Angoumois, taking castles and laying waste the country. We know nothing of him during the ten years 1184–1194, but after Richard’s return from Palestine, Mercadier accompanied him everywhere, travelling and fighting by his side. Richard eulogized Mercadier’s exploits in his letters, and gave him the estates left by Adémar de Bainac, who died without heirs about 1190. During the various wars between Richard and Philip Augustus of France, Mercadier fought successively in Berry, Normandy, Flanders and Brittany. When Richard was mortally wounded at the siege of Châlus in March 1199, Mercadier avenged him by hanging the defenders of the château and flaying the crossbowman who had shot the king. Mercadier then entered the service of John, and ravaged Gascony. On Easter Monday, the 10th of April 1200, he was assassinated while on a visit to Bordeaux to pay his respects to Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was bringing from Spain Blanche of Castile. His murderer was an agent of Brandin, another freebooter in the service of John.
See Geraud, Mercadier, in Bibliothèque de l’École des Chartes, 1st series, t. iii., pp. 417–443.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Merchant

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​MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise), a trader, one who buys and sells goods for profit. The term is now usually confined to a wholesale dealer or one who trades on an extended scale with foreign countries.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mercantile Agencies

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​MERCANTILE (or Commercial) AGENCIES, the name given in America to organizations designed to collect, record and distribute to regular clients information relative to the standing of commercial firms. In Great Britain and some European countries trade protective societies, composed of merchants and tradesmen, are formed for the promotion of trade, and members exchange information regarding the standing of business houses. These societies had their origin in the associations formed in the middle of the 19th century for the purpose of disseminating information regarding bankruptcies, assignments and bills of sale. The mercantile agency in the United States is a much more comprehensive organization. It came into existence after the financial crisis of 1837. Trade in the United States had become scattered over a wide territory. Communication was slow, and the town merchant was without adequate information as to the standing of many business men seeking credit. Undoubtedly the severity of the collapse of 1837 was due in part to the insufficiency of this information. New York merchants, who had suffered so severely, determined to organize a headquarters where reports regarding the standing of customers could be exchanged. Lewis Tappan (1788–1873), founder of the Journal of Commerce (1828) and a prominent anti-slavery leader, undertook the work, and established in New York, in 1841, the Mercantile Agency, the first organization of its kind. The system has been wonderfully developed and extended since.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mercaptans

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​MERCAPTANS (Thio-alcohols), organic chemical compounds of the type R.SH (R＝an alkyl group). The name is derived from mercurium captans, in allusion to the fact that these compounds react readily with mercuric oxide to form crystalline mercury derivatives. The mercaptans may be prepared by the action of the alkyl halides on an alcoholic solution of potassium hydrosulphide; by the reduction of the sulpho-chlorides, e.g. C$_2$H$_5$SO$_2$Cl (chlorides of sulphonic acids), by heating the salts of esters of sulphuric acid with potassium hydrosulphide, and by heating the alcohols with phosphorus pentasulphide. They are colourless liquids, which are insoluble in water and possess a characteristic offensive smell. On oxidation by nitric acid they yield sulphonic acids. They combine with aldehyde’s and ketones, with elimination of water and formation of mercaptals and mercaptols. (See Sulphonal.)
Methyl mercaptan, CH$_3$.SH, is a liquid which boils at 5·8° C. (752 mm.), and forms a crystalline hydrate with water. Ethyl mercaptan, C$_2$H$_5$.SH, is a colourless liquid which boils at 36·2° C. It is used commercially in the preparation of sulphonal (q.v.). The mercury salt, Hg(SC$_2$H$_5$)$_2$, crystallizes from alcohol in plates. When heated with alcohol to 190° C. it decomposes into mercury and ethyldisulphide.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mercenary

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MERCENARY (Lat. mercenarius, from merces, reward, gain), one who serves or acts solely for motives of personal gain, particularly a soldier who offers himself for service in any army which may hire him. The name is sometimes used as a term of reproach by nations who raise their armies by conscription, of armies raised by voluntary enlistment whose members are paid a more or less living wage.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mercer

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​MERCER (through Fr. mercier, from popular Lat. mercerius, a dealer, merx, merces, merchandise), a dealer in the more costly textiles, especially in silks and velvets. The word formerly had a wider meaning. Mercery, according to W. Herbert (History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies, 1834), “comprehended all things sold by retail by the ‘little balance’ or small scales (in contradistinction to the things sold by the ‘beam’ or in gross), and included not only toys, together with haberdashery and various other articles connected with dress, but also spices and drugs.” Many of the articles in which they dealt fell later within the sphere of other trades; thus the trade in the smaller articles of dress was taken over by the haberdashers (q.v.). The trade in silk seems to have been originally in the hands of the “silkmen and throwsteres.” The Mercers’ Company is the first in precedence of the twelve great livery companies of the city of London, and is also the wealthiest both in trust and corporate property. The first charter was obtained in 1393, but the mercers appear to have been formed into a gild much earlier. Herbert finds the mercers as patrons of a charity a few years after 1172, and one Robert Searle, who was mayor in 1214, was a “mercer.” A further charter was granted in 1424, with the right to use a common seal. The history of the company is closely connected with the name of Richard Whittington (q.v.), and later with that of Dean Colet, who chose the company as the manager of St Paul’s School. (See Livery Companies.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Palate

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​PALATE (Lat. palatum, possibly from the root of pascere, to feed), the roof of the mouth in man and vertebrate animals. The palate is divided into two parts, the anterior bony “hard palate” (see Mouth), and the posterior fleshy “soft palate” (see Pharynx). For the malformation consisting in a longitudinal fissure in the roof of the mouth, see Cleft Palate.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Palatka

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​PALATKA, a city and the county-seat of Putnam county, Florida, U.S.A., in the N.E. part of the state, on the W. bank of the St John’s river, about 100 m. from its mouth, and at the head of deep-water navigation. Pop. (1905, state census), 3950. Palatka is served by the Georgia Southern & Florida (of which it is the southern terminal), the Atlantic Coast Line, and the Florida East Coast railways, and also has connexion by water with Baltimore, New York and Boston. Palatka is situated in a rich agricultural, orange-growing and timber region, for which it is the distributing centre. Large quantities of cypress lumber are shipped from Palatka. Palatka was incorporated as a town in 1853, and in 1872 was chartered as a city.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Palaver

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​PALAVER (an adaptation of Port, palavra, a word or speech; Ital. parola; Fr. parole, from the Low Lat. parabola, a parable, story, talk; Gr. παραβολή, literally “comparison”; the Low Lat. parabolare, “to talk,” gives Fr. parler, “to speak,” whence “parley,” “parliament,” &c.), the name used by the Portuguese traders on the African coast for their conversations and bargaining with the natives. It was introduced into English in the 18th century through English sailors frequenting the Guinea coast. It has now passed into general use among the negroes of West and West Central Africa for any conference, either among themselves or with foreigners. From the amount of unnecessary talk characteristic of such meetings with natives, the word is used of any idle or cajoling talk.