# The Periplus of Hanno/Chapter 4

CARTHAGINIAN CHRONOLOGY
| | b. c. |
| Migration of the Phœnicians from the Persian Gulf to South Arabia and the Mediterranean, about | 2800 |
| Phœnician cities on the Mediterranean subject alternately to Babylon and Egypt. Rise of Assyria, about | 1300 |
| Greek activity and extension of Israel; fall of Troy, about | 1183 |
| Temporary weakness of both Assyria and Egypt makes possible the independence and alliance of Israel and Phœnicia, | 1049-976 |
| Phœnician colonies westward, about | 1000 |
| Founding of Carthage, about | 878 |
| At this period the Semitic commercial system centering in Mesopotamia, Phœnicia and Carthage controlled the trade of the world; continued expansion of Greece, and foundation of Greek colonies in Asia Minor and the Black Sea and westward in Italy, Sicily and Gaul, | 800-600 |
| Founding of Rome, | 753 |
| Decline of Assyria under this competition, | 650 |
| Greek colony established at Cyrene in North Africa, | 631 |
| Greek commercial agency established on the Nile, | 630 |
| Fall of Nineveh, | 606 |
| Extension of Carthaginian dominions in Africa, Sicily and Sardinia, | 550 |
| Defeat of the Carthaginians by the Greeks, | 539 ​ |
| Fall of Babylon and rise of the Persian Empire, | 538 |
| War between Carthage and Syracuse for the possession of Sicily, | 533 |
| Change of Carthaginian policy toward African tribes and enforcement of tribute, | 533 |
| Rome under Etruscan kings extends its dominion in Italy, | 528 |
| Egypt conquered by the Persians, | 525 |
| Cyrene, and Africa as far as the Carthaginian possessions, conquered by the Persians, | 524 |
| Invasion of Italy by the Gauls, | 520 |
| Northern India conquered by the Persians, | 512 |
| Expulsion of the Tarquins and establishment of the Republic of Rome, | 509 |
| The Persians advance into Thrace, | 505 |
| Persian advance continues into Greece until checked by the defeat of Marathon, | 490 |
| Second effort of the older civilization against Greece under Xerxes, this time employing all its forces from India in the east to Carthage in the west, ends in double victory by the Greeks over the Carthaginians at Himera in Sicily and over the Persians at Salamis, | 480 |
| Battle of Plataea; expulsion of the Persians from Greece, | 479 |
| Probable date of the voyage of Hanno, marking the decline of Carthaginian supremacy in the northern Mediterranean and the movement to extend its trade westward by the Atlantic Ocean, | 470 |
| At this period Carthage was by far the richest city on the Mediterranean. |
| Invasion of Italy by the Gauls, capture and destruction of Rome, | 390 |
| Defeat of the Etruscans by the Romans, | 310 |
| Defeat of the Samnites, Nubians and Gauls by the Romans, | 295 |
| Invasion of Italy by Pyrrhus and his defeat by the Romans, | 280-275 |
| Basis of Roman wealth and power laid by the capture and sack of Tarentum, | 272 |
| First Punic war ending in the loss of Sicily to Rome, | 264-241 |
| Second Punic war ending in the loss of Spain, Sardinia and Corsica to Rome, | 218-201 |
| Third Punic war ending in the total destruction of Carthaginian power, | 145-146 |
| Capture and destruction of both Carthage and Corinth and transfer of their wealth to Rome, | 146 ​ |
| | a.d. |
| Steady advance of Roman power in all directions ending with complete possession of the Mediterranean at the death of Augustus, | 13 |
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