OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rheingold, Das

See also Das Rheingold on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Rheingold (rīn′gōlt), Das. The prelude of Wagner's tetralogy of The Niebelungen Ring. First performance at Munich, Sept. 22, 1869, under the direction of Franz Wüllner, whose tact and ability successfully overcame the difficulties attending its first production. The poem, Das Rheingold, was not written until after Siegfried and Die Walküre had been dramatised. The music was completed in May of 1854. An exceptional number of instruments is required by the score. For instance, where ordinarily two or four horns would suffice, Wagner uses eight. The band of brass instruments is enlarged, with wonderful effects in sonority. At the close of The Rhinegold six harps are used in the rainbow scene. The full score was published in 1873.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rhinoceros

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​ Rhinoceros (rī́-nṓs′ḗ-rŏs), a thick-skinned animal with a horned snout, confined to tropical Africa and Asia. There are two species in Africa and three in Asia. The African species embrace a two-horned and a one-horned variety. The latter is the wide-mouthed rhinoceros, sometimes called white, although its skin is of a slaty color. It is the largest of the family, a full-grown male, according to Selous the celebrated hunter, standing six and one half feet high at the shoulders. The largest of the Asiatic species also has a single horn. It is ten feet long and five feet high at the shoulders. There are enormous folds in the skin which appear like huge plates of armor. Another form, inhabiting Sumatra, has two horns on the snout. The horn is a powerful weapon. Besides being used in attack, it is strong enough to root up small trees, which the animal sometimes does, for the sake of the fruit and foliage. They are shot with iron and tin bullets, as the hide is so tough that leaden bullets will not penetrate it.
INDIAN RHINOCEROS
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rhizoids

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​ Rhizoids (rī′zoids). Usually hair-like outgrowths from plant-bodies which act as holdfasts and, often, as absorbing organs. The name means root-like, but the similarity is by no means one of structure, but rather one of general function in relation to the outside world. Rhizoids are mostly developed by the lower plants, as, for example, in connection with the anchoring of sea-weeds, on the underside of the thallus-bodies of liverworts, from the base of the erect moss-plants, from the under side of the prothallium of ferns etc.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rhode Island

See also Rhode Island on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Rhode Island, one of the original thirteen states and the smallest state in area in the American Union. Its greatest length from north to south is between 40 and 50 miles, and its width is less than 40, its land-area being but little over 1,050 square miles. It is bounded on the north and east by Massachusetts, on the south by the Atlantic and on the west by Connecticut. The state is divided into five counties, its principal cities being Providence (the capital), Newport, Central Falls, Pawtucket and Woonsocket. Narragansett Bay, which occupies the southeastern quarter of the state, contains a number of beautiful islands, on the largest of which, named Rhode Island, is Newport, a famous summer-resort, ​formerly one of the two capitals. The country is hilly, and the soil rough and stony, being chiefly devoted to pasturage and orchards. The minerals consist of building-stone, talc, lime and graphite. The principal rivers are the Paw tucket, Blackstone and Pawcatuk In the main they supply waterpower for the numerous factories.
Rhode Island is a manufacturing state, having nearly 300 million dollars invested in various enterprises. The principal lines of industry are cotton, woolen and knit-goods factories. There also are dyeing and finishing establishments; foundry and machine-shop products and rubber and elastic goods are manufactured. Much cheap jewelry is made, and no better solid silverware is manufactured in the United States than in Rhode Island. The fisheries employ about 2,000 people and have a valuation of one million dollars annually. It was at Pawtucket in 1790 that the first cottonspinning works in the United States were established. Educationally the state does most creditably, expending nearly two million dollars a year. The pupils enrolled number 80,110, and the average daily attendance is 61,487. It has 247 high-school teachers and 6,021 high-school pupils. The state maintains a normal school with 38 teachers and an agricultural school with a faculty of 25. At Providence is Brown University (q. v.). There are a state sanitarium for consumptives, a state home and school for children, institutions for the deaf and insane, a state work-house, house of correction, a state-prison and many benevolent establishments.
Rhode Island was settled in 1636 by Roger Williams (q. v.) and his Baptist companions, who were expelled from the Puritan colony in Massachusetts on account, partly, of their religious opinions. It is also believed to have been the Vinland of the Norsemen, who explored its coast in the 10th century. Population 542,610.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Rhine

See also Rhine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Rhine, the most important river in Germany and one of the most noted in the world, takes its rise in Switzerland, and, after a northerly course of about 850 miles, empties into the German Ocean. The area drained by the Rhine and its feeders is estimated at nearly 100,000 square miles. It is divided into the Upper, Middle and Lower Rhine, the first being the river from its source to Basel, the second its course from Basel to Cologne and the third its course from Cologne through the Netherlands to the sea, into which it empties by mouths forming an extensive delta. Canals connect the Rhine with the Rhône, the Danube and other rivers, opening lines of communication with France and Belgium on one side and with the Netherlands and every part of Germany on the other. The delta, most of which lies below the sea, has to be protected by strong embankments or dikes, the principal ones rising 25 or 30 feet above the lowest level of the river.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vandals

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​Vandals, a race of European barbarians who contributed very largely to the overthrow of the Roman empire. They made their first appearance as an historic people in the 26. century A. D., and in the first part of the 5th century, in company with the Suevi, Alani and other German tribes, invaded Gaul and ravaged and wasted it for three or more years. In 429 they crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, 50,000 to 80,000 strong under their leader Genseric, and carried devastation and ruin over northern Africa from the shores of the Atlantic to the frontiers of Cyrene. In 439 Genseric broke the peace which he had concluded with Valentinian III and conquered Carthage, when a new peace was concluded which recognized the authority of the Vandals over northern Africa and also over Sardinia, Corsica and part of Italy. In 455 the Vandals captured Rome and plundered it for several days. The manner in which they mutilated and destroyed the works of art collected in the city has caused the term vandalism to be applied to all similar acts of barbarity. After the death of Genseric his son, Hunneric, cruelly persecuted the orthodox Christians and kept the Mediterranean in almost constant alarm by his piracies. The Vandals continued to occupy northern Africa until 533, when the emperor, Justinian, sent an expedition against them under the great general, Belisarius, with the result that they were completely conquered, and their chieftain, Gelimer, was captured and carried to Constantinople in triumph. Most of the Vandals were then drafted into the Roman army and "used up" in the wars with Persia, the few who remained in Africa rapidly disappearing among the natives.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vanderbilt, Cornelius

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​Van′derbilt, Cornelius (commonly called Commodore Vanderbilt), was born on Staten Island, N. Y., May 27, 1794. At the early age of 16 he showed signs of his genius and enterprise by running a boat of his own between New York and the island, and at 23 had accumulated nearly $10,000. In the year 1817 he associated himself with Thomas Gibbons in running the first steamer between New York and New Brunswick, N. J., serving as captain for several years. In 1829 he withdrew from the management of Gibbons' steamers, and for more than 20 years afterward built and operated steamers of his own from New York to various points, all of which proved very profitable. In 1851 he established a line from New York to San Francisco, which he sold to a company of which he himself became president two years later. During the Civil War he presented the government with his finest steamship, The Vanderbilt, which cost nearly $1,000,000, and about the close of the war withdrew his capital—amounting to many millions—from steamships and invested it in the stock of various railroads. He soon had control of the New York Central, the Harlem, the Erie and other roads, all of which he conducted with consummate ability and made more and more profitable. In 1873 he gave $1,000,000 to the endowment of Vanderbilt University at Nashville, Tenn., for the education of southern youth. He died at his home in New York, Jan. 4, 1877, having bequeathed the bulk of his estate to his son, William H. Vanderbilt.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vanderbilt University

See also Vanderbilt University on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Vanderbilt University, a coeducational institution founded in 1872 at Nashville, Tenn., as the Central University of the M. E. Church South, the name being changed to its present one in the following year, in honor of Cornelius Vanderbilt's gift of a million dollars to it, since supplemented by other monetary donations from members of the Vanderbilt family and by contributions from the Nashville citizens. It has a fine equipment in buildings, laboratories etc., besides college-grounds 75 acres in extent. The university prepares for the bachelor's degree in arts, divinity, law, engineering and science; for the M. A. degree in arts, science and pharmacy; and for the doctor's degree in philosophy, science and medical and dental surgery; besides courses with degrees in civil, mechanical and mining engineering. Its teaching staff, with the faculty, numbers 125; while in 1910 it had an attendance of 985 students.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vanderlyn, John

See also John Vanderlyn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Vanderlyn (vǎn′dẽr-lĭn), John, an "American painter, was born at Kingston, N. Y., Oct. 15, 1776, and, after taking lessons in painting from Gilbert Stuart, visited Paris at the age of 20 and studied his art in that city for a number of years. He returned home in 1801, but in 1803 made another journey to Europe, where he remained till 1815. Among his works executed while in Europe were The Murder of Jane McCrea by the Indians and Marius sitting among the Ruins of Carthage. His Landing of Columbus can be seen in the rotunda of the national capitol, and his portrait of Washington in the hall of the house of representatives. He died at Kingston, N. Y., Sept. 23, 1852.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vane, Sir Henry

* related portals: Henry Vane the Younger.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
See also the disclaimer.
​ Vane, Sir Henry, was born at London in 1612, and was educated at Oxford, where he appears to have embraced the republican principles for which he became so famous. His travels in France and Switzerland strongly confirmed him in his opposition to the Church of England; and in 1635 he sailed for New England—the refuge of freedom-loving spirits in those days. He was chosen governor of Massachusetts, but his supposed heretical opinions soon destroyed his popularity among the Puritan settlers, and after a residence of a year or two in the new colony he returned home and entered upon a political career. When the war between Charles I and Parliament broke out, no man was more active among the leaders of Parliament than Vane. In 1646 Vane was one of the English commissioners for the preservation of peace with Scotland, and in 1648 was appointed to negotiate with Charles I at the Isle of Wight. But he did not view with satisfaction the increasing power of Cromwell and the army, and was strongly opposed to the execution of the king. His views as to the rights and powers of Parliament brought him into pretty sharp conflict with Cromwell, who is said to have exclaimed, when he dissolved his Parliament in 1653: "The Lord deliver me from Sir Harry Vane!" When the restoration of Charles II took place, Vane was one of the 20 persons exempted from the act of general amnesty; and in July, 1660, he was arrested and committed to the Tower. Two years later he was brought to trial at London, and, although he defended himself with great ability and eloquence he was found guilty and condemned to death. In response to a petition that Vane's life should be spared, Charles wrote to Clarendon, declaring that he is "too dangerous a man to let live, if we can honestly put him out of the way." He was accordingly beheaded on June 14, 1662.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Varnish

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​ Var′nish, a solution of some resinous material in any proper solvent, alcohol and oils being the ones chiefly employed. The solution must be of such a consistency as to be thinly and smoothly spread over the surface intended to be varnished, so that, when it dries, it will leave a thin, resinous coating, which is either glossy or can be made so by mechanical polishing.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vauxhall

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Vauxhall (vâks-hâl' ), a famous public garden in London, established immediately after the Restoration in 1660 and continuing for nearly two centuries. It was situated in Lambeth, opposite Milbank and near the manor called Fulke's Hall, from which it derived the name of Vauxhall. The loose character of the amusements it afforded is freely sketched by the novelists and dramatists of the last century, and is further sketched in Thackeray's Vanity Fair.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vanilla

See also Vanilla on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
VANILLA
Vanil′la, the generic as well as the common name of plants which yield the aromatic extract of commerce. The genus is a member of the orchid family, and is native to Mexico and Brazil, and is cultivated in various tropical countries. The aromatic extract is obtained from the long pods, known as vanilla beans, and their seeds.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vasari, Giorgio

See also Giorgio Vasari on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Vasari, Giorgio (jōr′jō vä-zä′rḗ), an Italian architect, painter and writer, was born in Tuscany in 1511, and died at Florence in 1574. He studied under Signorelli, Michael Angelo and Sarto. He had great architectural ability, and his Arezzo church and Uffizzi palace stand beside the best buildings of their time. His paintings, however, have every fault of the late Florentine style. His Lives of Painters, Sculptors and Architects have great value and singular charm, though he made many mistakes about the earlier artists and perhaps was prejudiced in favor of his fellow-Tuscans. The work has frequently been translated and is delightful reading.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Varro, Marcus Terentius

See also Marcus Terentius Varro on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Var′ro, Mar′cus Terentius, "the most learned of the Romans," was born at the Sabine town of Reate in 116 B. C., and received his education first under Præsconinus and then under Antiochus, a philosopher of the Academy. He served with distinction against Mithradates, king of Pontus, and also against the Mediterranean pirates, but afterwards, as legate of Pompey in Spain, he was compelled to surrender his forces to Julius Cæsar. He continued to share the fortunes of Pompey till after his defeat at Pharsalia, when he was pardoned by Cæsar and employed by him to collect and arrange the great library designed for the public. When the second triumvirate was formed by Antony, Lepidus and Octavian, his name was on the list of the proscribed, but, after some time spent in concealment, he was received under the protection of Octavian, and the remainder of his life was spent in the prosecution of his studies. He died in 28 B. C. Varro was not only the most learned of the Romans, but the most prolific Roman author. He himself confesses to have written no less than 490 books; but only two have survived, and one of these only in a fragmentary state.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Æschines

See also Aeschines on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Æschines (ēs′ki-nēz), a noted Athenian orator, the rival and opponent of Demosthenes. After a varied career, as an actor on the stage and a public speaker of great eloquence, he was exiled and settled in Rhodes. Here he founded a school of eloquence. Three of his orations have come down to us, perhaps the most famous being that Against Ctesiphon. He died in Samoa 314 B. C., at the age of 76.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Æsop

See also Aesop on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Æsop (ē′sop), a Greek writer of fables, born about 620 B. C. He was sold as a slave at Athens, but was freed by his master. He gained great reputation as a writer, and was invited by Crœsus, king of Lydia, to live at his court. He was sent by Crœsus, about 564 B. C., to the temple of Apollo at Delphi, where he angered the Delphians by his sarcasm and was thrown from a precipice. His real works have probably been destroyed, the fables which bear his name having been written by later authors.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Æsthetics

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​Æsthetics (ēs-thet′-iks), a term signifying perceptible to the senses, and denoting the science of the beautiful in nature and the fine arts (Greek, æsthetikos). The term aesthetics, though a modern German one, is one which, in its meaning, was familiar to the ancient Greek philosophers, especially to Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. What they meant by the term was the quality in the beautiful that produces to the mind as well as to the eye a certain pleasing effect and a refined pleasure. When we speak of æsthetic ideas, studies or emotions we mean those things that appeal to our sense of the beautiful, or that treat of the expression and embodiment of beauty by art. See Schiller’s Treatise on Æsthetics; Cousin on The True, the Beautiful and the Good, and Alison’s essay on The Nature and Principle of Taste.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Œdipus

See also Oedipus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Œdipus (ĕd′ĭ-pŭs), a hero in Greek legend, whose story is the subject of some of the finest tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides. He was the son of Laius, king of Thebes, who, having learned from an oracle that his own son would kill him, exposed him at his birth. He was discovered by a herdsman, named Œdipus from his swollen feet, and brought up by the king of Corinth as his own son. Learning from an oracle that he was to kill his father and marry his mother, he went to Thebes to escape his fate. Drawing near the city, he met the chariot of the king and was ordered out of the way, which brought on a quarrel in which he slew his father, not knowing him. The Thebans offered the kingdom and, the hand of the queen to whoever would deliver them from the Sphinx, who proposed to all who passed her a riddle, putting to death those who could not solve it. Œdipus offered himself, and she asked: “What being has four feet, two feet and three feet and only one voice; but whose feet vary, and when it has the most, is weakest?” Œdipus answered: “Man,” at which the Sphinx threw herself headlong from the rock where she sat. Œdipus thus became king and the husband of his mother. When a plague devastated the country, the oracle promised relief when the murderer of Laius should be banished, and Œdipus learned from a seer that he had fulfilled the prediction of the oracle and killed his father, and for a wife had his mother. In horror he put out his eyes, while his mother hanged herself. He wandered away with his daughter, Antigone, and near Athens was taken from earth by the Eumenides.
# The New Testament in the original Greek - Introduction and Appendix (1882)

This is the companion volume to The New Testament in the original Greek which was published the prior year, 1881. This text expands upon the notes in the volume 1 preface to explain at length and in detail the goals and techniques driving the development of that text. The second part of this volume - Appendix - is skipped currently in favor of publishing the Introduction.
THE NEW TESTAMENT
IN THE ORIGINAL GREEK
INTRODUCTION
APPENDIX
THE NEW TESTAMENT
IN THE
ORIGINAL GREEK
THE TEXT REVISED BY
BROOKE FOSS WESTCOTT, D.D. CANON OF PETERBOROUGH, AND REGIUS PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY, CAMBRIDGE
AND
FENTON JOHN ANTHONY HORT, D.D. HULSEAN PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY, CAMBRIDGE
INTRODUCTION AND APPENDIX
BY THE EDITORS
NEW YORK HARPER & BROTHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE 1882
IPSA SUMMA IN LIBRIS OMNIS SALVA RES EST EX DEI PROVIDENTIA: SED TAMEN ILLAM IPSAM PROVIDENTIAM NON DEBEMUS EO ALLEGARE UT A LIMA QUAM ACCURATISSIMA DETERREAMUR. EORUM QUI PRAEDECESSERE NEQUE DEFECTUM EXAGITABIMUS NEQUE AD EUM NOS ADSTRINGEMUS; EORUM QUI SEQUENTUR PROFECTUM NEQUE POSTULABIMUS IN PRAESENTI NEQUE PRAECLUDEMUS IN POSTERUM: QUAELIBET AETAS PRO SUA FACULTATE VERITATEM INVESTIGARE ET AMPLECTI FIDELITATEMQUE IN MINIMIS ET MAXIMIS PRAESTARE DEBET.
BENGELMDCCXXXIV
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Æschylus

See also Aeschylus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Æschylus (ĕs′kĭ-lus) (525–456 B. C.), the earliest of the great Attic tragedians. He was born at Eleusis, of a noble family, and took an honorable part in the Persian war. His first efforts at tragedy are said to have been suggested by the god Bacchus, who appeared to him while asleep in the fields. At the age of 41 he won his first prize in the dramatic contests popular among the Athenians, and during his life ​
| Wright in flight in his aeroplane | Zeppelin Dirigible III |
| Bleriot monoplane ||
| Curtiss and his biplane ||
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ætna, Mount

See also Mount Etna on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ætna, Mount. See Etna.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Æsculapius

See also Asclepius on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Æsculapius (ĕs-ku-lā′pĭ-us), in Greek fable, the god of medicine and patron of physicians, called by Homer the Blameless Physician. He was the son of Apollo. He went about healing and raising from the dead until Pluto, god of the lower world, finding his kingdom was losing its people, appealed to Jupiter, who destroyed Æsculapius by a thunderbolt. Various temples were built in his honor. The most famous was at Epidaurus, where a peculiar breed of snakes was believed to have received healing power from Æsculapius. During a pestilence the Greeks used to send for one of these serpents. The Romans also sent a solemn embassy to bring one of these healing snakes to their city, and later introduced the worship of Æsculapius at Rome. The priests of the temples of this god, called Æsclepiades, or sons of Æsculapius, were the only regular physicians of antiquity.