OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1927 supplement/Oppenheim, Lassa Francis Lawrence

​OPPENHEIM, LASSA FRANCIS LAWRENCE (1858–1919), jurist, was born near Frankfort-on-the-Main 30 March 1858, the third son of Aaron Oppenheim, by his wife, Adelheid Nossbaum, and was educated at the Frankfort gymnasium and at the universities of Göttingen, Berlin, Heidelberg, and Leipzig. From 1885 to 1891 he taught law in the university of Freiburg-im-Breisgau, and from 1891 to 1895 at Basle, being chiefly interested in criminal law; but in 1895 he settled in London, and henceforth devoted himself to the study of international law. He became naturalized in England in 1900. He lectured at the London School of Economics from 1898 to 1908, when he succeeded John Westlake [q.v.] in the Whewell chair of international law at Cambridge. He married in 1902 Elizabeth, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Phineas Cowan, and they had one daughter. He died at Cambridge 7 October 1919.
Oppenheim's chief work is International Law: A Treatise, of which the first volume, Peace, appeared in 1905, and the second, War and Neutrality, in 1906. It deservedly placed him among the foremost international jurists of his time, and was followed by his election to the Institut de Droit International, as associate in 1908, and as member in 1911. He belongs to the positive school of international jurists, who derive the rules of the science from custom and from the quasi-legislation of international conventions, and who regard it as the function of the jurist to ascertain and give precision to those rules, to criticize and suggest improvements, but not to create them, nor to select as valid only those of which he approves. Oppenheim protested against the tendency to deduce the law from phrases, too often uncritically accepted as self-evident truths; and he pleaded for the development among jurists of that wider sympathy with other nations which can only come from a study of their juristic systems and from the cultivation of an international outlook. He was joint author of the chapter on the laws of war on land in the official Manual of Military Law (sixth edition 1914) and was frequently consulted by the Foreign Office on points of international law.
The conduct of Germany in the European War horrified Oppenheim, and convinced him that the only hope of a better international order lay in the decisive victory of the Allies. He was not discouraged by the apparent overthrow of international law, pointing out that ​any case it affected only a relatively small part of the subject, the law of war, and revealed the paramount importance of a better organization of the peaceful relations of states. He strongly advocated a league of nations.
[The Times, 9 October 1919; British Year Book of International Law, 1920–1921; R. F. Roxburgh, Preface to Oppenheim's Treatise, containing a list of his writings on international law (third edition, 1920–1921); private information.]
J. L. B.
# Doctor Syn/Chapter 39

CHAPTER XXXIX
ECHOES
OFF the Malay peninsula lies the island of Penang. Upon the mountain outside the little town, and overlooking the sea, stands an ancient Chinese monastery. Every evening when the dusk hour falls, and when English sextons go to ring the evensong, an odd little man throws sacred crackers into the red-hot stomach of the Chinese God of Plenty. After this office is performed he repairs to the great pool, where the sacred turtles live, to enjoy an evening pipe of opium. And there, as the turtles crawl upon the flat slab rocks that fringe the pool, he delights his colleagues, the yellow priests, with horrific tales of demons and ghosts that inhabit the old parts of Britain.
All the priests in that far-off temple know of Romney Marsh by reputation, and they would never go to England for fear of it. If a traveller from Kent ever reached that far-off temple in his journey through the world he would think it strange and homely to hear the yellow priests discussing horror tales of Romney Marsh, but he would understand if he could recognize in the odd little man, dressed in the dirty blue ​robe of the yellow race, the Dymchurch sexton, Mr. Mipps.
What's he doing there, how did he get there, and how long will he stop there? Who knows!
Perhaps the ancient fellow has still unfulfilled ambitions and dangerous, profitable enterprises tucked away under that Chinese sleeve. But it is pretty certain that Dymchurch-under-the-Wall will see him no more.
THE END
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Cruttwell, Charles Thomas

​CRUTTWELL, CHARLES THOMAS (1847–1911), historian of Roman literature, born in London on 30 July 1847, eldest son of Charles James Cruttwell, barrister-at-law, of the Inner Temple, by his wife Elizabeth Anne, daughter of Admiral Thomas Sanders. Educated under James Augustus Hessey [q. v.] at Merchant Taylors' School (1861–6), he proceeded with a foundation scholarship to St. John's College, Oxford, in 1866. There he greatly distinguished himself. Placed in the first class in classical moderations in 1868 and in literæ humaniores in 1870, he obtained the Pusey and Ellerton Hebrew scholarship in 1869, won the Craven scholarship for classics in 1871, and the Kennicott Hebrew scholarship in 1872. He graduated B.A. in 1871, proceeding M.A. in 1874, and was classical moderator (1873–5). Meanwhile he was elected fellow of Merton College in 1870, and was tutor there 1874–7. Ordained deacon by the bishop of Oxford in 1875 and priest in 1876, he was curate of St. Giles's, Oxford, from 1875 till 1877.
In 1877 Cruttwell left Oxford for Bradfield College, where he was headmaster till 1880. In that year he passed to the headmastership of Malvern College. But despite his efficient scholarship he showed little aptitude for public school administration, and resigned in 1885 to become rector of Sutton, Surrey. A few months later he was appointed rector of St. Denton, ​Norfolk, and in 1891 he accepted from Merton College the benefice of Kibworth-Beauchamp in succession to Dr. Knox, afterwards bishop of Manchester. While at Kibworth he was also rector of Smeeton-Westerby, Leicestershire (1891–4), rural dean of Gartree (1892–1902), examining chaplain to the bishop of Peterborough (1900), and proctor in convocation (1900). In 1901 he was nominated by Lord Salisbury to the crown benefice of Ewelme, near Wallingford, and in 1903 he was collated by the bishop of Peterborough to a residential canonry, which being of small value could be held with a benefice. Cruttwell was also select preacher to Oxford University in 1896–8, and again in 1903–5. In 1909 he joined the party of bishops and clergy who visited Germany in the cause of international peace. He died at Ewelme on 4 April 1911.
Deeply read in ancient and modern literature, Cruttwell published little. The best of his books, 'A History of Roman Literature' (London and Edinburgh, 1877), was a concise yet satisfying account of the development of Roman literature from the earliest times till the death of Marcus Aurelius. Other contributions to Latin literary history were 'Specimens of Roman Literature' (Glasgow, 1879, in collaboration with the Rev. Peake Banton), and 'A Literary History of Early Christianity' (2 vols. 1893). He also published 'The Saxon Church and Norman Conquest' (1909) and 'Six Lectures on the Oxford Movement' (1899).
Cruttwell married on 5 Aug. 1884 Anne Maude, eldest daughter of Sir John Robert Mowbray, first baronet [q. v. Suppl. I], by whom he had three sons and one daughter.
[Who's Who, 1911; Crockford's Clerical Directory, 1911; The Times, 5 April 1911; Lodge's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 1911.]
S. E. F.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Crofts, Ernest

​CROFTS, ERNEST (1847–1911), historical painter, born at Leeds, Yorkshire, on 15 Sept. 1847, was second son of John Crofts, J.P., a manufacturer. His mother, Ellen Wordsworth, was a descendant of the poet Wordsworth.
Ernest received his general education at Rugby and Berlin, and subsequently studied art at Düsseldorf under Horace Vernet's pupil, Professor Hünten, and in London under Alfred Borron Clay [q. v.]. In 1874 he first exhibited at the Royal Academy, the subject of his picture being ‘A Retreat: Episode in the Franco-German War.’ From that time to the year before his death he was rarely absent from the annual exhibitions at Burlington House. He was elected A.R.A. in 1878, R.A. in 1896, and keeper and trustee of the Royal Academy, in succession to P. H. Calderon [q. v. Suppl. I], in 1898.
Crofts devoted himself almost exclusively to the military historical subject, and was particularly interested in the Napoleonic war and in the struggles between Cavalier and Roundhead. His draughtsmanship was as impeccable as his accuracy in the minutest details of costumes, accoutrements, and accessories. He had all the qualifications to make him a great pictorial illustrator. He had the gift to represent the stirring episodes of past history in dramatic intensity, but was rather deficient, especially towards the end of his career, in the sensuous appreciation of colour.
His most ambitious work as regards scale is the panel in the ambulatory of the Royal Exchange, ‘Queen Elizabeth opening the first Royal Exchange.’ The Diploma Gallery at Burlington House owns his ‘To the Rescue.’ ‘The Funeral of Charles I’ is at the Bristol Art Gallery, and ‘On the Evening of the Battle of Waterloo’ (R.A. 1879) at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool. Among his other notable pictures are ‘Marlborough after Ramillies’ (1880), ‘Charles I on the Way to Execution’ (1883), ‘Wallenstein’ (1884), ‘Gunpowder Plot: the Conspirators' last Stand at Holbeach House’ (1892), ‘Napoleon and the Old Guard at Waterloo’ (R.A. 1895), ‘Oliver Cromwell at the Storming of Basing House’ (1900), ‘The Capture of a French Battery at Waterloo,’ ‘King Edward VII distributing South African War Medals,’ ‘The Funeral of Queen Victoria’ (1903), ‘Prince Rupert and his Staff at Marston Moor’ (1904). Crofts was elected F.S.A. on 1 March 1900.
He died at Burlington House on 19 March 1911, and was buried at Kensal Green. He married in 1872 Elizabeth Wüsthofen, of Düsseldorf, and had one daughter. His portrait is included in Sir Hubert von Herkomer's large group of the Royal Academy Council, at the National (Tate) Gallery of British Art. The works and sketches remaining in his possession were sold at Christie's after his death on 19 Dec. 1911.
[Windsor Mag., March 1909; Graves, Royal Acad. Exhibitors; private information.]
P. G. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Cubitt, William George

​CUBITT, WILLIAM GEORGE (1835–1903), colonel, Indian staff corps, born in Calcutta on 19 Oct. 1835, was son of Major William Cubitt of the Bengal native infantry, third son of George Cubitt of Catfield, Norfolk. His mother was Harriet Harcourt. His sister, Selena Fitzgerald, married in 1859 Julian (afterwards Lord) Pauncefote [q. v. Suppl. II]. Educated privately at Latham, Yorkshire, he entered the Indian army as ensign in the 13th regiment Bengal native infantry on 26 July 1853. He served against the Santhal rebels in 1855, and joined the Indian staff corps in 1861.
Promoted lieutenant on 23 Nov. 1866, he was at Lucknow with his regiment in 1867, when the Indian Mutiny broke out and his regiment revolted. With the volunteer cavalry he was engaged at the action of Chinhut near Lucknow on 30 June 1857, and was awarded the Victoria Cross for having on the retreat from Chinhut saved, at great risk to himself, the lives of three men of the 32nd regiment (duke of Cornwall's light infantry). He was afterwards present throughout the defence of the residency at Lucknow. His gallant conduct was commended during the capture of the Tehri Koti on 25–26 September and in a successful attack on a barricaded gateway held by the enemy on 12 Nov. 1857, when he was wounded. He received the medal with clasp and was granted a year's extra service (Lond. Gaz. 17 Feb. 1858).
Cubitt, who was promoted captain on 26 July 1865, major on 26 July 1873, lieutenant-colonel on 27 July 1879, and colonel on 26 July 1883, served with the Duffla expedition on the north-west frontier in 1874–5, when he was mentioned in despatches; was with the Khyber line force in the Afghan war in 1880, when he received a medal; was present with the Akha expedition in 1883–4, when he was mentioned in despatches, and with the Burmese expedition in 1886–7, when he obtained the distinguished service order and was awarded the medal with clasp (Lond. Gaz. 2 Sept. 1887). At the time of his retirement in 1892 he was in command of the 43rd Gurkhas.
Accomplished in all outdoor games, especially racquets and cricket, Cubitt after retirement resided at Collingwood House, Camberley, Surrey, where he died on 25 Jan. 1903. He married at Fort church, Calcutta, on 19 May 1863, Charlotte Isabella, second daughter of James Hills of Niohindapur, Bengal, and sister of Lieutenant-general Sir James Hills-Johnes, V.C., G.C.B. She survived him with three sons and two daughters. The third son, Lewis, died of blood poisoning while assistant commissioner in Uganda on 31 July 1911. A painted portrait of Cubitt is in the Victoria Cross Gallery; a replica belongs to the widow.
[The Times, 27 Jan. and 7 Feb. 1903; Indian Mutiny, 1857-8, Selections from State Papers in the Military Department, edited by G. W. Forrest, 1902, ii. 267, 276; Hart's Army List.]
H. M. V.
# Doctors Aweigh

Contents
PAGE
CHAPTER
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# Doctrines of the Salvation Army

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Written by General William Booth, founder and first General of The Salvation Army in 1890
The Eleven Historic Doctrines Of The Salvation Army
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# Doctors Aweigh/Foreword

Foreword
"DOCTORS AWEIGH" should prove extremely interesting to all members of the Navy Medical Corps and to the general reading public. The author, Rear Admiral Charles M. Oman, Medical Corps, United States Navy, has long been one of the representative officers of the Medical Department of the Navy.
His naval career has been a varied one, professionally and geographically. His first duty took him to the Philippines during the time of the insurrection. He had firsthand information of warfare as practiced by the Igorots and Moros, and so had his first taste of war surgery and tropical diseases in that part of the world. He was present at the tremendous earthquake in Messina in 1908 and did a great deal in the relief work among the wounded in that catastrophe. During World War I he was the commanding officer of the hospital ship Comfort and later commanded the Naval Base Hospital No. 1 at Brest, France. He was awarded the Navy Cross for his services in that war. Other duties took him to China and then back to the continental United States where he was the commanding officer of a number of large naval hospitals. In 1942 he commissioned, and was the first commanding officer of, the National Naval Medical Center at Bethesda, Maryland.
From this rounded service Doctors Aweigh will bring forth events of interest to everyone in the medical profession of this country — young and old, and be of special interest to relatives and friends of members of the armed forces.
Ross T. McIntire
Rear Admiral, Medical Corps, U.S.N.
The Surgeon General of the Navy
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sole, William

​SOLE, WILLIAM (1741–1802), botanist, born at Thetford in the Isle of Ely in 1741, was the eldest son of John Sole by his wife Martha, daughter of John Rayner, banker, of Ely. The family, which derived its name (perpetuated in Sole Street, near Rochester) from Soules, near St. Lo in Normandy, was settled in East Kent during the reign of Richard I, and held the manor of Soles in the parish of Nonnington in that of Edward I. William Sole, grandson of John Sole, mayor of Faversham in 1444 (who raised a company of pikes against Jack Cade and received the thanks of the privy council), settled in the Isle of Ely about 1510, and was the ancestor of the botanist. The wife of another descendant, Joan Sole of Horton, was martyred at Canterbury on 31 Jan. 1556, and there are copper tokens struck by John Sole of Battersea in 1668.
The future botanist was educated at the King's School, Ely, and then apprenticed to a Dr. Cory of Cambridge. He afterwards accompanied his relative, Christopher Anstey [q. v.], the poet, to Bath, where he practised as a surgeon. On the foundation of the Linnean Society, in 1788, Sole was chosen one of its first associates, and carried on a long correspondence with John Pitchford of Norwich, the early friend of Sir James Edward Smith [q. v.], on the subject of mints. He drew up a manuscript flora of Bath in 1782. In 1798 he published his chief botanical work, ‘Menthæ Britannicæ,’ a folio of fifty-four pages, illustrated by twenty-four copper-plates, the critical accuracy of which is evidenced by the fact that several British mints still bear the names assigned to them by Sole. He also prepared an account of the principal English grasses and their agricultural uses, with specimens, which he presented to the Bath and West of England Agricultural Society in 1799, and the society presented him with a silver tankard. He died unmarried at Trim Street, Bath, on 7 Feb. 1802, and was buried at Bath-Easton. Sprengel commemorated him by the genus Solea, now merged in Viola. A miniature of him by Ford is in the possession of his great-nephew, the Rev. A. Baron Sole of Winchester.
G. S. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Solly, Thomas

​SOLLY, THOMAS (1816–1875), philosophical writer, eldest son of Thomas Solly of Blackheath, Kent, by Anne, sister of Benjamin Travers [q. v.], surgeon, was born at Walthamstow, Essex, on 31 Jan. 1816. He was educated under Dr. Morell at Hove, Brighton, the grammar school, Tunbridge, and Caius College, Cambridge, which he entered in 1836, but, being a unitarian, left without a degree. On 3 Nov. 1838 he was admitted a student at the Middle Temple, where he was called to the bar on 19 Nov. 1841. Migrating to Germany, he was appointed, on 6 July 1843, lecturer on English language and literature in the university of Berlin, where he died on 8 June 1875.
Solly married twice: first, on 24 March 1845, Augusta, daughter of Hollis Solly of Tott End Hall, Tipton, Staffordshire; secondly, a German lady. By his first wife he had issue two daughters and a son; by his second wife, who survived him, he had no issue.
Solly was author of: 1. ‘A Syllabus of Logic, in which the views of Kant are generally adopted, and the Laws of Syllogism symbolically expressed,’ Cambridge, 1839, 8vo. 2. ‘Grundzüge des englischen Rechtes über Grundbesitz, Erbfolge, und Güterrecht der Ehegatten,’ Berlin, 1853, 8vo. 3. ‘The Will Divine and Human’ (an essay towards the reconciliation of freewill and foreknowledge), Cambridge, 1856, 8vo. He also edited ‘A Coronal of English Verse; or a Selection from English and American Poets,’ Berlin, 1864, 8vo; and contributed English versions of Jacob Ayrer's comedies, ‘Beautiful Sidea’ and ‘Beautiful Phœnicia,’ to Albert Cohn's ‘Shakespeare in Germany,’ London, 1865, 4to.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Some, Thomas

Thomas Solme in the ODNB.
​SOME or SOLME, THOMAS (fl. 1540–1550), protestant divine, born about 1510, was probably the canon of St. Osyth's, Essex, who in 1535 wrote a letter (extant in Cotton. MS. Cleop. E. iv. 8) to Cromwell, begging to be released from monastic life. He had, he said, been compelled to receive the habit in his fourteenth year by the threats of his schoolmaster, and for twelve years he had borne unwillingly the yoke of religion. He adopted advanced protestant views, and about 1540 published a ‘Traetys callyde the Lordis flayle, handlyde by the Bushops poure thresshere, Thomas Solme,’ n. d., printed ‘at Basyl by me Theophyll Emlos,’ 8vo (Brit. Mus.). Soon afterwards he was ‘imprisoned upon the thirty-nine articles’ (Strype, Eccl. Mem. I. i. 567), and in July 1546 the ‘Lord's Flail’ was one of the books burnt by Bonner, in accordance with the king's proclamation (Foxe, Actes and Mon. v. 568, 839). After the accession of Edward VI Some became an active and popular preacher. In 1549 he ‘gathered, writ, and brought into light the famous sermons of Master Hugh Latimer,’ i.e. the ‘Seven Sermons,’ London, 1549, 8vo, for which Some wrote an introduction, dedicating the work to Catherine Grey, duchess of Suffolk. In 1551 he appended verses to the ‘Preservative or Triacle’ of William Turner [q. v.], dean of Wells; but the work on justification which he promised in his ‘Lord's Flail’ does not appear to have been published. Some appears to have fled on Mary's accession, and to have died abroad. He has been frequently confused with Thomas Soulemont or Solme [q. v.]
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Somer, Henry

1904 Errata appended.
​SOMER, HENRY (fl. 1440), chancellor of the exchequer, was probably a relative of John Somer [q. v.] Henry was a clerk of the exchequer in the early years of Henry IV (Devon, Issue Roll, pp. 274–86). He was keeper of the privy wardrobe 13 Feb. 1405. He was one of the clerks appointed by the House of Commons to superintend the engrossment of the rolls of Parliament in 1406 (Rot. Parl. iii. 585). He was made a baron of the exchequer on 8 Nov. 1407, and was chancellor of the exchequer on 20 June 1410 (Palgrave, Kalendars of the Exchequer, ii. 85). Hoccleve styles him under-treasurer in a poem addressed to him, probably in 1407, and he perhaps held this office in connection with the chancellorship of the exchequer. Somer had an annuity of 40l. by royal grant from the abbey of Bury St. Edmunds, which he still held in 1444 when he was a member of a commission in relation to the foundation of King's College, Cambridge (Rot. Parl. v. 92–4).
Somer was a friend of Hoccleve and a member of the poet's court of Good Company, as appears in a ballad entitled ‘Cestes Balade ensuyante fust par la Court de Bone Compagnie envoiee a lonure Sire Henri Somer Chancellor de Leschequer et un de la dite Court;’ this poem probably dates from April 1410. Perhaps he was also a friend of Chaucer, whose pension Somer received for him on 5 June 1400.
C. L. K.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.254 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 218 | ii | 11 | Somer, Henry: after pp. 274-86). insert He was keeper of the privy wardrobe 13 Feb. 1405. |
| | | 16 | for chancellor read was chancellor |
| | | 17 | for 23 Jan. 1413 read 20 June 1410 (cf. Wylie, Henry IV, iv. 47) |
| | | 22 | after exchequer insert which he was still filling in 1420 (Rymer, Fœdera, ix. 915) |