OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tryon, Thomas

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​TRYON, THOMAS (1634–1703), English humanitarian, was born at Bilbury near Cirencester on the 6th of September 1634. He had but little schooling, spending his youth first in spinning and carding and then as a shepherd. In 1652 he went to London, apprenticed himself to a hatter, and accepted his master’s Anabaptist principles until he read the works of Jacob Behmen. He now lived a very ascetic life, though he married and became a prosperous merchant. In 1682 he began to publish his views in support of vegetarianism and abstinence from alcohol and tobacco. He detested war, and in this and his mysticism resembled the early Quakers. He died on the 21st of August 1703.
His best known book, The Way to Health (1691), which much impressed Benjamin Franklin, was a second edition of Health’s Grand Preservative; or, The Women’s Best Doctor (London, 1682). He wrote on many other subjects, e.g. the education of children, the treatment of negro slaves, the way to save wealth, and dreams and visions. Some scanty autobiographical memoirs were published in 1705.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tryon, William

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​TRYON, WILLIAM (1729–1788), American colonial governor, was born at Norbury Park, Surrey, England, in 1729. In 1757, when he was a captain of the First Foot Guards, he married a London heiress with a dower of £30,000. In 1764 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of North Carolina, upon Arthur Dobbs’s death in 1765 became governor pro tem., and in December of the same year received his commission as governor. Like many other pre-Revolutionary officials in America, he has generally been pictured by American writers as a tyrant. In reality, however, he seems to have been tactful and considerate, an efficient administrator, who in particular greatly improved the colonial postal service, and to have become unpopular chiefly because, through his rigid adherence to duty, he obeyed the instructions of his superiors and rigorously enforced the measures of the British government. By refusing to allow meetings of the Assembly from the 18th of May 1765 to the 3rd of November 1766, he prevented North Carolina from sending representatives to the Stamp Act Congress in 1765. To lighten the stamp tax he offered to pay the duty on all stamped paper on which he was entitled to fees. With the support of the law-abiding element he suppressed the Regulator uprising in 1768–71, caused partly by the taxation imposed to defray the cost of the governor’s fine mansion at New Bern (which Tryon had made the provincial capital), and executed seven or eight of the ringleaders, pardoning six others. From 1771 nominally until the 22nd of March 1780 he was governor of New York. While he was on a visit to England the War of Independence broke out, and on the 19th of October 1775, several months after his return, he was compelled to seek refuge on the sloop of war “Halifax” in New York Harbour, but was restored to power when the British took possession of New York City in September 1776, though his actual authority did not extend beyond the British lines. In 1777, with the rank of major-general, he became commander of a corps of Loyalists, and in 1779 invaded Connecticut and burned Danbury, Fairfield and Norwalk. In 1780 he returned to England, and in 1782 was promoted to be lieutenant-general. He died in London on the 27th of January 1788.
See Marshal D. Haywood, Governor William Tryon and his Administration in the Province of North Carolina (Raleigh, North Carolina, 1903).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Truxtun, Thomas

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​TRUXTUN, THOMAS (1755–1822), American naval officer, was born at Jamaica, Long Island, on the 17th of February 1755. He went young to sea, and during the War of Independence was first persuaded to serve in a royal ship. But having been wounded in an action with a privateer manned by his countrymen, it is said that he declared he would never fight them again. Henceforth he commanded a succession of privateers sent out to cruise against British trade and transports—the “St. James,” the “Mars,” the “Independence.” He had the reputation of being uniformly successful in all engagements with British vessels. When the independence of the United States was recognized he returned to trade with a high reputation as a seaman. He was the author of a treatise on longitude and latitude, of a “System of masting a 44-gun frigate,” and was an advocate for the foundation of a national navy. When the United States navy was reconstituted in 1798 he was one of the original corps of six captains. During the last years of the 18th and first of the 19th century American commerce was subject to much intolerable interference on the part of the French as well as of the British naval officers. It was against the first that Truxtun rendered the services which have made him a prominent personage in the history of the United States navy. In February 1799 he was captain of the United States “Constellation” (36) and on the 19th of that month he captured the French “L’Insurgente” (36). In the following year, and while still in command of the “Constellation,” he fought the French “Vengeance” (40), and drove her into Curaçao. The crippled state of his own ship, which had lost her mainmast, prevented him from taking possession of the enemy. In 1802 he was to have sailed in command of the squadron sent against the Barbary pirates, but a difference having occurred between him and the navy department in regard to the appointment of a captain to his flagship, his remonstrance against the official decision of the authorities was treated as a resignation, which it was apparently not meant to be, and he was not employed any further. He died at Philadelphia on the 5th of May 1822.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tryon, Dwight William

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​TRYON, DWIGHT WILLIAM (1849–), American artist, was born t Hartford, Connecticut, on the 13th of August 1849. At the age of twenty-five he left his position as a clerk in a Hartford publishing house to devote himself entirely to art, and two years afterwards went to Paris, where he became a pupil of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, under J. de la Chevreuse, Charles Daubigny and A. Guillemet. A skilful landscape painter, New England provided his best subjects. He first exhibited at the Salon in 1881, and in the same year returned to the United States, settling first in New York City; in 1882–1886 he was director of the Hartford School of Art, and in 1886 became professor of art at Smith College. He became a member of the Society of American Artists (1882), a National Academician (1891), and a member of the American Water Color Society. He won numerous medals and prizes at important exhibitions, among his pictures being “Daybreak,” “Moonlight” and “Early Spring, New England.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trébuchet

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​TRÉBUCHET, a medieval siege engine, employed either to batter masonry or to throw projectiles over walls. It was developed from the post-classical Roman onager (wild ass), which derived its name from the kicking action of the machine. It consisted of a frame placed on the ground to which a vertical frame of solid timber was rigidly fixed at its front end; through the vertical frame ran an axle, which had a single stout spoke. On the extremity of the spoke was a cup to receive the projectile. In action the spoke was forced down, against the tension of twisted ropes or other springs, by a windlass, and then suddenly released. The spoke thus kicked the crosspiece of the vertical frame, and the projectile at its extreme end was shot forward. In the trébuchet the means of propulsion was a counter-weight. The axle which was near the top of a high strutted vertical frame served as the bridge of a balance, the shorter arm of which carried the counter-weight and the longer arm the carrier for the shot. An alternative name for the trébuchet is the mangonel (mangonneau).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tréguier

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​TRÉGUIER, a port of western France, in the department of Cotes-du-Nord, 36 m. N.W. of St Brieuc by road. Pop. (1906), 2605. The port is situated about 5% m. from the English Channel at the confluence of two streams that form the Tréguier river; it carries on fishing and a coasting and small foreign trade. The cathedral, remarkable in having three towers over the transept, one of which is surmounted by a fine spire, dates from the 14th and 15th centuries. It contains the sumptuous modern mausoleum of St Yves (d. 1303), a canon of the cathedral, the building of which was largely due to him. To the south of the church there is a cloister (latter half of the 15th century) with graceful arcades. There is a statue of Ernest Renan, a native of the town. Saw-milling, boat-building and flax stripping are carried on, together with trade in cereals, cloth, potatoes, &c.
Tréguier (Trecorum), which dates from the 6th century, grew up round a monastery founded by St Tugdual. In the 9th century it became the seat of a bishopric, suppressed in 1790.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Propagation

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PROPAGATION, the multiplication of a species by natural processes of reproduction. The Latin propagare meant to fasten down (pro- and pangere, to fasten) layers, shoots or slips (propagines) of plants for the purpose of reproduction, hence to generate, reproduce and generally to extend or increase. It is in this sense that "propagation" is used of the spreading or dissemination of doctrines, ideas, opinions, &c. The term "propaganda," often wrongly used as a plural word, means properly an organization or association for the spreading of particular beliefs or opinions, and is an adaptation of the name of that committee of cardinals in the Roman curia which supervises foreign missions, the full title being Congregatio de propaganda fide.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Propiolic Acid

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​PROPIOLIC ACID, CH⋮C·CO$_2$H, acetylene mono-carboxylic acid, an unsaturated organic acid prepared by boiling acetylene dicarboxylic acid (obtained by the action of alcoholic potash on dibromsuccinic acid) or its acid potassium salt with water (E. v. Bandrowski, Ber., 1880, 13, p. 2340). It forms silky crystals which melt at 6° C., and boil at about 144º C. with decomposition. It is soluble in water and possesses an odour resembling that of acetic acid. Exposure to sunlight converts it into trimesic acid (benzene-1.3.5-tricarboxylic acid). Bromine converts it into dibromacrylic acid, and it gives with hydrochloric acid β-chloracrylic acid. It forms a characteristic explosive silver salt on the addition of ammoniacal silver nitrate to its aqueous solution, and an amorphous precipitate which explodes on warming with ammoniacal cuprous chloride. Its ethyl ester condenses with hydrazine to form pyrazolone (R. v. Rothenburg, Ber., 1893, 26, p. 1722). Phenylpropiolic acid, C$_6$H$_5$C⋮C·CO$_2$H, formed by the action of alcoholic potash on cinnamic acid dibromide, C$_6$H$_5$·CHBr·CHBr·CO$_2$H, crystallizes in long needles or prisms which melt at 136–137° C. When heated with water to 120° C. it yields phenyl acetylene C$_6$H$_5$·C⋮CH. Chromic acid oxidizes it to benzoic acid; zinc and acetic acid reduce it to cinnamic acid, C$_6$H$_5$·CH:CH·CO$_2$H, whilst sodium amalgam reduces it to hydrocinnamic acid, C$_6$H$_5$·CH$_2$·CO$_2$H. Ortho-nitrophenylpropiolic acid, NO$_2$·C$_6$H$_4$·C⋮C·CO$_2$H, prepared by the action of alcoholic potash on ortho-nitrocinnamic acid dibromide (A. V. Baeyer, Ber., 1880, 13, p. 2258), crystallizes in needles which decompose when heated to 155–156° C. It is readily converted into indigo (q.v.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Propyl Alcohols

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​PROPYL ALCOHOLS (C$_3$H$_7$OH). Two compounds of this formula exist as explained in the article Alcohol. Normal propyl alcohol, CH$_3$·CH$_2$·CH$_2$·OH, was obtained in 1853 by G. C. B. Chancel, by submitting fusel oil to fractional distillation. It may be prepared by any of the methods applicable to primary alcohols. It is an agreeable-smelling liquid, boiling at 97.4° C., and miscible with water in all proportions. It cannot be separated from water by fractional distillation, since it forms a mixture of constant boiling point (see Distillation). Oxidation converts it into prop ionic acid. It is distinguished from ethyl alcohol by its insolubility in a cold saturated calcium chloride solution.
Iso-propyl alcohol (CH$_3$)$_2$CHOH, was obtained by M. P. E. Berthelot in 1855 by heating the addition compound of propylene and sulphuric acid with water, and in 1862 by C. Friedel by the reduction of acetone. It is a colourless liquid boiling at 82.7° C.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Property

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​PROPERTY, that which is peculiarly one’s own, that which belongs to or is characteristic of an individual. The Latin proprietas (formed from proprius, one’s own, possibly derived from prope, near) in post-Augustan times was extended to ownership and rights of possession. It is thus, in law, the generic term for rights of ownership and for things subject to the rights of ownership. It is “the most comprehensive of all terms which can be used, inasmuch as it is indicative and descriptive of every possible interest which the party can have” (see Langdale, M. R., in Jones v. Skinner, 1835, 5 L. J. Ch. 90). ​In Roman law and in modern systems of law based on it, property is divided into “movables” and “immovables”; in English law, on the other hand, the division is into personal property, including chattels real, and real property (see Personal Property and Real Property). Theatrical usage has given a specific meaning to the word, that of any article used on the stage during the performance of a play.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prorogation

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​PROROGATION, a postponement, specifically the termination without dissolution of a session of parliament by discontinuing the meetings until the next session. The Lat. prorogation (from prorogare, to ask publicly) meant a prolongation or continuance of office or command, cf. prorogalio imperii (Liv. viii. 26), or a putting off or deferring of an appointed time, cf. dies ad solocndum prorogare (Cic. Phil. ro, 24). A prorogation of parliament affects both houses, and thus differs from an " adjournment, " which does not terminate the session and is effected by each house separately by resolution. Further, at a prorogation, a bill which has not passed all of its stages must begin again ab initio in the next session, and all proceedings, except impeachments and appeals before the House of Lords, are quashed. A prorogation is effected by the sovereign in person, or by commission. If, at the demise of the Crown, parliament stands prorogued or adjourned, it is by 6 Anne c. 7 to sit and act at once; similarly the Crown must by proclamation order parliament to sit, if prorogued, when the militia is embodied or the reserves are called out.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Propellants

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​PROPELLANTS, a generic name for explosives used for propelling projectiles from guns and other firearms, in order to distinguish them from the more violent explosives used in shells, mines, &c., to produce a blasting effect. Some explosive substances can be used both as propellants and as bursters, as for example gunpowder, and some of the ingredients of a propellant may be similar, though differently proportioned and combined, to those of a “high explosive;” (For details see Explosives; Gunpowder; Cordite, &c.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Proscenium

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​PROSCENIUM (Gr. προσκήνιον), that part of the stage in the ancient Greek theatre which lies in front of the σκηνή, scena, the back wall; the word appears to embrace the whole stage between the ὀρχήστρα and the σκηνή. In the modern theatre the word is applied to that part of the stage which is in front of the curtain and the orchestra, and sometimes to the whole front of the stage, including the curtain and the arch containing it, which separates the stage from the auditorium.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Gi
### Gi.
#### 疑$^{-1}$

    To doubt; suspect; dislike; doubt; suspicion.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Gua
### Gua.
#### 外$^3$

    External; outside; over and above.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ge
### Ge.
#### 牙$^{-1}$

    A tooth; the incisor teeth.

#### 芽$^{-1}$

    To bud forth; to begin; a bud; a germ.

#### 衙$^{-1}$

    A civil or military court; a government office.

#### 𡤫$^1$

    A woman affecting pretty airs.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Go
### Go.
#### 吳$^{-1}$

    To talk loud; boast; a proper name.

#### 蜈$^{-1}$

    A species of centipede.

#### 悞$^1$誤$^1$

    Deceitful; false; erroneous; to err; fail; deceive; to lead astray.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Gu
### Gu.
#### 牛$^{-1}$

    A cow; the bovine species.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Gek
### Gek.
#### 玉$^{-4}$

    A gem; a precious stone.

#### 獄$^{-4}$

    A prison; jail.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Gia
### Gia.
#### 呀$^{-1}$

    An interjection; tone of alarm.

#### 訝$^{-1}$

    To deem strange; express surprise; to receive a visitor.

#### 迓$^{-1}$

    To go forth to meet; to descend to.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Goi
### Goi.
#### 倪$^{-1}$

    An appellation of small children; to benefit; a limit.

#### 藝$^3$

    Business or occupation of life; any art or craft; the polite arts.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Gai
### Gai.
#### 碍$^1$礙$^1$

    To impede; hinder; oppose; an impediment.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Gau
### Gau.
#### 樂$^4$

    Instrumental music.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Deborah, a Jewess

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DEBORAH,
A Jewess, living at Rome, who died in the beginning of the seventeenth century. She was distinguished, while she lived, for her poems and other works. None of these are now to be obtained.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Daschkoff, Catharine Romanowna

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DASCHKOFF, CATHARINE ROMANOWNA,
Princess of, was descended from the noble family of Worenzoff, and was the early friend and confidant of Catharine the Second, of Russia. She was born in 1744, and became a widow at the age of eighteen. She endeavoured to effect the accession of Catharine to the throne, but at the same time, was in favour of a constitutional limitation of the imperial power. In a military dress, and on horseback, she led a body of troops to the presence of Catharine, who placed herself at their head, and precipitated her husband, Peter the Third, from the throne. The request of the Princess Daschkoff to receive the command of the imperial guards, was refused She did not long remain about the person of Catharine. Study became her favourite employment; and, after her return from abroad, in 1782, she was made director of the Academy of Sciences, and president of the newly-established Russian Academy. She wrote much in the Russian language, and promoted the publication of the Dictionary of the Russian Academy. She died at Moscow, in 1810.
​Her courage and decision were extraordinary. Although her exertions in Catharine's favour had been repaid by ingratitude, coldness, and neglect, yet the empress did not hesitate, when a conspiracy was formed to dethrone her, of which she thought the Princess must be cognizant, to write her a long and flattering letter, in which she conjured her, in the name of their friendship, to reveal the projects against her, promising the Princess full pardon for all concerned. The indignant Princess replied to the four pages she had received in four lines "Madam, I have heard nothing: but, if I had, I should beware of what I spoke. What do you require of me? That I should expire on the scaffold? I am ready to ascend it."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Dash, Madame la Comtesse

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DASH, MADAME LA COMTESSE,
Born and residing in Paris, is considered, by that large class of novel-readers who love romantic incident and sentimental characters, as a charming writer. Her works are numerous, comprising over thirty volumes, usually found in the "Circulating Libraries" of Paris; but we believe none of her novels have been translated into English, nor republished in America. The best we have read, is entitled "Madame Louise de France," a work of considerable merit; among the others may be named, "Arabelle," "Les Bals Masques," "Les Chateaux en Afrique," "La Chaine d'Or," "Le Jeu de la Reine," "Madame de la Sabliére," "Maurice Robert," etc. etc. We know nothing of the private history of Comtesse Dash; but, judging from her writings, should rank her among those who seek to promote good morals through the medium of what they consider innocent amusements. Like "The Children of the Abbey," and other fictions of the sentimental, romantic kind, the works of this writer are read, at first, with interest, but leave little impression on the mind.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Dashkova, Ekaterina Romanovna

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DASHKOVA, EKATERINA ROMANOVNA,
A Russian Princess, was born in 1754. She wrote comedies and novels, such as the authors of that country prepare, containing about fifty pages per volume. She also made some valuable translations from French and Italian literature.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Davidson, Margaret Miller

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DAVIDSON, MARGARET MILLER,
Sister of Lucretia, was also the daughter of Dr. Davidson, of Plattsburg, New York. She was born in 1823, and though her health was always extremely delicate, she early devoted herself to study and literary pursuits. In 1838, her father removed to Saratoga, where she died on the 25th. of November of the same year, in her sixteenth year. She was distinguished, as well as her sister, for remarkable precocity of genius, and her poems would he creditable to much more experienced writers. In personal appearance and character she was lovely and estimable. The particular bias of her mind towards poetry was, probably, induced, certainly fostered, by the example of her sister. Margaret was but two years old when Lucretia died, yet the sad event was never effaced from her mind. This impression was deepened as she grew older and listened to the story of her lovely and gifted sister, who had been a star of hope in her humble home. Often, when Mrs. Davidson, the mother, was relating what Lucretia had said and done, little Margaret would exclaim, "Oh, I Mill try to fill her place; teach me to be like her!" And she was like her, both in the precocity of her genius and in her early death.