OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# American Medical Biographies/Borck, Mathias Adolph Edward

​Borck, Mathias Adolph Edward (1834–1912)
Mathias Adolph Edward Borck, surgeon, was born in Hamburg, Germany, April 18, 1834, son of a German surgeon. His mother, to whom he was indebted for his primary education, was a Dane. At the age of eleven he secured in competition a free scholarship in the Hamburg Gymnasium. During the war between Denmark and Germany, involving Schleswig-Holstein, he served as a volunteer dresser in the military hospital, and after the war returned and graduated in 1851, when he left for America to settle in Baltimore, Maryland, supporting himself for a time by teaching caligraphy. After acquiring some English he entered the University of Maryland, graduating in medicine in 1862. While studying medicine under Nathan R. Smith, Samuel Chew and Edward Dwinnelle, he practised minor surgery and dentistry.
He was an assistant surgeon and surgeon in the United States army 1863–1864. He went with General Banks on the Red River expedition, and was post-surgeon under General Granger. Taken with typho-malarial fever, he resigned at New Orleans and returned to Baltimore and on his recovery moved to Hancock, Maryland, where he practised until 1868. After another brief sojourn in Baltimore he went to Paducah, Kentucky, in 1869, and in 1872 to St. Louis, Missouri, where he practised and sat under the lectures of John T. Hodgen in the St. Louis Medical College. Here he received an additional degree in 1874. One of the organizers of the College for Medical Practitioners of St. Louis, he was professor of surgical diseases of children there, 1882–1884; he was a capable post-graduate teacher.
Borck was the first surgeon to advocate and practise the subcutaneous division of the capsule in hip disease in the second stage, the stage of serous or synovial effusion. He wrote on fracture of the femur, abjuring straight splints, and he carried his reports of his ovariotomies on from a single case in 1878, up to fifty in 1885, with five deaths, to one hundred cases in 1895.
In 1884 he went as delegate to the eighth International Medical Congress at Copenhagen and remained abroad to study. He attended, also, the tenth Congress at Berlin, in 1890.
He was an artist with the brush, the Marion Sims Medical College having many of his double life-size anatomical paintings, and he was a skilful pianist.
Married in 1854, his widow, Dr. Henrietta Stoffregen Borck, survived him.
He died in St. Louis Jan. 20, 1912.
# American Medical Biographies/Botsford, LeBaron

​Botsford, Le Baron (1812–1888)
The Botsfords were an old family who emigrated from Leicestershire, England, to Newton, Connecticut, where they became both eminent and wealthy. Amos Botsford, the grandfather of Le Baron, graduated at Yale in 1763 and was a tutor at the college in 1768, when he espoused the royalist cause. At the conclusion of the War of Independence, he with five hundred other loyalists sailed from New York for Annapolis, Nova Scotia, and he finally settled in Westmoreland County, New Brunswick. His son William, the father of Le Baron, graduated at Yale and studied law, afterwards being made a judge of the supreme court.
Le Baron was born in Westmoreland County, New Brunswick, in 1812, and began studying medicine in Glasgow in 1831, graduating there in 1835. After practising four years in Woodstock, New Brunswick, he removed to St. John, where he remained until his death in 1888.
In 1854 a terrible epidemic of cholera broke ​out in St. John, in which fifteen hundred persons perished. During its prevalence Dr. Botsford stuck to his post, and was unremitting in his attentions to all classes; his strong physique enabled him to come through the ordeal unscathed. He was a man over six feet and had a fine, prepossessing face, and was a ready, pleasing and forcible speaker, and, as the writer well remembers, always held the attention of his hearers when he addressed them on a medical or other subject.
He was for a number of years surgeon to the Marine Hospital, as well as to the General Public Hospital and president of the Canadian Medical Association in 1877.
His wife was a Miss Main of Glasgow, with whom he became acquainted while a student there. She died in 1877, leaving no children.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kohle

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kohle. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kohle, feminine, ‘coal, charcoal,’ from the equivalent Middle High German kole, feminine, mostly kole, kol, masculine, and kol, neuter, Old High German cholo, masculine, chol, neuter; compare Anglo-Saxon col, neuter, English coal (English colemouse, see under Kohlmeise), Old Icelandic kol, neuter plural, ‘coals.’ Akin to the derivs, Old Icelandic kylna, feminine, ‘kiln,’ Anglo-Saxon cylne, English kiln, as well as Swedish kylla, ‘to heat.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kolter

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kolter. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kolter, masculine, ‘coverlet,’ from Middle High German kolter, kulter, masculine, feminine, and neuter, ‘quilted counterpane,’ from Old French coultre (compare Italian coltra); for further references see Kissen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kohl

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kohl. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kohl, masculine. ‘cabbage,’ from the equivalent Middle High German and Old High German kôl, masculine, with the variants Old High German chôli, Middle High German kœle, kœl, masculine (compare Alemannian chœl, kêl), as well as Old High German chôlo, chŏlo, masculine, Middle High German kôle, kŏle, kŏl, and ​Old High German chôla, feminine. Adopted with the South European culinary art and horticulture from Latin caulis, masculine, ‘cabbage’; English cole; Middle English caul, coul, Anglo-Saxon câwl, as well as Old Icelandic kál, neuter, point to Latin caulis, whence also Italian cavolo, French chou, ‘cabbage,’ and Welsh cawl. The ‘apparently vernacular’ Latin côlis would have left no trace in the history of language if the Middle High German forms kŏle, kŏl, with a short accented syllable, were not derived from it. Most of the German varieties of fruits and vegetables may have been introduced into Germany with the art of cookery in the 6th or 7th century; compare Eppich, kochen, Pfeffer, Minze, Pflaume, and Kirsche.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kohlrabi

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kohlrabi. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kohlrabi, masculine, ‘turnip-cabbage,’ from Italian cavoli rape (plural); compare French chourave, Germanised Kohlrübe. For further references see Rübe.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kolben

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kolben. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kolben, masculine, ‘club,’ from Middle High German kolbe, ‘mace, club, cudgel,’ Old High German cholbo, masculine; Icelandic kólfr, masculine, ‘javelin, arrow, bulb,’ with the derivative kylfi, neuter, kylfa, feminine, ‘club, cudgel.’ Gothic *kulba-n-, ‘stick with a thick knob at the end.’ From its meaning the word seems to be related to the cognates with the nasal form klumb, discussed under Klumpen; in that case the Aryan root may be gl-bh, and the word compared with Latin globus, ‘round mass’ (also ‘clique,’ compare English club).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Koller

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Koller. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Koller (1.), neuter and masculine, ‘lady's ruff,’ from Middle High German koller, kollier, gollier, goller, masculine, ‘neckcloth,’ derived from French collier (Latin collarium).
Koller, (2.), masculine, ‘staggers,’ from Middle High German kolre, masculine, ‘staggers, frenzy, silent rage,’ Old High German cholero, masculine; derived, like a number of medical terms, mediately from Greek χολέρα, Latin cholera; the ch has also in Romance the value of a k; compare Italian collera, French colère.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Koffer

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Koffer. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Koffer, masculine, ‘trunk,’ Modern High German only, from French coffre.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kolk

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kolk. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kolk, masculine, ‘deep pool,’ Low German; Dutch kolk, masculine, ‘eddy, abyss, hole.’ Compare Sanscrit gárgara, masculine; yet according to Latin gurges, ‘eddy, whirlpool, abyss,’ Teutonic r and not l ought to correspond to Indian r.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kohlmeise

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kohlmeise. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kohlmeise, feminine, ‘coalmouse,’ from Middle High German kŏlemeise, feminine, allied to Kohle, not to Kohl; literally ‘titmouse with a black head’; Anglo-Saxon cŏlmâse, English colemouse (a corruption of coalmouse, just as the Germans instinctively connect Kohlmeise with Kohl).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Komtur

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Komtur. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Komtur, masculine, ‘commander of an order of knighthood,’ from Middle High German kommentiur, komedûr, masculine, from Old French commendeor (Latin commendator), ‘commander, holder of an estate belonging to a priestly order.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Braus

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Braus | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Braus, m., from the equiv. MidHG. brûs, ‘noise, tumult’; perhaps cognate with ​AS. brýsan, E. to bruise. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bremse

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bremse | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bremse, f., ‘drag-shoe,’ from MidHG. bręmse, f., ‘barnacle, muzzle.’ It cannot be identified with Bremse, ‘gadfly’ (see Breme), because the latter indicates a Goth. brimisi, while Bremse, ‘drag-shoe,’ points to a Goth. bramisjô. For Bremse, ‘drag,’ dialectal forms such as bram (with a and the loss of the suffix s) have been authenticated, but of a root bram with some such meaning as ‘to press, squeeze,’ there is no trace, The suffix s recalls Goth. jukuzi, ‘yoke,’ from the equiv. juk; comp. also aqizi, ‘axe.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Braue

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Braue | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Braue, f., ‘eyebrow,’ from the equiv. MidHG. brâ, brâwe, OHG. brâwa, f.; a pre-Teut. and more remotely old Aryan word, which was perhaps *brêwa in Goth. The OGall. and Kelt. brîva, identical with this word, signifies ‘bridge,’ and is especially important as proving the connection between these cognates and those of Brücke. OHG. brâwa (Aryan bhrêwâ) is related by gradation to Aryan bhrû, which is proved by AS. brû, E. brow, OSlov. brŭvĭ, Sans. bhrû, Gr. ὀ-φρύς. Comp. further OIc. brá, OLG. brâha (for brâwa), AS. brœ̂w, m., and also perhaps Lat. frons, ‘forehead.’ A widely diffused Aryan root. The ModHG. Braune has added to the stem the suffix n, which belonged to the declension of the weak form Braue (comp. Biene); similarly OIc. brún, corresponding to AS. brû, was formed from brû and the n of the weak declension (in AS. the gen. plur. is brûna}. Braue, like the names of many limbs and parts of the body (see Fuß, Niere, Herz, Leber, Nase), originated in the primit. Aryan period. The orig. meaning, however, of the primit. Aryan bhrû-s (‘eye)-brow,’ is as difficult to discover as that of Herz. See also Brücke
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Brausche

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Brausche | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Brausche, f., ‘bump, bruise,’ from MidHG. brûsche, ‘a swelling with blood underneath’; to this E. brisket and OIc. brjósk, ‘gristle,’ are allied. The stem common to all these must have meant ‘roundish elevation.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Braut

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Braut | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Braut, f., ‘bride, betrothed,’ from the equiv. MidHG. brût, OHG. brût, f. Goth. brûþs (stem brûdi-) means ‘daughter-in-law’; from this comes brûþ-faþs, ‘lord of the bride’ (faþs corresponds to Gr. πόσις, which stands, as πότνια indicates, for πότις, corresponding to OInd. patis, ‘lord’), i.e. ‘bridegroom.’ The MidHG., brût signifies ‘the young, newly married woman’; the borrowed ModFr. bru, earlier bruy, is, on account of its meaning, connected most closely with Goth. brûþs. ‘daughter-in-law’; comp. νύμφη, ‘betrothed, bride, daughter-in-law.’ In Eng. we may compare AS. brŷd, ‘betrothed,’ E. bride, which are primit. allied to the Germ.; comp. also E. bridal, from AS. brŷd-ealo, hence orig. ‘bride-ale.’ E. bridegroom is based upon E. groom, and represents AS. brŷdguma, the second component of which is Goth. guma, ‘man,’ corresponding to Lat. homo (primary form ghomon). The ModHG. Bräutigam is identical in etymology with the AS. word; comp. OHG. brûtigomo, MidHG. briutegome, in which the first part is properly gen. sing. (comp. Nachtigall). The Teut. root form brûdi- has not yet been explained etymologically; it is a word peculiar to Teut., like Weib and Frau. Goth. qino, ‘woman,’ MidHG. kone, are based on an ancient form; comp. Gr. γυνή, Sans. gnâ, ‘woman.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bregen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bregen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bregen, see Brägen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Breme

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Breme | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Breme, ‘edge, border.’ See verbrämen.
Breme, Bremse, f., ‘gadfly.’ Comp. MidHG. brëme, brëm, OHG. brëmo, ‘gadfly.’ Bremse is LG. for HG. Breme; comp. OLG. brimissa, AS. brimse, MidE. brimse. OHG. brëmo would be in Goth. *brima, m., Bremse, Goth. *brimisi, f. Yet E. breeze (horsefly) cannot be cognate, since breósa (and not brimes) is its AS. form. The root of Bremse, discussed under brummen, is brem (pre-Teut. bhrem, Lat. fremere), ‘to buzz, hum,’ whence also Sans. bhramara, m., ‘bee.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Brei

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Brei | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Brei, m., ‘broth, pottage,’ from the equiv. MidHG. brî, brîe, m., OHG. brîo, m., allied to Du. brij, AS. brîw, ‘pottage’; Goth. *breiwa- (Goth. *breiws is related to OHG. brîo in the same way as Goth. saiws to OHG. sêo). It is hardly possible that the word is connected with the root brū̆, discussed under brauen. Did a root brī̆, ‘to cook,’ exist? comp. OIc. brîme, ‘fire.’ Gr. ορίσσω (root φρῖκ) has been suggested.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Braten

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Braten | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Braten, m., ‘roast-meat,’ from MidHG. brâte, OHG. brâto, m.; in the earlier periods of the language the word has the general meaning ‘tender parts of the body, flesh,’ but in MidHG. the modern meaning is also apparent. To this AS. brœ̂de, ‘roast-meat,’ is allied. Comp. the following word.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bresche

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bresche | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bresche, f., ‘breach, gap,’ ModHG. only, from Fr. brèche, whence also the equiv. Du. bres. The Fr. word is usually traced back to the OG. stem of brechen.
# American Medical Biographies/Doane, Augustus Sidney

​Doane, Augustus Sidney (1808–1852).
Augustus Sidney Doane was born in Boston, April 2, 1808, and died on Staten Island, New York, January 27, 1852. He graduated at Harvard in 1825, took his M. D. from Harvard in 1828, studied medicine for two years in Paris, and returned to Boston, but in 1830 settled in New York, where he became a successful practitioner. In 1839 he was appointed professor of physiology in the University of New York, a chair he soon resigned. He was subsequently appointed chief physician of the Marine hospital, practised again from 1843 to 1850, and was again appointed health officer. He edited "Good's Study of Medicine," translated Maygrier's "Midwifery," Dupuytren's "Surgery," Lugol's "Scrofulous Diseases," Baylis's "Descriptive Anatomy," Blandin's "Topographical Anatomy," Ricord's "Syphilis," Chausier on "The Arteries," and Scoutetten on "Cholera." He also contributed to Surgery Illustrated, and to other medical publications.
# American Medical Biographies/Dewees, William Potts

​Dewees, William Potts (1768–1841).
This Philadelphian obstetrician was so famous that no parturient woman of the time considered herself safe in other hands.
His great-grandparents were among the early Swedish immigrants at Delaware Bay. His mother was the daughter of an Englishman, Thomas Potts, who bought much land here and founded Pottstown on the Schuylkill, where William was born on the fifth of May, 1768. Early left fatherless he had only an ordinary school education, and after attending medical lectures in the University of Pennsylvania began practice with an M. B. degree when only twenty-one, gaining patients by his talents and his handsome face and winning ways. He specialized in midwifery and did good work in days when Mrs. Gamp was nurse. There was no systematic teaching in obstetrics and Dewees grew restless under this negligence, and collecting a band of pupils gave lectures on midwifery and strengthened his position in 1806 by taking his M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania with a thesis on "Lessening Pain in Parturition." Shippen notes this thesis as marking an era in the history of medicine.
Finally, in 1810, after Wistar, James, Chapman and Dewees had spent ill-spared time in pleading for it, a chair of midwifery was established in the university with the provision "it shall not be necessary, in order to obtain the degree of doctor of medicine, that the student shall attend the professor of midwifery."
James was chosen the first professor, Dewees becoming adjunct professor in 1825 and professor in 1834.
He had married Martha, daughter of a Dr. Rogers, of New England, but she died young, and in 1802 Dewees married Mary Lorrain, a Philadelphian, and had three daughters and five sons. An attack of pulmonary hemorrhage in 1812 made him resign his work and invest his money in land at Phillipsburgh and retire there. His money was lost but his health restored and he came back to gain speedily his old position and popularity, though in 1834 he had an apoplectic attack and the next year had to resign his professorship. Williams speaks of his "relaxation in the pleasures arising from social intercourse necessitated by want of sleep, irregular hours and laborious occupation." On the eighteenth of May, 1841, worn out by anxiety and disease, he died in Philadelphia, an old man of seventy-three, leaving good writings behind as his lasting memorial.
In 1824 appeared his "System of Midwifery," which ran through twelve editions. "It deviated from the principles of the English authorities, and, while resting upon those of Baudelocque, who was the exponent of the French school of obstetrics, presented so much of original thought and observation as to bestow a high reputation upon its author." Other works of his were: "A Treatise on the Physical and Medical Treatment of Children," 1825 (ten editions); "On the Diseases of Females," 1826, also ten editions; and "Practice of Medicine," 1870.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Porzellan

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Porzellan. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Porzellan, neuter, ‘porcelain,’ Modern High German only. “This ware, at first obtained from China and Japan, was introduced into Europe by the Italians; porcellana in Italian originally denoted a sea-mussel, concha veneris; since this bore a great resemblance to porcelain, the name was easily transferred from the one to the other.”
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Pottasche

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Pottasche. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Pottasche, feminine, equivalent to English potash; hence French potasse, Italian potassa.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Port

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Port. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Port, masculine, ‘port, harbour,’ from the equivalent Middle High German porte, feminine, port, masculine and neuter; borrowed at a late period from Latin and Romance portus (Italian porto, French port), ‘port.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Posaune

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Posaune. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Posaune, feminine, ‘trumpet, trombone’; a loan-word, as is indicated by the accent; it is met even during the Middle High German period as busûne, basûne, bosûne. On account of the remarkable variant busîne the word has been derived from Old French buisine, which, like Italian búccina, ‘trumpet,’ is based on Latin bûcī̆na. Compare further Dutch bazuin, ‘trumpet.’