OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Clarke, Marshal James

​CLARKE, Sir MARSHAL JAMES (1841–1909), South African administrator, born at Shronell, co. Tipperary, on 18 Oct. 1841, was eldest son of the Rev. Mark Clarke of Shronell. After being educated at a private school in Dublin and later at Trinity College, Dublin, he went to Woolwich in 1860 and obtained a commission in the royal artillery on 22 Feb. 1863, retiring in 1883 with the rank of lieut.-colonel. He spent the greater part of his career in South Africa, serving in a civil more often than in a military capacity. In 1874 he became resident magistrate of Pietermaritzburg in Natal. In 1876 he was A.D.C. to Sir Theophilus Shepstone [q. v.], then appointed special commissioner for South Africa. In 1877 he was sent on a mission to Sekukuni, who had been at war with the Boers on the northern frontier of the Transvaal near the Lydenburg goldfields, and he was in that year political officer and special commissioner at Lydenburg. He served in the Transvaal war of 1880–1, was twice mentioned in despatches, and was present at Potchefstroom as special commissioner. He was in charge of the Landdrost's office there when it was attacked and compelled to surrender by the insurgent Boers in December 1880. In 1881 he became resident magistrate at Quthing in Basutoland, and in 1882 commissioner of Cape police at King William's Town in the Cape Colony. In the same year he was sent to Egypt and appointed colonel commanding the Turkish regiment of Egyptian gendarmerie, receiving the ​third class of the order of the Medjidie. On 13 March 1884 Basutoland was taken over by the crown from the Cape government, and Clarke, who had now retired from the army, was appointed resident commissioner. He held that post till 1893, when he was made resident commissioner and chief magistrate of Zululand. After Zululand had been annexed to Natal, he was in 1898 appointed imperial resident commissioner of Rhodesia, under the southern Rhodesia order in council of that year, and held that appointment until he retired in 1905. Clarke, who had lost his left arm through a shooting accident, showed great capacity in native administration. Basutoland, which under the Cape government had been in a constant state of ferment, made marked progress in peace, contentment, and prosperity under his guidance. Constantly selected to fill difficult positions in South Africa, he was conspicuous among the men who won the confidence and respect of the natives of South Africa. He was created C.M.G. in 1880 and K.C.M.G. in 1886. He died at The Lodge, Enniskerry, co. Wicklow, on 1 April 1909, and was buried at Mount Jerome, Dublin.
He married in 1880 Anne Stacy, daughter of Major-general Bannastre Lloyd, and left two sons and one daughter.
[Colonial Office List; Blue Books; Who's Who; The Times, 5 April 1909; South Africa, 3 April 1909.]
C. P. L.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Acacia

Edition of 1802.
​ACACIA, in botany, Egyptian thorn; according to Linnæus, is a species of mimosa, growing in Egypt. It is also to be found in North America, and is there called the locust-tree. Its culture is not difficult. It delights more in a dry, sandy, and elevated soil, but may be raised in any, either from seeds or slips. Its uses are various; as it is applied both to domestic and medicinal purposes.
An inspissated juice of its fruit, of a dark colour and firm consistence, has been brought to us from Egypt: when dissolved, it is used in any convenient liquor for relieving spittings of blood, complaints of the eyes, and quinsies.
The leaves of acacia are said to afford an agreeable nourishment to horses and horned cattle. They ​may be given, either green or dry, alone or mixed, with hay or chopped straw.
The flowers of the acacia are used by the Chinese in making that beautiful yellow with which they stain their silks and stuffs, and colour their paper, in the following manner: take half a pound of these flowers before they are fully blown, and roast them over a clear and gentle fire in a very clean copper pan, continually stirring them with a brisk motion; when they begin to turn yellow, pour on a little water, and let it boil till it become thick, and acquire a deeper colour; then strain the whole through a piece of coarse silk. To the liquor thus expressed, add half an ounce of alum, and one ounce of calcined and finely-powdered oyster-shells: when the whole is well mixed, it will be fit for use.
The origin of the bezoar has been attributed to the seeds of this plant, which being browsed by certain animals, have, by their great acidity and astringent qualities, caused a condensation of the juices of the stomach, and produced this celebrated concrete.
The acacia, or locust-tree of North America, has been applied to various parts of ship-building; and several gentlemen in the State of New-York have, after reported trials, found, that posts for rail-fencing, &c. made of this tree, have resisted the influence of the weather better than any other timber, the swamp cedar even not excepted.
In England, the acacia tree is an exotic, and, on account of its being imported from a warmer climate, is supposed to be of a tender and delicate nature, and has therefore been propagated in a luxurious soil. Thus, as it grows remarkably fast, it not only becomes less firm and tenacious, but is very apt to split, and lose large branches: it may not, therefore, be so well adapted to the various purposes of building as those American trees, which are of a slower growth, and cultivated in a poorer soil, where they have sufficient time to arrive at maturity.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Acre

Edition of 1802.
​ACRE, a denomination used in the measurement of land: an acre consists of four square roods, each containing 40 perches, or poles. In different countries it varies, according to the length of the pole, which is from 16 1/2 to 28 feet. It is, also, divided into ten square chains, of twenty-two yards each, or 4840 square yards. According to Dr. Grew, the number of acres in England amounts to 46,080,000.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Absinthium vulgare

Edition of 1802.
​Absinthium vulgare. See Artemisia Absinthium, L. or Mugwort.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Acer pseudo-platanus

Edition of 1802.
​Acer pseudo-platanus, L. See Sycamore Tree.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Achillea millefolium

Edition of 1802.
​Achillea millefolium, L. See Milfoil, or Common Yarrow.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Acer campestre

Edition of 1802.
​Acer campestre, L. See Common Maple.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Acorns

Edition of 1802.
​ACORNS, or the seeds of the oak, though not at present an article of human subsistence, yet, if we may credit the testimony of ancient writers, formed no small part of the diet of the ancient Germans and Britons; and the desire to possess what was then considered as a table delicacy, was often a cause of hostilities between various nations. They have seldom been used for medicinal purposes. We have, however, the testimony of several foreign practitioners in their favour, and especially that of Dr. Marx. In describing the valuable properties of acorn-coffee, he asserts that this preparation has often cured obstructions arising from an accumulation of mucus in the viscera, and removed nervous complaints, when all other remedies have been tried in vain. The following is his method of preparing the acorn-coffee:
Take sound and ripe acorns, peel off their shells or husks, divide the kernels, and, after gradually drying, roast them in a close vessel, keeping them in continual motion. In this process, however, particular attention should be paid, that they may not be burnt, or roasted to excess.
Take of the powder, when ground like other coffee, half an ounce, or ​about four small tea-spoon fulls every morning and evening; using it either alone or mixed with one tea-spoon full of real coffee, and sweetening it with sugar.
This kind of coffee has, by the frugal house-wife, been employed as an article of domestic economy, but has not obtained general sanction; nor do we pledge ourselves for its medicinal efficacy; though several foreign practitioners affirm that it is an excellent remedy in asthmatic, and other pectoral complaints.
Acorns possess an astringent quality, which may be extracted by steeping them in cold water, or boiling them. On expression, they also afford an oil, which may be advantageously used in the burning of lamps.
In the year 1756, an ingenious gentleman, Mr. Ellis, invented a method of preserving acorns for a considerable time, and of retaining in them the power of vegetation, by encasing them in wax. In this manner, they may be transported to distant climates, and preserved in a fresh state for several years; so that they can be transplanted with hopes of success.
Lastly, acorns afford a very proper and nutritious food for hogs, which are readily fattened by their use: and we are farther convinced, from their analogy to the horse-chesnut, that, by depriving them of their husks, soaking them carefully in several infusions of fresh water, then drying and reducing them to flour, they would, in times of scarcity, serve as a tolerable substitute for bread-corn; for by this simple, though troublesome, process, most of the astringent vegetables lose their acrid and bitter taste.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Acorus Calamus

Edition of 1802.
​Acorus Calamus, L. See Sweet Flag.
# Eichel v. New York Central Railroad Company/Concurrence Douglas

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Douglas Harlan
United States Supreme Court
375 U.S. 253
Eichel v. New York Central Railroad Company
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS concurs in the result.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Eichel v. New York Central Railroad Company/Concurrence Harlan

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Douglas Harlan
United States Supreme Court
375 U.S. 253
Eichel v. New York Central Railroad Company
Mr. Justice HARLAN, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
Once again, I am obliged to record my view that certiorari should not have been granted in a case of this kind, involving only a question of the admissibility of evidence in a suit under the Federal Employers' Liability Act, 35 Stat. 65, as amended, 45 U.S.C. § 51. See my dissenting opinion in Tipton v. Socony Mobil Oil Co., Inc., earlier this Term, 84 S.Ct., p. 3.
On the merits, I agree with the majority that the judgment below should be reversed, but for different reasons. Whether or not evidence that the petitioner was receiving disability pension payments under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, 50 Stat. 307, as amended, 45 U.S.C. § 228a, should have been admitted depends on a balance between its probative bearing on the issue as to which it was offered, in this case the respondent's claim that petitioner was a malingerer, and the possibility of prejudice to the petitioner resulting from the jury's consideration of the evidence on issues as to which it is irrelevant. When a balance of this sort has to be struck, it should, except in rare instances, be left to the discretion of the t ial judge, subject to review for abuse. See Uniform Rules of Evidence, Rule 45; Model Code of Evidence, Rule 303. It is he who is in the best position to weigh the relevant factors, such as the value of the disputed evidence as compared with other proof adducible to the same end and the effectiveness of limiting instructions. Believing that this rule should have been followed here, I concur in reversing the judgment below, which not only held the evidence not inadmissible as a matter of law but also directed its admission on retrial.
For the same reasons, however, I dissent from the majority's holding that the evidence is required to be excluded. I see no reason why evidentiary questions should be given different treatment when they arise in an F.E.L.A. case than when they arise in other contexts.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Eichel v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
245 U.S. 102
Eichel v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company
Argued: Oct. 8, 1917. --- Decided: Nov 5, 1917
Mr. B. M. Ambler, of Parkersburg, W. Va., for appellee, in support of motion.
Mr. William M. Hall, of Pittsburg, Pa., for appellants, in opposition to motion.
Memorandum opinion by Mr. Justice VAN DEVANTER, by direction of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Eichholz v. Public Service Commission of Missouri

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
306 U.S. 268
EICHHOLZ v. PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION OF MISSOURI, et al.
No. 367. Argued: February 1, 1939. --- Decided: February 27, 1939.
Amended: April 17, 1939.
As Modified on Denial of Rehearing April 17, 1939.
Messrs. Smith B. Atwood, of St. Louis, Mo., and D. D. McDonald and Frank E. Atwood, both of Jefferson City, Mo., for appellant.
Messrs. Daniel C. Rogers and James H. Linton, both of Jefferson City, Mo., for appellees.
Mr. Chief Justice HUGHES delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

* Amended: April 17, 1939. 306 U.S. 622
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Waistcoat

Edition of 1802.
​Waistcoat. See Cork-tree, vol. ii. p. 64, and Flannel.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Waking

Edition of 1802.
​WAKING, or Wakefulness, denotes that state of the body, which is opposed to sleeping.—Both are alike important to the preservation of health; but waking, in particular, ought not to be prolonged beyond a proper time; as it exhausts the vital spirits; disorders the nerves; and unhinges the whole system: hence, acute head-achs, vertigoes, &c. are the inevitable consequences; because the whole mass of the fluids becomes vitiated, and the animal frame is at length subject to an uncommon degree of irritability and excitement, on the slightest occasions.
In the present artificial state of society, many persons of active minds, and great susceptibility, complain of watchfulness; which shortens their days, renders their life unhappy, and is sometimes succeeded by insanity.—As the source of this malady may, in general, be attributed to an unbounded desire of acquiring wealth, power, or fame, we shall briefly remark, that moral arguments will mostly prove unavailing, where the primary education has been ​defective. Instead, therefore, of resorting to opium, spirits, or other stupefying liquors, we advise such unfortunate victims of a disordered imagination, to adopt a more frugal mode of life; to take sufficient bodily exercise; not to indulge in nocturnal speculations; and, if these means be ineffectual, to resort either to the tepid bath, or to employ general friction over the whole body, for at least half an hour, previously to their repose.—See also Bed-time.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Walking

Edition of 1802.
​WALKING, is one of the most salutary kinds of exercise. For this purpose, dry, airy, and elevated situations are preferable to such as are low and moist; though, during the summer, a walk in a meadow or forest, is equally agreeable and conducive to health. No woods, marshy or damp meadows, however, should be selected, particularly in autumn, when the leaves decay on the ground. In taking this exercise, it will farther be advisable to walk with a moderate pace, especially against the wind; but the practice of reading, on such occasions, is equally absurd and detrimental to the eyes; independently of the accidents that may arise from falling.
Walking is of eminent service to persons employed in sedentary occupations, and particularly to those who are confined in cities: it promotes the circulation of the blood; preserves the body in a proper temperature; facilitates the motion of the lungs; and relieves the contraction of the legs, which is occasioned by long-continued sitting. Indeed, its beneficial consequences are so obvious, that hypochondriacal and hysterical affections have often been effectually removed, by duly persevering in this wholesome exercise.
In teaching children to walk, they should on no account be placed too early on their feet, or upheld by leading-strings; as, by such practice, their weak legs frequently become bandy: not less improper and pernicious are the circular go-carts employed for this purpose by injudicious parents, who are anxious to see their infants walk, before they have acquired sufficient strength to stand. Hence it will be more prudent to place them on a soft carpet; or, (if the weather be serene, and the ground perfectly dry) on a lawn or grass-plat. In such situations, surrounded with play-things, they may creep in every direction, support themselves either by chairs or trees; and, though occasionally falling, they will speedily learn to be more cautious. It would be superfluous to enlarge on this subject, which now begins to be better understood; and, if the simple rules, on which its practice depends, were more generally followed, there would be less occasion to deplore the fate of deformed or crippled children.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Wall

Edition of 1802.
​Wall. See Building.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Wall-barley

Edition of 1802.
​Wall-barley. See Barley.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Warbles

Edition of 1802.
​WARBLES, in farriery, are small, hard tumors arising on a horse's back, and generally occasioned by the heat, or friction, of the saddle in travelling.
As these injuries frequently occur in horses, after hard journies, or a severe chase, we would advise every person to whose care these noble animals are entrusted, minutely to examine the back every time when the saddle is removed. If any hardness or inequality should be perceived, from which a warble may probably ensue, the affected part must be bathed with the following liniment, that alone will be sufficient to check the progress of the swelling: Take of extract of lead, half an ounce; camphorated spirit of wine, two oz.; soft water, half a pint. Previously to adding the water, the extract and spirit should be well shaken, so that they may be duly incorporated.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Volume 4:8

Edition of 1802.
* Yellow-Hammer — Zizany
* Yellow-Hammer
* Yellow-Rattle
* Yellows, in Farriery
* Yellows, in Cattle
* Yellow-weed
* Yew-Tree
* Yoke
* Yolk
* Youth
* Youth-wort
* Zaffre
* Zanthoxylon
* Zedoary
* Zinc
* Zizany
Annotation to formatting of the list: bold—significant articles emphasized on the volume's Contents page with ALL CAPS or Small Caps; italic—articles which are just redirects to other articles; "with a Cut" (as noted on the Contents page) or similar—articles having picture(s).
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Wainscot

Edition of 1802.
​WAINSCOT, denotes the timber-work employed for lining the walls of apartments: it is usually made in the form of pannels, and painted, in order to serve as a substitute for hangings.
According to the modern practice of building, rooms are wainscoted only to the height of two or three feet; the intermediate space, to the ceiling, being usually covered with paper. The walls, however, ought to be thoroughly dry, before the wainscot is fixed; as the moisture exuding from the bricks is apt to loosen the pannels, and thus disfigure the workmanship. With a view to prevent such accidents, charcoal and wool are usually placed between the timber and the wall; but the most certain method of preserving the wainscot, consists in priming the inner sides of the joints with white lead, or with a mixture of Spanish brown and linseed oil.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/War

* related portals: Wars.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, quotes, definition, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1802.
​WAR, a contest between two sovereigns, states, or large bodies of people: and as these are unwilling to submit the decision of their differences to arbitration, or equity, they generally resort to arms for that purpose.
War is always a national evil; and is justifiable only in cases of self-defence; though, by proper remonstrances, it might doubtless in many instances be avoided, together with all its horrors.—Like the duels between private individuals, which disgrace civilized Europe, war may for a short time gratify the rage of hatred, but it uniformly fails to answer the end for which it was commenced;—disappointing the wishes of the ambitious; betraying the interests of society; in short, being equally useless and distressing.
Defensive wars, however, may be justified by dire necessity; so that the good wishes of the moderate and pacific, must ever attend such exertions. In this point of view, the art of war is an useful and necessary pursuit; as its object is to defend persecuted virtue; to punish the daring aggressor; to curb ambition; and to oppose the unjust claims of turbulent neighbours: but, when warfare is wantonly courted, for contrary purposes, it deserves to be branded with infamy; and, as Count Turpin ("Essay on the Art of War,") has justly observed, if he, who first reduced to rules the art of destroying his fellow-creatures, had no object in view but to gratify the passion of Princes, he was a monster, whom it would have been a duty to smother at his birth.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Wake-Robin

Edition of 1802.
​WAKE-ROBIN, Cuckow-pint, or Lords and Ladies, Arum maculatum, L. a native and hardy perennial, growing in shady places, ditch-banks and rough grounds; flowering in May and June.
Both the bulbous root, and the leaves of this vegetable, in a fresh state, are extremely acrid. Nevertheless, the former has sometimes been used internally as a powerful stimulant, and externally as a substitute for blisters. When dried and pulverized, these roots lose all their acrimony, and afford an almost tasteless farinaceous powder. According to Dr. Withering, good bread may be prepared from them, as well as an excellent starch.—The French manufacture from the same root, when properly dried and reduced to powder, a harmless cosmetic; which is sold under the name of cypress-powder. Such preparation may also, and, we conceive, with greater advantage be used in domestic economy, instead of soap.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Cornel-tree

Edition of 1802.
​CORNEL-TREE, or Cornus, L. a genus of plants comprising six species, of which only two are indigenous.
1. The sanguinea, wild cornel-tree, or dog-wood, which is chiefly found in woods and hedges. It produces white flowers, which are in bloom in the month of June, and are succeeded by round berries. The wood of this species is hard and smooth, and is chiefly employed in turnery-ware. Its leaves change to a deep blood- colour in autumn. The berries are bitter, and dye purple: on account of their cooling and astringent nature, they are said to strengthen the stomach; stop fluxes of every kind, and to be very serviceable in fevers, especially if accompanied with a diarrhœa. From one bushel of the kernels of these berries, l6lb. of lamp-oil were obtained by expression. The plant is eaten by horses, sheep, and goats, but refused by cows.
2. The suecica, or dwarf-cornel, which is found in mountainous situations, chiefly on the Cheviot-hills, in Northumberland; and in some parts of Yorkshire and Scotland. It is perennial, produces white blossoms, that appear in June or July, and are succeeded by red berries, which are eaten by the Swedes.