OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Arcato

Arcato, or COLL' ARCO. (I.) Signifies that the movement, or the passage, against which it is placed, is to be played with the bow. This word is used in contradistinction to pizzicato.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Arch

Arch. A curve formerly placed over a bass note, to signify that it was accompanied with the imperfect fifth.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Arch-lute

Arch-lute, or ARCIELUTO. (I.) A theorbo, or large lute, the bass strings of which are doubled with an octave, and the higher strings with a unison. This instrument was formerly in such repute, in most parts of Europe, that solos were frequently performed upon it in public. It is still used in Italy, where it is called the arcieluto.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Baurans, N

Baurans, N. A French composer of petits' operas in the Italian style, died in 1764.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bayart, Constanz A. M

Bayart, Constanz A. M. A German composer at Osnabruck about the year 1799 He has published some piano-forte music, and also songs.
BAYER, JOSEPH D., a composer for the piano, published his Op. 1 at Augsburg, in 1801.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bayon, Mlle

Bayon, Mlle., published six sonatas at Paris in 1770.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bausteller, Johann Conrad

Bausteller, Johann Conrad. An instrumental composer since the year 1729. He published at Amsterdam six sonatas for the harpsichord, in the year 1760.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bayer, Mlle

Bayer, Mlle. A female composer at Vienna in 1797.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bayly, Anselm, Ll

Bayly, Anselm, Ll. D., published "The Alliance of Music, Poetry, and Oratory," London, 1789.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bazzino, Or Bazzani, Francesco

Bazzino, Or Bazzani, Francesco, younger brother of the preceding, was a celebrated theorist and composer, born in the Venetian states in 1600. He died in 1660.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Baverini, Francesco

Baverini, Francesco, an Italian composer, wrote a sacred opera called "La Conversione di S. Paolo," at Rome, in 1410.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bayer, Andre

Bayer, Andre, an organist and composer at Wurtzburg in 1710.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bazzino, Or Bazzani, Natale

Bazzino, Or Bazzani, Natale, A composer of masses, motets, &c., at Venice. He died in 1639.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Penitential Redemptions

From volume 12 of the work.
Penitential redemptions are the substitution of exercises (especially alms-deeds), either easier or extending over a shorter period, for works of penance imposed according to the penitential canons. These redemptions allow an alleviation, or a shortening of the time of penance; they thus resemble an indulgence, and have a place in the history of indulgences. Among the Anglo-Saxons and the Irish, as manifested by their penitential books, the fundamental idea was reparation in proportion to the number and gravity of the sins, as it were a weregild paid to God and the Church. The confessor imposed a certain number of penitential acts, prayers, fasts, flagellations, alms-deeds etc., extending over a more or less considerable period; hence arose quite naturally the desire to condense the penance into a shorter time. The priest might fix them in each case, but the penitential books show that there actually was a sort of scale in current use. Three things were considered in determining the new works: the penances already imposed, the difficulty of the penitent's accomplishing them, and finally his material condition, especially in the case of alms-deeds. Thus one unable to fast could replace fasting by the Psalter (fifty psalms); an alms of twenty solidi (for the poor, ten solidi or even less) replaced fasts of seven weeks (a carina). A penance of a week, a quarantine, or a year might be accomplished in a short time by accumulating psalters, genuflexions, palmatœ (blows on the breast with the palm of the hand), or by condensing two days of slight into one of severe fasting. These substitutions assumed numerous combinations, and the Irish canons (Wasserschleben, "Die Bussordnungen", Halle, 1851, 193) show nine methods of accomplishing a year's penance in a short time. It was even attempted to have the penance performed by others (cf. "Leges" or "Pœnitentiale" of Eadger in Hardouin, "Concilia", VI, i, 659 sq.), but these substitutions, accessible only to the great, were a contradiction of penance and were severely condemned (cf. Conc. of Clovesho of 747, cans. xxvi-xxvii). The redemptions considered in the penitential books had only practical and not official value; however, they were officially adopted by several councils. Thus the Council of Tribur of 895 (can. lvi), in determining the penance for a homicide, authorizes the redemption (while travelling or at war) of the fast on Tuesday, Thursday, or Saturday by paying a denier, or by caring for three poor. Eventually these redemptions were offered indiscriminately to all, especially at the Council of Clermont of 1095 (can. ii), when the crusade was suggested as a ransom from all penance. This was the modern indulgence, save that in the case of an indulgence the penance to be redeemed has not been imposed on individuals, but to the proposed work is attached by ecclesiastical authority a reduction of penitential satisfaction. (See INDULGENCES.)
WASSERSCHLEBEN, op. cit.; SCHMITZ, Die Bussbücher u. Bussdisciplin der Kirche, X (Mainz, 1883), 144 sq. See PENANCE; PENITENTIAL CANONS.
A. BOUDINHON.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pentacomia

From volume 11 of the work.
A titular see of Palestine, suffragan of Areopolis or Rabbah. It was never a residential see; the Crusaders mistook the "Descriptio orbis romani" of George of Cyprus, where it is mentioned (ed. Gelzer, 53), for a "Notitia episcopatuum", whereas it is a purely civil document. There is a locality of this name in Arabia (op. cit., 54), and a third in Palæstina Prima, now known as Fendacoumieh, near Samaria. Le Quien has made the same error ("Oriens christianus", III, 773), but without discovering the name of one bishop. The site of Pentacomia seems unknown.
S. VAILHÉ.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pentateuch (Biblical Commission)

From volume 16 of the work.
Pentateuch.—Some decisions of the Biblical Commission (q.v.) in regard to the chief subject of this article, viz., Genesis, are as follows: The various exegetical Systems which exclude the literal and historical sense of the first three chapters of the Book of Genesis are not based on a solid foundation. It should not be taught that these three chapters do not contain true narrations of facts, but only fables derived from the mythologies and cosmogonies of earlier peoples, purged of their polytheistic errors and accommodated to monotheism; or allegories and symbols, with no objective reality, set forth in the guise of history to inculcate religious and philosophical truths; or, finally, legends partly historical and partly fictitious put together for instruction and edification. In particular, doubt should not be cast on the literal and historical sense of passages which touch on the foundations of the Christian religion, as, for instance, the creation of the universe by God at the beginning of time; the special creation of man; the formation of the first woman from the first man; the unity of the human race; the original happiness, integrity, and immortality of our first parents in the state of justice; the precept given by God to man to try his obedience; the transgression of the Divine precept, at the suggestion of the Devil, under the form of a serpent; the fall of our first parents from their original state of justice; the promise of a future Redeemer.
In explaining such passages in these chapters as the Fathers and Doctors interpreted differently, one may follow and defend the opinion which meets his approval. Not every word or phrase in these chapters is always necessarily to be taken in its literal sense so that it may never have another, as when it is manifestly used metaphorically or anthropomorphically. The literal and historical meaning of some passages in these chapters presupposed, an allegorical and prophetical meaning may wisely and usefully be employed. As in writing the first chapter of Genesis the purpose of the sacred author was not to expound in a scientific manner the constitution of the universe or the complete order of creation, but rather to give to the people popular information in the ordinary language of the day, adapted to the intelligence of all, the strict propriety of scientific language is not always to be looked for in their terminology. The expression six days and their division may be taken in the ordinary sense of a natural day, or for a certain period of time, and exegetes may dispute about this question.
Acta Apostolicæ Sedis (15 July, 1908); Rome (17 July, 1909).
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Peoria Indians

From volume 11 of the work.
A principal tribe of the confederated Illinois Indians (q.v.) having their chief residence, in the seventeenth century, on Illinois river, upon the lake, and about the site of the modern city that bears their name. The first white man ever known to the Illinois was probably the Jesuit Claude Allouez, who met some of them as visitors at the mission on Lake Superior at La Pointe (Bayfield) Wisconsin, in 1667. Six years later Marquette passed through their country, where he soon established a temporary mission. In 1680 the French commander, La Salle, built For Crèvecoeur on Peoria lake, near the village of the tribe, about the present Rockfort. It was abandoned, but reoccupied in 1684, when a regular mission was begun among the Peoria by Fr. Allouez. His successor in 1687 was Fr. Jacques Gravier, to whom we owe the great manuscript "Dictionary of the Peoria Language", now at Harvard University, the principal literary monument of the extinct Illinois. The Peoria, however, proved obstinate in their old beliefs, and in 1705, at the instigation of the medicine men, Gravier was attacked and dangerously wounded. He narrowly escaped with his life, but died from the effects on 12 Feb., 1708, near Mobile, after having vainly sought a cure in France. The mission continued under other workers, but so late as 1721 the tribe was still almost entirely heathen, although the majority of the Illinois were then Christian. The Peoria shared in the vicissitudes and rapid decline of the Illinois, and in 1832 the remnant of the confederated tribes, hardly 300 souls in all, sold all their claims in Illinois in Missouri and removed to a small reservation on the Osage River, Kansas. In 1854 the remnant of the Wea and Piankishaw of Indiana were consolidated with them, and in 1868 the entire body removed to a tract in north-east Oklahoma, where they now reside, being officially designated as "Peoria and confederated tribes", and numbering altogether only about 200 souls, all mixed-bloods, and divided between Catholic and Methodist. (See also Miami Indians.)
THWAITES (ed.), The Jesuit Relations (Illinois missions) (73 vols., Cleveland, 1896-1901); SHEA, Catholic Missions (New York, 1854); PILLING, Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages (Washington, 1891); ROYCE AND THOMAS, Indian Land Cessions, Eighteenth Rept. Bur. Am. Eth., II (Washington, 1899).
JAMES MOONEY
# Confederate Military History/Volume 3/Biographical/I

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​Brigadier-General John D. Imboden, at the time of the passage of the ordinance of secession of Virginia, was a resident of Staunton, in the Valley. He had been a candidate for a seat in the convention, but was defeated by the candidate of the Union party. The policy he advocated was independent secession, and the maintenance
| Brig.-Gen. Thos. Jordan. | Brig.-Gen. Walter H. Stevens. | Brig.-Gen. Thos. T. Munford. |
| Brig.-Gen. Henry A. Wise. | Maj.-Gen. Henry Heth. | Brig.-Gen. James A. Walker. |
| Brig.-Gen. Julius A. DeLagnel. | Brig.-Gen. Roger A. Pryor. | Brig.-Gen. John McCausland. |
| Brig.-Gen. Wm. L. Jackson. | Brig.-Gen. E. F. Paxton. | Brig.-Gen. John R. Jones. |
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Thomas Baily

From volume 2 of the work.
A Catholic clergyman, b. in Yorkshire, England; d. at Douai, France, 7 October, 1591. He was a student at Glare Hall, Cambridge, where he obtained the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1546. Soon after he became a Fellow of that house receiving the degree of Master of Arts in 1549. In 1554 he was appointed Proctor and in the following year he subscribed to the Roman Catholic Articles. About November, 1557, he was appointed Master of Glare Hall and was given the degree of Bachelor of Divinity in 1558. In the same year Queen Elizabeth ascended the throne and efforts were made by the Protestant party to gain recruits to its ranks, but Baily refused to conform to the new religion. As a consequence he was deprived of his Mastership. He next visited Louvain, where he remained until 30 January, 1576, during the interval receiving the degree of Doctor of Divinity. From Louvain he went to Douai at the invitation of Doctor Allen (afterwards Cardinal), during whose absence he usually filled the position of President of the English College both at Douai and Reims. He finally left Reims, 27 January, 1589, returning to Douai, where he remained until his death. He was associated with Cardinal Allen in the management of the College, the distribution of the labour being that Cardinal Allen had charge of the discipline, Dr. Baily the temporal affairs, and Dr. Bristow, another of Cardinal Allen's colabourers, the studies. He was buried in the Chapel of St. Nicholas in the parish church of St. James, Douai.
COOPER in Dict. Nat. Biog., II, 432; GILLOW, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath., I, 105.
THOMAS GAFFNEY TAAFFE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Thomas Canon Flanagan

From volume 6 of the work.
Born in England in 1814, though Irish by descent; died at Kidderminster, 21 July, 1865. He was educated at Sedgley Park School. At the age of eighteen he proceeded to Oscott - that is "Old Oscott", now known as Maryvale - to study for the priesthood. The president at that time was Dr. Weedall, under whose supervision the present imposing college buildings were about to be erected. The students and professors migrated there in 1838, after the summer vacation, Flanagan being thus one of the original students at the new college. There he was ordained in 1842, Bishop (afterwards Cardinal) Wiseman being then president. At this time Oscott was the centre of much intellectual activity, many of the Oxford converts during the following years visiting the college, where some made their first acquaintance with Catholic life. Flanagan, who throughout his course had been an industrious and persevering student, was asked by Wiseman to remain as a professor, and as such he came into contact with the new converts, his own bent towards historical studies creating a strong bond of sympathy between him and those who had become convinced of the truth of Catholicism on historical grounds.
In 1847 Flanagan brought out his first book, a small manual of British and Irish history, containing numerous statistical tables the preparation of which was congenial to his methodical mind. The same year he became prefect of studies and acted successfully in that capacity until 1850, when he was appointed vice-president and then president of Sedgley Park School, and he became one of the first canons of the newly formed Birmingham Diocese in 1851. The active life of administration was, however, not congenial to his tastes, and he was glad to resume his former position at Oscott in 1853. It was at this time that he began writing his chief work, a "History of the Church in England". In order to allow him more leisure for this, he was appointed chaplain to the Hornyold family at Blackmore Park, and his history appeared in two volumes, during his residence there, in 1857. It was at that time the only complete work on the Church in England continued down to present times, and, though marred by some inaccuracies, on the whole it bore witness to much patient work and research on the part of the author. His style, however, was somewhat concise, and Bishop Ullathorne's remark, that Canon Flanagan was a compiler of history rather than a vivid historian, has often been quoted. The year after the appearance of his Church history, we find Flanagan once more installed in his old position as prefect of studies at Oscott, where he remained for eighteen months, when his health gave way. The last years of his life were spent as assistant priest at St. Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham. He died at Kidderminster, whither he had gone for his health.
BERNARD WARD
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Thomas Augustine Hendrick

From volume 7 of the work.
First American and the twenty-second Bishop of Cebú, Philippine Islands, b. at Penn Yan, New York, U.S.A., 29 Oct., 1849; d. at Cebú, 29 Nov., 1909. He was ordained priest at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, New York, 7 June, 1873, and spent the twenty-nine subsequent years in parish work in the Diocese of Rochester. When the reorganization of the Church in the Philippines was undertaken after the Spanish American War, he was appointed Bishop of Cebú, and consecrated in Rome 23 August, 1903. Taking possession of the See 6 March, 1904, he was most successful up to the time of his death, which was due to cholera, in restoring order and discipline and providing for the spiritual needs of his large diocese. During his pastorate in Rochester he was prominent and active in public and charitable work, and served for several years as a member of the Board of Regents of the State University. (See CEBÚ, DIOCESE OF.)
America (New York, 4 Dec 1909); Catholic Union and Times (Buffaloo 4 Dec., 1909); Catholic Directory, (1904, 1910).
THOMAS F. MEEHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Thomas Bracken

From volume 2 of the work.
Poet, journalist, politician, b. in Ireland 21 December, 1843; d. at Dunedin, New Zealand, 16 February, 1898. Having lost his parents he emigrated in his twelfth year to Victoria, Australia. He went to Otago, New Zealand, as a shearer in 1869, and published there a small volume of verse, "Flights among the Flax", which brought him into some notice. In Dunedin, he was associated with the commercial staffs of "The New Zealand Tablet","The Otago Guardian", and the "Morning Herald", and was founder and part proprietor of the "Saturday Advertiser", which was a literary and commercial success only so long as he directly controlled it. He was twice returned to Parliament (in 1884 and 1886) for Dunedin in the Liberal interest. He died in the Dunedin hospital. He is best known in New Zealand and Australia for his verse. His poetic publications in book form, in addition to the one already mentioned, are: "Flowers of the Freeland"; "Behind the Tomb and Other Poems"; "The Land of the Maori and the Moa"; and "Musings in Maoriland" (Dunedin, 1890), his last and fullest collection. Bracken's themes are mostly local and colonial. He is not a world-poet, but takes honourable rank among the pioneers of Australian poetry. In his best verse, much true and tender poetic feeling finds skilled and picturesque expression.
MENNELL, Australasian Biography (London, 1892); The Otago Daily Times, files (17 February, 1898); The Evening Star (Dunedin), files (17 February, 1898); The New Zealand Tablet, files (25 February, 1898).
HENRY W. CLEARY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Thomas Bailey

From volume 2 of the work.
Controversialist, died c. 1657. He was son of Bishop Bailey of Bangor and was educated as an Anglican at Magdalen College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A., in 1627 and M.A., in 1631. After ordination he was appointed SubDean of Wells (1638). During the Civil wars he retired to Oxford where he proceeded Doctor of Divinity. He was a stanch royalist and after the battle of Naseby was for a time in the king's retinue at Raglan Castle. Subsequently through the help of the Marquess of Worcester, who was a Catholic, he travelled abroad and thus became acquainted with Catholic life, which led to his conversion. On his return he published a work of strong royalist tendencies to prove the divine right of Episcopacy; this book gave offence to Cromwell's government and resulted in his arrest and imprisonment in Newgate. While a prisoner he wrote another book called "Herba parietis (The Wall-flower), in allusion to his captive state. After his release he retired to Italy, where he obtained employment in the household of Cardinal Ottoboni at Ferrara. He died shortly before the Restoration, probably in the cardinal's employ, although Anthony à Wood repeats a rumour that he died at Bologna as a common soldier. Among the works published in his name is a life of Blessed John Fisher, which has given rise to some difficulty, for it was written by Dr. Richard Hall in 1559, nearly a century before. Bailey published it with additions which the martyr's latest biographer, Rev. T. Bridgett, describes as "nothing verbiage and blunders". He adds that some of the additions "are palpably false and have brought discredit upon Hall". It was suggested by Dodd that Bailey's name was added without his knowledge by the bookseller, but if the preface signed T.B. be genuine he certainly claimed authorship, a fact which does not enhance his reputation. His authentic works are: "Certamen Religiosum" (London, 1649), an account of the conference concerning religion between Charles I and the Marquess of Worcester; answered by L'Estrange, Cartwright, and Heylyn; "The Royal Charter granted unto Kings by God Himself" (London, 1649, 1656, 1680); "Herba parietis" London, 1650); "The End to Controversie" (Douai, 1654); "Golden Apothegins of Charles I and Henry, Marquess of Worcester" (London, 1660). Bailey also completed and published Bishop Lindsell's edition of Theophylact. The book mentioned in Walton's "Life of Bishop Sanderson" as "Dr. Bailey's Challenge" may be a separate work but more probably is merely a reference to one of the above.
COOPER in Dict. Nat. Biog., III, s. v. Bayly; GILLOW, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath.; DODD, Church History (1737-42), III, 64; WOOD, Athen. Oxon., ed. BLISS, II, 526; BRIDGETT, Life of Fisher (1890), preface.
EDWIN BURTON