# QST/January 1916/The Oscillating Audion

This article appeared in the January 1916 issue of QST

#### The Oscillating Audion

By Clarence D. Tuska
During the past few months, amateur and professional experimenters have been doing rather remarkable work with the oscillating audion. These amateurs say it is not unusual to receive strong signals with this instrument over a distance of three, and even four thousand miles. The apparatus used with the oscillating audion is by no means complex, but data has not been available for the construction of the instrument. It is the purpose of this article to place before the amateur experimenters a brief description of the apparatus used.
THEORY.
It is beyond the scope of “QST” to go into the theory of this wonderful piece of radio apparatus. Amateurs who are interested in the technical of the oscillating valve will find a complete article on the theory by Armstrong. The title of Armstrong's paper is “Some Recent Developments in the Audion Receiver” and will be found in Volume 3, Number 3, of the "Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers.”
In order that the reader may understand the operation, it is well to say that the Audion is used simultaneously as a receiver and generator of undamped waves. The incoming oscillations are received at a definite frequency and are super-imposed upon a slightly higher or lower frequency of the Audion oscillations. For example, the incoming wave has a frequency of 100,000 per second and at the same time the Audion is generating waves at the rate of 101,000 per second the result of these two series of oscillations is a musical note of 1,000 vibrations per second. This is known as the “beat” effect.
CONSTRUCTION OF LOOSE COUPLER
One of the important instruments used in the oscillating audion hook-up is a loose coupler; especially designed for the reception of long waves. This tuner is not radically different from the ordinary loose coupler. It is constructed along the same lines as a receiving transformer of large size. The best results have been obtained using coils of a larger diameter. The primary should be ten inches in diameter and wound with eight or nine hundred turns of No. 28 double silk covered wire. The secondary is nine inches in diameter and also wound with No. 28 D. S. G. copper wire. About 1,100 turns will be found sufficient for the secondary winding. The first tap on the primary should include 400 turns, as one never needs less than this amount. The rest of the primary is divided into sections containing 50 turns and a tap is brought out from each section. The secondary is tapped off into sections of 100 turns. A sliding coupling is used, the same as on an ordinary loose coupler.
Fibre tubes are the ideal thing to wind these inductances on. Tubes of nine and ten-inch diameters, with 3-16-inch walls can be obtained from any large paper supply house. One difficulty to be contended with is the shrinking of the tubes. This may be counteracted by boiling the tubes in a solution of paraffine and rosin. This drives out the moisture in the fibre. After the forms have been treated in this manner the wire may be shellaced on, but for best results do not use shellac. The writer has not gone into a detailed account of loose coupler construction. The average amateur understands the manufacture of a receiving transformer and should have no difficulty in constructing one with the above dimensions.
VARIABLES
The most important instruments in the working of an oscillating valve are the variable condensers. An essential property of a variable, to be used in the system shown, is good insulation. In experimenting with this apparatus, the amateur will find the whole set is thrown out of resonance, when he brings his hand near the apparatus. The remedy for this troublesome effect is to construct long handles for the condensers. An insulated handle ​from 18 to 20 inches in length will be found satisfactory. This little effect shows the remarkable sensitiveness of the Audion when used as an oscillator.
In the sketch, “A” is a tuning condenser of very small capacity. Too much capacity in this place will prevent the system from oscillating properly. A small Murdock variable can be used at “B” and “D,” provided they are well insulated. “C” is another small variable about the same size as “A.” The operator will find “A” and “G” never need a large capacity. The whole secret of getting effective results from this connection is to tune the condenser combination properly. That is, to vary the capacity of the various condensers so that the Audion will oscillate. Once the Audion is generating undamped waves, the set is tuned with the loose coupler and the signals heterodyned. This merely means “beats” are produced. The operator can vary the frequency of the signals at will, as the “beat” frequency depends upon the capacity of the condensers.
OPERATION
The most sensitive Audion bulbs for this work are those which "turn blue" at a telephone voltage of about 30. Bulbs which have this property of using a low telephone voltage, will work well without burning the filament brighter than a cherry red. It is difficult to give precise directions for operating the oscillating valve, but the majority of amateurs will have no trouble with it. In five or ten minutes they will stumble on the proper combination and get far better results than the writer could suggest. IMPORTANT–If the Audion is oscillating properly, a sharp click can be heard in the telephone when the point marked “X” in the diagram, is touched.
RECEIVING
One of the writer’s friends used the instruments described. His station was located on the Atlantic Seaboard. The antenna used was two wires, 200 feet long, and not over 50 feet high at any point. In a series of experiments, no difficulty was found in copying arc stations located at Nauen, Hanover, and Elvese, Germany. Signals sent with the Goldschmidt alternator from Tuckerton, N. J. were also heard. The longest receiving was done when the signals of the Federal Telephone Company’s station at Honolulu, were copied.
Any amateur who carefully reads the suggestion given, should have no trouble operating an oscillating Audion with an aerial of fair length. Amateurs throughout the country are now in a position to receive signals from distances of several thousand miles. The writer hopes the amateurs will write of their experiences as he knows their fellow amateurs will be glad to hear about the results obtained.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1985, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 38 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse