OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gessner, Salomon

Edition of 1905. See also Solomon Gessner on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GESSNER, Salomon (1730-88). A Swiss poet, painter, and etcher, very popular in his day as a writer and representative of the idyllic taste of his generation. He was born in Zurich, April 1, 1730. His first noteworthy piece, Lied eines Schweizers an sein bewaffnetes Mädchen (1751), was followed by Daphnis (1754), Idyllen (1750), and, most famous of all, Der Tod Abels (1758), which he called “a sort of idyllic prose pastoral.” Gessner's work is throughout insipidly sweet and monotonously melodious; yet it exactly suited the taste of a generation nursed on Rousseau. The idylls had a European influence, and appeared in seven languages. He died in Zurich, March 2, 1788. Gessner's Works were frequently published, last in 1841. There is a French translation in three volumes (1786-93). Gessner's Life, by Höttinger, appeared in 1796; his Correspondence with His Son in 1801. For Gessner's literary influence, consult Texte, J. J. Rousseau and Literary Cosmopolitanism (New York, 1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gilder, Jeannette Leonard

Edition of 1906. See also Jeannette Leonard Gilder on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GILDER, gĭl'dẽr, Jeannette Leonard (1849— ). An American journalist and critic. She was born at Flushing, N. Y., October 3, 1849; was connected from 1869 with various newspapers in Newark and New York, was associated with her brother, Richard Watson Gilder, in the editorship of Scribner's Monthly, now the Century, and since 1881 has been joint editor with her brother, Joseph B. Gilder, of the Critic. She has also served as literary correspondent for American and English journals, and written several books: Representative Poems of Living Poets; Pen Portraits of Literary Women (with Helen G. Cone); Essays from the Critic (with Joseph B. Gilder); Authors at Home; The Autobiography of a Tomboy; and Taken by Siege. She has also done original work in the drama and in fiction.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gero

Edition of 1906. See also Gero on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERO, gā′rṓ. A German hero in the Nibelungenlied. He is an historic character who, as Margrave of the Ostmark, in 939, conquered all the Slavic tribes between the Elbe and the Oder, and died in 905.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sioux City

Edition of 1905. See also Sioux City, Iowa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SIOUX (so͞o) CITY. The county seat of Woodbury County, Iowa, 156 miles northwest of Des Moines; on the Missouri River, at the junction of the Big Sioux and the Floyd (Map: Iowa, A 2). Among the railroads that enter the city are the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul, the Chicago and Northwestern, the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha, the Illinois Central, the Great Northern, and the Union Pacific. It is the seat of Morningside College (Methodist Episcopal), opened in 1890, and of the Sioux City College of Medicine. The public library contains nearly 15,000 volumes. The high school building, Saint Joseph's Mercy Hospital, and the German Lutheran and the Samaritan hospitals are other prominent features. The most noteworthy of the city parks is the Floyd Memorial, 20 acres in area, along the river front. Sioux City is situated in an extensive corn-growing and stock-raising region. In the census year 1900 capital to the amount of $5,691,644 was invested in the various industries, which had an output valued at $15,469,702. There are flouring and grist mills, foundries, machine shops, meatpacking establishments, saddlery and harness manufactories, and a brewery. Cudahy, Armour, and Swift have large packing plants here, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul and the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha railways have extensive machine and repair shops. The city spends annually for maintenance and operation about $361,000, the principal items being: schools, $123,000; streets, $42,000; fire department, $30,000; interest on debt, $24,000; water-works, $24,000; municipal lighting, $17,000. The water-works are owned by the municipality. Settled as a trading station in 1849, Sioux City was laid out in 1854 and was chartered as a city in 1857. During its early years it was an important military post, and was the place where the various Black Hills expeditions were fitted out. Population, in 1890, 37,806; in 1900, 33,111.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sinub

Edition of 1905. See also Sinop, Turkey on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SINUB, sē̇-no͞ob′. A town in the Vilayet of Kaslamuni, Asiatic Turkey, on the southern shore of the Black Sea. 185 miles northeast of Angora (Map: Turkey in Asia, F 1). It is defended by half-ruined fortifications, but its dock-yard and naval arsenal have been closed. The Bay of Sinub affords the finest anchorage for ships along the northern coast of Asiatic Turkey. The town exports timber, dried fruits, skins, and silk. Population, in 1901, 9749. The ancient city of Sinope was founded by a colony of Milesian Greeks in the eighth centuiy B.C. For two hundred years after the Peloponnesian War it was almost the mistress of the Euxine. Of its former splendor there remain only the 'Castle of Mithridates' and a few Roman substructures. The Bay of Sinub was the scene of a naval engagement, November 30, 1853, in which a Turkish squadron was destroyed by the Russian fleet.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sion

Edition of 1905. See also Sion, Switzerland on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SION, sē̇′ôn′ (Ger. Sitten). The capital of the Canton of Valais, Switzerland, situated on the Sionne, which flows through the town in an artificial channel, not far from its junction with the Rhone and 17 miles east of Saint-Maurice (Map: Switzerland, B 2). It is a little town of remarkable picturesqueness, with the ruins of the thirteenth-century Castle of Tourbillon on the north and the Castle of Valeria, the former residence of the canons, on the south. The town proper contains the fifteenth-century cathedral, the thirteenth-century Church of Saint Catharine, and the Gothic town hall. Population, in 1900, 6095.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sisyphus

Edition of 1905. See also Sisyphus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SIS′YPHUS (Lat., from Gk. Σίσυφος). In Greek legend, the son of Æolus and Enarete. According to the earlier myth he was married to Merope, but later tradition made him the father of Odysseus by Anticlea. From this the patronymic Sisyphides was applied to the hero of the Odyssey. He is said to have been the founder and King of Ephyra, afterwards Corinth, and became notorious as a fraudulent, avaricious, and wicked ruler. For this wickedness during life he was punished in the lower world by being condemned to roll from the bottom to the summit of a hill an immense boulder which, whenever it reached the top, rolled down again, and compelled him to begin his task anew.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sitatunga

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ SITATUNGA, sĭt′ȧ-to͞oṉ′gȧ. A ‘harnessed’ antelope. See Nakong.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sioux Falls

Edition of 1905. See also Sioux Falls, South Dakota on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SIOUX FALLS. The county seat of Minnehaha County, S. D., 90 miles north of Sioux City, Iowa; on the Big Sioux River, here spanned by four bridges, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul, the Great Northern, the Illinois Central, the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha, and the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroads (Map: South Dakota, J 6). It has the Sioux Falls College (Baptist), a Lutheran Normal School, All Saints School, and the State School for Deaf Mutes. Other prominent features are the State and Federal Penitentiary, Children's Home, the United States Government building, the court-house, and the public library. Sioux Falls is surrounded by a section engaged in farming and cattle-raising, but is chiefly important as the centre of extensive stone-quarrying and manufacturing interests. There are boiler and sheet iron works, a flouring mill, bottling establishments, and carriage and broom manufactories. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a unicameral council. Settled in 1867, Sioux Falls was incorporated as a village in 1877, and was chartered as a city in 1883. Population, in 1890, 10,177; in 1900, 10,266.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sistine Madonna

Edition of 1905. See also Sistine Madonna on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SISTINE MADONNA. See Madonna and Plate with article Raphael Santi.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sistova

Edition of 1905. See also Svishtov on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SISTOVA, sĭs′tō̇vȧ. A town of Bulgaria, about 40 miles above Rustchuk (Map: Balkan Peninsula, E 3). It has a considerable trade in grain and wine. Population, in 1893, 13,212. Sistova is noted for the treaty of peace concluded here between Austria and Turkey in 1791.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sintram and His Companions

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SINTRAM (zīn′trȧm) AND HIS COMPANIONS. A German romance by Fouqué, published in 1814 as the fourth part of the Jahreszeiten, of which Undine formed the first.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sinus

Edition of 1905. See also Paranasal sinuses on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SINUS (Lat., bend, hollow). The cells or cavities contained in certain bones, as the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and superior maxillary, are called sinuses. The frontal sinuses are two irregular cavities extending upward and outward, from their openings on each side of the nasal spine, between the inner and outer layers of the skull, and separated from one another by a thin bony septum. They give rise to the prominences above the root of the nose called the nasal eminences. They are not developed till after puberty, and vary considerably in size, being usually larger in men than in women and young persons, in consequence of the greater prominence of the superciliary ridges in the former. They comnuinicate on each side with the upper part of the nostril by a tunnel-shaped opening, which transmits a prolongation of mucous membrane to line their interior. The sphenoidal sinuses are two large irregular cavities, formed, after the period of childhood, in the body of the sphenoid bone. They communicate with the upper part of the nose, from which they receive a layer of mucous membrane. Like the frontal sinuses, they serve to lessen the weight of the skull and to add to the resonance of the voice. The ethmoid sinuses or cells lie in the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone. They open into the cavities of the nose. The superior maxillary sinus, commonly known as the antrum of Highmore (after the anatomist who first accurately described it), is the largest of the facial sinuses. Its uses are the same as those of the others, and, like them, it communicates with the nasal cavities. The sinuses of the dura mater are quite distinct from the above described bony sinuses; they are irregular channels for the transmission of venous blood. In surgery the term sinus is nearly equivalent to fistula (q.v.).
# The New Student's Reference Work/A Becket

See also the disclaimer.
​A Becket. See Becket.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Abattoir

See also Slaughterhouse on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Abattoir (ȧb′ȧt′twȧr′), originally merely a slaughter-house, but now inclusive of a number of industries connected with the disposal of the parts of animals unfit for food. The term is sometimes made to include also the market at which the products are sold.
What to do with the waste parts of slain animals has always been a problem where population was dense enough to necessitate much butchering. In the time of the Roman Empire the killing was restricted to one section of the city, and here there was a public market, and sometimes, as in Rome, a splendid market building. Previous to 1810 in Paris killing of animals was allowed even along the principal streets, and conditions had become so bad that a commission was appointed in that year to do away with the nuisance. Under the direction of this commission five great abattoirs were opened in September, 1818, and these have to a great extent been models for the world. London did not take up the matter in a serious way until 1852, and then in 1855 opened a great establishment at a suburb called Islington. But it has remained for America, in very recent times, to perfect the greatest of these institutions. Machinery has been so much brought into use that an almost marvelous speed and economy is attained. Perhaps an even more wonderful advance has been made in the matter of using the various parts of the animals which were once a nuisance. Such products as special foods, medicines, building materials, chemicals, manures, etc., utilize practically every particle of an animal and so solve the problem of their disposal.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Abbotsford

See also Abbotsford House on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ab′botsford, celebrated as the home of Sir Walter Scott, is situated on the Tweed river, near Melrose Abbey, Scotland. It was named from a ford where the abbots of Melrose Abbey crossed the Tweed. The house is an irregular, picturesque mansion, built by Sir Walter Scott in 1811, in the style of the old English manor houses. Carved stones taken from old castles and abbeys are placed at intervals in the walls of the house and garden. The lavish use of money in adorning Abbotsford was one of the chief causes of Scott’s financial failure.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aachen

See also Aachen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Aachen (ä′ċhen). See Aix-la-Chapelle.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aardvark

See also Aardvark on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* AARDVARK
Aardvark (ärd′värk: earth pig), an animal of South Africa, called also ant-bear. It is a strongly built animal, about five feet long to tip of tail; has a long snout and strong claws with which it roots and tears apart the ant hills, and with its tongue licks up the ants and other insects which are its chief food. It lives in a shallow burrow and is nocturnal in its habits.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Abacus

See also Abacus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* ABACUS
Abacus (ăb′ă-cŭs), is the classic name for what is now often called in schools the bead frame, a device for counting by means of beads or discs which have been strung upon parallel wires. Such a machine was in use among the Greeks and Romans. The Chinese and the Persians employ it to this day. In architecture, an abacus is the flat tablet above the capital of a column.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Abalone

See also Abalone on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Abalone (ăb′a-lō′nē), a shelled sea fish of the Haliotidae species, popularly known as ear-shells or sea-ears, found on the rocks of the California coast feeding on seaweed. The shell is a flattened spiral, with a lining of bright mother-of-pearl, used considerably in the arts; while the animal itself is used as food by Orientals on the coast, and, gathered and dried, is exported in quantities both to Japan and to China.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aaron

See also Aaron on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Aaron, the first high priest of the Israelites. He was the elder brother of Moses, his spokesman at the court of Pharaoh and his assistant in leading the Jewish nation out from Egypt. During the absence of Moses on Mount Sinai he yielded to the cry of the people and made a golden calf for them to worship. Mount Hor, whereon he died, at the age of 123 years, is still called the "Mount of Aaron."
# The New Student's Reference Work/Abbey, Edwin Austin

See also Edwin Austin Abbey on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Abbey, Edwin Austin, an American artist, was born April 3, 1852, at Philadelphia. In 1883 he removed to England. He was an illustrator of a high order and a painter of watercolors that reveal ability as a colorist. His chief characteristic was love for English country life and scenery and for old poets and dramatists. His most famous painting is The Quest for the Holy Grail, in the Boston Library, and his illustrations of Shakspere and Goldsmith are notable. King Edward VII commissioned him to paint the coronation at Westminster. Died Aug. 1, 1911.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Abbott, Hon. John J. J. C.

See also John Abbott on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ab′bott, Hon. John J. J. C., born in 1821 at St. Andrews (Quebec), educated at McGill University. Called to the Bar in 1847. For ten years Dean of the Faculty of Law at McGill. At one time a Director of the Bank of Montreal. Counsel for the Canadian Pacific Railway. Elected to the House of Commons 1867. Selected by the Government in 1888 for a mission to Australia to further trade relations and cable communication. Called to the Senate in 1887. Leader for the Government in the Senate from 1887 to 1891. Became Premier of Canada in 1891. Author of the Insolvency Act which he carried through Parliament. Was Mayor of Montreal in 1887 and again in 1888. An authority in Parliament on matters of banking and commerce. He died in 1893.
# The Most Ancient Lives of Saint Patrick/The Life and Acts of St. Patrick/Chapter 146

The Testimony of One who was revived from Death.
And even unto the evening of his days did the saint continue his wonted labor and his accustomed work; sowing the field of the Lord with the seed of the divine word, from the fruit whereof he might gather eternal life. This the devoted ones of Satan perceiving and envying, they gnashed with their teeth, and one to the other they said in their malice: "What shall we do? This man, the destroyer of our gods, the persecutor, nay the extirpator of our sect, worketh many miracles; if we let him go thus, all the people of Hibernia through him will believe in his God, and the Christians will come and they will remove our laws." Then took they counsel together, how they should destroy him with their snares, and under the pretence of justice bring him unto the death. And a certain woman was washing flax nigh unto the place where the saint was to pass; and her they directed to hide much of the flax in a hollow tree, and when the saint and his company passed by to accuse him as of the theft. And the woman did according as she was induced, nay rather as she was seduced; and loudly crying out, called these children of Belial, and with wicked tongue accused him thereof. And they, as before they had contrived, rushed forth from their hiding-place, and seized the saint and his disciples as robbers, and exclaimed that they were guilty unto the death. And in the place where this accursed band were gathered together, was a tomb, and therein a man was buried. Him did Saint Patrick, having first prayed, awaken from the sleep of death; and by the virtue of the truth, which is God, commanded that he should bear true witness of this their accusation. And the revived man, openly protesting the innocence of the saint and of his disciples, exposed the deceits of these wicked ones, and showed in the presence of all where they had concealed the flax. Thus was Saint Patrick and his people marvellously freed from the hands of the destroyers, and his blood was in that day preserved, and brought salvation to many which were evil-doers: for they who had contrived the death of the herald of life, were by this miracle converted unto God and obtained his mercy.
# The Most Ancient Lives of Saint Patrick/The Life and Acts of St. Patrick/Chapter 15

Of the Angel Victor appearing to Saint Patrick.
And six years had now passed when, under the direction of the Lord, he had thoroughly learned the Irish tongue, and with prayers and with tears he unceasingly besought of God that he might be released from slavery and restored to his country. And on a certain day appeared unto him, while praying, an angel of the Lord, standing on the crag of an overhanging rock, and announcing that his prayers and his fastings had ascended as a memorial before God; and the angel added thereto that he should soon cast from his neck the yoke of servitude, and, after a prosperous voyage, return to his own parents. And the servant of God looked on the angel of God, and, conversing with him face to face familiarly, even as with a friend, asked who he was, and by what name was he called. And the heavenly messenger answered that he was the ministering spirit of the Lord, sent into the world to minister unto them who have the heritage of salvation; that he was called Victor, and especially deputed to the care of him, and he promised to be his helpmate and his assistant in doing all things. And although it is not needful that heavenly spirits should be called by human names, yet the angel, being beautifully clothed with an human form composed of the air, called himself Victor, for that he had received from Christ, the most victorious King, the power of vanquishing and binding the powers of the air and the princes of darkness; who had also given to his servants made of the potter's clay the power of treading on serpents and scorpions, and of vanquishing and bruising Satan. And in their mutual colloquy the angel showed unto Patrick an opening in the ground that had been delved up by the swine, and therein he directed him to look for gold with which he might redeem himself from the hands of his cruel master; and he added that a ship to carry him over to Britain was ready in a harbor two hundred miles distant, and which, by the divine will, could not have a favorable wind until he should arrive. And the vision of the angel, thus saying, disappeared, and his speech ended; and, as the inhabitants assert, the marks of his feet appear even to this day imprinted on the rock in the Mountain Mis, in the borders of Dalnardia; and an oratory is erected there in honor of St. Patrick, wherein the devotion of the faithful is wont to watch and pray.
# The Most Ancient Lives of Saint Patrick/The Life and Acts of St. Patrick/Chapter 154

A Stone is changed into Milk, and Milk is changed into Stones.
And one who had long time been a servant unto many evil-doers, hearing of the virtues and the miracles of Saint Patrick, came unto him, for the purpose of contending with him in working signs. And many false signs did he multiply, the which the saint, having prayed and made the sign of the cross, dispersed. Then the magician seeing all his inventions to be frustrated, required of Patrick that he should work signs to evince the power of his God; and the saint delayed not to do what might prove the virtue of Christ, and instruct in the faith many Christians: for he changed an hard stone into a soft mass of curdled milk, and of this milk, in the name of Christ, he changed two soft pieces into hard stones. But lest these should be accounted false and like unto the signs of the magicians, the stones continued in the same hardness whereunto they were transformed. But this which was corporally done before the eyes of men, doth the divine virtue spiritually do in the conversion of believers; inasmuch as the worshippers of stones, men of hardened hearts, become soft unto the faith and love of Christ, and as if again born infants, they desire the milk of the apostolic doctrine, that thereby they may grow up unto salvation. So did it happen unto the magician, who beholding this miracle believed in the Lord and was baptized.