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# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix B/13

[Sidenote: The story of Haphsa and Maria a spurious one.]
13. (5) Lastly, I have to notice the infamous calumny against Mohammad concocted up by his enemies, that Haphsa surprized the Prophet in her own private room with Maria. "She reproached her lord bitterly, and threatened to make the occurrence known to all his wives. Afraid of the exposure and anxious to appease his offended wife, he begged of her to keep the matter quiet, and promised to forego the society of Maria altogether." But he afterwards released himself from it by a special revelation—(Sura LXVI, 1). Sir W. Muir remarks:—
    "As in the case of Zeinab, Mahomet produced a message from Heaven, which disallowed his promise of separation from Mary...."
The passage in the Koran relating to the affair is as follows:—
    "O Prophet! Why hast thou forbidden thyself that which God hath made lawful unto thee, out of desire to please thy wives; for God is forgiving and merciful?"

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Meaning the company of his female slave."
* ↑ Muir's Life of Mahomet, Vol. IV, pp. 161 and 162. Taking concubine-slaves was an established and recognized institution of the Arab society, until Mohammad abolished it. Practically the custom has prevailed up to the present time. No blame attached to such alliances in the social system of the Arabs. "The Caliphs of the House of Abbas were all of them the children of concubines except as—Saffah, Al-Mahdi, and Al-Amin" (History of Caliphs. By Sayúte. Translated by Major Jarret, page 20, Calcutta, 1880). If the story regarding Mohammad be true, there was no fear of exposure or offending the wives.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix B/16

[Sidenote: The best commentators and traditionists refute the story.]
16. Those commentators who are well versed in the Science of Traditions, as well as doctors in the traditional literature, have rejected the story of Maria as the subject-matter of Sura LXVI, as apocryphal.
Baghvi, the author of Misbah (the text of Mishkat), says that the Sura was revealed on the subject of honey, and not in the case of Maria. The latter story is neither in the Sahihain (Bokhari and Muslim), nor has it been narrated in any authentic way.
Háfiz Ishmael Ibn Kaseeral Qarashi, as quoted by Kustlánee (notes on Bokhari, Vol. VII, page 313), says that the Sura was certainly in the case of honey.
Imam Noávee, in his notes on Muslim, (Vol. I, page 463,) says:—"In fact it was revealed in the case of the honey, and not in the case of Maria."
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Ussher, James

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​Ussher, James, author, a descendant of the Archbishop, was born in the County of Dublin, about 1 720. He was successively a farmer, a linen-draper, a Catholic clergyman, and a school teacher (for a time in partnership with John Walker, author of the Pronouncing Dictionary). He wrote a Discourse on Taste (2 vols., 1772), and some minor works, and died at Kensington in 1772.
* ↑ Authors, Dictionary of British and American: S. Austin Allibone. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1869–'71.
* ↑ Biographical Dictionary: John Gorton. 3 vols. London, 1833.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Trench, Power le Poer

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​Trench, Power le Poer, Archbishop of Tuam, son of the Earl of Clancarty, was born in Sackville-street, Dublin, 10th June 1770. He entered Trinity College as a pensioner, 2nd July 1787; was ordained a deacon in 1791, consecrated Bishop of Lismore and Waterford in 1802, translated to Elphin in 1810, and promoted Archbishop of Tuam in 1819. He may be said to have headed the evangelical party of the Irish Church, and consistently opposed nearly all the political changes in Ireland during his episcopate. He took a vigorous part against the National System of Education, "as at variance with the reverence due to the Word of God, and the temporal and spiritual welfare of the country," and was one of the seventeen Irish prelates that signed the protest against it in February 1832. He was very benevolent. W. Torrens McCullagh describes a visit in his company to the poor of Tuam in November 1834:— "I never saw less ostentatious and more universal respect shown to any man of his station. It seemed habitual to the people to see the venerable bishop come amongst them, and listen to their tales of suffering." The Archbishop died 26th March 1839, aged 68, and was buried with his ancestors at Creagh, near Ballinasloe. Upon his death the see of Tuam ceased to be metropolitan. Sirr's bulky memoir of the Archbishop, published in 1845, contains much that is valuable relating to the ecclesiastical history of his diocese and of Ireland generally; but in nothing is it more instructive than as showing the great change for the better—both in the bearing of religious bodies towards each other, and in the material condition of the people—that has come over Ireland since his time.
* ↑ Ecclesiæ Hiberniæ Fasti: Rev. Henry Cotton: Indices by John R. Garstin, M.A, 5 vols. Dublin, 1851–'60.
* ↑ Trench, Memoir of Power Le Poer, Archbishop of Tuam: Rev. J. D. Sirr, D.D. London, 1845.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Troy, John Thomas

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​Troy, John Thomas, Archbishop of Dublin, was born near Porterstown, County of Dublin, 10th May 1739. At fifteen he left Ireland to prosecute his studies at Rome, where he assumed the Dominican habit in 1756, and gradually passed from grade to grade, until he became rector of St. Clement's in that city. In 1776 he was consecrated Bishop of Ossory; and in December 1786 was elevated to the archbishopric of Dublin. He exerted himself to discourage hurried marriages, and other irregular proceedings within his jurisdiction; and fulminated anathemas against Catholics who engaged in any kind of rebellion against the constituted authorities. Dr. Troy was of all Irish Catholics most instrumental in helping to carry the Union, throwing all his influence into the government scale, and suggesting plans for the endowment of the Catholic clergy. Many of his communications with members of the Government are published in the Castlereagh Papers and Cornwallis Correspondence, where he is repeatedly referred to as an honoured and efficient ally of the ruling party in Ireland. Lord Cornwallis thus wrote in December 1798, to a friend in England in regard to the proposed Union: "The Catholics are for it, and the principal persons among them, such as Lords Fingall and Kenmare, and Dr. Troy, titular Archbishop of Dublin, etc., etc., say that they do not wish the question of the Catholics being admitted into the representation to be agitated at this time, as it would render the whole measure more difficult; that they do not think the Irish Parliament capable of entering into a cool and dispassionate consideration of their case, and that they trust that the United Parliament will, at a proper time, allow them every privilege that may be consistent with the Protestant establishment. You will easily conceive that this sensible and moderate conduct on their part has greatly relieved my mind." In 1809 Dr. Murray was appointed his coadjutor. In April 1815, Archbishop Troy laid the foundation of the Cathedral in Marlborough-street, Dublin, but did not live to see it completed. His remains were the first ​ laid within its precincts, and prayers for the repose of his soul were the first offered before its altar. He died 11th May 1823, aged 84. Mr. D'Alton, speaks of him as " a truly learned and zealous pastor, … a lover and promoter of the most pure Christian morality, vigilant in the discharge of his duty, and devotedly solicitous not only for the spiritual good of those consigned to his charge, but also for the public quiet of the state."
* ↑ Archbishops of Dublin, Memoirs of: John D'Alton. Dublin, 1838.
* ↑ Castlereagh, Viscount: Memoirs and Correspondence, edited by the Marquis of Londonderry. 12 vols. London, 1848–'53.
* ↑ Cornwallis, Marquis, Correspondence: Charles Ross. 3 vols. London, 1859.
* ↑ Episcopal Succession in England, Scotland, and Ireland, from A.D. 1400 to 1875: W. Maziere Brady. 3 vols. Rome, 1877.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Urwick, William

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​Urwick, William, D.D., a well-known Dublin Independent Minister and philanthropist, was born at Shrewsbury, 8th December 1791. He was educated at Hoxton. On the 19th June 1816 he was ordained to the ministry at Sligo, and accepted the cure of a congregation there. In a public discussion which took place at Easky in 1824, on subjects of Roman Catholic controversy, he was the ablest of the four Protestant speakers. In 1826 he received a call to York-street Chapel, Dublin (which had been erected in 1808 by the followers of the Countess of Huntingdon), and there laboured for forty years. Foremost in every good work, he soon became known and widely respected in Dublin. At the same time that he held clearly and definitely to his own religious convictions, his charity and sympathies were not limited by sect or party. One-tenth of his narrow income was regularly devoted to charitable purposes. His biographer says that "he would rather be taken in by ten undeserving cases than close his heart and hand, through mistaken suspicion, to one deserving object." Anti-slavery, temperance, and every good work outside the pale of the ordinary calls of an evangelical clergyman, received his warm support, and his pulpit was ever open to advocates of causes he approved. Failing health obliged him to abandon the cares of his church in 1866. He died 1 6th July 1868, aged y6, and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. He was considerably below the average height: his face and head were strikingly noble. He was the author of nearly thirty books and pamphlets, the most important of which are a History of Dublin,written for the Religious Tract Society, and Biographical Sketches of J.D. La Touche, 1868.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Vigors, Nicholas Aylward

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​Vigors, Nicholas Aylward, an eminent zoologist, was born at Old Leighlin, near Carlow, in 1787. He was educated at Oxford, where he published, in 1810, An Enquiry into the Nature and Extent of Poetic Licence. In 1809 he entered the Guards as an ensign, and was present at the action of Barossa in 1811. On his return home, he quitted the army, and devoted himself to the study of zoology, and, in particular, ornithology. In 1832 he entered Parliament for Carlow, and sat either for the town or county, with slight intervals, until his death in 1840. He contributed many valuable papers to the scientific societies of which he was a member. Mr. Vigors was one of the founders of the Royal Zoological Society, and acted as secretary from 1826 to 1833, when he resigned, finding a due attention to the cares of the position incompatible with his parliamentary duties. In politics he was a liberal; he rarely spoke, but was a diligent and efficient member of committees.
* ↑ Authors, Dictionary of British and American: S. Austin Allibone. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1869–'71.
* ↑ Biographical Dictionary: Rev. Hugh J. Rose. 12 vols. London, 1850.
* ↑ Gandon, James, Life: Thomas J. Mulvany. Dublin, 1846.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Tresham, Henry

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​Tresham, Henry, R.A., an eminent painter, was born in High-street, Dublin, about the middle of the 18th century. He studied in his native city under the elder West, and spent fourteen years in Italy. On his return he finished several paintings (including a large one of "Adam and Eve," which became the property of Lord Powerscourt), and executed designs for Boydell's Shakespere Gallery. He was admitted to the academies of Rome, Bologna, and London. His acquaintance with the history of the fine arts was extensive; but the high authority claimed for him in his day as an art critic has been since discredited. He was the author of Rome at the Close of the Eighteenth Century, published in 1799, and some slight poetical effusions. He is said to have had much facility of composition, but his oil paintings are deficient in richness of colouring and spirit of execution. Mr. Tresham was a better designer than painter. He died 17th June 1814.
* ↑ Authors, Dictionary of British and American: S. Austin Allibone. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1869–'71.
* ↑ Biographical Dictionary: Alexander Chalmers. 32 vols. London, 1812–'17.
* ↑ Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual of English Literature. 11 parts. Henry G. Bohn. London, 1857–'64.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Tuckey, James Kingston

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​Tuckey, James Kingston, Captain, R.N., was born at Greenhill, near Mallow, August 1776. He went to sea at an early age, and in 1793 was received into the navy. From the first he saw a good deal of active service, and he was more than once wounded. He was engaged in expeditions to the Red Sea, and in 1802 went out to Australia as first-lieutenant of the Calcutta. Amongst other services, he made a survey of Port Phillip. On his return to England he published an Account of the Voyage to establish a Colony at Port Phillip. The Calcutta was captured by the French on a voyage from St. Helena in 1805, and Lieutenant Tuckey suffered an imprisonment of nearly nine years in France, during which time he married Miss Margaret Stuart, a fellow prisoner, and prepared a work on Maritime Geography and Statistics, published after his release. In 1814 he was promoted to the rank of commander, and in February 1816 sailed in command of the Congo and the Dorothy, to explore the River Congo. The particulars of the expedition are fully given in his Narrative and Professor Smith's Journal, a quarto volume, with plates and maps, published in London in 1818. On the 12th July they left their vessels and proceeded up the Congo in boats 120 miles, and travelled 150 miles farther inland. Numbers died of the hardships they underwent, and Captain Tuckey himself succumbed after the party regained their vessels, on the 14th October 1816, aged 50. He was tall, and had been handsome, but long and arduous service broke down his constitution, and even at thirty he was grey-haired and nearly bald. His countenance was pleasing and pensive; he was gentle and kind in his manners, cheerful in conversation, and indulgent to those under his command.
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## Authorities

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## Annotations

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# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Vallancey, Charles

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​Vallancey, Charles, General, an antiquary, was born in England in 1721. He entered the army at an early age, was attached to the Royal Engineers, became a lieutenant-general in 1798, and a general in 1803. He came to Ireland before 1770 to assist in a military survey of the island, and made the country his adopted home. His attention was strongly drawn towards the history, philology, and antiquities of Ireland at a time when they were almost entirely ignored, and he published the following, among other works: Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis, 6 vols., between 1770 and 1804; Essay on the Irish Language, 1772; Grammar of the Irish Language, 1773; Vindication of the Antient Kingdom of Ireland, 1786; Antient History of Ireland proved from the Sanscrit Books, 1797; Prospectus of a Dictionary of the Aire Coti or Antient Irish, 1802. He was a member of many learned societies, was created an honorary LL.D., and became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1784. During the Insurrection he furnished the Government with plans for the defence of Dublin. Queen's-bridge, Dublin, was built from his designs. He died 8th August 1812, aged 91. There are portraits of him in the Royal Irish Academy and in the board-room of the Royal Dublin Society. In the light of modern research his theories and conclusions—a fanciful compound of crude deductions from imperfect knowledge—are shown to be without value, and such as would not now receive a ​moment's attention. George Petrie says: "It is a difficult and rather unpleasant task to follow a writer so rambling in his reasonings and so obscure in his style; his hypotheses are of a visionary nature." The Quarterly Review declares that: "General Vallancey, though a man of learning, wrote more nonsense than any man of his time, and has unfortunately been the occasion of much more than he wrote. The Edinburgh Review says: "To expose the continual error of his theory will not cure his inveterate disease. It can only excite hopes of preventing infection by showing that he has reduced that kind of writing to absurdity, and raised a warning monument to all antiquaries and philologians that may succeed him."
* ↑ Authors, Dictionary of British and American: S. Austin Allibone. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1869–'71.
* ↑ Biographical Division of English Cyclopædia, with Supplement: Charles Knight. 7 vols. London, 1856–'72.
* ↑ Castlereagh, Viscount: Memoirs and Correspondence, edited by the Marquis of Londonderry. 12 vols. London, 1848–'53.
* ↑ Gentleman's Magazine. London, 1731–1868
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Vereker, Charles, Viscount Gort

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​Vereker, Charles, Viscount Gort, was born in Ireland in 1768. He served a short time in the navy, and was afterwards appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Limerick militia. In 1790 he entered Parliament as a member for Limerick. During the Insurrection of 1798 he distinguished himself in several encounters with the insurgents; and upon the news of General Humbert's landing at Killala, he was ordered to join the army of Lord Cornwallis and General Lake. With a small force he encountered the French at Collooney on 5th September, effectually checked their advance, and contributed largely to their defeat at Ballinamuck, where he was wounded. The thanks of Parliament were voted to him, and by royal proclamation he was permitted to adopt "Collooney" as the motto of his family. He was amongst the most active opponents of the Union—"his name was found in every division and his voice in every debate;" and in answer to Lord Castlereagh's overtures he declared: "I have defended my country with my blood, and there is nothing in the gift of the Crown that would tempt me to betray her by my vote." After the Union he represented Limerick until 1817, when by the death of his uncle he became Viscount Gort. He was a firm adherent of the Conservative party. He died, greatly beloved, 11th November 1842, aged 74.$^{(19)}$
* ↑ Burke, Sir Bernard: Peerage and Baronetage.
* ↑ Dublin University Magazine. Dublin, 1833–'77.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/21

[Sidenote: (9) Creator, XXXV, 40.]
    21. "They swore by God with their (Jahd) utmost oath that should a preacher come to them they would yield to guidance more than any people: but when the preacher came to them, it only increased in them their estrangement."
Sale's rendering is "most solemn oath," Rodwell's, "mightiest oath," and Palmer's, "most strenuous oath."
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/24

[Sidenote: (12) The Spoils, VIII, 73.]
    24. "Verily, they who believe and have fled their homes and (Jáhadoo) toiled with their substance and themselves in the way of God, and they who have taken in and have helped, shall be near of kin the one to the other. And they who have believed, but have not fled their homes, shall have no rights of kindred with you at all, until they too fly their country. Yet if they seek aid from you, on account of the faith, your part is to give them aid, except against a people between whom and yourself there may be a treaty. And God beholdeth your actions."
       Sale renders the word "Jihád" (or Jáhadoo) in this passage as meaning "employed their substance and their persons in fighting."
       Rodwell ... "Spent their substance and themselves."
       Palmer ... "Fought strenuously with their wealth and person."
As the word Jihád has been applied here to both one's-self and his substance or wealth, it cannot mean "fighting," even if taken in the technical signification.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/26

[Sidenote: (14) The Spoil, VIII, 76.]
    26. "And they who have believed and have since fled their country, (Jáhadoo) toiled with you, these also are of you. Those who are united by the ties of blood are the nearest of kin to each other. This is in the Book of God. Verily God knoweth all things."
       Sale ... "Fought."
       Rodwell ... "Fought."
       Palmer ... "Fought strenuously."
There is no valid excuse here for changing the signification of the word Jáhadoo into that which is never used in the Koran or in the classical Arabic.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/2

[Sidenote: Classical meaning of Jihád, &c.]
2. The words "Jahada", and Jáhada signify that a person strove, laboured or toiled; exerted himself or his power, or efforts, or endeavours, or ability employed himself vigorously, diligently, studiously, sedulously, earnestly or with energy; was diligent or studious, took pains or extraordinary pains; for example, the term Jáhada fil-amr signifies that a person did his utmost or used his utmost powers, or efforts, or endeavours, or ability in prosecuting an affair. The infinitive noun Jihádan also means difficulty or embarrassment, distress, affliction, trouble, inconvenience, fatigue, or weariness. Jauharce, a lexicologist of great repute, whose work is confined to classical terms and their significations, says in his Siháh that "Jáhada fi Sabeelillah" or Mojáhadatan and Jihádan and also "Ajtahada" and Tajáhada mean expending power and effort. Fayoomee, author of Misbahel Moneer, which contains a very large collection of classical words and phrases of frequent occurrence, also says that "Jáhada fi Sabeelillah Jihádan" and Ajtahada fil Amr mean he expended his utmost efforts and power in seeking to attain an object.

## Footnotes

* ↑ The Siháh of Jouhari (who died 397 or 398), the Asás of Zamakhshire (born 467, died 538 A.H.), Lisanul-Arab of Ibn Mokarram (born 630, died 711), and Kamoos of Fyrozabadee (born 729, died 816), vide Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon, Book I, Part II, page 473.
* ↑ The Misbáh by Fayoomee (finished 734 A.H.), vide Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon, Book I, Part II, page 473.
* ↑ Siháh, Asás, Ibnel Atheer Jezree, author of Nihayeh (died 606), the Mughrib of Almotarrazi (born 536, died 610), the Misbáh and Kámoos, vide Lane, ibid, page 474.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/22

II.—THE MEDINITE SURAS.
[Sidenote: (10) The Cow or Heifer, II, 215.]
    22. "But they who believe, and who fly their country, and (Jahadoo) exert their utmost in the way of God, may hope for God's mercy, and God is Gracious and Merciful."
Mr. Sale and the Rev. Mr. Rodwell translate Jahadoo as those who "fight", and Mr. Palmer as those who wage war; but there is no reason to change the proper meaning of the word. Sir William Muir translates the verse thus:—
    "But they that believe and they who emigrate for the sake of their faith and strive earnestly in the way of God, let them hope in the mercy of God, for God is forgiving, merciful."
In a footnote he says:—"The word Jihâd is the same as that subsequently used for a religious war; but it had not yet probably acquired its fixed application. It was employed in its general sense before the Hejira, and probably up to the battle of Badr." I have only to add that the word never acquired its fixed application during the lifetime of the Prophet, nor is it used as such in any chapter of the Koran either before or after the Hejira.
The connection of flight mentioned in the verse as put together with Jihád, shows that it means the labour, toil, and distress which befel the fugitives in leaving their families unprotected in the hands of their persecutors on their expulsion from their country.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Vide Muir's Life of Mahomet, Vol. III, 74.
* ↑ Ibid, footnote.