OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/2009-04-03/Chapter 14

Chapter 14
General Provisions
International Law
International agreements
231.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Customary international law
232.
Application of international law
233.
Other matters
Charters of Rights
234.
Self-determination
235.
Funding for political parties
236.
Diligent performance of obligations
237.
Agency and delegation
238.
(a)
(b)
Definitions
239.
“national legislation” includes —
(a)
(b)
“organ of state” means —
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
but does not include a court or a judicial officer;
​“provincial legislation” includes —
(a)
(b)
Inconsistencies between different texts
240.
Transitional arrangements
241.
Repeal of laws
242.
Short title and commencement
243.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/2009-04-03/Chapter 5

Chapter 5
The President and National Executive
The President
83.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Powers and functions of President
84.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
Executive authority of the Republic
85.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Election of President
86.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Assumption of office by President
87.
Term of office of President
88.
(1)
(2)
Removal of President
89.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
that office, and may not serve in any public office.
Acting President
90.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Cabinet
91.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(4)
(5)
Accountability and responsibilities
92.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
matters under their control.
Deputy Ministers
93.
(1)
(a)
(b)
to assist the members of the Cabinet, and may dismiss them.
(2)
Continuation of Cabinet after elections
94.
Oath or affirmation
95.
Conduct of Cabinet members and Deputy Ministers
96.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Transfer of functions
97.
(a)
(b)
Temporary assignment of functions
98.
Assignment of functions
99.
(a)
Cabinet member and the Executive Council member or Municipal Council;
(b)
(c)
National intervention in provincial administration
100.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(3)
Executive decisions
101.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(a)
(b)
Motions of no confidence
102.
(1)
(2)
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/2009-04-03/Chapter 1

Chapter 1
Founding Provisions
Republic of South Africa
1.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Supremacy of Constitution
2.
Citizenship
3.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(3)
National anthem
4.
National flag
5.
Languages
6.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(4)
(5)
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/2009-04-03/Chapter 10

Chapter 10
Public Administration
Basic values and principles governing public administration
195.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Public Service Commission
196.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(g)
(5)
(6)
(a)
(b)
(7)
(a)
(b)
(8)
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(9)
(10)
(a)
(b)
(11)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(12)
(a)
(b)
(13)
Public Service
197.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/2009-04-03/Chapter 11

Chapter 11
Security Services
Governing principles
198.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Establishment, structuring and conduct of security services
199.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(a)
(b)
(8)
Defence
Defence force
200.
(1)
(2)
Political responsibility
201.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(4)
Command of defence force
202.
(1)
(2)
State of national defence
203.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(3)
Defence civilian secretariat
204.
Police
Police service
205.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Political responsibility
206.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(4)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(5)
(a)
(b)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Control of police service
207.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(a)
(b)
(5)
(6)
Police civilian secretariat
208.
Intelligence
Establishment and control of intelligence services
209.
(1)
(2)
Powers, functions and monitoring
210.
(a)
(b)
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/2009-04-03/Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Bill of Rights
Rights
7.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Application
8.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(4)
Equality
9.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Human dignity
10.
Life
11.
Freedom and security of the person
12.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Slavery, servitude and forced labour
13.
Privacy
14.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
​Freedom of religion, belief and opinion
15.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(3)
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
Freedom of expression
16.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Assembly, demonstration, picket and petition
17.
Freedom of association
18.
Political rights
19.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
Citizenship
20.
Freedom of movement and residence
21.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Freedom of trade, occupation and profession
22.
Labour relations
23.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(4)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(5)
(6)
Environment
24.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Property
25.
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(4)
(a)
(b)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Housing
26.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Health care, food, water and social security
27.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(3)
Children
28.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(i)
(ii)
(g)
(i)
(ii)
(h)
(i)
(2)
(3)
Education
29.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(4)
Language and culture
30.
​Cultural, religious and linguistic communities
31.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
Access to information
32.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
Just administrative action
33.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Access to courts
34.
Arrested, detained and accused persons
35.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
(e)
(f)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)
(o)
(4)
(5)
Limitation of rights
36.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(2)
States of emergency
37.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(4)
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(5)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Table of Non-Derogable Rights
(6)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(7)
(8)
Enforcement of rights
38.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Interpretation of Bill of Rights
39.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(3)
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/2009-04-03/Chapter 3

Chapter 3
Co-operative Government
Government of the Republic
40.
(1)
(2)
Principles of co-operative government and intergovernmental relations
41.
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(3)
(4)
# Clark v. Barnwell

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
53 U.S. 272
Clark v. Barnwell

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Clark v. Beecher

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
154 U.S. 631
Clark v. Beecher
Mr. Justice SWAYNE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Clark v. Bever

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
139 U.S. 96
Clark v. Bever
[Syllabus from 96-97 intentionally omitted]
P. Henry Smyth, for plaintiff in error.
Chas. A. Clark, for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice HARLAN, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Clark v. Beecher Manufacturing Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
115 U.S. 79
Clark v. Beecher Manufacturing Company
W. E. Simonds, for appellant. O. H. Platt, for appellee.
BLATCHFORD, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Clark v. Beecher/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
154 U.S. 631
Clark v. Beecher
The bill charges that a fraudulent settlement was made by Abraham Clark, the bankrupt, upon the appellant, his wife. The circuit court decreed against her, and she has brought the case here for review.
Recently several of these cases in their aspects of both fact and law have been very fully considered by this court.
Each controversy must necessarily depend for its termination upon its own facts and circumstances. The rules of law which apply are well settled. In this case nothing could be gained, either to the profession or the parties, by going in detail over the facts or the law, however elaborately the work was done.
We therefore deem it sufficient to say that we are satisfied with the judgment of the circuit court upon the main point brought before it for consideration. We think the conveyance complained of was properly condemned as fraudulent, and therefore held to be void.
But it is equally clear that the personal decree against the appellant for the rents, issues, and profits, and the use and occupation of the premises, was erroneous.
Upon this subject it is sufficient to refer to the opinion of this court in the cases of Phipps v. Sedgwick, 95 U.S. 3, and of Place v. Sedgwick, Id., and to the opinion in Trust Co. v. Sedgwick, 97 U.S. 304 (just delivered).
This case will be remanded to the circuit court, with directions to modify the decree in conformity to this opinion.
Luther R. Marsh and W. F. Shepard, for appellant.
Francis N. Bangs, for appellee.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Columbian University

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIAN UNIVERSITY. See George Washington University.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Columbite

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ COLUMBITE. A mineral containing iron, columbium, and usually manganese and tantalum. Its formula is commonly given as (Fe, Mn) (Cb, Ta)$_2$O$_6$. Occurs as opaque orthorhombic crystals, dark brown or black in color; specific gravity about 6.0. The mineral is found in Colorado, Connecticut, Maine, North Carolina, South Dakota, Virginia, and in Norway, and is of interest because the element Columbium was first discovered in it by C. Hatchett, in 1802, the name being given because the mineral in which the metal was found came from America.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Columbidæ

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIDÆ, a family of birds, the typical one of the sub-order columbacei. The bill is moderate and compressed, having at its base a soft skin in which the nostrils are placed. The feet have three divided toes before and one behind.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Columbia River

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIA RIVER, after the Yukon the largest river on the W. side of America; rises in British Columbia, on the W. slope of the Rocky Mountains, near Mounts Brown and Hooker, in about lat. 50° N.; has a very irregular course, generally S. W. through Washington; forms the N. boundary of Oregon for about 350 miles; and enters the Pacific by an estuary 35 miles long and from 3 to 7 wide. Its estimated length is 1,400 miles. The area drained by this stream and its affluents, of which the largest are Clarke's Fork and the Snake river (with very remarkable cañons), has been computed at 298,000 square miles. The river is broken by falls and rapids into many separate portions, and the ingress and egress are embarrassed by a surf-eaten bar. Still, it is open to steamboat navigation from its mouth to the Cascades (160 miles), and goods are carried past the obstruction, for 6 miles, by railway; the next reach, of 50 miles, extends to Dalles, where another railway, of 14 miles, has been constructed past the Great Dalles channel; and immediately above this are two sections, of 185 and 250 miles respectively, navigable for small steamboats. The extraordinarily abundant salmon-fisheries of the Columbia have been largely developed.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Columbia University

* related portals: New York.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, news, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, an institution for higher education, in New York City. It was incorporated in 1754 as King's College. In 1784 the State Legislature passed an act vesting the property of King's College in the regents of the State of New York, and changing the name of the college to Columbia College. This act was repealed in 1787, and by a new charter granted by the State the property and franchises of King's College were vested in the trustees of Columbia College. From 1857 to 1897 the university was situated at 49th street and Madison avenue, New York. In the latter year it was removed to its present location on Morningside Heights. The university includes Columbia College, Barnard College, founded in 1899, which is an under-graduate college for women, the Graduate School, Schools of Political Science, Philosophy, Pure Science, the College of Physicians and Surgeons, School of Mines, School of Engineering, Teachers' College, College of Pharmacy, School of Journalism, School of Architecture, School of Business, and School of Dentistry. The university also maintains a summer session of six weeks in which are offered courses that are accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements of certain academic degrees and diplomas. There is also a system of extension teaching for men and women who are engaged in teaching and can give only a portion of their time to study. The property of the university is valued at about $72,000,000, of which about $35,000,000 has been added by gift or bequest in the past twenty years. The annual expenses amount to about $6,500,000. The teaching staff in 1920 numbered 1,150. The total enrollment in all courses and departments is 28,314, President, Nicholas Murray Butler.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Columbia (Tennessee)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIA, a city of Tennessee, in Maury co. It is on the Louisville and Nashville, the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis, and the Nashville, Florence and Sheffield railroads, and on the Duck river. It is the center of an important agricultural region and is also of industrial importance. There are flour mills, lumber mills, marble works, phosphate works, etc. The city has a court house, military academy, a library, a ​hospital, and a school for young women, Pop. (1910) 5,574; (1920) 5,526.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Columbus (Georgia)

* related portals: Georgia (U.S. state).
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
COLUMBUS, a city and county-seat of Muscogee co., Ga.; on the E. bank of the Chattahoochee river; on the boundary line between Georgia and Alabama; and on the Central of Georgia, the Southern, and the Seaboard Air Line; 100 miles S. W. of Macon. It is connected by steamship lines with Appalachicola, Fla. On account of its large and important manufacturing interests it is known as the “Lowell of the South.” The city is regularly laid out with an excellent street system.
Columbus is one of the leading cotton manufacturing cities in the South. It uses over 100,000 bales of cotton for manufactures annually. In addition there are manufactories of cotton-seed oil, barrels, agricultural machinery, fertilizers, etc. The city has several National banks, newspapers, public library, conservatory of music, and other public institutions.
The noteworthy buildings are the Court House, Georgia Home Insurance Co., Bank of Columbus, Garrard Building, and numerous churches. Four handsome bridges connect Columbus with its suburbs in Alabama.
History.—Columbus was laid out in 1828; incorporated as a city in 1829; and captured by the Federal forces, April 16, 1865. Pop. (1910) 20,554; (1920) 31,125.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Columbus (Indiana)

* related portals: Indiana.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
COLUMBUS, a city of Indiana, the county-seat of Bartholomew co. It is on the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis railroads, and on the White river. It is an important manufacturing city. Among the industries are the making of tanned leather, threshing and saw-mill machinery, gasoline engines, flour, furniture, etc. Pop. (1910) 8,813; (1920) 8,990.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Columbia (South Carolina)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIA, city, capital of the State of South Carolina, and county-seat of Richland co.; on the Congaree river near the junction of the Broad and Saluda rivers, on five railroads, and the Columbia canal. The city is built on a bluff, 15 feet above the river, has a fine park, and is noted for its beautiful shade trees and flower gardens.
The industries of the city are important, and include manufactures, cotton, fertilizers, lumber, iron, etc. There are National and private banks.
The city is well supplied with water and gas, and has abundant sources of water-power. The most noteworthy buildings include the State House, costing about $4,000,000; Executive Mansion, State Penitentiary, Insane Asylum, United States Government Building, City Hall, University of South Carolina, College for Women, Lutheran Seminary, Allen University, and a Presbyterian theological seminary.
Columbia was laid out in 1786, and the State Legislature first met there in 1790. During the Civil War a large part of the city was burned by the Federal troops, destroying the old State House with an extensive library, a convent, several churches, and the railroad depot. Pop. (1910) 26,319; (1920) 37,524.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Columbine

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ COLUMBINE, a popular name for Aquilegia vulgaris or other species of the genus Aquilegia. The common columbine has drooping purplish-blue flowers with five flat sepals; five petals, with long spurs, often curved; five follicles, the root-leaves twice or thrice ternate, the others singly ternate. The word is also applied to a female character in the Italian comedy, the “Daughter of Cassandra,” and the mythic Harlequin, and to the female dancer in the English pantomime.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/A capriccio

A capriccio. (I.) Just as you please ; ad libitum, at will, agreeable to our fancy.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/A flat

A flat. That flat which is the seventh of B flat. The third flat introduced in modulating by fourths from the natural diatonic mode.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/A grand choeur

A grand choeur. (F.) An expression applied to anthems, services, &c., composed for the full choir. The full chorus, in the French music, is called the grand choeur, in opposition to the petit choeur, which is composed of three parts -i. e., two trebles and a tenor.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/A grand orchestra

A grand orchestra. An expression applied by the Italians to a composition, or a movement, written for a full band.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/A capella

A capella. (I.) In church or chapel style.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/A l'italienne

A l'italienne. (F.) In the Italian style.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/A in alt

A in alt. The second note in alt. The ninth above G, or treble clef note.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/A in altissimo

A in altissimo. The second note in altissimo. The octave above A in alt.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/A flat, major

A flat, major. A most lovely key. The major of A flat is unassuming, delicate, and tender ; and its relative, F minor, is penitential and gloomy. The most refined sentiments of our best authors have been expressed in this key.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/A cembalo

A cembalo, or A CEMB. (I.) For the harpsichord. Since the happy invention of the grand piano-forte, the use of this expression, together with the instrument to which it alludes, has much declined.
# Compendium of US Copyright Office Practices, II (1984)/100

Chapter 100
BASIC POLICIES
Outline of Topics
CHAPTER 100
BASIC POLICIES
[END OF CHAPTER 100]
# Compendium of US Copyright Office Practices, II (1984)

PREFACE
This Compendium (designated as Compendium II) reflects Copyright Office practices under the copyright law which became fully effective on January 1, 1978, including Title 17 of the United States Code and amendments thereof.
An earlier Compendium (now called Compendium I) was issued a number of years ago to reflect Copyright Office practices under the copyright Act of 1909, as amended. Compendium I applies to Copyright Office actions, in situations which it covers, where the provisions of the Copyright Act of 1909, as amended, are dispositive.
The Compendium is a manual intended primarily for the use of the staff of the Copyright Office as a general guide to its examining and related practices. It is not a book of rules that is meant to provide a ready-made answer to all questions that arise. Any new case presented to the Office may require special analysis.
The practices of the Copyright Office are subject to constant review and modification in the light of new experience and continuing reappraisal. Accordingly, additions, deletions, and other amendments will be made from time to time. The Copyright Office will provide an up-to-date copy of the Compendium for public inspection and copying. The Office will likewise maintain a separate record of all material withdrawn from the Compendium as superseded.
Section 201.1(b)(3) of the Copyright Office Regulations, Title 37 of the Code of Federal Regulations, which are authorized under section 702 of the current copyright law, provides for a compendium of Office practices.
Copies of Compendium II are available for purchase from the Superintendent of Documents, United States Government Printing Office, as a looseleaf publication; amendments and supplements will be published by the Superintendent of Documents in the form of additional or replacement pages as such changes are made.
Copies of the earlier Compendium (Compendium I) may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service, United States Department of Commerce.
-oOo-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Number | Title |
| 100 | BASIC POLICIES |
| 200 | COPYRIGHTABLE MATTER: IN GENERAL |
| 300 | COPYRIGHTABLE MATTER: NONDRAMATIC LITERARY WORKS |
| 400 | COPYRIGHTABLE MATTER: WORKS OF THE PERFORMING ARTS AND SOUND RECORDINGS |
| 500 | COPYRIGHTABLE MATTER: PICTORIAL, GRAPHIC AND SCULPTURAL WORKS |
| 600 | REGISTRATION PROCEDURES [IN PREPARATION] |
| 700 | APPLICATIONS AND FEES |
| 800 | DEPOSIT FOR REGISTRATION |
| 900 | PUBLICATION |
| 1000 | NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT |
| 1100 | ELIGIBILITY |
| 1200 | MANUFACTURING PROVISIONS |
| 1300 | RENEWAL OF COPYRIGHT |
| 1400 | GROUP REGISTRATIONS IN PREPARATION |
| 1500 | CORRECTIONS AND AMPLIFICATIONS OF COPYRIGHT OFFICE RECORDS; SUPPLEMENTARY REGISTRATIONS |
| 1600 | RECORDATION OF TRANSFERS AND OTHER DOCU­MENTS PERTAINING TO A COPYRIGHT |
| ---- | INDEX TO COMPENDIUM II |
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Ashley, Charles

Ashley, Charles, brother to the two preceding, is an eminent violoncellist, still living in London. He is one of the original thirty members of the Philharmonic Society.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Ashley, General

Ashley, General, a celebrated English violinist. His father was the manager of the oratorios at Covent Garden Theatre, which performances he led with great ability for many years. After his death, his sons, General and Charles Ashley, succeeded him as joint managers General Ashley was educated in music under Giardini and Barthelemon, and was esteemed an excellent performer on his instrument. He was considered also as the best modern judge of violins and violoncellos ; of which, in the latter years of his life, he had a very valuable collection. He died near London in 1818.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/As dur

As dur. (G.) A flat major.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/As moll

As moll. A flat minor.