OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Olney (England)

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​OLNEY, a market town in the Buckingham parliamentary division of Buckinghamshire, England, 59 m. N.W. by N. of London, on a branch of the Midland railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 2634. It lies in the open valley of the Ouse on the north (left) bank of the river. The church of St Peter and St Paul is Decorated. It has a fine tower and spire; and the chancel has a northerly inclination from the alignment of the nave. The town is chiefly noted for its connexion with William Cowper, who came to live here in 1767 and remained until 1786, when he removed to the neighbouring village of Weston Underwood. His house and garden at Olney retain relics of the poet, and the house at Weston also remains. In the garden at Olney are his favourite seat and the house in which he kept his tame hares. John Newton, curate of Olney, had the assistance of Cowper in the production of the collection of Olney Hymns. The trade of Olney is principally agricultural; the town also shares in the manufacture of boots and shoes common to many places in the neighbouring county of Northampton.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oneonta

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​ONEONTA, a city in the township of the same name, in the south-central part of Otsego county, New York, U.S.A., on the N. side of the Susquehanna river, about 82 m. S.W. of Albany. Pop. (1880) 3002, (1890) 6272, (1900) 7147, of whom 456 were foreign-born, (1910, U.S. census) 9491. The city lies about 1100 ft. above sea-level. It is served by the Ulster & Delaware, by the Susquehanna division of the Delaware & Hudson, and by the Oneonta & Mohawk Valley (electric) railways. In Oneonta are a state normal school (1889), a state armoury, and the Aurelia Fox Memorial Hospital. The city is situated in a good agricultural region. The principal manufactures are machine-shop products (the Delaware & Hudson has repair and machine shops at Oneonta), knit goods, silk goods, lumber and planing mill products, &c. The first settlement was made about 1780. The township was erected in 1830 from parts of Milford and Otego. Oneonta was known as Milfordville until 1830, when it received its present name. It was first incorporated as a village in 1848, and was chartered as a city in 1908, the charter coming into effect on the 1st of January 1909. The name “Oneonta” is derived from Onahrenton or Onarenta, the Indian name of a creek flowing through the city.
See Edwin F. Bacon, Otsego County, N.Y. (Oneonta, 1902); and Dudley M. Campbell, A History of Oneonta (Oneonta, 1906).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oneida (New York)

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​ONEIDA, a city of Madison county, New York, U.S.A., on Oneida Creek, about 6 m. S.E. of Oneida Lake, about 26 m. W. of Utica, and about 26 m. E.N.E. of Syracuse. Pop. (1890) 6083; (1900) 6364, of whom 784 were foreign-born; (1910, U.S. census) 8317. It is served by the New York Central & Hudson River, the New York, Ontario & Western, the West Shore and the Oneida (electric) railways (the last connecting with Utica and Syracuse), and by the Erie Canal. The city lies about 440 ft. above the sea on a level site. Across Oneida Creek, to the south-east, in Oneida county, is the village of Oneida Castle (pop. in 1905, 357), situated in the township of Vernon (pop. in 1905, 3072), and the former gathering place of the Oneida Indians, some of whom still live in the township of Vernon and in the city of Oneida. In the south-eastern part of the city is the headquarters of the Oneida Community (q.v.), which controls important industries here, at Niagara Falls, and elsewhere. Immediately west of Oneida is the village of Wampsville (incorporated in 1908), the county-seat of Madison county. Among the manufactures of Oneida are wagons, cigars, furniture, caskets, silver-plated ware, engines and machinery, steel and wooden pulleys and chucks, steel grave vaults, hosiery, and milk bottle caps. In the vicinity the Oneida Community manufactures chains and animal traps. The site of Oneida was purchased in 1829–1830 by Sands Higinbotham, in honour of whom one of the municipal parks (the other is Allen Park) is named. Oneida was incorporated as a village in 1848 and chartered as a city in 1901.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oneida (tribe)

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​ONEIDA (a corruption of their proper name Oneyotka-ono, “people of the stone,” in allusion to the Oneida stone, a granite boulder near their former village, which was held sacred by them), a tribe of North American Indians of Iroquoian stock, forming one of the Six Nations. They lived around Oneida Lake in New York state, in the region southward to the Susquehanna. They were not loyal to the League’s policy of friendliness to the English, but inclined towards the French, and were practically the only Iroquois who fought for the Americans in the War of Independence. As a consequence they were attacked by others of the Iroquois under Joseph Brant and took refuge within the American settlements till the war ended, when the majority returned to their former home, while some migrated to the Thames river district, Ontario. Early in the 19th century they sold their lands, and most of them settled on a reservation at Green Bay, Wisconsin, some few remaining in New York state. The tribe now numbers more than 3000, of whom about two-thirds are in Wisconsin, a few hundreds in New York state, and about 800 in Ontario. They are civilized and prosperous.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Onatas

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​ONATAS, a Greek sculptor of the time of the Persian wars, a member of the flourishing school of Aegina. Many of his works are mentioned by Pausanias; they included a Hermes carrying the ram, and a strange image of the Black Demeter made for the people of Phigalia; also some elaborate groups in bronze set up at Olympia and Delphi. For Hiero I., king of Syracuse, Onatas executed a votive chariot in bronze dedicated at Olympia. If we compare the descriptions of the works of Onatas given us by Pausanias with the well-known pediments of Aegina at Munich we shall find so close an agreement that we may safely take the pedimental figures as an index of the style of Onatas. They are manly, vigorous, athletic, showing great knowledge of the human form, but somewhat stiff and automaton-like.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Onesicritus

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​ONESICRITUS, or Onesicrates, of Aegina or Astypaleia (probably simply the “old city” of Aegina), one of the writers on Alexander the Great. At an advanced age he became a pupil of Diogenes the Cynic, and gained such repute as a student of philosophy that he was selected by Alexander to hold a conference with the Indian Gymnosophists. When the fleet was constructed on the Hydaspes, Onesicritus was appointed chief pilot (in his vanity he calls himself commander), and in this capacity accompanied Nearchus on the voyage from the mouth of the Indus to the Persian gulf. He wrote a diffuse biography of Alexander, which in addition to historical details contained descriptions of the countries visited, especially India. After the king’s death, Onesicritus appears to have completed his work at the court of Lysimachus, king of Thrace. Its historical value was considered small, it being avowedly a panegyric, and contemporaries (including even Alexander himself) regarded it as untrustworthy. Strabo especially takes Onesicritus to task for his exaggeration and love of the marvellous. His Paraplus (or description of the coasts of India) probably formed part of the work, and, incorporated by Juba II. of Mauretania with the accounts of coasting voyages by Nearchus and other geographers, and circulated by him under the name of Onesicritus, was largely used by Pliny.
See Arrian, Anabasis, vi. 2; Indica, 32; Diogenes Laërtius vi. 75; Plutarch, Alexander, 46, 65; Strabo xv. 698; Pliny, Nat. Hist. vi. 26; Aulus Gellius ix. 4; fragments and life in C. W. Müller, appendix to F. Dübner’s Arrian (1846); monograph by F. Lilie (Bonn, 1864); E. H. Bunbury, Hist. of Ancient Geography, i. (1879); Meier in Ersch and Gruber’s Allgemeine Encyclopädie.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Onomacritus

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​ONOMACRITUS (c. 530–480 B.C.), seer, priest and poet of Attica. His importance lies in his connexion with the religious movements in Attica during the 6th century B.C. He had great influence on the development of the Orphic religion and mysteries, and was said to have composed a poem on initiatory rites. The works of Musaeus, the legendary founder of Orphism in Attica, are said to have been reduced to order (if not actually written) by him (Clem. Alex. Stromata, i. p. 143 [397]; Pausanias i. 22, 7). He was in high favour at the court of the Peisistratidae till he was banished by Hipparchus for making additions of his own in an oracle of Musaeus. When the Peisistratidae were themselves expelled and were living in Persia, he furnished them with oracles encouraging Xerxes to invade Greece and restore the tyrants in Athens (Herodotus vii. 6). He is also said to have been employed by Peisistratus in editing the Homeric poems, and to have introduced interpolations of his own (e.g. a passage in the episode of the visit of Odysseus to the world below). According to Pausanias (viii. 31. 3; 37. 5; ix. 35, 5) he was also the author of poems on mythological subjects.
See F. W. Ritschl, “Onomakritos von Athen,” in his Opuscula, i. (1866), and p. 35 of the same volume; U. von Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, “Homerische Untersuchungen” (pp. 199-226 on the Orphic interpolation in Odyssey, λ 566–631), in Kiessling-Mollendorff, Philologische Untersuchungen, Heft 7 (1884).
# Royal Naval Biography/M'Coy, Robert

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ROBERT M‘COY, Esq. [Commander.]
Son of Mr. Daniel M‘Coy, a master in the royal navy. He was made a lieutenant on the 3d July, 1802; promoted to his present rank, while serving as first of the Swiftsure 74, Captain Edward Stirling Dickson, June 15th, 1814; and appointed an inspecting commander in the coast-guard service, April 6th, 1831.
# Royal Naval Biography/M'Farland, James

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JAMES M‘FARLAND, Esq. [Commander.]
Acted as signal-lieutenant of Lord Howe’s flag-ship, the Queen Charlotte, at the memorable battle of June 1st, 1794; received his first commission soon after the return of the victorious fleet to Spithead; subsequently served under Captain (now Sir William) Hotham, in the Lancaster 64, on the Cape of Good Hope station; and was there appointed ​acting commander of the Penguin sloops in June, 1802. He obtained his present rank on the 18th June, 1803, and was afterwards employed on the Sea-Fencible service.
# Royal Naval Biography/Lysaght, Arthur

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ARTHUR LYSAGHT, Esq. [Post-Captain of 1806.]
Served as a Midshipman under the late Vice-Admiral Rainier; was made a Lieutenant into la Chiffone frigate, on the East India station; promoted to the rank of Commander, Jan. 22, 1806; and posted Sept. 25, in the same year. He subsequently commanded the Jamaica 24. Captain Lysaght married, in 1813, Caroline, daughter of Thomas Cuming, of Camden Place, Bath, Esq. which lady died in 1825.
Agent.– Messrs. Stilwell.
# Royal Naval Biography/M'Causland, John

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JOHN M‘CAUSLAND, Esq. [Commander.]
Was made a lieutenant on the 22d Feb. 1811; appointed to the Ister frigate, Captain John Cramer, Oct. 8th, 1813; to the Queen Charlotte 108, bearing the flag of Sir James H. Whitshed, at Portsmouth, Feb. 8th, 1821; and promoted to the rank of commander Oct. 14th, 1824. He is now serving in the Cruiser sloop, on the West India station.
# Royal Naval Biography/M'Culloch, Thomas

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THOMAS M‘CULLOCH, Esq. [Commander.]
Obtained the rank of lieutenant in 1796, and that of commander on the 13th Oct. 1812. He married, in 1818, a Miss Elizabeth Montague Plenderheath; and died at Bath, in 1830, aged 56 years.
# Royal Naval Biography/M'Dougall, William Howard

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WILLIAM HOWARD M‘DOUGALL, Esq. [Commander.]
Was made a lieutenant on the 9th May 1807; and couxmander Mar. 27th, 1826.
# Royal Naval Biography/M'Crea, Robert Contart

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ROBERT CONTART M‘CREA, Esq. [Commander.]
Served as midshipman under the flag of Sir James (now Lord De) Saumarez, on the Baltic station; passed his examination, at Portsmouth, in Feb. 1812; obtained his first commission on the 20th Nov. following; and was appointed to the Amphion frigate. Captain James P. Stewart, on the North Sea station. May 5th, 1813. He commanded the Scourge revenue cruiser, and was very actively and successfully employed against the smugglers, in 1818, 1819, and ​1820. His promotion to the rank of commander took place on the 4th June, 1824. He sailed for the Cape of Good Hope, in the Zebra sloop, Sept. 24th, 1834.
# Royal Naval Biography/M'Culloch, William

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WILLIAM M‘CULLOCH, Esq. [Post-Captain of 1814.]
Was born in 1780; made lieutenant Sept. 28, 1807; commander Jan. 22, 1810; and post captain July 8, 1814. He subsequently commanded the Barrosa frigate on the Leeward ​Islands station, where he captured an American letter of marque and several unarmed merchantmen. From Aug. 1815 until his demise, in June, 1825, he had the direction of the eastern division of the coast blockade service.
# Royal Naval Biography/M'Douall, James

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JAMES M‘DOUALL, Esq. [Commander.]
Obtained his first commission on the 22d of April 1802; and was senior lieutenant of the Queen Charlotte 120, bearing the flag of Admiral Lord Keith, commander-in-chief on the Channel station, in 1813 and 1814. He was promoted to the rank of commander, October 12th, in the latter year; and appointed to the ordinary at Portsmouth, in 1816.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fortune, Robert

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​FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813–1880), Scottish botanist and traveller, was born at Kelloe in Berwickshire on the 16th of September 1813. He was employed in the botanical garden at Edinburgh, and afterwards in the Royal Horticultural Society’s garden at Chiswick, and upon the termination of the Chinese War in 1842 was sent out by the Society to collect plants in China. His travels resulted in the introduction to Europe of many beautiful flowers; but another journey, undertaken in 1848 on behalf of the East India Company, had much more important consequences, occasioning the successful introduction into India of the tea-plant. In subsequent journeys he visited Formosa and Japan, described the culture of the silkworm and the manufacture of rice paper, and introduced many trees, shrubs and flowers now generally cultivated in Europe. The incidents of his travels were related in a succession of interesting books. He died in London on the 13th of April 1880.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fortrose

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​FORTROSE (Gaelic for t’rois, “the wood on the promontory”), a royal and police burgh, and seaport of the county of Ross and Cromarty, Scotland. Pop. (1901) 1179. It is situated on the south-eastern coast of the peninsula of the Black Isle, 8 m. due N.N.E. of Inverness, 261/4 m. by rail. It is the terminus of the Black Isle branch of the Highland railway; there is communication by steamer with Inverness and also with Fort George, 21/2 m. distant, by ferry from Chanonry Ness. Fortrose consists of the two towns of Rosemarkie and Chanonry, about 1 m. apart, which were united into a free burgh by James II. in 1455 and created a royal burgh in 1590. It is a place of considerable antiquity, a monastery having been established in the 6th century by St Moluag, a friend of Columba’s, and St Peter’s ​church built in the 8th century. In 1124 David I. instituted the bishopric of Ross, with its seat here, and the town acquired some fame for its school of theology and law. The cathedral is believed to have been founded in 1330 by the countess of Ross (her canopied tomb, against the chancel wall, still exists) and finished in 1485 by Abbot Fraser, whose previous residence at Melrose is said to account for the Perpendicular features of his portion of the work. It was Early Decorated in style, cruciform in plan, and built of red sandstone, but all that is left are the south aisles of the nave and the chancel, with the chapter-house, a two-storeyed structure, standing apart near the north-eastern corner. The cathedral and bishop’s palace were destroyed by order of Cromwell, who used the stones for his great fort at Inverness. Another relic of the past survives in the bell of 1460. These ruins form the chief object of interest in the town, but other buildings include the academy and the Black Isle combination poorhouse. The town is an agricultural centre of some consequence, and the harbour is kept in repair. Rosemarkie, in the churchyard of which is an ancient Celtic cross, is much resorted to for sea-bathing, and there is a golf course in Chanonry Ness. The burgh belongs to the Inverness district group of parliamentary burghs.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fortlage, Karl

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​FORTLAGE, KARL (1806–1881), German philosopher, was born at Osnabrück. After teaching in Heidelberg and Berlin, he became professor of philosophy at Jena (1846), a post which he held till his death. Originally a follower of Hegel, he turned to Fichte and Beneke (q.v.), with whose insistence on psychology as the basis of all philosophy he fully agreed. The fundamental idea of his psychology is impulse, which combines representation (which presupposes consciousness) and feeling (i.e. pleasure). Reason is the highest thing in nature, i.e. is divine in its nature, God is the absolute Ego and the empirical egos are his instruments.
Fortlage’s chief works are: Genetische Geschichte d. Philos. seit Kant (Leipzig, 1852); System d. Psych. als empirische Wissenschaft (2 vols., Leipzig, 1855); Darstellung und Kritik der Beweise für das Dasein Gottes (Heidelberg, 1840); Beiträge zur Psych. als Wissenschaft (Leipzig, 1875).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fortuna

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​FORTUNA (Fortune), an Italian goddess of great antiquity, but apparently not native at Rome, where, according to universal Roman tradition, she was introduced by the king Servius Tullius as Fors Fortuna, and established in a temple on the Etruscan side of the Tiber outside the city, and also under other titles in other shrines. In Latium she had two famous places of worship, one at Praeneste, where there was an oracle of Fortuna primigenia (the first-born), frequented especially by women who, as we may suppose, desired to know the fortunes of their children or their own fortune in child-birth; the other at Antium, well known from Horace’s ode (i. 35). It is highly probable that Fortuna was never a deity of the abstract idea of chance, but represented the hopes and fears of men and especially of women at different stages of their life and experience; thus we find her worshipped as time went on under numerous cult-titles, such as muliebris, virilis, hujusce diei, equestris, redux, &c., which connected her supposed powers with individuals, groups of individuals, or particular occasions. Gradually she became more or less closely identified with the Gr. Τύχη, and was represented on coins, &c., with a cornucopia as the giver of prosperity, a rudder as the controller of destinies, and with a wheel, or standing on a ball, to indicate the uncertainty of fortune. In this semi-Greek form she came to be worshipped over the whole empire, and Pliny (N.H. ii. 22) declares that in his day she was invoked in all places and every hour. She even became identified with Isis, and as Panthea was supposed to combine the attributes of all other deities.
The best account of this difficult subject is to be found in Roscher’s Mythological Lexicon (s.v.); see also Wissowa, Religion und Kultus der Römer, p. 206 foll.  (W. W. F.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fortunatianus, Atilius

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​FORTUNATIANUS, ATILIUS, Latin grammarian, flourished in the 4th century A.D. He was the author of a treatise on metres, dedicated to one of his pupils, a youth of senatorial rank, who desired to be instructed in the Horatian metres. The manual opens with a discussion of the fundamental ideas of metre and the chief rules of prosody, and ends with a detailed analysis of the metres of Horace. The chief authorities used are Caesius Bassus and the Latin adaptation by Juba the grammarian of the Τέχνη of Heliodorus. Fortunatianus being a common name in the African provinces, it is probable that the author was a countryman of Juba, Terentianus Maurus and Victorinus.
Editions of the Ars in H. Keil, Grammatici Latini, vi., and separately by him (1885).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fortunatus

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​FORTUNATUS, the legendary hero of a popular European chap-book. He was a native, says the story, of Famagusta in Cyprus, and meeting the goddess of Fortune in a forest received from her a purse which was continually replenished as often as he drew from it. With this he wandered through many lands, and at Cairo was the guest of the sultan. Among the treasures which the sultan showed him was an old napless hat which had the power of transporting its wearer to any place he desired. Of this hat he feloniously possessed himself, and returned to Cyprus, where he led a luxurious life. On his death he left the ​purse and the hat to his sons Ampedo and Andelosia; but they were jealous of each other, and by their recklessness and folly soon fell on evil days. The moral of the story is obvious: men should desire reason and wisdom before all the treasures of the world. In its full form the history of Fortunatus occupies in Karl Simrock’s Die deutschen Volksbücher, vol. iii., upwards of 158 pages. The scene is continually shifted—from Cyprus to Flanders, from Flanders to London, from London to France; and a large number of secondary characters appear. The style and allusions indicate a comparatively modern date for the authorship; but the nucleus of the legend can be traced back to a much earlier period. The stories of Jonathas and the three jewels in the Gesta Romanorum, of the emperor Frederick and the three precious stones in the Cento Novelle antiche, of the Mazin of Khorassan in the Thousand and one Nights, and the flying scaffold in the Bahar Danush, have all a certain similarity. The earliest known edition of the German text of Fortunatus appeared at Augsburg in 1509, and the modern German investigators are disposed to regard this as the original form. Innumerable versions occur in French, Italian, Dutch and English. The story was dramatized by Hans Sachs in 1553, and by Thomas Dekker in 1600; and the latter’s comedy appeared in a German translation in Englische Komödien und Tragödien, 1620. Ludwig Tieck has utilized the legend in his Phantasus, and Adelbert von Chamisso in his Peter Schlemihl; and Ludwig Uhland left an unfinished narrative poem entitled “Fortunatus and his Sons.”
See Dr Fr. W. V. Schmidt’s Fortunatus und seine Söhne, eine Zauber-Tragödie, von Thomas Decker, mit einem Anhang, &c. (Berlin, 1819); Joseph Johann Görres, Die deutschen Volksbücher (1807).