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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Blacader, Robert

1904 Errata appended.
​BLACADER or BLACKADER, ROBERT (d. 1508), archbishop of Glasgow, was the son of Sir Robert Blacader, of Tulliallan, by Elizabeth, daughter and coheiress of Sir James Edmestone, of Edmestone. He is first mentioned as a wrebendary of Glasgow and rector of Cardross. On 23 June 1480 he sat among the lords of council as bishop elect of Aberdeen. He was translated to the see of Glasgow previously to February 1484. The see was erected into an archbishopric 9 Jan. 1492. On account of this a bitter rivalry ensued between him and the archbishop of St. Andrews, and the estates had to intervene to silence their quarrels. Archbishop Blacader was frequently employed in the public transactions with the English, especially in 1505. Along with the Earl of Bothwell and Andrew Foreman, prior of Pittenweem, he negotiated a marriage between King James IV and Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII. In 1494 the arch-bishop sent up thirty persons from the district of Kyle, in Ayrshire, who had been convicted of the Lollard heresy by the ecclesiastical judicatories, for punishment by the civil power; but nothing further was done in the matter. He died 8 July 1508 (Regist. Episcop. Glasg. ii. 616). According to Knox (Works, i. 12) and Bishop Lesley (Hist. ed. 1830, p. 78), the latter of whom gives the date of his death as 26 July, he died in the Holy Land, during a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. David Laing, in 'Proceedings of the Scottish Society of Antiquaries,' ii. 222, quotes extracts from the contemporary diary of the Venetian, Maria Sanuto, describing the reception by the doge of Venice of the ‘rich Scottish bishop,’ who arrived there in May 1508 on his way to Jerusalem. This diary also states that the vessel from Jaffa, in Palestine, returned to Venice in November 1508, and that the ‘rich bishop’ was one of the twenty-seven pilgrims who died on the voyage.
[Keith’s Scottish Bishops, ed. 1824, pp. 254-6; Gordon's Eccles. Chron. of Scotland, ii. 512-4; Knox's Works, ed. Laing, i. 7, 10, 12, vi. 663-4.]
T. F. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.28 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 105 | i | 14-13 f.e. | Blacader, Robert: for Sir Robert Blacader of Tulliallan by Elizabeth read Sir Robert Blacader of Blackader, co. Berwick. His brother, Sir Patrick Blacader or Blackader of Tulliallan, married Elizabeth |
| | | 12 f.e. | for He read Robert |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Black, Alexander

​BLACK, ALEXANDER, D.D. (1789–1864), Scottish theologian, was born in Aberdeen in 1789, where his father, John Black, owned a few fields and carried on the business of a gardener. He was educated at the grammar school and Marischal College, and after studying medicine devoted himself to preparation for the ministry. His abilities and application to study were so remarkable that, when a vacancy occurred in the chair of divinity in King's College, Aberdeen, he offered himself as a candidate, and went through the examinations prescribed to the applicants. His fellow-candidates were the late Dr. Mearns, then minister of Tarves, who was successful, and the late Dr. Love, of Glasgow. Young Black, though unsuccessful, attracted the attention of the Earl of Aberdeen, who on the promotion of Dr. Mearns to the chair presented him to the parish of Tarves, and there Black wus ordained in 1818. From Tarves Black was transferred to Aberdeen in 1832 as professor of divinity in Marischal College. His great powers as a linguist and his very large and particular acquaintance with rabinical literature cnused him to be selected in 1839 by a committee of the general assembly, along with the Rev. Dr. Keith, St. Cyrus, Rev. R. M. McCheyne, Dundee, and Rev. A. A. Bonar, Collace, to go to the East to make inquiries as to the expediency of beginning a mission to the Jews. After a good many difficulties and trials Black and his brethren returned to Scotland, and an interesting report of their mission was presented to the general assembly. At the disruption in 1843, joining the Free church, he gave up his chair at Aberdeen and removed to Edinburgh, where he was connected with the New College. Referring to the linguistic powers of Black and his colleague, Dr. John Duncan (Colloquia Peripatetica), Dr. Guthrie used to say that ‘they could speak their way to the wall of China;’ yet no corresponding products of their learning were given to the public. Black published a ‘Letter on the Exegetical Study of the Scriptures to the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church.’ He also contributed a discourse to the volume on the ‘Inauguration of the New College.’ He died at Edinburgh in January 1864.
[Report of a Mission of Inquiry to the Jews in 1839, by Rev. A. A. Bonar; Scott's Fasti; letter to the writer from Mr. Alexander Black, son of the subject of this notice]
W. G. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Black, James

​BLACK, JAMES (1788?–1867), physician, was born in Scotland about 1788. He was admitted a licentiate of the Edinburgh ​College of Surgeons in 1809, and then entered the royal navy. At the end of the was he retired on half-pay and began practice at Newton Stewart, but shortly afterwards removed to Bolton, where he resided until 1839. From that date to 1848 he practised at Manchester, and again at Bolton until 1856. He eventually removed to Edinburgh, where he died on 30 April 1867, aged 79. Dr. Black was an M.D. of Glasgow, 1820; a licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons, 1823; and F.R.C.P., 1860. He was for some time physician to the Bolton Infirmary and Dispensary, and to the Manchester Union Hospital; president of the British Medical Association, 1842; and of the Manchester Geological Society. His contributions to medical literature include: 1. ‘An Inquiry into the Capillary Circulation of the Blood and the intimate Nature of Inflammation,’ London, 1825, 8vo. 2. ‘A Comparative View of the more intimate Nature of Fever,’ London, 1926, 8vo. 3. ‘A Manual of the Bowels and the Treatment of their principal Disorder of London, 18l0, 12mo. 4. ‘Retrospective Address in Medicine,’ 1812. 5. ‘Observations and Instructions on Cold and Warm Bathing,’ Manchester, 1846, 8vo. Dr. Black published several papers on geological subjects, and communicated to the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester ‘Some Remarks on the Seteïa and Belisama of Ptolemy, and on the Roman Garrison of Mancunium (2nd edition, Edinburgh, 1856, 8vo). In 1837 he published a paper of 100 pages in the ‘Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association,' entitled ‘A Medico-Topographical, Geological, and Statistical Sketch of Bolton and its Neighbourhood.’ On the establishment of a free library in Bolton, Dr. Black was chosen as a member of the committee, and he published ‘A few Words in aid of Literature and Science, on the occasion of opening the Public Library, Bolton,’ 1853.
[Munk's Roll of the Royal College of Physicians, 1873, iii. 277; Brit. Med. Journal, 25 May 1867, p. 623; Whittle's Bolton-le-Moors, p. 372; Royal Society’s Cat. of Scientific Papers, 1867, i. 401; Proceedings of the Geological Society, 1868, p. xxxviii]
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Black, Patrick

​BLACK, PATRICK, M.D. (1813–1879), physician, was son of Colonel Patrick Black, of the Bengal cavalry, and like his father was called after his ancestor, Sir Patrick Dun, president of the Irish College of Physicians in 1681. He was born at Aberdeen in 1813, was sent to Eton in 1828, matriculated at Christ Church in 1831, and graduated M.D. at Oxford in 1836. In 1842 he was elected assistant physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, in 1851 Warden of its college, in 1860 physician to the hospital, and somewhat later lecturer on medicine in the school. Black was a tall and handsome man, and the trust which his open countenance encouraged was never disappointed. He was a careful observer, a just reasoner, well read in medicine, a scholar who enjoyed literature, a physician who, as one of his patients remarked, hastened no one into the grave, yet he never attained a large practice. That he was a man of considerable property perhaps stood in his way, but another reason was that he had so little belief in treatment that both students and patients perceived that he regarded his own prescription as a ceremonial observance rather than as a practical measure. He even questioned the value of quinine as a remedy for ague. In 1855 Black wrote a short treatise: ‘Chloroform; how shall we ensure safety in its administration?’ In 1867 he revised the Latin part of the ‘Nomenclature of Diseases’ for the College of Physicians, of which he was a fellow and three times censor. In 1876 he published a popular lecture on ‘Respiration,’ a pamphlet on ‘Scurvy,’ and an ‘Essay on the Use of the Spleen.’ His sceptical turn of mind is noticeable in all: he doubts whether chloroform ever causes death except by simple suffocation, doubts whether lime juice prevents scurvy, and doubts whether the spleen does anything but regulate the current of the blood. His scepticism was an infirmity which prevented his accumulated observation from yielding its proper fruit, but it did not affect his personal relations with mankind. He was sound in his judgment of character, firm in his friendship, and universal in his kindness. He died on 12 Oct. 1879. His colleague, Dr. Reginald Southey, wrote his memoir in the St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports, vol. xv., and his former house physician, Dr. R. Bridges, published in 1876 a Latin poem dedicated to Dr. Black. and describing in Ovidian verse his personal appearance, character, and manner of teaching.
[Southey's Memoir; personal knowledge.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Black, William (1749-1829)

​BLACK, WILLIAM (1749–1829), physician, was born in Ireland; studied medicine (according to Munk, Coll. Phys. iii. 367), at Leyden, and took his degree as M.D. there 20 March 1772 with an inaugural dissertation ‘De diagnosi, prognosi, et causis mortis in febribus.’ He received the license of the College of Physicians 2 Apri1 1787, and afterwards practised in London, residing in Piccadilly. He appears to have retired from practice before his death, which occurred at Hammersmith in December 1829.
Black did not attain any remarkable eminence in his profession, but wrote some books which are not without value as illustrating the application of the statistical method to medicine. He was one of the first writers, at least in England, who ​showed that statistics, which had been previously employed chiefly in political and commercial matters, might be of great service to the progress of medicine.
Being invited to deliver the ‘annual oration’ before the Medical Society of London, he expanded this lecture into an octavo volume, entitled ‘ A Comparative View of the Mortality of the Human Species at all Ages, and of Diseases and Casualiies, with Charts and Tables,’ published in 1788. Before half the first edition was sold he cancelled the remainder and brought out a second and corrected edition, as ‘An Arithmetical and Medical Analysis of the Diseases and Mortality of the Human Species,' 8vo, London, 1789. In this his design was to exhibit births, mortality, diseases, and casualties as being subject to aritlimetical proof, to construct in fact a ‘medical arithmetic,' a phrase evidently suggested by the ‘Political Arithmetic’ of Sir W. Petty. Although the efforts of Black have long been eclipsed by the brilliant results of Louis, Quetelet, and others in the same field, they had considerable importance in their day. The ‘Dissertation on Insanity’ is an expansion of a chapter in this book, and was based on observations fumished by an official of Bethlehem Hospital. His ‘Sketch of the History of Medicine’is a slight work, but was translated into French by Coray.
He wrote: 1. ‘A Historical Sketch of Medicine and Surgery from their Origin to the Present Time,with a Chronological Chart of Medical and Surgical Authors,' 8vc, London, 1782. In French, Paris, an vi. (1798). 2. ‘A Dissertation on Insanity, illustrated with tables from between two and three thousand cases in Bedlam,’ 8vo, London, 1810; second edition 1811. 3. ‘ Observations, Medical and Political, on the Smallpox, the Advantages and Disadvantages of General Inoculation, and on the Mortality of Mankind at every age,’ 8vo, London, 1781. 4. ‘Reasons for preventing the French, under the mask of liberty, from trampling on Europe,’ 8vo, 1792. 5. ‘Observations on Military and Political Affairs by General Monk,’ new edition, 8vo, 1796 (the last on authority of Biog. Dict. of Living Authors, 1816). His portrait, engraved by Stanier, was published by Sewell, 1790.
[Munk's Coll. Physicians, ii. 367; Biog Dict. of Living Authors (1816).]
J. F. P.
# Diamond Coal Coke Company v. United States

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United States Supreme Court
233 U.S. 236
Diamond Coal Coke Company v. United States
Argued: January 28 and 29, 1914. --- Decided: April 6, 1914
Messrs. C. F. Kelley, L. O. Evans, and B. M. Ausherman for appellant.
Solicitor General Davis and Mr. Karl W. Kirchwey for appellee.
Mr. Justice Van Devanter delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Diamond Rubber Company of New York v. Consolidated Rubber Tire Company

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
220 U.S. 428
Diamond Rubber Company of New York v. Consolidated Rubber Tire Company
Argued: February 28 and March 1, 1911. --- Decided: April 10, 1911
Mr. Charles K. Offield for petitioner.
Messrs. Frederick P. Fish, C. W. Stapleton, J. L. Stackpole, Thomas W. Bakewell, and Staley & Bowman for respondents.
Mr. Justice McKenna delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Diamond Glue Company v. United States Glue Company

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
187 U.S. 611
Diamond Glue Company v. United States Glue Company
Argued: December 16, 17, 1902. --- Decided: January 5, 1903
Messrs. Edgar A. Bancroft, Sanuel Adams, Franklin D. Locke, and George H. Noyes for plaintiff in error.
Messrs. Charles Quarles, J. V. Quarles, and George Lines for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Theophylactus Simocatta

Theophylactus (1) Simocatta, an Egyptian by birth, related to Peter who was viceroy of Egypt at the death of the emperor Maurice in 602. His Oecumenical History, or Historiae Mauricii Tiberii Imperatoris, is very important for Byzantine history at a critical period, just before the rise of Mahomet, and during the beginning of the struggles with the Turks and Slavs. For church history his historical writings are interesting, as giving a vivid picture of the rites, superstitions, and ideas of the close of cent. vi. They shew, e.g. that the emperor Maurice was in many points superior to his spiritual teachers. Thus in lib. i. c. 11 we have the story of a sorcerer named Paulinus, whom the patriarch of Constantinople brought before the emperor, pressing for his capital punishment. The emperor suggested that instruction, rather than punishment, was required. Many other points of interest occur, e.g. the frequent use of a miraculous image (ἀχειροποίητος) of our Lord (ii. 3; iii. 1); the conversion of Chosroes (v. 15), and of a woman of noble birth among the Magi of Babylon, named Golinducha, her escape, pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and life at Nisibis (v. 12); the continued existence of the Marcionists (viii. 9); the church in honour of St. Paul at Tarsus (viii. 13); the incredulity of the emperor about the liquefaction of the blood of St. Euphemia (viii. 14); his overthrow and murder by Phocas, and the miraculous announcement of it by his statues at Alexandria the same night (viii. 13). The History of Theophylact is included in the Bonn series of Byzantine historians, but the most complete and convenient ed. is by C. H. Fabrottus in Labbe's Corpus Hist. Byzant. (Paris, 1648).
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Theotimus, bishop of Tomi

Theotimus (2), bp. and metropolitan of Tomi, the capital of Scythia Minor in Lower Moesia. By birth a Goth, he was educated in Greece, where he took the name by which he is known. Adopting strict asceticism for himself, he kept a liberal table for the savage Goths and Huns who visited Tomi as the great central market of the province, endeavouring by hospitality, gifts, and courteous treatment to prepare them to receive the Gospel. In some instances the seed was sown in good soil, and the Hunnish strangers returned to their distant homes as converts, eager to convert their fellow-barbarians. Theotimus is with much probability identified by Baronius (sub ann. 402) with the successful missionary to the Huns mentioned by St. Jerome. He was regarded by the Huns with superstitious reverence, and was styled by them "the God of the Romans." The long hair of a philosopher flowed over his episcopal attire. He was a frequent and much revered visitor at Constantinople. In 403, during the visit of Epiphanius of Salamis, he refused to affix his signature to the decree of the council of Cyprus condemning the teaching of Origen, denouncing the attempt to cast insult on a justly honoured name and to question the decisions of wise and good men before them. He supported his refusal by publicly reading passages from Origen. He was an author of some note. Jerome ascribes to him some treatises in the form of dialogues. Fragments of his are in John Damascene's Parallel. Sacr. (vol. ii. pp. 640, 675, 694, 785, Le Quien's ed.). The archimandrite Carosus at the council of Chalcedon boasted that he had been baptized by Theotimus and charged by him to keep the Nicene faith inviolate (Labbe, Concil. iv. 530). Socr. H. E. vi. 12; Soz. H. E. vii. 26, viii. 14; Tillem. Mém. eccl. xi. 190; Le Quien, Or. Chist. ii. 1217; Cave, Hist. Lit. i. 288.
[E.V.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Theophilus

Theophilus (13), a Christian who discussed Christianity with Simon, a Jew, in a treatise published by a Gallic writer named EVAGRIUS in 5th cent. The title as given by Gennadius (de Vir. Ill. c. 51 is Altercatio Simonis Judaei et Theophili Christiani. This work lay hid till Zacagni, the Vatican Librarian, noticed it in 1698 in his Collect. Mon, pp. 51, 53, 324. It was printed by Migne (Patr. Lat. t. xx. c. 1165) and by Gebhardt and Harnack (Texte u. Untersuch. zur Gesch. der Altchrist. Lit. Bd. i. Hft. 3; Leipz. 1883), with exhaustive notes and dissertations. It has an important bearing on the controversy during patristic times between the church and Judaism. The disputants discuss various arguments against the deity of Christ drawn from O.T., Theophilus making a very liberal use of the mystical method of exposition. The Jew begins by objecting that Christ cannot be God because in Deuteronomy it is said "There is no other God beside Me," and Isaiah says, "I am the first and the last, and beside Me there is no God." Theophilus then defends his position from the conduct of Abraham towards the angel whom he worshipped at the oak of Mamre and from the Psalms. He quotes Is. vii. 14, "Behold, a virgin shall conceive." Simon replies that the virgin was the daughter of Jerusalem, whom Isaiah represents as despising Shalmanezer, while the angel who smote the Assyrians is the fulfilment of the prophecy contained in the name Emmanuel, since he was for them indeed "Nobiscum Deus." Theophilus retorts that the virgin daughter of Jerusalem had brought forth no son. The
difficulties of the Incarnation are then discussed, and Christ's descent from David maintained by Theophilus, who argues that conception by a virgin was no more difficult to God than bringing water out of a rock. Simon then raises the favourite difficulty of the Jews from 2nd cent. downwards, drawn from Deut. xxi. 23, "He that is hanged is accursed of God" [ARISTO PELLAEUS], which introduces the subject of Christ's passion, where Theophilus urges that Ps. xxii. describes all the circumstances of our Lord's sufferings. Harnack (l.c.) has a learned monograph on this, and discusses the Jewish controversy as it was maintained by the Fathers. He devotes 50 pages to stating the relation between the Altercatio and Tertullian's Tract. adv. Jud., Cyprian's Testimonia, Lactantius's Institutiones, and Justin's Dialogus cum Tryphone, and skilfully uses the Altercatio to determine the nature and contents of the similar 2nd-cent. work, Altercatio Jasonis et Papisci, which he considers the groundwork of the 5th-cent. document.
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Theosebas, a deacon

Theosebas, a deacon of the Thirian (? Tyrian) church, ordained priest by bp. John of Jerusalem. Jerome takes this ordination as a justification of the ordination of his brother Paulinian by Epiphanius, bp. of Salamis. He describes Theosebas as an eloquent man, and believes John to have ordained him in order to employ him to speak against himself and his friends (Hieron. Cont. Joan. Hierosol. 41).
[W.H.F.]