# Gems of Chinese Literature/K'ung Fu-Tzŭ (Confucius)-Miscellaneous Extracts

K‘UNG FU-TZŬ.
Latinized into CONFUCIUS.
b.c. 551-479.
[Confucius was the Socrates of China. He taught virtue for its own sake, unsupported by reference to the supernatural, any reliance upon which he steadily, though indirectly, condemned. He seems, however, to have thoroughly believed in a God; but whether as a force physical, or a force moral, or both, it is quite impossible to decide. Under no circumstances can he be regarded as the founder of a “religion” in the ordinary sense of the term, with a priesthood, sacraments, dogmas, etc.; though what is now called “Confucianism” was actually based in pre-Confucian days on revelation.
Confucius held several official appointments, and finally rose to be chief Minister of Justice in his native State. He “became the idol of the people, and flew in songs through their mouths.” But by the intrigues of a neighbouring prince, he found himself compelled to resign office, and went into voluntary exile, wandering from place to place, and employing himself in literary pursuits, until at length he returned home, where death came upon him in the seventy-third year of his age.
He was an editor rather than an author. He collected and edited the ancient national songs now known as the Odes. He arranged and edited those old records which form the Canon of History. It is claimed by Mencius that he compiled the annals of his own State (but see Yüan Mei), dating from some 200 years previous to the times in which he lived. His discourses were treasured up in the hearts of his disciples, and were committed to writing in later years.]
THE Master said―
A plausible tongue and a fascinating expression are seldom associated with true virtue.
A youth should be filial at home, respectful abroad. He should be earnest and truthful. He should overflow in love to all, but cultivate the friendship of the good. Then, whatsoever of energy may be left to him, he should devote to the improvement of his mind.
Let loyalty and truth be paramount with you. Have no friends not equal to yourself. If you have faults, shrink not from correcting them.
Learning without thought is labour lost. Thought without learning is intellectual death.
The study of the supernatural is injurious indeed.
Yu! shall I teach you in what true knowledge consists? To know what you do know, and to know what you do not know―that is true knowledge.
A man without truthfulness!―I know not how that can be.
In mourning, it is better to be sincere than to be punctilious.
He who offends against God has none to whom he can pray.
Riches and honours are what men desire; yet except in accordance with right these should not be enjoyed. Poverty and degradation are what men dread; yet except in accordance with right these should not be avoided.
The faults of men are characteristic of themselves. By observing a man's faults you may infer what his virtues are.
If a man hear the Truth in the morning, he may die in the evening without regret.
Chi Wen thought thrice and then acted. The Master said, Twice will do.
Man is born to be upright. If he be not so, and yet live, he is lucky to have escaped.
Those who know the Truth are not equal to those who love it; nor those who love it to those who delight in it.
A disciple having asked for a definition of charity, the Master said Love One Another! Having further asked for a definition of knowledge, the Master said, Know One Another!
Rare are they who prefer virtue to the pleasures of sex.
The commander-in-chief of an army may be carried captive, but the convictions even of the meanest man cannot be taken from him.
A disciple having enquired about serving the spirits of the dead, the Master said, You are not even able to serve living men. How then should you serve spirits? Having further enquired about death, the Master said, You do not even understand life. How then should you understand death?
In hearing litigations, I am like any one else. I differ, in wishing to prevent these litigations.
Some one asked Confucius, saying, Master, what think you concerning the principle that good should be returned for evil?
A disciple having asked for a rule of life in a word, the Master said, Is not Reciprocity that word? What You Would Not Others Should Do Unto You, Do Not Unto Them!
When his stable was burnt down, Confucius left the Court and said, “Has any man been hurt?” He did not ask about the horses.
A feudal noble said to Confucius, “The villagers of my State are upright men. If a father steals a sheep, his son will give evidence against him.” Confucius replied, “The uprightness of the villagers in my State is different from that. A father will shield his son, and a son will shield his father. This is what I call uprightness.”
* ↑ Understood down to a.d. 1200 by the masses as an anthropomorphic Being, resident in the sky and in control of the four elements; but subsequently explained by Chu Hsi, the most famous of all commentators, as “abstract Right.”
* ↑ In its theological sense. See 1 Corinthians, xiii, Authorized Version. Since this volume was first published, the Revised Version has substituted "love" in all cases.
* ↑ An attempt has been made to show that this is after all only a negative (and therefore comparatively worthless) enunciation of the Golden Rule as expressed positively by Christ. The worthlessness, if any, lies in the terms of such an argument. For instance, you would not that others should abstain from helping you in trouble. Therefore you do not abstain from helping them in trouble. Consequently, you help them; thus doing unto others what you would they should do unto you.
* ↑ It may be interesting to compare a recent case, in London, of a man accused of harbouring his son, a deserter from the army. The man said that his son had been in the house only a week, and he could not drive him out. Mr. Boyd.―You should have informed the police. The accused.―I should never have heard the last of it from my family. Mr. Boyd.―I appreciate that you were in a difficult position, but it is a serious offence. You must pay £10 or go to prison for six weeks.