OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Concordat, The

See also Concordat of 1801 on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Concordat, The, of 1801, was an agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon as first consul of France. This is the most famous of many such concordats between the popes and secular rulers. By the concordat of 1801 the national Catholic church was restored to France, though its administration was henceforth more dependent upon the government. Church property which had been seized was not to be restored, but the government was to provide for the support of a reduced number of bishops. As in English history of old, it was agreed that the government should select the bishops, but the pope invest them with their office. This concordat was replaced by similar agreements under different French governments. But there always was a strong party against having any state-church; and in 1906 it was disestablished and the concordat repealed.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cone

See also Cone on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cone (in plants), the characteristic cluster of seed-bearing scales developed by conifers and especially by the pines and their allies. The technical name of such a cluster is strobilus. See Conifers.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Concrete

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​ Concrete, a composition of broken rock, gravel, broken bricks, sand, etc., usually cemented into solid form by the use of hydraulic cement. The proportions of the various ingredients differ according to the use to which the artificial stone called concrete is to be put, but the principle to be kept in mind in the mixing is that there should be enough of the mortar to a little more than fill the space between the fragments of broken rock, etc. A typical concrete is made of one part of cement, three parts of sand and five parts of broken rock. The mixing is usually done dry, only enough water being used to lay the dust, but more water is added when the stuff is tamped into position. Where concrete has to be laid down under water, it is usually put in position in bags. It is used for the foundations of structures of all sorts, for piers, fortifications, sidewalks and, recently, to a great extent in monolithic buildings, that is, buildings that are virtually one stone. In such buildings, as well as in many foundations, many iron girders and rods are imbedded in the concrete to add to its strength, and this is called reinforced concrete. The great earthquake in California made apparent the superiority of this kind of construction. Concrete was used extensively by the Babylonians, Egyptians, Greek and Romans. Some of their buildings have stood over 3,600 years. See Cement.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Conde, Louis II of Bourbon, Prince of

See also Louis, Grand Condé on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Conde (kôn-dē̇′), Louis II of Bourbon, Prince of, called the Great Condé, was born Sept. 8, 1621. He early started in his soldier's career. At the age of 22 he was given command of a French army, ​and, against the advice of older generals who served under him, he fought the battle of Rocroi, and by skillful maneuvering and fierce charges made it a brilliant victory—the first in the reign of Louis XIV. Two hard-won victories in Germany and the capture of Dunkirk were followed by his winning the important battle of Lens in 1648, in which the formidable Spanish infantry were destroyed and the Thirty Years' War ended. The next year began the war of the Fronde, and, though Condé by his generalship had placed the young king on the throne, his pride had made him enemies at court. Soon after he was arrested, and, when set free, he at once put himself at the head of the troops of Bordeaux, which had rebelled. But he was no longer successful. Turenne defeated him twice; and, forced to leave the country and now fighting in the Spanish army, he was again overcome by the same general. Eight years afterward, having been allowed to return to France, the death of Turenne again brought him to the front. In three weeks he conquered Franche-Comté and fought William of Orange, (William III of Holland and England), though in a drawn battle which lasted for 17 hours. This was his last engagement, as the campaign had broken his health. He died Dec. 11, 1686.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Condor

See also Andean condor on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Condor, a very large bird of prey, living in South America, usually among the peaks of the Andes. It at one time was considered the largest bird of prey, but several species of the Old World are larger, and the Californian vulture reaches the same size. Before they were actually measured by Humboldt, fabulous stories were told in regard to their size and carrying-power. They were said to reach 30 or 40 feet in stretch of wing and to carry away sheep and children in their claws; but the toes are comparatively straight and the claws are blunt and not fitted for grasping. There is no authentic case of animals having been carried away by the condor. This structure of the foot makes it difficult for them to perch on trees and they prefer the bare rocks. They are sound sleepers, and may be caught with a noose while roosting. The plumage is a glossy black, with broad white bars across the wings and a collar or ruff of snow-white down around the neck. The latter is naked, and covered with wrinkled dull-red skin. They feed mostly on carrion, but are also fond of fresh meat and kill lambs, the goat and the young of cattle and deer. The white eggs are laid on inaccessible rocks, and the young cannot fly for about a year. They continue to hunt and roost with their parent for two years longer. Their plumage is brownish, and they have been called brown condors.
CONDOR
# The New Student's Reference Work/Conduction

See also the disclaimer.
​Conduction (in plants). See Water, Ascent of.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Coney Island

See also Coney Island on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Co′ney Island, southeast of Long Island and barely separated from it by a rivulet, is a narrow strip of sand, five miles long and half a mile wide. It has a fine beach, which is lined with long rows of huge wooden hotels. Its nearness to New York and Brooklyn makes it a popular resort. The east end is called Manhattan Beach, and its broad hotel-verandas, promenades and well-laid-out grounds are patronized by the well-to-do. There are two large music-halls, with fine acoustic properties, the galleries open to the air, where the best musicians of New York give cheap summer-concerts. The west end is the most democratic resort in America, and its beach, bathing-pavilions, open-air restaurants and music-halls, toboggan-rollers and iron lookout-tower, 300 feet high, are crowded all summer by thousands of the ill-housed and sweltering men, women and children of the cities. Steamboats land every few minutes during the day at the tubular iron pier, 1,000 feet long; three railroads join Coney Island to New York and Brooklyn; and one surface and one elevated road carry the pleasure-seekers from one end of the island to the other.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Confederate States of America, The

See also Confederate States of America on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Confed′erate States of America, The. When the Republican or antislavery party gained control of the government, by the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency, certain of the slave-states took ​steps to withdraw from the Union and establish a separate government. A convention assembled at Columbia, South Carolina, Dec. 17, 1860, but adjourned on the same date to Charleston, where, on the 20th, a resolution was passed declaring that the union hitherto existing between South Carolina and the other states under the name of The United States of America was dissolved. Other states were quick to follow. In less than six weeks Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas passed ordinances of secession and withdrew from the Union. On the 4th of February, 1861, delegates from six of these states met in convention at Montgomery, Alabama, and organized a new government, with the title of The Confederate States of America. On the 8th of the same month, the organization was completed by the choice of Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as president and Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia as vice-president. The seceded states at once seized, with few exceptions, all the forts, arsenals, navy-yards, military stores and other Federal property within their limits.
The Civil War followed, beginning with the attack on Fort Sumter on April 12. On the 17th Virginia seceded and joined the Confederacy. Arkansas followed on May 6, North Carolina on the 20th of the same month and Tennessee on June 6, making 11 states in all. The history of the Confederacy is confined to the years of the Civil War, and it ceased to exist with the surrender of the Confederate army at Appomattox, Va., April 9, 1865.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Confucius

See also Confucius on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Confu′cius (kon-fū′shē-us), the great Chinese sage, was born in the state of Lu, in 551 B. C. His father, an old soldier, died when Confucius was three years old, leaving him and his mother very poor. For a while he had charge of the public stores and the public herds. At 22 he began his career as a teacher. In 501 a new ruler made him governor of the town of Chung-tu, where he brought about a striking reformation in the manners and morals of the people. Soon after, he became a minister of state and the most powerful man in Lu. For three years he was as successful in ruling and reforming the people as he had been when only a town-governor. Under his rule dishonesty was unknown; loyalty and good faith were the characteristics of men. Confucius was now the idol of the people. But soon a breach was made between him and his ruler, and for 12 years, with a company of disciples, he traveled through other Chinese states, teaching as he went. Sometimes the company were welcomed by high princes; at others they had not enough to eat, and even were in danger of their lives. A new ruler summoned the sage back to Lu, where he died the eleventh day of the fourth month, 479 B. C. Confucius thought his life a failure, but he was hardly dead when a temple was built in his honor, and to-day every market-town has its Confucius temple, and twice a year the emperor does honor to the greatest and wisest of Chinese philosophers. Of no ancient person do we know more than we do of Confucius. Not only what he taught, but just how he looked and acted at court, while talking to his disciples, at his table or in his bed has been handed down to us. Confucius was a great moral teacher and his supreme teaching was his negative golden rule: “What you do not wish done to yourself, do not do to others.” He never pretended to be anything more than a man, but he knew the right way for each man to live and to be right himself, and for the ruler so to rule as to make men happy and good. China is his monument.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Congo, French

See also the disclaimer.
​Con′go, French. See French Congo.
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Lady Susan/Chapter 28

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Mrs. Johnson to Lady Susan
Edward Street.
My dearest Friend,—I write in the greatest distress; the most unfortunate event has just ​taken place. Mr. Johnson has hit on the most effectual manner of plaguing us all. He had heard, I imagine, by some means or other, that you were soon to be in London, and immediately contrived to have such an attack of the gout as must at least delay his journey to Bath, if not wholly prevent it. I am persuaded the gout is brought on or kept off at pleasure; it was the same when I wanted to join the Hamiltons to the Lakes; and three years ago, when I had a fancy for Bath, nothing could induce him to have a gouty symptom.
I am pleased to find that my letter had so much effect on you, and that De Courcy is certainly your own. Let me hear from you as soon as you arrive, and in particular tell me what you mean to do with Mainwaring. It is impossible to say when I shall be able to come to you; my confinement must be great. It is such an abominable trick to be ill here instead of at Bath that I can scarcely command myself at all. At Bath his old aunts would have nursed him, but here it all falls upon me; and he bears pain with such patience that I have not the common excuse for losing my temper.
Yours ever,
Alicia.
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Lady Susan/Chapter 26

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Mrs. Johnson to Lady Susan
Edward Street.
I am gratified by your reference, and this is my advice: that you come to town yourself, without loss of time, but that you leave Frederica behind. It would surely be much more to the purpose to get yourself well established by marrying Mr. De Courcy, than to irritate him and the rest of his family by making her marry ​Sir James. You should think more of yourself and less of your daughter. She is not of a disposition to do you credit in the world, and seems precisely in her proper place at Churchhill, with the Vernons. But you are fitted for society, and it is shameful to have you exiled from it. Leave Frederica, therefore, to punish herself for the plague she has given you, by indulging that romantic tender-heartedness which will always insure her misery enough, and come to London as soon as you can. I have another reason for urging this: Mainwaring came to town last week, and has contrived, in spite of Mr. Johnson, to make opportunities of seeing me. He is absolutely miserable about you, and jealous to such a degree of De Courcy that it would be highly unadvisable for them to meet at present. And yet, if you do not allow him to see you here, I cannot answer for his not committing some great imprudence,—such as going to Churchhill, for instance, which would be dreadful! Besides, if you take my advice, and resolve to marry De Courcy, it will be indispensably necessary to you to get Mainwaring out of the way; and you only can have influence enough to send him back to his wife. I have still another motive for your coming: Mr. Johnson leaves London next Tuesday; he is going for his health to Bath, where, if the waters are favourable to ​his constitution and my wishes, he will be laid up with the gout many weeks. During his absence we shall be able to choose our own society, and to have true enjoyment. I would ask you to Edward Street, but that once he forced from me a kind of promise never to invite you to my house; nothing but my being in the utmost distress for money should have extorted it from me. I can get you, however, a nice drawing-room apartment in Upper Seymour Street, and we may be always together there or here; for I consider my promise to Mr. Johnson as comprehending only (at least in his absence) your not sleeping in the house. Poor Mainwaring gives me such histories of his wife's jealousy. Silly woman to expect constancy from so charming a man! but she always was silly—intolerably so in marrying him at all, she the heiress of a large fortune and he without a shilling: one title, I know, she might have had, besides baronets. Her folly in forming the connection was so great that though Mr. Johnson was her guardian, and I do not in general share his feelings, I never can forgive her.
Adieu. Yours ever,
Alicia.
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Lady Susan/Chapter 29

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Lady Susan Vernon to Mrs. Johnson
Upper Seymour Street.
My dear Alicia,―There needed not this last fit of the gout to make me detest Mr. Johnson, but now the extent of my aversion is not to be estimated. To have you confined as nurse in his apartment! My dear Alicia, of what a mistake were you guilty in marrying a man of his age! just old enough to be formal, ungovernable, and to have the gout; too old to be agreeable, too young to die. I arrived last night about five, had scarcely swallowed my dinner when Mainwaring made his appearance. I will not dissemble what real pleasure his sight afforded me, nor how strongly I felt the contrast between his person and manners and those of Reginald, to the infinite disadvantage of the latter. For an hour or two I was even staggered in my resolution of marrying him, and though this was too idle and nonsensical an idea to remain long on my mind, I do not feel very eager for the conclusion of my marriage, nor look forward with much impatience to the time when Reginald, according to our agreement, is to be in town. I shall probably put off his arrival under some pretence or other. He must ​not come till Mainwaring is gone. I am still doubtful at times as to marrying; if the old man would die I might not hesitate, but a state of dependence on the caprice of Sir Reginald will not suit the freedom of my spirit; and if I resolve to wait for that event, I shall have excuse enough at present in having been scarcely ten months a widow. I have not given Mainwaring any hint of my intention, or allowed him to consider my acquaintance with Reginald as more than the commonest flirtation, and he is tolerably appeased. Adieu, till we meet; I am enchanted with my lodgings.
Yours ever,
S. Vernon.
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Lady Susan/Chapter 3

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Mrs. Vernon to Lady De Courcy
Churchhill.
My dear Mother,—I am very sorry to tell you that it will not be in our power to keep our promise of spending our Christmas with you; and we were prevented that happiness by a circumstance which is not likely to make us any amends. Lady Susan, in a letter to her brother-in-law, has declared her intention of visiting us ​almost immediately; and as such a visit is in all probability merely an affair of convenience, it is impossible to conjecture its length. I was by no means prepared for such an event, nor can I now account for her ladyship's conduct; Langford appeared so exactly the place for her in every respect, as well from the elegant and expensive style of living there, as from her particular attachment to Mr. Mainwaring, that I was very far from expecting so speedy a distinction, though I always imagined from her increasing friendship for us since her husband's death that we should, at some future period, be obliged to receive her. Mr. Vernon, I think, was a great deal too kind to her when he was in Staffordshire; her behaviour to him, independent of her general character, has been so inexcusably artful and ungenerous since our marriage was first in agitation that no one less amiable and mild than himself could have overlooked it all; and though, as his brother's widow, and in narrow circumstances, it was proper to render her pecuniary assistance, I cannot help thinking his pressing invitation to her to visit us at Churchhill perfectly unnecessary. Disposed, however, as he always is to think the best of every one, her display of grief, and professions of regret, and general resolutions of prudence, were sufficient to soften his heart and make him really confide in her ​sincerity; but as for myself, I am still unconvinced, and plausibly as her ladyship has now written, I cannot make up my mind till I better understand her real meaning in coming to us. You may guess, therefore, my dear madam, with what feelings I look forward to her arrival. She will have occasion for all those attractive powers for which she is celebrated to gain any share of my regard; and I shall certainly endeavour to guard myself against their influence, if not accompanied by something more substantial. She expresses a most eager desire of being acquainted with me, and makes very gracious mention of my children, but I am not quite weak enough to suppose a woman who has behaved with inattention, if not with unkindness to her own child, should be attached to any of mine. Miss Vernon is to be placed at a school in London before her mother comes to us, which I am glad of, for her sake and my own. It must be to her advantage to be separated from her mother, and a girl of sixteen who has received so wretched an education could not be a very desirable companion here. Reginald has long wished, I know, to see the captivating Lady Susan, and we shall depend on his joining our party soon. I am glad to hear that my father continues so well; and am, with best love, etc.,
Catherine Vernon.
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Lady Susan/Chapter 21

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Miss Vernon to Mr. De Courcy
Sir,—I hope you will excuse this liberty; I am forced upon it by the greatest distress, or I should be ashamed to trouble you. I am very miserable about Sir James Martin, and have no other way in the world of helping myself but by writing to you, for I am forbidden even speaking to my uncle and aunt on the subject; and this being the case, I am afraid my applying to you will appear no better than equivocation, and as if I attended to the letter and not the spirit of mamma's commands. But if you do not take my part and persuade her to break it off, I shall be half distracted, for I cannot ​bear him. No human being but you could have any chance of prevailing with her. If you will, therefore, have the unspeakably great kindness of taking my part with her, and persuading her to send Sir James away, I shall be more obliged to you than it is possible for me to express. I always disliked him from the first: it is not a sudden fancy, I assure you, sir; I always thought him silly and impertinent and disagreeable, and now he is grown worse than ever. I would rather work for my bread than marry him. I do not know how to apologize enough for this letter; I know it is taking so great a liberty. I am aware how dreadfully angry it will make mamma, but I remember the risk.
I am, Sir, your most humble servant,
F. S. V.
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Lady Susan/Chapter 27

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XXVII
Mrs. Vernon to Lady De Courcy
Churchhill.
This letter, my dear mother, will be brought you by Reginald. His long visit is about to be concluded at last, but I fear the separation takes place too late to do us any good. She is going to London to see her particular friend, Mrs. Johnson. It was at first her intention that Frederica should accompany her, for the benefit of masters, but we overruled her there. Frederica was wretched in the idea of going, and I could not bear to have her at the mercy of her mother; not all the masters in London could compensate for the ruin of her comfort. I should have feared, too, for her health, and for everything but her principles,—there I believe she is not to be injured by her mother, or her mother's friends; but with those friends she must have mixed (a very bad set, I doubt not), or have been left in total solitude, and I can hardly tell which would have been worse for her. If she is with her mother, moreover, she must, alas! in all probability be with Reginald, and that would be the greatest evil of all. Here we shall in time be in peace; and our regular employments, our books and conversations, with ​exercise, the children, and every domestic pleasure in my power to procure her, will, I trust, gradually overcome this youthful attachment. I should not have a doubt of it were she slighted for any other woman in the world than her own mother. How long Lady Susan will be in town, or whether she returns here again, I know not. I could not be cordial in my invitation; but if she chooses to come, no want of cordiality on my part will keep her away. I could not help asking Reginald if he intended being in London this winter, as soon as I found her ladyship's steps would be bent thither; and though he professed himself quite undetermined, there was something in his look and voice as he spoke which contradicted his words. I have done with lamentation; I look upon the event as so far decided that I resign myself to it in despair. If he leaves you soon for London, everything will be concluded.
Your affectionate, etc.,
C. Vernon.