# The History of Slavery and the Slave Trade/Contents

CONTENTS. :
| CHAPTER I. ||
| Preliminary Sketch. — Ancient Slavery. ||
| Early existence of Slavery in the world. — The Mosaic institutions in regard to Slavery. — Hebrews, how reduced to servitude. — The Jubilee. — Distinction between native and foreign Slaves. — Voluntary Slaves: the Mercenarii of the Romans; the Prodigals or debtor Slaves; the Delinquents; the Enthusiasts. — Involuntary Slaves prisoners of war, and captives stolen in peace, with the children and descendants of both. — Voluntary Slavery introduced by decree of the Roman Sen-ate. — Slavery in Rome: condition of the Slaves; cruelty to the old and sick; prisons for Slaves; Sicily: servile war and breaking up of the prisons. — Piracy esteemed honorable by the early Greeks. — Piratical expeditions to procure Slaves. — Causes of the gradual extinction of Slavery in Europe. — Origin of the African Slave Trade by the Portuguese. — Followed by most of the maritime nations of Europe | 17 |
| CHAPTER II. ||
| Slavery in Greece. — Athenian Slaves. ||
| Early existence of Slavery in Greece. — Proportion of Slaves to Freemen. — Their numbers in Athens and Sparta. — Mild government of Slaves in Athens — the re-verse in Sparta. — Instances of noble conduct of Slaves towards their masters. — Probable origin of Slavery, prisoners of war. — Examples in history of whole cities and states being reduced to Slavery: Judea, Miletos, Thebes. — Slaves obtained by kidnapping and piracy. — The traffic supposed to be attended by a curse. — Certain nations sell their own people into Slavery. — Power of masters over their Slaves; the power of Life and Death. — The Chians, the first Greeks who engaged in a regular Slave-trade. — Their fate in being themselves finally reduced to Slavery. — First type of the Maroon wars. — The Chian Slaves revolt. — The hero slave Drimacos. — His history. — Honors paid to his memory. — Servile war among the Samians. — Athenian laws to protect Slaves from cruelty. — Slaves entitled to bring an action for assault. — Death penalty for crimes against Slaves. — Slaves entitled to purchase freedom. — Privileges of Slaves in Athens. — Revolt of Slaves working in Mines. — The temples a privileged sanctuary for Slaves who were cruelly treated. Tyrannical masters compelled to sell their Slaves. — Slave auctions. — Diogenes. — Price of Slaves. — Public Slaves, their employment. — Educated by the State, and intrusted with important duties. — Domestic Slaves; their food and treatment. — The Slaves partake in the general decline of morals. — History and Description of Athens | 23 ​ |
| CHAPTER III. ||
| Slaves of Sparta, Crete, Thessaly, &c. — The Helots. ||
| The Helots: — leading events of their History summed up. — Their Masters described. — The Spartans, their manners, customs and constitutions. — Distinguishing traits: severity, resolution and perseverance, treachery and craftiness. — Marriage. — Treatment of Infants. — Physical Education of Youth. — Their endurance of hardships. — The Helots: their origin; supposed to belong to the State; power of life and death over them; how subsisted; property acquired by them; their military service. — Plato, Aristotle, Isocrates, Plutarch and other writers convict the Spartans of barbarity towards them; the testimony of Myron on this point; instances of tyranny and cruelty. — Institution of the Crypteia; annual massacre of the Helots. — Terrible instance of treachery. — Bloody servile wars. — Sparta engaged in contests with her own vassals. — Relies upon foreign aid. — Earthquake, and vengeance of the Helots. — Constant source of terror to their masters. — Other classes of Slaves. — Their privileges and advancement. — Slavery in Crete: classes and condition. — Mild treatment. — Strange privileges during certain Festivals. — Slaves of Syracuse rebel and triumph. — The Arcadians | 38 |
| CHAPTER IV. ||
| Slavery in Rome. ||
| Slavery under the kings and in the early ages of the Republic. — Its spread, and effect on the poorer class of Freemen. — The Licinian law. — Prevalence of the two extremes, immense wealth and abject poverty. — Immense number of Slaves in Sicily. — They revolt. — Eunus, their leader. — Their arms. — Horrible atrocities committed by them. — The insurrection crushed. — Fate of Eunus. — Increase of Slaves in Rome. — Their employment in the arts. — Numbers trained for the Amphitheatre. — The Gladiators rebel. — Spartacus, his history. — Laws passed to restrain the cruelty of masters. — Effects of Christianity on their condition. — Their numbers increased by the invasion of northern hordes. — Sale of prisoners of war into slavery. — Slave-dealers follow the armies. — Foreign Slave-trade. — Slave auctions. — The Slave markets. — Value of Slaves at different periods. — Slaves owned by the State, and their condition and occupations. — Private Slaves, their grades and occupations. — Treatment of Slaves, publio and private. — Punishment of offenses. — Fugitives and Criminals. — Festival of Saturnus, their privileges. — Their dress. — Their sepulchres. — The Gladiators, their combats | 46 |
| CHAPTER V. ||
| Slavery in Rome. — Continued. ||
| Abstract of ihe laws in regard to Slavery. — Power of Life and Death. — Cruelty ol Masters. — Laws to protect the Slave. — Constitution of Antoninus: of Claudius. — Husband and Wife could not be separated; nor parents and children. — Slave could not contract marriage, nor own property. — His peculium, or private property, held only by usage. — Regulations in respect to it. — Master liable for damages for wrongful acts of his Slave. — The murderer of a Slave, liable for a capital offense, or for damages. — Fugitive Slaves, not lawfully harbored: to conceal them, theft. — Master entitled to pursue them. — Duties of the authorities. — Slave hunters. — Laws defining the condition of children born of Slaves. — Laws to reduce free persons to Slavery. — How the state of Slavery might be terminated; by manumission; by special enactments; what Slaves entitled to freedom. — Practice of giving liberty to Slaves in times of civil tumult and revolution. — Effects of Slavery under the Republic, and under the Empire | 55 ​ |
| CHAPTER VI. ||
| Christian Slavery in Northern Africa. ||
| Barbary — the Carthaginians, the Romans, the Vandals. — Northern Africa annexed to the Greek Empire. — Conquered by the Saracens. — The Spanish Moors pass over to Africa. — Their expeditions to plunder the coasts of Spain, and carry off the Christian Spaniards into Slavery. — Cardinal Ximenes invades Barbary, 1509, to release the captives. — Barbarossa, the sea-rover, becomes king of Algiers. — The Christian Slaves build tbe mole. — Expeditions of Charles V. against the Moors. — Insurrection of the Slaves. — Charles releases 20,000 Christians from Slaverv and curies off 10,000 Mohammedans to be reduced to Slavery in Spain. — The Moors retaliate by seizing 6000 Minorcans for Slaves. Second expedition of Charles — its disastrous termination — his army destroyed — prisoners sold into Slavery. — The Algerines extend their depredations into the English Channel. — Condition of the Christian slaves in Barbary — treated with more humanity than African slaves among Christians. — Ransom of the Slaves by their countrymen. — British Parliament appropriates money for the purpose. — The French send bomb vessels in 1688. — Lord Exmouth in 1816 releases 3000 captives, and puts an end to Christian Slavery in Barbary | 68 |
| CHAPTER VII. ||
| African Slave Trade from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century. ||
| Negroland, or Nigritia, described. — Slavery among the Natives. — Mungo Park's estimate of the number of Slaves. — The Portuguese navigators explore the African coast. — Natives first carried off in 1434. — Portuguese establish the Slave-Trade on the Western Coast — followed by the Spaniards. — America discovered — colonized by the Spaniards, who reduce the Natives to Slavery — they die by thousands in consequence. — The Dominican priests intercede for them. — Negroes from Africa substituted as Slaves, 1510. — Cardinal Ximenes remonstrates. — Charles V. encourages the trade. — Insurrection of the Slaves at Segovia. — Other nations colonize America. — First recognition of the Slave-Trade by the English government in 1562, reign of Elizabeth. — First Negroes imported into Virginia in a Dutch vessel in 1620. — The French and other commericial notions engage in the traffic. — The great demand for Slaves on the African coast. — Negroes fighting and kidnapping each other. — Slave factories established by the English, French, Dutch, Spanish, and Portuguese. — Slave factory described. — How Slaves were procured in the interior | 93 |
| CHAPTER VIII. ||
| Slave Traffic of the Levant — Nubian Slaves. ||
| The Mohammedan slave-trade. — Nubian slaves captured for the slave market of the Levant. — Mohammed Ali. — Grand expeditions for hunting. — Annual tribute of slaves. — The encampment. — Attack upon the villages. — Courage of the Natives. — Their heroic resistance. — Cruelty of the victors. — Destruction of villages. — The captives sold into slavery | 102 ​ |
| CHAPTER IX. ||
| African Slave Trade in the Eighteenth Century. ||
| England first engages in the Slave-Trade in 1562 — Sir John Hawkins' voyages. — British first establish a regular trade in 1618. — Second charter granted in 1631. — Third charter in 1662. — Capture of the Dutch Forts. — Retaken by De Ruyter. — Fourth charter in 1672; the King and Duke of York shareholders. — Monopoly abolished, and free trade in Slaves declared. — Flourishing condition of the Trade. — Numbers annually exported. — Public sentiment aroused against the Slave-Trade -in England. — Parliament resolve to hear Evidence upon the subject. — Abstract of the Evidence taken before a Select Committee of the House of Commons in 1790 and 1791. — Revealing the Enormities committed by the Natives on the persons of one another to procure Slaves for the Europeans. — War and Kidnapping — imputed Crimes. — Villages attacked and burned, and inhabitants seized and sold. — African chiefs excited by intoxication to sell their subjects | 106 |
| CHAPTER X. ||
| African Slave Trade in the Eighteenth Century, continued — The Middle Passage. ||
| Abstract of Evidence before House of Commons, continued. — The enslaved Africans on board the Ships — their dejection. — Methods of confining, airing, feeding and exercising them. — Mode of stowing them, and its horrible consequences. — Incidents of the terrible Middle Passage — shackles, chains, whips, filth, foul air, disease, suffocation. — Suicides by drowning, by starvation, by wounds, by strangling. — Insanity and Death. — Manner of selling them when arrived at their destination. — Deplorable situation of the refuse or sickly Slaves. — Mortality among Seamen engaged in the Slave-Trade. — Their miserable condition and sufferings from disease, and cruel treatment | 126 |
| CHAPTER XI. ||
| Slavery in the West Indies, 1750 to 1790. ||
| Abstract of Evidence continued. — Slavery in the West Indies from 1750 to 1790. — General estimation and treatment of the Slaves. — Labor of Plantation Slaves — their days of rest, food, clothing, property. — Ordinary punishment by the whip and cowskin. — Frequency and severity of these Punishments. — Extraordinary Punishments of various kinds, for nominal offenses. — Capital offenses and Punishments. — Slaves turned off to steal, beg, or starve, when incapable of labor. — Slaves had little or no redress against ill usage | 143 |
| CHAPTER XII. ||
| Early Opponents of African Slavery in England and America. ||
| Period from 1660 to 1760; Godwin, Richard Baxter, Atkins, Hughes, Bishop Warburton. — Planters accustomed to take their Slaves to England, and to carry them back into slavery by force. — Important case of James Somerset decided, 1772. — John Wesley. — Motion in House of Commons against Slave-Trade, 1776. — Case of ship Zong — Bridgwater Petitions. — The Quakers in England oppose Slavery. — Resolutions of the Quakers, from 1727 to 1760. — They Petition House of Commons. — First Society formed, 1783. — The Quakers and others in America. — Action of the Quakers of Pennsylvania from 1588 to 1788. — Benezet writes tracts against Slavery. — His letter to the Queen.-Sentiment in America favorable to Africans, 1772. — House of Burgesses of Virginia in addresses the King. — Original draft of Declaration of Independence. — First Society formed in America "for Promoting Abolition of Slavery," 1774. — Opposition to the Slave-Trade in America | 158 ​ |
| CHAPTER XIII. ||
| Movements in England to Abolish the Slave Trade. ||
| Thomas Clarkson, the historian of the Abolition of the Slave-Trade. — Devotes his life to the cause, 1785. — Publishes his Essay on Slavery. — His coadjutors. — William Wilberforce, parliamentary leader in the cause. — Middleton, Dr. Porteus, Lord Scarsdale, Granville Sharp. — Clarkson's first visit to a slave-ship. — Association formed — Correspondence opened in Europe and America. — Petitions sent to Parliament. — Committee of Privy Council ordered by the King, 1788. — Great exertions of the friends of the cause. — Clarkson's interview with Pitt | 179 |
| CHAPTER XIV. ||
| Parliamentary History. — The Twenty Years' Struggle. ||
| Mr. Pitt introduces the subject of the Abolition of the Slave-Trade into the House of Commons, May 9, 1788. — Speech of Mr. Pitt on the occasion. — Parliamentary action in 1789. — Debate of 12th of May. — Speech of William Wilberforce. — Travels and exertions of Clarkson. — Sessions of 1791 and 1792. — Debates in the Commons. — Speeches of Wilberforce, Pitt, Fox, Bailie, Thornton, Whitbread, Dundas, and Jenkinson. — Gradual abolition agreed upon by House of Commons | 188 |
| CHAPTER XV. ||
| Parliamentary History. — Slave Trade Rendered Illegal. ||
| Action of the House of Lords in 1792. — Clarkson retires from the field from ill health, in 1794. — Mr. Wilberforce's annual motion. — Session of 1799. — Speech of Canning. — Sessions of 1804 and 1805. — Clarkson resumes his labors. — Death of Mr. Pitt, January, 1806. — Administration of Granville and Fox. — Session of 1806. — Debate in the House of Lords. — Speeches of Lord Granville, Erskine, Dr. Porteus, Earls Stanhope and Spencer, Lords Holland and Ellenborough. — Death of Fox, October, 1806. — Contest and triumph in 1807. — Final passage of the Bill for the Abolition of the African Slavo-Trade. — Slave-trade declared felony in 1811, and declared piracy in 1824, by England. — England abolishes slavery in her colonies, 1833. — Prohibition of Slave-Trade by European governments. — Slavery abolished in Mexico, 1829 — In Guatemala and Colombia | 237 ​ |
| CHAPTER XVI. ||
| Indian and African Slavery in St. Domingo. — The Insurrections. ||
| Discovery and settlement of the island by the Spaniards. — The natives reduced to slavery. — Cruelty of the Spaniards towards them. — Great mortality in consequence. — Their numbers replenished from the Bahamas. — The Dominicans become interested for them. — Las Casas appeals to Cardinal Ximenes, who sends commissioners. — They set the natives at liberty. — The colonists remonstrate against the measure, and the Indians again reduced to slavery. — Las Casas seeks a remedy. — The Emperor allows the introduction of Africans. — Guinea slave-trade established. — The buccaneers. — The French Colony. — Its condition in 1789. — Enormous slave-population. — The Mulattoes. — The French Revolution — its effect on the Colonists. — First Insurrection. — Terrible execution of the leaders. — Second Insurrection — massacre and conflagration — unparalleled horrors. — Burning of Port-au-Prince. — L'Ouverture appears, the spirit and ruler of the storm. — French expedition of 25,000 men sent to suppress the Insurrection. — Toussaint sent prisoner to France — dies in prison. — The slaves establish their freedom. — Independence of Hayti acknowledged by France | 252 |
| CHAPTER XVII. ||
| African Slave Trade after its Nominal Abolition. ||
| State of the slave-trade since its nominal abolition. — Numbers imported and losses on the passage. — Increased horrors of the trade. — Scenes on board a captured slaver in Sierra Leone. — The Progresso. — Walsh's description of a slaver in 1829. — The trade in 1820. — The slave-trade in Cuba — officers of government interested in it. — Efforts of Spain insincere. — Slave barracoons near Governor's palace — conduct of the inmates. — The Bozals. — Bryan Edwards' description of natives of Gold Coast — their courage and endurance. — Number of slaves landed at Rio in 1838 — barracoons at Rio — government tax. — Slave-trade Insurance — Courts of Mixed Commission — their proceedings at Sierra Leone in 1838. — Joint stock slave-trade companies at Rio. — The Cruisers — intercepted letters. — Mortality of the trade. — Abuses of the American flag. — Consul Trist Aid British commissioners. — Correspondence of American Ministers to Brazil, Mr. Todd, Mr. Profit, Mr. Wise. — Extracts from Parliamentary papers. — Full list of Conventions and Treaties made by England for suppression of Slave-trade | 280 |
| CHAPTER XVIII. ||
| Efforts to Suppress the Slave-Trade. — Operations of the Cruisers. ||
| Treaty between England and the United States, signed at Washington in 1842. — U. S. African Squadron under the treaty. — The Truxton captures an American slaver, the Spitfire, of New Orleans. — The Yorktown captures the Am. bark Pons, with 896 slaves on board. — Commander Bell's description of the sufferings of the slaves — they are landed at Monrovia and taken care of. — Squadron of 1846. — Capture of the Chancellor. — Slave establishment destroyed by the English and natives. — A slaver's history — embarkation and treatment of slaves. — How disposed of in Cuba. — Natural scenery of Africa. — Excursion to procure slaves — their horror at the prospect of slavery. — Passage from Mozambique — the small-pox on board. — More horrors of the Middle Passage. — The Estrella — revolt of negroes on board | 303 ​ |
| CHAPTER XIX. ||
| Operations of the Cruisers under the Ashburton Treaty. ||
| The American Squadrons from 1847 to 1851. — More captures. — U. S. Brig Perry cruises off the southern coast. — Capture of a slaver with 800 slaves, by an English cruiser. — Abuses of the American flag. — The Lucy Ann captured. — Case of the Navarre. — Capture by the Perry of the Martha of New York — her condemnation. — Case of the Chatsworth — of the Louisa Beaton. — The Chatsworth seized and sent to Baltimore — is condemned as a slaver. State of the slave-trade on the southern coast. — Importance of the squadron. — The Brazilian slave-trade diminishes | 344 |
| CHAPTER XX. ||
| Historical Sketch of Sierra Leone and Liberia. ||
| Colony of Sierra Leone founded by the English, 1787. — Free negroes colonized. — Present extent and condition of the colony. — Establishment of English factories on the slave coast. — Treaties with the African chiefs. — Scheme of African Colonization agitated in 1783 — by Jefferson and others. — Movements in Va., in 1800 and 1805. — Formation of the American Colonization Society in 1816. — Its object "to colonize the free people of color." — Cape Mesurado purchased and colonized in 1821. — Defense of the infant settlement from an attack by the natives. — Mortality among the early settlers. — Increase of the colony in 1835. — State colonization societies establish settlements. — Consolidation of the state colonies, and establishment of the Commonwealth. — Governor Buchanan's efforts to suppress the slave-trade. — His death, 1841. — Republic of Liberia established in 1847. — Joseph J. Roberts colored first President. — Its independence acknowledged by European powers. — The Republic attacks the slave establishments. — Natural resources of. Liberia — its climate, soil, productions, exports, schools, churches, &c. — Settlements and population. — The Maryland settlement at Cape Palmas | 358 |
| CHAPTER XXI. ||
| History of Slavery in the North American Colonies. ||
| Early existence of Slavery in England. — Its forms. — The Feudal System. — Serfdom. — Its extinction. — African Slavery introduced into the North American Colonies, 1620. — Slavery in Virginia. — Massachusetts sanctions Negro and Indian slavery, 1641: Kidnapping declared unlawful, 1645. — Negro and Indian slavery authorized in Connecticut, 1650. — Decree against perpetual slavery in Rhode Island, 1652. — Slavery in New Netherland among the Dutch, 1650 — Its mild form. — First slavery statute of Virginia, 1662. — In Maryland, 1663, against amalgamation. — Statute of Virginia, conversion and baptism not to confer freed, m; other provisions, 1667. — Maryland encourages slave-trade. — Slave code of Virginia, 1682. fugitives may lie killed. — New anti-amalgamation act of Maryland, 1681 — Settlement of South Carolina, 1660. — Absolute power conferred on masters. — Law of Slavery in New York, 1665. — Slave code of Virginia, 1692: offenses of slaves, how punishable. — Revision of Virginia code, 1705: slaves made real estate. — Pennsylvania protests against importation of Indian slaves from Carolina, 1705. — New act of 1712 to stop importation of negroes and slaves, prohibition duty of £20. — Act repealed by Queen. — First slave law of Carolina, 1712. — Its remarkable provisions. — Census of 1715. — Maryland code of 1715 — baptism not to confer freedom. — Georgia colonized, 1732: rum and slavery prohibited. — Cruel delusion in New York: plot falsely imputed to negroes to burn the city, 1741. — Slavery legalized in Georgia, 1750. — Review of the state of Slavery in all the colonies in 1750. — Period of the Revolution. — Controversy in Massachusetts on the subject of slavery, 1766 to 1773. — Slaves gain their freedom in the courts of Massachusetts. — Court of King's Bench decision. — Mansfield declares the law of England, 1772. — Continental Congress declares against African slave-trade, 1784 | 369 ​ |
| CHAPTER XXII. ||
| Slavery under the Confederation. — Emancipation by the States ||
| Number of Slaves in the United States at the period of the declaration of Independence. — Proportion in each of the thirteen States. — Declaration against slavery in the State Constitution of Delaware. — Constitutions of Massachusetts and New Hampshire held to prohibit slavery, by Supreme Courts, 1783. — Act of Pennsylvania Assembly, 1780, forbids introduction of slaves, and gives freedom to all persons thereafter born in that State. — A similar law enacted in Connecticut and Rhode Island, 1784. — Virginia Assembly prohibits further introduction of slaves, 1778, and emancipation encouraged, 1782. — Maryland enacts similar laws, 1783. — Opinions of Washington, Jefferson, and Patrick Henry. — New York and New Jersey prohibit further introduction of slaves. — North Carolina declares further introduction of slaves highly impolitic, 1786. — Example of other States not followed by Georgia and South Carolina. — Action of Congress on the subject of the Territories, 1784. — Jefferson's provision excluding slavery, struck out of ordinance. — Proceedings of 1787. — Ordinance for the government of the territory north-west of the Ohio, including Jefferson's provision prohibiting slavery, passed by unanimous vote | 388 |
| CHAPTER XXIII. ||
| Formation of the Constitution — Slavery Compromises. ||
| Convention assembles at Philadelphia, 1787. — Proceedings in reference to the slave basis of representation, the second compromise of the Constitution. — Debate. — Remarks of Patterson, Wilson, King, Gouverneur Morris, and Sherman. — Debate on the Importation of slaves, by Rutledge, Ellsworth, Sherman, C. Pinckney. — Denunciation of slavery by Mason of Virginia. — The third Compromise, the continuance of the African slave-trade for twenty years, and the unrestricted power of Congress to enact Navigation laws | 392 |
| CHAPTER XXIV. ||
| Political History of Slavery in the United States from 1789 to 1800 ||
| First session of First Congress, 1789. — Tariff bill — duty imposed on imported slaves. — The Debate — views of Roger Sherman, Fisher Ames, Madison, &c. — Review of the state of slavery in the States in 1790-Second session. — Petitions from the Quakers of Pennsylvania, Deleware and New York. — Petition of Pennsylvania Society, signed by Franklin. — Exciting debate — power of Congress over slavery. — Census of 1790. — Slave population. — Vermont the first State to abolish and prohibit slavery. — Constitution of Kentucky — provisions in respect to slavery. — Session of 1791. — Memorials for suppression of slave-trade, from Virginia, Maryland, New York, &c. — The Right of Petition discussed. — First fugitive slave law, 1793. First law to suppress African Slave Trade, 1794. — The Quakers again, 1797 — their emancipated slaves reduced again to slavery, under expost facto law of North Carolina. — Mississippi territory — slavery clause debated. — Foreign slaves prohibited. — Constitution of Georgia — importation of slaves prohibited, 1798 — provisions against cruelty to slaves. — New York provides for gradual extinguishment of slavery, 1799. — Failure of similar attempt in Kentucky. — Colored citizens of Pennsylvania petition Congress against Fugitive Slave law and slave-trade — their petition referred to a committee; bill reported and passed, 1800 | 403 ​ |
| CHAPTER XXV. ||
| Political History of Slavery in the United States, from 1800 to 1807. ||
| Slave population in 1800. — Georgia cedes territory — slavery clause. — Territory of Indiana — attempt to introduce Slavery in 1803 — Petition Congress — Com. of H. R. report against it. — Session of 1804, committee report in favor of it, limited to ten years. — No action on report. — Foreign slave-trade prohibited with Orleans Territory, 1804. — South Carolina revives slave-trade; the subject before Congress. — New Jersey provides for gradual extinction of slavery, 1804. — Attempt to gradually abolish slavery in District of Columbia, unsuccessful in Congress. — Renewed attempt to introduce slavery into Territory of Indiana, 1806, unsuccessful. — Legislature of Territory in favor of it, 1807 — Congressional committee report against it. — Jefferson's Message — recommendation to abolish African slave-trade — the subject before Congress — bill reported — the debate — Speeches of members — Act passed 1807, its provisions | 430 |
| CHAPTER XXVI. ||
| Political History of Slavery in the United States from 1801 to 1820. ||
| Slave population in 1810. — Period of the war. — John Randolph's denunciations. — Proclamation of Admiral Cochrane to the slaves. — Treaty of Peace — arbitration on slave property. — Opinions of the domestic slave-trade by southern statesmen. — Constitution of Mississippi — slave provisions. — The African slave-trade and fugitive law. — Missouri applies for admission — proviso to prohibit slavery. — Debate — speeches of Fuller, Tallmadge, Scott, Cobb, and Livermore. — Proceedings, 1820. — Bill for organizing Arkansas Territory — proviso to prohibit slavery lost. — Excitement in the North. — Public meetings. — Massachusetts memorial. — Resolutions of state legislatures of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Kentucky. — Congress — the Missouri struggle renewed. — The compromise. — Proviso to exclude slavery in territory north of 36° 30' carried. — Proviso to prohibit slavery in Missouri lost. — Opinions of Monroe's cabinet. — Reflections of J. Q. Adams. — State Constitution of Missouri — final struggle. — Missouri admitted as a slave state | 447 |
| CHAPTER XXVII. ||
| Period from 1820 to 1825. — Political History of Slavery. ||
| Census of 1820. — Session of 1824-5. — Gov. Troup's demonstrations. — Georgia legislature — Secession threatened. — Slaves in Canada — their surrender refused by England. — Citizens of District of Columbia petition for gradual abolition. — Census of 1830 — Anti-slavery societies formed in the north — counter movements north and south. — The mail troubles. — Manifesto of American Anti-slavery Society. — Petitions to congress — Discussion on the disposal of them. — Bill to prohibit the circulation of Anti-slavery publications through the mails. — Calhoun's report — Measure opposed by Webster, Clay, Benton, and others. — Buchanan, Tallmadge, &c., favor it — Bill lost. — Atherton's gag resolutions passed | 498 ​ |
| CHAPTER XXVIII. ||
| Period from 1835 to 1842. — Political History. ||
| Free territory annexed to Missouri, 1836. — Texas applies for annexation. — Remonstrances. — Preston's resolution in 1838, in favor of it, debated by Preston, John Quincy Adams and Henry A. Wise. — The Amistad — Captives liberated. — Census of 1840. — Session of 1841-2. — Mr. Adams presents petition for dissolution of the Union. — Excitement in the house. — Resolutions of censure, advocated by Marshall. — Remarks of Mr. Wise and Mr. Adams. — Resolutions opposed by Underwood, of Kentucky, Botts, of Virginia, Arnold, of Tennessee, and others. — Mr. Giddings, of Ohio, presents a petition for amicable division of the Union — resolution of censure not received. — Case of the Creole. — Censure of Mr. Giddings; he resigns, is re-elected | 511 |
| CHAPTER XXIX. ||
| Period from 1842 to 1849. — Annexation of Texas. ||
| Object of the acquisition set forth by Mississippi, Alabama and Tennessee legislatures, and by Mr. Wise and Mr. Gilmer, 1842. — Tyler's treaty of annexation — rejected by the senate. — Presidential campaign of 1844. — Clay and Van Buren on annexation. — Calhoun's Letter. — Session of 1844-5; joint resolution passed, and approved March 1, 1845. — Mexican minister protests. — War with Mexico. — The $2,000,000 bill. — Wilmot Proviso. — Session of 1847-8. — Bill to organize Oregon territory. — Power of Congress over slavery in the territories discussed, — Dix and Calhoun. — Mr. Calhoun controverts the doctrines of the Declaration of Independence. — Cass' Nicholson letter | 531 |
| CHAPTER XXX. ||
| Political History of Slavery. — Compromises of 1850. ||
| Message of President Taylor — Sam. Houston's propositions — Taylor's Special Message. — Mr. Clay's propositions for arrangement of slavery controversy. — His resolutions. Resolutions of Mr. Bell. — The debate on Clay's resolutions, by Rusk, Foote, of Mississippi, Mason, Jefferson Davis, King, Clay, and Butler. — Remarks of Benton, Calhoun, Webster, Seward, and Cass. — Resolutions referred. — Report of Committee. — The omnibus bill. — California admitted. — New Mexico organized. — Texas boundary established. — Utah organized. — Slave-trade in the District of Columbia abolished. — Fugitive Slave law passed | 563 ​ |
| CHAPTER XXXI. ||
| Repeal of Missouri Compromise. — Kansas and Nebraska Organized ||
| The platforms, slavery agitation repudiated by both parties. — Mr. Pierce's Inaugural and Message denounce agitation. — Session of 1853-4: — the storm bursts forth. — Proposition to repeal the Missouri Compromise. — Kansas-Nebraska bill. — Mr. Douglas' defense of the bill — Mr. Chase's reply — Remarks of Houston, Cass, Seward, and others. — Passage of the bill in the house. — Passed by senate, and approved. — The territories organized | 608 |
| CHAPTER XXXII. ||
| Affairs of Kansas. — Congressional Proceedings. ||
| Session of 1855-6. — The President's special message referred. — Report of committee by Mr. Douglas. — Emigrant Aid Societies. — Minority report by Mr. Collamer. — Special Committee of the House sent to Kansas to investigate affairs. — Report of the Committee. — Armed Missourians enter the territory and control the elections. — Second foray of armed Missourians. — Purposes of Aid Societies defended. — Mob violence. — Legislature assembles at Pawnee. — Its acts. — Topeka Constitutional Convention. — Free State Constitution framed. — Adopted by the people. — Election for State officers. — Topeka legislature. — The Wakarusa war. — Outrages upon the citizens. — Robberies and murders. — Lawrence attacked. — Free state constitution submitted to Congress. — Bill to admit Kansas under free state constitution passes the house. — Douglas' bill before the senate. — Trumbull's propositions rejected. — Amendments proposed by Foster, Collamer, Wilson and Seward, rejected'. — Bill passed by senate. — Dunn's bill passed by house. — Appropriation bills. — Proviso to army bill. — Session terminates. — Extra session. — President stands firm, house firmer, senate firmest. — The army bill passed without the proviso | 643 |
| CHAPTER XXXIII. ||
| History of the Troubles in Kansas, continued. ||
| Judge Lecompte's charge to Grand Jury — Presentments. — Official correspondence. — Attack on Lawrence. — Free State bands organized — attack pro-slavery settlements. — Fights at Palmyra, Franklin, and Ossawattamie. — Murders. — Shannon removed. — Atchison's army retreat. — Geary appointed governor. — Deplorable condition of the territory. — Letter to Secretary Marcy. — Inaugural address and proclamations. — Atchison's call upon the South. — Woodson's proclamation. — Armed bands enter the territory. — Lawrence doomed to destruction. — Gov. Geary's decisive measures. — Army dispersed and Lawrence saved. — Hickory Point — capture of Free State company. — Dispatch to Secretary Marcy. — Murder of Buffum. — Geary and Lecompte in collusion. — Official documents. — The Judiciary. — Rumors of Lane's army. — Redpath's company captured — released by governor. — Capture of Eldridge's company. — Official correspondence. — Assembling of Topeka legislature — Members arrested. — Territorial Legislative Assembly convened. — Inaugural — Vetoes of the governor. — The "Census Bill" — its provisions for forming State Constitution. — Constitution not to be submitted to the people. — Gov. Geary's proposition rejected. — He vetoes the bill — Bill passed. — Disturbances in the capital. — Geary's requisition for U. S. troops refused. — His application for money refused. — Difficulties of his situation — he resigns — his farewell address. — Robert J. Walker appointed his successor. — Secretary Stanton. — Fraudulent apportionment. — Walker's Inaugural — his recommendation to have Constitution submitted to the people. — This measure denounced at the South. — Convention assembles September, 1857. — Adjourns to October 26th, 1857 | 719 ​ |
| CHAPTER XXXIV. ||
| Constitutional Convention at Lecompton. — Appointment of Delegates. — Pro-slavery Majority. — Provisions of tbe Constitution. — Constitution not to be submitted to the People — Sent to Congress. — Admission of Kansas under it urged by the President. Northern Democrats oppose it. — Amendments to the bill offered in the House and Senate. — Defeat of the bill. — Committee of Conference. — English bill passed. — Constitution rejected by the People of Kansas. — President removes Gov. Walker and Secretary Stanton. — Medary of Ohio appointed Governor. — Republican Legislature elected in Kansas. — Provide for a Constitutional Convention. — New Constitution framed — Ratified by the People. — State Officers elected under it. — Sent to the President | 807 |
| CHAPTER XXXV. ||
| Statistical Tables constructed from the Census of 1850. ||
| Territory — Area of Free States; area of Slave States. — Population — Free colored in Free States; Free colored in Slave States; Slaves. — Amalgamation; Mulattoes of Free States; Mulattoes of Slave States; Proportion to Whites. — Manumitted Slaves; Fugitive Slaves; Occupation of Slaves; Number of Slave Holders; Proportion to Non-Slave Holders. — Representation — Number of Representatives from Slave States. — Number of Representatives from Free States; Basis in numbers and classes. — Moral and Social — Churches, Church Property, Colleges, Public Schools, Private Schools; Number of Pupils; Annual Expenditure; Persons who cannot read and write; Lands appropriated by General Government for Education; Periodical Press; Libraries. — Charities — Pauperism in Free States; in Slave States. — Criminals — Number of Prisoners. — Agriculture — Value of Farms and Implements in Free and Slave States. — Manufactures, Mining, Mechanic Arts — Capital invested; Annual Product. — Rail Roads and Canals — Number of Miles; Cost. — Total Real and Personal Estate. — Value of Real Estate in Free States; in Slave States; value of Personal in Free States; in Slave States, including and excluding Slaves. — Miscellaneous | 826 |
| CHAPTER XXXVI. ||
| The Insurrection at Harper's Ferry | 842 |
| APPENDIX ||
| Case of Dred Scott vs. Sandford. | 852 |
| THIRTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. ||
| Election of Speaker—The "Impending Crisis." | 892 |