OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Putnam, Mary Traill Spence (Lowell)

Edition of 1905. See also Mary Traill Spence Lowell Putnam on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PUTNAM, Mary Traill Spence (Lowell) (1810-98). A poetess, translator, and essayist, daughter of Rev. Charles Lowell, sister of James Russell Lowell. She was born in Boston, Mass., December 10, 1810. She married, in 1832, Samuel R. Putnam, a Boston merchant. Besides numerous contributions to magazines, especially on Polish and Hungarian literature and history, she wrote two metrical dramas on slavery, A Tragedy of Errors (1862) and A Tragedy of Success (1862); a novel, The Records of an Obscure Man (1861); A History of the Constitution of Hungary, made timely by the visit of Kossuth (1850); Memoir of William Lowell Putnam, her son, killed at Ball's Bluff (1862); Fifteen Days (1866); Memoir of Charles Lowell (her father) (1885); and a translation from the Swedish of Fredrika Bremer's The Neighbors.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schneckenburger, Max

Edition of 1905. See also Max Schneckenburger on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHNECKENBURGER, shnĕk'en-bōōrK-ẽr, Max (1819-49). A German poet, born in Thalheim, Württemberg. He was partner in an iron foundry at Burgdorf, near Bern. His best known poem, Die Wacht am Rhein, although composed in 1840, did not become famous until the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. It was set to music by Karl Wilhelm.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schultz, Alwin

Edition of 1905. See also Alwin Schultz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHULTZ, shụlts, Alwin (1838—). A German art critic and historian, born at Muskau, Lusatia. After studying archæology and Germanic philology at Breslau, he established himself there as docent for art-history in 1866, was appointed professor in 1872, and called to the University of Prague in 1882. His most important publications include: Schlesiens Kunstleben im 13. bis 18. Jahrhundert (1870-72); Die Legende vom Leben der Jungfrau Maria und ihre Darstellung in der bildenden Kunst des Mittelalters (1878); Das höfische Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger (2d ed. 1889); Kunst und Kunstgeschichte (2d ed. 1901); Deutsches Leben im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert (1892); and Allgemeine Geschichte der bildenden Künste (1894 et seq.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schultz, John Christian

Edition of 1905. See also John Christian Schultz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHULTZ, Sir John Christian (1840-96). A Canadian administrator, born in Amherstburg, Ontario, and educated at Victoria University
(M.D., 1861). In Riel's Kebellion (1870) Schultz was imprisoned and condemned to death by Kiel for loyalty to the British flag and the Canadian party. From 1871 to 1882 he was a member of the Dominion House of Commons and from 1888 to 1895 Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba. Schultz was a member of the Executive Council of the Northwest Territories, and president of the Manitoba Southwestern Railway. He died suddenly in Monterey, Mexico, about a year after he became K. C. M. G.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schultens, Albert

Edition of 1905. See also Albert Schultens on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHULTENS, sKụl'tĕns, Albert (1686-1750). A Dutch Semitic scholar. He was born in Groningen, studied there, at Utrecht, and at Leyden, and after two years as pastor at Wassenaar, near Leyden, in 1713 became professor of Oriental languages at Franeker, whence in 1729 he removed to Leyden. There he became professor of Arabic — the study of which he insisted was a necessary adjunct to Hebrew — and of Hebrew antiquities. He was the first comparative philologist in Semitics, and wrote Institutiones ad Fundumenta Linguæ Hebraicæ (1737), Origines Hebrææ (1724-38), the unfinished Institutiones Aramææ (1745-49), and versions, with commentaries, of Job (1737) and of the Book of Proverbs (1748).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schultze, Fritz

Edition of 1905. See also Schultze at de.academic.ru (Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon), Schultze, Fritz Karl Julius August at saebi.isgv.de/biografie (Sächsische Biografie); and the disclaimer.
SCHULTZE, shụl'tse, Fritz (1846—). A German philosopher, born at Celle and educated at Jena, Göttingen, and Munich. He was professor extraordinary of philosophy at Jena in 1875-76 and became in the latter year professor of philosophy and pedagogy in the Royal Polytechnic Institute of Dresden. Among his works may be named: Der Fetischismus: Ein Beitrag zur Anthropologie und Religionsgeschichte (1871); Geschichte der Philosophie der Renaissance (1st vol. 1874); Philosophie der Naturwissenschaft (1881-82); Stammbaum der Philosophie (1890); Der Zeitgeist in Deutschland, seine Wandlung im 19. und seine muthmassliche Gestaltung im 20. Jahrhundert (1894).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schulz, Moritz

Edition of 1905. See also Moritz Schulz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHULZ, Moritz (1825-1904). A German sculptor, born at Leobschlütz, Upper Silesia. He studied at the Industrial School in Posen, at the Berlin Academy, and as a pupil of Friedrich Drake. From 1854 to 1870 he lived in Rome, studying the old masters and executing numerous works. Upon his return he prepared for the Monument of Victory in the Königsplatz of Berlin a bronze relief of the battle of Königgrätz. A series of decorations by him representing elementary instruction in the arts of painting and sculpture occupies a place in the entrance to the National Gallery, together with a frieze, 22 meters in length, depicting “The Triumph of the Artists,” or the history of German art as displayed in its chief representatives. His further works include a statue of Frederick the Great for Thorn, and numerous subjects derived from allegory or classical mythology.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schulte, Johann Friedrich von

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Friedrich von Schulte on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHULTE, shōōl'te, Johann Friedrich von (1827—). A German jurist, born at Winterberg, Westphalia. In 1854 he became professor of canon law at Prague. His opposition to the doctrine of Papal infallibility, as oonsistorial councilor, attracted much attention and criticism. In 1873 he became professor at Bonn. From 1874 to 1879 Schulte was a member of the German Reichstag, where he voted with the National Liberals. He is considered an authority on canon law. His publications include: System des katholischen Kirchenrechts (1855); Die Lehre von den Quellen des katholischen Kirchenrechts (1860); Die Rechtsfrage des Einflusses der Regierung bei den Bischofswahlen (1869).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schultze, Max Sigismund

Edition of 1905. See also Max Schultze on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer. Most sources list his date of death as 1874, not 1894.
SCHULTZE, Max Sigismund (1825-94). An eminent German anatomist and cytologist. He was born at Freiburg in Breisgau. After 1845 he studied at Greifswald and Berlin. In 1854 he was appointed adjunct professor in Halle, and in 1859 was called to the chair of anatomy in the University of Bonn. His chief works are on turbellarian worms (1851); on the Foraminifera of the Adriatic Sea (1854); on the embryology of various worms and of the lamprey; on the mode of termination of the finer nerves in the organs of sense; and on the electric organs of fishes; but his most notable contribution to general biology was his work on the nature of protoplasm and of cells (q.v.). He was the first, after Dujardin, to establish the nature of protoplasm of rhizopods and to show that it was the fundamental substance of both animals and plants. His results are embodied in his tract Das Protoplasma der Rhizopoden und der Pflanzenzellen. Ein Beitrag zur Theorie der Zelle (Leipzig, 1863). He adopted Mohl's term ‘protoplasm,’ applied by that botanist to plants alone, and extended it to include that of animals. Schultze was also the founder and editor of the Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schulz, Albert

Edition of 1905. See also ADB:Schulz, Albert on German Wikisource; and the disclaimer.
​ SCHULZ, shụlts, Albert (1802-93). A German writer on mediæval literature, especially the Arthurian legends. He was born at Schwedt, studied law, and entered the judicial service at Magdeburg. His valuable studies in his special field, published under the pseudonym San Marte, include a version of the “Parzival” in Leben und Dichten Wolframs von Eschenbach (1836-41), Die Arthursage (1842), Nennius und Gildas (1844). Beiträge zur bretonischen und keltisch-germanischen Heldensage (1847), and Rückblicke auf Dichtungen und Sagen des deutschen Mittelalters (1872).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schulz, Johann Abraham Peter

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Abraham Peter Schulz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHULZ, Johann Abraham Peter (1747- 1800). A German composer, born at Lüneburg. He studied with Kirnberger at Berlin, taught there, and became musical director at the French theatre in 1776, holding the appointment for two years. In 1780 he became Kapellmeister to Prince Heinrich at Rheinsberg and afterwards
was conductor at Copenhagen. He published: Gesänge am Clavier (1779) and Lieder im Volkston (1782), which were printed together, with augmentations, as Lieder im Volkston in 1785; Chansons Italiennes (1782); operettas and operas; the oratorio Johannes und Marie; and the passion cantata Christi Tod. He was a song composer of great originality.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hughes, Charles Evans

See also Charles Evans Hughes on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Hughes, Charles Evans, governor of New York, was born at Glens Falls, N. Y., April 11, 1862. He was educated in the public schools of Newark, N. J., and graduated from Brown University in 1881. During the next two years he taught mathematics at Delaware Academy, Delhi, and attended Columbia Law School, graduating in 1884 and being prize-fellow from 1884 to 1887. He was admitted to the New York bar in June, 1884, and practiced in New York from 1884 to 1891. He was professor of law at Cornell Law School from 1893 to 1895 and in New York Law School from 1893 to 1902. He achieved national distinction as chief counsel for the Armstrong committee in its life-insurance investigation (1903–4). In 1905 he declined the nomination of the Republicans for mayor of New York. He was elected governor of New York in 1906, and again in 1908. He was made an honorary LL. D. in 1907 by Columbia University. He was strongly supported as candidate for the presidency before the Republican convention in 1908.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hudson, Henry

See also Henry Hudson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hudson, Henry, English navigator, is first heard of in 1607, when he embarked in a small vessel in search of a northeast passage. In his second attempt, in 1608, he reached Nova Zembla, and in his third, giving up all hope of finding a northeast passage, he sailed south, discovered the river now bearing his name, and sailed up it for 150 miles. He set off upon his last voyage in 1610, discovered the strait now called Hudson Strait, and passed through it into Hudson Bay, where, although poorly provisioned, he determined to pass the winter. When food gave out, the sailors mutinied, and cast Hudson and eight others adrift in the summer of 1611. The ringleaders perished in a fight with savages, and the ​survivors after great suffering reached England. All these voyages were made in the service of Dutch merchants. See George Asher's Henry Hudson the Navigator.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Huber, François

See also François Huber on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Huber (ü′bâr'), François, a Swiss naturalist and author of a book on the habits of bees, was born at Geneva, Switzerland, July 2, 1750. He early lost his eyesight, but with the aid of his wife and servant he conducted many important observations on the habits of bees, and published his book in 1792, which was reprinted in 1796 and 1814 as New Observations on Bees. He died near his birthplace on Dec. 31, 1831.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hudson, N. Y.

See also Hudson, New York on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hudson, N. Y., a city, port of entry, county-seat of Columbia County, on the Hudson River, about 30 miles from Albany. It is in an agricultural region, and has the following manufacturing establishments: Sash and blind factories and foundries and it makes machinery, car wheels, knit goods, and creamery products. The notable buildings are the State House of Refuge for Women, the State Volunteer Firemen's Home, the hospital, the orphanage, etc. The city owns and operates the waterworks. Claverack Landing was settled in 1783, became Hudson in 1784, was incorporated in 1785, and was made a port of entry in 1790. It has the service of two railroads. Population 11,417.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hudson River

See also Hudson River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hudson River, a river in New York state and one of the most beautiful in America. It rises in the Adirondack Mountains, 4,326 feet above sea level. At Glens Falls it drops 50 feet, then, taking a southerly direction, flows into the bay of New York. There is tidal influence for 151 miles from its mouth to Troy, and it is navigated by large steamboats to Albany. About 60 miles from New York city the river enters the highlands, the scene of Arnold's treason and André's death, towering abruptly from the water to a height of 1,600 feet. A few miles below are the United States Military Academy at West Point and the ruins of Fort Putnam. On leaving the highlands, the river widens to four and one half miles for 13 miles of its course, and is called Tappan Bay. Below, on the right, is a wall of rock, called the Palisades, from 300 to 500 feet in height, extending nearly 20 miles as far down as the upper part of New York city. From this point the river is called North River. The Hudson is 350 miles in length, and was named after Henry Hudson. Fulton's first steamboat was tried on its waters. A tunnel under the river between Jersey City and New York connects the latter with Greater New York. See the Panorama of the Hudson, published by the Bryant Literary Union of New York.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Howitt, William and Mary

See also William Howitt and Mary Howitt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​How′itt, William and Mary, English writers of the first half of the 19th century. William was born in 1795 at Heanor, Derbyshire, England. On April 16, 1821, he married Mary Botham, born at Uttoxeter, England, March 12, 1799. The record of their lives is a record of the books they wrote. Some of their joint productions are Literature and Romances of Northern Europe, Stories of English Life and Ruined Abbeys of Great Britain. Mary Howitt was the first to translate the works of Hans Andersen into English. William wrote History of Priestcraft, Rural Life in England, Student Life in Germany, Homes and Haunts of the British Poets and Poems. They both died at Rome, William on March 3, 1879, and Mary on Jan. 30, 1888. See Mary Howitt, an Autobiography, edited by her daughter, Margaret.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Huckleberry

See also Huckleberry on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Huck′leberry, the fruit of various species of Vaceinium and Gaylussacia, genera which belong to the heath family and are sometimes considered as forming a family by themselves, known as the huckleberry family. The former genus is restricted to America and contains about 40 species; the latter is widely distributed and contains about 125 species. The huckleberries, and the various species have received numerous names, such as tangleberry, whortleberry, bilberry, deerberry, farkleberry etc. The common huckleberry of the markets is Gaylussacia resinosa, the black huckleberry. The species of Vaceinium are more frequently called blueberries.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Huddersfield

See also Huddersfield on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hud'dersfield, a city in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. It owes its rapid growth to its situation in the coal district, its large water-power and its shipping facilities. It is the chief northern seat of the fancy trade, and has woolen mills, cotton and silk spinning, iron founding and machine-making. Population 94,851.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hudson Bay

See also Hudson Bay on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hud'son Bay, a gulf or rather inland sea in the northeast portion of North America, is wholly landlocked, except on the north, where Southampton Island and Fox Channel lie between it and the Arctic Ocean and where Hudson Strait, running 500 miles southeast, joins it to the Atlantic. Including James Bay on the southeast, it is 1,000 miles long and, on an average, 600 miles wide, and covers an area of about 500,000 square miles. This sea is the great drainage reservoir of the Canadian northwest territories. Of the many rivers flowing into it the two largest are the Churchill, whose deep and narrow mouth forms the beat harbor on the shores of the bay, and the Nelson, which is navigable for 70 or 80 miles. The possibility of opening a short route for transportation of the products of the great grain fields of the northwest through Hudson Bay to Liverpool has engaged the attention of the Canadian government, and as a result of surveys and studies of climatic conditions it is thought that this may be found practicable.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hudson Bay Company

See also Hudson's Bay Company on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hud'son Bay Company, a corporation formed in 1670 by Prince Rupert and 17 other noblemen for the purpose of importing furs and skins into Great Britain. The company was given the ownership of the entire region draining into Hudson Bay. In 1869, shortly after Canadian federation, the Company ceded all its rights to Britain, receiving $1,500,000 indemnity from the Dominion of Canada and reserving all its forts, 50,000 acres and one twentieth of all lands between Red River and the Rocky Mountains. See Bryce's Remarkable History of the Hudson Bay Company.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Racine

Edition of 1905. See also Racine, Wisconsin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RACINE, rȧ-sēn'. A city and the county-seat of Racine County, Wis., 23 miles south-southeast of Milwaukee and 02 miles north of Chicago, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Root River, and on the Chicago and Northwestern and the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul railroads (Map: Wisconsin, F 6). It has a pleasant site, some 40 feet above the lake, and is regularly laid out. Among the institutions of the city are Saint Luke's Hospital and the Taylor Orphan Asylum, a public library with more than 7500 volumes, and several other libraries, two of which belong to Racine College (Protestant Episcopal) and Saint Catherine's Academy (Roman Catholic). The post-office, erected at a cost of $100,000, is one of the finest edifices in the city. Racine possesses a good harbor, and is connected by steamship lines with other lake ports. Its trade is chiefly in farm produce and in the principal manufactured products. As an industrial centre, Racine ranks second among the foremost cities of the State, the ouput of its various manufactories in the census year 1900 having had an aggregate value of $12,503,000, and the invested capital having amounted to $16,753,000. The leading manufactures include agricultural implements, carriages and wagons, foundry and machine-shop products, boots and shoes, leather, trunks and valises, steel springs for cars and carriages, hardware, lumber products, etc. Settled in 1834, Racine was incorporated as a village in 1843, and in 1848 it obtained a city charter. The government, under a revised charter of 1891, is vested in a nuiyor, elected every two years, and a unicameral council. Of the administrative officers, the fire and police commissioners are appointed by the mayor, and the school board by the mayor with the consent of the council. Population, in 1890, 21,014; in 1900, 29,102.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Radetzky, Joseph Wenzel, Count

Edition of 1905. See also Joseph Radetzky von Radetz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RADETZKY, rȧ-dĕts'kḗ, Joseph Wenzel, Count (1766-1858). An Austrian field-marshal, born in Trzebnitz, Bohemia. In 1784 he became a cadet in an Hungarian cavalry regiment. His first campaign was against the Turks in 1788-89. He fought in the wars of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars, attaining the rank of major-general in 1805 and lieutenant-field-marshal in 1809. In that year he fought bravely at Aspern and Wagram. After the conclusion of peace he became chief of the quartermaster-general's staff and took a leading part in the reorganization of the Austrian Army. In 1813-14 and 1815 he was chief of staff of Prince Schwarzenberg. He distinguished himself at Kulm, and was wounded at the battle of Leipzig. In 1831 he commanded in Italy, and in 1836 he became field-marshal. On the outbreak of the insurrection in Lombardy in 1848 Radetzky was driven from Milan after five days of desperate fighting and fell back on Verona. His position was for a time precarious, but having received reinforcements he was enabled to assume the offensive, and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Sardinian King Charles Albert at Custozza, July 25, 1848. A six months' armistice was agreed to, and war was not resumed by the Piedmontese till March, 1849. Radetzky was this time better prepared, and at once invaded Piedmont. He totally routed the enemy at Novara, March 23, 1849. Peace was concluded with Sardinia, and Radetzky besieged Venice, which surrendered after a long siege (August 23d). He was then appointed Governor-General of Lombardy and Venetia, and ruled with absolute authority till his retirement in February, 1857. He died at Milan. There are biographies of Radetzky by Krones (Vienna, 1891) and Schönhals (Stuttgart, 1858). Consult, also: Troubetzkoi, Campagnes du comte Radetzky dans le nord de l'Italie en 1848 et 1849 (Leipzig, 1860); Kunz, Die Feldzüge des Feldmarschalls Radetzky in Oberitalien (Berlin, 1890).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Radford, Mrs. Ernest

Edition of 1905. See also Dollie Radford on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RADFORD, Mrs. Ernest (maiden name Dolly Maitland) (1858—). An English writer of verse, born December 3, 1858. In 1891 she won attention with a volume of beautiful lyrics, entitled A Light Load. She next published Songs for Somebody (1893); Songs and Verses (1895); One Way of Love, an Idyl (1898); and Poet's Larder and Other Stories (1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rachitis

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
RACHITIS, rȧ-kī'tĭs. See Rickets.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Radcliffe College

Edition of 1905. See also Radcliffe College on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RADCLIFFE COLLEGE. An institution for the higher education of women at Cambridge, Mass., founded in 1879 by the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women. It had no official relations with Harvard University, although popularly known as the Harvard Annex, until 1894, when by act of the General Court of Massachusetts its name was changed to Radcliffe College in honor of Anne Radcliffe, the first woman to give a money endownnent to Harvard. It had in 1903 a faculty of 92, almost all of whom were instructors in Harvard University,
and 429 students. The requirements for admission and for the degrees of bachelor of arts and master of arts are identical with those of Harvard College, and the courses of instruction are for the most part the same. In addition, much of the advanced instruction of the university is open to Radcliffe students. The institution had in 1903 a working library of 18,750 volumes and 1100 pamphlets; buildings and grounds valued at $490,000; and an income of $93,130. Sixteen scholarships, each sufficient to meet the tuition fee of $200, are awarded annually.