OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Houtman, Cornelis

Edition of 1905. See also Cornelis de Houtman and Frederick de Houtman on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ HOUTMAN, hout′mȧn, Cornelis. A famous Dutch traveler and founder of trade with the East Indies, born at Gouda in the middle of the sixteenth century. He went on a trading voyage with his brother, Frederik, to Lisbon in 1593, where he was thrown into a debtor's prison. Released by a friend, he studied the Portuguese routes to the Far East, and returning with charts to Amsterdam, organized an expedition which sailed in four ships out of the Texel (1595). He rounded the Cape of Good Hope, passed through the Straits of Sunda to the south coast of Java, and returned safely to Holland in 1597, having demonstrated an easy route to the Spice Islands. This voyage was followed by many others, and led to the formation of the Dutch East India Company. In a second expedition of two ships in a conflict with the natives of Achin, assisted by the Portuguese, he was killed.—His brother, Frederik, navigator of his fleet, also played an important part in the opening of the East to trade and commerce. In 1598 he was taken prisoner by the King of Achin, but, having been freed by Panlus van Caarden, he reached Holland in 1601, and in December, 1603, went again to the East Indies, and was Governor of Amboyna during six years. In 1609 he became commander of twenty-three ships, and in 1625 was honored with a gold medal for having opened the treasures of the East to Dutch enterprise. Almost as great as his exploits in war and commerce and explorations were his linguistic attainments. Having learned the Malay language during his captivity in Achin, he opened the Malay languages to European study. In 1603 he published a dictionary with grammatical notes of Malay and Madagascar, with comparison of many Arabic and Turkish words, which work was republished in 1680 as a grammar and dictionary of Dutch and Malay. In 1880 bronze statues of the brothers Houtman were erected at Gouda, from models by Strackée of Amsterdam.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hour-glass

Edition of 1905. See also Hourglass on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HOUR-GLASS. An instrument for measuring intervals of time. It is made of glass, and consists of two bulbs united by a narrow neck; one of the bulbs is nearly filled with dry sand, fine enough to run freely through the orifice in the neck, and the quantity of sand is just as much as can run through the orifice in an hour, if the instrument is to be an hour-glass; in a minute, if a minute-glass, etc. The obvious defects of this instrument are the expansion or contraction of the orifice produced by heat or cold, and the variations in the dryness of the sand, all of which produce deviations from the true measurement of time. Instruments constructed on this principle are still used by navigators in ‘heaving the log,’ for the purpose of measuring the time during which the log-line is allowed to run out. Similar instruments are also employed by cooks in fixing the proper time for boiling eggs.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Houri

Edition of 1905. See also Houri on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HOURI, hou′rī (Ar. ḥawrâ, woman with bright black eyes, from ḥawira, to have brilliant black eyes). The beautiful celestial maidens, described in the Koran (Sura lvi. 24; lv. 55; et al.) and Mohammedan tradition as dwelling in Paradise, whose companionship is one of the rewards held out to the pious Mussulman. Numerous descriptions amplifying the notices in the Koran
are found in Mohammedan writers. They repose on gorgeous couches in pavilions of pearl. Their countenances are so bright one can see his face reflected from a houri's cheek. They are made by ‘a peculiar creation,’ not of clay, like ordinary women, but of musk, saffron, incense, and amber. While retaining all the qualities of virgins, they have none of the failings of women, remain ever young and free from physical defect, and have the power to conceive and bear children at will, who within an hour grow to maturity. The later Mohammedan theologians, like Ghazali (q.v.), whose more refined instincts were offended by this rather sensual picture of Paradise, endeavored to place an allegorical interpretation upon the houri; but there can be little doubt that to Mohammed and to his immediate followers, as to the bulk of present-day Mohammedans, they represent an intense reality. This follows from the details of the houri given by Mohammed and amplified by subsequent writers, on the basis of tradition, which accord with the general view of Paradise as a place where life will be full of secret delights, where there will be plenty of water, delicious fruits, with attendants waiting on the pleasure of the inhabitants, and the like. Mohammed's conception of Paradise, while based in part on the current Jewish, and more particularly Christian views, embodies as its original factors the adaptation of these views to his own mental horizon and to that of his surroundings; and one is inclined to conjecture that the houri represent the reverse of the popular conception of demoniac beings, frequently pictured as female spirits, who plague and torture man in this world.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Houssaye, Arsène

Edition of 1905. See also Arsène Houssaye on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​HOUSSAYE, o͞o′sā̇′, Arsène (1815-96). A French author, born at Bruyères. He went to Paris at an early age, and at twenty-one became widely known as the author of two romances, La couronne de bluets and La pécheresse. He attracted attention particularly as an art critic, publishing his Histoire de la peinture flamande et hollandaise in 1846. In 1849 Houssaye was appointed director of the Comédie Française at the suggestion of Rachel, and held the place until 1856. He was a prolific writer in many departments of literature, producing poetry, dramas, romances, philosophical, historical, and critical works—the last being of especial merit. He was long editor of L'Artiste, and for some years was editor and proprietor of La Presse. Among his works are: Histoire du quarante et unième fauteuil (1845), dealing with the great men who failed of election to the French Academy; La poesie dans les bois (1845); Le voyage à ma fenêtre (1851); Le roi Voltaire (1858); Rousseau et Mme. de Warens (1864); and Les confessions (1885-91).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Petri, Olaus

Edition of 1905. See also Olaus Petri and Laurentius Petri on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PETRI, pā′trē̇ Olaus (1493-1552). A Swedish reformer, born at Orebro, in the Province of Nerike. He studied at Upsala and the University of Leipzig, and afterwards at Wittenberg, where he continued his theological studies under Luther and Melanchthon. Upon the recommendation of King Gustavus I. he was appointed town clerk of Stockholm and at the same time preached in the cathedral, where he fearlessly expounded and urgently pleaded for the introduction of the reformed religious service. He wrote the first hymn-book in Swedish, also a Swedish chronicle (to 1520). This was published in the Scriptores Rerum Succicarum Medii (1818). From 1531 to 1533 he was chancellor of the King, but his enthusiasm got him into trouble with his sovereign, and at one time seemed likely to cost him his life.—His brother, Laurentius (c. 1499-1573), was first Lutheran Archbishop of Sweden, and was born at Orebro. About 1527 he was appointed professor of theology at Upsala, and in 1531 he was elected first Lutheran Archbishop. He devoted his life to establishing the Reformed Church in this country. He drew up the first Swedish Evangelical Church order that was printed (1571), and with his brother translated the Bible into Swedish. He also wrote many theological treatises defending the principles of Church reform.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Petrie, William Matthew Flinders

Edition of 1905. See also Flinders Petrie on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PETRIE, pe′trĭ, William Matthew Flinders (1853—). An English Egyptologist, born at Charlton, June 3, 1S53, the son of William Petrie and Anne, daughter of Captain Matthew Flinders, the Australian explorer. He was educated at private schools, and at first turned his attention to the study of British archaeology. His earliest works were Inductive Metrology (London, 1877), and Stonehenge: Plans, Descriptions and Theories (London, 1880). After 1880 he occupied himself with the investigation of Egyptian antiquities, and made many valuable discoveries. Between 1884 and 1886 he excavated the site of Tanis, Naukratis, and Daphne and revealed the existence of ancient Greek settlements at the two latter places. From 1888 to 1890 he worked in the Fayûm, finding a number of interesting funeral portraits at Hawara, and gathering an extensive collection of valuable papyri, chiefly from the ruins of Kahun and Gurob. In 1890 he discovered and excavated for the Palestine Exploration Fund the site of ancient Lachish at Tell el-Hesy, in Palestine. In 1893 he received the degree of D.C.L. from the University of Oxford and was appointed to the newly founded professorship of Egyptology at King's College, London. In 1895 he discovered the remains of a prehistoric race at Nagada, and the following year found at Thebes the stele of Meneptah, containing the sole mention of Israel occurring in the Egyptian inscriptions. After 1899 he investigated the very interesting tombs of the First Dynasty at Abdos. Among his more important works may be mentioned: The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh (1883); Tanis, Memoirs II. and V. of the Egyptian Exploration Fund (1885-87); Hawara (1889); Kahun (1890); Ten Years' Diggings (1893); A History of Egypt (2d ed. 1897); Egyptian Tales (1895-99); Religion and Conscience in Ancient Egypt (1898); Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty (1900-01).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Petrifaction

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ PETRIFACTION (from Lat. petra, from Gk. πέτρα, rock + facere, to make). A name given to organic remains found in the strata of the earth, because they are generally more or less mineralized or made into stone. The word has fallen into disuse, having given place to the term fossil (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Petrobrusians

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ PETROBRUSIANS. See Bruys, Pierre de.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Petrography

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ PETROG′RAPHY. See Petrology.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Perkins, Frederic Beecher

Edition of 1905. See also Frederic Beecher Perkins on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PERKINS, Frederic Beecher (1828-99). An American librarian and author, born at Hartford, Conn. He left Yale before graduation to study law, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. For three years he was associate editor of Barnard's American Journal of Education. After some experience as secretary of the Boston Public Library, he was librarian of the free library at San Francisco from 1880 to 1887. His publications include: Scrope, or the Lost Library, a novel (1874); Check List of American Local History (1876); Devil Puzzlers, and Other Studies (1877); My Three Conversations with Miss Chester (1877); and a Life of Dickens (1877).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Petrified Wood

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ PETRIFIED WOOD. Plant remains in which the woody tissue has been replaced by mineral matter, usually some form of silica. The name dendrolites has been given to petrified fragments of plants that are commonly found in the coal measures. See Fossil Forests.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Petrographic Province

Edition of 1905. See also Petrographic province on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PETROGRAPHIC PROVINCE (from Gk. πέτρα, petra, rock + γράφειν, graphein, to write). A region within which the igneous rocks reveal a relationship (so-called consanguinity) in chemical composition, which may be referred to a community of origin. This relationship may be chemically a close one, but the rocks have widely varying mineralogical composition, or the kinship may be restricted to one or more of the chemical components in the rocks.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Petrified Forests

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ PETRIFIED FORESTS. The same as fossil forests (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Perkins, George Henry

Edition of 1905. See also George Henry Perkins on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PERKINS, George Henry (1844—). An American naturalist, born at Cambridge, Mass. He was educated at the Knox Academy, Galesburg, Ill., and at Yale (1867). In 1869 he was appointed professor of natural history in the University of Vermont, and in 1898 dean of the natural science department. He served as State entomologist from 1880 until 1895, when he was made State geologist. His publications include State reports On the Injurious Insects of Vermont (3 vols., 1876-78); Parasites Infesting Man and the Lower Animals (1880); The Flora of Vermont (1888); and The Marble, Slate, and Granite Industries of Vermont (1898).
# The Mules and the Robbers

Perry index 491
* "Two Laden Aſſes", translated by Roger L'Estrange, in Fables of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists (1692)
* "The Mules and the Robbers", translated by George Fyler Townsend, in Three Hundred Æsop's Fables (1867)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Mummy

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "The Mummy."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* The Mummy (1827), a novel by Jane Loudon
* "The Mummy" (1919), a poem by Clark Ashton Smith
* "The Mummy" (1924), a short story by John Galsworthy
# The Mule

Perry index 315
* "A Boaſting Mule", translated by Roger L'Estrange, in Fables of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists (1692)
* "The Mule", translated by George Fyler Townsend, illustrated by Harrison Weir, in Three Hundred Æsop's Fables (1867)
* "The Mule", translated by Vernon Stanley Jones, illustrated by Arthur Rackham, in Æsop's fables: A New Translation (1912)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Mummy (Loudon)

The Mummy! A Tale of the Twenty-Second Century is an 1827 three-volume novel written by Jane Webb (later Jane C. Loudon). It concerns the Egyptian mummy of Cheops, who is brought back to life in the year 2126. The novel describes a future filled with advanced technology, and was the first English-language story to feature a reanimated mummy.Warning: template has been deprecated.
THE MUMMY!
A TALE
of
THE TWENTY-SECOND CENTURY.
"Why hast thou disquieted me, to bring me up?"
1 Sam., xxviii. 15.
IN THREE VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
LONDON:
HENRY COLBURN, NEW BURLINGTON STREET.
1827.
Volume 1
* Chapter I.
* Chapter II.
* Chapter III.
* Chapter IV.
* Chapter V.
* Chapter VI.
* Chapter VII.
* Chapter VIII.
* Chapter IX.
* Chapter X.
* Chapter XI.
Volume 2
* Chapter I.
* Chapter II.
* Chapter III.
* Chapter IV.
* Chapter V.
* Chapter VI.
* Chapter VII.
* Chapter VIII.
* Chapter IX.
* Chapter X.
* Chapter XI.
* Chapter XII.
* Chapter XIII.
Volume 3
* Chapter I.
* Chapter II.
* Chapter III.
* Chapter IV.
* Chapter V.
* Chapter VI.
* Chapter VII.
* Chapter VIII.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Mummy (Loudon)/Volume 1

THE MUMMY!
A TALE
of
THE TWENTY-SECOND CENTURY.
"Why hast thou disquieted me, to bring me up?"
1 Sam., xxviii. 15.
IN THREE VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
LONDON:
HENRY COLBURN, NEW BURLINGTON STREET.
1827.
LONDON
PRINTED BY S. AND R. BENTLEY, DORSET STREET.
* Introduction
* Chapter I.
* Chapter II.
* Chapter III.
* Chapter IV.
* Chapter V.
* Chapter VI.
* Chapter VII.
* Chapter VIII.
* Chapter IX.
* Chapter X.
* Chapter XI.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vetter, Lake

Edition of 1905. See also Vättern on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VET′TER, or WETTER, Lake. A lake in Sweden, second in size to Vener (q.v.). It lies about 25 miles southeast of the latter, and 115 miles southwest of Stockholm (Map: Sweden, F 7). It is of elongated shape, with a length of 82 miles and a maximum breadth of about 14 miles, and has an area of 738 square miles. It occupies a deep inclosed valley whose bottom is below sea level, the altitude of the lake surface being 289 feet, and the depth of the water 390 feet. The shores are high, steep, and picturesque, and the water is remarkably clear. The lake receives no streams of much size, and is supposed to be fed by springs below the surface. Peculiar disturbances, such as rapid currents, sudden waves and eddies without apparent cause, and periodic fluctuations in the level, support this theory. The outlet of the lake is the Motala River, discharging eastward into the Baltic. This river has been canalized, and the Göta Canal connects the lake with Lake Vener, thus making it a link in the transpeninsular waterway. The chief town on Lake Vetter is Jönköping, near its southern extremity.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vichy

Edition of 1905. See also Vichy on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VICHY, vē̇′shē̇′. A town of the Department of Allier, France, on the right bank of the Allier, 69 miles by rail south-southeast of Paris (Map: France, K 5). It is one of the most famous of watering places, its numerous springs being annually visited by 60,000 persons. Vichy consists of the mediæval and the new towns and is almost surrounded by parks and gardens. In the old town are the Romanesque Church of Saint Louis and the Pavilion de Sévigné, now a hotel. Here Madame de Sévigné, who first brought Vichy into prominence, passed the year 1676. The attractive new town, on the north, contains a fine promenade flanked by the Casino and large bazaars on one side, by the main establishment of the baths on the other. The splendid Renaissance Casino is modern. The elegant thermal establishment is an immense edifice surrounded by a massive arcade, with a large annex on the west. It is owned by the State and leased to a company. There are yearly exported 7,000,000 bottles of Vichy water, the total daily supply being over 65,000 gallons. Salts, pastilles, and barley sugar are manufactured. The Vichy linen is made here. Population, in 1901, 14,254. The waters of Vichy were known to the Romans. It became a fashionable resort under the Second Empire, owing to the patronage of the Court.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vicious Intromission

Edition of 1905. See also Vicious intromission on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VICIOUS INTROMISSION. In Scotch law, the assuming of possession or charge of goods and chattels of a deceased person without authority, as where a person takes such property before the will of the deceased owner is probated. Such a person corresponds to an executor de son tort in English law, and is liable in damages which may be caused by his acts.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vernes, Maurice Louis

Edition of 1905. See also Maurice Louis Vernes on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VERNES, vârn, Maurice Louis (1845 — ). A French biblical scholar, born at Nauroy (Aisne). He studied theology at Montauban and Strassburg, and went to the Sorbonne in 1877 as lecturer on philosophy in the Protestant faculty of theology. In 1886 he became director of the department of religious sciences in the École Pratique des Hautes Etudes. He devoted himself particularly to the subject of comparative religions, and published: Le peuple d'Israël et ses espérances (1872); Histoire des idées messianiques depuis Alexandre jusqu'd l'empereur Adrien (1874); Histoire du peuple israelitique (1881); L'hisioire des religions: son esprit, sa méthode et ses divisions (1887); Une nouvelle hypothese sur la composition et l'origine du Deutéronome (1887); and Du prétendu polythéisme des Hebreux (1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vicksburg

Edition of 1905. See also Vicksburg, Mississippi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VICKS′BURG. The largest city of Mississippi and the county seat of Warren County, 236 miles north by west of New Orleans; on the Mississippi River, and on the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley, the Alabama and Vicksburg, and the Vicksburg, Shreveport and Pacific railroads (Map: Mississippi, D 6). It is attractively situated among the Walnut Hills. The Federal Government building and the county court house are noteworthy structures; and among the prominent institutions of the city are the Charity Hospital and Saint Aloysius College. The National Cemetery here has 16,727 graves, 12,723 of unknown dead. Vicksburg is a conunercial centre of importance, being noted especially for its cotton trade, and in manufacturing it ranks second among the cities of the State. The leading industrial establishments include railroad shops, lumber mills, cottonseed-oil mills, and manufactories of machinery, carriages, shoes, etc. Population, in 1890, 13,373; in 1900, 14,834.
Vicksburg was laid out on the plantations of William Vick and John Lane, and was incorporated in 1840. It was strongly fortified in 1861 and was provided with a large garrison, which, after a long siege, surrendered to General Grant on July 4, 1863. (See Vicksburg, Campaign Against.) Consult a sketch in Powell's Historic Towns in the Southern States (New York, 1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Vich

Edition of 1905. See also Vic on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​VICH, vē̇k, or VIQUE. A city of the Province of Barcelona, Spain, on a hill-girt plain, 38 miles north of Barcelona (Map: Spain, G 2). Its cathedral, built about 1040, was repaired and modernized in 1803. Interesting pictures and sculptures are found in the Museum of Art and Archæology. Corn, fruit, and a poor wine are the products of the vicinity; the inhabitants are employed in weaving, and in the manufacture of hats, paper, and cotton goods. In the vicinity are mines of copper, coal, amethyst, topaz, and crystals. Population, in 1900, 11,146. Vich, the Roman Ausa, was afterwards called Ausona and Vicus Ausonensis, of the first part of which its present name is a corruption.