OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Natural History of Ireland/Volume 1/White’s Thrush

WHITE'S THRUSH.
Turdus Whitei, Eyton.
Has once occurred in Ireland,
As noticed by Mr. G. J. Allman (now Professor of Botany in Trinity College, Dublin,) in the 11th vol. of the Annals of Natural History, p. 78. The communication is dated Dec, 15th, 1842, and states that the writer is in possession of a specimen of this very rare bird, obtained about ten days previously in the neighbourhood of Bandon, county of Cork. It is said in the Pauna of Cork, that the gentleman at whose place the bird was obtained, saw what he believed to be another of the same species there ; but when, is not mentioned.
Two specimens, at most, of T. Whitei have been obtained in Great Britain, and both in Hampshire. The one which has served for the descriptions and figures of the species was shot by Lord Malmesbury in January, 1828. The Irish specimen is similar to it. The following notes upon this bird were made in Dublin in September, 1845, when a comparison was also drawn up between it and a thrush from Nepal, so far as the imperfect specimens would admit : — the Irish bird wants the head and neck j the Nepal one, the legs. The latter specimen was presented by Mr. Hodgson to the museum of Trinity College, Dublin, under the name of Oreocincla Whitei, and noted as a duplicate of one (and numbered 194), which he had presented to the British Museum collection.
[Gives wing feather measurements for Irish specimen and Nepal specimen Rmaking Fourth quill This trivial difference is exceeded by one half in the other wing of the same specimen. In the one wing, the third and fourth quills are of equal length ; in the other, the fourth exceeds the third by one-twelfth of an inch. ] see
The tail of the Irish bird in length and size generally, exceeds that of the Nepal one, as much proportionally as the wing. In colouring and marking the two birds are similar, — agreeing with the descriptions and figures of Eyton and Yarrell, — with the unimportant difference of the Irish one being the deeper in tint, owing, it may be presumed, either to its being killed sooner after moult, or being less exposed to the sun and weather than the Nepal bird. The mere disagreement in size between them is not, I consider, of any specific consequence -, but the discrepancy in the relative length of the quill feathers to each other may be so considered, should it prove to be a permanent character.
# The Natural History of Ireland/Volume 1/The Red-footed Falcon

THE RED-FOOTED EALCON.
* Orange-legged Hobby.
* Falco rufipes, Besecke.
* vespertinus, Gmel.
Is an extremely rare visitant.
Its occurrence in Ireland was first noticed, in a communication which I made to the Zoological Society of London (in June, 1835), respecting an immature specimen obtained in the county of Wicklow, in the summer of 1832. This bird was preserved for the collection of T. W. Warren, Esq. of Dublin, by whose kindness it was exhibited on that occasion. The specimen was given to Mr. Warren by a gentleman who shot it in his yard, just as it had pounced at a pigeon of at least its own size, which, with the hawk, fell dead at the one discharge. In March, 1833, Mr. W. S. Wall, bird preserver, mentioned to me, that he had in October, 1830, received a hobby in a fresh state, from Ballyveolan,county of Wicklow. My informant knew the species of birds so well, that the individual in question must doubtless have been either the Falco subbuteo or F. rufipes ; probably the latter, as a flight of them appeared in England that year.
Very few specimens of F. rufipes, — a native chiefly of the more eastern half of temperate Europe, — have been taken in England, and the first on record, was procured in 1830. Their second ap pearance in that country was in 1832, in which year the first mentioned specimen was obtained in Ireland. The species has not been met with in Scotland.
# The Natural History of Ireland/Volume 1/The Rough-legged Buzzard

THE ROUGH-LEGGED BUZZAED.
* Buteo lagopus, Brunn.
* Falco Gmel.
Is only known as an extremely rare visitant.
About the middle of October, 1831, a bird of this species was taken near Dundonald, in the county of Down, by being knocked on the head with a stick, when gorged. The occurrence was noticed at the time in the Magazine of Natural History, vol. v. p. 578. On dissection, the remains of birds, and of a full-grown rat torn into four pieces, were found in its stomach. It was purchased Dr. J. D. Marshall, and is now in the Belfast Museum. This bird accords with Temminck's description of the adult male. It has not any indication of bands on either side of the tail : a band is represented near the tip on the under side, in Mr. Selbys figure of the female.
About this time, two others were seen at Killinchy, in the same county, and one of them was shot, but, through ignorance, it was lost as a specimen. In the autumn of 1836, the gamekeeper at Tollymore Park described a bird to me, which evidently had been of this species. It was shot a few year before (probably at the same period as the others) in Castlewellan demesne (Down), when carrying off a young rabbit.
In May, 1838, I was informed by Mr. Glennon, bird-preserver, Dublin, that a bird of this species (which he accurately described), was killed towards the end of the year 1837 (?) by the gamekeeper at Powerscourt, county of Wicklow.
# The Natural History of Ireland/Volume 1/The Two-banded Crossbill

THE TWO-BANDED CROSSBILL. European White-winged Crossbill.
Loxia bifasciata, Nilsson.
Has once been obtained.
The first notice of the occurrence of this species in the British islands, is that of Templeton, who communicated to the Linnean Society of London a note of one having been " shot at Grenville, near Belfast, January the 11th, 1802 An extract at p. 276, in- forms us, that the common crossbill was particularly numerous in the southern half of Ireland that season. M. Le Baron De Selys Longchamps, in his excellent " Faune Belge," is of opinion, that the bird called L. leucoptera, in works on British Ornithology, is instead the L. bifasciata, which has been until lately confounded with it: he describes the differences between them (p. 77), and figures the heads and bills of the two species. The latter has been obtained during winter, in Sweden, Germany, and Belgium : the former is a North- American species, which has been killed in England within the last few years . Footnote 1 As Mr. Templeton made a coloured drawing of the specimen, I was desirous that this should be seen by M. De Selys, on his visit to Belfast in the autumn of 1844, but unfortunately it had been taken by Mr. Robert Templeton, along with many other delineations and papers of his father's to Ceylon. The drawing has, however, by the kind attention of my friend just named, been since sent to me from that island, and proves the Irish specimen to have been the L. bifasciata, as described and figured by M. De Selys : it represents the bird of a greenish-olive on the head and back, with dark-brownish markings ; rump yellow ; tail-feathers blackish, bordered with yellow ; entire under plumage yellow, with dark streaks ; two conspicuous white bands across the wings, and the wing-feathers generally (but not all) tipped with white. The form of the bill is identically that of L. bifasciata.
But few individuals of the white-winged crossbill have been obtained in England or Scotland.
Footnote 1 Noticed by Yarrell in the Zoological Proceedings, since the 2nd edit, of his Brit. Birds was published in 1845.
# The Natural History of Ireland/Volume 1/The Honey Buzzard

THE HONEY BUZZARD.
* Pernis apivorus, Linn, (sp.)
* Falco
Is a very rare summer visitant.
On the 11th of June, 1833, a fine male specimen of the Honey Buzzard, unrecorded as having before occurred in Ireland, was shot by Robert G. Bomford, Esq., in his demesne of Annadale, near Belfast. This gentleman, on being informed of the rarity of the bird, kindly presented it to the Belfast Museum. A similar bird, most probably the female, accompanied the one that was shot. I saw the specimen when recent, and found the bill and forehead covered with cow-dung in such a manner, as to lead to the supposition that the bird had been searching for insects in that substance. On examination of the stomach, which was quite full, it was found to contain a few of the larva?, and some fragments of perfect coleopterous insects, several whitish-coloured hairy caterpillars, the pupae of a butterfly, and also of the the six-spot burnet-moth (Zygcena filipendulae), together with some pieces of grass, which it is presumed were taken with the last-named insect, it being on the stalks of grass that the pupae of this species of Zygaena are chiefly found. This insectivorous food must have been a matter of choice to the honey buzzard, the bird being in the full vigour of its powers, and the district in which it was killed abounding with such birds, as, were they its natural or wished-for prey, it might have easily captured and destroyed.
The individual thus dwelt upon, and of which a notice appeared in the Magazine of Natural History for 1833, vol. vi. p. 447, was a mature male. The bands on the tail exhibited a greater inequality than is represented in any figure I have seen, the first and second being less than an inch apart ; the third, more than two inches and a half distant from the second band.
In the summer of 1838, a honey buzzard, shot in the grounds about Kilruddery House, in the county of Wicklow, the seat of the Earl of Meath, came into the possession of T. W. Warren, Esq. of Dublin. A second individual was in company with it, and remained about the place for weeks after its supposed partner's death. This species has occasionally bred in England. On the 7th of June, 1839, an adult male was shot on the county of Antrim strand of Belfast bay, and purchased by Richard Langtry, Esq. The food in its stomach consisted of coleopterous insects only. A specimen of the honey buzzard was sent in a recent state from Gorey, county of Wexford, in the summer or autumn of 1841, to Mr. Glennon, bird-preserver, Dublin. *
observed and trapped in his demesne at Twizel, Northumberland.
# The Natural History of Ireland/Volume 1/The Scops-eared Owl

THE SCOPS-EARED OWL.
Scops Aldrovandi, Ray. Strix scops, Linn.
Has been obtained at least twice in Ireland.
The following notice of its first occurrence was communicated by me to the Zoological Society of London, in 1837, and appeared in the Proceedings of that year, p. 54 : — I have been informed by Robert Ball, Esq., of Dublin, that a scops-eared owl was shot in the month of July, a few years ago, by the gamekeeper at Loughcrew, county of Meath, the seat of J. W. L. Naper, Esq., in whose possession it now is. The specimen was kindly sent to Dublin for the examination of Mr. Ball, and proved similar to a Strix Scops in his collection. Mr. Joseph Poole, of Killiane, Wexford, wrote to me on the 19th of April, 1847, that a scops-eared owl, which had come under his notice, was killed a few days before that date, near Kilmore, in the south of the county.
In the month of August, 1826, I met with a bird of this species, perched in what had been a window, among the ruins of Otricoli , near Rome. It admitted of a close approach, and looked most contentedly at home. When proceeding from Malta to the Morea, in H.M.S. Beacon, on the 25th of April, 1841, and 135 miles eastward of Etna, and less than half that distance from Calabria (the nearest land), a scops-eared owl, on its northward flight, came on board. It was struck down and captured, just as it had clutched a lesser whitethroat (Sylvia curruca).
The little Owl (Strix passerina, Temm.), which has occasionally been obtained in England, cannot yet be included with certainty in the Irish catalogue ; — nor can it in that of Scotland. On the 22nd of April, 1841, one of these owls flew on board H.M.S. Beacon, when forty miles east of Malta, and remained for a short time. Others were seen during the next few days, as we sailed towards the Morea. Early in June one was shot at Paros ; and I saw another near Naussa.
# The Natural History of Ireland/Volume 1/The Spotted Eagle

THE SPOTTED EAGLE. The Rough-footed Eagle.
Has been obtained in the south of Ireland.
In September, 1845, Mr. R. Davis, jun., of Clonmel, wrote to me respecting a bird then in Iris possession : " In contour, bill, eyes, legs, &c, it is a miniature of the golden eagle, but about one-third less than a male of that species ; except the tail-coverts and some spots on the wings and breast, it is entirely of a very deep glossy blackish- brown : the body is of small size, comparatively with the head, wings, and tail." [Claws, yellow ; beak, horn-colour, with a yellow streak at the base; weight, rather exceeding that of a full-grown raven. * ] This gentleman subsequently forwarded for my inspection, a coloured drawing of the bird, (which he believed to be of this species,) representing it in immature plumage. A wood-cut taken from the drawing has appeared in the second edition of Yarrell's British Birds, vol. i. p. 10, and in the Zoologist for January, 1846. In a communication made to the Annals of Natural History for Nov., 1845, p. 351, Mr. Davis stated that the bird was shot when preying on a rabbit, in January, 1845, on the estate of the Earl of Shannon, in the county of Cork. Another eagle of the same species, said to be similarly marked, but rather lighter in colour, had been killed there a few days before. The two birds had been observed for several weeks previously, sweeping over the low grounds between Castle-martyr and Clay Castle, near Youghal.
In a letter from Dr. Harvey of Cork, dated Oct. 30, 1845, it was remarked, with reference to the Irish specimen: — "Mr. Parker** took a portrait of the little eagle while I had it for a short time, and mentioned a singular coincidence. When on a visit to Mr. Butler of Waterville, a few days before the bird came under his inspection, that gentleman had mentioned a small brown eagle, in all respects like a golden eagle, except in being about half the size, as frequenting the mountains above Cahirciveen, in Kerry : — he had seen it occasionally during the last seven or eight years. To the Rev. Mr. Bastable, a clergyman of the neighbourhood, it was likewise known." I have little doubt, also, that a bird particularly described to myself, when visiting Horn Head (Donegal), in 1832, as having been shot there the previous year, was of this species.
The Spotted Eagle has not been met with in England or Scotland. In Continental Europe, it appears to inhabit chiefly the east and south ; but has been obtained in most of the countries southward of the Baltic Sea, including Belgium and France.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Amalie, Marie Friederike

Edition of 1905. See also Amalia of Oldenburg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AMALIE, ȧ-mä'lḗ-e, Marie Friederike (1818-75). Queen of Greece, daughter of Grand Duke Augustus of Oldenburg. She married King Otho of Greece, November 22, 1836, and was much beloved for firmness, benevolence, and many other virtues. After her husband's deposition in 1862 she accompanied him to Bavaria, residing after his death at Bamberg.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Amazonas (Brazilian State)

Edition of 1905. See also Amazonas (Brazilian state) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AMAZONAS, or ALTO AMAZONAS. The northernmost and largest of the Brazilian States, bounded by British Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia on the north, State of Pará on the east, Bolivia and the State of Matto Grosso on the south, and Colombia and Peru on the west (Map: Brazil, E 4). Its total area is 732,250 square miles. The surface, with the exception of a few mountain chains on the Venezuelan border, is one alluvial plain, covered with impenetrable forests, and intersected by the River Amazon, with its numerous tributaries, including the Rio Negro and Madeira. The climate, although hot, is not unhealthful, and the soil is very fertile. Industrially, the State is very little developed, and its principal articles of trade are food products. With an area three and a half times as large as that of France, an abundance of fertile land, and excellent waterways, Amazonas had (1900) a population of 207,600, or less than one inhabitant for three square miles. Capital, Manãos, which is also the chief port. Amazonas formed a part of the State of Pará, and was constituted a separate State in 1850. Consult: J. Verissinio, Pará e Amazonas (Rio de Janeiro, 1899); C. L. Temple, The State of Amazonas (London, 1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Amazonas (Peru)

Edition of 1905. See also Amazonas Region on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AMAZONAS, ä'mȧ-thō'nȧs. A northern department of Peru, bounded by Ecuador on the north, the Peruvian department of Loreto on the east, Libertad on the south, and Cajamarca on the west. Area, 13,943 square miles. It is slightly mountainous and has a fertile soil. The population was officially estimated in 1895 at 70,670. Capital, Chachapoyas.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Amazonite

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​AM'AZONITE, or Amazon Stone. See Microcline.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Amalie, Marie Friederike Auguste

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​AMALIE, Marie Friederike Auguste (1794-1870). A German duchess and dramatist, eldest sister of King John of Saxony. In part under the pseudonym of Amalie Heiter, she published a large number of dramas, some of which have been adapted to the French and English stage. She also wrote operas and sacred music. There is a complete edition of her dramatic works by Waldmüller (6 volumes, 1873-74).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Amama, Sixtinus

Edition of 1905. See also Sixtinus Amama on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AMA'MA, Sixtinus (1503-1629). A Dutch Orientalist. He was born at Franeker, Friesland, studied Oriental languages at the University there, and subsequently at Exeter College, Oxford. He succeeded Drusius as professor of Hebrew at Franeker. In 1625 he was called to Leyden, but the Estates of Friesland refused to permit him to go. He was among the first to advocate a thorough knowledge of the original languages of the Bible as indispensable to theologians. His works include Dissertatio qua Ostenditur Præcipuos Papismi Errores ex Ignorantia Hebraismi Ortum Sumpsisse (1618), Censura Vulgatæ Versionis V. Librorum Mosis (1620), and a Hebreouwsch Woordenboek (1628).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Amana

Edition of 1905. See also Amana Colonies on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AMANA, ăm'ȧ-nȧ. A German religious community established at Amana, Ia., comprising several villages of settlers situated a few miles apart under the government of a president and thirteen directors, elected annually by the community. Family life is preserved, but meals are provided for a number of families together. Woolen mills, flour mills, saw mills, dye-shops, and agriculture are the chief industries operated in common for the benefit of all. Life is simple, and all necessaries are furnished freely to members of the community. New members are elected after a probationary period. Daily prayer-meetings are held. The sect was founded by Eberhard Gruber in Württemberg, Germany, 1714, and came to America, 1843, settling first in western New York and moving to Amana, 1855-64. The community in 1901 numbered 1767 persons, and owned 26,000 acres of land, their total property being valued at $1,500,000. See Communism and Communistic Societies.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Amazons

Edition of 1905. See also Amazons on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AM'AZONS, Amaz'ones (from Gk. Ἀμαζών, Amazōn). In early Greek legends, a race of war-like women, who either suffered no man to live among them, or held men in servitude for the continuance of the race. The earliest accounts place them in northeast Asia Minor, on the River Thermodon; later writers, farther to the north and west, in Scythia and the Caucasus; and finally we hear of Amazonas in Libya, at the south of the known world. Their expeditions, undertaken for war and plunder, led them into Scythia and Syria, but especially to the coast of Asia Minor, where we find them in conflict with Priam, Bellerophon, and other heroes. In this region they were said to have founded many cities, notably Ephesus, where they established the temple of Artemis, which furnished them a refuge when defeated by Hercules. They were daughters of Ares, and worshiped him and Artemis as their chief gods. They appear chiefly in three stories: (1) The killing by Achilles of their queen Penthesilea, who led her army to the relief of Troy; (2) the conflict with Hercules, which arose from his endeavor to secure the girdle of their queen, and led, according to some writers, to their annihilation; (3) the war with Athens, which began with the expedition of Theseus to carry off the Amazon queen, and ended with their invasion of Attica, attack on the Acropolis from the Areopagus, and total destruction by Theseus and the Athenians. The origin of these legends is not clear; but if we consider the localities in which the Amazons lived, and that in historic times the Greeks found tribes about the Black Sea in which the women held sway and took part in war, while in Caria, Lycia, and Lydia there is much evidence for descent traced through the mother, it seems not improbable that the Amazons embody a reminiscence of the people and civilization which preceded the Greeks on the east of the Ægean. Representations of the Amazons are very common in all periods of Greek art. At first they appear in the costume of Greek hoplites, but later assume the Scythian garb. They are armed with lance, battle axe, or bow, and usually carry a crescent shield. Among the chief ancient representations are the reliefs from Gyǒlbaschi, in Vienna, which seem to reflect the painting of Micon at Athens; and the friezes from Phigalia and the mausoleum at Halicarnassus, in the British Museum. Of the statues, three types go back to the best period of Greek art: the “Wounded Amazon,” in Berlin, probably by Polycletus; the “Wounded Amazon” of the Capitoline Museum in Rome, and the “Unwounded Amazon” in the Vatican. It was said that in order to be unimpeded in war, they burned off their right breasts; but no work of art shows them thus mutilated, and undoubtedly the story is merely an invention to explain a false etymology, as though the composition of the word Amazon were ἀ priv. and μαζός, mazos, breast. Consult: Klügmann, Die Amazonen in der attischen Litteratur und Kunst (Stuttgart, 1875), and Corey, De Amazonum Antiquissimis Figuris (Berlin, 1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Amanda

Edition of 1905. See also Love's Last Shift and The Relapse on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AMAN'DA. In Cibber's comedy, Love's Last Shift, and Vanbrugh's The Relapse (from which Sheridan made A Trip to Scarborough) , the faithful and charming wife of Loveless, who has basely deserted her, but is finally won back by the sense of her fidelity.