OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Caswell, William

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​CASWELL. (Lieut., 1813. f-p., 17; h-p., 25.)
William Caswell entered the Navy, in Sept. 1805, as A.B., on board the Fox 32, Capts. Wm. Hugh Dobbie, Hon. Arch. Cochrane, Henry Hart, and Wm. Wells, on the East India station, where he remained until his return home in Oct. 1814; previous to which he had been taken prisoner, as Midshipman, in a conflict with the Malays, and detained a prisoner among them from Sept. 1807 to April, 1808 – and had commanded the Fox’s barge at the capture, 23 March, 1809, of La Caravanne French privateer, of 8 guns and 100 men, under the batteries of Sappara. In Nov. 1811, he joined, as Master’s Mate, the Maidstone 36, Capt. Geo. Burdett – and, on proceeding to the Mediterranean, commanded her launch at the capture of a privateer of 5 guns and 59 men. For his subsequent conduct, on 3 Aug. 1812, at the taking, in the Bay of Fundy, of the American Revenue-cutter Commodore Barry, of 6 guns, by the boats of the Maidstone, of one of which he again had charge, Mr. Caswell was appointed, 26 April, 1813, Acting-Lieutenant of the Spartan 38, Capt. Edw. Pelham Brenton, and, on 13 Nov. following, was confirmed into the Plantagenet 74, Capt. Robt. Lloyd. He was afterwards, on 26 Sept. 1814, wounded in a sanguinary attack on the American privateer General Armstrong. On his return home, after visiting the West Indies, he joined, 7 Sept. 1815, the Superb 74, Capt. Chas. Ekins, one of Lord Exmouth’s ships at the bombardment of Algiers, in which he continued until paid off in Oct. 1818. He was subsequently appointed – 23 Nov. 1820, to the Surinam sloop, Capt. Wm. M‘Kenzie Godfrey, on the Jamaica station – in Nov. 1821, as First Lieutenant, to the Bann 20, Capt. Chas. Phillips, on the coast of ​Africa – and, 5 March, 1825, to the Coast Blockade, as Supernumerary of the Hyperion 42, Capt. Wm. Jas. Mingaye. He has been on half-pay since 1828. Agents – Coplands and Burnett.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Cary, Henry

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​CARY. (Retired Commander, 1843. f-p., 15; h-p., 33.)
Henry Cary died in the early part of 1847.
This officer entered the Navy, 7 Sept. 1799, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Penguin 18, Capt. Bendall Robert Littlehales, on the Irish station; became Midshipman, in 1800, of the Sophie sloop, Capt. Geo. Burdett, whom he accompanied to Newfoundland; and, on removing to the Resistance 36, Capt. Hon. Philip Wodehouse, was wrecked, off Cape St. Vincent, 31 May, 1803. He then joined the Victory 100, bearing the flag of Lord Nelson, and remained in that ship – participating intermediately in the pursuit of the Franco-Spanish fleet to the West Indies, and in the battle of Trafalgar – until Jan. 1806. After a further attachment to the Ocean 98, Capt. Thos. Bowen, and Egyptienne, Revolutionnaire, and Cambrian frigates, commanded, the first and last by the Hon. Chas. Paget, and the second by Capt. Chas. Feilding, on the Home station, Mr. Gary was promoted, 13 July, 1807, to a Lieutenancy in the Inflexible 64, Capt. Joshua Rowley Watson, one of the ships employed in the ensuing expedition to Copenhagen, where he served on shore as Major of Brigade, and acquired much credit. His next appointments were, on the West India and Mediterranean stations – 21 Dec. 1807, to the Cherub sloop, Capts. Geo. Ravenshaw, Alex. Nesbitt, and Thos. Tudor Tucker – 7 Feb. and 11 April, 1809, to the Ville de Paris 110, and Ocean 98, both commanded by Capt. John Surman Garden – 22 April, 1809, to the Kent 74, Capt. Thos. Rogers – and, 6 April, 1811, again to the Ville de Paris, Capt. Geo. Burlton. On 13 Dec. 1810, he served in the boats of the Kent, with those of a squadron under Capt. Fras. Wm. Fane, at the destruction of a large convoy, protected by two batteries, in the Mole of Falamos, where, out of a body of 600 British officers and men, upwards of 200 were killed, wounded, and taken prisoners. Mr. Gary – who afterwards commanded the Kerryhead Signal station at the mouth of the Shannon, from Sept. 1813, to May, 1814 – was lastly appointed, 11 Jan. 1816, First of the Cyrus 20, Capt. Wm. Fairbrother Carroll, with whom he served for some time, on the Irish station, as First Lieutenant. He attained the rank of Retired Commander 10 April, 1843.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Cashman, William

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​CASHMAN. (Lieutenant, 1845.)
William Cashman entered the Navy in 1830; passed his examination 4 April, 1838; and served, as Mate, in the Edinburgh 72, Capt. Wm. Wilmott Henderson, Electra 18, Capt. Arthur Darley, and Hermes steam-vessel, Lieut.-Commander Washington Carr, on the Mediterranean and North America and West India stations. He obtained his commission 1 Dec. 1845, and still serves in North America and the West Indies, as Additional-Lieutenant of the Vindictive 50, flag-ship of Sir Fras. Wm. Austen.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Caswell, George

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​CASWELL. (Commander, 1846. f-p., 26; h-p., 13.)
George Caswell entered the Navy, 24 May, 1808, as Sec.-cl. Vol., on board the Parthian 10, Capts. John Balderson, Rich. Harward, and Hon. Henry Dawson, in which vessel we find him, in the course of the same year, sharing in an action with three men-of-war – assisting next at the capture, 5 May, 1809, of La Nouvelle Gironde, a noted privateer, of 14 guns and 58 men – and employed, subsequently, at the bombardment of Flushing. Having attained the rating of Midshipman, 4 April, 1810, he removed, in Nov. following, to the Christian VII. 80, bearing the flag of Sir Edw. Pellew, with whom he continued to serve, in the same ship and the, Caledonia 120, on the North Sea and Mediterranean stations, until Sept. 1814. During that period he partook of the two slight encounters, of 5 Nov. 1813 and 13 Feb. 1814, with the French fleet near Toulon – and served on shore at the reduction of Genoa. After a further attachment to the Prince Frederick, Capt. Rich. Pridham, receiving-sloop at Plymouth, and to the Malta 80, Capt. Wm. Chas. Fahie, and Boyne 98, flag-ship of Lord Exmouth, both on the Mediterranean station, Mr. Caswell was promoted, 24 Sept. 1815, to a Lieutenancy in the Minstrel 20, Capt. Fras. Erskine Loch, in which he returned home and was paid off in the ensuing December. His subsequent appointments were – 28 Dec. 1824, to the Champion 18, Capt. John Fitz-Gerald Studdert, with whom he served, as First Lieutenant, during the Burmese war – 17 Nov. 1829, and 1 May, 1830, to the Victory 104, Capt. Hon. Geo. Elliot, and St. Vincent 120, Capt. Hyde Parker, at Portsmouth – 23 March and 16 Dec. 1831, as Senior, to the Pallas 42, Capt. Manley Hall Dixon, in the West Indies, and Madagascar 46, Capt. Edmund Lyons, in the Mediterranean – 25 Nov. 1834, to the Coast Guard – 13 Nov. 1841, again as Senior, to the Gorgon steamer, Capt. Wm. Honyman Henderson, on the Mediterranean station – and, 23 April, 1842, in a similar capacity, to the Cleopatra 26, Capt. Christ. Wyvill, at the Cape of Good Hope. He continued in the latter vessel until promoted to his present rank 9 Nov. 1846.
Commander Caswell married Louisa, daughter of Commander Benj. Leigh, R.N., by whom he has issue. Agents – Coplands and Burnett.
# A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems/Li Ling

LI LING
[Parting from Su Wu]
The good time will never come back again: In a moment,— our parting will be over. Anxiously — we halt at the road-side, Hesitating — we embrace where the fields begin. The clouds above are floating across the sky: Swiftly, swiftly passing: or blending together. The waves in the wind lose their fixed place And are rolled away each to a corner of Heaven. From now onwards — long must be our parting, So let us stop again for a little while. I wish I could ride on the wings of the morning wind And go with you right to your journey's end.
Li Ling and Su Wu were both prisoners in the land of the Huns. After nineteen years Su Wu was released. Li Ling would not go back with him. When invited to do so, he got up and danced, singing:
I came ten thousand leagues Across sandy deserts In the service of my Prince, To break the Hun tribes. My way was blocked and barred, My arrows and sword broken. My armies had faded away, My reputation had gone.
My old mother is long dead. Although I want to requite my Prince How can I return?
# A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems/Magic

Boundless, the great sea. Straight down,— no bottom: sideways,— no border. Of cloudy waves and misty billows down in the uttermost depths
Men have fabled, in the midst there stand three sacred hills. On the hills, thick growing,— herbs that banish Death. Wings grow on those who eat them and they turn into heavenly "hsien." The Lord of Ch'in and Wu of Han believed in these stories:
And magic-workers year by year were sent to gather the herbs. The Blessed Islands, now and of old, what but an empty tale? The misty waters spread before them and they knew not where to seek. Boundless, the great sea. Dauntless, the mighty wind. Their eyes search but cannot see the shores of the Blessed Islands. They cannot find the Blessed Isles and yet they dare not return:
Youths and maidens that began the quest grew grey on board the boat.
They found that the writings of Hsü Fu were all boasts and lies:
To the Lofty Principle and Great Unity in vain they raised their prayers. Do you not see The graves on the top of Black Horse Hill and the tombs at Mo-ling? What is left but the sighing wind blowing in the tangled grasses? Yes, and what is more,
The Dark and Primal Master of Sages in his five thousand words Never spoke of herbs,
Never spoke of "hsien,"
Nor spoke of soaring in broad daylight up to the blue heaven.
* ↑ The "First Emperor," 259–210 B. C.
* ↑ Wu Ti, 156–87 B. C.
* ↑ = Hsü Shih. Giles, 1276.
* ↑ The burial-places of these two Emperors
* ↑ Ibid.
* ↑ Lao-tzü, in the Tao Tē Ching.
# A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems/Meeting in the Road

MEETING IN THE ROAD
In a narrow road where there was not room to pass My carriage met the carriage of a young man. And while his axle was touching my axle In the narrow road I asked him where he lived. "The place where I live is easy enough to find, Easy to find and difficult to forget. The gates of my house are built of yellow gold, The hall of my house is paved with white jade, On the hall table flagons of wine are set, I have summoned to serve me dancers of Han-tan. In the midst of the courtyard grows a cassia-tree, — And candles on its branches flaring away in the night."
# A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems/Oaths of Friendship

OATHS OF FRIENDSHIP
In the country of Yüeh when a man made friends with another they set up an altar of earth and sacrificed upon it a dog and a cock, reciting this oath as they did so:
[1]
If you were riding in a coach
And I were wearing a "li," And one day we met in the road,
You would get down and bow.
If you were carrying a "tēng," And I were riding on a horse,
And one day we met in the road
I would get down for you.
[2]
Shang Ya!
I want to be your friend
For ever and ever without break or decay.
When the hills are all flat
And the rivers are all dry,
When it lightens and thunders in winter,
When it rains and snows in summer.
When Heaven and Earth mingle —
Not till then will I part from you.
* ↑ A peasant's coat made of straw.
* ↑ An umbrella under which a cheap-jack sells his wares.
# A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems/Madly Singing in the Mountains

MADLY SINGING IN THE MOUNTAINS
There is no one among men that has not a special failing:
And my failing consists in writing verses. I have broken away from the thousand ties of life:
But the infirmity still remains behind. Each time that I look at a fine landscape:
Each time that I meet a loved friend,
I raise my voice and recite a stanza of poetry
And am glad as though a God had crossed my path. Ever since the day I was banished to Hsün-yang
Half my time I have lived among the hills. And often, when I have finished a new poem,
Alone I climb the road to the Eastern Rock. I lean my body on the banks of white stone:
I pull down with my hands a green cassia branch. My mad singing startles the valleys and hills:
The apes and birds all come to peep. Fearing to become a laughing-stock to the world,
I choose a place that is unfrequented by men.
# A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems/Old and New

OLD AND NEW
Anon. [first century B. C.]
She went up the mountain to pluck wild herbs; She came down the mountain and met her former husband. She knelt down and asked her former husband "What do you find your new wife like?" "My new wife, although her talk is clever, Cannot charm me as my old wife could. In beauty of face there is not much to choose, But in usefulness they are not at all alike. My new wife comes in from the road to meet me; My old wife always came down from her tower. My new wife is clever at embroidering silk; My old wife was good at plain sewing. Of silk embroidery one can do an inch a day; Of plain sewing, more than five feet. Putting her silks by the side of your sewing, I see that the new will not compare with the old."
# A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems/On Board Ship: Reading Yüan Chēn's Poems

ON BOARD SHIP: READING YÜAN CHĒN'S POEMS
I take your poems in my hand and read them beside the candle;
The poems are finished: the candle is low: dawn not yet come. With sore eyes by the guttering candle still I sit in the dark,
Listening to waves that, driven by the wind, strike the prow of the ship.
# A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems/Lo-yang

LO-YANG
By the Emperor Ch'ien Wēn-ti [sixth century]
A beautiful place is the town of Lo-yang: The big streets are full of spring light. The lads go driving out with harps in their hands:
The mulberry girls go out to the fields with their baskets. Golden whips glint at the horses' flanks,
Gauze sleeves brush the green boughs. Racing dawn, the carriages come home,—
And the girls with their high baskets full of fruit.
# A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems/Master Tēng-t'u

​The following is a sample of Sung Yü's prose:
MASTER TĒNG-T'U
By Sung Yü [third century B. C.]
One day when the Chamberlain, master Tēng-t'u, was in attendance at the Palace he warned the King against Sung Yü, saying: "Yü is a man of handsome features and calm bearing and his tongue is prompt with subtle sentences. Moreover, his character is licentious. I would submit that your Majesty is ill-advised in allowing him to follow you into the Queen's apartments." The King repeated Tēng-t'u's words to Sung Yü. Yü replied: "My beauty of face and calmness of bearing were given me by Heaven. Subtlety of speech I learnt from my teachers. As for my character, I deny that it is licentious." The King said: "Can you substantiate your statement that you are not licentious? If you cannot, you must leave the Court." Sung Yü said: "Of all the women in the world, the most beautiful are the women of the land of Ch'u. And in all the land of Ch'u there are none like the women of my own village. And in my village there are none that can be compared with the girl next door.
"The girl next door would be too tall if an inch were added to her height, and too short if an inch were taken away. Another grain of powder would make her too pale; another touch of rouge would make her too red. Her eyebrows are like the plumage of the kingfisher, her flesh is ​like snow. Her waist is like a roll of new silk, her teeth are like little shells. A single one of her smiles would perturb the whole city of Yang and derange the suburb of Hsia-ts'ai. For three years this lady has been climbing the garden wall and peeping at me, yet I have never succumbed.
"How different is the behaviour of master Tēng-t'u! His wife has a woolly head and misshapen ears; projecting teeth irregularly set; a crook in her back and a halt in her gait. Moreover, she has running sores in front and behind.
"Yet Tēng-t'u fell in love with her and caused her to bear him five children.
"I would have your Majesty consider which of us is the debauchee."
Sung Yü was not dismissed from court.
# A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems/On Going to a Tavern

ON GOING TO A TAVERN
By Wang Chi
These days, continually fuddled with drink,
I fail to satisfy the appetites of the soul.
But seeing men all behaving like drunkards, How can I alone remain sober?
# A Practical Treatise on Brewing/Hop Dreg

OF HOP DREG IN THE WORTS.
Many brewers bestow great care in preventing any of the dreg from the coolers running into the gyle-tuns with the worts. This is a mistaken caution, for it will be found that the hop dreg is a great preservative of the worts in the coolers, and when swept into the gyle-tun along with them, it acts as a preservative in the same way until the fermentation has commenced, and by thus preventing acidiﬁcation, admits of a better fermentation than could possibly be produced if any unsoundness had taken place. It is well known that worts, while they remain on the hops, are much less liable to become tainted than when drained off. On the same principle, a little of the fecula of the hops is a preservative in the coolers; and the greater the quantity that goes over, the less risk of taint, particularly when the dreg is kept floating about in the worts by agitation in the coolers. It may sometimes be necessary, when the worts have remained for some ​time in the hop-back, to rouse gently the hops in the back, for the purpose of throwing over a little more of the fecula into the coolers than would otherwise have run over along with the worts. This, when once tried, we have no doubt will be adopted.
# A Practical Treatise on Brewing/Casks

CASKS.
Seasoning new Casks for Use.
As new oak staves contain a considerable quantity of gallic acid and tannin (tannic acid), it is ​advisable to remove these acids from new casks, lest they should impart a disagreeable flavour to any beer with which they may be at first filled. Many methods have been resorted to for seasoning, as it is technically called; but after having tried most of them, we have found that the best and most certain way is to neutralise the acid by means of an alkali; and for that purpose a solution of quick lime in warm water will be found perfectly efficient. Fill the casks with boiling water, into which introduce about 1 lb. of quick or unslacked lime in powder, which is more than the water can dissolve; then immediately bung the casks close, and roll them about. Let this mixture remain in the casks two or three days, rolling them about occasionally. The casks may then be emptied, and the lime be carefully washed out with several changes of boiling water, after which the casks may be safely filled with beer. To those who choose to incur that expense, sub-carbonate of soda or potash may be used, perhaps rather more effectually; but we think that quick lime, which, being cheaper, can be more easily obtained at all times, will be found sufficient for the purpose.
A woody flavour is sometimes given to casks, and is said to be derived from the ﬁring of the cask by the coopers. All such casks should be well grouted after the ﬁring, before being filled with beer.
Cleaning Musty or Stinking Casks.
When too much ﬁre is applied in making up casks, it raises blisters in the interior of them. These blisters, if not removed, very soon produce mustiness from the filth which gathers under them. They should, therefore, be all cut out with the cooper’s iron, and until this is done, the casks cannot be effectually sweetened. A solution of chloride of lime (bleaching powder) in boiling water will then have the desired effect. Put about twenty or thirty gallons of boiling water into a butt, or less in proportion for smaller casks; then throw in a few ounces of chloride of lime, according to the size or the cask, and then pour in an ounce of muriatic acid (spirit of salt mixed with water) to evolve the chlorine gas rapidly. Bung the casks closely as soon as possible, to prevent the escape of the chlorine gas. Roll the casks about, when the gas, by penetrating the pores of the wood, will very soon remove all remains of mustiness.
Tainted vats or backs are rendered sweet, and ﬁt for use by washing with diluted sulphuric acid, and afterwards with lime water, and then pure water.
In the London porter breweries all the butts and other casks, if long kept and not sweet when returned, as from the country, are steamed, after being washed with boiling water. After the ​steaming, in which the force of the steam is considerable, they are again washed with hot water.
It is a curious fact, that musty beer is generally bright: this circumstance is not easily accounted for.
# A Practical Treatise on Brewing/Brewing

BREWING.
Before commencing the subject of brewing, it may be proper to say something of the nature of the ingredients used in the manufacture of beer. We shall, therefore, begin with water, the most indispensable ingredient.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lutz, Wilhelm

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lydian Mode

From volume 2 of the work.
​LYDIAN MODE. (Lat. Modus Lydius, Modus V, Tonus V.) The Fifth of the Ecclesiastical Modes; called, by mediæval writers, Modus lætus, (The Joyful Mode,) from its generally jubilant character.
The Final of the Lydian Mode is F: and its compass, in the Authentic form, lies between that note, and the octave above. Its semitones fall between the fourth and fifth, and seventh and eighth degrees. Its Dominant is C; its Mediant, A; and its Participant G. Its Conceded Modulations are, B, D, and E; and its Absolute Initials, F, A, and C.
Mode V.
In the Plagal, or Hypolydian form, (Mode VI,) its compass lies between the C below the Final, and the C above it: and its semitones fall between the third and fourth, and seventh and eighth degrees. The Final of the Hypolydian Mode is F; its Dominant is A; its Mediant is D; its Participant, the lower C. Its Conceded Modulations are B (the 7th), B (the inverted 7th), and G: the two B's being frequently made flat, to avoid the Tritonus. [See Modes.] Its Absolute Initials are C, D, and F.
Mode VI.
The Fifth Mass in Palestrina's Tenth Book—Missa Quinti Toni—is written, as its name implies, in the Lydian Mode. A beautiful example of the use of the Hypolydian, and one which fully justifies the epithet antiently applied to it—Modus devotus (The Devout Mode)—is to be found in the first movement of the Plain Chaunt Missa pro Defunctis, printed, at length, in the article, Kyrie.
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lyre

From volume 2 of the work.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lutenist

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Luther's Hymn

From volume 2 of the work.
​LUTHER'S HYMN, a popular name among the last generation for a hymn beginning 'Great God, what do I see and hear?' set to an old German tune 'Es ist gewisslich an der Zeit,' and formerly much in vogue at musical festivals and sacred concerts. It was sung by Brahain, and Harper used to accompany it with very effective fanfares on the trumpet between the lines. The author of neither words (German nor English) nor tune is exactly known. There is a tradition that Luther made the words to the tune ​as he heard it sung by a traveller. It was first printed in 1535, but it is certain that the melody had already served as 2nd melody to the older hymn 'Nun freut euch, lieben Christen g'mein.'
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lutheran Chapel, of St. James's Palace

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]