OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Railton, William

​RAILTON, WILLIAM (d. 1877), architect, was a pupil of William Inwood [q. v.] In 1825 he visited Greece, and on his way examined the recently discovered temple at Cadachio in Corfu, his description of which was published in Stuart and Revett's ‘Antiquities of Athens,’ 1830. He obtained a large practice, and exhibited regularly at the Royal Academy between 1829 and 1851. From 1838 to 1848 he held the appointment of architect to the ecclesiastical commissioners. Railton built Randalls, near Leatherhead, in 1830; Gracedieu, Leicestershire, 1834; St. Bartholomew's Church, Mile End, 1844; St. Leonard's Church, Bromley-by-Bow, 1843, and Beau Manor, Leicestershire, 1845. He was also employed upon restorations at Ripon Cathedral, adapted and enlarged Riseholme Hall as a palace for the bishop of Lincoln, 1846, and built the residence of the bishop of Ripon, 1849. But his best known work is the Nelson memorial in Trafalgar Square, London, his design for which was accepted after two competitions in 1839, and carried out in spite of strong opposition; the column itself was completed in 1843, and the bas-reliefs which adorn the four sides of the plinth in 1849. Railton died while on a visit to Brighton on 13 Oct. 1877.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Parkinson, Stephen

​PARKINSON, STEPHEN, D.D. (1823–1889), mathematician and college tutor, was born in 1823 at Keighley in Yorkshire, the youngest but one of a family of eight children. His father, a land agent, died in Stephen's infancy; and his mother, whose maiden name was Mary Ogden, brought up her family on a narrow income.
In October 1841 he entered St. John's College, Cambridge. With Hymers for his college tutor, he became sizar and scholar of the college, and in the mathematical tripos of 1845 he was senior wrangler, while William Thomson (now Lord Kelvin) was second wrangler (see Bristed, Five Years in an English University). The order of the two competitors was reversed in the examination for the Smith's prizes. In the same year Parkinson became fellow of his college, and began to take private pupils. Among these were the senior wranglers of 1850, 1853, and 1857 (Besant, Sprague, and Finch), and L. H. Courtney, second wrangler in 1855. He was also college lecturer on mathematics, and in 1864 succeeded J. B. Mayor as college tutor. The duties of this office he discharged with such success that when, in 1871, he vacated it by marriage, he was re-elected, and remained tutor till 1882, when he resigned. In the eighteen years of his tutorship nearly a thousand pupils passed under his care, and ‘Parkinson's side’ was an important factor in the prosperity of the college. He became president of the college in 1865, but declined to be a candidate for the mastership in 1881.
He took a leading part in university affairs, and was one of the most vigorous and powerful opponents of reform and innovation. He took the degrees of M.A. in 1848, B.D. in 1855, and D.D. in 1868; and examined for the mathematical tripos in 1849 and 1852. He was senior proctor in 1864, and was elected thrice in succession to the council of the senate, on which he accordingly served from 1866 to 1878. He was also a fellow of the Royal Society. He died on 2 Jan. 1889, without surviving issue.
He had married, in 1871, Elizabeth Lucy, daughter of John Welchman Whateley of Birmingham. His widow was married in 1893 to Mr. G. F. Cobb, fellow and junior bursar of Trinity College.
He was the author of two mathematical text-books: (1) ‘Elementary Treatise on Mechanics’ (1855; 6th edit. 1881) and (2) ‘Treatise on Optics’ (1859; 4th edit. 1884), which were for about a quarter of a century the standard books on these subjects in use at Cambridge.
[Obituary notices, viz. E. W. Bowling in The Eagle, March 1889, E. J. Routh in Phil. Mag. vol. xlv., Cambridge Review, vol. x. No. 242, Guardian 9 Jan. 1889; supplemented by information kindly supplied by his widow, who placed a memorial cross and tablet and superaltar to his memory in the chapel of St. John's College.]
C. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Parkinson, Richard (1748-1815)

​PARKINSON, RICHARD (1748–1815), agricultural writer, was born in Lincolnshire in 1748. Becoming a farmer, he was in or ​about 1798 recommended by Sir John Sinclair to General George Washington, who employed him as agriculturist at Mount Vernon. On his return to England he became steward to Sir Joseph Banks in Lincolnshire. He died at Osgodby on 23 Feb. 1815. Parkinson published: 1. ‘The Experienced Farmer's Tour in America: exhibiting the American System of Agriculture and Breeding of Cattle. To which are added Sketches published by J. B. Broadley,’ 2 vols. London, 1805, 8vo; another edition was published in the same year, with the title ‘Tour in America in 1798, 1799, and 1800, exhibiting Sketches of Society and Manners, and a Particular Account of the American System of Agriculture,’ 2 vols. 8vo. 2. ‘The English Practice of Agriculture, exemplified in the Management of a Farm in Ireland … with an Appendix: containing … a comparative estimate of the Irish and English Mode of Culture,’ &c., London, 1806, 8vo. 3. ‘Practical Observations on Gypsum, or Plaister of Paris as a Manure,’ London, 1808, 12mo. 4. ‘A General View of the Agriculture of the County of Huntingdon,’ London, 1809, 8vo. 5. ‘Treatise on the Breeding and Management of Live Stock … with an Appendix containing Tables of Prices,’ 2 vols., London, 1810, 8vo. 6. ‘A General View of the Agriculture of the County of Rutland,’ 1811.
W. A. S. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Parkyns, Mansfield

​PARKYNS, MANSFIELD (1823–1894), traveller, born at Ruddington, Nottinghamshire, on 16 Feb. 1823, was second son of Thomas Boultbee Parkyns by Charlotte Mary, eldest daughter of George Smith of Edwalton, Nottinghamshire. His father was a nephew of Thomas Boothby Parkyns, first lord Rancliffe, and a grandson of Sir Thomas Parkyns, third baronet of Bunny, the son of Sir Thomas ‘Luctator,’ who is separately noticed. Mansfield matriculated from Trinity College, Cambridge, in October 1839, but did not proceed to a degree. A strong craving for a more adventurous mode of life led him to Constantinople in the autumn of 1842, and on 5 March 1843 he left Cairo on a journey of exploration into the remotest parts of Abyssinia. Without any very definite projects, he remained among the Abyssinians over three years, enjoying unique facilities for observing the life of the people, to whom his strength, sang-froid, and ready compliance with all the customs of the country greatly commended him. After having traversed the country by a circuitous route from Massowah to Khartoum, he returned to England in 1846. He was appointed an attaché to the embassy at Constantinople on 15 Feb. 1850, and retained the position until the latter part of 1852. He then came back to England, and in 1853 issued his interesting, though desultory, ‘Life in Abyssinia, being Notes collected during Three Years' Residence and Travel in that Country’ (2 vols., London, 8vo), which was dedicated to Lord Palmerston and excited much attention; it corroborated certain passages in the ‘Travels’ of James Bruce which had hitherto been regarded as fabulous. A new edition with a fresh introduction, touching upon Abyssinian history and methods of government, was published in 1868 à propos of the Abyssinian expedition commanded by Lord Napier of Magdala [see Napier, John Cornelis]. Upon his marriage, on 14 Sept. 1852, to Emma Louisa Bethell (d. 2 Dec. 1877), daughter of Richard, first lord Westbury, by whom he had eight daughters, Parkyns settled down at Woodborough Hall in Nottinghamshire, where he acquired an estate. He served in the Sherwood foresters' militia, and subsequently became lieutenant-colonel of the Nottinghamshire rifle volunteers. In 1858 he became official assignee in bankruptcy, first in Exeter and then in London, and he was afterwards appointed comptroller of the court of bankruptcy. He retired from this office in 1884. In earlier years he had obtained some notoriety as a pugilist, in emulation, doubtless, of his ancestor, the second baronet; after his retirement he took to wood-carving as a diversion, and presented to Woodborough church some handsome oak stalls of his own handiwork. Parkyns was also an active member of the Royal Geographical Society, and was distinguished as an excellent linguist, possessing a rare knowledge of many of the less known dialects of the Nile Basin and of Western Asia. He died on 12 Jan. 1894, and was buried in Woodborough church.
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Parkinson, Thomas (fl.1769-1789)

​PARKINSON, THOMAS (fl. 1769–1789), portrait-painter, is chiefly known as a painter of theatrical figures and groups. He, however, also practised regularly as a portrait-painter, and exhibited portraits at the Free Society of Artists in 1769 and 1770, and at the Royal Academy from 1773 to 1789. Some of these were engraved, including those of Dr. William Balmain (by R. Earlom), William Woodfall (by J. Jehner), Jonathan Britain (by J. R. Smith), and others. Among his theatrical groups were ‘Mr. Weston in the character of Billy Button in the “Maid of Bath”’ (Incorporated Society of Artists, 1772); ‘Mr. Shuter, with Mr. Quick and Mrs. Green, in a scene from “She stoops to conquer”’ (engraved by R. Laurie, 1776); ‘A Scene from Cymon’ (Royal Academy, 1773); ‘A Scene from The Duenna’ (Royal Academy, 1774); ‘Garrick led off the Stage by Time with Tragedy and Comedy’ (engraved by R. Laurie, 1779), &c. A number of Parkinson's small theatrical portraits were engraved. Some of the original drawings for these are in the Burney collection of theatrical portraits in the print-room at the British Museum.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Parkinson, Thomas (1745-1830)

​PARKINSON, THOMAS (1745–1830), mathematician, the son of Adam Parkinson, was born at Kirkham in Lancashire in 1745. Having been at school in Kirkham under a Mr. Threlfal, he entered Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1765 as a sizar. His father, who disapproved of his entering the university, denied him pecuniary assistance, and to eke out his income he joined Israel Lyons the younger [q. v.] in calculating the series of tables of parallax and reflection for the board of longitude. In 1769 he became senior wrangler and second Smith's prizeman, dividing the honours with George Atwood, who was third wrangler and first Smith's prizeman. He proceeded M.A. in 1772, B.D. in 1789, and D.D. in 1795. He was for twenty years (1771–91) fellow, and for fourteen years (1777–91) tutor of his college; and was proctor of the university 1786–7. In 1775 the dean and chapter of Ely conferred on him the vicarage of Mel​dreth, and in 1789 he accepted from his college the rectory of Kegworth in Leicestershire; in 1794 he became archdeacon of Huntingdon; in 1798 he was presented to the Chiswick stall in St. Paul's Cathedral. From 1804 he filled the office of chancellor of the diocese of Chester, and in 1812 became archdeacon of Leicester. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 23 Feb. 1786. He died at Kegworth on 13 Nov. 1830.
He published a few sermons singly, and 1. ‘A System of Mechanics,’ 1785, 4to. 2. ‘A System of Mechanics and Hydrostatics,’ 1789, 4to.
C. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Parley, Peter

​PARLEY, PETER (pseudonym). [See Martin, William, 1801–1867; and Mogridge, George.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wasse, Joseph

​WASSE, JOSEPH (1672–1738), scholar, was born in Yorkshire, and entered as a sizar at Queens' College, Cambridge, in 1691. He became bible clerk in 1694, scholar in 1695, was B.A. in 1694, fellow and M.A. in 1698, B.D. in 1707. He assisted Ludolph Kuster in his edition of Suidas (1705), and in 1710 published a critical edition of Sallust, based on an examination of nearly eighty manuscripts. In 1711 he was presented to the rectory of Aynhoe, Northamptonshire, by Thomas Cartwright, with whom he was on intimate terms. He passed most of his time in his library at Aynhoe, and, according to Whiston, Dr. Bentley pronounced him the second scholar in England.
To Samuel Jebb's ‘Bibliotheca Literaria’ Wasse contributed extensively, and Bowyer declares that the length of Wasse's articles ruined that venture. He became a proselyte to Samuel Clarke's Arian opinions, and in 1719 published ‘Reformed Devotions,’ dedicated to Cartwright and his wife.
The fine edition of Thucydides by Charles Andrew Duker and Wasse was published in 1731 at Amsterdam, and was reprinted at Glasgow in 1759 with the Latin version by Robert and Andrew Foulis. The original notes contained in the book are not of great value, and compare unfavourably with the Sallust. Wasse contributed scientific articles to the ‘Philosophical Transactions.’ He died unmarried on 19 Nov. 1738. Part of his library was acquired by his successor at Aynhoe, Dr. Francis Yarborough, afterwards principal of Brasenose College, Oxford (1745–1770). The books, which contain a great number of manuscript notes by Wasse, were given by Yarborough's heirs to the college. Wasse's copy of Thucydides, with many manuscript notes, is in the Bodleian Library.
[Chalmers's Biogr. Dict.; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. viii. 129, 367, ix. 490, and authorities there cited; Whiston's Life of Clarke, p. 34; Register of Queens' Coll. Cambr.]
E. C. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wastell, Simon

​WASTELL, SIMON (d. 1632), schoolmaster, was descended from a northern family seated at Wasdale in Cumberland. He entered Queen's College, Oxford, about 1580, graduating B.A. on 15 March 1584–5. Before 1592 he was appointed headmaster of the free school at Northampton, where he acquired considerable reputation as a teacher. In 1623 he published a translation of John Shaw's ‘Biblii Summula,’ 1621, entitled ‘A True Christians Daily Delight,’ London, 1623, 12mo, dedicated to Sir Robert Spencer, first baron Spencer of Wormleighton [q. v.] It was a short summary in verse of the contents of the Bible, intended for children to commit to memory. To make the task easier the stanzas began with the successive letters of the alphabet. The first edition was reprinted in 1683 (London, 12mo), under the title ‘The Divine Art of Memory,’ with a preface by ‘T. B.’ Wastell, however, himself issued a second enlarged edition in 1629, entitled ‘Microbiblion, or the Bibles Epitome in Verse,’ London, 12mo. The summary of the Old Testament was entirely recast, and, though still based on the ‘Summula,’ was rather an original paraphrase than a translation from Shaw. The summary of the New Testament was, however, merely reprinted from the first edition. The book was dedicated to Sir William Spencer, son of Sir Robert, who had died in 1627. The edition of 1629 also contained on four blank pages at the end of the volume two poems very superior to Wastell's verses. The former, ‘Upon the Image of Death,’ is usually attributed to Robert Southwell [q. v.], and is included in his ‘Mæoniæ,’ 1595. The other, ‘Of Mans Mortalitie,’ is sometimes assigned to Francis Quarles [q. v.] In 1631 Simon Wastell, or more probably his son, was vicar of Daventry in Northamptonshire, but resigned the living before 22 Sept. of that year. Wastell died at Northampton four months later, and was buried on 31 Jan. 1631–2. He was twice married. By his first wife, named Elizabeth, he had four surviving children: two sons—Samuel (b. 1599) and Simon (b. 1602)—and two daughters, Hannah and Mary. Elizabeth died on 1 July 1626, and Wastell took a second wife, also named Elizabeth, who died on 17 May 1639. Wastell's will (dated 19 Aug. 1631) is printed in Northamptonshire ‘Notes and Queries’ (1894, v. 117).
[Wastell's Works; Corser's Collectanea (Chetham Soc.), v. 363–9; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 355; Notes and Queries, 4th ser. i. 31; Gray's Index to Hazlitt's Collections.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Waterworth, William

​WATERWORTH, WILLIAM (1811–1882), jesuit, born at St. Helen's, Lancashire, on 22 June 1811, was educated at Stonyhurst College, where he was admitted to the Society of Jesus on 26 March 1829. In 1833 he was appointed master of the grammar school opened by the society in London. After studying part of his theology at Stonyhurst seminary, he was ordained priest there in 1836; and he completed his theology at the Collegio Romano in Rome, where he passed his examen ad gradum. From December 1838 till 5 Jan. 1841 he was professor of dogmatic theology at Stonyhurst seminary. He was professed of the four vows on 2 July 1850.
Subsequently he was stationed as priest at Hereford till 1854, when he became rector of the church in Farm Street, London. Three years later he was sent to the mission at Worcester, where he was declared rector of the ‘College of St. George,’ and where he remained till 1878. He was appointed spiritual father of the ‘College of St. Ignatius,’ London, in September 1879, and in November 1880 he was appointed superior of the mission at Bournemouth, where he died on 17 March 1882. He was buried at Stapehill, near Wimborne, Dorset.
His chief works are:
* ‘The Jesuits; ​or an Examination of the Origin, Progress, Principles, and Practices of the Society of Jesus,’ London. 1852, 12mo. Part i. of a ‘Review’ of this work by Outis [i.e. the Rev. James Charles Ward] was published in London in 1852.
* ‘England and Rome; or, the History of the Religious Connexion between England and the Holy See, from the Year 179 to the Commencement of the Anglican Reformation in 1534,’ London, 1854, 12mo.
* ‘Origin and Developments of Anglicanism; or a History of the Liturgies, Homilies, Articles, Bibles, Principles, and Governmental System of the Church of England,’ London, 1854, 12mo.
* ‘On the Gradual Absorption of Early Anglicanism by the Popedom,’ London, 1854, 8vo, being a review of the ‘History of the Christian Church, Middle Age,’ by Charles Hardwick (1821–1859) [q. v.], archdeacon of Ely.
* ‘The Church of St. Patrick; or a History of the Origin, Doctrines, Liturgy, and Governmental System of the Ancient Church of Ireland,’ London, 1869, 8vo.
* ‘Queen Elizabeth v. the Lord Chancellor; or a History of the Prayer Book of the Church of England. In relation to the Purchas Judgment,’ London, 1871, 8vo.
[Foley's Records, vii. 821; Tablet, 25 March 1882, p. 471.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Waterhouse, George (d.1602)

​WATERHOUSE, GEORGE (d. 1602), musician, held some appointment in Lincoln Cathedral, whence he was called to the Chapel Royal in July 1588. On 7 July 1592 he supplicated for the degree of Mus.Bac. at Oxford. His name repeatedly appears among the signatures in the cheque-book of the Chapel Royal, which records his death on 18 Feb. 1601–2.
Waterhouse devoted himself with extraordinary diligence to the favourite task of the Elizabethan composers, the construction of canons upon the plain-song ‘Miserere.’ Morley, who calls Waterhouse ‘my friend and fellow,’ justly says that he ‘for variety surpassed all who ever laboured in that kinde of study,’ and expresses a wish that the canons should be published ‘for the benefit of the world and his own perpetual glory.’ Morley made the very reasonable suggestion that Waterhouse should give a few words of explanation as heading to each canon. Probably owing to Waterhouse's death and the extent of the work, the canons were not published; and it is noteworthy that the ‘Medulla Musicke’ of William Byrd and Alfonso Ferrabosco, which also consisted of canons upon ‘Miserere,’ is known only by an entry in the ‘Stationers' Registers,’ while of John Farmer's similar work only a single imperfect copy is preserved. Two manuscript copies of Waterhouse's canons were in the possession of a certain ‘Henry Bury, clerke,’ who bequeathed them to the universities, to be ‘kept or published in print for the credit of Englishmen, and for better preserving and continewing that wonderful work.’ Bury's will seems to have been proved in 1636, but through neglect the manuscripts were not immediately delivered, and one has disappeared. The other reached Abraham Wheelocke [q. v.] on 1 Feb. 1648, and was deposited in the Cambridge University Library, where it is still preserved. It is an oblong quarto, containing 1,163 canons, two-in-one, the plain-song being written above each, with an explanation of the construction. The work can only be regarded as a useless monument of patience and ingenuity. The science displayed is indeed amazing, and students might perhaps benefit by a glance through what Morley calls ‘those never enough praysed travailes of M. Waterhouse, whose flowing and most sweet springs in that kind may be sufficient to quench the thirst of the most insatiate scholler whatever.’ Owing to the defective indexing of the catalogue of the Cambridge University manuscripts the volume has been overlooked (Davey, History of English Music, pref.), and it was unknown to Rimbault and C. F. Abdy Williams.
H. D.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/phwn
### phwnphwn

* 供phwn46296
* To give in evidence; to testify against; to falsely accuse in order to harm.

#### phwn táng;

    to turn state's evidence.

#### phwn chîu, bô̤ phwn táng;

    one testifies against his enemies, not against his accomplices.

#### châk tng tn̂g phwn i cò̤ o̤ ke;

    the robber testified in open court that he was a receiver of stolen goods.

#### cía sǹg sĭ chîu phwn kâi;

    this is the testimony of an adversary.
* 旛phwn1247014
* A funeral banner.

#### cie-hûn phwn;

    a banner used in leading home the spirit of a dead person.
* 藩phwn12514015
* A frontier.

#### phwn-thâi;

    the treasurer of a province.

#### hong cò̤ phwn-uang;

    made a feudal prince.
* 判phẁn654185
* To judge; to decide; a verdict.

#### sím-phẁn;

    to try a case and give a verdict.

#### phẁn-tẁn;

    to give sentence.

#### thong-phẁn;

    a syndic in an inferior department under a sub-prefect.

#### phẁn-kuaⁿ;

    a Decider of Life in hades; the Chinese Atropos.
* 泮phẁn654855
* The semi-circular pools before provincial colleges.

#### cía tùi-lîu sĭ hō̤ i kâi kíaⁿ jîp phẁn kâi;

    this pair of matched scrolls is sent as a present to congratulate him upon bis son's entrance into college.

#### kak ̤̂oh kâi ô̤h-keng lăi to ŭ phẁn-keng tî;

    every college has the semi-circular pool within its grounds.

#### i hiaⁿ tĭ tâng nî cìn phẁn;

    the two brothers entered the public school the same year.
* 盤phŵn65310810
* To take at a fixed rate; to buy goods for retailing; in detail.

#### phŵn mn̄g;

    to interrogate.

#### cē phŵn-po̤h, i kâi cin chêng cū chut hīn;

    as soon as be was cross-questioned, the real facts were made apparent.

#### phŵn-chê kang-sòi;

    inquire into carefully and judicially.

#### tong-kok sĭ phŵn-kó khí-thâu cò̤ hûang-tì;

    Panku was the first emperor of China.

#### phŵn bùi;

    fare; travelling expenses.

#### sĭ i chut lâi phŵn sŵn;

    he takes the lead in entertaining the guests.

#### i lâi phŵn cí hâng lăi kâi hùe-mûeh khṳ̀ bōi;

    he comes to this warehouse and gets goods to dispose of at retail.

#### i kâi hùe to sĭ tŏ̤ cí kò̤ phŵn kâi;

    be gets his goods here. ​
* 蟠phŵn65314212
* To coil around.

#### phŵn lêng thĭo;

    a pillar with a bas-relief representing a dragon coiled around it.

#### kî-kuaⁿ tèng phŵn ŭ lêng;

    the flag-staff has a dragon coiled around it.

#### chīu ki tèng phŵn ŭ cûa tŏ̤ kò̤;

    there is a snake coiled around a branch of the tree.

#### tîo thâng phŵn tŏ̤ hue-ki tèng;

    a worm is coiled around the flower-stalk.
* 踡phŵn4521578
* To contract or double up the limbs.

#### phŵn thúi cŏ̤;

    sit cross-legged.

#### phŵn khí kha;

    to cross the legs.

#### nŏ̤ ciah chíu li phŵn tŏ̤ koiⁿ-thâu tèng;

    the arms crossed, with the hands resting on the shoulders.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/phwt
### phwtphwt

* 潑phwt7108512
* Heady; self-willed; persistent.

#### tio-phwt;

    incurably evil.

#### phwt hŭ;

    a perverse woman.

#### phwt cìen;

    stern warfare; a hard fight.