OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Percussion

From volume 2 of the work.
​PERCUSSION. The treatment of a large proportion of discords is divided into three stages—Preparation, Percussion, and Resolution. The Preparation is the sounding of a discordant note in a previous chord, Percussion is the actual sounding of the discord, and Resolution the particular mode of its release, or passage into concordance. In the following example, where E in the treble of the second chord is the discordant note, (a) is the preparation, (b) the percussion, and (c) the resolution. [See Preparation, and Resolution.]
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Pentatonic Scale

​PENTATONIC SCALE. The name given to an early tonality, of very imperfect construction, but extremely beautiful in its æsthetic aspect, and peculiar to a great number of National Melodies, especially those of Scotland.
The term is an unfortunate one, since it leads us to expect a Scale based upon five intervals of a Tone; whereas, it really means a Scale formed from the combination of five fixed sounds.
No written record tending to throw a light upon the origin or history of the Pentatonic Scale has been preserved; but the construction of the Scale itself furnishes us with a very valuable clue. The five sounds employed—Ut, Re, Mi, Sol, La—correspond exactly with those of the Hexachord, minus the Fa. Now the Fa was precisely the crux which prevented the completion of the system of the Hexachords, with their various Mutations, until the difficulty was removed by the invention of the Fa fictum—presumably by Guido d'Arezzo—in the opening years of the 11th century. It is, therefore, more than probable that the Pentatonic Scale belongs to a period anterior to that date: how far anterior, it is absolutely impossible even to hazard a guess.
The characteristics of the Scale led to certain marked peculiarities in the form of the Melodies for which it was employed; and there is abundant proof that these peculiarities were continued, as a feature of 'style,' after the invention of the Hexachords supplanted the older tonality by a more perfect system: for instance, the Melody of 'The Flowers of the Forest,' which cannot have been composed before the year 1513, exhibits, in its first strain, the strongest possible pentatonic character, while the second strain is in the pure Hypomixolydian Mode (Mode VIII)—assuming, that is, the F♮ to be genuine; a fact of which the Skene MS. leaves but little doubt.
[ W. S. R. ]
* ↑ See Scotish Music.
* ↑ See Hexachord, vol. 1; Mutations, vol. ii.
* ↑ See Fa Fictum, Appendix.
* ↑ See Guido d'Arezzo, Appendix.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Pellegrini, Felice

From volume 2 of the work.
​PELLEGRINI, Felice, an excellent bass singer, was born at Turin in 1774. After singing as a chorister in the Cathedral, he became the pupil of Ottani, who taught him counterpoint and the art of vocalisation. At 21 he made his début at Leghorn. His fine voice and good method were at once recognised, and he continued to sing with success at several of the chief Italian theatres, at Rome in 1805, at Milan in 1806, and at Naples from 1807 to 1810. In 1811 the grand part of the father in 'Agnese' was written for him by Paer; and in this he made his first appearance at Paris.
[ J. M. ]
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Thomas, George (a)

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​THOMAS. (Retired Commander, 1844. f-p., 22; h-p., 32.)
George Thomas entered the Navy, 28 April, 1793, as A.B., on board the Diadem 64, Capt. Andrew Sutherland; with whom, after assisting at the occupation of Toulon, and at the reduction of the towns of St. Fiorenza, Bastia, and Calvi, he removed as Midshipman, in the summer of 1794, to the Berwick 74; in which ship, commanded at the time by Capt. Adam Littlejohn, he was captured by the French Mediterranean fleet, at the end of a long running-fight, 7 March, 1795. On his restoration to freedom he again, on the following Sept., joined the Diadem; and in her he continued employed in the Mediterranean as Master’s Mate, under Capts. Chas. Tyler and Geo. Henry Towry, until the spring of 1798. During the next three years and a half he served as Master’s Mate and as Acting-Lieutenant and Lieutenant (order and commission dated 9 Feb. and 26 Sept. 1799) in the Europa 50, Capt. Jas. Stevenson in the Channel, on the coast of Ireland, in the North Sea, and, a second time, in the Mediterranean; where he was wounded, in March, 1801, at the landing of the French in Egypt. He was afterwards employed, from Sept. 1801 until March, 1802, in the Egyptienne 40, Capts. Jas. Stevenson and Chas. Ogle, on the station last named – from March to June, 1803, in the Impress service at Bristol – from the latter date until Oct. 1804, in the Ruby 64, flag-ship of Rear-Admiral Edw. Thornbrough in the North Sea – from 1 July, 1805, until 20 Nov. 1813, in command of a Signal station – and from 21 Nov. 1813 until July, 1816, as an Agent for Transports in the Mediterranean. He was placed on the Junior List of Retired Commanders 26 Nov. 1830; and on the Senior 3 May, 1844.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Thomas, Frederick William Leopold

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​THOMAS. (Lieutenant, 1841.)
Frederick William Leopold Thomas entered the Navy 3 Jan. 1827; passed his examination 6 May, 1835; and at the period of his promotion to the rank of Lieutenant, which took place 28 Aug. 1841, was serving among the Orkney Islands as Mate on board the Mastiff surveying-vessel, Master- Commander Geo. Thomas. He obtained command, 9 April, 1845, of the Woodlark, tender to the Mastiff; and since 29 Oct. 1848 has been borne, still for surveying-service, on the books of the Fisgard 42, bearing the broad pendant of Commodore Henry Eden at Woolwich.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Thomas, George (b)

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​THOMAS. (Lieutenant, 1812. f-p., 23.)
George Thomas (b) was born in 1793 at Bristol. This officer entered the Navy, in 1804, as Midshipman, on board Le Renard of 18 guns and 121 men, Capt. Jeremiah Coghlan; in which vessel, stationed in the West Indies, he assisted at the destruction, 20 March, 1805, after a brisk action of 35 minutes, of Le Général Ernouf French privateer of 20 guns and 160 men; at the taking, 11 Oct. following, of La Bellone privateer of 4 guns and 50 men; and at the further capture, in May, 1806, at the end of a chase of three days and nights, of La Diligente national brig of 16 guns and 125 men. He continued employed with Capt. Coghlan as Master’s Mate in the Elk 18 (participating in the meanwhile in much active service in the Gulf of Mexico) until 1808; in the course of which year he was under the necessity, from the state of his health, of returning to England. In the early part of 1810, having recovered, he went back to the Elk, still on the West India station; whence he was soon again sent home in the Daedalus 32, Capt. Sam. Hood Inglefield. He served next with Sir Edw, Pellew in the Christian VII. 80 and Caledonia 120, at the blockade of Flushing and Toulon; and on 8 May, 1812, he was made Lieutenant into the Minstrel 20, Capt. John Strutt Peyton. With the boats of that ship under his orders he boarded and carried, beneath the batteries of Valencia, three vessels laden with shells for the relief of Tortosa; an exploit for which he obtained the thanks of the Commander-in-Chief. On the departure of the Minstrel for England he was transferred to the Ganymede 26, Capt. John Brett Purvis; in command of whose boats he was so severely wounded in the hip, in an attack upon a French privateer in the Grao of Murviedro, that he was obliged to repair to the Hospital at Gibraltar, and thence to invalid home. While serving subsequently, between Dec. 1813 and 1815, in the Erebus 18, Capt. David Ewen Bartholomew, on the coast of North America, he accompanied the expedition under the present Sir Jas. Alex. Gordon against Alexandria, took part in the unsuccessful attack upon Baltimore, and was present in the operations against New Orleans. While descending the River Potomac, on his return from Alexandria, and in action with the enemy’s batteries along the banks, he was again wounded. Since 11 Oct. 1834 he has been in command of a station in the Coast Guard.
In consideration of the wound he received in the boats of the Ganymede, Lieut. Thomas was allotted a pension of 91l 5s. per annum, 13 July, 1815. From 1817 until 1830 he was employed under Lord Cochrane in South America and in Greece; and his half-pay during that period was stopped. It was then, however, restored to him by William IV. He married in 1828, and has issue two sons and one daughter. Agents – Hallett and Robinson.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Thomas, Robert (a)

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​THOMAS. (Lieut., 1815. f-p., 11; h-p., 31.)
Robert Thomas entered the Navy, 11 Aug. 1805, as L.M., on board the Saturn 74, Capts. Lord Amelius Beauclerk and Wm. Cumberland. In that ship he continued employed, as Midshipman, off Cadiz and in the Channel and North Sea until May, 1809; from which period until promoted to his present rank, 8 Feb. 1815, he was again employed under the officer first mentioned, and the late Sir Pulteney Malcolm, in the Royal Oak 74. He took part in consequence in the attack upon Flushing, and after serving on various parts of the Home station, was ordered to the coast of North America, where he commanded a launch at the destruction of Commodore Barney’s flotilla up the Patuxent, landed in the unfortunate attack upon Baltimore, and, previously to uniting in the operations against New Orleans, assisted, as Acting-Lieutenant, in the boats of a squadron at the capture, on Lake Borgne, of five American gun-boats, under Commodore Jones, which did not surrender until the British, in the course of a severe conflict, had been occasioned a loss of 17 men killed and 77 wounded. From April to Oct. 1815 he was employed, still on the North American station, in the Dictator 64, Capt. Henry Montresor. He has since been on half-pay.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Thomas, Montagu

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​THOMAS. (Commander, 1844.)
Montagu Thomas is second and youngest son of Sir Wm. Lewis Geo. Thomas, Bart., of Tapton Place, co. Sussex, by Elizabeth, daughter of Rich. Welsh, Esq. His grandfather. Sir Geo. Thomas, Bart., M.P., married a daughter of Admiral Sir Geo. Montagu, G.C.B. (see Note, p. 772).
This officer entered the Navy 1 Nov. 1322; ​passed his examination in 1828; and obtained his first commission 1 Oct. 1831. His succeeding appointments were – 22 Feb. 1833, to the Victor 18, Capt. Robt. Russell, on the North America and West India station, whence he returned at the close of 1834 – 5 Aug. 1835, as First-Lieutenant, for six months, to the Pylades 18, Capt. Wm. Langford Castle, fitting for the coast of Africa – 21 Feb. 1837 and 8 March, 1838, to the Seringapatam 46, Capt. John Leith, and Cornwallis 72, flag-ship of Hon. Sir Chas. Paget, both stationed in North America and the West Indies, where he remained until the spring of 1839 – and, 16 Oct. 1841, to the Thalia 42, Capt. Chas. Hope. In the ship last mentioned he served in the East Indies and Pacific until advanced to his present rank 26 Feb. 1844. He has since been on half-pay.
Commander Thomas married, 22 July, 1845, Isabella, youngest daughter of the late Rev. John Bowie, of Salisbury.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Therry, Bryan Keating

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​THERRY. (Lieutenant, 1826.)
Bryan Keating Therry entered the Navy 17 July, 1811; and was made Lieutenant, 26 June, 1826, into the Rattlesnake 28, Capt. John Leith, on the West India station, whence he returned to England with the Duke of Manchester, late Governor of Jamaica, and was paid off in Sept. 1827. He has not been since employed.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Thomas, Abel Wantner

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​THOMAS. (Commander, 1814. f-p., 21; h-p., 33.)
Abel Wantner Thomas entered the Navy, 15 July, 1793, as Midshipman, on board the Argo 44, Capt. Wm. Clark, whom, after cruizing in the North Sea, Baltic, and Atlantic, he followed, in Jan. and March, 1795, into the Sampson 64 and Victorious 74. In the latter ship he assisted at the reduction of the Cape of Good Hope, and was in company, 9 Sept. 1796, with the Arrogant 74, in an action of nearly four hours, fought off Sumatra, with six heavy French frigates under M. Sercey, which terminated in the separation of the combatants, after each had been well crippled, and the Victorious occasioned a loss of 17 men killed and 57, including her Captain, wounded. In May, 1800, Mr. Thomas, who was still in the East Indies, removed to the Suffolk 74, bearing the flag of Vice-Admiral Peter Rainier. On 6 July following he was nominated Acting-Lieutenant of the Orpheus frigate, Capt. Robt. Evans; he performed the duties next, of Senior Lieutenant, from Nov. 1800 until Oct. 1801, in the Babelmandel, Capt. Austin Bissell, employed in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf; and he then went back in a similar capacity to the Orpheus, commanded at the time by Capt. Chas. Elphinstone. In that ship, to which he was confirmed 18 Oct. 1802, he made a voyage to China and visited the Philippine Islands. Quitting her in May, 1803, he was appointed, 13 July following, to the command of the Grappler gun-brig; which vessel, on 31 Dec. in the same year, took the ground on the Iles de Chausey, after sustaining a desperate conflict with an overwhelming force sent from Granville to effect her capture, and was there taken possession of by the enemy and destroyed. So distinguished was the bravery displayed on the occasion by the officers and crew that, on being taken to Verdun, the former, by the command of Napoleon Buonaparte, had their swords returned to them. Mr. Thomas himself was so severely wounded in the lip, tongue, and throat, that he.was ultimately presented with an honorary reward by the Patriotic Society and allotted, 2 Dec. 1815, a pension of 150l. per annum. On his return to England at the peace he was promoted, 15 June, 1814, to the rank of Commander. He has since been on half-pay. Agent – J. Hinxman.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Laman, City of

​LAMAN, CITY OF. One of the iniquitous cities destroyed by the Lord, with fire from heaven, at the time of the mighty convulsions which, on this continent, marked the hour of the Savior's death. From the names of the cities associated with it — Josh, Gad and Kishkumen — we are led to think that it was a city originally built by the Lamanites or Gadianton Robbers. Of its location and history the record is silent, except we are told that its crime- ​stained people rejected, cast out and slew the prophets and saints of God who were sent among them.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Lachoneus, the younger

​LACHONEUS, THE YOUNGER. The last of the Nephite judges, probably the son of the preceding judge who bore the same name. He was assassinated in the year 30 A. C.
It is not entirely certain from the sacred record when Lachoneus, the younger, assumed the reins of government, but the idea seems to be conveyed that it was in the year 30 A. C. His dominion fell in perilous times. The people had ripened in iniquity and were ready for destruction. The prophets of God who raised their warning voices were slain by unjust judges and unscrupulous officers, and the laws were perverted and trampled under ​foot. When these corrupt rulers were called to account by the supreme authority at the capital, they set the laws at defiance, refused to answer, broke out in open rebellion, endeavored to establish a monarchy, and assassinated the chief judge.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Laish

​LAISH. A place in Palestine, probably the small village, Laishah, lying between Gallim and Anathoth. It is only mentioned once in the Book of Mormon (II Nephi, 20:30), in a quotation from the prophecies of Isaiah.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Kumenonhi

​KUMENONHI. One of the twelve Disciples called and chosen by Jesus to minister to the Nephites, at the time of his visit to that people (A. C. 34). Kumenonhi was present near the temple in the land Bountiful, when Jesus appeared, and was baptized by Nephi on the day following. He is not again mentioned by name in the sacred record.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Laman, River

​LAMAN, RIVER. A small Arabian river which emptied into the upper waters of the Red Sea. When Lehi and his little colony had traveled for three days in the wilderness which bordered on the Red Sea, they reached a pleasant valley through which this stream flowed, and Lehi gave to it the name of Laman, in honor of his eldest son. In the valley the company rested for some time; and it was during their sojourn here that Nephi and his brothers twice returned to Jerusalem — once for the plates of brass, and once for Ishmael and his family. When, by the Lord's command, Lehi's party continued their journey, they crossed the river Laman and proceeded southward.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Laman (II)

​LAMAN. The king of the Lamanites, who entered into a treaty with Zeniff and ceded to him the cities of Lehi-Nephi, and Shilom, and the land around about. (About B. C. 200.) King Laman's intention in making this concession was to get Zeniff s small colony into his power and bring them into bondage. After the Nephites had dwelt in the land for about twelve years, Laman grew uneasy at their increase, and began to stir up his people to hostilities. The result of which was that in the thirteenth year the Lamanites made an attack upon the Nephite farmers in the southern part of the land of Shilom, drove them off, captured their flocks and carried off the corn from their fields. Those who escaped fled into the city of Lehi-Nephi for safety. Zeniff armed his people, advanced against the Lamanite marauders, and after a severe battle, lasting a day and a night, forced them back to their own lands. In this battle 3,043 Lamanites and 279 Nephites were slain. After this, by the wise precautions taken by Zeniff to defend his people, there was continual peace in the land for twenty-two years. About this time king Laman died, and was succeeded by his son. (About B. C. 160.)
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Lamah

​LAMAH. A Nephite general who commanded a corps of ten thousand men in the last great struggle between the Nephites and the Lamanites. He, with all his command, was slain in the final series of battles in the land Cumorah, (A. C. 385), when the Nephite nation was annihilated.
# A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland/Chapter 12

FALL OF FIERS.
Towards evening we crossed, by a bridge, the river which makes the celebrated fall of Fiers. The country at the bridge strikes the imagination with all the gloom and grandeur of Siberian solitude. The way makes a flexure, and the mountains, covered with trees, rise at once on the left hand and in the front. We desired our guides to shew us the fall, and dismounting, clambered over very rugged crags, till I began to wish that our curiosity might have been gratified with less trouble and danger. We came at last to a place where we could overlook the river, and saw a channel torn, ​as it seems, through black piles of stone, by which the stream is obstructed and broken, till it comes to a very steep descent, of such dreadful depth, that we were naturally inclined to turn aside our eyes.
But we visited the place at an unseasonable time, and found it divested of its dignity and terror. Nature never gives every thing at once. A long continuance of dry weather, which made the rest of the way easy and delightful, deprived us of the pleasure expected from the fall of Fiers. The river having now no water but what the springs supply, showed us only a swift current, clear and shallow, fretting over the asperities of the rocky bottom, and we were left to exercise our thoughts, by endeavouring to conceive the effect of a thousand streams poured from the mountains into one channel, struggling for expansion in a narrow passage, exasperated by rocks rising in their way, and ​at last discharging all their violence of waters by a sudden fall through the horrid chasm.
The way now grew less easy, descending by an uneven declivity, but without either dirt or danger. We did not arrive at Fort Augustus till it was late. Mr. Boswell, who, between his father's merit and his own, is sure of reception wherever he comes, sent a servant before to beg admission and entertainment for that night. Mr. Trapaud, the governor, treated us with that courtesy which is so closely connected with the military character. He came out to meet us beyond the gates, and apologized that, at so late an hour, the rules of a garrison suffered him to give us entrance only at the postern.
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# A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland/Chapter 15

GLENSHEALS.
The lough at last ended in a river broad and shallow like the rest, but that it may be passed when it is deeper, there is a bridge over it. Beyond it is a valley called Glensheals, inhabited by the clan of Macrae. Here we found a village called Auknasheals, consisting of many huts, perhaps twenty, built all of dry-stone, that is, stones piled up without mortar.
​We had, by the direction of the officers at Fort Augustus, taken bread for ourselves, and tobacco for those Highlanders who might show us any kindness. We were now at a place where we could obtain milk, but we must have wanted bread if we had not brought it. The people of this valley did not appear to know any English, and our guides now became doubly necessary as interpreters. A woman, whose hut was distinguished by greater spaciousness and better architecture, brought out some pails of milk. The villagers gathered about us in considerable numbers, I believe without any evil intention, but with a very savage wildness of aspect and manner. When our meal was over, Mr. Boswell sliced the bread, and divided it amongst them, as he supposed them never to have tasted a wheaten loaf before. He then gave them little pieces of twisted tobacco, and among the children we distributed a small handful of halfpence, which they received with ​great eagerness. Yet I have been since told, that the people of that valley are not indigent; and when we mentioned them afterwards as needy and pitiable, a Highland lady let us know, that we might spare our commiseration; for the dame whose milk we drank had probably more than a dozen milk-cows. She seemed unwilling to take any price, but being pressed to make a demand, at last named a shilling. Honesty is not greater where elegance is less. One of the bystanders, as we were told afterwards, advised her to ask for more, but she said a shilling was enough. We gave her half a crown, and I hope got some credit for our behaviour; for the company said, if our interpreters did not flatter us, that they had not seen such a day since the old laird of Macleod passed through their country.
The Macraes, as we heard afterwards in the Hebrides, were originally an indigent ​and subordinate clan, and having no farms nor stock, were in great numbers servants to the Maclellans, who, in the war of Charles the First, took arms at the call of the heroic Montrose, and were, in one of his battles, almost all destroyed. The women that were left at home, being thus deprived of their husbands, like the Scythian ladies of old, married their servants, and the Macraes became a considerable race.
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# A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland

A
JOURNEY
TO THE
WESTERN ISLANDS
OF
SCOTLAND.
LONDON: Printed for W. Strahan; and T. Cadell in the Strand. mdcclxxv.
* Inch Keith
* St. Andrews
* Aberbrothick
* Montrose
* Aberdeen
* Slanes Castle, the Buller of Buchan
* Bamff
* Elgin
* Fores. Calder. Fort George.
* Inverness
* Lough Ness
* Fall of Fiers
* Fort Augustus
* Anoch
* Glensheals
* The Highlands
* Glenelg
* Sky. Armidel.
* Choriatachan in Sky
* Raasay
* Dunvegan
* Ulinish
* Talisker in Sky
* Ostig in Sky
* Col
* Grissipol in Col
* Castle of Col
* Mull
* Ulva
* Inch Kenneth
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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