OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Old Guard/Volume 1/Issue 1/Acrostic

Grant that thy wisdom’s mantle yet may fall  Encircling some brave soul with saving might;  Or that, in answer to a nation’s call,  Reason may dawn and yet disperse the night.  Grant that thy sacred heritage yet may be  Eternal—Union, Peace and Liberty.
 Would thou were’t here—Sage, Hero of thy time,  Among dissensions, and 'midst treasons rife.  Secession standing in the ranks of Crime,  Her nervous sons all maddened in the strife.  In her dark train Disunion comes—  North against South in fierce array.  Grant from our altars and our homes  This treacherous storm may pass away.  Oh, save thy country, if thy spirit can,  Nor leave its memory to the sneers of man.
# The Old Guard/Volume 1/Issue 1/The U.S. Treasury Robbed to Buy Negroes

The Lower House of Congress has passed a bill to appropriate ten million dollars ($10,000,000) of the people’s money to buy the negroes in Missonri. If the people of Missouri are fools enough to take Mr. Lincoln’s or Congress’ promise to pay for that amount, so be it; but it will never be paid.—Congress has no power to appropriate the people’s money for such an object—no more right to empty the treasury of the United States to buy negroes in Missouri, than it has to buy negroes in Guinea—or, than it has to pass a law authorizing Mr. Lincoln to send out his provost marshals to rob the pockets, and steal the shirts from the backs, of every man they can overtake.
The administration has been for some time spending more than one hundred thousand dollars a day, to support negroes whom they have stolen, or induced to run away from their masters. And all thisoutlay for negroes has been going on while our soldiers have remained unpaid, and their wives and children are suffering with want—almost with starvation Within the last thirty days, over one hundred thousand white men—North and South—have been slain to appease the terrible Moloch of abolitionism. The whole of this bloody crime may now be summed up in the horrid word—abolitionism. Ilias malorum. It is the death-warrant of the nation.
"Born to afflict Afric’s family,  And sow dissension in the hearts of brothers.”
Born to impoverish and destroy white men, to bestow an imaginary and unattainable good upon black men. Will the people pay the unlawfnl debt? For one, I am resolved not to go into this negro-buying business if I can help it. If the people of Missouri wish to get rid of their negroes, they are welcome—provided they do not throw them upon us for support. If they do not wish to get rid of them, they are welcome to keep them. Only the people of these Northern States are determined that they will not be taxed to buy them. Let those who wish invest in that kind of fund; only let them understand that they have Mr. Lincoln and his crazy Congress for paymasters. I, Abraham Lincoln & Co., promise to pay ten millions of dollars for the aforesaid negroes of Missouri. If any body is content with such a note of hand they can take it; but let them not imagine that the nation will ever endorse its If capitalists are content to advance money on such paper, it is their own speculation; let them not accuse the nation of dishonesty in repudiating the illegal demand.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Israel in Egypt

See also Israel in Egypt (oratorio) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Israel in Egypt. One of the greatest of Händel’s 19 English oratorios composed in the fall of 1738. The words are Biblical, including “The Song of Moses” in Exodus 15. The first performance was on April 4, 1739. The work as originally produced consisted of 39 numbers, 28 of which were massive double choruses — a veritable mountain chain of harmony. The experience of this early performance led to the addition of four recitatives and two airs, which in a measure relieved the continuous strain of listening to such a succession of choruses. It was not until 1831 that the work had its first performance by the Sing-Akademie of Berlin and still later (1849), when it was given as first composed, by the Sacred Harmonic Society in England. The reputation of Händel has suffered from the fact that in this oratorio, as elsewhere, he unwarrantably appropriated the work of other composers where it suited his purpose. This reflects less upon his superior genius as a composer than it does upon his rectitude as a man, since in each instance he has “touched (stolen) but to adorn.”
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ito Hirobumi

See also Itō Hirobumi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ito Hi′robu′mi, Marquis, a Japanese statesman and prime minister; born in the province of Chosu in 1840. A secret journey to Europe convinced him of the superiority of western civilization and since that time he has been one of the leaders in westernizing his native land. In 1871 he visited the United States to investigate the coinage system, and upon his return to Japan he assisted in establishing the mint at Osaka. On a second trip to Europe in 1880 he was favorably impressed with the German methods of government, and his attempts to introduce them into his own country have given him the name of the Japanese Bismarck. In 1886 he assumed the leading place in the Japanese cabinet, and, under the title of minister president of state, instituted sweeping economical reforms, and during the next two years everything was done to make Japan the Asiatic counterpart of the German empire. A reaction in 1888 resulted in Ito’s retirement from the premiership, to which, however, he was recalled in 1892. In the war with China in 1894–95 he played a leading part, being premier of the empire and high admiral of the Japanese fleet. In recognition of his services he was made a marquis. He was prominent in the conduct of the Russo-Japanese war and later was resident-general of Korea. He was assassinated by a Korean at Harbin, Manchuria, Oct. 26, 1909.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ivan

See also Ivan#Russia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ivan (ē-vȧn′), the Russian form of John, is the name of a number of Russian czars.

## Ivan I

Ivan (or Joaan, i.e., John) I, grand-duke of Moscow from 1328 to 1340, was surnamed Kalita, in allusion to the purse which he always carried at his girdle. The importance of Ivan in Russian history is that he was the consolidator of the power of Moscow, the nucleus out of which the empire was to be formed at a future period.

## Ivan III

Ivan III, surnamed the Great, grand-duke from 1462 to 1505, forms one of the most important figures in the annals of Russia, for to him is due the consolidation of the autocracy (i.e., absolute and independent power). His long reign of 43 years was very beneficial to his country. He was a skillful diplomatist, and often brought about by intrigue what others could effect only by force of arms. In 1472 he married Sophia, niece of Constantine Palæologus. On account of this union Ivan considered himself the heir of the Byzantine emperors, and adopted the two-headed eagle for his arms. Embassies were sent to foreign powers. Italian architects were invited into Russia. Many learned monks found refuge there from the yoke of the Turk.

## Ivan IV

Ivan IV, called the Terrible, is the best known. He reigned as czar from 1533 to 1584. While his reign was marked by many improvements in the arts and sciences and in the advancement of the wealth and prosperity of his kingdom, his name was a terror to most of his subjects. The first printing-press in Russia he established. He was cruel and heartless, and in some of his towns large numbers were killed. In Novgorod, during the latter part of his reign, 60,000 people were slain in six weeks. Ivan died of sorrow for his son. whom three years before he had slain in a mad fit of anger. He was the first Russian sovereign to be crowned as czar, and from his reign dates the annexation of Siberia. A plot was discovered to deliver parts of his territory into the hands of the king of Poland, and it was to revenge this treason that he executed large numbers both of the innocent and guilty. See Ivan the Terrible by Pember.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Italian Literature

See also Italian literature on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ital′ian Literature. See Literature.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Italio-Turkish War

See also Italo-Turkish War on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Italio-Turkish War. (See Turkey.)
# The New Student's Reference Work/Itys

See also Itys on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
I′tys, in Greek mythology, son of Procne and Tereus. After the birth of Itys, Tereus concealed Procne in the country, that he might marry her sister Philomela, whom he deceived by saying Procne was dead. At the same time he deprived Philomela of her tongue. She, however, soon found out the truth, and made it known to her sister by a few words which she wove into a peplus. Procne thereupon killed her own son, Itys, and served up the child’s flesh in a dish before Tereus. She then fled with her sister. When Tereus was about to overtake the fleeing sisters, the gods, in answer to their prayer, changed all three into birds: Tereus into a hoopoe or hawk, Philomela into a swallow and Procne into a nightingale, which from that time to this has never ceased to cry: “Itys, Itys.”
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ivaine

See also Ywain on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
I′vaine, also spelt Yvain and Ywaine. Sir Ivaine was a knight of King Arthur’s Round Table. See Idylls of the King.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ithaca

See also Ithaca, New York on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ith′aca, county-seat of Tompkins County, southwest central New York, is situated on Cayuga Lake, near the southern end and on the slopes of the neighboring hills, 35 miles northeast of Elmira by rail. Ithaca may be reached by the New York Central, east and west, connecting with the lake steamers at Cayuga, and by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, Elmira, Cortland and Northern and Lehigh Valley railways. It has a large trade in coal and a number of foundries, mills and factories. It has fine churches and schools and a public library. Ithaca is the seat of Cornell University which, founded in 1868, has become one of the largest in the country, with 516 teachers and 4,200 students. It has received a grant from congress of 990,000 acres of land and very large amounts from private individuals. There are 600 free scholarships for the youth of the state. Population 14,802.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Iturbide, Don Augustin

See also Agustín I of Mexico on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Iturbide (ē′ to͞or-bē′ thā́), Don Augustin, emperor of Mexico, was the son of a Biscayan nobleman and a rich Creole. He was born at Valladolid, Mexico, in 1783. In May, 1822, he ascended the throne of Mexico as emperor, under the name of Augustin I, and the congress declared the crown hereditary in his family. He was rather a despotic sovereign. His reign was full of trouble, and came to an end in less than a year by his abdication of the throne, March 20, 1823. He was banished to Italy with a pension. He attempted in 1824 to regain his crown, and was shot.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Garland, Hamlin

See also Hamlin Garland on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Gar′land, Hamlin, American novelist and short-story writer, was born at West Salem in the La Crosse valley, Wis., Sept. 16, 1861, and was educated in Iowa and in Boston, Mass. Until 1881 he worked on his father's farm, spent some time in Dakota, then proceeded east, where he taught English literature in private schools in Boston and its neighborhood, and published his first book in 1890. Since then he has devoted himself to lecturing and writing. Besides a collection of verse, entitled Prairie Songs, he has published Rose of Dutcher's Coolly; A Member of the Third House; ​Main Traveled Roads; Wayside Courtships; Prairie Folks; Ulysses Grant: His Life and Character; The Trial of the Gold-Seekers; and Boy-Life on the Prairie.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Garibaldi, Giuseppe

See also Giuseppe Garibaldi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Garibaldi (găr′ĭ-bal′dĭ), Giuseppe, an Italian patriot, was born at Nice, July 4, 1807. Beginning his career as a sailor, his voyages filled him with that democratic ardor which marked his whole life. In 1834 he was concerned in the Young Italy movement of Mazzini, and was condemned to death, but escaped and went to South America. Here he assisted the province of Rio Grande in its rebellion against the emperor of Brazil, distinguished himself as a guerrilla and privateer, and married a beautiful Creole who became the companion of his early campaigns. After various adventures he entered the service of the Montevideans.
In 1848 he returned to his native country, and entered with ardor into the struggle for Italian independence. He won fresh laurels as a leader, but in the following year was compelled to leave Italy. He came to the United States, where he remained till 1854. He then once more sought Italy, and in 1859 the outbreak of the war of Italian liberation called him again to arms. He placed his sword at the disposal of Victor Emanuel, and though much hampered by conflicting parties, he and his Red Shirts, as his men were called, won many victories. He freed Naples and Sicily from the Bourbons and turned them over to Victor Emanuel. But in an attack on Rome he was wounded and captured. Soon after he made a journey to England, on behalf of Denmark, and was received with the wildest enthusiasm. In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 he once more figured, and in another attack on Rome was captured, but escaped in a boat to Caprera, his island home. He came to the assistance of the French republic in its struggle with Germany, and was elected to the national French assembly.
During the latter part of his life he remained a helpless invalid at Caprera, except when he came forth to take his seat in the chamber of deputies at Rome. He died on June 2, 1882. Though Garibaldi made many mistakes, his patriotism is undoubted, and he will always remain a central figure in the story of Italian independence. See J. T. Brent's Life of Garibaldi.
GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI
# The New Student's Reference Work/Gardiner, Samuel Rawson

See also Samuel Rawson Gardiner on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Gard′iner, Samuel Rawson, a modern English historian, was born in Hampshire, England, March 4, 1829. He was educated at Winchester and at Christ Church, Oxford, and for some years was professor of modern history at King's College, London. In 1885 he resigned his post to devote himself to writing. He has made a thorough study of the period of the first two Stuart kings in English history, and is the authority for that period. Besides his history of that period, he has also written a number of shorter works, among them The Thirty Years' War and Introduction to the Study of English History. His more ambitious works are The Personal Government of Charles I; The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I; History of the Great Civil War; and Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Garfield, James Abram

See also James A. Garfield on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Gar′field, James Abram, the twentieth president of the United States, was born at Orange, Cuyahoga County, O., Nov. 19, 1831. His father died soon after his birth, and his early life was spent in poverty. He worked on a farm, and for three months was a canal boatman. He attended and taught in the public schools, studied at Hiram College, and finally graduated at Williams College in 1856 with high honors. The next ​year he became president of Hiram College, and at the same time preached and studied law. He was elected to the state senate in 1859, and on the outbreak of the Civil War he became colonel of the 42d Ohio volunteers. For gallantry he was made brigadier-general, being the youngest of that rank in the service. He served at Shiloh and at Corinth, and in Alabama was appointed chief of staff of the Army of the Cumberland, and, again for gallantry at the battle of Chickamauga, was made a major-general of volunteers. He resigned shortly after to enter Congress, at thirty-two, where he remained until 1880, being, after the removal of Mr. Blaine to the senate in 1876, the recognized leader of the Republican side of the house. In 1880 he was elected a United States senator, nominated for the presidency at Chicago, and elected by the votes of nearly all the northern states. On July 2, 1881, four months after his inauguration, he was shot in the depot of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in Washington, by Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker. For months he lingered between life and death, and at last died on Sept. 19, 1881, at Elberon, N. J., where he had been taken in the hope of saving his life. Funeral services were held over his remains in the rotunda of the capitol, and he was buried at Cleveland, O. See Life by J. R. Gilmore.
JAMES A. GARFIELD
# The New Student's Reference Work/Garcia, Calixto

See also Calixto García on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Garcia (gär-thē′ä or gär-sē′ȧ), Calixto, a Cuban insurgent-general, was born at Holguin, Cuba, Oct. 14, 1836, and died at Washington, D. C., Dec. 11, 1898. When the Ten Years' War broke out in 1868 under Céspedes, he joined the insurgents and rose to the rank of major-general. In 1873 he and his command were surprised by the Spanish forces and captured. Rather than surrender, Garcia placed the muzzle of his revolver beneath his chin and fired his last shot. The bullet came out between his eyes, but, though it marked him for life, did not kill him. After a long imprisonment in Spain he was pardoned and released, returning secretly to Cuba in September, 1895, when the new revolt occurred. In Cuba he coöperated with Gomez in the department of the East, and during the siege of Santiago by the United States forces he coöperated with General Shafter. In December, 1898, he was appointed head of a commission elected by the Cuban Assembly to visit Washington and confer with the United States authorities as to the future of Cuba. While at Washington, he died of an attack of pneumonia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Gardner

See also Gardner, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Gard′ner, a town in Worcester County, Mass., 25 miles north of Worcester. It is the center of a large agricultural region, but is most important for its immense chair-factory. This establishment employs about 3,000 people, and manufactures almost every kind of chair. The town has two parks, a public library, an almshouse and a home for the aged. It is served by the Fitchburg division of the Boston and Maine Railroad, two branches of which go through the town. Population 14,699.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Gapon, George

See also Georgy Gapon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Gapon, George, a Russian socialist and priest, was born in Biliki, Poltava, in southern Russia. As a boy he lived with his peasant, parents, tending the sheep and cattle. At the age of twelve, he entered the lower Ecclesiastical School in Poltava. There he commenced to be influenced by the writings of Tolstoi. At sixteen he passed into the Ecclesiastical Seminary. For a few years following he taught in Poltava and there became ordained to the priesthood. Two years later he entered the Ecclesiastical Academy in St. Petersburg. About 1904 he formed a society called The Gathering of Russian Factory Hands of St. Petersburg. This was gradually enlarged, until it became a powerful band of socialists. Father Gapon led the Russians in their appeal to the czar in 1905, when he was shot. He was found hanged in April, 1906, in a country-home of Mme. Zverzhinskaia, in Oxorkow, Russia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ganymede

See also Ganymede (mythology) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Ganymede (gan′i-mēd), the cupbearer of Zeus, was, according to Homer, the son of King Tros. The most beautiful of mortals, he attracted the notice of the king of the gods, who determined to make him his cup bearer, to succeed Hebe, and so sent his eagle to carry him off to heaven. Zeus gave Tros a pair of divine horses to make up for his loss, and comforted him by telling him that Ganymede was now immortal. Ganymede was later believed to be the same god that presided over the Nile. The Greeks placed him among the stars, under the name of Aquarius or the water-bearer. Ganymede was a favorite subject of ancient art, and to some extent is a favorite also of modern art.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Garfield, James Rudolph

See also James Rudolph Garfield on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Garfield, James Rudolph, born in Ohio in 1865, is a son of President Garfield. He studied law at Columbia, after graduating from Williams College. In 1896 he became a Republican member of the senate of Ohio. Since 1903 Mr. Garfield has been the Commissioner of Corporations in the Department of Commerce and Labor, and has discharged the trying duties of his office with great ability.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bragg, Edward Stuyvesant

See also Edward S. Bragg on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bragg, Edward Stuyvesant, ex-congressman and brigadier-general commanding the “Iron Brigade” in the Civil War, was born in New York state, Feb. 20, 1827, and for a time practiced law at Fond du Lac, Wis. In May, 1861, he entered the Union army, and through hard fighting won promotion to the rank of brigadier-general. From 1877 to 1885 he was a member of Congress, member of the Democratic national convention of 1872, '84, '92 and '96, and in 1884 he seconded Cleveland's nomination for the presidency. In 1902 he became U. S. consul-general to Cuba, and later to Hong-Kong. Died June 20, 1912.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bragg, Braxton

See also Braxton Bragg on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bragg, Braxton, a Confederate general, was born in North Carolina, in 1817. A graduate of West Point, he served in the Mexican War, and was promoted several times for gallant conduct. He held several important commands in the Confederate army during the Civil War, and after the battle of Shiloh was placed in command of the Army of the Mississippi. He defeated General Rosecrans at Chickamauga, but was in turn defeated by General Grant at Chattanooga. For a time he acted as military adviser to President Davis. He died in 1876.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bradford, Pa.

See also Bradford, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Brad′ford, Pa., a city in McKean County on several railroads, near the southern boundary of New York and 70 miles south of Buffalo. It is in the heart of the oil and natural-gas region. Has extensive manufacturies, oil well supplies, machine shops, tile and terra cotta works, chemical works, three national banks, three daily papers, large hospital, libraries. Population, 14,544.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bradford, William

See also William Bradford (Plymouth Colony governor) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Brad′ford, William, one of the Pilgrims, was born in England, in 1590. In the cause of religious liberty he went to Holland. Here he joined the English congregation at Leyden, and sailed for America in the Mayflower (1620). The next year he was elected governor of Plymouth colony, and, with the exception of five years when he refused re-election, he held that office for thirty-one years, till his death in 1657. He wrote a history of the colony from 1620 to 1647.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Brass

See also Brass on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc. The most common method is to melt the copper first and then put in the zinc. Brass is used in many ways in the arts, on account of its ease in working and its color. It is harder than copper, but can be easily worked. It is readily cast, rolled, stamped and worked in various other ways. Different varieties are made by varying the proportions of the two metals. Ordinary brass contains about seventy parts of copper and thirty of zinc. Yellow metal contains more zinc. It is rolled into sheets and used for sheathing ships. Tombac, prince's metal, mosaic gold, etc. are among the numerous varieties. By adding tin, brass is made stronger; while lead makes it harder, so that it can be more readily worked in the lathe. Brass can be cleaned with nitric acid.