OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# American Medical Biographies/Harrison, Samuel Alexander

​Harrison, Samuel Alexander (1822–1890).
Samuel A. Harrison, physician and historian of Talbot County, Maryland, born at Clay's Hope farm in Saint Michael's district, Maryland, on October 10, 1822, was the son of Alexander Bradford Harrison and Eleanor, daughter of Colonel Perry Spencer, of Spencer Hall.
He graduated at Dickinson College in 1840, at the age of eighteen, then studied medicine at the University of Maryland, where he received his diploma in 1842. He began to practise, but impaired health induced him to relinquish this and to seek benefit in St. Louis, Missouri, where he engaged in business. He declared that he had "little faith in medicine but great faith in surgery." In a few years he returned to Maryland and after a brief residence in Baltimore, moved to Talbot County, where he devoted himself to agriculture and literary work. From 1864 to 1867 he was superintendent of public schools in Talbot County.
Dr. Harrison's research and study of the history of the Eastern Shore section of Maryland resulted in numerous historical papers read before the Maryland Historical Society, and afterwards published by it. His writings on Talbot County, including Queen Anne's County and the western half of Caroline County, formerly part of Talbot, "comprise a concise and critical history"; they are used largely in the "History of Talbot County, Maryland, 1661–1861," by Oswald Tilghman (Baltimore, 1915), which bears on its title-page the legend, "Compiled principally from the literary relics of the late Samuel Alexander Harrison." Dr. Harrison's portrait forms the frontispiece to the book. In 1847 he married Martha Isabel, daughter of Benjamin Denny; his second wife was Mary Ann Rhodes, who survived him nineteen years. He had two daughters. One of them married Colonel Oswald Tilghman.
Among his historical manuscripts is a "History of the Church of England, and the Protestant Episcopal Church in Talbot." His manuscripts and scrapbooks are now deposited in the Maryland Historical Society.
Dr. Harrison died at "Foxley," the home of Colonel Tilghman, on May 29, 1890.
# American Medical Biographies/Hartshorne, Joseph

​Hartshorne, Joseph (1779–1850).
Joseph Hartshorne was born in Alexandria, Virginia, December 12, 1779, son of William Hartshorne and Susannah Saunders. The father was a flour merchant and manufacturer whose residence was "Strawberry Hill," a country seat about six miles from Mt. Vernon. His ancestor, Richard Hartshorne, left his home in Leicestershire, England, because of his religious belief as a Friend, and came to America in 1669 and purchased land in the Highlands of Neversink on Shrewsbury River and the land nearby, including what is now Sandy Hook, New Jersey. The land on which Sandy Hook lighthouse stands was bought from the family by the United States Government in 1816.
William Hartshorne's sympathies were with the revolutionists, while those of his family were with the Royalist party, and this probably influenced him in seeking a home in the south. His nearness to the home of Washington made him both neighbor and friend; he was long treasurer and secretary of the Potomac Navigation Company, of which Washington was president.
Joseph Hartshorne had an attack of smallpox when he was five years old and was treated with large doses of calomel, to which was attributed an inflammation of the feet, leaving him permanently lame. With a vigorous mind and body and deterred from sports, he took to books, and was a distinguished student. On leaving school he entered his father's counting-house, but soon began to read medicine and later entered the office of Dr. James Craik (q. v.), Washington's physician. In 1801 he became resident apprentice and apothecary in the Pennsylvania Hospital; he studied at the University of Pennsylvania and graduated M. D. in 1805, offering as his thesis "Effects Produced by Air on Living Animals."
He prepared an American edition of Alexis Boyer's Lectures . . . . on Diseases of the Bones," adding an appendix, with notes on cases (1805).
After two long voyages as surgeon and supercargo he returned to Philadelphia, but practice was slow and he had to struggle for an existence. His father offered him a shelter in the old Virginia home, but Joseph declared that he would never go back until he could take with him "bank-notes enough to paper the walls of the best room at 'Strawberry Hill,' ​a determination said to have been fulfilled, for he returned home a rich man.
In 1813 he married Anna, daughter of Isaac Bonsall of Philadelphia.
In 1815 he was elected a surgeon of the Pennsylvania Hospital and was a colleague of Physick and John Syng Dorsey. He was a member of the Philadelphia Medical Society, the American Philosophical Society and of the College of Physicians. He became seriously ill in 1849, probably from gall-stones, and was taken to Brandywine Springs, where he died August 20, 1850. His sons, Edward and Henry (q. v.), both physicians, survived him.
# American Medical Biographies/Harrison, John Pollard

​Harrison, John Pollard (1796–1849).
John Pollard Harrison, physician, teacher and writer, of Cincinnati, Ohio, was born in Louisville, Kentucky, June 5, 1796, a son of Maj. John Harrison, of Virginia, an officer in the Revolutionary War; his mother, Mary Ann Johnson, a daughter of Benjamin Johnson, sixth and youngest son of Sir William Johnson, Bart.
He received his early education from the Rev. John Todd, a Presbyterian clergyman of Louisville. When about fifteen he began the study of medicine with Dr. John Crogan and in 1817 went to Philadelphia to attend the medical lectures of the University of Pennsylvania, and studied under Drs. Chapman and Dewees. In April, 1819, he received his M. D. from the university and began practice immediately in Louisville. In 1820 he married Miss Mary T. Warner of Philadelphia.
In 1820 the Louisville Hospital was founded. Dr. Harrison was one of the attending physicians, and there began his career as a teacher. In 1835 he removed to Philadelphia, where he published a volume of medical essays. During that year also he was elected professor of materia medica in the Cincinnati College, his associates being Daniel Drake, S. D. Gross, and others of note.
In 1841 he was elected professor of ​materia medica and lecturer on pathology in the Medical College of Ohio, and in 1847 was transferred to the chair of theory and practice of medicine, a chair he occupied until the time of his death.
Dr. Harrison acquired distinction as a writer for medical journals.
The "Proceedings" of the Medical Convention of Ohio for 1841 contain two articles from the pen of Dr. Harrison: "Diseases induced by Mercury" and the "Address on Medical Education." In 1844–5 he published his great work on "The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics."
He was on the staff of the Commercial (later Cincinnati) Hospital and vice-president of the American Medical Association in 1849.
In 1847 Dr. Harrison became associate editor, with Dr. L. M. Lawson (q. v.), of the Western Lancet.
He died in Cincinnati, of cholera, September 2, 1849. His wife and six children survived him.
# American Medical Biographies/Hartley, Frank

​Hartley, Frank (1856–1913).
Frank Hartley, surgeon of New York, was born June 10, 1856, in Washington, D. C. His father, John Fairfield Hartley, was assistant secretary of the treasury of the United States; both father and mother came from Maine. Frank attended the public schools of Washington and entered the Emerson Institute, where he was prepared for Princeton University. There he received an A. B. in 1877, and at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, was made an M. D. in 1880. After serving as interne at Bellevue Hospital he took a post-graduate course at Vienna, and Leipsic 1882–1884. He was appointed instructor in surgery in Columbia in 1888, and professor of clinical surgery in 1900, being a successful quiz master in his early career. Beginning his hospital service as assistant surgeon at Roosevelt Hospital in 1885, he served as surgeon at Bellevue from 1888 to 1892, and after that as surgeon to the New York Hospital. At the time of his death from nephritis, June 19, 1913, he was professor of clinical surgery in his alma mater, attending surgeon to the New York Babies' Hospital, and consulting surgeon to the French, Italian, General Memorial, St. Joseph's at Paterson, New York and White Plains hospitals, besides being a member of the American Urological and American Surgical associations and the customary national, state and local medical societies.
In 1892 he published "Intracranial Neurectomy of the Second and Third Divisions of the Fifth Nerve; a New Method" (New York Medical Journal, 1892, vol. lv. 317–319). ​This was followed by "Intracranial Neurectomy of the Fifth Nerve" (Annals of Surgery, Philadelphia, 1893, vol. xvii, 511–526, 3 pl.) Although he made numerous other contributions to medical literature, notably to the columns of the Annals of Surgery, in which he published at least fifteen papers, he was known chiefly as the deviser of the method of bisecting the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve within the skull for the relief of facial neuralgia.
Princeton conferred on him an LL. D. in 1909.
# American Medical Biographies/Hartshorne, Henry

* related authors: Henry Hartshorne.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
​Hartshorne, Henry (1823–1897).
Henry Hartshorne, son of Dr. Joseph Hartshorne (q. v.), was born on March 16, 1823, in Philadelphia, his mother being a daughter of Isaac Bonsall, a preacher in the Society of Friends.
​When thirteen he went to Haverford College and took his A. B. in 1839, his M. D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1845, and the honorary LL. D. from there in 1884. Three years after his election as resident physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital, in 1846, he married Mary, daughter of Jeremiah Brown of Philadelphia.
It was as teacher and writer that Dr. Hartshorne did his best work. "His broad culture and high attainments, his calm serenity of character, were universally recognized."
He was selected professor of the institutes of medicine in the Philadelphia College of Medicine in 1853, and in June, 1855, was made a consulting physician and lecturer in clinical medicine to the Philadelphia Hospital.
The list given of honorable appointments filled, of books written, inadequately represent the human side of a man. He advocated the cause of women physicians in 1872; was interested in the salvation, spiritually and medically, of Japan in the prohibition of opium, the care of the insane, and in all missionary work. When, finally, he died in Tokio, on February 10, 1897, the funeral was attended by Japanese and other foreigners, by missionaries, merchants, teachers and medical students.
Among his appointments were professor of the practice of medicine, Pennsylvania College; professor of anatomy and physiology, Philadelphia Central High School; professor of hygiene, Pennsylvania University; professor of organic science and philosophy, Haverford College; president, Howland College School; fellow of the College of Physicians.
His chief writings were:
"Essentials of the Principles and Practice of Medicine," 1867; "On Organic Physics." "Proceedings of American Philosophical Society;" articles in "Johnson's New Illustrated Cyclopedia" on anatomy, philosophy, brain, breast, chest circulation of the blood, deaf mutes and evolution; "On Some Disputed Points in Physiological Optics"; "On the Theory of Erect Vision With Inverted Images"; "On Ocular Color Spectra and Their Causation"; "Medical Record for Private Medical Statistics." Prepared under the sanction of the Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania and of the Biological Department of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 1859; "Memoranda Medica," 1860.
He was an editor of the Friends Review, after 1872, and he wrote a dramatic romance entitled, "Woman's Witchcraft, or the Curse of Coquetry" (1854), and "Summer Songs."
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Woollcombe, William (1)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Woollcombe, William, s. John, of Ashbury, Devon, arm. Oriel Coll., matric. 31 May, 1775, aged 20; B.A. 1779, M.A. 1782, preb. of Exeter 1791, rector of East Worlington and Clyst St. Laurence, Devon, died 25 April, 1796, father of the next named.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Woollcombe, Rev. Arthur Augustus

From volume 4 of the work.
​Woollcombe, Rev. Arthur Augustus, 3s. Louis, of Petrochston, Devon, cler. Non-Coll., matric. 17 Jan., 1880, aged 19; B.A. from St. Mary Hall 1884.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Woollcombe, Walter George

From volume 4 of the work.
​Woollcombe, Walter George, 3s. Henry, archdeacon of Barnstaple. Trinity Coll., matric. 2 June, 1876, aged 20; B.A. 1880, M.A. 1883.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Woollcombe, Philip

From volume 4 of the work.
​Woollcombe, Philip, 2s. William, of Bovey Tracey, Devon, cler. Lincoln Coll., matric. 30 Jan., 1840, aged 18; B.A. 1844, M.A. 1850, curate in charge of North Bovey, Devon, 1849-60, vicar of Christowe, Devon, 1861-7, rector of Creed, Cornwall, 1867.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Woollcombe, Thomas Clement

From volume 4 of the work.
​Woollcombe, Thomas Clement, 5s. Henry, of Heavitree, Devon, cler. Keble Coll., matric. 16 Oct., 1883, aged 19; B.A. from Charsley Hall 1888.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Woollcombe, William (2)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Woollcombe, William, s. William, of Worlington, Devon, cler. Corpus Christi Coll., matric. 14 May, 1801, aged 14; B.A. 1805, scholar until 1812, M.A. 1808, B.D. 1816, fellow 1812-19, vicar of Hennock, Devon, 1847, until his death 18 Jan., 1862.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Woollcombe, John (2)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Woollcombe, John, s. Thomas, of Plymouth, Devon, gent. Oriel Coll., matric. 29 April, 1785, aged 18; B.A. 1789, fellow 1791, M.A. 1792, rector of Cromhall, co. Gloucester, 1809, until his death 30 Nov., 1838.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Woollcombe, John Morth

From volume 4 of the work.
​Woollcombe, John Morth, s. John, of Exeter, arm. Exeter Coll., matric. 13 March, 1767, aged 19; of Ashbury, Devon, died in 1802, father of Henry 1804.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Woollcombe, Louis

From volume 4 of the work.
​Woollcombe, Louis, 2s. Henry, of Broadhembury, Devon, cler. Wadham Coll., matric. 9 Feb., 1832, aged 17; scholar Pembroke Coll. 1832-7, B.A. 1835; fellow Exeter Coll. 1837-45, M.A. 1838, rector of Petrockstowe, Devon, 1845-83, vicar of Menheniot, Cornwall, 1883. See Boase, 131.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Woollcombe, John (1)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Woollcombe, John, s. Philip, of Zeal Monachorum, Devon, arm. Exeter Coll., matric. 16 April, 1741, aged 19; of Ashbury, Devon, high sheriff 1754, died in 1778, father of John M.
# An Introduction to Yoga/Lecture III

Lecture III
YOGA AS SCIENCE
I propose now to deal first with the two great methods of Yoga, one related to the Self and the other to the Not-Self. Let me remind you, before I begin, that we are dealing only with the science of Yoga and not with other means of attaining union with the Divine. The scientific method, following the old Indian conception, is the one to which I am asking your attention. I would remind you, however, that, though I am only dealing with this, there remain also the other two great ways of Bhakti and Karma. The Yoga we are studying specially concerns the Marga of Jnanam or knowledge, and within that way, within that Marga or path of knowledge, we find that three subdivisions occur, as everywhere in nature.
* Chapter 1: Methods of Yoga
* Chapter 2: To the Self by the Self
* Chapter 3: To the Self through the Not-Self
* Chapter 4: Yoga and Morality
* Chapter 5: Composition of States of the Mind
* Chapter 6: Pleasure and Pain
# An Introduction to Yoga/Lecture IV/Chapter 10

Preparation for Yoga
People say that I put the ideal of discipleship so very high that nobody can hope to become a disciple. But I have not said that no one can become a disciple who does not reproduce the description that is given of the perfect disciple. One may. But we do it at our own peril. A man may be thoroughly capable along one line, but have a serious fault along another. The serious fault will not prevent him from becoming a disciple, but he must suffer for it. The initiate pays for his faults ten times the price he would have had to pay for them as a man of the world. That is why I have put the ideal so high. I have never said that a person must come utterly up to the ideal before becoming a disciple, but I have said that the risks of becoming a disciple without these qualifications are enormous. It is the duty of those who have seen the results of going through the gateway with faults in character, to point out that it is well to get rid of these faults first. Every fault you carry through the gateway with you becomes a dagger to stab you on the other side. Therefore it is well to purify yourself as much as you can, before you are sufficiently evolved on any line to have the right to say: "I will pass through that gateway." That is what I intended to be understood when I spoke of qualifications for discipleship. I have followed along the ancient road which lays down these qualifications which the disciple should bring with him; and if he comes without them, then the word of Jesus is true, that he will be beaten with many stripes; for a man can afford to do in the outer world with small result what will bring terrible results upon him when once he is treading the Path.
# An Introduction to Yoga/Lecture IV

LECTURE IV
YOGA AS PRACTICE
In dealing with the third section of the subject, I drew your attention to the states of mind, and pointed out to you that, according to the Samskrit word vritti, those states of mind should be regarded as ways m which the mind exists, or, to use the philosophical phrase of the West, they are modes of mind, modes of mental existence. These are the states which are to be inhibited, put an end to, abolished, reduced into absolute quiescence. The reason for this inhibition is the production of a state which allows the higher mind to pour itself into the lower. To put it in another way: the lower mind, unruffled, waveless, reflects the higher, as a waveless lake reflects the stars. You will remember the phrase used in the Upanishad, which puts it less technically and scientifically, but more beautifully, and declares that in the quietude of the mind and the tranquility of the senses, a man may behold the majesty of the Self. The method of producing this quietude is what we have now to consider.
* Chapter 1: Inhibition of States of Mind
* Chapter 2: Meditation with and without Seed
* Chapter 3: The Use of Mantras
* Chapter 4: Attention
* Chapter 5: Obstacles to Yoga
* Chapter 6: Capacities for Yoga
* Chapter 7: Forthgoing and Returning
* Chapter 8: Purification of Bodies
* Chapter 9: Dwellers on the Threshold
* Chapter 10: Preparation for Yoga
* Chapter 11: The End
# An Introduction to Yoga/Lecture III/Chapter 1

Methods of Yoga
With regard to what I have just called the two great methods in Yoga, we find that by one of these a man treads the path of knowledge by Buddhi—the pure reason; and the other the same path by Manas—the concrete mind. You may remember that in speaking yesterday of the sub- divisions of Antah-karana, I pointed out to you that there we had a process of reflection of one quality in another; and within the limits of the cognitional aspect of the Self, you find Buddhi, cognition reflected in cognition; and Ahamkara, cognition reflected in will; and Manas, cognition reflected in activity. Bearing those three sub-divisions in mind, you will very readily be able to see that these two methods of Yoga fall naturally under two of these heads. But what of the third? What of the will, of which Ahamkara is the representative in cognition? That certainly has its road, but it can scarcely be said to be a "method". Will breaks its way upwards by sheer unflinching determination, keeping its eyes fixed on the end, and using either buddhi or manes indifferently as a means to that end. Metaphysics is used to realise the Self; science is used to understand the Not-Self; but either is grasped, either is thrown aside, as it serves, or fails to serve, the needs of the moment. Often the man, in whom will is predominant, does not know how he gains the object he is aiming at; it comes to his hands, but the "how" is obscure to him; he willed to have it, and nature gives it to him. This is also seen in Yoga in the man of Ahamkara, the sub-type of will in cognition. Just as in the man of Ahamkara, Buddhi and Manas are subordinate, so in the man of Buddhi, Ahamkara and Manas are not absent, but are subordinate; and in the man of Manas, Ahamkara and Buddhi are present, but play a subsidiary part. Both the metaphysician and the scientist must be supported by Ahamkara. That Self-determining faculty, that deliberate setting of oneself to a chosen end, that is necessary in all forms of Yoga. Whether a Yogi is going to follow the purely cognitional way of Buddhi, or whether he is going to follow the more active path of Manas, in both cases he needs the self-determining will in order to sustain him in his arduous task. You remember it is written in the Upanishad that the weak man cannot reach the Self. Strength is wanted. Determination is wanted. Perseverance is wanted. And you must have, in every successful Yogi, that intense determination which is the very essence of individuality.
Now what are these two great methods? One of them may be described as seeking the Self by the Self; the other may be described as seeking the Self by the Not-Self; and if you will think of them in that fashion, I think you will find the idea illuminative. Those who seek the Self by the Self, seek him through the faculty of Buddhi; they turn ever inwards, and turn away from the outer world. Those who seek the Self by the Not-Self, seek him through the active working Manas; they are outward-turned, and by study of the Not-Self, they learn to realise the Self. The one is the path of the metaphysician; the other is the path of the scientist.
# An English-Chinese dictionary of the Foochow dialect/Z
## Z

Zealous, iĕk sĭng.
Zebra, hū bēng mā.
Zenith, tiĕng dŏng dŏng; tiĕng dīng.
Zest, cṳ̀ ê.
Zinc, băh iòng; uŏ iòng.
Zodiac, uòng dô̤: signs fo the –, niék báik séu.
Zone, dái: the torrid –, iĕk dái: the temperate –, ùng dái.
Zoology, sĕng ŭk cūng lôi.