OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Giddianhi

​GIDDIANHI. A Gadianton robber chief and general, who lived contemporaneously with the Savior. He was a leader of great boldness and ability, and in his days the robbers gained many advantages over the Nephites. So much so, that the existence of the Nephite race was imperiled. In A. C. 16, Giddianhi had the effrontery to write to Lachoneus, the chief governor of the Nephites, threatening to utterly destroy the people if they did not surrender to the robbers, accept their secret oaths and become like them in all things. ​This epistle, which gives an interesting insight into the condition of the times, is found in III Nephi, chapter 4. Lachoneus did not hearken to the epistle of Giddianhi, but perceiving the desperate straits in which his people were placed, issued a proclamation directing them to leave their various homes throughout the two continents, and all gather in one vast host, in a place selected in the lands of Zarahemla and Bountiful, bringing with them everything that would help to sustain the besieging forces of the robbers. The people obeyed, and in the trust of the Lord awaited the coming of the foe. In the latter end of A. C. 18, the armies of the robbers were prepared for the war, and they began to sally forth from the wilderness and the mountains, and from their other strongholds, and to occupy and revel in the deserted homes and lands of the Nephites. But difficulties soon stared them in the face, the greatest of which was the want of food. As the Nephites had removed everything edible, the robbers' only source of supply was the game in the wilderness, which soon proved insufficient. Thus pressed, in the year A. C. 19, Giddianhi gave command to his armies to attack the Nephites. It was in the sixth month of the year (September, we presume), that this command was carried out. Terrible, we are told, was the appearance of the robber hosts. They wore a lamb skin, dyed in blood, about their loins; their heads were shaven, but covered with armor— head-plates, as they are called. When the Nephites perceived them coming they bowed before the Lord in prayer. The robbers, seeing their action, counted it as a sign of fear, and set up a horrible shout and rushed upon them. The slaughter was terrible; never had there been so much blood shed in a single fight since the day that Lehi's children first inhabited the land. At last the Nephites were victorious, and pursued their foes to the borders of the wilderness, giving no ​quarter. Giddianhi himself fought with great courage, but being weary through his exertions, was overtaken in the retreat and slain. Zemnarihah succeeded him as commander of the robbers.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Gebim

​GEBIM. A village in Palestine, north of Jerusalem. It is mentioned but once in the Book of Mormon (II Nephi, 20:31), in a quotation from Isaiah.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Gid (II)

​GID. A Nephite city, situated on the east borders by the seashore, that is, on the Atlantic coast; apparently not far from the cities of Mulek and Bountiful. In Amalickiah's great raid, in B. C. 67, through the eastern portions of the Nephite possessions, he captured, garrisoned, and fortified Gid. He also made it the depot for the detention of the Nephite prisoners of war. In B. C. 63, Moroni, by stratagem, placed arms in the hands of these prisoners, women and larger children, as well as men, and they, in connection with the Nephite forces without, overpowered the Lamanites, and took possession of the city. The Lamanite prisoners were used by Moroni in increasing the strength of the fortifications at Gid, which being done, they were removed, for like service, to the city of Bountiful. The only other time that Gid is mentioned is in connection with the missionary labors of Nephi and Lehi, the sons of Helaman. They first ministered in Bountiful, and from there proceeded to Gid, (B. C. 31).
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Gallim

​GALLIM. A place mentioned twice in the Bible and once in the Book of Mormon, the latter in a quotation from the prophecies of Isaiah (II Nephi, 20:30). Its situation is unknown.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Gazelem

​GAZELEM. The name given to a servant of God, (Alma, 37:23). The word Gazelem appears to have its roots in Gaz — a stone, and Aleim, a name of God as a revelator or interposer in the affairs of men. If this suggestion be correct, its roots admirably agree with its apparent meaning — a seer. The text reads: And the Lord said, I will prepare unto my servant Gazelem, a stone, which shall shine forth in darkness unto light, that I may discover unto my people who serve me, that I may discover unto them the works of their brethren: yea, their secret works, their works of darkness, and their wickedness and abominations.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Geba

​GEBA. A city of Palestine, in the district apportioned to the tribe of Benjamin. It is only mentioned once in the Book of Mormon (II Nephi, 20:29), in a quotation from the prophecies of Isaiah.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Gibeah

​GIBEAH. The early home of Saul, king of Israel. It was situated within the limits of the tribe of Benjamin, and not far from Jerusalem. It is mentioned once in the Book of Mormon (II Nephi, 20:29), in a quotation from Isaiah.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Gid

​GID. During the campaign on the Pacific coast, in the year B. C. 63, Helaman, the son of Alma, commanded the armies of the Nephites, and king Ammoron those of the Lamanites. After the recapture of the city of Cumeni, the number of prisoners of war in the hands of the Nephites was so great, and so given were they to break ​out, assault their guards and attempt to escape, that their disposal became a matter of serious consideration with the Nephite commanders. It was finally decided to send a large number of them to Zarahemla, under a strong escort, commanded by an officer named Gid.
On the second day of their march, the Nephite scouts brought word to Gid that a large Lamanite force was approaching, on their way to relieve Cumeni. The Lamanite prisoners heard of the proximity of their fellow countrymen, and in the hope which it inspired, they took courage and determined to make a desperate effort for liberty. They made a united break, rushing upon their guards and endeavoring by the greatness of their numbers to overthrow them. The attempt proved very disastrous, for most of the prisoners were slain, while a few managed to escape to the armies of their countrymen. The prisoners having all escaped or been killed, there was no further reason for Gid and his company to continue their march to the Nephite capital, they therefore retraced their steps to the main body of the army.
Their return was most fortunate. For in their absence the Lamanites had been greatly strengthened, most probably by the same force that passed by near to the place where the prisoners held by Gid had revolted. Emboldened by this reinforcement, the Lamanite commander made a sudden and furious attack upon Helaman, which he was illy prepared to resist. A portion of his troops were already wavering, when Gid appeared. His arrival changed the fortunes of the day, the Nephites were victorious, they continued to hold possession of Cumeni, but their loss was very great. This is one of the battles in which Helaman's youthful Ammonite warriors made themselves conspicuous by their unfaltering faith and unflinching courage. ​Later in the year, Gid commanded a small division of the Nephite army in the battle in which the city of Manti was recaptured. Helaman, being anxious to obtain possession of this city, sat down before it with his army, which was but a small one. The Lamanites, fearing the presence of this force would cut off their line of communication, attempted to drive them away, and so confident were they, that they did not take proper precautions to preserve the city. The main body of Helaman's army retreated before their rapid advance, while two small divisions, commanded by Gid and Teomer, secreted themselves in the adjoining wilderness; and when the impetuous Lamanite commander had led his troops the necessary distance, they surprised the city, overpowered the guards, and obtained permanent possession at a small cost of life. Gid is no more mentioned after this in the Book of Mormon.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Gadiomnah

​GADIOMNAH. A wicked city, sunk in the earth in the dire convulsions that occurred on this continent at the time the Redeemer was crucified. In its place hills and valleys appeared, while deep in the bosom of the earth were buried its iniquitous inhabitants, that they might be hidden from the sight of Heaven, and that the blood of the prophets and saints whom they had slain might no more come up before the Lord (III Nephi, 9:8). This city is only mentioned in the Book of Mormon in connection with its destruction.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Galilee

​GALILEE. The northern division of ​Palestine; mentioned only in the Book of Mormon in a quotation from Isaiah (II Nephi, 19:1).
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Felton, William

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Fenton, Lavinia

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ferrabosco, Alfonso

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Felix Meritis

From volume 1 of the work.
​FELIX MERITIS, an institution in Amsterdam that includes with the performance of music the cultivation of letters, art, and science. It occupies a building architecturally important, with a large concert-room, library, and observatory, situated on the Keizersgracht, one of the larger canals. Orchestral concerts take place in the winter, similar to those of the London Philharmonic and the Crystal Palace: they are ​at the present time conducted by the eminent Dutch musician, Heer Joh. J. H. Verhulst. The usual number is 10, and the subscription is equivalent to £5. The early history of Felix Meritis has been narrated by Professor Jorisson on the occasion of the Centenary, Nov. 2, 1877. It was founded in 1777, beginning its existence on the Leliegracht (Lily Canal) of Amsterdam. The founders intended it to be 'for the furtherance of laudable and useful arts and sciences; the augmentation of reason and virtue; the increase and prosperity of trade, navigation, agriculture, and fishery,' etc., etc. But Felix began at once with music and fine art, adding literature to the scheme two years later. The original locale soon proved to be too small, and in May 1782 the members removed to the Vorburgwal. In 1785 continued increase determined the erection of the present building on the Keizersgracht, completed three years after, and with 400 members, instead of, as at first, 40. (On May 1, 1876, the number of members of all classes was 324.) The wave of disturbance caused by the French Revolution washed over Felix Meritis, and in 1792, through want of funds, the concerts ceased. However, the leaders of the institution would not allow it to sink in the vortex of political speculation; and, in the abolition of societies throughout Holland this one was exempted. During the clatter of weapons the Muses were silent, but in 1800 the complement of members was again full, and in 1806 the reading-room, long closed during the prohibition of newspapers, opened again. In that year Louis Bonaparte, made King of Holland, offered his protection, which was declined, as was also the proposal that the public business of the country should be carried on in the building. Napoleon I. and Marie Louise, were however later received in it. In these troubled times the music of Felix Meritis tended to soften the feelings of distress and almost despair of the Amsterdam patriots; yet that solace ceased once more towards the close of 1813, the country being in a state of insurrection against the French. After 1815 came peace and the gentle arts again, and within the last thirty years great has been the spiritual harvest of the 'happy through their deserts'! [App. p.635 "the society ceased to exist in 1888."]
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ferial and Festal

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ferlendis, Signora

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Fermata

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Fernand Cortez

From volume 1 of the work.
​FERNAND CORTEZ, OU LA CONQUÉTE DU MEXIQUE. Opera in 3 acts; words by Esménard and De Jouy, after Piron; music by Spontini. Produced at the Académie impériale Nov. 28, 1808 [App. p. 635 "1809"]; at Dresden, March 1812; after revision by the composer, at Paris, May 28, 1817, Berlin, Apr. 20, 1818.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Feo, Francesco

From volume 1 of the work.
[ E. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ferrabosco, Alfonso (the younger)

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gabrielli, Catterina

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gafori, Franchino

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
[App. p.643–4 "The following is a short list of the various editions of the valuable works of this writer:—
A. 'Theoricum opus musicae discipline.' Franciscus de Dino: Naples, 1480. 4to. 115 leaves.
Gerber and Becker quote another work, 'De Effectibus … Musicae,' as published in this year. The mistake arose from the title of the first chapter being taken as that of the whole work.
B. 'Theorica Musice.' Philippus Mantegatius: Milan, 1492. fol. 64 leaves.
The 2nd edition of A.
C. 'Practica Musice.' Guillermus Signerre: Milan, 1496. fol. 111 leaves.
Becker states that an Italian translation of this work was published by Gotardus de Ponte in 1500, but no copy is known. It is probably a mistake arising from a confusion with H, which is written in Italian.
D. 'Musice utriusque Cantus practical Angelus Britannicus: Brescia, 1497. fol. 111 leaves.
The 2nd edition of C.
E. 'Practica Musicæ utriusque Cantus.' Bernadinus Misinta de Papia: Brescia, 1502. fol. 111 leaves.
The 3rd edition of C.
F. 'Practica Musicæ utriusque Cantus.' Augustinus de Zannis de Portesio: Venice, 1512. fol. 82 leaves.
The 4th edition of C.
[G. 'Practica Musicæ,' etc. Venice, 1522. fol.]
Mentioned in Brunet's Manuel as the 5th edition of C, but otherwise unknown.
H. 'Angelicum ac divinum Opus Musice.' Gotardus de Ponte: Milan, 1508. fol. 48 leaves.
Brunet states that an edition of this appeared in 1500, but no copy was known to Fétis, nor has been discovered since, so Brunet's statement is probably a mistake.
I. 'De Harmonia Musicorum Instrumentorum.' Gotardus Pontanus: Milan, 1518, fol. 106 leaves.
Draudius, followed by Walther, Gerber, and Becker, mentions a work called 'Practica Musica' as published in 1518: but Fétis points out that this arises from a misdescription of I.
K. 'Apologia Franchini Gafuri ... adversus Joannem Spatarium.' A. de Vicomercato: Turin, 1520. 10 leaves.
[ W. B. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gabrielle, Charmante

From volume 1 of the work.
​GABRIELLE, CHARMANTE, that is, Gabrielle d'Estrées, mistress of Henri IV. The reign of Louis XVIII. revived an artless little romance, which, like the song 'Vive Henri IV.' [see Henri], recalled pleasant memories of the Béarnais. 'Charmante Gabrielle' was not only sung far and wide at that loyal epoch, but the authorship of both words and music was attributed to the gallant king, and the mistake is still often repeated. True Henri suggested the song to one of the poets of his court, but we have his own authority for the fact that he did not himself write the stanzas. The letter in which the king sent the song to Gabrielle is in the 'Recueil des Lettres missives' of Berger de Xivrey (iv. 998, 9), and contains these words:— 'Ces vers vous représenteront mieulx ma condition et plus agréablement que ne feroit la prose. Je les ay dictez, non arrangez.' The only date on the letter is May 21, but it was written in 1597 from Paris, where Henri was collecting money for his expedition to Amiens, and making preparations to leave Gabrielle for the campaign against the Spaniards. It was probably Bertaut, Bishop of Séez, who, at the king's 'dictation,' composed the four couplets of the romance, of which we give the first, with the music in its revived form:—
The refrain is not original; it is to be found word for word in the 'Thesaurus harmonicus' of Besard (1603), and in the 'Cabinet ou Trésor des nouvelles chansons' (1602); and as at that time it took more than five or six years for an air to travel from the court to the people, we may safely conclude that it was no novelty. ​Fétis attributes the air to Eustache Du Caurroy, maître de chapelle to Charles IX, Henri III, and Henri IV; but the music of that 'Prince of musicians,' as Mersennus calls him, is so imbued with science, not to say pedantry, that it is impossible to suppose the author of the contrapuntal exercises in his 'Mélanges' to have had anything in common with the composer of so simple and natural a melody. Its origin is undoubtedly secular; and there is the more reason to believe it to have been borrowed from an air already popular that the words 'Cruelle départie, Malheureux jour' occur in the 'Chansons sur les airs mondains.' In the book of cantiques entitled 'La pieuse Alouette avec son tirelire' (1619) we find a proof that the church borrowed the air and prevailing idea of this song from the world, rather than the reverse, for the religious refrain,
Douce vierge Marie,  Secourez-moi!  Otez-moi ou la vie,  Ou bien l'emoi,
is obviously founded on the love-song of 1597.
[ G. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gadsby, Henry

From volume 1 of the work.
​GADSBY, Henry, son of a musician, born at Hackney Dec. 15, 1842, entered St. Paul's choir in 49, at the same time with Dr. Stainer [App. p.643 omits this clause], and remained till 58. The instruction in harmony which he and Stainer, as an exception due to their musical faculty, received from Mr. W. Bayley, the then master of the boys, is virtually the only teaching that Mr. Gadsby ever received, the rest is due to his own perseverance.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Galeratti, Catterina

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gabussi, Vincenzo

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gagliano

From volume 1 of the work.
[ P. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Galeazzi, Francesco

From volume 1 of the work.
[ P. D. ]
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vetter

See also Vättern on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VETTER [Vätter or Wetter, often written, with the addition of the definite article, Vettern], a lake of southern Sweden, 80 m. long, and 18 m. in extreme breadth. It has an area of 733 sq. m., and a drainage area of 2528 sq. m.; its maximum depth in 390 ft., and its elevation above sea-level 289 ft. It drains eastward by the Motala river to the Baltic. Its waters are of remarkable transparency and blueness, its shores picturesque and steep on the east side, where the Omburg (863 ft.) rises abruptly, with furrowed flanks pierced by caves. The lake is subject to sudden storms. Its northern part is crossed from Karlsborg to Motala (W. to E.) by the Göta canal route. At the southern end is the important manufacturing town of Jönköping, and 15 m. N. of it the picturesque island of Vising, with a ruined palace of the 17th century and a fine church. Vadstena, 8 m. S. of Motala, with a staple industry in lace, has a convent (now a hospital) of St Bridget or Birgitta (1383), a beautiful monastic church (1395–1424) and a castle of King Gustavus Vasa. At Alvastra, 16 m. S. again, are ruins of a Cistercian monastery of the 11th century. Close to Motala are some of the largest mechanical workshops in Sweden, building warships, machinery, bridges, &c.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vetulonium

See also Vetulonia on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VETULONIUM, or Vetulonia (Etruscan Veltuna), an ancient town of Etruria, Italy, the site of which is probably occupied by the modern village of Vetulonia, which up to 1887 bore the name of Colonna. It lies 1130 ft. above sea-level, about 10 m. direct N.W. of Grosseto, on the N.E. side of the hills which project from the flat Maremma and form the promontory of Castiglione. The place is little mentioned in ancient literature, though Silius Italicus tells us that it was hence that the Romans took their magisterial insignia (fasces, curule chair, purple toga and brazen trumpets), and it was undoubtedly one of the twelve cities of Etruria. Its site was not identified before 1881, and the identification has been denied in various works by C. Dotto dei Dauli, who places it on the Poggio Castiglione near Massa Marittima, where scanty remains of buildings (possibly of city walls) have also been found. This site seems to agree better with the indications of medieval documents. But certainly an Etruscan city was situated on the hill of Colonna, where there are remains of city walls of massive limestone, in almost horizontal courses. The objects discovered in its extensive necropolis, where over 1000 tombs have been excavated, are now in the museums of Grosseto and Florence. The most important were surrounded by tumuli, which still form a prominent feature in the landscape.
See G. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria (London, 1883), ii. 263; Notizei degli Scavi, passim; I. Falchi, Ricerche di Vetulonia (Prato, 1881), and other works, especially Vetulonia e la sua necropoli antichissima (Florence, 1891); G. Sordini, Vetulonia (Spoleto, 1894) and references.  (T. As.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vevey

See also Vevey on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VEVEY [German Vivis], a small town in the Swiss canton of Vaud and near the eastern extremity of the Lake of Geneva. It is by rail 12 m. S.E. of Lausanne or 3½ m. N.W. of the Vernex-Montreux railway station, while it is well served by steamers plying over the Lake of Geneva. In 1900 it had a population of 11,781, of whom 8878 were French-speaking, while there were 8277 Protestants to 3424 Romanists and 56 Jews. It is the second town in point of population in the canton, coming next after Lausanne, though inferior to the “agglomeration” known as Montreux. It stands at the mouth of the Veveyse and commands fine views of the snowy mountains seen over the glassy surface of the lake. The whole of the surrounding ​country is covered with vineyards, which (with the entertainment of foreign visitors) occupy the inhabitants. Every twenty years or so (last in 1889 and 1905) the Fête des Vignerons is held here by an ancient gild of vinedressers, and attracts much attention. Besides a railway line that joins the Montreux-Bernese Oberland line at Chamby (5 m. from Vevey and 1¼ m. below Les Avants) there is a funicular railway from Vevey up the Mont Pèlerin (3557 ft.) to the north-west.
Vevey was a Roman settlement [Viviscus] and later formed part of the barony of Vaud, that was held by the counts and dukes of Savoy till 1536, when it was conquered by Bern. In 1798 it was freed from Bernese rule and became part of the canton du Léman (renamed canton de Vaud in 1803) of the Helvetic Republic.  (W. A. B. C.)