OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Whitehaven

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​WHITEHAVEN, a municipal and parliamentary borough, seaport and market town of Cumberland, England, 41 m. S.W. of Carlisle. Pop. (1901) 19,324. It lies mainly in a valley opening upon the Irish Sea, with high ground to north and south, and is served by the London & North-Western, the Cockermouth, Keswick & Penrith and the Furness railways. The harbour is protected by two main piers, of which the western is a fine structure by Sir John Rennie, and divided into four parts by others; it has a wet dock and extensive quayage. Regular passenger communications are maintained with the Isle of Man. The exports are principally coal, pig iron and ore, steel and stone. The port was made subordinate to that of Maryport in 1892. There are collieries near the town, the workings extending beneath the sea; there are also iron mines and works, engineering works, shipbuilding yards, breweries, tanneries, stone quarries, brick and earthenware works, and other industrial establishments in and near the town. The parliamentary borough returns one member. The municipal borough is under a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. Area 1810 acres.
Whitehaven (Witofthaven) was an insignificant possession of the priory of St Bee which became crown property at the dissolution of the religious houses. It was acquired before 1644 by relatives of the earl of Lonsdale, who secured the prosperity of the town by working the coal-mines. From 1708 the harbour was governed by twenty-one trustees, whose power was extended and municipalized by frequent legislation, until, in 1885, they were incorporated. In 1894 this government by incorporated trustees gave place to that of a municipal corporation created by charter in that year. The harbour was entrusted to fifteen commissioners. Since the Reform Act of 1832 Whitehaven has returned one representative to parliament. A weekly market and yearly fairs were granted to Sir John Lowther in 1660; two fairs were held in 1888; and the market days are now Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. Whitehaven coal was sent chiefly to Ireland in the 18th century. In the first half of the 19th century other exports were lime, freestone, and grain; West Indian, American and Baltic produce, Irish flax and Welsh pig iron were imported, and shipbuilding was a growing industry. Paul Jones, the notorious buccaneer, served his apprenticeship at the port, which in 1778 he successfully raided, burning three vessels.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Whiteing, Richard

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​WHITEING, RICHARD (1840- ), English author and journalist, was born in London on the 27th of July 1840, the son of a civil servant. He was a pupil of Benjamin Wyon, medallist and seal-engraver, and made his journalistic début by a series of papers in the Evening Star in 1866, printed separately in the next year as Mr Sprouts, His Opinions. He became leader-writer and correspondent on the Morning Star, and was subsequently on the staff of the Manchester Guardian, the New York World, and for many years the Daily News, resigning from the last-named paper in 1899. His novel The Democracy (3 vols., 1876) was published under the pseudonym of Whyte Thorne. His remarkable story The Island (1888) attracted little attention until, years afterwards, its successor, No. 5 John Street (1899), made him famous; the earlier novel was then republished. Later works were The Yellow Van (1903), Ring in the New (1906), All Moonshine (1907).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Whitelocke, Sir James

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​WHITELOCKE, SIR JAMES (1570-1632), English judge, son of Richard Whitelocke, a London merchant, was born on the 28th of November 1570. Educated at Merchant Taylors' School, London, and at St John's College, Oxford, he became a fellow of his college and a barrister. He was then engaged in managing the estates belonging to St John's College, Eton College and Westminster College, before he became recorder of Woodstock and member of parliament for the borough in 1610. In 1620 Whitelocke was made chief justice of the court of session of the county palatine of Chester, and was knighted; in 1624 he was appointed justice of the court of king's bench. He died at Fawley Court, near Reading, an estate which he had bought in 1616, on the 22nd of June 1632. His wife, Elizabeth, was a daughter of Edward Bulstrode of Hedgerley Bulstrode, Buckinghamshire, and his son was Bulstrode Whitelocke.
Sir James was greatly interested in antiquarian studies, and was the author of several papers which are printed in T. Hearne's Collection of Discourses (1771); his journal, or Liber Jamelicus, was edited by John Bruce and published by the Camden Society in 1858.
Whitelocke's elder brother, Edmund Whitelocke (1565-1608), was a soldier in France and later a courtier in England. He was imprisoned because he was suspected of being concerned in the Gunpowder Plot, and although he was most probably innocent, he remained for some time in the Tower of London.
The soldier John Whitelocke (1757-1833) was doubtless a descendant of Sir James Whitelocke. He entered the army in 1778 and served in Jamaica and in San Domingo. In 1805 he was made a lieutenant-general and inspector-general of recruiting, and in 1807 he was appointed to command an expedition sent to recover Buenos Aires from the Spaniards. An attack on the city was stubbornly resisted, and then Whitelocke concluded an arrangement with the opposing general by which he abandoned the undertaking. This proceeding was regarded with great disfavour both by the soldiers and others in South America and in England, and its author was brought before a court martial in 1808. On all the charges except one he was found guilty and he was dismissed from the service. He lived in retirement until his death on the 23rd of October 1833.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Whiteley, William

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​WHITELEY, WILLIAM (1831-1907), English "Universal Provider," was born at Agbrigg, near Wakefield, Yorkshire, on the 29th of September 1831, the son of a corn-factor. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a firm of drapers at Wakefield. In 1851 he made his first visit to London to see the Great Exhibition, and was so impressed with the size and activity of the metropolis that he determined to settle there as soon as his apprenticeship was over. A year later he obtained a subordinate position in a draper's establishment in the city, and after studying the drapery trade in this and other London establishments for ten years, in 1863 himself opened a small shop for the sale of fancy drapery in Westbourne Grove, Bayswater. His capital amounted to about £700, which he had saved from his salaries and commissions, and he at first employed two young girls and an errand boy. Friends in the trade had assured him that Westbourne Grove was one of the two worst streets in London for his business, but Whiteley had noted the number and quality of the people who passed the premises every afternoon, and relied on his own judgment. Events justified his confidence, and within a year he was employing fifteen hands. He made a consistent practice of marking all goods in plain figures and of "dressing" his shop-window attractively, both unusual features in the retail trading of the time, and to this, coupled with the fact that he was satisfied with small profits, he largely attributed a success in which his own genius for organization and energy played a conspicuous part. In 1866 Whiteley added general drapery to his other business, opening by degrees shop after shop and department after department, till he was finally enabled to call himself the "Universal Provider," and boast that there was nothing which his stores could not supply. Whiteley's was, in fact, the first great instance of a large general goods store in London, held under one man's control. In 1899 the business, of which the profits then averaged over £100,000 per annum, was turned into a limited liability company, Whiteley retaining the bulk of the shares. On the 23rd of January 1907 he was shot dead, after an interview in his private ​office, by Horace George Rayner, who claimed (but, as was proved, wrongly) to be his illegitimate son and who had been refused pecuniary assistance. Rayner was found guilty of murder, and sentenced to be hanged; but the home secretary (Mr Herbert Gladstone), in response to an agitation for his reprieve, commuted the sentence to penal servitude for life.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Julien, (Maria Louisa Angelica Lemire)

JULIEN, (MARIA LOUISA ANGELICA LEMIRE) Wife of the Lord of;
A French lady, well known for her mathematical knowledge, particularly by a work called, Le Quadricide, ou Paralogisme prouvé Geometriquement dans la Quadrature de M. de Causans, 14to. 1755.
Letters on the French Nation.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Judith (of Abyssinia)

JUDITH, Queen of Abyssinia,
Menilek, the son of Solomon and the queen of Sheba, or Saba, having brought over from Jerusalem the books of the law of Moses, and many learned doctors, to instruct his people in the faith, established the succession of his family to the throne; and his people embracing the Jewish religion, remained in it till about the year 330 after Christ, or a few years later, when they received the Gospel; but the crown continued in the same family, as it has done till the present day, with only two interruptions, one of which is the subject of this article, in the tenth or eleventh century.
In one family of the Jews, an independent sovereignty had always been preserved on the mountain of Samen, and the royal residence was upon a high-pointed rock, called the Jew's Rock. Several other inaccessible mountains served as natural fortresses for these people, now grown very considerable, in consequence of accessions of strength from Palestine and Arabia, whence the Jews had been expelled. Gideon and Judith were then king and queen, and their daughter Judith (whom in Amhara they call Esther and sometimes Saat, i.e, ​fire), a woman of great beauty and talents for intrigue, had been married to the governor of a small district called Bugna, in the neighbourhood of Lasta, both which countries were likewise much infested with Judaism.
Judith, in line, had made so strong a party, that she resolved to attempt the subversion of the christian religion, and with it the succession in the line of Solomon. The children of the royal family were, in virtue of the old law, confined on the almost inaccessible mountains of Damo, in Tigrè. The short reign, sudden and unexpected death, of the king Aizor, and the weak state of Del Naad, who was to succeed him, yet an infant, with the desolation an epidemical disease had spread both in court and capital, impressed her with the idea that now was the time to place her own family on the throne, and extirpate the race of Solomon. Accordingly she surprised the rock Damo, and slew all the princes there, to the amount, it is said, of four hundred. Some nobles of Amhara, upon the first news of the catastrophe at Damo, conveyed the infant king Del Naad, now the only remaining prince of his race, into the powerful and loyal province of Shoa, and by this means the royal family was preserved to be again restored. Judith, nevertheless, took possession of the throne in defiance of the laws of the queen of Saba. By this, the first interruption of the line of Solomon; and contrary to what might have been expected from the violent means she had used to acquire the crown, not only enjoyed it herself during a long reign of forty years, but transmitted it to five of her descendants. After this, the line of Solomon was restored in the descendants of Del Naad, who, in the mean time, had continued their residence at Shoa, without making one attempt, as far ​as history tells us, towards recovering their ancient kingdom.
Bruce's Travels.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Judith (of Judea)

JUDITH, a Widow of Bethulia, in Judea, of the Tribe of Simeon.
When this city was reduced to the utmost extremity by Holofernes, Judith was struck with the idea that she perhaps might save her country. She was a woman of majestic beauty, and dressing herself with great splendour, repaired to the camp of the general, who was ​smitten with her charms, and received her with joy. The same day he invited her to supper with him, and during the repast became drunk with wine, in which situation his attendants placed him on the bed, and left him. Judith no sooner saw the coast clear, than she took his sword, cut off his head, and carried it off in a bag to Bethulia, where she was received with applause and gratitude. In the morning the Assyrians found the dead body of Holofernes, and took to flight.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Jardins, (Mary Catharine des)

At the age of nineteen or twenty, reflecting on the smallness of her fortune, she went to Paris, where, though she had little beauty, she soon became sought for the charms of her understanding. M. Ville-Dieu, an amiable man, possessed of a good fortune, paid his addresses to her, and married her; but it was not long before his death plunged her in grief, and she retired to a nunnery; but, being a woman of spirit and vivacity, did not continue long there, but came again into the world, and married, secondly, M. de la Chate, whom she also buried. Being greatly afflicted with this new misfortune, she absolutely ​renounced marriage, yet her ear was always open to love addresses, which she answered in little poems and letters.
By one of her letters, wherein she gives a very agreeable description of the Hague, it appears she had been in Holland. She is said to be the inventor of novels or romances taken from familiar life and incident, which she wrote with such a pleasant vivacity, that the long romances of eight or ten volumes, as those of Cyrus, Cleopatra, Cassandra, &c. were seldom read afterwards. Mr. Bayle tells us, that at first she set out in this long way, and laid a plan to contain one of several volumes, designing to represent under fictitious names, and with some alterations, the adventures of a great lady, who married beneath her dignity; but, being threatened with the resentment of the persons concerned, dropped her design, and devised the new way of novels. Her works were soon after printed in ten volumes, and reprinted at Paris in 1702.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Jezebel

JEZEBEL, Daughter of Ethbaal, King of Sidon, and Wife of Ahah, King of Israel,
Famous in Scripture for encouraging her husband in injustice; for her cruelty, impiety, and hatred of the prophets. Thrown from the top of her palace by the orders of Jehu, successor to Ahab, whom she had attired and painted herself to attract. Her body was devoured by dogs, 884 B. C.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Julia Mœsa

JULIA MŒSA, Grandmother of the Emperor Heliogabalus,
A grand politician, and a virtuous woman; who, though her ambition was gratified by seeing him seated on the throne, chiefly by her conduct and courage, strove to counteract the bad counsels of his mother, and to bring him back to common sense and duty. She saw that the Romans would not long bear such a shameful yoke, and to retain the sovereignty, in that case, to her family, she engaged the emperor, who still retained his respect for her, to adopt his cousin Alexander Severus for his successor. Thus did the wisdom of Mœsa second her ambition; and, while Heliogabalus and his mother were massacred by the soldiers, she attained a happy old age, universally loved and respected, and the emperor Alexander Severus, her grandson, had her placed in the list of divinities.
F. G.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Julia Mammea

JULIA MAMMEA, Mother of Alexander Severus,
Had also equal genius and courage; and, above all, she educated her son for the throne, in the same manner as Fenelon afterwards educated the duke of Burgundy, rendering him at the same time a man of virtue and sensibility, Severus thought so highly of his mother, that he did nothing without her counsel, and paid more deference to it than to that of any other person. This princess having heard of Origen, wished to see him, ​and in the conferences they had together, conceived so high an opinion of Christianity, that she is supposed to have embraced it. She was murdered with her son, in Gaul, by the discontented soldiery.
Essay by M. Thomas, &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Julia

Upon the throne passionately loved, or appear to love, literature; either from taste, from a desire of instruction, from a love of renown, or possibly from all these together, she passed her life with philosophers. Her imperial rank, perhaps, was not sufficient to conquer noble hearts, but she joined to it the charms of wit and beauty. These various attractions rendered unnecessary that management which consists in cunning, and which, by observing dispositions and foibles, governs great souls, by little means. She obtained the title of philosopher, but her philosophy was not equal to endowing her with morals. Her husband, who did not love her, esteemed her genius, and consulted her upon all affairs; and she, in some measure, governed during the reign of her sons, though she had the misfortune of seeing one slain by his execrable brother, whose excesses she inwardly murmured at, when she dared not openly condemn.
Julia was, in short, an empress and a politician, occupied at once by the sciences, affairs of state, and pleasure. She had courtiers for her lovers, men of worldly knowledge for her friends, and philosophers for her courtiers. In the midst of an enlightened society, she presided with distinction; but for want of the more solid merits of a female character she obtained, ​during life, more praise than respect, and from posterity more fame than esteem.
Essay by M. Thomas.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Windpipe

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​WINDPIPE, the trachea (Gr. τραχεῖα, sc. ἀρτηρία, literally, rough artery), the air tube which leads from the larynx to the bronchi and lungs (see Respiratory System).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Windward Islands

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​WINDWARD ISLANDS, a group and colony in the West Indies. They consist of the British island of St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenada, with a chain of small islands, the Grenadines, between the two latter islands. They are not a single colony, but a confederation of three separate colonies with a common governor-in-chief, who resides at St George’s, Grenada. Each island retains its own institutions, and they have neither legislature, laws, revenue nor tariff in common. There is, however, a common court of appeal for the group as well as for Barbados, composed of the chief justices of the respective islands, and there is also a common audit system, while the islands unite in maintaining certain institutions of general utility. The Windward Islands, which, as a geographical division, properly include Barbados, derive their name from the fact that they are the most exposed of the Lesser Antilles to the N.E. Trade, the prevailing wind throughout the West Indies.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Windsor (Connecticut)

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See also Windsor, Connecticut on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WINDSOR, a township of Hartford county, Connecticut, U.S.A., on the Connecticut and Farmington rivers, adjoining the city of Hartford on the N. Pop. (1890) 2954; (1900) 3614, 596 being foreign-born; (1910) 4178. Area about 27 sq. m. It is served by the New York, New Haven & Hartford railway and by electric lines to Hartford and to Springfield, Massachusetts. Among the buildings are the Congregational Church, built in 1794 (the church itself was organized in 1630 in England), the Protestant Episcopal Church (1864) and the Roger Ludlow School. In Windsor are the Campbell School (for girls) and a public library (1888). The Loomis Institute (incorporated 1874 and 1905) for the gratuitous education of persons between 12 and 20 years of age has been heavily endowed by gifts of the Loomis family. Tobacco and market vegetables are raised in Windsor, and among its manufactures are paper, canned goods, knit and woollen goods, cigars and electrical supplies.
In 1633 Captain William Holmes, of the Plymouth Colony, established near the mouth of the Farmington river a trading post, the first settlement by Englishmen in Connecticut; a more important and a permanent settlement (until 1637 called New Dorchester) was made in 1635 by immigrants from Dorchester, Massachusetts, led by the Rev. John Wareham, Roger Ludlow and others. In 1639 representatives from Windsor, with those from Wethersfield and Hartford, organized the Connecticut Colony. Among the original land-holders were Matthew Grant and Thomas Dewey, ancestors respectively of General ​U. S. Grant and Admiral George Dewey; and Captain John Mason (1600–1672), the friend of Miles Standish, was one of its early citizens. It was the birthplace of Roger Wolcott, of the older Oliver Wolcott (1726–1797), of Oliver Ellsworth (whose home is now a historical museum), and of Edward Rowland Sill. Windsor has been called “The Mother of Towns”; it originally included the territory now constituting the present township, and the townships of East Windsor (1768), Ellington (1786), South Windsor (1845), Simsbury (1670), Granby (1786), East Granby (1858), Bloomfield (1835) and Windsor Locks (1854).
See H. R. Stiles, Ancient Windsor (2 vols., New York, 1891; revised edition).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wine-table

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​WINE-TABLE, a late 18th-century device for facilitating after-dinner drinking—the cabinetmakers called it a “Gentleman's Social Table.” It was always narrow and of semicircular or horseshoe form, and the guests sat round the outer circumference. In the earlier and simpler shapes metal wells for bottles and ice were sunk in the surface of the table, they were fitted with brass lids. In later and more elaborate examples the tables were fitted with a revolving wine-carriage, bottle-holder or tray working upon a balanced arm which enabled the bottles to be passed to any guest without shaking. The side opposite the guests was often fitted with a network bag. It has been conjectured that this bag was intended to hold biscuits, but it is much more likely that its function was to prevent glasses and bottles which might be upset from falling to the floor. That the wine-table might be drawn up to the fire in cold weather without inconvenience from the heat it was fitted with curtains hung upon a brass frame and running upon rings. Sometimes the table was accompanied by a circular bottle-stand supported on a tripod into which the bottles were deeply sunk to preserve them from the heat of the fire. Yet another form was circular with a socket in the centre for the bottle. Wine-tables followed the fashion of other tables and were often inlaid with wood or brass. They are now exceedingly scarce.