OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Broughton, Thomas (1712-1777)

​BROUGHTON, THOMAS (1712–1777), divine, the son of Thomas Broughton, who is said to have been at one time commissioner of excise at Edinburgh, was born at Oxford. When he matriculated at University College, Oxford, on 13 Dec. 1731, his father was described as of 'Carfax in Oxford.' He was elected Petreian fellow at Exeter College 30 June 1733, and became full fellow on 14 July 1734, taking his degree of B.A. on 22 March 1737. Soon after becoming an undergraduate he joined the little band of young men who were known as 'Methodists,' and remained a sympathiser with the Wesleys for several years, until differences of opinion on the Moravian doctrines led to their separation. Broughton's first clerical duty was at Cowley, near Uxbridge, and he was curate at the Tower of London in 1736. Through Whitefield's influence he obtained the lectureship at St. Helen's, Bishopsgate Within, but as some of the parishioners objected to Whitefield's preaching from its pulpit he withdrew from the post. He visited the prisoners in Newgate and was indefatigable in doing good. In 1741 he was appointed lecturer at Allhallows, Lombard Street, and two years later was elected secretary to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, a position which he retained until his death. His only other preferment was the living of Wotton in Surrey, which he held from 1752 to 1777. He died at the society's house in Hatton Garden, London, 21 Dec. 1777. He held his fellowship at Exeter College until July 1741. In 1742 he married Miss Capel, by whom he had fifteen children, five of them dying young. ​A portrait of Broughton hangs in the board-room of the S. P. C. K. Two very outspoken sermons of his attained great popularity: 'The Christian Soldier, or the Duties of a Religious Life recommended to the Army,' which was preached in 1737, printed in 1738, and reached its twelfth edition in 1818, a Welsh translation having appeared in 1797; and 'A Serious and Affectionate Warning to Servants,' occasioned by the brutal murder of a mistress by her male servant aged only 19, and issued in 1746, ninth edition 1818.
[Tyerman's Oxford Methodists, 334-60; Manning and Bray's Surrey, ii. 158; Boase's Exeter College, 98.]
W. P. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Broughton, Samuel Daniel

​BROUGHTON, SAMUEL DANIEL (1787–1837), army surgeon, was son of the Rev. Thomas Broughton, M.A., who became rector of St. Peter's, Bristol, in 1781. He was born in Bristol in July 1787, and was educated at the grammar school there, under the care of the Rev. S. Seyer, author of 'Memorials of Bristol.' After studying at St. George's Hospital he became assistant-surgeon of the Dorsetshire militia, and in October 1812 was appointed assistant-surgeon of the 2nd life guards, of which Mr. J. Carrick Moore, elder brother of the late General Sir John Moore, was then surgeon. Immediately afterwards Broughton was appointed additional surgeon with temporary rank, and placed in medical charge of the service squadrons of the regiment ordered abroad, with which he was present in the Peninsula and south of France to the end of the war. His campaigning experiences from Lisbon to Boulogne he related in a volume of 'Letters from Portugal, Spain, and France in 1812, 1813, and 1814' (London, 8vo, 1815). He was also with his regiment at the battle of Waterloo. In July 1821 he succeeded to the surgeoncy of the regiment on the resignation of Mr. Moore, who had just been granted a pension of 1,000l. a year in recognition of the distinguished services of his late brother. Residing constantly in London with his regiment, Broughton devoted himself with great assiduity to professional and scientific studies. A list of original papers, chiefly relating to physiological research, contributed by him to various scientific journals, will be found in the Royal Society's 'Catalogue of Scientific Papers,' 1800-63, vol. i. In conjunction with Mr. Wilcox, barrister-at-law, he produced and delivered some valuable lectures on forensic medicine and toxicology. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society and of the Geological Society. In 1836 Broughton received an injury in the leg, caused by a fall, which resulted in disease of the ankle-joint, ​and eventually rendered amputation necessary. The operation was performed by the eminent surgeon Listen, but terminated fatally on the tenth day. The circumstances are related in fuller detail in 'Gent. Mag.' N.S. viii. 432. Broughton's death occurred at Regent's Park barracks on 20 Aug. 1837. He was interred at Kensal Green cemetery.
[Gent. Mag. new ser. viii. 432; Rose's New Biog. Dict. vol. v. (many of the details given appear to be incorrect); Army Lists; E. Soc. Cat. Scientific Papers, 1800-63, vol. i.; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Index Brit. Assoc. Reports.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Broughton, John (1705-1789)

​BROUGHTON, JOHN (1705–1789), pugilist, was born in 1705, but there is no record of his birthplace, although it may be assumed to have been London. As a boy he was apprenticed to a Thames waterman, and, when at work on his own account, he generally plied at Hungerford Stairs.
He is usually considered as the father of British pugilism, combats, previous to his appearance, having been chiefly decided either by backsword or quarterstaff on a raised stage. Accident settled his future career. Having had a difference with a brother waterman, they fought it out; and he showed so much aptitude for the profession which he afterwards adopted, that he gave up his boat and turned public bruiser, for which his height (5 ft. 11 in.) and weight (about 14 stone) peculiarly fitted him.
He attached himself to George Taylor's booth in Tottenham Court Road, and remained there till 1742, patronised by the élite of society, and even royalty itself in the person of the Duke of Cumberland, who procured him a place, which he held until his death, among the yeomen of the guard. But the duke ultimately deserted him. Broughton fought Slack on 11 April 1750, and the duke backed his protégè the champion, it is said, for 10,000l. Broughton lost the fight, having been blinded by his adversary, and the duke never forgave him for being the cause of his loss of money. After this battle Broughton's career as a pugilist was ended. In 1742 he quarrelled with Taylor, and built a theatre for boxing, &c., for himself in Hanway Street, Oxford Street. There he performed until his retirement, when he went to live at Walcot Place, Lambeth. He resided there until his death, on 8 Jan. 1789. He amassed considerable property, some 7,000l., and dying intestate, it went to his niece. He was buried on 21 Jan. 1789 in Lambeth Church, his pall-bearers being, by his own request, Humphries, Mendoza, Big Ben, Ward, Ryan, and Johnston, all noted pugilists. His epitaph was as follows:
Hic jacet Iohannes Broughton, Pugil ævi sui præstantissimus. Obiit Die Octavo Ianuarii, Anno Salutis 1789, Ætatis suæ 85.
[Capt. Godfrey's Treatise upon the Useful Science of Self-Defence, 1747; Pugilistica; Boxiana; Fistiana; Morning Post, January 1789.]
J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Broughton, John Cain Hobhouse

​BROUGHTON, JOHN CAIN HOBHOUSE, Lord. [See Hobhouse.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cranford, James

​CRANFORD, JAMES (1592?–1657), presbyterian divine, son of James Cranford, master of the free school of Coventry and Dugdale's first instructor, was born at Coventry about 1592. He entered Balliol College, Oxford, in 1617, and proceeded B.A. 17 Oct. 1621, and M.A. 20 June 1624. He took holy orders; became rector of Brookhall or Brockhole,Northamptonshire, and on 16 Jan.1642-3 rector of St. Christopher, London. 'He was a painful preacher,' writes Wood, 'of the doctrine he professed (being a zealous presbyterian), an exact linguist, well acquainted with the fathers, not unknown to the schoolmen, and familiar with the modern divines.' Under the Commonwealth he was a licenser for the press, and prefixed many epistles to the books which he allowed to go to the press. Early in 1652 he held two disputations at the house of Mr. William Webb in Bartholomew Lane, with Dr. Peter Chamberlen, on the questions: '1. Whether or no a private person may preach without ordination? 2. Whether or no the presbyterian ministers be not the true ministers of the gospel?' Cranford argued in the negative on the first question, and in the affirmative on the second. A full and interesting report of the debate was published 8 June 1652. He died 27 April 1657, and was buried in the church of St. Christopher. A son, James Cranford, was also in holy orders and succeeded his father in the living of St. Christopher, but died in August 1660. Three other sons, Joseph, Samuel, and Nathanael, entered Merchant Taylors' School in June 1644 (Robinson, Register, i. 161). The elder Cranford wrote: 1. 'Confutation of the Anabaptists,' London, n. d. 2. 'Expositions on the Prophecies of Daniel,' London, 1644. 3. 'Haereseomachia, or the Mischief which Heresies do,' London, 1646, a sermon preached before the lord mayor 1 Feb. 1645-6, to which a fierce reply was issued in broadsheet form, under the title of 'The Clearing of Master Cranford's Text' (8 May 1646). Cranford also contributed a preface to the 'Tears of Ireland,' 1642, the whole of which is usually attributed to him. It is an appalling, although clearly exaggerated, account of the cruelties inflicted on the protestants in Ireland in the rebellion of 1641, and is illustrated with terribly vivid engravings. Prefatory epistles by Cranford appear in Richard Stock's 'Stock of Divine Knowledge ' (addressed to Lady Anne Yelverton), London, 1641; in Edwards's 'Gangraena,' pt. i. and pt. ii. London, 1646; Christopher Lover's 'The Soul's Cordiall,' 1652; and in B. Woodbridge's 'Sermons on Justification,' 1652. In 1653 the last contribution was severely criticised by W. Eyre in his ​'Vindiciae Justificationis Gratuitae,' in which Cranford's doctrine of 'conditional' justifi-cation by faith is condemned.
S. L. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cranke, James

​CRANKE, JAMES (1746?–1826), artist, was born at Urswick-in-Furness about 1746. It is supposed that he studied in London, in the studio of his uncle, James Cranke (1717–1780), and afterwards settled at Warrington as a portrait-painter. There are few collections of portraits of this period in the houses of the gentry of Lancashire and Cheshire that do not contain specimens of his work, often attributed to Gainsborough, Romney, or Sir Joshua Reynolds. One of the best-known portraits by Cranke is that of Thomas Peter Legh of Lyme, colonel of the 3rd Lancashire light dragoons, a regiment Mr. Legh raised in 1797. This was engraved by Hardy. In 1779 the Tarporley Hunt Club commissioned Cranke to paint a portrait of their president, Mr. Barry, for 21l. This picture has generally been attributed to Gainsborough, but Mr. Egerton Warburton in gathering some notes for his history of the club found the record of the payment to Cranke. Lord Winmarleigh has in his possession a fine group of three family portraits in the same picture, being the likenesses of Miss Frances Patten, Mrs. Prideau Brune, and Peter Patten (afterwards Peter Patten Bold). He has also a portrait of his great-aunt by Cranke, which was sold at the Bold Hall sale, and fell into the hands of a London dealer. By him it was christened ‘Fidelity,’ a long-lost work by Sir Joshua Reynolds, and is said to have changed hands for 1,200l. Fortunately it was repurchased by Lord Winmarleigh for a very moderate sum. Cranke had considerable success as a copyist. One of his works, ‘The Holy Family,’ after Andrea del Sarto, hangs above the communion-table of Trinity Church, Warrington, with an inscription behind it stating that Cranke was the painter in 1776. Cranke's style was that of the school of Sir Joshua Reynolds and Gainsborough. Though inferior to these masters in the art, his work had great merit, as he had a thorough knowledge of drawing, colour, and composition. Cranke exhibited twelve pictures at the Royal Academy between 1775 and 1820. After spending many years in the full practice of his profession at Warrington, he left that town about 1820, and returned to his native place, Urswick. The parish register contains this record: ‘James Cranke, of Hawkfield, passed away, 1826, aged 80 years.’
A. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cranley, Thomas (fl.1635)

​CRANLEY, THOMAS (fl. 1635), poet, was the author of ‘Amanda, or the Reformed Whore, and other Poems, composed and made by Thomas Cranley, gent., now a prisoner in the King's Bench,’ 1635, 4to, dedicated ‘To the worshipfull his worthy friend and brother-in-law, Thomas Gilbourne, Esquire.’ In 1639 the work was reissued under the title of ‘The Converted Courtezan, or the Reformed Whore.’ It is valuable for the vivid description that it gives of the town-life of the time; nor is the verse ill-written. ‘Venus and Adonis’ is mentioned as one of Amanda's books in her unregenerate days. Cranley was a friend of George Wither, who in ‘Abuses Stript and Whipt’ addressed a copy of verses ‘To his deare friend Thomas Cranley.’ The complimentary verses prefixed to Wither's satire, subscribed ‘Thy deare Friend Th. C.,’ were probably written by Cranley. A reprint of ‘Amanda’ was issued (for private circulation) by Frederic Ouvry, in 1869.
[Corser's Collectanea Anglo-Poetica; Collier's Bibl. Cat.]
A. H. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crane, Thomas (1631-1714)

​CRANE, THOMAS (1631–1714), puritan divine, was born in March 1631, at Plymouth, where his father was a merchant. He was educated at Oxford, probably in Exeter College, and proceeded to the degree of M.A. Oliver Cromwell gave him the living of Rampisham, Dorsetshire, from which he was ejected at the Restoration. He then settled at Beaminster, where he died in 1714.
He published ‘Isagoge ad Dei providentiam: or a Prospect of Divine Providence,’ 1672, 8vo.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Despard, John

​DESPARD, JOHN (1745–1829), general, was an elder brother of Edward Marcus Despard, the conspirator [q. v.], and was born in Ireland in 1745. He was gazetted an ensign in the 12th regiment on 12 April 1760, and joined the army serving under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick in the following July. He first saw service in the battle of Warburg, in which the colours were shot from his hand, and then at the battle of Fellinghausein in the following year, and he was promoted lieutenant on 12 July 1762. In 1763, on the conclusion of the seven years' war, he was placed on half-pay, but re-entered the active army in 1767 as lieutenant in the 7th regiment, the royal fusiliers. In March 1773 he accompanied his regiment to Quebec, but in the following year returned to England on recruiting service. In May 1775 he reached Quebec with the recruits, and was at once ordered to St. John's, where he was besieged by a force of insurgent Americans until 5 Nov., when he was obliged to surrender. In December 1776 he was exchanged and joined Sir William Howe at New York, and he was promoted captain on 25 March 1777. He served the campaign of that year with the light infantry, and was present at the assault of Fort Montgomery, and in June 1778 he was made major of the corps of Loyal Americans, raised by Lord Moira, which he organised. In December 1779 he was appointed deputy adjutant-gene​General to the force sent to South Carolina, and after serving at the capture of Charleston, he acted in that capacity throughout the campaigns of Lord Cornwallis until the capitulation of York Town. In July 1782 he was released on parole, and in the following year rejoined the fusiliers as captain and brevet major. He was promoted major in the fusiliers in June 1788, lieutenant-colonel in July 1791, and colonel on 21 Aug. 1796, and commanded his regiment at Quebec from 1793 to 1798. In May 1798 he was made a brigadier-general on the staff of the Severn district, and on 18 June 1798 he was promoted major-general. He remained on the staff in England until August 1799, when he was appointed commandant of the troops in the island of Cape Breton, where he remained until August 1807, when he finally returned to England. He was promoted lieutenant-general on 30 Oct. 1806, made colonel of the 6th West India regiment on 29 Dec. 1809, and promoted general on 4 June 1814, and he died at Swan Hill, Oswestry, on 3 Sept. 1829. Despard was a distinguished soldier; he was present at twenty-four engagements, had two horses killed under him, was three times shipwrecked, and twice taken prisoner, but he never had any opportunity after the American war of showing whether he had any talents for command.
H. M. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Livius, Titus

Tito Livio dei Frulovisi in the ODNB.
​LIVIUS, TITUS (fl. 1437), historian, calls himself Titus Livius de Frulovisiis, of Ferrara. Hearne connects De Frulovisiis with Friuli, and calls him Forojuliensis. Whether Titus Livius was the historian's real name, or assumed in allusion to the historical model he set before himself, is disputed. He certainly bore it before writing the history by which alone he is now known, and Livius occurs as an Italian family name in the next century. As a boy his imagination was, he tells us, fired by the reports of the achievements of Henry V of England, and when, after the death of that king, a restless humour and family misfortunes drove him from Italy to seek his fortune, he made his way to England, where he found a patron in Humphrey, duke of Gloucester [q. v.] Gloucester made him his poet and orator, and ultimately procured for him letters of denization in 1437 (Fœdera, x. 661). At some date subsequent to this he wrote his ‘Vita Henrici Quinti, Regis Invictissimi’ at the instigation of and largely from information supplied by Gloucester. He dedicated it to Henry VI, who, according to a manuscript seen by Hearne (Preface, p. vii), made him one of his privy councillors. There is also attributed to him an ‘Elogium episcopi Bathoniensis’ in hexameter verse (Tanner, p. 483), which seems to be lost.
[Proem to the Vita, edited by Hearne, 1716; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib.; Gesta Henrici V, p. v. (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Tiraboschi's Storia della Letteratura Italiana, vi. 761, Florence, 1809.]
J. T-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lizars, William Home

​LIZARS, WILLIAM HOME (1788–1859), painter and engraver, son of Daniel Lizars, and brother of John Lizars [q. v.], was born at Edinburgh in 1788, and was educated at the high school there. His father was a publisher and an engraver of some merit, who had been a pupil of Andrew Bell (1726–1809) [q. v.], and engraved many portraits as book illustrations. Lizars was first apprenticed to his father, from whom he learnt engraving, and then entered as a student under John Graham (1754–1817) [q. v.] in the Trustees' Academy at Edinburgh, where he was a fellow-student with Sir David Wilkie. From 1808 to 1815 he was a frequent exhibitor of portraits, or of sacred and domestic subjects, at exhibitions in Edinburgh. In 1812 he sent two pictures to the Royal Academy in London, ‘Reading the Will’ and ‘A Scotch Wedding.’ They were much admired, were hung on the line, and were engraved. They are now in the National Gallery of Scotland at Edinburgh. In 1812, on the death of his father, Lizars was compelled to carry on the business of engraving and copperplate printing in order to support his mother and family. He engraved ‘The Ommeganck at Antwerp,’ after G. Wappers, for the ‘Royal Gallery of Art,’ and ‘Puck and the Fairies,’ after R. Dadd. He also engraved numerous plates of Scottish scenery for various publications, and the ‘Anatomical Plates’ of 1822 for his brother. Lizars perfected a method of etching which performed all the functions of wood-engraving in connection with the illustration of books. He died in Edinburgh on 30 March 1859, leaving a widow and family. Lizars took an active part in the foundation of the Royal Scottish Academy, and two pictures of churches by him are in the Academy's collection. There is a pencil drawing by him, done in 1815, of John Flaxman, R.A. [q. v.], in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery at Edinburgh.
[Edinburgh Ann. Reg. 1816, p. cccclxxx; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Cat. of the Royal Scottish Academy; information from J. M. Gray, esq.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buchan, Alexander Peter

​BUCHAN, ALEXANDER PETER (1761–1824), physician, was born at Ackworth, near Pontefract, in 1764, being the son of Dr. William Buchan, author of ‘Domestic, Medicine’ [q. v.] He was educated at the high school and university of Edinburgh, studied anatomy and medicine also in London under the Hunters and Dr. George Fordyce, and proceeded to Leyden, where he graduated M.D. on 11 July 1793. Settling in London, he became physician to the Westminster Hospital in 1813, but resigned that office in 1818. He was re-elected in 1820, and died on 5 Dec. 1824.
Buchan's works include ‘Enchiridion Syphiliticum,’ 1797; ‘Treatise on Sea Bathing, with Remarks on the Use of the Warm Bath,’ 1801; ‘Bionomia, or Opinions concerning Life and Health,’ 1811; ‘Symptomatology,’ 1824; besides a translation o Daubenton's ‘Observations on Indigestion,’ 1807; an edition of Dr. Armstrong's ‘Diseases of Children,’ 1808; and the twenty-first edition of his father’s ‘Domestic Medicine,’ 1813.
[Munk’s Coll. of Phys. (1878), in. 5.]
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buchan, Andrew of

​BUCHAN, ANDREW of (d. 1309?), bishop of Caithness, was, previous to his elevation to the Bishopric, abbot of the Cistercian abbey of Cupar (Coupar) Angus, to which he had been preferred in 1272, In the Ragman roll his name appears as paying homage to Edward at the church of Perth 24 July 1291, and at Berwick-on-Tweed 28 Aug. 1296. He was nominated to the bishopric of Caithness by Pope Boniface VIII, 17 Dec. 1296 (Theiner, Vet. Mon. ed. 1864, No. ccclix. pp. 163-4). Spotiswood affirms that he lived as bishop thirteen years, but wrongly gives the date of his consecration as 1288. The date of his death is usually given as 1301, but this appears to be mere conjecture, and there is no evidence to show that his successor Ferquhard was bishop before 1309.
[Rental Book of Cupar-Angus, ed. Charles Rogers (Grampian Club), i. 15-29; Anderson's Orkneyinga Saga, lxxxv–vi.]
T. F. H.