# Chapters on Jewish Literature/Index

INDEX
INDEX
* Abayi, Amora, 51.
* Abba Areka, Amora, 47, 48, 51.
** popularizes Jewish learning, 49.
** wide outlook of, 50.
* Abbahu, Amora, 48-49.
* Abraham de Balmes, translator, 149.
* Abraham de Porta Leone, historian, 220.
* Abraham Ibn Chisdai, story by, 154-155.
* Abraham Ibn Daud, historian, 213-214.
* Abrahan Ibn Ezra, on Kalir, 88.
** life of, 115.
** quotations from, 115.
** activities and views of, 116, 123, 151.
* Abraham Abulafia, Kabbalist, 171.
* Abraham Farissol, geographer, 206.
* Abraham Zacuto, historian, 216.
* Abul-Faraj Harun, Karaite author, 77.
* Abulwalid Merwan Ibn Janach, grammarian, 101.
** works of, translated, 143.
* Achai, Gaon and author, 70.
* Acharonim, later scholars, 240.
* Æsop, used by Berachya haNakdan, 157.
* "Against Apion," by Josephus, 34.
* Akiba, a Tanna, 23, 24-26.
** characteristics and history of, 24-26.
** school of, 26.
** fable used by, 175.
* Al-Farabi, works of, translated, 185.
* Alfassi, See Isaac Alfassi.
* Alfonso V of Portugal, Abarbanel with, 225.
* Alfonso VI of Spain, takes Toledo, 126.
* Alfonso X of Spain, employs Jews as translators, 150, 156.
* Almobades, the, a Mohammedan sect, 134, 135.
* "Alphabet of Rabbi Akiba," Kabbalistic work, 175.
* Amoraim, the, teachers of the Talmud, 44.
** characterized, 45-46.
** some of. enumerated. 46-52.
* Amram, Gaon, liturgist, 70.
* Anan, the son of David, founder of Karaism, 75.
* Andalusia, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.
* "Answers." See "Letters"; "Responses."
* "Antiquities of the Jews," by Josephus, 34.
* Antonio de Montesinos, and the Ten Tribes, 208, 247.
* Apion, attacks Judaism, 36.
* Apocrypha, the, addresses of parents to children in, 194.
* Aquila, translates the Scriptures, 26.
** identical with Onkelos, 26-27.
* Aquinas, Thomas, studies the "Guide," 140.
* Arabic, used by the Gaonim, 71,
** in Jewish literature, 88.
** poetry, 84.
** translation of the Scriptures, 91, 93, 94.
** commentary on the Mishnah, 135.
* Aragon, Spanish Piyut in, 85.
* Aramaic, translation of the Pentateuch, 27.
** used by Josephus, 37.
** language of the Talmud, 44.
** used by the Gaonim, 71.
** translation of Scriptures in the synagogues, 94.
** language of the Zohar, 173.
* Arbäa Turim, code by Jacob Asheri, 234, 239.
* Archimedes, works of, translated, 150, 185. ​
* Aristotle, teachings of, summarized, 140.
** interpreted by Averroes, 149.
** works of, translated, 135.
* Aruch, the, compiled by Zemach, 70.
** by Nathan, the sen of Yechiel, 121, 200.
* Asher, the son of Yechiel, the will of, 195-196.
** codifier, 234.
* Ashi, Amora, compiler of the Talmud, 51-52.
* Atonement, the Day of, hymn for, 162.
* "Autobiography," the, of Josephus, 34.
* Averroes, works of, translated, 148, 149, 185.
* Azariah di Rossi, historian, 221-222, 223.
* Azriel, Kabbalist, 171.
* Azulai, Chayim, historian, 220.
* Babylonia, Rabbinical schools in, 44.
** centre of Jewish learning, 49, 68.
** loses its supremacy, 92.
* Bachya Ibn Pekuda, works of, translated, 148.
** ethical work by, 190.
* Bacon, Roger, on the scientific activity of the Jew, 150.
* Bahir, Kabbalistic work, 171.
* Bar Cochba, Akiba in the revolt of, 24
* "Barlaam and Joshaphat," by Abraham Ibn Chisdai, 154-155.
* Baruch of Ratisbon, Tossafist, 161.
* Beast Fables, in the Midrash, 64-67.
** examples of, 65-66.
* Bechinath Olam, by Yedaiah Bedaressi, 191-192.
* Benjamin of Tudela, traveller, 203.
* Benjamin Nahavendi, Karaite author, 77.
* Berachya ha-Nakdan, fabulist, 156-157.
* Berlin, under Frederick the Great, 254.
* Beruriah, Wife of Meir, 28.
* Bible, the. See Scriptures, the.
* Bidpai, Fables of, and the Jews, 155-156,
* Biur, the, commentary on the Pentateuch, 239.
* Bohemia, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
* "Book of Creation, The," Kabbalistic work, 175.
* "Book of Creation, Commentary on the," by Saadiah, 95.
* "Book of Delight, The," by Joseph Zabara, 157-158.
* "Book of Genealogies, The," by Abraham Zacuto, 216.
* "Book of Lights and the High Beacons, The," by Kirkisani, 80.
* "Book of Principles, The," by Joseph Albo, 141.
* "Book of Roots, The," by David Kimchi, 117.
* "Book Raziel, The," Kabbalistic work, 175.
* "Book of the Exiled, The," by Saadiah, 94.
* "Book of the Pious, The," ethical work, 191.
* "Book of Tradition, The," by Abraham Ibn Daud, 213-214.
* Braganza, Duke of, friend of Abarbanel, 226.
* Brahe, Tycho, friend of David Gans, 220.
* "Branch of David, The," by David Gans, 219, 220-221.
* "Breastplate of Judgment, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.
* Brilliancy," Kabbalistic work, 171.
* Browne, Sir Thomas, alluded to, 127.
* Buddha, legend of, 144-155.
* Burgundy, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
* Buxtorf, as translator, 148.
* "Caged Bird, The," fable, 65.
* Cairo, Old. See Fostat.
* Calendar, the Jewish, arranged, 48.
* "Call of the Generations, The," by David Conforte, 220.
* Captives of Hope, The," by Penso, 246. ​
* Castile, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.
* Catalonia, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.
* "Ceremonies and Customs of the Jews," by Leon da Modena, 220.
* Chacham Zevi, author of "Responses," 238.
* "Chaff, Straw, and Wheat," fable, 65.
* "Chain of Tradition, The," by Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, 220, 222-223.
* Chanina, the son of Chama, Amora, 46.
* Charizi, on Chasdai, 99-100, 107.
** on Moses Ibn Ezra, 114.
** as a poet, 131-132.
** influences Immanuel of Rome, 181.
** ethical work by, 189.
** geographical notes by, 200.
* Chasdai Ibn Shaprut, patron of Moses ben Chanoch, 97.
** Charizi on, 99-100, 107.
** activities of, 100.
** as a patron of Jewish Jearning and poetry, 100-101, 102.
** and the Chazars, 102-103.
** as translator, 130.
* Chasdai Crescas, philosopher, 141.
** studied by Spinoza, 251.
* Chassidim, the, new saints, 176.
** hymns by, 177.
* Chayim Vital Calabrese, Kabbalist, 176.
* Chazars, the, and Chasdai Ibn Shaprut, 102-103.
* Chiddushim, Notes on the Talmud, 234.
* Chiya, Amora, 49.
* Chizzuk Emunah, by Isaac Troki, 81.
* Chuhoth ha-Lehaboth, by Bachya Ibn Pekuda, 190.
* "Choice of Pearls, The," by Solomen Ibn Gebirol, 110, 189.
* Choshen ha-Mishpat, part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.
* "Chronicle of Achimaaz," 213.
* Clement VII, pope, and David Reubeni, 207.
* "Cluster of Cyprus Flowers, A," by Judah Hadassi, 80.
* "Cock and the Rat, The," fable, 65.
* Cohen, Tobiah, geographer, 209.
* "Collections." See Machberoth.
* "Come, my Friend," Sabbath hymn, 239.
* "Conciliator, The," by Maniasseh ben Israel, 245.
* "Consolations for the Tribulations of Israel," by Samuel Usque, 217-218.
* Constantine, forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem, 205.
* Cordova, centre of Arabic learning, 96-97.
** a Jewish centre, 103, 112.
** in the hands of the Almohades, 134.
* Council, the Great. See Synhedrion, the.
* Cromwell, and Manasseh ben Israel, 248.
* Crusades, the, and the Jews of France, 124.
* Cuzari, by Jehuda Halevi, 127, 139.
* Damascus, Jehuda Halevi in, 129.
* Daniel, the Book of, commentary on 48.
* Dante, influences Jewish poets, 179, 182, 183, 186.
* David, the son of Abraham, Karaite author, 79.
* David ben Maimon, brother of Moses, 135.
* David Abi Zimra, author of "Responses," 238.
* David Alroy, pseudo-Messiah, 203.
* David Conforte, historian, 220.
* David Gans, historian, 220-221.
* David Kimchi, grammarian, 117, 123.
* David Reubeni, traveller, 207.
* "Deeds of God, The," by Abarbanel, 229,
* Descartes, studied by Spinoza, 250.
* "Deuteronomy." See "Strong Hand, The."
* "Diary of Eldad the Danite," 201-203. ​
* Dictionary, Hebrew rhyming, by Saadiah, 93.
** See also Lexicon.
* Dioscorides, works of, translated, 150.
* Doria, Andrea, doge, physician of, 219.
* Dramas in Hebrew, 246-247.
* Dunash, the son of Labrat, grammmarian, 101, 123.
* Duran family, writers of "Responses," 237.
* Eben Bochan, by Kalonymos, 185.
* Eben ha-Ezer, part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.
* Egypt, Jehuda Halevi in, 129.
* Eldad the Danite, traveller, 201-208.
* Eleazar of Worms, writer, 191.
* Eleazar the Levite, will of, 196-197.
* Eleazar, the son of Azariah, saying of, 25-26.
* Eleazar, the son of Isaac, will of, 194-195.
* Elias del Medigo, critic, 222.
* Elias Levita, grammarian, 229.
* Elijah Kapsali, historian, 216.
* Elisha, the son of Abuya, and Meir, 28.
* Emden, Jacob, author of "Responses," 238.
* Emek ha-Bacha, by Joseph Cohen, 218, 219.
* Emunoth ve-Deoth, by Saadiah, 95.
* En Yaakob, by Jacob Ibn Chabib, 192.
* Enan, giant in "The Book of Delight," 157-158.
* England, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
** Jews re-admitted into, 244.
* "Ennoblement of Character, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.
* Eshkol ha-Kopher, by Judah Hadassi, 80.
* Esthori Parchi, explorer of Palestine, 204-205.
* Ethical Wills, prevalence and character of, 193-194.
** examples of, and quotations from, 194-198.
* "Ethics, the," by Spinoza, 251.
* Euclid, works of, translated, 149.
* Eusebius, used in "Josippon," 214.
* "Examination of the World," by Yedaiah Bedaressi, 191-192.
* Exilarcks, the, official heads of the Persian Jews, 72.
* "Eye of Jacob, The," by Jacob Ibn Chabib, 192.
* Ezra, Kabbalist, 171.
* Fables. See Beast Fables; Fox Fables.
* "Faith and Philosophy," by Saadiah, 95.
* Fathers, the CHristian, and the Simlai, 47.
* Fayum, birthplace of Saadiah, 91.
* Ferdinand and Isabella, Abarbanel with, 226.
* Fez, the Maimon family at, 135.
* Fiesco, rebellion of, 217.
* Folk-takes, diffusion of, 153.
* Festat, Maimonides at, 135.
* "Foundation of the World, The," by Moses Zacut, 246.
* "Fountain of Life, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.
* "Four Rows, The," code by Jacob Asheri, 234, 239.
* "Fox and the Fishes, The," fable, 65.
* "Fox as Singer, The," fable, 66.
* Fox Fables, by Meir, 64.
** by Berachya ha-Nakdan, 156-157.
* France, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
** a Jewish centre, 116, 119, 124.
** Jewish schools of, destroyed, 124.
* Fränkel, teacher of Mendelssohn, 253.
* Frederick II, emperor, patron of Anatoli, 149.
* Frederick the Great, the Berlin of, 254.
* Galen, works of, translated, 150, 185.
* Galilee, centre of Jewish learning, 20. ​
** explored by Esthori Parchi, 205.
* Gaonim, the, heads of the Babylonian schools, 68.
** work of, 68-69.
** literary productions of, 69-71.
** language used by, 71.
** "Letters" of, 71-74.
** religious heads of the Jews of Persia, 72.
** as writers, 74.
** Karaite controversies with, 78.
** works of, collected, 104.
** analyze the Talmud, 121,
* Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, historian, 222-223.
* Gemara. See Talmud, the.
* Genesis, commentary on, by Saadiah, 94.
* Geographical literature among the Jews, 200.
* German Jews, stagnation among, 254.
* Germany, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
* Gersonides. See Levi, the son of Gershon.
* "Glory to the Virtuous," by Luzzatto, 247.
* Graetz, H., quoted, 21, 168.
* Grammar, Hebrew, works on, 77, 79, 117.
* Granada, Jewish literary centre, 112.
* Greece, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
* Greek, translation of the Scriptures, 26.
** used by Josephus, 37.
** used in the Sibylline books, 39.
** used among the Jews, 48.
* Grotius, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.
* Guarini, influences Luzzatto, 246.
* "Guide of the Perplexed, The," by Moses Maimonides, 136, 139-141, 142.
* Habus, Samuel Ibn Nagdela minister to, 103.
* Hagadab, the poetic element of the Talmud, 47.
* Hai, the last Gaon, 71.
* Halachah, the legal element of the Talmud, 47, 55.
* Halachoth Gedoloth, compilation of Halachic decisions, 73.
* Haman, a fable concerning, 66.
* Hassan, the son of Mashiach, Karaite author, 78, 79.
* "Heart Duties," by Bachya Ibn Pekuda, 190.
* Hebrew, the, of the Mishnah, 29.
** used by the Gaonim, 71.
** the language of prayer, 83.
** influenced by Kalir, 88.
** translations into, 145, 146.
** a living language, 147.
** studied by Christians, 230.
* Heilprin, Yechiel, historian, 220.
* Heine, quoted, 128.
* "Hell and Eden," by Immanuel of Rome, 182, 181-185.
* "Higher Criticism," the, father of, 116.
* Hillel I, parable of, 62.
* Hillel II, arranges the Jewish Calendar, 48.
* Hippocrates, works of, translated, 150.
* Historical works, 33-34.
* Historical writing among the Jews, 211-212, 213, 217.
* "History of France and Turkey," by Joseph Cohen, 217.
* "History of the Jewish Kings," by Justus, 34.
* "History of the Ottoman Empire," by Elijah Kapsali, 216.
* Holland, a Jewish centre, 243.
* Homileties, in the Midrash, 57.
** in Sheeltoth, 70.
* "Hope of Israel, The," by Manasseh ben Israel, 208-209, 248.
* Hosannas, the Day of, hymn for, 89.
* Huet, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.
* Huna, Amora, 49-50.
* Ibn Roshd. See Averroes.
* Icabo, character in Samuel Usque's poem, 218.
* Iggaron, dictionary by David, 79. ​
* Ikkarim, by Joseph Albo, 141.
* Immanuel, the son of Salomon, Italian Jewish poet, 179, 180.
** life of, 180-181.
** works of, 182-185.
* Isaac the Elder, Tossafist, 161.
* Isaac, the son of Asher, Tossafist, 161.
* Isaac Abarbanel, in Portugal, 225-226.
** writes commentaries, 226, 227.
** in Castile, 226.
** in Naples and Corfu, 226-227.
** in Venice, 227.
** as a writer, 227-228.
** as an exegete, 228, 229.
** as a philosopher, 229.
* Isaac Aboab, ethical writer, 192.
* Isaac Alfassi, Talmudist, 121-122.
* Isaac Lurya, Kabbalist, 176.
* Isaac Troki, Karaite author, 81.
* Isaiah Hurwitz, Kabbalist, 176.
* Isaiah, the Book of, Abraham Ibn Ezra on, 116.
* Islam, sects of, 75-76.
* Israel Baalshem, Kabbalist, 176-177.
* Israel Isserlein, author of "Responses," 237.
* "It was at Midnight," by Jannai, 86.
* Italian Jewish Literature, 178-180, 187.
* Italy, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
* "Itinera Mundi," by Abraham Farissol, 206.
* "Itinerary," by Benjamin of Tudela, 203.
* Jabneh, See Jamnia.
* Jacob Ibn Chabib, writer, 192.
* Jacob Anatoli, translator, 148.
** patron and friend of, 149.
* Jacob Asheri, compiler of the Turim, 234, 239.
* Jacob Weil, author of "Responses," 237.
* Jacobs, Mr. Joseph, quoted. 65, 66, 156, 158-159.
* Jair Chayim Bacharach, author of "Responses," 238.
* Jamnia, centre of Jewish learning, 19-22.
* Jannai, originator of the Piyut, 86.
** date of, 87.
* Japhet, the son of Ali, Karaite author, 78, 79.
* Jayme I of Aragon, orders a public disputation, 164.
* Jehuda Halevi, models of, 107.
** subjects of, 109.
** prominence of, 126.
** youth of, 126-127.
** as a philosopher and physician, 127-128, 139.
** longs for Jerusalem. 128.
** on his journey, 128-129.
** quotation from. 129-130.
** works of, translated, 148.
* Jerome, under Jewish influence, 48.
* "Jerusalem," by Mendelssohn, 256.
* "Jewish War, The," by Justus, 34.
* "Jews, The," by Lessing, 256.
* Jochanan, the son of Napacha, Amora, 46, 47, 51.
* Jochanan, the son of Zakkai, characterized, 20-21, 24.
** as a Tanna, 23-24.
* Jochanan Aleman, Kabbalist, 174.
* John of Capua, translator, 155.
* Joseph Ibn Caspi, will of, 196.
* Joseph Ibn Verga, historian, 218-219.
* Joseph al-Bazir, Karaite author, 78, 79.
* Joseph Albo, philosopher, 141.
* Joseph Cohen, historian, 216-217, 219.
* Joseph Delmedigo, on Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, 222.
* Joseph Karo, prohibits the Machberoth, 183.
** compiler of the Shulchan Aruch, 233.
** life of, 238-259.
** See Shulchan Aruch, the.
* Joseph Kimchi, exegete, 116.
* Joseph Zabara, poet, 157-158.
** geographical notes by, 200.
* Josephus, Flavius, historian, 34-38.
** works of of, 34.
** characterized, 35-36. ​
** champion of Judaism, 36, 37-38.
** style of, 36-37.
** language used by, 37.
** used in "Josippon," 214.
* Joshua, the son of Levi, Amora, 47.
* "Josippon," a romance, 214.
* Judah the Prince, a Tanna, 23, 28-29.
** characterized, 28-29.
* Judah Ibn Ezra, anti-Karaite, 214.
* Judah Ibn Tibbon as a translator, 146, 147.
** as a physician, 146-147.
* Judah Ibn Verga, chronicler, 218.
* Judah Chayuj, grammarian, 101.
* Judah Chassid, ethical writer, 191.
* Judah Hadassi, Karaite author, 80-81.
* Judah Minz, author of "Responses," 237.
* Judah Romano, school-man, 185.
* Judaism, after the loss of a national centre, 21.
** championed by Josephus, 36, 37-38.
** philosophy of, 77.
* Justus of Tiberias, historian, works of, 34.
* Kabbala, mysticism, 170.
** development of, 171.
** and Christian scholars, 174.
** the later, 175.
* Kalila ve-Dimna. See Bidpai, Fables of.
* Kalir, new-Hebrew poet, 85, 86, 87.
** date of, 87.
** style of, 87-88, 107.
** subject-matter of, 88-89.
** quotation from, 89-90.
* Kalirian Piyut, the, 85.
* Kalonymos, the son of Kalonymos, translator, 149, 185.
** as poet, 179, 180, 185-186.
* Kant, and Mendelssohn, 257.
* Kaphtor va-Pherach, Esthori Parchi, 205.
* Karaism, rise of, 75-76.
** a reaction against tradition, 76.
** defect of, 76.
** Literary influence of, 77.
** history of, 80.
** Rabbinite opposition to, 82.
** opposed by Saadiah, 91, 92.
* Kepler, correspondent of David Gans, 220.
* Kether Malchuth, by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.
** quotation from, 111-112.
* Kimchi. See Joseph; Moses; David.
* Kirkisani, Karaite author, 80.
* Kodashim, order of the Mishnah, 31.
* Kore ha-Doroth, by David Conforte, 220.
* "Lamp of Light, The," by Isaac Aboab, 192.
* Landau, Ezekiel, author of "Responses," 238.
* Lavater, and Mendelssohn, 258.
* "Law of Man, The," by Nachmanides, 166.
* Lecha Dodi, Sabhath hymn, 239.
* Lecky, on the scientific activity of the Jews 150.
* Leon da Modena, historian, 220.
* Leon, Messer, physician and writer, 187.
* Leshon Limmudim, by Sahal, the son of Mazliach, 79.
* "Lesser Sanctuary, The," by Moses Rieti, 186.
* Lessing, and Mendelssohn, 255-256.
* "Letter," by Sherira, 70-71, 212.
* "Letter of Advice, The" by Solomon Alami, 197-198.
* "Letter of Aristeas," by Azariah di Rossi, 223.
* "Letters," the, of the Gaonim, scope of, 71-73.
** style of, 74.
** geographical notes in, 200.
** and the "Responses," 234.
* Levi, the son of Gershon, philosopher, 141.
* Lexicon, by Sahal, 79.
** by David, 79.
** by David Kimchi, 117.
* Lexicon, Talmudical. See Aruch, 70. ​
* "Light of God, The," by Chasdai Crescas, 141.
* "Light of the Eyes, The," by Azariah di Rossi, 220, 223.
* Literature, Jewish, oral, 21-22.
** principle of, 23-24,
** under the influence of Karaism, 77.
** See Mishnah, the.
* Liturgy, the, earliest additions to, 83.
** See Piyut, the.
* Lorraine, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
* Lost Ten Tribes, book on, 201.
** in Brazil, 208.
* Lucas, Mrs. Alice, translations by, quoted, 63.
* Lucian, used in "Josippon," 214.
* Luzzatto, Moses Chayim, Kabbalist and dramatist, 176.
** ethical work by, 193.
** as dramatist, 246-247.
* Lydda, centre of Jewish learning, 20.
* Machberoth, by Immanuel of Rome, 182-185.
* Maggid, familiar of Joseph Karo, 239.
* Maharil, collection of Customs, 238.
* Maimonides, Moses, the forerunner of, 95.
** youth of, 134-135.
** activities of, 135-136.
** disinterestedness of, 136.
** attacks on, 137, 141.
** prominence of, 137-138.
** as a philosopher, 138-141, 142, 151.
** works of, translated, 148.
** and Nachmanides, 163.
** studied by Spinoza, 250.
* Mainz, Rashi at, 122.
* Majorca, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.
* Manasseh ben Israel, and the Lost Tribes, 208-209, 243, 247-248.
** political activity of, 244, 248.
** life of, 244.
** attainments and friends of, 245.
** activities of, 247.
** as a pamphleteer, 248-249.
** and Spinoza, 250.
* Manetho, historian, and Josephus, 36.
* Massechtoth, tractates of the Mishnah, 31.
* "Maximes of the Philosophers," by Charizi, 189.
* Mebo ha-Talmud, by Samuel Ibn Nagdela, 104.
* Mechilta, a Midrashic work, 57.
* Megillath Taanith, See "Scroll of Fasting, The."
* Meir, a Tanna, 23, 27-28.
** characterized, 27-28.
** fables by, 64.
* Meir of Rothenburg, poet, 131, 235-237.
** writer of "Responses," 235.
* "Memorial Books," historical sources, 216.
* Menachem, the son of Zaruk, grammarian, 100, 101, 123.
* Mendelssohn, Moses, antagonized by Ezekiel Landau, 238.
** life of, 258.
** objects to the separation of culture and religion, 254.
** service of, to Judaism, 254-255.
** and Lessing, 255-256.
** style of, 257.
** and Lavater, 258.
** translates the Pentateuch, 258-259.
** circle of, 259.
** influence of, 259-260.
* Menorath ha-Maor, by Isaac Aboab, 192.
* Meör Enayim, by Azariah di Rossi, 220.
* Meshullam of Lunel, patron of learning, 146, 147.
* Messiah, the, Joshua on, 47.
* Messilath Yesharim, by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 193.
* Metre, in Hebrew poetry, 84.
* Michlol, by David Kimchi, 117.
* Midrash, the, characterized, 55-57.
** poetical, 56, 57.
** popular homileties, 57.
** works called, 57-58.
** style of, 58-59.
** proverbs in, 59-60.
** parables in, 60-64. ​
** beast fables in, 64-67.
** and the Piyut, 86, 88-89.
** used by Rashi, 123, 124.
* Midrash Maggadol, a Midrashic work, 58.
* Midrash Rabbah, a Midrashic work, 58.
* Mikdash Meät, by Moses Rieti, 186.
* Minhag, established by the Gaonim, 69.
* Miphaloth Elohim, by Abarbanel, 229.
* Mishnah, a paragraph of the Mishnah, 31.
* Mishnah, the, origin of, 22.
** principle of, 24.
** compiled by Rabbi, 28.
** contents and style of, 29-31.
** divisions of, 31.
** development of, 43. See Talmud, the.
** date of, 52.
** Sherira, on, 70.
** Maimon's commentary on, 135.
** commentary on, 206.
** personified, 239.
* Mishneh Torah. See "Strong Hand, The,"
* Moed, order of the Mishnah, 31.
* Mohammedanism assumed by the Maimon family, 135.
* Moreh Nebuchim, See "Guide of the Perplexed, The."
* Moses, teachings of, summarized, 140.
* Moses of Leon, author of the Zohar, 172, 173.
* Moses, the son of Chanoch, founds a school at Cordova, 97.
* Meses, the son of Maimon. See Maimonides, Moses.
* Moses Ibn Ezra, and the Scriptures, 107, 109.
** life of, 112-113.
** quotation from, 113-114.
** hymns of, 114.
** Charizi on, 114.
* Moses Ibn Tibbon, translator, 148.
* Moses Alshech, homiletical writer, 230.
* Moses Kimchi, grammarian, 117.
* Moses Minz, author of "Responses," 237.
* Moses Rieti, poet, 186-187.
* Mysticism, an element of religion, 169-170.
** in Judaism, 170.
* Nachmanides, Moses, Talmudist, 160-168.
** on the French Rabbis, 160, 162.
** as a poet, 162.
** gentleness of, 163.
** in a disputation, 163-164.
** in Palestine, 165.
** as an exegete, 165-168.
** teacher of, 171.
** will of, 195.
** Nahar, poet, 109.
* "Name of the Great Ones, The," by Chayim Azulai, 220.
* Naples, Abarbanel in, 226.
* Nashim, order of the Mishnah, 31.
* "Nathan the Wise," by Lessing, 256.
* Nathan, the son of Yechiel, lexicographer, 121.
* Nehardea, centre of Jewish learning, 44.
* Nehemiah Chayun, Kabbalist, 176.
* New-Hebrew as a literary language, 83.
* New-Hebrew poetry, and the Scriptures, 107.
** characteristics of, 108-109.
** after Jehuda Halevi, 130-131, 132.
** See also Piyut.
* Nezikin, order of the Mishnah, 31.
* Nicholas, monk, translator, 150.
* "Novelties," Notes on the Talmud, 234.
* Numco, character in Samuel Usque's poem, 218.
* Obadiah of Bertinoro, Rabbi of Jerusalem, 206.
* Omar, forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem, 205.
* Onkelos, See Aquila.
* Orach Chayim, part of the Shulchan Aruch, 239, 240. ​
* "Order of Generations, The," by Yechiel Heilprin, 220.
* "Order of the Tannaim and Amoraim," 212.
* Orders of the Mishnah, 31.
* Origen, under Jewish influence, 48.
* Pablo Christiani, convert, and Nachmanindes, 161.
* Palestine, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
** the Maimon family in, 135.
** explored, 204-205.
** open to Jews, 205-206.
* Parables, in the Midrash, 60-61.
** examples of, 62, 63.
* Parallelism of line, in the Scariptures, 108.
* Passover, hymn for, 86.
* "Path of Life, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 239, 240.
* "Path of the Upright, The," by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 193.
* Penso, Joseph Felix, dramatist, 246.
* Pentateuch, the, translated, 27, 247, 258.
** as viewed by Meir, 27.
** commentary on, 166-168, 230.
** See also Scriptures, the.
* Perakim, chapters of the Mishnah, 31.
* Perez of Corbeil, Tossafist, 161.
* "Perfection," by David Kimchi, 117.
* Persia, the Jews of, independent, 72.
** See also Babylonia.
* Pesikta, a Midrashic work, 58.
* Petachiah of Ratisbon, traveller, 204.
* Phædo, or the Immortality of the Soul," by Mendelssohn, 257.
* Philo, on Judaism, 38.
* Philosophy, Jewish, created by Saadiah, 91, 95.
* Pico di Mirandola, and the Kabbala, 174.
* Piyut, the, characteristics of, 83-84.
** two types of, 84-85.
** Kalirian, 85.
** Spanish, 85.
** creator of, 85-86.
** by Samuel Ibn Nagdela, 105.
** in Italy, 186.
* Poetry. See New-Hebrew poetry; Piyut.
* Poland, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
* Porphyry, on the Book of Daniel, 48.
* Prayer-Book, the, compiled by Amram, 70.
** arranged by Saadiah, 95.
* Prester John, Eldad on, 203.
* "Prince and Nazirite," Abraham Ibn Chisdai, 154-155.
* Provence, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.
** Jewish learning in, 146.
* Proverbs, in the Midrash, 69-60.
** quoted, 59.
* Psalms, the, and new-Hebrew poetry, 104-105, 108.
** mysticism in, 169, 170.
* Ptolemy, works of, translated, 149, 185.
* Pumbediths, centre of Jewish learning, 44, 72.
* "Purim Tractate, The," by Kalonymos, 185-186.
* Pygmies, the, discovered by Tobiah Cohen, 209.
* Rab. See Abba Areka.
* Rabba, the son of Nachmani, Amora, 51.
* Rabbi. See Judah the Prince.
* Rabbinical schools, in Babylonia, 44.
* Rabina, Amora, compiler of the Talmud. 51, 52.
* Ralbag. See Levi, the son of Gershon.
* Ramban. See Nachmanides, Moses.
* Rashbam. See Samuel ben Meir.
* Rashi (R. Shelomo Izchaki), importance of, 119.
** style of, 119-120.
** characteristics of, 120-121.
** life of, 122.
** as an exegete, 123-124. ​
** descendants of, 124, 161.
* Rava, Amora, 51.
* Rembrandt, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.
* Renaissance, the, and Italian Jewish literature, 178, 182, 184, 187.
* Renan, on the students of Averroes, 148.
* "Responses," on religious subjects, 234-235, 237-238.
* Reuchlin, Johann, and the Kabbala, 174.
* Rhyme, in Hebrew poetry, 84.
* "Rod of Judah, The," by the Ibn Vergas, 218-219.
* Rokeach, by Eleazar of Worms, 191.
* "Royal Crown, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.
** quotation from, 111-112.
* Saadiah, Gaon, 70, 91-97.
** activities of, 91, 95.
** opposes Karaism, 92, 94.
** translates the Scriptures, 93, 94.
** style of, 93.
** conflict of, with the Exilarch, 95.
** arranges a prayer-book, 95.
** as a philosopher, 95-96, 139.
** works of, translated, 148.
* Sabbatai Zevi, and the Kabbala, 175.
** opponents of, 238.
* Sacred Letter, The," by Nachmanides, 165.
* Safed, Kabbalist centre, 175.
* Sahal, the son of Mazliach, 77-78.
* Salman, the son of Yerucham, Karaite author, 78.
* Salonica, Kabbalist centre, 175.
* "Salvation of his Anointed," by Abarbanel, 229.
* "Samson," by Luzzatto, 246.
* Samuel, Amora, 47-48, 51.
** astronomer, 48.
* Samuel, the son of Chofni, Gaon and author, 71.
* Samuel ben Meir, exegete, 124.
* Samuel Ibn Nagdela, Nagid and minister, 103.
** as a scholar, 104.
** as a poet, 104-105.
* Samuel Ibn Tibbon, translator, 147, 148.
** son-in-law of, 148.
* Samuel Usque, poet, 217-218.
* Scientific activity of the Jews, 151.
* Scot, Michael, friend of Anatoli, 149, 151.
* Scriptures, the, translated into Greek, 26.
** commentaries on, 77, 79, 128, 229.
** translated into Arabic, 91, 93, 94.
** translations of, in the synagogues, 94.
** and new-Hebrew poetry, 107-108.
** characteristics of the poetry of, 108.
** addresses of parents to children in, 194.
** See also Pentateuch, the.
* Scroll of Fasting, The," contents, character, and purpose of, 40-41.
* Sedarim, order of the Mishnah, 31.
* Seder ha-Doroth, by Yechiel Heilprin, 220.
* Sefer Dikduk, by Sahal, the son of Mazliach, 79.
* Sefer ha-Chassidim, ethical work, 191.
* Sefer ha-Galui, by Saadiah, 93.
* Sefer ha-Kabbalah, by Abraham ihn Daud, 213-214.
* Sefer Yetsirah, by Saadiah, 95.
** Kabbalistic, 175.
* Seleucid era, the, abolished, 238.
* Selichoth, elegies, Zunz on, 215-216.
* Sepphoris, centre of Jewish learning, 20.
* Septuagint, the, style of, 26.
* Seville, Jewish literary centre, 112.
* Shaaloth u-Teshuboth, decisions, 73.
* Shalsheleth ha-Kabbalah, by Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, 220.
* Shebet Jehudah, by the Ibn Vergas, 218-219.
* Sheeltoth, by Achai, 69-70.
* Sheloh, by Isaiah Hurwitz 176.
* Shelomo Izchaki, See Rashi. ​
* Sherira, Gaon and historian 70-71.
* Sheshet family, writers of "Responses," 237.
* "Shields of the Mighty, The," by Abraham de Porta Leone, 220.
* Shiites, the, Mohammedan sect, 75.
* Shilte ha-Gibborim, by Abraham de Porta Leone, 220.
* Shulchan Aruch, the, publication of, 232.
** scope of, 232-233.
** sources of, 233-234.
** parts of, 239-240.
** value of, 241.
* Sibylline books, the Jewish, 38-40.
** on the Jewish religion, 38-39.
** language of, 39.
** quotations from, 39, 40.
* Siddur, the, compiled by Amram, 70.
* Sifra, a Midrashic work, 57.
* Sifre, a Midrashic work, 57.
* Simlai, Amora, 47, 48.
* Simon, the son of Lakish, Amora, 46.
* Simon, the son of Yochai, alleged author of the Zohar, 172.
* Solomon the son of Adereth, writer of "Responses," 235.
* Solomen Ibn Gebirol, and the Scriptures, 107.
** subjects of, 109.
** life of, 109-110.
** works of, 110.
** quotations from, 111-112,
** works of, translated, 148.
* Solomon Ibn Verga, chronicler, 218.
* Solomon Alami, ethical writer, 197-198.
* Solomon Alkabets, poet, 239.
* Solomon Molcho, and the Kabbala, 175, 207.
* Song of Songs, the, and new-Hebrew poetry, 107.
* Spain, Moorish, the centre of Jewish learning, 96-97.
* Spanish-Jewish poetry. See New-Hebrew poetry.
* Spanish Piyut, the, 85.
* Speyer, Rashi at, 122.
* Spinoza, Baruch, influenced by Chasdai Crescas, 141.
** philosopher, 243, 244, 249-251.
** life of, 250-251.
** works of, 251.
* Steinschneider, Dr., on Jewish translators, 144.
* "Stone of Help, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.
* Strabo, used in "Josippon," 214.
* "Strengthening of Faith, The," by Isaac Troki, 81.
* "Strong Hand, The," by Moses Maimonides, 136-137, 139, 232.
* "Strong Tower, The," by Luzzatto, 246.
* Sunnites, the, Mohammedan sect, 75.
* Sura, centre of Jewish learning, 44, 72.
** Saadiah at, 91, 96.
* Synhedrion, the, at Jamnia, 19-20.
* "Table Prepared," See Shulchan Aruch, the.
* Tables of Alfonso, in Hebrew, 221.
* Tachkemoni, by Charizi, 131-132, 183.
* Talmud, the, commentary on the Mishnah, 43.
** language of, 44.
** two wocks, 44.
** the teachers of, 44.
** character of, 45, 50, 53.
** the two aspects of, 47.
** and Rab and Samuel, 47-48, 51.
** influences traceable in, 50-51.
** compilation of, 51-52.
** beast fables in, 64-67.
** lexicon of, 70.
** and the Piyut, 86.
** commentary on, by Rashi, 120.
** geographical notes in, 200.
** Notes on, 234.
* Talmud, the Babylonian, 44.
** the larger work, 44.
* Talmud, the Jerusalem, 44.
* Tam of Ramern, Tossafist, 161.
* Tanchuma, a Midrashic work, 58.
* Tannaim, the, teachers of the Mishnah, 22. ​
** four generations of, 23.
* Targum Onkelos, Aramaic translation of the Pentateuch, 27.
* Tarshish, by Moses Ibn Ezra, 114.
* "Teacher of Knowledge, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 239-240.
* Teharoth, order of the Mishnah, 31.
* Teshuboth. See "Letters," the; "Responses," the.
* "Theologico-Political Tractate," by Spinoza, 244, 251.
* Tiberias, centre of Jewish learning, 20.
* Todros Abulafia, Kabbalist, 171.
* Toledo, Jewish literary centre, 112.
** cosmopolitanism of, 126.
* "Topaz, The," by Moses Ibn Ezra, 114.
* Torah, the. See Pentateuch, the.
* Tossafists, the, French Talmudists, 160-161.
* Tossafoth, Additions, 161.
* "Touchstone, The," by Kalonymos, 185.
* Tractates of the Mishnah, 31.
* Tradition, the Jewish, investigated at Jamnia, 21.
** Sherira on, 70.
** reaction against, 76.
** See Mishnah, the.
* Translations, value of, 144.
** made by Jews, 144-145, 146, 149-151, 153-154, 155-156.
* "Travels," by Petachiah of Ratisbon, 204.
* Troyes, Rashi at, 122.
* "Two Tables of the Covenant, The," by Isaiah Hurwitz, 176.
* Tyre, Jehuda Halevi in, 129.
* "Valley of Tears, The," by Joseph Cohen, 218, 219.
* Venice, Abarbanel in, 227.
* Vindiciæ Judeorum, by Manasseh ben Israel, 244, 249, 258.
* "Vineyard," the. See Jamnia.
* Vossins, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.
* "Wars of the Jews, The," by Josephus, 34.
** the language of, 37.
* "Wars of the Lord, The," by Gersonides, 141.
* "Wars of the Lord, The," by Salman, the son of Yerucham, 78.
* Wessely, N. H., pedagogue, 210.
* "Wolf and the two Hounds, The," fable, 65.
* "Wolf at the Well, The," fable, 65.
* "Work of Tobiah, The," by Tobiah Cohen, 209.
* Worms, Rashi at, 122.
* Yad Hachazaka. See "Strong Hand, The."
* Yalkut, collected Midrashim, 58.
* Yedaiah Bedaressi, writer, 191-192.
* Yeshuoth Meshicho, by Abarbanel, 229.
* Yoreh Deah, part of the Shulchan Arnch, 240.
* Yuchasin, by Abraham Zacuto, 216.
* Zabara, satirist, 127.
* Zacut, Moses, dramatist, 246.
* Zeëna u-Reëna, homiletical work, 230.
* Zeira, Amora, 46.
* Zemach, the son of Paltoi, Gaon and lexicographer, 70.
* Zemach David, by David Gans, 220-221.
* Zeraim, order of the Mishnah, 31.
* Zevaoth. See Ethical Wills.
* Zicarco, character in Samuel Usque's poem, 218.
* Zion, odes to, by Jehuda Halevi, 109, 129-130.
* Zohar, the, Kabbalistic work, 172-174.
** style and language of, 172-173.
** contents of, 173-174.
** Christian ideas in, 174.
** importance of, 175.