# Mimicry in Butterflies/Chapter 13

APPENDIX II
The genus Papilio is a large and heterogeneous collection. It was pointed out by Haase that it falls into three distinct sections, of which one—the Pharmacophagus section—provides those members which serve as models in mimicry; while in the other two sections are found mimics, either of Pharmacophagus Swallow-tails, or of models belonging to other groups. Though Haase's terms have not yet come into general use with systematists, there is little doubt that the genus Papilio as it now stands must eventually be broken up on these lines. To say that one species of Papilio mimics another is therefore somewhat misleading; for the differences between the Pharmacophagus group and the other two are such as to constitute at any rate generic distinction in other groups. For convenience of reference a table has been added in which the various Papilios mentioned in the text have been assigned to their appropriate sections, and referred to their respective models. ​
| Pharmacophagus | Papilio | Cosmodesmus |
| (POISON-EATERS) | (FLUTED SWALLOW-TAILS) | (KITE SWALLOW-TAILS) |
| Antennae without scales. | Antennae without scales. | Antennae scaled on upper side. |
| Outer ventral row of spines of tarsi not separated from the dorsal spines by a spineless longitudinal depression. | Outer ventral row of spines of tarsi separated from the dorsal spines by a spineless longitudinal depression. | As in Papilio. |
| Larva covered with short hairs—with fleshy tubercles but no spines. | Larva either smooth or with hard spiny tubercles. Third and fourth thoracic segments enlarged. | Larva with third thoracic segment enlarged (known only in a few species). |
| Pupa with row of well-marked humps on each side of abdomen. | Pupa wrinkled—generally with short dorsal horn. Humps if present very short. | Pupa short with long four-sided thoracic horn. |
| Larva feeds on Aristolochia. | Larva does not feed on Aristolochia. | As in Papilio. |
| | Abdominal margin of hind wing curved downwards forming a kind of groove. No scent organ. | Abdominal margin of hind wing bent over in ♂ and with scent organ in fold so formed. |
LIST OF PAPILIONINE MIMICS
| Pharmacophagus (MODEL) | Papilio (MIMIC) | Cosmodesmus (MIMIC) | (MODELS) |
| ORIENTAL ||||
| | agestor (II. 3) | | Caduga tytia (II. 2) |
| | clytia (I. 8) | | Danais septentrionis (I. 3) |
| | cl"tia var. dissimilis (I. 7) | | Euploea core (I. 10) |
| | mendax (II. 9) | | Eu"loea rhadamanthus (II. 8) |
| | paradoxus | | Eu"loea mulciber (II. 5) |
| hector (V. 6) | polytes ♀ (V. 4) | | |
| aristolochiae (V. 5) | Pol"tes ♀ (V. 3) | | |
| coon | memnon ♀ | | |
| polyxenus | bootes (III. 6) | | |
| | laglaizei (III. 2) | | Alcidis agathyrsus (III. 1) |
| | | delesserti | Ideopsis daos (III. 4) |
| | | macareus | Danais septentrionis (I. 3) |
| | | xenocles (I. 4) | Dan"is septent" |
| AFRICAN ||||
| | dardanus ♀ (VIII. 2) | | Danais chrysippus (VIII. 5) |
| | dard"nus ♀ (VIII. 3) | | Amauris niavius (VIII. 6) |
| | dard"nus ♀ (VIII. 4) | | Am"uris echeria (VIII. 7) |
| | echerioides ♀ | | Am"uris psyttalea |
| | cynorta ♀ (VII. 10) | | Planema epaea (VII. 5) |
| | rex | | Melinda formosa |
| | | ridleyanus (VI. 6) | Acraea egina (VI. 7) |
| | | leonidas (VI. 2) | Danais petiverana (VI. 1) |
| | | brasidas (VI. 4) | Amauris hyalites (VI. 3) |
| AMERICAN ||||
| hahneli (mimic) | | | Methona confusa (XII. 1) |
| | zagreus (X. 8) | | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ various Heliconinae and Ithomiinae |
| | bachus | | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ various Heliconinae and Ithomiinae |
| | euterpinus | | Heliconius melpomene (XI. 5) |
| | | pausanias (XI. 2) | Heli"onius sulphurea (XI. 1) |
| various species (XII. 1, 2, 3) | hippason, etc. | lysithous etc. (XIII. 4, 5, 6) | |
| philenor (XVI. 1) | troilus (XVI. 2) | | |
| | turnus ♀ | | |
| | asterius ♀ | | |