OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Liverpool Musical Festivals

From volume 2 of the work.
​LIVERPOOL MUSICAL FESTIVALS. These have not taken place with regularity. The ​first was held in 1784, the next in 1790, and the next in 1799. They were then suspended till 1823, 1830, and 1836 (Oct. 4–7, Sir G. Smart conductor), when Mendelssohn's 'St. Paul' was performed for the second time, and for the first time in England. Up to this date the concerts had been held in churches, but the next Festival took place at the Philharmonic Hall in 1874 (Sept. 29–Oct. 1)—conductor Sir Julius Benedict. The St. George's Hall, containing rooms available for music, was opened in September 1854.
Liverpool has a Philharmonic Society, which was founded Jan. 10, 1840, and opened its hall Aug. 27, 49. There are twelve concerts every year, six before and six after Christmas. Sir Julius Benedict succeeded Mr. Alfred Mellon as conductor April 9, 67, and has been conductor ever since.—The Liverpool Musical Society, which formerly gave oratorio concerts in St. George's Hall, has been extinct since 1877. The St. George's Hall has a very fine organ by Willis, on which performances are given by Mr. W. T. Best on Thursday evenings and Saturday afternoons and evenings. Orchestral concerts are given by Mr. Charles Halle during the winter season in the Philharmonic Hall.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Litolff, Henry

From volume 2 of the work.
​LITOLFF, Henry Charles, was born in London Feb. 6, 1818. His father, a French Alsatian soldier taken prisoner by the English in the Peninsular War, had settled in London as a violinist after the declaration of peace, and had married an Englishwoman. In the beginning of the year 1831 Henry Litolff was brought by his father to Moscheles, who on hearing the boy play was so much struck by his unusual talent, that he offered to take him gratis as a pupil; and under his generous care Litolff studied for several years. He made his first appearance (or one of his first) at Covent Garden Theatre July 24, 1832, as 'a pupil of Moscheles, 12 years of age.' In his 17th year a marriage of which the parents disapproved obliged him to leave England and settle for a time in France. For several years after this event Litolff led a wandering life, and during this period he visited Paris, Brussels, Leipzig, Prague, Dresden, Berlin, and Amsterdam, giving in these towns a series of very successful concerts. In 1851 he went to Brunswick, and undertook there the business of the late music-publisher Meyer. In 1860 he transferred this business to his adopted son, Theodor Litolff, and he, in 1861, started the well-known 'Collection Litolff,' as a cheap and accurate edition of classical music, which was among the earliest of the many series of similar size and aim now existing. It opened with the sonatas of Beethoven, Mozart, and Haydn (vols. 1–4). Henry Litolff himself went to Paris, where he has since resided.
[ A. H. W. ]
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Artotyrites

ARTOTYRITES, a sect in the second century, charged with celebrating the eucharist with bread and cheese: saying that the first oblations of men were of the fruits of the earth and of sheep. They admitted women to the priesthood.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Broughton, vol. i. p. 85.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Asclepidotaeans

ASCLEPIDOTAEANS, a sect in the third century; so called from Asclepidotus, who taught, like the modern Socinians, that Jesus Christ was a mere man.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Ascodogrites

ASCODOGRITES, a denomination which arose in the year 181. It is said they brought into their churches, hags, skins, or bottles, filled with new wine, to represent the new wine mentioned by Christ; then danced round these bottles, and intoxicated themselves with the wine. They are likewise called Ascitae, and both words are derived from the Greek $\alpha \rho \kappa \mathrm {o} \sigma$, a bottle.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Broughton, vol. i. p. 191.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Assideans

*ASSIDEANS, a party of Jews, which joined Mattathias in fighting for the freedom of their country. See 1 Mace. ii. 42; vii. 13.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Assuritans

ASSURITANS, a branch of the Donatists, who held that the Son was inferiour to the Father, and the Holy Ghost to the Son. See Donalists.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Ascodrutes

ASCODRUTES, a branch of Gnostics in the second century, who asserted that divine mysteries, being the images of invisible things, ought not to be represented by visible things, nor incorporeal things by corporeal and sensible. Therefore they rejected baptism and the eucharist.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Broughton, vol. i. p. 88
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Augustines

AUGUSTINES, an order of Monks, who followed the rule of St. Augustin, by contraction St. Austin, having all things in common, &c. A convent of these gave name to Austin Friars. See Monks.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Atheists

ATHEISTS, those who do not believe in the existence of a God, but attribute surrounding nature and all its astonishing phenomena to chance, or to a fortuitous concourse of atoms: This is called speculative Atheism. Professing to believe in God, and yet acting contrary to this belief, is styled practical Atheism. The name of Atheist is composed of two Greek terms, $\alpha$ and $\Theta \epsilon \mathrm {o} \sigma$ signifying without God, and in this sense the appellation occurs in the New Testament. Ephes. ii. 12. Without God, (or Atheists) in the world. Plato distinguishes three kinds of Atheists. 1. Those, who deny the existence of the gods absolutely. 2. Those, who deny their interference in human affairs. 5. Those, who admit both, but conceive them indifferent to human crimes. The first of these, however, are the only Atheists in the strict and proper sense of the word. The latter are rather practical Atheists; and the evidences of a Deity are so numerous and strong, that many have doubted the existence of a real Atheist. Some, however, in most countries, have avowed the principles. In the seventeenth century, Benedict Spinosa, a Jew of Amsterdam, was its noted defender ; and Lucillo Vanini, an Italian of eccentric character, was condemned and executed 1616 at Toulouse, for his Atheistical tenets, which he and eleven others had undertaken to disseminate all over Europe. In the early days of the French revolution, the leading members of the convention endeavoured to suppress all religion, except the worship of their tutelary goddess Liberty; and for this purpose they shut up the churches, abolished the Sabbath, and inscribed upon the burying grounds, "Death is an eternal sleep."
Lord Bacon says, that "a smattering in philosophy may lead a man into Atheism, because he looks no farther than second causes; but by diving deeper into it, he will behold the chain of them linked together, which will certainly bring him back to God and providence."

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Ency. Brit. Buck's Theol. Dict.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Audaeans

AUDAEANS, a sect in the fourth century; so called from Audaeus, who is said to have attributed to the Deity a human form. See Anthropomorphites.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. i, p. 350.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Aliprandi, Bernardo

From volume 1 of the work.
[ T. P. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Alexander Balus

From volume 1 of the work.
​ALEXANDER BALUS. The thirteenth of Handel's oratorios; composed next after 'Judas Maccabæus.' Words by Dr. Morell, who ought to have known better than write Balus for Balas. First performance, Covent Garden, March 9, 1748. Dates on autograph:—begun June 1, 1747; end of second part, fully scored, June 24, do.; end of third part, fully scored, July 4, do.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Alexandre Organ

From volume 1 of the work.
​ALEXANDRE ORGAN. See American Organ.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Alford, John

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ali Baba

From volume 1 of the work.
​ALI BABA, or les quarante voleurs, an opera of Cherubini's, produced at the Grand Opéra on July 22, 1833 (the seventy-third year of the composer). The music was adapted and rewritten from his Koukourgi (1793) to a new libretto by Scribe and Mélesville. The overture was probably quite new. For Mendelssohn's opinion of the opera see his letter of Feb. 7,1834.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Alexander, Johann

From volume 1 of the work.
[ T. P. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Alfonso und Estrella

From volume 1 of the work.
​ALFONSO UND ESTRELLA. An opera by Schubert, in three acts; libretto by F. von Schober. Dates on autograph (Musikverein, Vienna):—end of first act, Sept. 20, 1821; end of second act, Oct. 20, 1821; end of third act, Feb. 27, 1822; overture (MS. with Spina), Dec. 1823. First performed at Weimar, June 24, 1854. This overture was played as the prelude to 'Rosamunde' in Dec. 1823, and encored. The opera remains in MS. except the overture (Spina, 1867) and a bass cavatina and tenor air (both Diabelli, 1832).
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Aliani, Francesco

From volume 1 of the work.
[ T. P. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Alizard, Adolphe

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vire

See also Vire on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VIRE, a town of north-western France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Calvados, 47 m. S.W. of Caen by rail. Pop. (1906) 6228. Vire stands on an eminence surrounded on three sides by the Vire and crowned by the remains of a 12th-century château. The church of Notre Dame (13th to 15th century), and the picturesque Tour de i'Horloge (13th century), beneath which runs the chief street, are the principal buildings. A library and a small museum with good collections of porcelain, pictures and curiosities, are installed in the town hall (17th and 18th centuries). In the public garden there is a statue of Marshal Jacques Goyon, comte de Matignon (1525–1597); and the native poets C. J. L. Chênedollé and P. L. R. Castel are represented, the former by a marble bust, the latter by a bronze statue. Vire grew up around a castle built in the 12th century by Henry I. of England, and in the middle ages was one of the important strongholds of Normandy. South-west of the town is the gorge called Vaux-de-Vire, in which was situated the mill of Olivier Basselin (15th century), the fuller and reputed author of the satiric songs, hence known as "vaudevilles" (see Basselin, Olivier).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Virbius

See also Virbius on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VIRBIUS, an old Italian divinity, associated with the worship of Diana at Aricia (see Diana). Under Greek influence, he was identified with Hippolytus (q.v.), who after he had been trampled to death by the horses of Poseidon was restored to life by Asclepius and removed by Artemis to the grove at Aricia, which horses were not allowed to enter. Virbius was the oldest priest of Diana, the first "king of the grove" (Rex Nemorensis). He is said to have established the rule that any candidate for the office should meet and slay in single combat its holder at the time, who always went about armed with a drawn sword in anticipation of the struggle. Candidates had further to be fugitives (probably slaves), and as a preliminary had to break off a bough from a specified tree. By the eponymous nymph Aricia, Virbius had a son of the same name, who fought on the side of the Rutulian Turnus against Aeneas. J. G. Frazer formerly held Virbius to be a wood and tree spirit, to whom horses, in which form tree spirits were often represented, were offered in sacrifice. His identification with Hippolytus and the manner of the latter's death would explain the exclusion of horses from his grove. This spirit might easily be confounded with the sun, whose power was supposed to be stored up in the warmth-giving tree. Sauer (in Roscher's Lexikon) also identifies ​Hippolytus with the "health-giving sun," and Virbius with a healing god akin to Asclepius. Frazer's latest view is that he is the old cult associate of Diana of Aricia (to whom he is related as Attis to Cybele or Adonis to Venus), the mythical predecessor or archetype of the kings of the grove. This grove was probably an oak grove, and the oak being sacred to Jupiter, the king of the grove (and consequently Virbius) was a local form of Jupiter. A. B. Cook suggests that he may be the god of the stream of Nemi.
See Virgil, Aen. vii. 761 and Servius, ad loc. Ovid, Fasti, iii. 265, vi. 737, Melam. xv . 497; Suetonius, Caligula, 35; Strabo, V. p . 239; G. Wissowa, Religion und Kultus der Romer (1902), according to whom Virbius was a divinity who assisted at childbirth (cp. the nixi di); J. G. Frazer, Golden Bough (1900), ii. p. 313, iii. p. 456, and Early History of the Kingship (1905), pp. 24, 281; A. B. Cook in Classical Review, xvi. p . 372.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Virelay

See also Virelai on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VIRELAY, the title applied to more than one fixed form of verse, from the French virer, to turn or veer. The history and exact character of the virelay are more obscure than those of any other of the old French forms. It is possible that it is connected with the Provençal ley. Historians of poetry have agreed in stating that it is a modification of the medieval lai, but it is curious that no example of the lai is forthcoming, except the following, which was first printed by the Père Mourgues in his Traite de la Poésie:—
"Sur I'appui du Monde Que faut-il qu'on fonde D'espoir? Cette mer profonde Et debris feconde Fait voir Calme au matin I'onde Et I'orage y gronde Le Soir."
But this appears to be not a complete poem, but a fragment of a virelay, which proceeds by shifting or "veering" the two rhymes to an extent limited only by the poet's ingenuity. This is the Old Virelay (virelai ancien), of which examples have been rare in recent literature. There is, however, a New Virelay (virelai nouveau), the newness of which is merely relative, since it was used by Alain Chartier in the 15th century. In French the old and popular verses beginning—
"Adieu vous dy triste Lyre, C'est trop apprêter à rire,"
form a perfect example of the New Virelay, and in English we have at least one admirable specimen in Mr Austin Dobson's "July"—
"Good-bye to the Town! good-bye! Hurrah! for the sea and the sky!"
The New Virelay is entirely written on two rhymes, and begins with two lines which are destined to form recurrent refrains throughout the whole course of the poem, and, reversed in order, to close it with a couplet. The virelay is a vaguer and less vertebrate form of verse than the sonnet, the ballad or the villanelle, and is of less importance than these in the history of prosody. (E. G.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Virgin Islands

* related portals: Virgin Islands.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
See also Virgin Islands on Wikipedia; the 9th edition; the 1922 update; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VIRGIN ISLANDS, a group of small islands in the West Indies, about 100 in number, for the most part uninhabited. They extend E. from Puerto Rico, lying between 17° and 18° 50' N., and 64° 10' and 65° 30' W., their total area being about 465 sq. m. The islands are mostly rocky, or sandy and barren, but such portions as are under cultivation yield sugar, maize, coffee, cotton and indigo. Guinea grass grows abundantly on the hillsides, affording excellent pasturage; the forests, though few, include the mahogany and other useful trees. The coasts abound with fish. The climate is more healthy than that of the other West Indian islands, and the heat is not so great. Some of the islands belong to the United States, some to Denmark and some to Great Britain. The United States' possessions (once dependencies of Puerto Rico, but ceded by Spain in 1898) have an area of about 150 sq. m. and include Culehra or Snake Island, and Vieques or Crah Island. The chief Danish islands are St Thomas (q.v.), St Croix (q.v.) and St John (q.v.), the total area being about 240 sq. m. Of the British portion of the group the principal are Tortola, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, Jost van Dyke, Peter’s Island and Salt Island, in all numbering 32, with an area of 58 sq. m. With the exception of the island of Sombrero they form one of the five presidencies in the colony of the Leeward Islands. The inhabitants are peasant proprietors, mainly engaged in raising cattle and in burning charcoal, but some are fishermen and boatmen. The chief town is Roadtown (pop. 400) at the head of a splendid harbour on the S. of Tortola, and what trade there is is mostly with St Thomas. Sombrero is maintained as a lighthouse by the British government. Population of the presidency, mostly negroes (1891) 4639; (1901) 4908.
The Virgin Islands were discovered by Columbus in his second voyage, in 1494, and named Las Virgenes, in honour of St Ursula and her companions. In 1666 the British established themselves on Tortola, which has ever since remained in their possession. In the 17th century the Virgin Islands were favourite resorts of the buccaneers. The Danish islands of St Thomas and St John were taken by the British in 1801, but restored in the following year. In 1807 they surrendered to the British, and continued in their hands till 1815, when they were again restored.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Virginal

See also Virginals on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VIRGINAL, or Pair of Virginals, a name applied in England, and also recognized on the continent of Europe, to the spinet, and more especially to the small pentagonal and to the rectangular models. The word virginal, bestowed because it was pre-eminently the instrument for girls, denotes before all a keyboard instrument, having for each note one string only, plucked by means of a quill attached to a jack. The fine instrument in the Victoria and Albert Museum, known as Queen Elizabeth’s virginal, is an Italian pentagonal spinet, elaborately emblazoned with the coat of arms of the queen, and having a compass of just over four octaves. King Henry VIII. and his daughters, Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth, were all accomplished performers on the virginal.  (K. S.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nicholas (King of Montenegro)

See also Nicholas I of Montenegro on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
NICHOLAS (1841-1921), King of Montenegro, was the last member of the House of Petrovich Njegosh to reign over a separate Montenegrin realm, his dominions being now merged in the kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The story of the last twenty years of his life is very largely the contemporary history of Montenegro (see Montenegro). His grant of a constitution in 1907 was followed by a period of violent internal conflict between him and his opponents, whose position had been strengthened by the elections to the Skupshtina, whom he sought to discredit by the Cetinje bomb plot mystification. His assumption of the kingly title in 1910 marked a further stage in the evolution of his plans, of which it constituted a public notification, and aroused hostile comment among his own people as well as in Serbia. The Balkan wars resulted in a marked diminutio capitis for Nicholas, who failed to play a conspicuous part in them and was forced to call in Serbian aid before Scutari. At this time already the survival of a Montenegrin throne appeared a doubtful problem. In the World War the breach between him and his people was complete, and even before the final act the old monarch was apostrophized derisively as Nicholas the first and Petrovich the last. He died at Antibes March 1 1921, and was buried at San Remo.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Newton, Ernest

See also Ernest Newton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
NEWTON, ERNEST (1856-1922), English architect, was born Sept. 12 1856. After having been at school at Uppingham, he entered the office of Norman Shaw, with whom he spent the following six years. Here in the company of a gifted band of young students the influence of this talented teacher made—as was evidenced more especially in Newton's earlier days—a strong impress on his trend of design, and helped to imbue him with that appreciative feeling for, and grasp of, English Renaissance domestic architecture which characterize his work. Established on his own account there fell to him much work of this special nature, for his province consisted almost entirely in the designing of new country houses or modifying or adding to existing ones. His few excursions into architecture of an ecclesiastical nature include the house of retreat and chapel for the Sisters of Bethany, and St. Swithin's church, Hither Green, the latter an interesting and successful departure from the normal plan, with a choir diminishing in width towards the east end. Newton's domestic work shows in its later phases more than in his first essays the influence of the architecture of the 18th century. Still, neither then nor earlier is it rigidly bound by tradition, but speaks an educated individuality. Amongst his houses are Buller's Wood, Chislehurst; Redcourt, Haslemere; Steephill, Jersey, a house set in an old and typical Jersey garden; and Ardenrun Place, Blindley Heath. His literary work includes A Book of Houses and—his particular spécialité—A Book of Country Houses.
In the first year of the World War, Newton's position as president of the Royal Institute of British Architects and his professional acquirements were utilized by the Government, and under the Ministry of Munitions and its Labour Department he was largely responsible in 1916, and entirely so in 1917, for dealing with the control of every type of constructional work, including such important undertakings as railways and electric schemes. He also, as expert adviser, considered claims for exemptions in the building trades generally—a post of great responsibility. He became R.A. in 1919, and was awarded a C.B.E. in 1920. He died in London Jan. 25 1922.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nevill, Lady Dorothy Fanny

See also Lady Dorothy Nevill on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
NEVILL, LADY DOROTHY FANNY (1826-1913), English writer, was born in London March 1826, the daughter of Horatio Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford. She married in 1847 Mr. Reginald Henry Nevill (d. 1878), a grandson of the 1st Earl of Abergavenny. She travelled widely, and had a very large circle of acquaintances, including Disraeli, of whom she was a great admirer, Richard Cobden and Joseph Chamberlain. She was noted for her amusing conversation and powers as a hostess, was a member of the first committee of the ladies' branch of the Primrose League, and was the author of various volumes of entertaining reminiscences: Recollections (1906); Leaves from the Notebooks of Lady Dorothy Nevill (1907); Under Five Reigns (1910); My Own Times (1912). She died in London March 24 1913.
Her daughter, Meresia Dorothy Augusta Nevill (1849-1918), was also a devoted and energetic worker for the Primrose League. She was for many years treasurer of the Ladies' Grand Council. She died in London Oct. 26 1918.
See Ralph Nevill, Life and Letters of Lady Dorothy Nevill (1919).
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Belcke, Friedrich

From volume 1 of the work.
[ A. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bellermann, Constantin

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bellermann, Johann

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bell

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bellamy, Richard

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Belle Hélène, La

From volume 1 of the work.
​BELLE HÉLÈNE, LA, Opéra-bouffe in three acts, words by De Meilhac and Halévy, the music by Offenbach; produced at Paris, Théâtre des Variétés, Dec. 17, 1864.