OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Tribes of Burma/Northern Chins

A.—THE TIBETO-BURMANS.
I.—THE WESTERN TIBETO-BURMANS.
THE NORTHERN CHINS.
The Northern Chins form the uppermost section of the Chin belt, which extends down the western edge of Burma. The Chins course in their descent from the far north has been indicated in an earlier portion of this note. The Northern Chin country extends roughly from the 22nd to the 26th parallel of latitude, and includes the Chin Hills proper and a narrow strip of upland on the west of the Upper Chindwin District. What little is known of the inhabitants of this latter area, who are called the Kaswa Aswa, Nantaleik, Piya or Somra Chins, has for the most part been gleaned during the course of punitive expeditions. They merge in the far north into the Nagas (Tangkhuls or Luhupas) and others and only comparatively few of their villages are in administered British territory. Of the residents of the Chin Hills proper far more is known. Their home forms a compact block of mountainous country lying to the west of the Chindwin river between 21°45' and 24°N and 93°20' and 94°5'E and having an area of about 8,000 square miles, In 1901 they numbered about 84,000 souls. They are closely connected with the Lushais of Assam. The following are the principal tribes in the Chin Hills proper: the Soktes (including the Kanhow clan), Siyins, Tashons, Yahows, Whennohs, Lais (or Hakas), Klangklangs ​and Yokwas. The Soktes number about 9,000, the Siyins between 1,500 and 2,000. The total of the Tashons is approximately 39,000 and that of the Hakas (who are known to the Burmans by the nickname "Baungshe") 14,000. The Yahows and Whennohs number about 11,500, the Klang-klangs about 5,000 and the Yokwas between 2,500 and 3,000. For full particulars regarding the Northern Chins the reader is referred to the authorities quoted in the bibliographical note appended (vide page 53).
# The Tribes of Burma/Other Mon Khmer

Other Mon Khmer Tribes: Kamus, Yaos, Miaotzus, Danaws
Reference may be made here to three tribes of Mon Khtner extraction whose habitat lies outside Burma but close to the Burma border and a few of whom have come to settle within British territory. The first of these, the Kamus, Kamets or Lamets (described at pages 521—523 of the Upper Burma Gazetteer, Part I, Volume I) are evidently closely connected with the Was. They inhabit Siamese and French territory, but 141 of them (probably timber coolies and mahouts) were found within the limits of the Province at the 1901 Census, mostly in the Thaton and Amherst Districts. The Yaos and the Miaotzus, the other two of the three tribes aforesaid, are residents of China. Descriptions of the Miaotzu (Hmeng) are given at page 597 and of the Yaos at page 601 of the Upper Burma Gazetteer. They have been classified as Mon Khmers by Major Davies, and there seems but little reason to doubt the correctness of his classification. Both are widely spread through South-Western China. The 1901 Census returns showed no Yaos or Miaotzus, but it is certain that up till recently at any rate there were two or three Yao villages in Kengtung. Such Miaotzu villages as there are in British ​territory are in the extreme north-eastern corner of the Northern Shan States, in areas which were either omitted from the census operations or "estimated" only. The main feature of the Miaotzu women's dress are the pleated kilt and the jacket with what resembles a sailor collar. The Yao are remarkable for their female coiffure, which has been compared loan " exaggerated mortar board."
A tribe which for want of more specific data the present writer has placed in the Mon Khmer category is that of the Danaws, a now almost extinct community found in the north-western portion of the Southern Shan States (vide page 562 of the Upper Burma Gazetteer, Part I, Volume I). They are not to be confused with the Danus—though possibly, like the latter, they are only hybrids—and their language is somewhat amorphous. It, however, contains a not inconsiderable number of Mon Khmer words, and it is on the strength of this element in its composition that the Danaws (who in 1901 numbered 635 in all) have been classed provisionally with the Palaungs, the Riangs and the Was of the Shan States, There is nothing in the outward appearance of the Danaws to distinguish them from the Shans among whom they live. It is stated that the women used formerly to wear a short thindaing and petticoat like the Taungthus and Taungyos. This is not a usual form of Mon Khmer dress, but the Yanghseks afford an example of its adoption by a tribe of Mon Khmer origin, and there is nothing intrinsically improbable in the statement. There seems no likelihood of the Danaws' origin being ever finally established now.
# The Tribes of Burma/Shan Tribes

Shan Tribes: Maingthas, Dayes
For reasons given earlier the Shans proper have not been dealt with specifically in this note. The manner of their coming into the country has been indicated at page 17. All that need be said about them here is that in 1901 the Shans proper totalled 787,087, the Lem Shans 2,134, the Lüs and the Hküns of Kèngtung 16,227 and 41,470, and the Lao Shans 1,047; that they are the preponderating nationality in the Shan States and form nearly half the population of the plains of Upper Burma north of the 23rd parallel of latitude and that an outlying colony of them exists at Hkamti on the Malikha far beyond our administrative border in the north. Reference may here, however, be made to what for want of a better term we may call the Shan tribes of Burma. Several of the communities already referred to when dealing with the Tibeto-Burmans, e.g, the Danus and the Kadus, have Shan in their composition. The Hpons, adverted to on an earlier page, appear at first sight to be of Shan origin, but, as has been pointed out, it is probable that the Shan element in them is of comparatively recent introduction and that originally they were Tibeto-Burmans. Hitherto the Maingthas of the Ruby Mines and the Northern Shan States have been placed in the same dubious category as the Hpons. Their language has been described as a curious mixture into the composition of which both Burmese and Shan enter (page 390, Upper Burma Gazetteer^ Part I, Volume I). It is clear, however, that the name "Maingtha" is a Burmese rendering of Monghsa and indicates that the Maingthas came from the Chinese Shan States of Ho Hsa and La Hsa, and the more recent view is that there is a far ​fainter Tibeto-Burman element in their language than was at one time supposed. On the whole it seems probable that the Maingthas are merely Chinese-Shans. The total, of Maingthas at the 1901 Census was 749 only. The Upper Burma Gazetteer connects the Maingthas with the Turengs, referred to by Mr. Enrol Gray, but it seems probable that Mr. Errol Gray's Turengs were merely a tribe of Kachins. A second Shan tribe is that of the Daves, who are found in the Myelat Division of the Southern Shan States. They may possibly have a strain of Chinese blood in them, but it probably dates back to a very remote period. Most of what is known of them is noted at page 564 of the Upper Burma Gazetteer. Further data about the Dayes and Naungyes (a branch of the tribe) have been supplied by Mr. C. E. Browne, who thinks it possible that they may have migrated from the Shan State of Kale on the Chindwin. It appears that the Dayes once had a tribal dress of their own which must have been like that of the Taungfthus and Taungyos. In all 1,094 persons were enumerated as Daves at the 1901 Census.
# The Tribes of Burma/Tamans

The Tamans
It is possible that the Kadus may be racially allied to the Tamans in the north of the Upper Chindwin District who live where the Shan, Chin and Kachin areas meet in the neighbourhood of the 25th parallel of latitude and speak a language (vide vocabulary prepared by Mr. Grant Brown in September-October 1908) which appears to be connected with Kachin and Naga but, like Kadu, contains an element of Shan and Chin. Even if they are not related to the Kadus, however, the Tamans have been produced by much the same amalgamation as the latter. There are said to be Tamans outside the Upper Chindwin District, but of the 829 persons who returned themselves as Tamans at the 1901 Census, all but fifty-five were enumerated in the Upper Chindwin. There is only one pure Taman village (Tamanthi in the Homalin Township), but there are said to be Tamans in most of the villages in the extreme north of the district. An account of the Tamans' stories of people who could turn themselves into tigers and of nats who afflicted those who stole the property of Tamans, etc., was written by Mr. Grant Brown, Deputy Commissioner of the Upper Chindwin District, in 1908. In the migration map the Tamans have ​been shown as branching off from the Kachins. The line adopted in the map merely indicates roughly the probable origin of such of the elements composing the tribe as have been subsequently overlaid by Shan and Chin accretions. If we ever sought to establish a connection between the residents of Burma proper and the Nagas, it is through the Tamans that the line would probably be traced.
# The Tribes of Burma/Salons

​The Selungs or Salons, the sea-gypsies of the Mergui Archipelago, are of Malay stock and do not belong directly to any of the three main ethnical families dealt with above, though the researches of Messrs. Skeat and Blagden tend to the view that there may, in the remote past, have been some kind of connection between them and the Mon Khmer communities in the south of Indo-China. This view is based on the assumption that the Salons are, as appears to be the case, connected with the Orang Laut or Sea Jakun of the Malay Peninsula. Of the Jakun and the Orang Laut Messrs. Skeat and Blagden say "it seems safe to conclude that both are branches of a Mongoloid stock which probably inhabited the Peninsula before the irruption of the more civilized Malays." Whatever their origin may have been the Salons now talk a language that has been placed in the Malay family. They are a timid, backward race, living for the most part in boats and avoiding civilized haunts and comparatively little has as yet been ascertained about them. The main authorities on the Salons are given in the bibliographical note on page 106. The total of Salons at the 1901 Census was 1,325, all enumerated in the Mergui District. This was somewhat below the 1891 total, but there seems reason to believe that the tribe is not—as at one time was thought—steadily dying out, The Salons call themselves Mawkhen. The name they ate now ordinarily known by is one that has been given them by the Burmans. Its precise origin is not known, but one naturally ​connects it with Salang or Junk Seylon, an island south of the Mergui Archipelago and Selangor between Penang and Singapore.
The Malays call the Salons Orang Besim; which suggests Besisi or Orang Resisi, the name for certain Jakun sea tribes of the Selangor and Malacca coast.
* ↑ Vide page 462 of Volume II, "Pagan races of the Malay Peninsula." Skeat and Blagden, London, 1906.
* ↑ Ibid. Volume I, page 91.
# The incarnation, birth, and infancy of Jesus Christ

The Centenary Edition.
The Incarnation,
Birth and Infancy
of Jesus Christ
OR,
THE MYSTERIES OF THE FAITH.
BY St. ALPHONSUS de LIGUORI, Doctor of the Church.
EDITED BY REV. EUGENE GRIMM, Priest of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer. SECOND EDITION.
NEW YORK, CINCINNATI, AND CHICAGO: BENZIGER BROTHERS, Printers to the Holy Apostolic See.
| R. WASHBOURNE, 18 Paternoster Row, London. | M. H. GILL & SON, 50 Upper O'Connell Street, Dublin. |
page
CONTENTS.
PAGE
THE MYSTERIES OF THE FAITH.
THE INCARNATION.
DISCOURSES FOR THE NOVENA OF CHRISTMAS.
MEDITATIONS
FOR EVERY DAY OF ADVENT.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The immortality she gave

The immortality she gave We borrowed at her Grave — For just one Plaudit famishing, The Might of Human love —
# The incarnation, birth, and infancy of Jesus Christ/Approbation

APPROBATION.
By virtue of the authority granted me by the Most Rev. Nicholas Mauron, Superior General of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, I hereby sanction the publication of the work entitled " Way of Salvation and of Perfection," which is Vol. IV. of the new and complete edition in English of the works of Saint Alphonsus de Liguori, called "The Centenary Edition."
ELIAS FRED. SCHAUER,
Sup. Prov. Baltimorensis.
BALTIMORE, MD., September 8, 1886.
Copyright, 1886, by ELIAS FREDERICK SCHAUER.
# The humourous adventures of Jump Jim Crow/Jim Crow's personal history

JIM CROW'S PERSONAL HISTORY.
I come from ole Kentucky, a long time ago, When I first larnt to wheel about, and jump Jim Crow, I us'd to take him fiddle, eb'ry morn and arternoon, And charm de ole buzzard, and dance to de racoon
Veel about and turn about, And do jis so; Eb'ry time I veel abont, I jump Jim Crow.
At hoeing of de sugar, or picking cotton, all de same I us'd to beat de oder niggers, and give dem twenty in de game; ​At last I went to seek my fortune, got up by break day Left my old shoes behind me, and off I ran away. Veel about, &c.
I came to a riber, which I couldn't get across, So gib a couple of shillings for an old blind horse When I got up de oder side, I drove him up a hill, Oh, but de oder side look'd rather daffakil. Den 1 jump aboard on big ship, and cum across o (illegible text) sea, And landed on ole England, where de nigger a (illegible text) free.
Veel about, &c.
# The humourous adventures of Jump Jim Crow/Jim Crow's visit to church

JIM CROW'S VISIT TO CHURCH.
In New York I went to a nigger meeting, It was on a Sunday night, To see old broder Clem, Dat dey say can read and write.
Turn about and veel about, And do jis so; Ebery time I turn about, I jump Jim Crow.
Vhen I got to de meeting-house, Dey say you better go, ​'Kase you come to raise the debil here, And jump Jim Crow. Veel about, &c.
So I crept through de window And sat myself a-down, Broder Clem gub out de text, Den dey hand dey plate around. Veel about, &c.
In de ninety-leventh chapter Of de new Almanack, Dare it tell you all about De white man and black. Veel about, &c.
He say dat Cain was de fuss man, Julycome Caesar was de toder— Dey put Adam on de treden mill, ’Kase he kill him broder. Veel about, &c.
And dea dat Mr. Sampson Was de man dat build de ark, Mr. Jonas was de fisherman Who swallow up de shark. Veel about, &c.
De rain pour down forty days, By de sailors' counting, ​And landed Sampson and de ark
Upon de Alleghany mounting. Veel about, &c.
# The iceberg

Serial story published in Once a Week.
* Part 1
* Part 2
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
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# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Crofton, Baron

​CROFTON, Baron (Irld., 1797), and a Baronet (1768), Arthur Edward Lowther Crofton, 4th Baron; Lieut.-Col. Comdg. Reserve Batt., Roy. Fus., formerly Comd. 13th (Service) Batt. Northumberland Fus.; mentioned in despatches, 1916; served in European War, 1916; elected a Representative Peer for Ireland (1916); is a J.P., D.L. for Co. Roscommon; son of the Hon. Charles St. George Crofton (d. 1895), who was 2nd son of 2nd Baron), and Theresa (d. 1867), dau. of Daniel Tighe; b. 7th Aug.. 1866; s. his uncle, 22nd Sept., 1912; m. 1893, Jessie, dau. of J. Hewltson, and widow of Neville Paddon, Esq.; issue two sons and a dau. Res.: Mote Park, Ballymurry, Roscommon. Naval and Military Club, London.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Croker, Courtenay Le Poer Trench

​CROKER, Courtenay le Poer Trench, D.L., J.P., Co. Limerick; Auditor, Local Government Board, Ireland, 1882-1911; fifth but only survg. son of late Capt. Edwd. Croker, D.L., J.P., 17th Lancers, of Ballynagarde, Co. Limerick; b. 1853; m. 1882, Mary, youngest dau. of late Yen. Charles Hare, Archdeacon of Limerick. Res.: Ballynagarde, Limerick; Blackwater, Limerick.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Cronin, Rev. Michael

​CRONIN, Rev. Michael, D.D., M.A. (R.U.I.), M.R.I.A.; b. in Dublin, 1871; Educ.: Clonliffe College, Dublin; Propaganda College, Rome, and Univs. of Berlin and Munich; ex-Junior Fellow of the old R.U.I.; studied theology at Thomistic Acad., Rome; priest, 1895; Prof, of Ethics and Politics at Univ. Coll., Dublin, from 1909. Author of The Science of Ethics. Res.: 20 Idrone Terrace, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Crawford, Very Rev. John

​CRAWFORD, Very Rev. John, M.A., D.D. (T.C.D.), Canon of Clonfert, Provost of Kilmacduagh and Canon of Kilconnell; Member of General Synod, Dublin; Hon. Sec. for many years to Dio. Board of Education; Member of Senate, T.C.D.; m. Mary, dau. of Rev. Thomas Moore, M.A., authoress of Rolf the Imprudent, etc. Educ.: Portora Royal School, Enniskillen; Trinity College, Dublin. Ordained 1856; Curate of Cioutarf, 1856-61 and 1864-70; Kildrought, 1861-64; Curate of Duncavey, 1870-72; Finnes, 1872-77; Woodford, 1877-78; Lickmolassy, 1878-93. Recns. books and nature. Res.: Clonmoylan Abbey, Portumna, Co. Galway.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Crilly, Daniel

​CRILLY, Daniel, journalist, reviewer; b. 14th Dec, 1857; son of late Daniel Crilly, Rostrevor, Co. Down; m. 1887, Mary Ellen Colclough, Dublin. Served his full apprenticeship to a cotton broker in Liverpool; became a journalist; edited the "United Irishman," Liverpool, 1876; joined the editorial staff of "The Nation," Dublin, 1880; stood his trial before a jury in Dublin, 1887, for alleged connection with Plan of Campaign; jury disagreeing, prosecution was abandoned; was Hon. Sec, Home Rule Confederation, 1875-77, and Irish National League of Great Britain; M.P., North Mayo, 1885-1900. Pubns.: In the Bye-ways with Young Ireland, 1888; The "Felon" Literature of Ireland, 1889; The Celt at Westminster, 1892; Pencillings on Parnassus, 1899; In the Footsteps of John Mitchel, 1900-1.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Crawley, Frank C.

​CRAWLEY, Frank C., M.D. (Univ., Dub.); F.R.C.S.I.; B.A. (Cantab, et. Dubl.) Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Royal City of Dublin Hospital; Surgeon to the Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital; Consulting Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Rotunda Hospital; to the Molyneux Blind Asylum and to the Masonic Orphan Schools: b. 1871. eldest son of the late W. J. Chetwode Crawley, LL.D., D.C.L., Merton Park, Sandford Road, Dublin; m. Jean, eldest dau. of the Right Hon. Mr. Justice Dodd; one son, one dau. Educ.: St. Stephen's Green School; Shrewsbury; Cambridge and Dublin Universities: Vienna; Berlin. Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine: Fellow of the Ophthalmological Society of the Unit. Kingdom; Fellow of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland. Pubns.: various articles on Diseases of the Eye. Recns.: golf and bridge. Res.: 5 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin; Tel., Dublin, 1562. Clubs: University, Stephen's Green, Dublin; Royal Irish Yacht Club, Kingstown; Island Golf Club, Malahide.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Creagh, Sir G. O'Moore

​V.C. CREAGH, Sir G. O'Moore, G.C.B. (Mil.), 1909, G.C.S.I. (1911), K.C.B., Mil. (1903), C.B., Mil. (1902), V.C. (1878). Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class (Japan), 1901; served in Afghan War, 1878-79-80; Zhob Expedition, 1892; China, 1900-1903; Mil. Sec. at India Office, 1907- 1909; Commander-in-Chief, India, 1909-14; several times mentioned in despatches; Gen., Indian Army: seventh son of the late Capt. J. Creagh, R.N., of Cahirbane, Co. Clare, and Grace Emily, 2nd dau. of The O'Moore, J.P. .D.L., of Cloghan Castle ​King's Co; m. 1874, Letitia L. (d. 1876), dau of late John Brereton, Oldcourt, Tipperary, and had issue a dau., who married W. Q. Williams, C.E. 2nd, 1890, Lilla, dau. of H. Reid, of Kelverton, Bucks, and has issue Capt. D. V. Creagh, M.C. 7th Hussars. Res.: 65 Albert Hall Mansions, London, S.W. United Service Club, S.W.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Crichton, Alexander Joseph

​CRICHTON, Alexander Joseph, J.P., Co. Sligo (High Sheriff, 1892); eldest son of late Alex. Crichton; b. 1861: m. 1884, Olga B., dau. of Johannes Bienemann. Res.: Carrowgarry, Ballysodare, Co. Sligo.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Crofton, Sir Malby

​CROFTON, Sir Malby, Bart. (Unit. Kgd., 1833), renewal of Patent granted in 1661); B.A. (Oxon.), J.P., D.L., Co. Sligo; eldest son of the late Henry Bliss Crofton, and Sophia, eldest dau. of Thomas Horsfall, of Burley Hall, Yorkshire; b. 20th Aug., 1857; s. his grandfather, as 8rd Bart., 15th Dec, 1872; m. 18th Aug., 1880, Louisa, dau. of Richard J. Verschoyle, J.P., of Tanrago, Co. Sligo; has issue two sons, two daus. Res.: Longford House, Ballysodare, Co. Sligo.
# Thom's Irish Who's Who/Crofton, Sir Morgan George

​CROFTON, Sir Morgan George, Bart. (Unit. Kgd., 1801); D.S.O. (1917), Legion of Honour, 1917 (three times mentioned in despatches); Lt.-Col. Res. of Officers; 2nd Life Guards; late Lieut., Irish Guards; served in S. Africa, 1899-1901; in France and Flanders, 1914-15; East Africa, 1918-18; Italy, 1918; Gds. Machine Gun Regt., 1918; Provost Marshal, 1916; a J.P., Co. Leitrim and Hampshire; surviving son of Edward Hugh (d. 1882), (younger brother of the 4th Bart.), and Julia, dau. of Col. Miller, 13th Hussars; b. 27th Nov., 1879; s. his brother, 4th Feb., 1902; m. 12th Dec, 1905, Margaret (whom he divorced, 1910), dau. of the late Col. Howard Irby; 2nd, 19th Nov., 1919, Adele Violet, third dau. of Sir George Donaldson; has issue a son. Res.: Woodside Lodge, Marchwood, Southampton; Mohill Castle, Co. Leitrim. Clubs: Marlborough, Cavalry, and Pratts.
# The United States Democratic Review

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The United States Magazine and Democratic Review was a periodical published by John L. O'Sullivan during the mid-19th century. Its motto, “The best government is that which governs least,” was famously paraphrased by Henry David Thoreau in On the Duty of Civil Disobedience.Warning: template has been deprecated.

## Contents

* Volume 1 IA
* Volume 2 IA
* Volume 3 IA
* Volume 4 IA
* Volume 5 IA IA
* Volume 6 IA
* Volume 7 IA
* Volume 8 IA
* Volume 9 IA
* Volume 10 IA
* Volume 11
* Volume 12
* Volume 13 (transcription project)
* Volume 14
* Volume 15
* Volume 16
* Volume 17
* Volume 18
* Volume 19 IA
* Volume 20
* Volume 21 IA
* Volume 22
* Volume 23
* Volume 24
* Volume 25
* Volume 26
* Volume 27
* Volume 28 IA
* Volume 29
* Volume 30
* Volume 31
* Volume 32
* Volume 33
* Volume 34
* Volume 35
* Volume 36
* Volume 37
* Volume 38
* Volume 39
* Volume 40
* Volume 41
* Volume 42
* Volume 43 (Apr. 1859–Oct. 1859)
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
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# The Union Bank v. Hyde

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
19 U.S. 572
The Union Bank v. Hyde
ERROR to the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia.
This cause was argued by Mr. Jones, for the plaintiff in error, and by Mr. Swann and Mr. Key for the defendant in error.
Mr. Justice JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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