OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cameron, Charles Hay

​CAMERON, CHARLES HAY (1795–1880), jurist, was born on 11 Feb. 1795. He was the son of Charles Cameron, governor of the Bahama Islands, by Lady Margaret Hay, daughter of the fourteenth Earl of Erroll ​His grandfather, Donald Cameron, was the younger son of Dr. Archibald Cameron [q. v.] Charles Hay Cameron erected a monument to his great-grandfather in the Savoy Chapel. It was injured by a fire in 1864, when Mr. C L. Norman, Cameron's son-in-law, replaced it by a painted window. Cameron was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1830. He was a disciple, and ultimately perhaps the last surviving disciple, of Jeremy Bentham. He was employed upon various commissions. His report upon 'judicial establishments and procedure in Ceylon,' the result of a mission with Colonel Colebrooke, is dated 31 Jan. 1832. He was also a commissioner for inquiring into charities, and prepared a report upon the operation of the poor laws in April 1833. By the act of 1833 a fourth member was added to the Supreme Council of India (previously the Council of Bengal), and a law commission was constituted, one member of which was to be appointed from England. Cameron was the first member so appointed, and went to India in the beginning of 1835. In 1843 he was appointed fourth member of council, and became president of the Council of Education for Bengal, of which he had been a member from his arrival in India. Cameron took an important part in the work of codification begun by Macaulay, and was Macaulay's chief adviser and co-operator in the preparation of the penal code (Trevelyan, Macaulay, i. 427. 443, 463). He took a great interest in the introduction of English education among the natives of India. A public meeting of natives was held at Calcutta on 22 Feb. 1848, upon his departure for England, to thank him for his exertions, and request him to sit for his portrait. His views are explained in an 'Address to Parliament on the duties of Great Britain to India in respect of the education of the natives and their official employment, by C. H. Cameron' (1863), in which he advocates a more liberal treatment of the Hindoo population.
Cameron took no further part in active life after his return to England. He lived successively in London, Putney, and at Freshwater in the Isle of Wight. In 1875 he went to Ceylon, where his sons were established. After a visit to England in 1878, be died in Ceylon on 8 May 1880.
Cameron was a man of cultivated intellect, well read in classical and modern literature, and intimate with many distinguished men of his day, especially Sir Henry Taylor, Lord Tennyson, and H. T. Prinsep. He married, in 1838, Julia Margaret Pattle [see Cameron, Julia Margaret], by whom he had five sons and a daughter, Julia (d. 1873), married to Charles Lloyd Norman.
[Academy, 26 June 1880; Sir H. Taylor's Autobiography, ii. 48-55, 184; Mackenzie's History of the Camerons, 1884; information from the family.]
L. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cameron, George Poulett

​CAMERON, GEORGE POULETT (1806–1882), colonel, an Indian officer, was the son of Commander Robert Cameron, R.N., who perished with the greater part of his crew under the batteries of Fort St. Andero (Santander), on the north coast of Spain, on 22 Jan. 1807. He was appointed a cadet of infantry at Madras in 1821, and in 1824 and 1825 served as adjutant of a light field battalion under Lieutenant-general Sir C. Deacon in the southern Mahratta country. Returning to England in 1831, he shortly afterwards joined the expedition to Portugal organised by Don Pedro to recover the throne for his daughter, the late Queen Maria II. Cameron was attached to the staff of field-marshal the Duke of Terceira, under whose command he distinguished himself in two actions fought on 4 March and 5 July 1833, receiving special commendation on the second occasion for having remained at his post after being severely wounded. A few years later he was sent on particular service to Persia, and was employed with the Persian army in 1836, 1837, and 1838, commanding the garrison of Tabriz. On leaving Persia in 1838 he visited the Russian garrisons in Circassia. In 1842 he held for a short time the appointment of political agent at the titular court of the Nawáb of Arcot. In 1843 he was created a C.B., having previously received from the government of Portugal the order of the Tower and Sword, and from that of Persia the order of the Lion and Sun. After serving for a time in the quartermaster-general's department in the Madras presidency, he was transferred, in consequence of ill-health, to the invalid establishment. Subsequently, in 1856, he was commandant of the Nílgiri Hills, the duties of which post were principally of a civil character. Having retired from the service of the East India Company early in 1858, he was present with the Austrian army in the Italian campaign of the following year. He was the author of the following works: ‘Personal Adventures and Excursions in Georgia, Circassia, and Russia,’ 2 vols. 1848; ‘The Romance of Military Life, being souvenirs connected with thirty years' service,’ 1853. He died in London in 1882.
A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cameron, Hugh

​CAMERON, HUGH (1705–1817), millwright, was a native of the Breadalbane district of Perthshire. After serving an apprenticeship as a country millwright he settled at Shiain of Lawers, where he erected the first lint mill in operation in the highlands of Scotland. He was the first to introduce spinning-wheels and jackreels in Breadalbane instead of the distaff and spindle, and instructed the people in their use. Nearly all the lint mills erected during his time in the highlands of Perthshire and in the counties of Inverness, Caithness, and Sutherland were constructed by him. It was he who designed the first barley mill built on the north side of the Forth, for which a song, very popular in the highlands, was composed in his honour, entitled ‘Moladh di Eobhan Camashran Muilleir lin,’ that is, ‘A song in praise of Hugh Cameron, the lint miller.’ He died in 1817, at the reputed age of 112.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hingston, Thomas

​HINGSTON, THOMAS, M.D. (1799–1837), of Truro, third son of John Hingston, clerk in the custom house, and Margaret his wife, was baptised at St. Ives, Cornwall, on 9 May 1799, and educated in his native town and at Queens' College, Cambridge, where, however, he did not take any degree. His medical studies commenced in the house of a general practitioner, whence in 1821 he removed to Edinburgh. In 1822 he won the medal offered by George IV to Edinburgh University for a Latin ode on the occasion of his visit to Scotland. The original poem is lost, but a translation made by his brother is preserved in ‘The Poems of Francis Hingeston,’ 1857, pp. 129–31. In 1824 he was admitted to the degree of M.D., after publishing an inaugural dissertation, ‘De Morbo Comitiali,’ and in the same year he brought out a new edition of William Harvey's ‘De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis,’ with additions and corrections. Hingston first practised as a physician at Penzance 1828–32, and afterwards removed to Truro. He contributed to the ‘Transactions of the Geological Society of Cornwall’ a dissertation ‘On the use of Iron among the Earlier Nations of Europe,’ iv. 113–34. To vol. iv. of Davies Gilbert's ‘Parochial History of Cornwall’ he furnished ‘A Memoir of William of Worcester,’ and an essay ‘On the Etymology of Cornish Names.’ He died at Falmouth, whither he had removed for the benefit of the sea air, 13 July 1837.
[Polwhele's Reminiscences, 1836, ii. 153; Gent. Mag. September 1837, p. 318; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. p. 242.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hingston, John

​HINGSTON, JOHN (d. 1683), composer and organist, a pupil of Orlando Gibbons [q. v.] (Hawkins), was a musician in the service successively of Charles I, of Cromwell (at 100l. a year salary), and of Charles II. It is said (Wood, MS. Notes) that after the Protector brought the Magdalen College (Oxford) organ to Hampton Court he would listen with delight to Deering's songs performed by Hingston and two boys; that Cromwell's daughters had lessons from Hingston, and that Cromwell himself would frequently enjoy music at Hingston's house. Sir Roger L'Estrange, in his ‘Truth and Loyalty vindicated,’ 1662, writes: ‘Being in St. James's Park I heard an organ touched in a little low room of one Mr. Hinkson's; I went in and found a private company of five or six persons; they desired me to take up a viol and bear a part. I did so. … By and by, without the least colour of a design, or expectation, in comes Cromwell. He found us playing, and, as I remember, so he left us.’
From 1661 to 1666 Hingston was among the gentlemen of the Chapel Royal; in July 1663 his office is specified as ‘keeper of ye organs.’ He wrote ‘fancies,’ and is said by Hawkins to have been Blow's earliest master. He died in 1683, and was buried in St. Margaret's, Westminster, 17 Dec. His nephew, Peter Hingston (b. 1721), was teacher and organist at Ipswich. Hingston gave his portrait to the Oxford Music School.
A few of Hingston's compositions are preserved in the British Museum Addit. MS. 31436: (1) A set of twelve fantasias named from the months, in four parts; (2) A set of four fantasias, ayres, and galliards named from the seasons, in four parts; and (3) Fantasias and almands for three bass viols. (4) A manuscript set of fancies in six parts is in the Music School, Oxford.
[Wood's manuscript Lives of Musicians; State Papers, Charles II, Dom. Ser.; Hawkins's Hist. of Music, ii. 577; Rimbault's edition of O. Gibbons's Fantasies; Gutch's Oxford, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 891; Bloxam's Registers, vi. 251; Dict. of Musicians, 1827, i. 368; Grove's Dict. of Music, i. 741.]
L. M. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hindley, John Haddon

​HINDLEY, JOHN HADDON (1765–1827), oriental scholar, son of Charles Hindley, cloth mercer of Manchester, was born at that town in 1765, and educated at Manchester grammar school. In 1785 he went to Brasenose, Oxford, and in 1788 was elected a Hulme exhibitioner. He graduated B.A. 1788 and M.A. on 11 Oct. 1790). Two years later he was appointed chaplain of Manchester Collegiate Church, and librarian of the Chetham Library. The latter position he resigned in 1804. He was an accomplished and learned man, and had poetical abilities of no mean order. He was, however, reserved and crochety, and from his complaining abd querulous manner was called ‘the Book of Lamentations.’ In his later years his mind gave way. He died unmarried at Clapham on 17 June 1827.
The circumstance that the Chetham Library possessed many valuable oriental manuscripts led Hindley to the study of Persian. He wrote: 1. ‘Persian Lyrics or scattered Poems from the Diwan-i-Hafiz, with paraphrases in Verse and Prose,’ &c., 1800, 4to. 2. ‘Extracts, Epitomes, and Translations from Asiatick Authors,’ vol. i. 1807, 4to. 3. ‘Pendeh-i-Attar; the Counsels of Attar, edited from a Persian Manuscript,’ 1807 and 1814. 4. ‘Resemblances Linear and Verbal, translated from Jami by F. Gladwin, edited by J. H. H.,’ &c., 1811, 12mo.
[Smith's Manchester School Register (Chetham Soc.), i. 205; Thomas Wilson's Miscellanies (Chetham Soc.); Palatine Note-book, iv. 168; Foster's Alumni Oxon. p. 665; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hine, William

​HINE, WILLIAM (1687–1730), organist and composer, was born at Brightwell, Oxfordshire, in 1687. He was chorister of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1694, and clerk in 1705. Coming to London he studied music under Jeremiah Clarke [q. v.], whose executive style he closely imitated. In 1711 or 1712 Hine became organist of Gloucester Cathedral, and shortly afterwards married Alicia, the ​daughter of Abraham Rudhall, the bellfounder. The dean and chapter of Gloucester showed their appreciation of Hine's services by voluntarily increasing his yearly salary by 20l., as is recorded in the mural tablet over his grave in the cloisters. He died 28 Aug. 1730, aged 43; his wife died on 28 June 1735. Hine's chief pupils were Richard Church and William Hayes [q. v.], whose son, Dr. Philip Hayes [q. v.], presented a portrait of Hine to the Oxford Music School.
After Hine's death his widow published by subscription ‘Harmonia Sacra Glocestriensis, or Select Anthems for 1, 2, and 3 Voices,’ &c. The volume contains the anthems ‘Save me,’ ‘Rejoice in the Lord, O ye righteous,’ and ‘I will magnify Thee,’ and the Jubilate (with Hall's ‘Te Deum’).
[Hawkins's Hist. of Music, iii. 770; Bloxam's Reg. of Magd. Coll. Oxford, i. 124, ii. 85, 211; Grove's Dict. of Music, i. 740.]
L. M. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bourdieu, Jean

​BOURDIEU, JEAN du. [See Du Bourdieu.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bourdillon, James Dewar

​BOURDILLON, JAMES DEWAR (1811–1883), Madras civil servant, was the second son of the Rev. Thomas Bourdillon, vicar of Fenstanton and Hilton, Huntingdonshire. He was educated partly by his father, and partly at a school at Ramsgate; having been nominated to an Indian writership, he proceeded to Haileybury College in 1828, and in the following year to Madras. After serving in various subordinate appointments in the provinces, he was appointed secretary to the board of revenue, and eventually in 1854 secretary to government in the departments of revenue and public works. Bourdillon had previously been employed upon an important commission appointed under instructions of the late court of directors to report upon the system of public works in the Madras presidency, his colleagues being Major {now Major-general) F. C. Cotton, C.S.I., of the Madras engineers, and Major (now Lieutenant-general) Sir George Balfour, K.C.B., of the Madras artillery. The report of the commission, which was written by Bourdillon, enforces in clear and vigorous language the enormous importance of works of irrigation, and of improved communications for the prevention of famines and the development of the country. The writer's accurate knowledge of details and breadth of view render the report one of the most valuable state papers ever issued by an Indian government.
Bourdillon was also the author of a treatise on the ryotwár system of land revenue, which exposed a considerable amount of prevalent misapprehension as to the principles and practical working of that system. Working in concert with his friend and colleague, Sir Thomas Pycroft, he was instrumental in effecting reforms in the transaction of public business, both in the provinces and at the presidency. He especially helped to improve the method of reporting the proceedings of the local government to the government of India and to the secretary of state, which for some years put Madras at the head of all the Indian governments in respect of the thoroughness with which its business was conducted and placed before the higher authorities.
Bourdillon's health failed in 1861, and he was compelled to leave India, and to retire from the public service at a time when the reputation which he had achieved would in all probability have secured his advancement to one of the highest posts in the Indian service. To the last he devoted much time and attention to Indian questions, occasionally contributing to the 'Calcutta Review,' and interesting himself among other matters in the questions of provincial finance and of the Indian currency. He revised for the late Colonel J. T. Smith, R.E., all his later pamphlets on a gold currency for India. He died suddenly at Tunbridge Wells on 21 May 1883.
[Madras Civil List; Report of the Madras Public Works Commissioners, Madras Church of Scotland Mission Press, 1856; family papers and personal knowledge.]
A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bourman, Robert

​BOURMAN, ROBERT. [See Boreman.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bourgeois, Peter Francis

​BOURGEOIS, Sir PETER FRANCIS (1756–1811), painter, is said to have been descended from a family of some importance in Switzerland. His father was a watchmaker, residing in London at the time of his birth. He was intended for the army, and Lord Heathfield offered to procure him a commission, but he preferred to be an artist, and was encouraged in his choice of profession by Reynolds and Gainsborough. De Loutherbourg was his master, and he early acquired a reputation as a landscape-painter. In 1776 he set out on a tour through France, Holland, and Italy. Between 1779 and 1810, the year before his death, he exhibited 103 pictures at the Royal Academy and five at the British Institution. In 1787 he was elected an associate, and in 1793 a full member of the Royal Academy. In the following year he was appointed landscape-painter to George III.
​Bourgeois owed his knighthood to Stanislaus, king of Poland, who in 1791 appointed him his painter and conferred on him the honour of a knight of the order of Merit, and his title was confirmed by George III. Although he appears to have been successful as a painter, he owed much of his good fortune to Joseph Desenfans, a picture-dealer, who was employed by Stanislaus to collect works of art, which ultimately remained on his hands. Bourgeois, who lived with Desenfans, assisted him in his purchases, and at his death inherited what, with some pictures added by himself, is now known as the Dulwich Gallery [College]. He died from a fall from his horse on 8 Jan. 1811, and was buried in the chapel of Dulwich College. He bequeathed 371 pictures to Dulwich College, with 10,000l. to provide for the maintenance of the collection, and 2,000l. to repair and beautify the west wing and gallery of the college. The members of the college, however, determined to erect a new gallery, and they and Mrs. Desenfans contributed 6,000l. apiece for this purpose, and employed Mr. (afterwards Sir) John Soane as the architect of the present buildings, which were commenced in the year of the death of Bourgeois, and include a mausoleum for his remains and those of Mr. and Mrs. Desenfans.
Although Bourgeois generally painted landscapes, he attempted history and portrait. Amongst his pictures were 'Hunting a Tiger,' Mr. Kemble as 'Coriolanus,' and 'A Detachment of Horse, costume of Charles I.' Twenty-two of his own works were included in his bequest to Dulwich College, where, besides landscapes, may now be seen 'A Friar kneeling before a Cross,' 'Tobit and the Angel,' and a portrait of himself. Though an artist of taste and versatility, his works fail to sustain the reputation which they earned for him when alive.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists, 1878; Bryan's Dict. (Graves); Annals of the Fine Arts, 1818; Warner's Cat. Dulwich Coll. MSS.]
C. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bourchier, Thomas (d.1586?)

​BOURCHIER, THOMAS (d. 1586?), was a friar of the Observant order of the Franciscans. He was probably educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, but there is no record of his having graduated in that university. When Queen Mary attempted to re-establish the friars in England, Bourchier became a member of the new convent at Greenwich; but at that queen's death he left the country. After spending some years in Paris, where the theological faculty of the Sorbonne conferred on him the degree of doctor, he travelled to Rome. He at first joined the convent of the Reformed Franciscans at the church of S. Maria di Ara Coeli, and subsequently became penitentiary in the church of S. Giovanni in Laterano, where John Pits, his biographer, speaks of having sometimes seen him.
He wrote several books, but the only one that survives is the 'Historia Ecclesiastica de Martyrio Fratrum Ordinis Divi Francisci dictorum de Observantia, qui partim in Anglia sub Henrico octavo Rege, partim in Belgio sub Principe Auriaco, partim et in Hybernia tempore Elizabethæ regnantis Reginæ, idque ab anno 1536 usque ad hunc nostrum præsentem annum 1582, passi sunt.' The preface is dated from Paris, 'ex conventu nostro,' 1 Jan. 1582. The book was very popular among catholics, and other editions were brought out at Ingolstadt in 1583 and 1584, Paris in 1586, and at Cologne in 1628. Another of his works was a treatise entitled 'Oratio doctissima et efficacissima ad Franciscum Gonzagam totius ordinis ministrum generalem pro pace et disciplina regulari Magni Conventus Parisiensis instituenda,' Paris, 1582. This was published under the name of Thomas Lancton, or Lacton, which appears to have been an alias of Bourchier.
Wadding, the historian of the Franciscans, calls him, in his supplementary volume, 'Thomas Bourchier Gallice, Lacton vero Anglice, et Latinis Lanius, vel Lanio, Italis autem Beccaro' (an alternative form of ​Beccajo), and elsewhere expresses himself convinced of the identity of Lancton and Bourchier. It is but fair to say that Francis a S. Clara and Parkinson, the author of 'Collectanea Anglo-Minoritica,' consider them two distinct persons, who both took their degree of D.D. at Paris about 1580. These writers are however, of no better authority than Wadding. Another treatise by Bourchier, 'De judicio religiosorum, in quo demonstratur quod a sæcularibus judicari non debeant,' is mentioned by Wadding as in his possession, but only in manuscript; this was written at Paris in 1582. In 1584 he edited and annotated the 'Censura Orientalis Ecclesiæ de præcipuis Hæreticorum dogmatibus,' which was published by Stanislaus Scoluvi. Bourchier died, according to Pits, at Rome about 1586.
[Pits, De Angliæ Scriptoribus, 789; Wadding's Scriptores Ordinis Minorum, pp. 219, 221; Suppl. ad Scriptores trium Ordinum, 671; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. i. 525; Joannes a S. Antonio; Bibliotheca Univ. Franciscana, iii. 116; Franciscus a S. Clara, Hist. Min. Provin. Angl. Frat. Min. 48-55.]
C. T. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bourchier, Robert

​BOURCHIER or BOUSSIER, ROBERT (d. 1349), chancellor, the eldest son of John Bourchier [q. v.], a judge of common pleas, began life in the profession of arms. He was returned as a member for the county of Essex in 1330, 1332, 1338, and 1339. In 1334 he was chief justice of the king's bench in Ireland. He was present at the battle of Cadsant in 1337. He sat in the parliament of 1340 (Rolls of Parliament, ii. 113). When on his return to England the king displaced his ministers, he committed the great seal, which had long been held by Archbishop Stratford and his brother, the Bishop of Chichester, alternately, to Bourchier, who thus became, on 14 Dec. 1340, the first lay chancellor. His salary was fixed at 500l., besides the usual fees. In the struggle between the king and the archbishop, Bourchier withheld the writ of summons to the ex-chancellor, interrupted his address to the bishops in the Painted Chamber, and on 27 April 1341 urged him to submit to the king. When the parliament of 1341 extorted from the king his assent to their petitions that the account of the royal officers should be audited, and that the chancellor and other great officers should be nominated in parliament, and should swear to obey the laws, Bourchier declared that he had not assented to these articles, and would ​not be bound by them, as they were contrary to his oath and to the laws of the realm. He nevertheless exemplified the statute, and delivered it to parliament. He resigned his office on 29 Oct. He was summoned to parliament as a peer in 16 Edward III. In 1346 he accompanied the king on his expedition to France. He was in command of a large body of troops, and fought at Crecy in the first division of the army. He married Margaret, daughter and heiress of Sir Thomas Preyers. He founded a college at Halstead for eight priests; but it probably never contained so many, as its revenues were very small. The king granted him the right of free warren, and license to crenellate his house. He died of the plague in 1349, and was buried at Halstead.
[Rolls of Parliament, ii. 113, 127, 131; Return of Members, i. 89-126; Murimuth, 111, Eng. Hist. Soc.; Froissart, i. 151, 163 (Johnes); Foss's Judges of England, iii. 399-402; Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors, i. 234-41; Stubbs's Constitutional History, ii. 387, 391; Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 126; Dugdale's Monasticon, vi. 1453.]
W. H.