OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Anderson, Joseph Reid

​ANDERSON, Joseph Reid, soldier, was born at Walnut Hill, Va., Feb. 6, 1813. In 1832 he was appointed military cadet at West Point, and was graduated in 1836, being promoted in the army to 2d lieutenant of 3d artillery. He served as assistant engineer in the bureau at Washington, D. C., in 1836, and in building Fort Pulaski, Ga., 1836-'37. He resigned from the U.S. army Sept. 30, 1837, and became assistant engineer of the state of Virginia. From 1838 to 1841 he was chief engineer of the valley turnpike company, and from 1841 to 1861 was superintendent and proprietor of Tredegar iron manufactory and cannon foundry at Richmond, Va. He was elected to the Virginia house of delegates in 1852, holding the office three years. In 1861 he joined the Confederate army with the rank of brigadier-general, serving through the war in the ordnance department. In 1866 the United States government confiscated the Tredegar iron works, which had furnished most of the cannon and ammunition for the army of the confederacy. The company was re-organized in 1867, and General Anderson was chosen its president. He died at the Isles of Shoals, N.H., Sept. 7, 1892.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Anderson, Martin Brewer

​ANDERSON, Martin Brewer, educator, was born at Brunswick, Me., Feb. 12, 1815. His father was of Scotch-Irish descent and his mother of English origin, a woman of marked intellectual qualities. After being graduated from Waterville college in 1840, he studied for a year in the theological Seminary at Newton, Mass. In 1841 he became tutor of Latin, Greek, and mathematics at Waterville college, where he was later appointed professor of rhetoric and lecturer on modern history, remaining there until 1850, when he removed to New York city and assumed the editorship of the New York Recorder, a weekly Baptist Journal. He was president of the University of Rochester, 1853-'88; professor of moral and intellectual philosophy, 1853-'87, and of political economy, 1887-'90. He was president of the American Baptist home missionary society, 1864; of the missionary union, 1869-'72; trustee of Vassar college, 1864-'90; trustee of the University of Rochester, 1887-'90, and member of the New York board of charities, 1868-'81. He received the degree LL.D. from Colby, 1853, and from the University of the State of New York, 1883, and L.H.D. from Columbia, 1887. He bequeathed his property to the University of Rochester. He married Elizabeth Gilbert, of New York. See his life by Asahel C. Kendrick (1895). His writings were edited by William C. Marcy (1895). He died at Lake Helen, Fla., Feb. 26, 1890.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Anderson, James Patton

​ANDERSON, James Patton, soldier, was born in Winchester, Tenn., Feb. 10, 1822; son of Col. William P. and Margaret L. (Adair) Anderson. He was graduated at Jefferson college, Canonsburg, Pa., in 1840, and in law at Frankfort, Ky., in 1842. He practised law in Hernando, Miss., 1842-'46; served in the Mexican war as lieutenant-colonel, 1846-'49; was a representative to the Mississippi legislature two terms; U. S. marshal, Washington Territory, 1853-'55; and a delegate to the 34th congress, 1855-'57; declined ​the nomination for governor and removed to Monticello, Fla., where he resided, 1857-'61. He was a delegate to the state convention of 1861, and a representative in the provisional Confederate States congress, 1861. He was colonel, brigadier-general and major-general in the Confederate army, 1861-'65; won promotion for gallant conduct at Shiloh and Stone's river; commanded the military district of Florida; was severely wounded at Jonesboro, and commanded a division in the army of the Tennessee. He died at Memphis, Tenn., Sept. 20, 1872.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Anderson, James Wright

​ANDERSON, James Wright, educator, was born near Pittsburg, Pa., April 1, 1831; son of Thomas and Esther (Wright) Anderson. He was graduated at Jefferson college, Canonsburg, Pa., in 1851, and removed to California, settling in Solano county, where he taught school. He was county superintendent of schools, 1855-'56, and president of Hesperian college, Woodland, near San Francisco, 1873-'90. He was state superintendent of public instruction 1891-'94, and was the chief promoter of the remarkable educational exhibit of the state at the Columbian exposition at Chicago in 1893.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Armstrong, George Washington

​ARMSTRONG, George Washington, expressman, was born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 11, 1836; son of David and Mahalia (Lovering) Armstrong of Windham, N.H., who removed to Boston in 1825; and a direct descendant on his mother's side from a brother of Edward Winslow, the Pilgrim governor of Plymouth colony. His first paternal ancestor in America, Charter Robert Armstrong, settled in Windham, N.H., in 1722. George was educated at the "Old Hawes Grammar" school and began his business life as a penny-postman in South Boston in 1850. He engaged as newsboy, 1851-61, and was employed in various capacities by the Boston & Worcester railroad company, 1861-63. In July, 1863, he purchased a half interest in the news business of the Boston & Albany road and in 1870 succeeded to the entire business, adding to it the dining room at the station. In 1865 he purchased King's express business over the road and changed it to Armstrong Transfer; purchased the news business of the Fitchburg railroad in 1869, and extended it over the Hoosac tunnel route in 1877. He also extended his newspaper and restaurant business north and west, over the Boston and Maine; Fitchburg and Boston and Albany railroads. He organized and became president of the Armstrong Transfer company in 1882; was elected a life member of the Bostonian Society and a member of the Beacon Society of Boston. He married, Dec. 10, 1868, Louise Marston of Bridgewater, N.H., and on Dec. 12, 1882, Flora E. Greene of Boston, Mass. He erected a building for the Nesmith library at Windham, N.H., in 1898. He died in Centre Harbor, N.H., June 30, 1901.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Armstrong, James F.

​ARMSTRONG, James F., naval officer, was born at Salem, N.J., Nov. 20, 1817. He entered the U.S. navy as midshipman, March 7, 1832, served on the Delaware, 1832-36, and on the Boston in 1837. He was promoted passed midshipman in 1838; lieutenant, Dec. 8, 1842; and commander, June 8, 1861, serving in that capacity on the Sumter of the blockading squadron. He took part in the capture of Fort Macon; was promoted captain on the retired list, April 4, 1867, and served again on the active list from Sept, 27, 1871, to Sept. 2, 1872. He died in New Haven, Conn., April 19, 1873.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Armstrong, John (1758–1843)

​ARMSTRONG, John, soldier, was born at Carlisle, Pa., Nov. 25, 1758; son of John Armstrong, an officer in the Continental army, he attended the College of New Jersey, and in 1775 enlisted in Colonel Potter's Pennsylvania regiment. He served as aide-de-camp to Gen. Hugh Mercer in the battle of Princeton, and afterward to General Gates until the close of the campaign against Burgoyne. He was promoted major on the staff of General Gates and in 1783, while stationed at Newburg, wrote the celebrated "Newburg Letters," which were circulated anonymously among the officers of Gates's command, their object being "to do justice to an ill-used soldiery." He served as secretary and also as adjutant-general of Pennsylvania after the war. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1787, and married, in 1789, Alida, daughter of Robert R. Livingston of Dutchess county, N.Y., and removed to that county. He was elected to the U.S. senate, 1799-1801, and 1803-'4. He was U.S. minister to France, 1804-'10, and also to Spain, 1806-'10.
On July 6, 1812, he was made brigadier-general, and was placed in command of New York city and its defences. At the beginning of Madison's second term, in 1813, he was appointed to his cabinet as secretary of war. Henry Adams said of him, "Whatever were Armstrong's faults, he was the strongest secretary of war the government has yet seen." It has been said that the energy he infused into the regular army lasted for half a century. In 1813 the Canadian expedition failed, and three months later the British fired and sacked Washington city. These two disasters were laid at the door of the secretary of war, and he was censured, chiefly through the instigation of Monroe, who influenced the President to demand Armstrong's resignation, and Monroe succeeded him, taking his portfolio Sept. 27, 1814. Armstrong went to Frederick, Md., and later to his farm at Red Hook, N. Y., where he spent his remaining years in literary work. His publications include: "Letters of Verus, addressed to the Native American" (1797); "A Biographical Sketch of the Late Robert R. Livingston" (1820); "Notices of the War of 1812" (2 vols., 1836), and several reviews and treatises. He also contributed to Jared Sparks's "American Biography" the lives of Anthony Wayne and Richard Montgomery, and had completed a military history of the Revolutionary war, the manuscripts of which were destroyed by fire. He died at Red Hook, N. Y., April 1, 1843.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Armstrong, Richard

​ARMSTRONG, Richard, missionary, was born in Northumberland county, Pa., Sept. 19, 1805. He was graduated from Dickinson college and Princeton theological seminary, and went to the Sandwich Islands in 1832 as a missionary. He served the missions at Nukahiva and Walluka, and in 1840 succeeded Hiram Bingham at Honolulu. He attained not a little distinction, and was chosen minister of instruction by the Hawaiian government. He was also appointed president of the board of education, and later he acted as privy councillor. He died suddenly, from accident, in Honolulu, Sept. 23, 1860.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Armstrong, David Hartley

​ARMSTRONG, David Hartley, senator, was born in Nova Scotia, Oct. 21, 1812. He attended Maine Wesleyan seminary; removed to St. Louis, Mo., in 1837, and became instructor of the first public school in Missouri. He was comptroller of St. Louis, 1847-50; served as vice-president of the board of police commissioners and became postmaster at St. Louis in 1854. He was imprisoned for expressing sympathy for the Confederacy during the Civil war; served as receiver of the Missouri Pacific railroad, and was appointed to the U.S. senate by the governor, to fill the unexpired term of Senator Bogy, deceased, serving, 1877-79. He died in St. Louis, Mo., March 18, 1893.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Armstrong, John (1725–1795)

​ARMSTRONG, John, soldier, was born in Ireland in 1725. He settled in Pennsylvania, and distinguished himself as a soldier in the French and Indian war, while leading a company against Kittaning Indians. He was appointed a brigadier-general in the Continental army in 1776; took part in the defense of Fort Moultrie and commanded a brigade at Brandywine and Germantown. He left the army in 1777, disagreeing on a question of rank, and was a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1778, and 1787. He died in Carlisle, Pa. March 9, 1795.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Armstrong, Moses K.

​ARMSTRONG, Moses K., representative, was born at Milan, O., Sept. 19, 1832. He received his education at Huron institute and Western reserve college, O., and removed to Minnesota in 1856, where he was elected surveyor of Mower county, and in 1858 was appointed surveyor of United States lands. On the admission of Minnesota as a state he removed to Yankton on the Missouri river, and on the organization of Dakota in 1861 was elected to the legislature of the territory, being re-elected in 1862 and 1863, serving as speaker during the last year. In 1864 he was editor of the Dakota Union. He was also territorial treasurer, clerk of the supreme court in 1865, a member of the territorial senate 1866, and in 1867 president of that body. In 1872 he was elected president of the first national bank of the territory. He was a representative from his district in the 42d and 43d congresses, and was also employed by the U.S. government in the boundary survey of South Dakota, and as secretary of the peace commission sent to the Sioux Indians. He became president of the Old bank of St. James, Minn., and published "History of Dakota" (1866).
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Armstrong, Robert

​ARMSTRONG, Robert, soldier, was born at Loudon, Tenn., Sept. 17, 1790. He rendered eminent service in the Creek war of 1813-'14, as captain of Tennessee artillery under Jackson. He sustained a severe wound at the battle of Talladega, Ala., Jan. 24, 1814, and was promoted brigadier-general for his distinguished gallantry at the battle of New Orleans. In 1836 he was present at the battle of Wahoo, commanding the Tennessee cavalry volunteers. At the close of his military service he was made postmaster at Nashville, Tenn., by President Jackson, holding the office from 1829 to 1845. From 1845 to 1853 he was United States consul to Liverpool, Eng., under appointment by President Polk, and on his return to the United States in 1852 he founded and edited the Washington Union. He was always on the most confidential terms with President Polk, and was bequeathed a sword by President Jackson. He died at Washington, D. C., Feb. 23, 1854.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Armstrong, David Maitland

​ARMSTRONG, David Maitland, artist, was born at Newburg, N.Y., in 1837. He was graduated at Trinity college, Hartford, in 1858; studied law, engaged in practice, and subsequently opened a studio in New York city. He studied genre and decorative painting under Luc Oliver Merson, and other eminent artists in Rome and Paris; was U.S. consul-general to Italy for four years, and director of the American art department at the Paris Exposition in 1878, where he received the decoration of the Legion of Honor. He reopened his studio in New York city and became a member of the Society of American Artists and of the Architectural League.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Armstrong, James

​ARMSTRONG, James, naval officer, was born at Shelbyville, Ky., Jan. 17, 1794. He entered the U.S. navy as midshipman on the Frolic in 1809, which was captured by the British in 1814. He was promoted lieutenant April 27, 1816; commander, March 3, 1825, and captain, Sept. 4, 1841. He became commander of the East India squadron in 1855; participated in the capture of the Chinese forts near Canton in 1857, and commanded the navy yard at Pensacola, Fla., in 1861, which he surrendered. He was promoted commodore and placed on the retired list, April 4, 1867. He died Aug. 25, 1868.
# Tenets of Solon

The "Tenets of Solon" is a collection of quotations attributed to Solon. The quotations were collected and preserved by Diogenes Laërtius.
English-language translations of Tenets of Solon include:
# Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company v. Muscoda Local No. 123

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co. v. Muscoda Local No. 123, 321 U.S. 590 (1944), was an important decision of the United States Supreme Court with regard to the interpretation of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). This set a precedent for an expansive construction of the language of the FLSA. Warning: template has been deprecated.

## Concurring Opinions

    Frankfurter
    Jackson

## Dissenting Opinion

    Roberts
United States Supreme Court
321 U.S. 590
Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company v. Muscoda Local No. 123
Argued: and Submitted Jan. 13, 14, 1944. --- Decided: March 27, 1944
See 322 U.S. 771, 64 S.Ct. 1257.
Messrs. Nathan L. Miller, of New York City, and Borden Burr, of Birmingham, Ala., for petitioner Tennessee Coal, Iron & R. Co.
Messrs. E. L. All, S. M. Bronaugh, and William B. White, all of Birmingham, Ala., for petitioner Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron Co.
Messrs. T. F. Patton, of Cleveland Ohio, R. T. Rives, of Montgomery, Ala., and Borden Burr, of Birmingham, Ala., for petitioner Republic Steel Corporation.
Mr. Crampton Harris, of Birmingham, Ala., J. A. Lipscomb, of Bessemer, Ala., and J. Q. Smith, of Birmingham, Ala., for respondents Muscoda Local No. 125, etc., and others.
Mr. Charles Fahy, of Washington, D.C., for respondent Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division, U.S. Department of Labor.
Mr. Justice MURPHY delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company v. Muscoda Local No. 123/Concurrence Frankfurter

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Frankfurter Jackson
* Dissenting Opinion Roberts
United States Supreme Court
321 U.S. 590
Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company v. Muscoda Local No. 123
Argued: and Submitted Jan. 13, 14, 1944. --- Decided: March 27, 1944
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER, concurring.
The legal question on the record before us lies within a narrow compass. Section 7 of the Fair Labor Standards Act commands the payment of compensation at a rate of not less than one and one-half times the regular rate for every employee under the Statute who is engaged 'for a workweek' longer than forty-four or forty-two hours during the first or the second year, respectively, after the effective date of the Section and forty hours thereafter. 52 Stat. 1060, 1063, 29 U.S.C. § 207, 29 U.S.C.A. § 207. Congress did not explicitly define 'workweek' and there is nothing in the available materials pertinent to construction that warrants a finding that 'workweek', as applied to the workers in the iron ore industry, had so settled a meaning at the time of the enactment of the Fair Labor Standards Act as to be deemed incorporated by reference. As a result, 'workweek' in this Statute, as applied to workers in this industry and on this record, has no technical meaning, that is, a meaning so well known to those in this particular industry as to be applied by courts in enforcing the Statute when invoked by men in the industry. For purposes of this case, in any event, when Congress used the word 'workweek', it used it colloquially-the term carries merely the meaning of common understanding.
An administrative agency for preliminary adjudication of issues arising under the Wages and Hours Law, like that established by the National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C.A. § 151 et seq., was not provided by Congress. And so, the application of this colloquial concept 'workweek' to the multifarious situations in American industry was left by Congress for ascertainment by judicial proceedings. These facts are to be found either by a jury or, as in this case, by a judge sitting without a jury. And so here it was the judge's duty to determine what time and energy on the part of the employees involved in this suit constituted a 'workweek' of these employees of the petitioners. After a trial which lasted for about three weeks, during which testimony covering 2,643 pages was heard and voluminous exhibits were introduced, the District Court made its findings of fact. A judgment for the employees based on these findings was affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals, D.C., 40 F.Supp. 4; 5 Cir., 135 F.2d 320.
We have then a judgment of two courts based on findings with ample evidence to warrant such findings. Affirmance by this Court is therefore demanded.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Tennant v. Peoria & Perkin Union Railway Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
321 U.S. 29
Tennant v. Peoria & Perkin Union Railway Company
Argued: Dec. 15, 1943. --- Decided: Jan 17, 1944
See 321 U.S. 802, 64 S.Ct. 610.
Mr. William H. Allen, of St. Louis, Mo., for petitioner.
Mr. Eugene E. Horton, of Peoria, Ill., for respondent.
Mr. Justice MURPHY delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Tennessee's Partner

"Tennessee's Partner" is a short story by Bret Harte, first published in The Overland Monthly in October 1869.
* Tennessee's Partner (1869), published in The Overland Monthly. [October 1869]
* Tennessee's Partner (1869), published in New Eclectic Magazine. [November 1869]
* Tennessee's Partner (1870), published in The Luck of Roaring Camp, and Other Sketches, pages 56–71.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company v. Muscoda Local No. 123/Concurrence Jackson

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Frankfurter Jackson
* Dissenting Opinion Roberts
United States Supreme Court
321 U.S. 590
Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company v. Muscoda Local No. 123
Argued: and Submitted Jan. 13, 14, 1944. --- Decided: March 27, 1944
Mr. Justice JACKSON, concurring.
This case in my view probably does not present any question of law or, if so, it is one with a very obvious answer. When Congress in the Fair Labor Standards Act referred to 'a work week longer than forty hours,' it considered, I assume, that what was a work week in fact should be a work week in law. Therefore, the determination of any particular case does not govern any other, for each establishment and industry stands on its own conditions.
A seasoned and wise rule of this Court makes concurrent findings of two courts below final here in the absence of very exceptional showing of error. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Inc., v. Ray-O-Vac Co., 321 U.S. 275, 64 S.Ct. 593; District of Columbia v. Pace, 320 U.S. 698, 64 S.Ct. 406; Baker v. Schofield, 243 U.S. 114, 118, 37 S.Ct. 333, 334, 61 L.Ed. 626; Williams Manufacturing Co. v. United Shoe Machinery Corp., 316 U.S. 364, 367, 62 S.Ct. 1179, 1181, 86 L.Ed. 1537.
In these cases ore mining companies sought declaratory judgments that miners' travel time in the shafts getting to and from actual mining operations, and some other time, is not to be counted in the work week as defined for overtime purposes in the Fair Labor Standards Act. They alleged that the custom of their mines excluded it, but the trial court considered all the evidence and said, 'The evidence has disclosed no such custom.' The companies also contended that the activity during travel is not in the natural of work. After hearing a mass of conflicting testimony the trial court said of these activities, 'They are performed on the premises of the employer, in the furtherance of the employer's business, with no benefits to the employee (except to aid him in the performance of work for the employer), under conditions created and controlled by the employer, and they involve responsibility to the employer and physical exertion, even though not burdensome, on the part of the employee. No characteristic of work is lacking.' These were found to be the facts by the two courts below and, whatever we might decide if we were a trial court hearing the evidence in the first instance, we cannot with our limited review hold them wrong on this record.
If these facts are accepted, the ruling that such travel time is part of the work week seems manifest. I would affirm on these controlling facts.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse