OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Austin, Minn.

See also Austin, Minnesota on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Austin, Minn., a city, the county seat of Mower County, on Red Cedar River and on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago Great Western Railroads, situated about 100 miles south of St. Paul. It is the seat of the Southern Minnesota Normal College and has, besides a Carnegie Public Library, a number of fine churches, schools, city and county buildings and an attractive city park. It is the center of a fertile agricultural region, and has a growing trade, which includes meat-packing products and those of its flour mills, creameries, brick, tile and cement works, besides live stock, wheat, flax, barley, butter and other dairy products, etc. Population, 6,960.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Australasia

See also Australasia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Australa'sia, meaning Southern Asia, includes Australia and the neighboring islands — Tasmania, New Zealand, Papua, New Caledonia, the New Hebrides, New Guinea and New Britain. The term is also popularly used for the Australian colonies of Great Britain, including Tasmania, New Zealand, Fiji, etc.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Austin, Stephen Fuller

See also Stephen F. Austin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Austin, Stephen Fuller, son of Moses Austin, the Texan pioneer, and himself founder of the state of Texas, was born at Austinville, Va., November 3, 1793, and died at Columbia, Texas, December 25, 1836. Taking up the work of his father, who died in 1821, he obtained from the Mexican government a confirmation of the grant to his father; he built up at Austin, Texas, a thriving settlement, while he pacified those Indians that threatened trouble. In the thirties the colony became restive under Mexican rule, and he, siding with the revolutionists, was for a time imprisoned. On being liberated he actively took up arms against the Mexicans, and, calling General Sam Houston to his aid, he committed himself to the project of Texan independence. In 1835 he was a commissioner to the United States to secure the recognition of Texas, but that object was as yet distant, and he died before seeing his cherished designs fulfilled.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Australian Ballot System

See also Secret ballot on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Australian Ballot System is the system of voting used by the several colonies of Australia. It was invented to secure absolute secrecy to the voter and so prevent bribery at elections and effectively check fraud in voting. The printing of the tickets and all expenses are borne by the government. There is but one ticket, on which are printed the names of all the candidates. No electioneering is allowed within fifty feet of the polls. Separate compartments or voting-booths are provided, into which one voter at a time goes, and prepares his vote by drawing a line through the names of the candidates he does not wish to vote for. The system was adopted in New South Wales in 1858, and speedily came into use in the other Australian colonies, where it proved highly successful. The present law in regard to voting in Great Britain, based on this system, was passed in 1872. The Australian method, with some changes, has been adopted in Massachusetts, New York, Illinois, Connecticut and other states, where it has been heartily approved.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Austen, Jane

See also Jane Austen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Aus'ten, Jane, a famous English novelist, was born in 1775 in Hampshire, England. Her acquaintance with English literature was considerable, and she was an especial favorite with her young friends because of her ability to make up long and interesting stories for their amusement. Her first novel, Sense and Sensibility, appeared anonymously in 1811. Others of her works are Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion. Her works deal entirely with domestic life, and her characters are taken from the English middle class. Miss Austen is especially noted for the delicacy and aptness of her descriptions of character and life. She died in 1817. See Prof. Goldwin Smith's Life of Jane Austen in the Great Writers' Series.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Balkan

See also Balkan Mountains on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Balkan (bȧl' kän') (the ancient Hæmus), a mountain range that separates the waters of the lower Danube from those that flow into the Ægean Sea. The name is also given to the whole mountain system from the Adriatic to the Black Sea. The main chain has an average height of 4,000 or 5,000 feet, and rises in various parts to a height of 7,000 to 8,000 feet. Toward the east it is broken into a number of chains and ridges running parallel to each other. Scardus, the highest mountain, is 9,700 feet above the sea. Most of the rivers on the northern side flow into the Black Sea, while those on the south fall into the Mediterranean. There are many passes through the mountains, but most of them are very difficult to traverse. The mountains are mostly of granite-like rock.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Balkan Peninsula

See also Balkans on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Balkan Peninsula, that part of Europe having the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas on one side and the Ægean and Black Seas on the other. It includes Rumania, Bulgaria, Servia, Turkey, Greece, Montenegro and Herzegovina. Nearly the whole of the peninsula is mountainous, the chief plains being those along the Danube River. There is great variety of climate, both as to the range of temperature and the amount of rainfall. Much of the land in the east and south depends upon irrigation to make it productive. The industries are chiefly cattle-raising, agriculture, fruit-growing and manufacturing, the latter being carried on largely by hand. The country is rich in minerals, but mining is little developed because of the repressive government to which the people were so long subjected. The total population is about 17,000,000, and nearly half of the people are Slavs.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ball's Bluff

See also Battle of Ball's Bluff on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ball’s Bluff, a bluff on the Virginia side of the Potomac, thirty miles from Washington, was the scene of a battle in the Civil War, October 22, 1861. A small force of Federal troops was surrounded by a larger Confederate force. The Federals were defeated, and a large number were killed or captured, among the killed being the commander, Col. E. D. Baker. See Baker, Edward Dickinson.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Balize

See also Belize on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Balize. See Belize.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ballad

See also Ballad on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bal'lad, originally a song sung or acted in a dance. The name is used for any simple narrative poem of short stanzas in which a story is told in a forcible, straightforward manner. Ballads are found among all European nations, and belong to times when, in the nation to which they belong, life was simple and civilization not so far advanced as English civilization is at present. Percy’s Reliques of Ancient English Poetry and Sir Walter Scott’s Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border are famous collections of these old English and Scottish ballads. The ballad of Chevy Chase is probably the most famous in the English language. The story of Robin Hood was also a favorite subject of popular song, and has been sung in various forms.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Balmoral

See also Balmoral Castle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bal′moral, a home of the English royal family in Scotland. It is 926 feet above the sea, on a plain that slopes from a height of 1,437 feet to the River Dee, and lies 45 miles west of Aberdeen. In 1852 the prince consort, husband of the late Queen Victoria, bought the estate for $160,000, and built a new granite castle in the Scottish baronial style, which cost about $500,000. The estate now includes about 25,000 acres.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Balliol College

See also Balliol College, Oxford on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Balliol (băl′-yŭl) College, Oxford, is at present probably the most important of the colleges of Oxford University. It was founded about the middle of the 13th century. The greatest of its masters in the middle ages was John Wiclif; and, perhaps, in the 19th century Jowett and Caird. Among poets, Balliol College has educated Southey, Matthew Arnold, Clough and Swinburne. The philosophers, T. H. Green and Sir William Hamilton, were men of Balliol; as was the late Archbishop Temple. There are about 600 names of members on the books.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ballarat

See also Ballarat, Victoria on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bal'larat, a large Australian town, next in importance to Melbourne, is in the province of Victoria. It owes its rise to the discovery of the goldfields there in 1851, being the oldest but one of the gold fields of the colony. It is in the center of one of the richest gold fields of the world. The largest gold-nugget ever discovered was found here in 1858. It was sold for over $50,000. In 1910 about 16,553 men were employed in the gold fields of Victoria colony, 2,000 of whom were Chinese. Population 50,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Balloon

See also Balloon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Balloon. See Aeronautics.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ball, Sir Robert Stawell

See also Robert Stawell Ball on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ball, Sir Robert Stawell, British astronomer, one of the most popular scientific lecturers of the day, and one of the few who can invest abstruse subjects with fascinating interest. He was born at Dublin on July 1st, 1840. He has been successively professor of mathematics in the Royal Irish College of Science, astronomer royal for Ireland and Lowndean professor of astronomy and geometry at Cambridge. His writings include an Atlas of Astronomy, Story of the Heavens, Time and Tide and The Story of the Sun.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cornell University

See also Cornell University on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cornell University, is located on Cayuga Lake, at Ithaca, N. Y. It was chartered in 1865 and 1867, and with ample endowment, including the income from a grant of nearly a million acres of land, it rapidly took rank with the first educational institutions of the country. It was named after Ezra Cornell, who gave a large sum toward its endowment, and whose able management was largely instrumental in placing the institution on a sound financial basis. Besides the academic department it has Colleges of Law, Medicine, Agriculture, Veterinary Medicine, Forestry, Architecture, Civil and Mechanical Engineering. The teachers number 663, and the students 5,194.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cornwall Canal

See also Cornwall Canal on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cornwall Canal. This Canadian canal extends past the Long Sault rapids from Cornwall to Dickinson's Landing. From the head of the Soulanges to the foot of the Cornwall Canal there is a stretch through Lake St. Francis of 32¾ miles, which is being made navigable for vessels drawing 14 feet. The length of the canal is eleven miles. It has six locks 270 by 45 feet. The total rise or lockage is 48 feet. The depth of water on the sill is 14 feet. It is 100 feet wide at the bottom and 164 at water surface. See Lachine and Soulanges.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cornelia

See also the disclaimer.
​Corne′lia. See Gracchi.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cornet

See also Cornet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cor′net, a musical instrument, usually of brass and originally curved like a horn. The best form is known as the cornet-à-pistons, because changes of sound are made by manipulating pistons with the fingers. It has a compass of two octaves and two notes. It is not an instrument of especially fine or delicate sound; but in orchestras, in company with other instruments, its effect is excellent.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cornwall

See also Cornwall, Ontario on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cornwall, county-seat of Dundas, Stormont and Glengarry Counties, Ont., is situated on the north bank of the St. Lawrence River at the foot of the Long Sault rapids, and has a population of 6,704 people, largely engaged in manufacturing. It is on the Grand Trunk and Ottawa & New York railways. Its leading industries are cotton, woolens, paper, machinery and pottery.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cornell, Ezra

See also Ezra Cornell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cornell, Ezra, American philanthropist and founder of Cornell University, was born at Westchester Landing, N. Y., Jan. 11, 1807, and died at Ithaca, N. Y., Dec. 9, 1874. He settled in Ithaca as a mechanic and miller in 1828, and early took an active part in the construction of telegraph lines, in which, and in connection with the Western Union Telegraph Co., of which he was the founder, he amassed a fortune. Early in the sixties he was a member of the state assembly, and later was elected to the state senate. In 1865 he gave half a million dollars, afterward much augmented, to found the university at Ithaca, N. Y., which bears his name, and to which Congress made an appropriation of land. The institution opened in 1868.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cornplanter

See also Cornplanter on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Corn′planter, a half-breed Seneca Indian and chief of the Six Nations. He was born about 1732, and was the son of John Abeel, a white trader. He fought the English at Braddock's defeat, and was a deadly foe to the colonists during the Revolutionary War; but afterward became a steady friend of the white people. He was an intelligent, dignified and moral man. He died on Feb. 18, 1836. Pennsylvania erected a monument in his honor in 1867.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cornu, Marie-Alfred

See also Marie Alfred Cornu on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cornu (kôr′nū′), Marie-Alfred, a distinguished French physicist, lately occupying the chair of physics at the École Polytechnique, the great military school of Paris. He was born on March 6, 1841, and was educated at the institution where he later taught. Cornu's investigations cover a large range of optical and acoustical subjects. Among the most important of these may be mentioned his very accurate determination of the speed of light by the method of Fizeau; his determination of the density of the earth by the Cavendish method; his study of the solar spectrum and the ultraviolet spectra of the metals; and his mathematical discussion of the diffraction-grating. Besides being a member of many learned societies, Cornu was a prominent member of the French Academy, and was president of the International Congress of Physicists which met at Paris in 1900. He died in 1902.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cornelius, Peter von

See also Peter von Cornelius on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Corne′lius, Peter von, one of the first masters of the modern German school of painting, was born at Düsseldorf, Sept. 23. 1783. When but 19 years old, he ​painted some fine frescoes in an old church. In Munich he painted his greatest works—a series of frescoes based on the stories of the Greek gods and heroes, and another series of New Testament scenes from the Incarnation to the Judgment, the latter being the largest fresco in the world. He achieved fame also by his Four Riders of the Apocalypse, painted in Berlin. More important than his paintings, perhaps, was the impetus he gave to wall-decoration. He died at Berlin March 6, 1867.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Corning, N. Y.

See also Corning (city), New York on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Corn′ing, N. Y., a growing town in western central New York, one of the capitals of Steuben County 17 miles west of Elmira. It is situated on the Chemung River, and has a number of factories, including iron-foundries, railroad-car-shops, brick and terra-cotta works and about a dozen factories for the manufacture of cut-glass. It has good educational facilities and an active civic life. It has the service of three railroads. Population, ?
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lawrence, Amos

Edition of 1905. See also Amos Lawrence on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LAWRENCE, Amos (1786-1852). An American merchant and manufacturer, born at Groton, Mass., and educated at the Groton Academy founded there by his father. After working as a clerk for several years, he embarked (1807) in the dry-goods business on his own account in Boston. In 1814 he formed a partnership with his brother, Abbott Lawrence (q.v.), and the firm became the foremost wholesale mercantile establishment in the country. He is best known for his connection with the cotton manufacturing industry in New England, the cities of Lawrence and Lowell owing their preëminence in this branch of industry largely to his efforts. Ill health compelled him to retire from active participation in business in 1831, and the later years of his life were spent largely in furthering various philanthropic enterprises. He contributed largely to the building of the Bunker Hill Monument, and gave large sums to Williams College and to the academy at Groton, which in 1843 was renamed Lawrence Academy in his honor.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lawrence (Massachusetts)

Edition of 1905. See also Lawrence, Massachusetts on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LAWRENCE. An important manufacturing city and one of the county-seats of Essex County, Mass., 26 miles northwest of Boston; on both sides of the Merrimac River, and on several branches of the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map: Massachusetts, E 2). It includes the villages of Arlington District, Carltonville, and Hallsville. The Merrimac at this point has a descent of 26 feet in half a mile, affording water-power estimated at 10,000 horse-power, controlled by a dam of solid granite, 900 feet long and 30 feet high, thrown across the rapids, and by canals on each side of the river, the first of which was opened in 1848. The Pacific, Atlantic, Washington, Arlington, Everett, and Pemberton are the principal mills producing textiles, among which are included shirtings, calicoes, shawls, worsted dress-goods, cassimeres, flannels, broadcloths, cambrics, duck, etc. Other manufactures are paper, paper-mill machinery, foundry products, carriages, doors, sash and blinds, engines, boilers, beltings, and Archibald wheels. The city has the Essex County Truant School, Children's Home, Cottage and Lawrence Hospitals, a public library of over 50,000 volumes, and a large common and other public parks. There are also several bridges across the river, libraries for operatives in the principal mills, numerous private charitable institutions, and a number of county buildings. The government is vested in a mayor, annually elected: a bicameral council, and subordinate administrative departments, as follows: fire department and board of health, appointed by the executive subject to the consent of the board of aldermen; water board, elected by the council; and pauper department, superintendent of streets, and school committee, chosen by popular election. The city spends annually, in maintenance and operation, over $800,000. the principal amounts being about $170,000 for schools, $65,000 for charitable institutions, $60,000 for the water-works, $60,000 for the police department, $55,000 for the fire department, and $40,000 for the health department. Population, in 1850, 8282; in 1860, 17,639; in 1870, 28,921; in 1880, 39,151; in 1890, 44,654; in 1900, 62,559, including 28,600 persons of foreign birth, and 87 of negro descent. Lawrence was created by act of the Legislature, March 20, 1845, out of parts of Methuen and Andover, and was incorporated as a city May 10, 1853. On January 10, 1860, the Pemberton Mill, five stories high, suddenly fell, and soon afterwards caught fire. Of the 700 persons in the mill, 100 were killed, and many more seriously injured. Consult Wadsworth, History of Lawrence, Mass. (Lawrence, 1880).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lee, Eliza

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
[[Author:Eliza Lee|LEE, Eliza]] (Buckminster) (1792-1864). An American author, the daughter of Joseph Buckminster. She was born at Portsmouth, N. H., was well educated by her father and brother, Joseph Stevens Buckminster; married a Thomas Lee of Boston; became a writer, and was unusually felicitous in her descriptions of New England life. She wrote: Sketches of a New England Village (1838); Naomi, or Boston Two Hundred Years Ago (1848); and memoirs of her father and brother (1849). She translated from the German, wrote a life of Richter (1842), and published an historical novel, Parthenia, the Last Days of Paganism (1858).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lawrence (Kansas)

Edition of 1905. See also Lawrence, Kansas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LAW′RENCE. A city and the county-seat of Douglas County, Kan., 40 miles west by south of Kansas City; on both sides of the Kansas River, and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and
the Union Pacific railroads (Map: Kansas, G 3). The city is well laid out, with wide streets, and has many attractive buildings. It is the seat of the State University (see Kansas, University of), founded in 1866 on Mount Oread, and of the Haskell Institute, a United States Government Industrial School of Indians, which occupies a site of 600 acres. Bismarck Grove, a park including 240 acres, is only a short distance outside the city limits. Lawrence is important as a commercial centre, and its manufacturing interests, which are considerable, are promoted by excellent water-power. The industrial establishments include flouring and paper mills, sash and door factories, a foundry and machine-shop, wire-fence and nail works, and a large creamery. Lawrence (named in honor of Amos A. Lawrence) was the first of the ‘free-State’ towns founded by the Emigrant Aid Society in 1854, immediately after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill (q.v.), and was for several years the headquarters of the Anti-Slavery Party in Kansas. In November and December, 1855, during the so-called ‘Wakarusa War’ it was besieged for a short time by a force of pro-slavery men: and on May 21, 1856, it was occupied and partially destroyed by another pro-slavery force. On August 21, 1863, a body of Confederate raiders under Quantrell almost completely destroyed it, and killed 123 of its citizens. Population, in 1890, 9997; in 1900, 10,862. See Kansas.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Legitim

Edition of 1905. See also Legitim on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LEGITIM (Fr. légitime, from Lat. legitimus, lawful), or Bairn's Part. In Scotch law, the legal provision which a child is entitled to out of the movable or personal estate of the deceased father. In Scotland a father is not allowed wholly to disinherit his children. If a wife and children survive, the movable estate is divided into three equal parts, one of which is preserved to the children. If only children survive, and not the wife, then half the personal estate is legitim, the other half being called ‘dead's part,’ and being devisable by the father at his pleasure. Though a father may, in his lifetime, without any check from his children, squander his property, still he is not allowed on his deathbed to make gifts so as to lessen the fund which will supply legitim. The legitim is claimable by all the children who survive the father, but not by the issue of those children who have predeceased. It is immaterial what the age of the child may be, and whether married or not. Children claiming legitim must, however, give credit for any provision or advance made by the father out of his movable estate in his lifetime. All the children, though of different marriages, share equally in the legitim. The principle of the legitim does not exist at the common law, but it obtains in Louisiana and in all the modern States whose legal systems are derived from that of the civil law. See Inofficious Testament.