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# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Ch'ien

​29Chang Ch'ien 張騫 (T. 子文). 2nd cent. B.C. A. Minister under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. Celebrated as the first Chinese who penetrated to the extreme regions of the west; hence he was spoken of by ancient historians as having "made a road." About 138 B.C. he was sent on a mission to Bactria, but was taken prisoner by the Hsiung-nu and detained in captivity for over ten years. He managed however to escape, and proceeded to Fergana or Khokand, whence he is said to have brought the walnut, and the cultivated grape to China, and to have taught his countrymen the art of making wine, which he had learnt from the Persians. One name for this wine was 黑水晶 "black crystal"; it has also been confused with koumiss. From Fergana he went on to Bactria and obtained the knotty bamboo, returning home in 126 B.C., after having been once more captured by the Hsiung-nu and detained for about a year, escaping in the confusion consequent upon the death of the Khan. He is also said to have introduced hemp into China. In 122 B.C. he was sent to negotiate treaties with the kingdoms of the west; and by the year 115 a regular intercourse with the thirty-six States of this region had become established through his efforts, for which he was ennobled as Marquis. Legend says that he was commissioned to discover the source of the Yellow River, which was popularly supposed to flow from heaven and to be a continuation of the Milky Way. With this object he sailed up the stream for many days, until he reached a city where he saw a girl spinning and a youth leading an ox to the water to drink. Chang Ch'ien asked what place this was; and in reply the woman gave him her ​shuttle, telling him to show it on his return to the astrologer Yen Chün-p'ing, who would thus know where he had been. He did so, and the astrologer at once recognised the shuttle as that of the Spinning Damsel (α Lyræ); further declaring that on the day and at the hour when Chang received the shuttle he had noticed a wandering star intrude itself between the Spinning Damsel and the Cowherd (β γ Aquilae). Thus Chang was actually believed to have sailed upon the bosom of the Milky Way. Some authorities, however, maintain that the hero of the above legend was quite a different person from the Chang Ch'ien of history.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chan

​20Chang Chan 張瞻. A trader, who shortly before returning home from a long journey, dreamt that he was cooking in a mortar. On consulting a soothsayer, named 王生 Wang Shêng, the latter told him that it was because he had no 釜 fu saucepan, ​which signified that his 婦 fu wife was dead. When he reached home, he found that his wife had died during his absence.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chao

​23Chang Chao 張照 (T. 得天 H. 涇南). Died A.D. 1745. A native of Kiangsu, who graduated as chin shih in 1709 and was employed in literary and examination work, rising in 1733 to be President of the Board of Punishments. Two years later, he narrowly escaped execution for his failure to arrange the management of the aboriginal territories in Kueichou. He was again employed on literary work, and was joint compiler of the 律呂正義 and its 後編 sequel under the same name, the two standard treatises on music. His poems were much admired by the Emperor, who was especially struck with some verses written with his left hand after a fall from his horse had disabled his right arm. He died of grief for the loss of his father. In his 懷舊詩 Retrospect (1779) the Emperor Ch'ien Lung numbered him among his 五詞臣 Five Men of Letters, the others being Ch'ien Chên-chün, Liang Shih-chêng, Shên Tê-ch'ien, and Wang Yu-tun. Canonised as 文敏.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Ch'ih

​33Chang Ch'ih 張栻 (T. 敬天. H. 南軒). A.D. 1133–1181. A native of 綿竹 Mien-chu in Ssŭch'uan, and son of a distingished general and statesman, named Chang Chün, otherwise known as Duke of 益 I. After studying under Hu Hung, son of Hu An-kuo, he entered upon an official career and became aide-de-camp and secretary to his father. In 1164 the latter died, and Chang Ch'ih buried him according to his wish at the foot of M$^t$ 衡 Hêng in Hunan, remaining in seclusion near the grave for several years. While there he was visited in 1167 by Chu Hsi, and it is said that they spent three days and three nights arguing upon the Doctrine of the Mean. The result was that Chang returned to official life, and became a violent opponent of the Tartars and of the policy of conciliation and concession which had been introduced by Ch'in Kuei. He was alternately promoted and degraded until he died as Governor of Ching-chou in Hupeh. He was the author of divers treatises and commentaries upon portions of the Confucian Canon, in which he gave expression to doctrines which his friend, Chu Hsi, felt himself called upon to refute. Nevertheless, Chu Hsi held him in high esteem and always spoke of him with admiration. He was canonised as 宣, and in 1261 was admitted into the Confucian Temple.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Ch'ung-hua

​47Chang Ch'ung-hua 張重華 (T. 泰臨). Died A.D. 354. Son and successor of Chang Chün, who had acknowledged himself the vassal of Shih Hu. He was kept busy during his ten years' reign in repelling Shih Hu's incursions. Canonised as 敬烈.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chi (張繼)

​25Chang Chi 張繼 (T. 懿孫). 8th cent. A.D. A native of Hsiang-chou in Hupeh, who graduated as chin shih about the year 750 and rose to be a secretary in the Board of Revenue. His fame chiefly rests upon his poems, which are still much admired.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chia-chêng

​27Chang Chia-chêng 張嘉貞. 8th cent. A.D. A native of 蒲 P'u-chou in Shansi, who rose to be Minister of State under the Emperor Ming Huang of the T'ang dynasty. On one occasion, failing to remember his personal name, the Emperor actually nominated another Chang to an office he had destined for this one; however, at night, his Majesty happened to come across the name of the right man, and gave him a better appointment still. He was President of the Board of Works at his death; and the equipages of himself and his brother Chang Chia- 祐 yu, who was a General, made such a show in the street where they lived that the neighbours called the place the 鳴玽里 Street of Tinkling Regalia. Canonised as 恭肅.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tromsö

See also Tromsø on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TROMSÖ, a seaport of Norway, capital of the amt (county) and stift (diocese) of the same name on the north-western coast. Pop. (1900), 6955. It stands on the eastern shore of a low fertile islet between Kvalö and the mainland, in 69° 38′ N., 18° 55′ E. (the latitude is that of Disco, Greenland). The vegetation of the island (mountain ash and birch) is remarkably luxuriant. The buildings, mostly of wood, include the town-hall and a museum, which contains a good zoological collection. Sealskins and other furs, and whale and seal oil, are exported, and the herring fishery is very productive. Imports are coal, textiles, salt, grain and flour. Mean temperature of year 36·4° F.; February 25°; July 51·8°. Tromsö was founded in 1794. A number of Lapps usually encamp in the neighbouring Tromsdal during summer. The coast scenery, with its islands and snowy mountains, is wild and beautiful.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Troitsk

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​TROITSK, a town of eastern Russia, in the government of Orenburg, situated in a fertile steppe, 315 m. N.E. of Orenburg, and 77 m. S. of Chelyabinsk, on the Siberian highway. Pop. (1885), 18,497; (1900), 23,293. It has grown rapidly in modern times. The Troitskiy fort, erected in 1743, became a centre for trade with the Kirghiz steppe and Turkestan, and in that trade Troitsk is now second only to Orenburg. Cotton, silk, and especially horses and cattle are imported, while leather, cotton, woollen and metal wares are exported. An active trade in corn for the Ural gold mines is carried on. The place has ironworks and tanneries.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tronchet, François Denis

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​TRONCHET, FRANÇOIS DENIS (1726–1806), French jurist, was born in Paris on the 23rd of March 1726. He was an avocat at the parlement of Paris, and gained a great reputation in a consultative capacity. In 1789 he was elected deputy to the states-general. In the Constituent Assembly he made himself especially conspicuous by his efforts to obtain the rejection of the jurisdiction of the jury in civil cases. In the king's trial, he was chosen by Louis as counsel for the defence, and performed this difficult and dangerous task with high ability and courage. During the Directory he was deputy at the Council of the Ancients, where he unsuccessfully opposed the resolution that judges be nominated by the executive directory. Under the Consulate he was president of the tribunal of cassation, and collaborated in preparing the final scheme for the civil code. He had a marked influence on the code, and succeeded in introducing common law principles in spite of the opposition of his colleagues, who were deeply imbued with Roman law. He died on the 10th of March 1806, being the first senator of the empire to be buried in the Pantheon.
See Francois de Neufchateau, Discours sur Tronchet (Paris, undated); Coqueret, Essai sur Tronchet (Caen, 1867).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trondhjem

See also Trondheim on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TRONDHJEM, or Throndhjem (sometimes written in the German form Drontheim), a city and seaport of Norway, chief town of the slift (diocese) of Trondhjem and the amt (county) of South Trondhjem, 384 m. by rail N. of Christiania. Pop. (1900), 38,156. It lies on the south side of the broad Trondhjem Fjord on a low peninsula between the fjord and the River Nid, its situation, though picturesque, lacking the peculiar beauty of that of Christiania or Bergen. The latitude is 63° 26' N., that of southern Iceland. In front of the town is the islet of Munkholm, formerly a monastery and now a fortress; on the high ground to the east is the small stronghold of Christiansten. The houses are principally of wood, and the streets are wide, as a precaution against the spreading of fire. The principal building is the cathedral, standing finely on a slightly elevated open site, and dating in part from the close of the 11th century, but chiefly belonging to the 12th and 13th centuries (c. 1161–1248). Its extreme length is 325 ft. and its extreme breadth 124 ft.; but in the 14th, 15th and 17th centuries it suffered greatly from repeated fires, and after the last of these the nave was completely abandoned and soon became a heap of ruins. The whole building, however, had been extensively and judiciously restored, and is the finest church in Norway and the scene of the coronation of the Norwegian sovereigns. It is cruciform, with a central tower, and has an eastern octagon which may have been copied from the corona of Canterbury Cathedral, as Eystein, archbishop of Trondhjem (1160–1188) and an active builder, was in England during his episcopate. The cathedral contains rich work in Norman style, and also much that is comparable with the best Early English. In the museums at Trondhjem there are interesting zoological and antiquarian collections, also exhibits illustrative of the fisheries and other industries. The port, which has regular communication with all the Norwegian coast towns—Hull, Newcastle, Hamburg, &c.—carries on an extensive trade in timber, oil, fish, copper, &c. The industries include shipbuilding, saw-milling, wood-pulp and fish-curing works and machine shops. Imports (coal, grain, salt, machinery, &c.) come chiefly from Great Britain. A considerable portion of the exports pass into Sweden by the Meraker railway.
Trondhjem, originally Nidaros, was founded by Olaf Tryggvason, who built a royal residence and a church here in 996. It was made an archbishopric in 1152. The city attained its highest development about the latter half of the 13th century, by which time it had become an important pilgrimage centre and had as many as fifteen churches. It sustained frequent sieges, as well as devastating conflagrations. Its importance declined about the time of the Reformation when it ceased to be a resort of pilgrims.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trollhättan

See also Trollhättan on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TROLLHÄTTAN, a town of Sweden in the district (län) of Elfsborg, 45 m. by rail N. by E. of Gothenburg. Pop. 6000. It lies on the left (east) bank of the Göta at the point where that river descends 108 ft. in the course of nearly a mile by the famous falls of Trollhättan (six in number) and several rapids. The scenic setting of the falls is not striking, but the great volume of water, nearly 18,000 cub. ft. per second, renders them most imposing. The narrowed river here surrounds several islands, on either side of one of which (Toppö) are the first falls of the series, Toppö and Tjuf. These are 42 ft. in height. The water-power is used in rolling-mills, a cellulose factory and other works. ​Several “giant's caldrons” are seen in the exposed bed of a former channel. Below the falls are valuable salmon fisheries. To the east of the river the Berg canal, part of the Göta canal system, ascends in a series of eleven new locks (Akersvass) completed in 1844. An old series of locks (1800) is in use for small vessels. There are also ruins of an abortive attempt made to lock the falls in 1755. (See Goöta.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tromba Marina

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​TROMBA MARINA, or Marine Trumpet (Fr. trompette marine; Ger. Marine Trompete, Trompetengeige, Nonnengeige, Tympanischiza or Trummscheit), a triangular bowed instrument about 6 ft. in length, which owes its characteristic timbre to the peculiar construction of the bridge. The tromba marina consists of a body and neck in the shape of a truncated cone resting on a triangular base. In the days of Michael Praetorius (1618), the length of the Trummscheit was 7 ft. 3 in. and the three sides at the base measured 7 in., tapering to 2 in. at the neck. These measurements varied considerably, as did also the shape of the body and the number of strings. In some cases the base of the body was left open, and in others there were sound-holes. The bridge, from its curiously irregular shape, was known as the “shoe”; it was thick and high at the one side on which rested the string, and low and narrow at the other which was left loose so that it vibrated against the belly with every movement of the bow, producing a trumpet-like timbre. It is to this feature, in conjunction with its general resemblance in contour to the marine speaking-trumpet of the middle ages, that the name of the instrument is doubtless due.
There was at first but one string, generally a D violoncello string, which was not stopped by the fingers in the usual way, but played only in harmonics by lightly touching it with the thumb at the nodal points. The heavy blow, similar to that of the violoncello, is used between the highest positions of the left hand at the nodal points and the nut of the head. In a Trummscheit in the collection of the Kgl. Hochschule, at Charlottenburg (No. 772 in catalogue) the frets are lettered A,D,F,A,D,F,G,A,B,C,D. Sometimes an octave string, half the length of the melody string, and even two more, respectively the twelfth and the double octave, not resting on the bridge but acting as sympathetic strings, were added to improve the timbre by strengthening the pure harmonic tones without increasing the blare due to the action of the bridge. In Germany, at the time when the trumpet was extensively used in the churches, nuns often substituted the tromba marina, whence the name Nonnengeige. In France, the Grande Écurie du Roi comprised five trumpets-marine and cromornes among the band in 1662, when the charge was mentioned for the first time in the accounts; and in 1666 the number was increased to six. The instrument fell into disuse during the first half of the 18th century, and was only to be seen in the hands of itinerant and street musicians.
(K. S.)
# ARMOR-CAVALRY: Part 1; Regular Army and Army Reserve/Tank Design and Production

U.S. Army Center for Military History publication

## Notes

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Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# ARMOR-CAVALRY: Part 1; Regular Army and Army Reserve/Foreword

Layout 4
U.S. Army Center for Military History publication
Washington, D.C. 14 June 1968 HAL C. PATTISON Brigadier General, USA Chief of Military History

## Notes

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Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# ARMOR-CAVALRY: Part 1; Regular Army and Army Reserve/Indian Wars Period

U.S. Army Center for Military History publication

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# ARMOR-CAVALRY: Part 1; Regular Army and Army Reserve/Tank Destroyers

U.S. Army Center for Military History publication

## Notes

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Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# ARMOR-CAVALRY: Part 1; Regular Army and Army Reserve/Tanks in World War I

U.S. Army Center for Military History publication
In the United States developments were also under way for a tank organization similar to that overseas. The War Department, on 18 February 1918, authorized a Tank Service, National Army, under the Chief of Engineers, and the 65th Engineers was reorganized into tank units. The Tank Service, with an authorized strength of 914 officers and 14,746 men, became a separate branch on 5 March. Col. Ira C. Welborn was named its first director and charged with organizing, arming, equipping, and training tank units. Among Welborn's duties were the supervision of all tank activities in the United States, including procurement of officers and enlisted men, and the establishment and maintenance of tank camps. The primary tank training camp was Camp Colt, Pennsylvania, which was commanded for almost seven months of 1918 by Capt., Maj., and then Lt. Col. Dwight D. Eisenhower. On 22 March 1918 the Tank Service became the Tank Corps. Neither the Tank Service nor the Tank Corps in the United States had any direct command relationship with the Tank Corps, AEF.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# ARMOR-CAVALRY: Part 1; Regular Army and Army Reserve/Post-World War II

U.S. Army Center for Military History publication

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# ARMOR-CAVALRY: Part 1; Regular Army and Army Reserve/Revolutionary War

U.S. Army Center for Military History publication
* the 1st Continental Light Dragoons (Bland's Horse),
* the 2d Continental Light Dragoons (Sheldon's Horse),
* the 3d Continental Light Dragoons (Baylor's Horse), and
* the 4th Continental Light Dragoons (Moylan's Horse).

## Notes

* ↑ The rank of cornet was the lowest commissioned officer rank in the dragoons of the time. Cornet in the dragoons was the equivalent of ensign in the infantry. In 1799 both ranks were abolished in the Regular Army and replaced by that of second lieutenant. Cornet, as a rank, survives today in the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry of the National Guard.
* ↑ The carbine of that period was a short-barreled, smoothbore shoulder arm.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# ARMOR-CAVALRY: Part 1; Regular Army and Army Reserve/Tanks between the World Wars

U.S. Army Center for Military History publication

## Notes

* ↑ Pronounced “Pontoon”
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# ARMOR-CAVALRY: Part 1; Regular Army and Army Reserve/Korean War

U.S. Army Center for Military History publication

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# ARMOR-CAVALRY: Part 1; Regular Army and Army Reserve/Post-Korean War

U.S. Army Center for Military History publication

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Strickland, Agnes

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​STRICKLAND, AGNES (1806–1874), English historical writer, was born in 1806, the third daughter of Thomas Strickland, of Reydon Hall, Suffolk. Her first literary efforts were historical romances in verse in the style of Walter Scott—Worcester Field (published without date), Demetrius and other Poems (1833). From this she passed to prose histories, written in a simple style for the young. A picturesque sketch of the Pilgrims of Walsingham appeared in 1835, two volumes of Tales and Stories from History in the following year. Then, with the assistance of her sister, she projected a more ambitious work, The Lives of the Queens of England, from Matilda of Flanders to Queen Anne. The first volume appeared in 1840, the twelfth and last in 1849. Miss Strickland was a warm partisan on the side of royalty and the church, but she made industrious study of " official records and other public documents," gave copious extracts from them, and drew interesting pictures of manners and customs. While engaged on this work she found time in 1843 to edit the Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots, whose innocence she championed with enthusiasm. In 1850 she followed up her Queens of England with the Lives of the Queens of Scotland, completing the series in eight volumes in 1859. Unresting in her industry, she turned next to the Bachelor Kings of England, about whom she published a volume in 1861. The Lives of the Seven Bishops followed in 1866—after a longer interval, part of which was employed in producing an abridged version of her Queens of England. Her last work was the Lives of the Last Four Stuart Princesses, published in 1872. In 1871 she obtained a civil-list pension of £100 in recognition of her merits. She died on the 8th of July 1874.
A Life by her sister, Jane Margaret Strickland, appeared in 1887.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Strelitz

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​STRELITZ (Strjeltsi), a body of Russian household troops originally raised by the tsar Ivan the Terrible in the middle of the 16th century. They numbered 40,000 to 50,000 infantry, and formed the greater part of the Russian armies in the wars of the 16th and 17th centuries. They were a fierce and ill-disciplined force, individually brave and cruel in war, and almost ungovernable in peace. Their mutinies were frequent and dangerous, and at last, in 1682, an unusually serious outbreak led Peter the Great to compass the abolition of the force. The Strelitz were gradually drawn to the western frontier of Russia, and in 1698 they rose in mutiny for the last time. Crushed in battle by Peter’s general, Patrick Gordon, they ceased to exist as a military force, and about 2000 of them who fell into the hands of the tsar were barbarously tortured and put to death.