OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kelter

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kelter. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kelter, feminine and masculine, ‘wine or oil press,’ from the equivalent Middle High German kęlter, kalter, masculine and feminine Old High German calcatûra, calctûra (also calctûrhûs, Middle High German kalterhûs); borrowed, on the introduction of the southern culture of the vine (see Wein, Becher, Kelch, and Keller), from Latin calcatura, ‘wine-press’ (calcatorium), derived from calcare, ‘to tread.’ Hence Kelter originally means ‘treading press.’ For the genuine Upper German for Kelter see under Trotte and Torkel (in Dutch pers, Anglo-Saxon presse, from Latin pressa). Kelter is Middle German, and is found from the Moselle to the Saale. Corresponding to OLorraine chaucheur, from Latin calcatorium.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XXII

Layout 2
CHAPTER XXXII.
Of Robbery.
THE punishment of robbery, not accompanied with violence, should be pecuniary. He who endeavours to enrich himself with the property of another, should be deprived of part of his own. But this crime, alas! is commonly the effect of misery and despair; the crime of that unhappy part of mankind, to whom the right of exclusive property (a terrible, and perhaps unnecessary right) has left but a bare existence. Besides, as pecuniary punishments may increase the number of poor, and may deprive an innocent family of subsistence, the most proper punishment will be that kind of slavery, which alone can be called just; that is, which makes the society, for a ​time, absolute master of the person and labour of the criminal, in order to oblige him to repair, by this dependence, the unjust despotism he usurped over the property of another, and his violation of the social compact.
When robbery is attended with violence, corporal punishment should be added to slavery. Many writers have shown the evident disorder which must arise from not distinguishing the punishment due to robbery with violence, and that due to theft or robbery committed with dexterity, absurdly making a sum of money equivalent to a man’s life. But it can never be superfluous to repeat, again and again, those truths of which mankind have not profited; for political machines preserve their motion much longer than others, and receive a new impulse with more difficulty. These crimes are in their nature absolutely different, and this axiom is as certain in politics as in mathematics, that between qualities of different natures there can be no similitude.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XXIV

Layout 2
CHAPTER XXIV.
Of Idleness.
A Wise government will not suffer, in the midst of labour and industry, that kind of political idleness, which is ​confounded, by rigid declaimers, with the leisure attending riches acquired by industry, which is of use to an increasing society, when confined within proper limits. I call those politically idle, who neither contribute to the good of society by their labour nor their riches; who continually accumulate, but never spend; who are reverenced by the vulgar with stupid admiration, and regarded by the wise with disdain; who, being victims to a monastic life, and deprived of all incitement to that activity which is necessary to preserve or increase its comforts, devote all their vigour to passions of the strongest kind, the passions of opinion. I call not him idle, who enjoys the fruits of the virtues or vices of his ancestors, and in exchange for his pleasures, supports the industrious poor. It is not then the narrow virtue of austere moralists, but the laws, that should determine what species of idleness deserves punishment.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XXV

Layout 2
CHAPTER XXV.
Of Banishment, and Confiscation.
HE who disturbs the public tranquillity, who does not obey the laws, who violates the conditions on which men mutually support and defend each other, ought to be excluded from society, that is, banished.
It seems as if banishment should be the punishment of those, who being accused of an atrocious crime, are probably, but not certainly, guilty. For this purpose would be required a law, the least arbitrary, and the most precise possible; which should condemn to banishment those who have reduced the community to the fatal alternative, either of fearing or punishing them unjustly; still, however, leaving them the sacred right of proving their innocence. The reasons ought to be stronger for banishing a citizen, than ​a stranger, and for the first accusation than for one who hath been often excused.
Should the person who is excluded for ever from society be deprived of his property? This question may be considered in different lights. The confiscation of effects, added to banishment, is a greater punishment than banishment alone; there ought then to be some cases, in which, according to the crime, either the whole fortune should be confiscated, or part only, or none at all. The whole should be forfeited, when the law, which ordains banishment, declares, at the same time, that all connexions, or relations, between the society and the criminal are annihilated. In this case, the citizen dies; the man only remains, and with respect to a political body, the death of the citizen should have the same consequences with the death of the man. It seems to follow then, that in this case, the effects of the criminal should devolve to his lawful heirs. But it is not on account of this refinement that I disapprove of ​confiscations. If some have insisted, that they were a restraint to vengeance, and the violence of particulars, they have not reflected, that though punishments be productive of good, they are not, on that account, more just; to be just, they must be necessary. Even an useful injustice can never be allowed by a legislator, who means to guard against watchful tyranny; which, under the flattering pretext of momentary advantages, would establish permanent principles of destruction, and, to procure the ease of a few in a high station, would draw tears from thousands of the poor.
The law which ordains confiscations, sets a price on the head of the subject, with the guilty punishes the innocent, and by reducing them to indigence and despair, tempts them to become criminal. Can there be a more melancholy spectacle, than a whole family, overwhelmed with infamy and misery, from the crime of their chief? a crime, which if it had been possible, they were restrained from ​preventing, by that submission which the laws themselves have ordained.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XX

Layout 2
CHAPTER XX.
Of Acts of Violence.
SOME crimes relate to person, others to property. The first ought to be punished corporally. The great and rich should by no means have it in their power to set a price on the security of the weak and indigent; for then, riches, which, under the protection of the laws, are the reward of industry, would become the aliment of tyranny. Liberty is at an end, whenever the laws permit, that, in certain cases, a man may cease to be a person, and become a thing. Then will the powerful employ their address to select from the various combinations of civil society, all that is in their own favour. This is that magic art which transforms subjects into beasts of burden, and which, in the hands of the strong, is the chain that binds the weak and incautious. Thus it is, that in some governments, where there is all the appearance of liberty, tyranny lies concealed, and insinuates itself into some ​neglected corner of the constitution, where it gathers strength insensibly. Mankind generally oppose, with resolution, the assaults of barefaced and open tyranny; but disregard the little insect that gnaws through the dike, and opens a sure, though secret passage to inundation.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XXIII

Layout 2
CHAPTER XXIII.
Of Infamy, considered as a Punishment.
THOSE injuries, which affect the honour, that is, that just portion of esteem which every citizen has a right to expect from others, should be punished with infamy. Infamy is a mark of the public disapprobation, which deprives the object of all consideration in the eyes of his fellow citizens, of the confidence of his country, and of that fraternity which exists between members of the same society. This is not always in the power of the laws. It is necessary that the infamy inflicted by the laws should be the same with that which results from the relations of things, from universal morality, or from that particular system, adopted by the nation, and the laws, which governs the opinion of the vulgar. If, on the contrary, one be different from the other, either the laws will no longer be respected, or the received notions of morality and probity ​will vanish in spite of the declamations of moralists, which are always too weak to resist the force of example. If we declare those actions infamous, which are in themselves indifferent, we lessen the infamy of those which are really infamous.
The punishment of infamy should not be too frequent, for the power of opinion grows weaker by repetition; nor should it be inflicted on a number of persons at the same time, for the infamy of many resolves itself into the infamy of none.
Painful and corporal punishments should never be applied to fanaticism; for being founded on pride, it glories in persecution. Infamy and ridicule only should be employed against fanatics: if the first, their pride will be over-balanced by the pride of the people; and we may judge of the power of the second, if we consider that even truth is obliged to summon all her force, when attacked by error armed with ridicule. Thus by opposing one passion to another, and opinion to ​opinion, a wise legislator puts an end to the admiration of the populace, occasioned by a false principle, the original absurdity of which is veiled by some well-deduced consequences.
This is the method to avoid confounding the immutable relations of things, or opposing nature, whose actions not being limited by time, but operating incessantly, overturn and destroy all those vain regulations which contradict her laws. It is not only in the fine arts that the imitation of nature is the fundamental principle; it is the same in sound policy, which is no other than the art of uniting, and directing to the same end, the natural and immutable sentiments of mankind.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XXI

Layout 2
CHAPTER XXI.
Of the Punishment of the Nobles.
WHAT punishments shall be ordained for the nobles, whose privileges make so great a part of the laws of nations? I do not mean to inquire whether the hereditary distinction between nobles and commoners be useful in any government, or necessary in a monarchy; or whether it be true, that they form an intermediate power, of use in moderating the excesses of both extremes; or whether they be not rather slaves to their own body, and to others, confining within a very small circle the natural effects and hopes of industry, like those little fruitful spots, scattered here ​and there in the sandy deserts of Arabia; or whether it be true that a subordination of rank and condition is inevitable, or useful in society; and if so, whether this subordination should not rather subsist between individuals than particular bodies; whether it should not rather circulate through the whole body politic, than be confined to one part; and rather than be perpetual, should it not be incessantly produced and destroyed. Be these as they may, I assert that the punishment of a nobleman should in no wise differ from that of the lowest member of society.
Every lawful distinction, either in honours or riches, supposes previous equality, founded on the laws, on which all the members of society are considered as being equally dependent. We should suppose that men, in renouncing their natural despotism, said, the wisest and most industrious among us should obtain the greatest honours, and his dignity shall descend to his posterity. The fortunate and happy may hope for greater honours, but let him not therefore be ​less afraid, than others, of violating those conditions on which he is exalted. It is true indeed that no such decrees were ever made in a general diet of mankind, but they exist in the invariable relations of things; nor do they destroy the advantages which are supposed to be produced by the class of nobles, but prevent the inconveniences; and they make the laws respectable by destroying all hopes of impunity.
It may be objected, that the same punishment inflicted on a nobleman and a plebeian, becomes really different from the difference of their education, and from the infamy it reflects on an illustrious family; but I answer, that punishments are to be estimated, not by the sensibility of the criminal, but by the injury done to society; which injury is augmented by the high rank of the offender. The precise equality of a punishment can never be more than external, as it is in proportion to the degree of sensibility, which differs in every individual. The infamy of an innocent family may be easily obliterated ​by some public demonstration of favour from the sovereign; and forms have always more influence than reason on the gazing multitude.
# American Medical Biographies/Hughes, Charles Hamilton

​Hughes, Charles Hamilton (1839–1916).
Charles Hamilton Hughes, neurologist and medicolegal expert, was born in St. Louis, Missouri, May 23, 1839. He came of a Welsh family, an early member of which settled in Ireland; Richard Hughes came from Tipperary to America about 1760. Hughes's father was Harvey J. Hughes, his mother, Elizabeth Rebecca, daughter of Zaccheus Stocker, founder of Elizabethtown, Indiana, named in honor of his daughter. Hughes's academic education was received at Grinnell (Iowa) College, and his M. D. was had at St. Louis Medical College in 1859. He served as surgeon during the Civil War, and was mustered out in 1865. In 1866 he was appointed superintendent of the Missouri State Lunatic Asylum, at Fulton, where he remained five years. He was a founder of the Marion-Sims Medical College, St. Louis, and was professor of psychiatry and neurology; was the first president of the faculty, and professor of nervous diseases at Barnes Medical College.
In 1876, before the psychiatry section of the International Medical Congress, at Philadelphia, he read a paper on "Simulation of Insanity, by the Insane." He was interested in the Italian contributions to psychiatry and suggested translations which led to a wider knowledge of the Italian School.
In 1880 he founded the Alienist and Neurologist and became its editor, holding this position until his death. He was a very prolific writer of papers, in his specialty, and of numerous monographs.
He was a member of the British Medico-psychological Association, and of several American medical societies.
Hughes married Addie, daughter of Luther Case, of St. Louis, in 1862; after her death he married (1873) Mattie Dyer, daughter of H. Lawther, of Calloway County, Missouri, who died before him.
He died at his home in St. Louis, July 13, 1916.
# American Medical Biographies/Hullihen, Simon P.

​Hullihen, Simon P. (1810–1857).
Simon P. Hullihen, pioneer plastic surgeon and dentist, was born in Point Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, December 10, 1810. His father was Thomas Hullihen and his mother, Rebecca Freeze; his grandfather came from Ireland. Young Simon's early education at the township district school ended at seventeen.
When about nine years old he fell through a limekiln and badly burned his heels, putting him to bed for two years, after which he walked on his toes until boots were made from accurate plaster casts furnished by himself.
He began extracting teeth at his home, and commenced practice as a surgeon and dentist at Canton, Ohio, in 1832. In April, 1835, he married Miss E. Fundenburg at Pittsburgh, and went to Wheeling, Virginia, to remain the rest of his life. His M. D. degree was given by the Washington College, Baltimore; he practised surgery and dentistry exclusively.
Hullihen established a private hospital in Wheeling, and with the co-operation of Bishop Whelan, founded a hospital under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church, chartered March, 1850, as the "Wheeling Hospital"; his associate being Dr. M. H. Houston.
An item from his notes covering the last ten or twelve years of his life cites these memoranda as to the operations he had performed:
"An Essay on the Cleft-Palate and its Treatment; 1846 "An Essay on Abscess of the Jaws and Treatment"; 1849 "Distortion of the Face and Neck, Caused by Burn, Successfully Treated."
He declared that "The dentist must carry upward the standard of his profession and plant it upon the broad platform of medical science."
"Hullihen's operation" consisted in the treatment of a nerve cavity exposed by decay by "perforating the fang through the gum and alveolar process into the nerve before packing the metal." He died in 1857 from pneumonia.
# American Medical Biographies/Hay, Walter

​Hay, Walter (1830–1889).
Walter Hay, neurologist, was born in Georgetown, District of Columbia, June 13, 1830, son of Charles Eustace Hay and Lucy Chandler. He was the grandson of Judge Hay, of Virginia, and was descended from Anthony Hay of Scotland, who settled in America after the Battle of Culloden.
Educated in private schools and at the Jesuit College at Georgetown, Walter Hay entered the United States Coast Survey in 1847 with the idea of becoming a topographical engineer, but in 1852 he resigned because of ill health. From 1849 to 1853 he studied medicine under Grafton Tyler at Georgetown, and in 1853 graduated at Columbian College, Washington. From that time until he moved to Chicago in 1857 he lived in Florida, to benefit his health.
In 1858 he was appointed in charge of St. James' Episcopal Hospital at Chicago; he was one of the founders of St. Luke's Hospital in 1864, and was the first physician to the hospital, serving one year. In 1866 he was active in controlling the cholera epidemic, and in 1867, with J. V. Z. Blaney (q. v.) and J. H. Rauch (q. v.) he organized the Chicago Health Department. In 1871 he served on the Fire-Relief Committee of five members formed to aid sufferers from the great Chicago fire (October 9, 1871); and the same year was called on to organize the department of mental and nervous diseases, with a clinic, in Rush Medical College, in 1872 becoming adjunct professor of theory and practice of medicine; later, he organized the same department in St. Joseph's Hospital, Chicago.
He was one of the organizers of the American Neurological Association in 1875 and in this year was made assistant surgeon in the United States Army and was on the staff of General Sheridan. In 1877 he removed to Dubuque, Iowa, and helped to organize the Dubuque Charity Hospital.
From 1867 until its sale in 1875 he was associated with J. A. Adams in editing the Chicago Medical Journal. From 1882 to 1885 he was professor of materia medica and from the latter year to 1889 was professor of neurology in the Chicago Medical College.
Dr. Hay married Rebecca, daughter of Samuel Ringgold, of Maryland, in 1856, who died in 1857; in 1864 he married Angelica, daughter of George Bridges Rodney, of Delaware; she died a year after her marriage, and in 1872 he married Maria, daughter of George Wallace Jones, of Iowa.
He died in 1889.
# American Medical Biographies/Hun, Edward Reynolds

​Hun, Edward Reynolds (1842–1880).
Edward Reynolds Hun, eldest son of Dr. Thomas Hun (q. v.), was born in Albany, New York, on April 17, 1842, and graduated from Harvard College in the class of 1863, receiving his professional diploma from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City, 1866. After several months of study he went into private practice in Albany, and not long afterwards accepted the position of special pathologist of the New York State Lunatic Asylum at Utica. His experience there led to his publishing a translation of Bouchard's tract on "Secondary Degenerations of the Spinal Cord," which appeared in the American Journal of Insanity for January and April, 1896; a paper on the "Pulse of the Insane," in the same journal for January, 1870; a paper on "Hematoma Auris," in the number for July, 1870; and one on "Labio-glosso-laryngeal Paralysis," in the issue for October, 1871. He also presented to the Medical Society of the State of New York, at its annual meeting in 1869, a complete, valuable, and well illustrated paper on "Trichina Spiralis."
The large amount of work he did in connection with St. Peter's, the Albany and the Child's Hospitals, the Orphan Asylums and the like, together with his ever-increasing private practice, compelled him to relinquish his connection with the Asylum at Utica. On the reorganization of the faculty of the Albany Medical College, in 1876, he accepted the chair of diseases of the nervous system, which he filled up to the time of his death.
Dr. Hun was an indefatigable worker, never sparing himself night or day in the care of the sick, and the annals of the Albany County Medical Society, together with the papers before mentioned, bear ample evidence of the interest he took in the literary and scientific departments of his profession. He was a member of the New York Neurological Society, and of the Medical Society of the State of New York.
In 1874 he married the daughter of John B. Gale, of Troy. His widow with four children survived him.
In 1876 he was thrown from his carriage, while returning from a professional call in the country, receiving injuries to his head and chest. He was unconscious for several hours, but his convalescence was fairly rapid and apparently complete. After a time, however, his general health began to fail; obscure and ill-defined trouble with his brain followed; and in 1879 he was compelled, temporarily as it was hoped, to give up his practice. In spite of every care there was not the permanent improvement which his friends had hoped, and death came to him quite suddenly in Stamford, Connecticut, March 14, 1880, in the thirty-eighth year of his age.
# American Medical Biographies/Hunt, Ebenezer Kingsbury

​Hunt, Ebenezer Kingsbury (1810–1889).
Ebenezer K. Hunt, of Hartford, Connecticut, son of Eleazer and Sybil Pomeroy Hunt, was born in Coventry, in that state, August 26, 1810, and died in Hartford, May 2, 1889. He was descended from Jonathan Hunt, one of the early settlers of Northampton, Massachusetts; was educated in the schools of Middletown, Connecticut and Amherst, Massachusetts, and graduated from Yale College in 1833. He taught for a year in Munson Academy, Massachusetts, was a private tutor in Natchez, Mississippi, spent a summer in the office of Dr. Samuel White in Hudson, New York and took his M. D. at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1838.
After starting practice in Ellenville, New York, he removed to Hartford, Connecticut, and there spent the rest of his life. For thirty years Dr. Hunt was a director of the Hartford Retreat for the Insane and for forty years was one of the medical visitors to that institution besides serving as acting superintendent on three occasions. He was a member of the state commission to make provision for the criminal insane and on the commission to erect new buildings for the state prison at Wethersfield. For twenty-five years he was physician to the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb; he co-operated in establishing the Hartford Hospital and was on its consulting staff. Another interest was the establishing of the Hartford Medical Society; twice Dr. Hunt was president of the Connecticut State Medical Medical Society. In 1848 he translated Esquirol on insanity with annotations; he wrote biographical sketches and papers for the medical journals. The Hartford Medical Society built the "Hunt Memorial Building" in his memory in 1889 from plans prepared by McKim, Mead and White, near Dr. Hunt's home, the building containing a library, an assembly room and laboratories for research work.
Dr. Hunt married Mary Crosby in 1848 and they had four children.