OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dowland, Robert

​DOWLAND, ROBERT (17th cent.), musician, son of John Dowland [q. v.], was born before his father left England to settle in Denmark. His godfather was Sir Robert Sidney, and he was partly educated in his father's absence at the cost of Sir Thomas Mounson, to whom in 1610 he dedicated his first work: ‘Varietie of Lute-lessons: viz. Fantasies, Pauins, Galliards, Almaines, Co ​rantoes, and Volts: selected out of the best approued Avthors, as well beyond the Seas as of our owne Country.’ This book also included short treatises on lute-playing by John Dowland and by J. B. Besardo. In the same year he published ‘A Mvsicall Banqvet. Furnished with varietie of delicious Ayres, collected out of the best Authors in English, French, Spanish, and Italian.’ This was dedicated to his godfather. On his father's death he was appointed in his place, by warrant dated 2 April 1626, a ‘musician in ordinary for the consort,’ with 20d. a day wages and 16l. 2s. 6d. for livery, his appointment dating from the day of his father's death. On 11 Oct. of the same year he obtained a license to be married at St. Faith's to Jane Smalley. In this document he is said to have been of the parish of St. Anne's, Blackfriars. After this he disappears, though he is said (Grove, Dictionary, i. 450) to have been still in the royal service in 1641.
[Addit. MS. 5750; Chester's Marriage Licenses (Foster), p. 415; R. Dowland's Works.]
W. B. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dowling, James

​DOWLING, Sir JAMES (1787–1844), colonial judge, was born in London on 25 Nov. 1787. His father, Vincent Dowling, a native of Queen's County, Ireland, was for many years a reporter to the press in Dublin. After a residence in London he went back to Ireland, but returned to London in 1801, after the union, and was a bookseller and patent medicine vendor at 30 Lincoln's Inn Fields from 1804 to 1807. He was afterwards attached to the London press; became connected with the ‘ Times,’ and resided in Salisbury Square. His son James was partly educated at St. Paul's School, London, where he was admitted 14 April 1802. After leaving school he was associated with the daily press, and reported the debates in both houses of parliament. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple, 5 May 1815, and practised for many years on the home circuit and at the Middlesex sessions. He was best known to the public as the editor and establisher, in conjunction with Archer Ryland, Q.C., of the ‘King's Bench Reports,’ 1822–31, in 9 vols. They also published ‘Reports of Cases relating to the Duty and Office of Magistrates,’ 1823–31, in 4 vols. In 1834 he produced ‘The Practice of the Superior Courts of Common Law.’
On 6 Aug. 1827 he was named a puisne judge of the court of New South Wales by the influence of Lord Brougham and Lord Goderich, secretary for the colonies. He arrived in the colony 24 Feb. 1828. Dowling became chief justice on the retirement of Sir James Forbes in July 1837, and was knighted in the following year. He was a painstaking, conscientious judge, a fluent speaker and shorthand writer, and a learned case lawyer. As a member of the legislative council he confined himself to legal topics. He injured his health by overwork; obtained leave of absence for two years, when the legislative assembly voted him the full amount of his salary during his retirement; and died while making preparations to sail for England, at Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, 27 Sept. 1844.
He married, first, in 1814, Maria, daughter of J. L. Sheen of Kentish Town, London; and secondly, in 1835, Harriet Maria, daughter of the Hon. John Blaxland of Newington, New South Wales. She died 31 March 1881, aged 82. The second son by the first marriage, James Sheen Dowling, was called to the bar at the Middle Temple, 24 Nov. 1843, and is a district court judge in New South Wales.
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dowling, John Goulter

​DOWLING, JOHN GOULTER (1805–1841), divine, was the eldest son of John Dowling, alderman of Gloucester, where he was born 18 April 1805. He was educated at the Crypt Grammar School, Gloucester, and at Wadham College, Oxford. In 1827, soon after taking his B.A. degree, he was appointed by the corporation of his native city, who were then the patrons, to the head-mastership of the Crypt Grammar School. He was ordained deacon in 1828 and priest in 1829 by Bishop Bethell, then of Gloucester. In 1834 Lord-chancellor Brougham presented him to the rectory of St. Mary-de-Crypt with St. Owen, Gloucester, which he held, together with his mastership, till his death on 9 Jan. 1841. He was greatly esteemed and beloved by his pupils, parishioners, and fellow-citizens, who filled the great east window of his church with stained glass as a memorial of him. He was the author of: 1. ‘An Introduction to the Critical Study of Ecclesiastical History, attempted in an Account of the Progress, and a short notice of the Sources, of the History of the Church,’ 8vo. 2. ‘Notitia Scriptorum SS. Patrum aliorumque veteris Ecclesiæ Monumentorum, quæ in Collectionibus Anecdotorum post annum Christi MDCC. in lucem editis continentur, nunc primum instructa,’ Oxford, 1839, 8vo. 3. ‘A Letter to the Rev. S. R. Maitland on the Opinions of the Paulicians,’ 8vo. 4. ‘The Church of the Middle Ages: a Sermon ​ preached at the Visitation of the Archdeacon of Gloucester, 8 May 1837,’ Gloucester, 1837, 8vo. 5. ‘The Effects of Literature upon the Moral Character: a Lecture delivered at the Tolsey, Gloucester, 3 Sept. 1839,’ Gloucester, 1839, 18mo. 6. ‘ Sermons preached in the Parish Church of St. Mary-de-Crypt, Gloucester’ (posthumous), London, 1841, 12mo.
J. R. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dowling, Thady

​DOWLING, THADY (1544–1628), ecclesiastic and annalist, was a member of an old native family in the part of Ireland now known as the Queen's County. Of his life little is known beyond the circumstance of his having been about 1590 ecclesiastical treasurer of the see of Leighlin in the county of Carlow. In 1591 Dowling was advanced to the chancellorship of that see. He is mentioned in the record of a regal visitation in 1615 as an ancient Irish minister aged seventy-one, qualified to teach Latin and Irish. Dowling is stated to have died at Leighlin in 1628, in his eighty-fourth year. A grammar of the Irish language and other writings ascribed to him by Ware are not now known to be extant. His ‘Annals of Ireland,’ in Latin, were mainly compiled from printed books, with the addition occasionally of brief notices on local matters. The annals extend from the fabulous period to 1600, and most of the entries are very succinct. No autograph manuscript of Dowling's ‘Annales Hiberniæ’ is at present accessible. They were edited in 1849 for the Irish Archæological Society by the Very Rev. Richard Butler, dean of Clonmacnoise, from a transcript in the library of Trinity College, Dublin. The editor was unable to throw light upon Dowling's career, nor does he appear to have been fully conversant with the sources from which Dowling derived the materials for his compilation. Copies of documents of 1541 in the writing of and attested by Dowling as chancellor of Leighlin are extant among the State Papers, Ireland, in the Public Record Office, London. A transcript of an official document, with an attestation by Dowling in April 1555, is preserved in the same repository.
J. T. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dowley, Richard

​DOWLEY, RICHARD (1622–1702), nonconformist divine, son of John Dowley, vicar of Alveston, near Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire, was born in 1622. He matriculated at All Souls' College, Oxford, 11 Oct. 1639, but was admitted demy of Magdalen the following year, and took his B.A. degree 13 May 1643. Though he submitted to the parliamentary visitors, 15 July 1648 (Reg. of Visitors, Camd. Soc., pp. 157, 159, 510), he resigned his demyship a few weeks later, and quitted Oxford. He had studied for the ministry under Dr. John Bryan [q. v.] of Coventry, and upon leaving him, became chaplain in the family of Sir Thomas Rouse, bart., at Rouse Lench in Worcestershire, where he met Richard Baxter [q. v.] In July 1656 he was acting as minister of Stoke Prior, near Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, where he was much beloved (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1656–1657, p. 15). Obliged to resign the living after the Restoration, he removed to Elford, Staffordshire, where he acted as assistant to his father's elder brother. Although both his father and uncle conformed, he steadily refused, and was accordingly silenced by the Act of Uniformity, 24 Aug. 1662. Upon the Declaration of Indulgence in 1672, he took out a license for his own house, and kept a meeting once a day, at a time when there was no service in the parish church, and he had a good auditory from several towns in the neighbourhood. About 1680 he removed to London, where he taught a school, and preached occasionally, attending on John Howe's ministry when not engaged himself. On one occasion Howe's meeting was disturbed, and though a hearer only, Dowley, with seven others, was seized and carried to Newgate. At night they were brought before the lord mayor, and, being indicted for a riot, were bound over to the next sessions. Dowley was afterwards fined 10l. and obliged to find sureties for his good behaviour for twelve months; he was therefore forced to give up his school. Another time he was arrested in his lodging by a court messenger and again carried before the lord mayor, who, however, tendered him the Oxford oath, by taking which he escaped six months' imprisonment. After the Toleration Act of William and Mary, 24 May 1689, he preached some time at Godalming in Surrey, but infirmities growing upon him, he returned to London, and peacefully passed the remainder of his life with his children. He died in 1702, aged 80.
[Calamy's Nonconf. Memorial (Palmer, 1802), iii. 233–4, Bloxam's Reg. of Magd. Coll. Oxford, ii. cv, v. 173.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Downe, John

​DOWNE, JOHN, B.D. (1570?–1631), divine, son of John Downe, by his wife, Joan, daughter of John Jewel, and sister of the bishop of that name, was born at Holdsworthy, Devonshire, about 1570. He was sent to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he proceeded to the degree of B.D., and was elected a fellow. In July 1600 he was incorporated at Oxford. He took orders, and was presented by his college to the vicarage of Winsford, Somersetshire. Later he was preferred to the living of Instow, in his native county, and held it till his death, which ​took place in 1631. He was buried in the chancel of Instow Church, and from tombstones of other members of his family in the same building it appears that he was twice married, his first wife, Rebecca, having died 6 Oct. 1614. In his lifetime Downe seems to have published nothing; but in 1633 ‘Certain Treatises of the late reverend and learned John Downe’ were ‘published at the instance of friends’ at Oxford. This volume consists of ten sermons, prefixed by a letter from Bishop Hall, to whom it was dedicated, and the obituary sermon preached over Downe by his friend George Hakewill, D.D., archdeacon of Surrey. Hall, after praising Downe's learning and social virtues, expresses the hope that ‘we shall see abroad some excellent monuments of his Latin poesy, in which faculty, I dare boldly say, few if any in our age exceeded him.’ Hakewill describes him as knowing well the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, and (‘I think’) Italian languages, and as being deeply versed in theology and the works of the fathers. Downe's sermons are written in a style which is certainly superior, both in lucidity of expression and choice of language, to many similar works published by some of his contemporaries, but the diversity of his accomplishments is better illustrated by a second volume of his literary remains, which appeared in 1635. This was entitled ‘A Treatise of the True Nature and Definition of Justifying Faith, together with a defence of the same against the answer of N[icholas] Baxter,’ and contains, beyond the treatise (15 pp.) and the defence of it (195 pp.), two sermons, a translation in verse of the ‘Institution for Children,’ by M. Antonius Muretus, a few original sacred poems, and some verse translations of the Psalms. No specimens, however, of the Latin poetry which Bishop Hall desired to see abroad are included. In Cole's ‘Athenæ Cantab.’ (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 5867, fol. 16), under the heading ‘John Dun’ (with a cross reference to ‘John Downe’), it is stated that ‘when King James was at Cambridge in 1614, Bishop Harsnet, then vice-chancellor, and the university were so rigid in not granting the doctorate that even the king's entreaty for John Dun would not prevail.’ John Donne [q. v.] is here referred to. Hakewill in his sermon hints that Downe ought to have received the higher degree; but Dr. Donne was alone refused it in 1614.
A. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dowling, Frank Lewis

​DOWLING, FRANK LEWIS (1823–1867), journalist, son of Vincent George Dowling [q. v.], was born, most probably in London, on 18 Oct. 1823, and called to the bar ​at the Middle Temple 24 Nov. 1848. He became editor of ‘Bell's Life in London’ on the illness of his father in 1851. He was remarkable for his urbanity, and for the fair manner in which he discharged the duties of arbitrator and umpire in numerous cases of disputes connected with the prize-ring. He had the control of the arrangements of the international fight between Sayers and Heenan, 17 April 1860, and it was by his advice that the combatants agreed to consider it a drawn battle, and to each receive a belt. He died from consumption at his lodgings, Norfolk Street, Strand, 10 Oct. 1867. He married, 29 Oct. 1853, Frances Harriet, fourth daughter of Benjamin Humphrey Smart, of 55 Connaught Terrace, Hyde Park, London. He edited and brought out the annual issues of ‘Fistiana, or the Oracle of the Ring,’ from 1852 to 1864, besides preparing a further edition which did not appear until the year after his death.
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Antoninus 2.

​ANTONI'NUS. The work which bears the title of Antonini Itinerarium is usually attributed to the emperor M. Aurelius Antoninus. It is also ascribed in the MSS. severally to Julius Caesar, Antonius Augustus, Antonius Augustalis, and Antoninus Augustus. It is a very valuable itinerary of the whole Roman empire, in which both the principal and the cross-roads are described by a list of all the places and stations upon them, the distances from place to place being given in Roman miles.
[P. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Antoninus, M. Aurelius

​ANTONI'NUS, M. AURE'LIUS. [M. Aurelius.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Antoninus 1.

​ANTO'NINUS. 1. A Roman of high rank, and a contemporary and friend of Pliny the Younger, among whose letters there are three addressed to Antoninus. Pliny heaps the most extravagant praise upon his friend both for his personal character and his skill in composing Greek epigrams and iambics. (Plin. Epist. iv. 3, 18, v. 10.)
[L. S.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fitzroy, Charles (1737-1797)

​FITZROY, CHARLES, first Baron Southampton (1737–1797), third son of Lord Augustus Fitzroy (second son of Charles, second duke of Grafton), by Elizabeth, daughter of Colonel William Cosby, was born on 25 June 1737. He was gazetted to a lieutenancy in the 1st regiment of foot in 1756, was rapidly advanced to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and served as aide-de-camp to Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick at the battle of Minden (1 Aug. 1759), when he carried the famous order for the advance of the cavalry, which Lord George Sackville (afterwards Sackville-Germain) neglected. He gave evidence before the court-martial on Sackville [see Germain, George Sackville]. He was M.P. for Oxford 1759–61, for Bury St. Edmunds 1761–74, and for Thetford 1774–80. In 1760 he was appointed groom of the bedchamber to the king, an office which he resigned in 1762. He was present at the battle of Kirchdenkern on 15 July 1761. On 11 Sept. 1765 he succeeded the Marquis of Lorne in the command of the 14th regiment of dragoons. On 20 Oct. 1772 he was appointed colonel of the 3rd or king's own dragoons. On 17 Oct. 1780 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Southampton, and on 27 Dec. following he became groom of the stole to the Prince of Wales. He moved the address to the throne at the opening of parliament in 1781, and spoke (18 Feb. 1782) on Lord Carmarthen's motion protesting against the elevation to the peerage of ‘any person labouring under a heavy censure of a court-martial,’ a motion aimed at Lord George Sackville-Germain, who had just been created Viscount Sackville of Drayton, denying that, as had been alleged or insinuated, the court-martial in question had been animated by a factious spirit. He also spoke, without definitely committing himself to either side, on the Regency Bill on 16 Feb. ​1789. He was advanced to the rank of general on 25 Oct. 1793. He died on 21 March 1797. He married, on 27 July 1758, Anne, daughter of Sir Peter Warren, K.B., vice-admiral of the red, by whom he had issue nine sons and seven daughters. He was succeeded by his eldest son, George Ferdinand. He was lord of the manor of Tottenham Court, Middlesex, and had his principal seat at Fitzroy Farm, near Highgate, the grounds of which he laid out in the artificial style then in vogue.
[Brydges's Peerage (Collins), vii. 451; Gent. Mag. 1756 p. 362, 1759 p. 144, 1760 pp. 47, 136, 1761 p. 331, 1762 p. 391, 1765 p. 444, 1797 i. 355; Beatson's Polit. Index, i. 429, 455; Lords' Journ. xxxvi. 180 b; Parl. Hist. xxii. 637, 1013, xxvii. 1274; Walpole's Journ. of the Reign of Geo. III. ii. 475; Lysons's Environs, 1795, iii. 272 n.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fitzroy, George (1665-1716)

​FITZROY, GEORGE, Duke of Northumberland (1665–1716), third and youngest son of Charles II, by Barbara, countess of Castlemaine [see Villiers, Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland], born at Oxford in December 1665, was created Baron of Pontefract in the county of York, Viscount Falmouth in the county of Cornwall, and Earl of Northumberland on 1 Oct. 1674. He was employed on secret service at Venice in 1682, and on his return to England was created Duke of Northumberland (6 April 1683), and elected and installed knight of the Garter (10 Jan. and 8 April 1684). He served as a volunteer on the side of the French at the siege of Luxembourg in the summer of the same year, returning to England in the autumn. Evelyn, who met him at dinner at Sir Stephen Fox's soon after his return, describes him as 'of all his majesty's children the most accomplished and worth the owning,' and is 'extremely handsome and well shaped.' He particularly praises his skill in horsemanship (Diary, 24 Oct. and 18 Dec. 1684). He commanded the second troop of horse guards in 1687, was appointed a lord of his majesty's bedchamber in December 1688, constable of Windsor Castle in 1701, and succeeded the Earl of Oxford as colonel of the royal regiment of horse March 1702-3 On 10 Jan. 1709-10 he obtained the rank of lieutenant-general, waa sworn of the privy council on 7 April 1713, and was appointed lord-lieutenant of Surrey on 9 Oct. 1714. He was also chief butler of England. Frogmore House, Berkshire, was one of his seats. He died without issue at Epsom on 28 June 1716. He married in 1686 Catherine, daughter of Robert Wheatley, a poulterer, of Bracknell, Berkshire, and relict of Robert Lucy of Charlecote, whom he is said, with the assistance of his brother, Henry Fitzroy [q. v.], first duke of Grafton, to have privately conveyed abroad soon afterwards.
[Lodge's Peerage of Ireland (Archdall), iv. 89; Courthope's Hist. Peer.; Burke's Extinct Peerage; Secret Services of Charles II and James II (Camd. Soc), p. 66; Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs, i. 295, 304, 307, 322, 373, 434, 544, 615, v. 46, 268, 277, 278. vi. 711, 723; Magn. Brit. Notit. 1702, p. 549; Angl. Notit. 1687 pt. i. p. 179, 1714 pt. ii. p. 336; Lysons's Magn. Brit. i. 433; Haydn's Book of Dignities; Hist. Reg. i. 352.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fitzroy, Charles (1764-1829)

​FITZROY, Lord CHARLES (1764–1829), general, the second son of Augustus Henry, third duke of Grafton [q. v.], by his first wife, Anne, daughter of Henry Liddell, baron Ravensworth, was born on 17 July 1764. He took the degree of M.A. at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1784. Having entered the army as an ensign in 1782 he was appointed captain of the 3rd foot guards in 1787, and in 1788 equerry to the Duke of York, under whom he served in the campaign in Flanders in 1793–4, being present at the siege of Valenciennes. In 1795 he became aide-de-camp to the king with the rank of colonel, was advanced to major-general in 1798, served on the Irish staff from February 1798 to April 1799, and then on the English staff until 1809, with the exception of the ‘year of peace,’ 1802. He also commanded the garrison of Ipswich. He was colonel-commandant of a battalion of 60th foot 1804–5 and colonel of 48th foot 1805 until death. He was gazetted lieutenant-general in January 1805, and on 4 Jan. 1814 general. From 1787 to 1796 and 1802 to 1818 he was M.P. for Bury St. Edmunds. He never spoke in the house. During the last twenty years of his life he resided principally at his seat at Wicken, near Stony Stratford, where he endeared himself to the poor by many acts of charity. He died at his house in Berkeley Square on 20 Dec. 1829, and was buried on the 30th at Wicken. Fitzroy married, first, on 20 June 1795, Frances, daughter of Edward Miller Mundy, sometime M.P. for Derbyshire, by whom he had one son, Charles Augustus [q. v.]; and secondly, on 10 March 1799, Lady Frances Anne Stewart, eldest daughter of Robert, first marquis of Londonderry, by whom he had two sons, George and Robert [q. v.], and one daughter.
[Collins's Peerage (Brydges), i. 219; Grad. Cant.; Gent. Mag. 1788 pt. i. 278, 1795 pt. i. 243, 1798 pt. i. 90, 1805 pt. i. 577, 1818 pt. ii. 499, 1830 pt. i. 78; List of Members of Parl. (Official Return of); Cornwallis Corresp. (Ross), ii. 422.]
J. M. R.