OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Thargelia

THARGELIA, a Milesian Courtezan,
Who to the charms of her person, added a peculiar politeness and poignant wit, and had so much influence that she is said to have engaged more than one Grecian city in the Persian interest. Afterwards, she obtained the ​sovereignty of Thessaly, but came to an untimely end, being murdered by one of her lovers.
Plutarch.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Tencin, (Claude Guérin de)

TENCIN (CLAUDE GUÉRIN DE), Canoness de Neuville; Sister of Cardinal Tencin; born at Paris, 1681; died 1749, aged 68;
Was five years a nun, at Montfleuri, in Dauphiny, but she recanted her vows and left the convent. She is said to have had an excellent heart, a strong and yet delicate mind. "One of those superior souls, who find new resources when others would lose all power of action; who may be afflicted, but never cast down or troubled; whom one admires in grief more than one pities; whose sadness is calm and dignified in the greatest misfortunes, and whose gaiety is never intemperate on the most joyful events. She has been seen in all these situations, and has been equal to them all, not forgetting the least thing, or being taken up with any selfish cares, to the neglect of her duty to her friends." Her works are Le Comte de Comminges; Le Siége de Calais; and Les Malheurs de l'Amour, romances, full of interest and feeling.
F. C. &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Theresa

THERESA, of a noble Family, at Avila, in Spain; born 1514, died 1585.
When about six or seven years of age, she and her young brother formed a resolution of going into Africa, to seek martyrdom among the Moors; but an uncle stopped them in their flight. As she grew up, she employed herself in reading romances, and even composed some; but learning the futility of this study, began to read good authors, and to be very religious. She renounced her prospects in the world, and became a nun; but the rules of the convent being relaxed from their original austerity, Theresa was dissatisfied with them, and founded another in the same city, far more strict. She composed many religious works, which were esteemed ​excellent by those of the Catholic communion; and founded seventeen monasteries.
F. C.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thirsk

See also Thirsk on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THIRSK, a market-town in the Thirsk and Malton parliamentary division of the North Riding of Yorkshire, England, 22 m. N.W. by N. from York by the North-Eastern railway. Pop. (1901) 3093. It lies in a fertile plain W. of the Hambleton Hills, on the Codbeck, a small tributary of the Swale. The church of St Mary, entirely Perpendicular, with parvise, chancel, nave, aisles, porch, and tower 80 ft. in height, is one of the most beautiful churches in the Riding. The original work of oak is especially noteworthy. The moat of the ancient castle built by the Mowbrays about 980 remains. The principal modern buildings are the assembly rooms, mechanics' institute, and court-house. Standing in the fertile district of the Vale of Mowbray, the town has an extensive agricultural trade. Agricultural implements are largely manufactured. Iron-founding, engineering, tanning and brick-making are carried on, and there are large flour-mills.
At the time of the Domesday Survey, Thirsk (Treske) was a manor of little importance belonging partly to the king and partly to Hugh, son of Baldric. Soon afterwards it was granted to Robert de Mowbray, who often resided there, and is said to have raised the castle round which the borough grew up. His estates, being forfeited for treason against William Rufus, were restored by Henry I. to Nigel de Albini, Robert's cousin, who took the name of Mowbray. Roger, son of Nigel, took part in the rebellion against Henry II. in 1174, and although he was allowed to retain his estates, his castle at Thirsk was destroyed. The manor remained in his family until the death of John de Mowbray, duke of Norfolk, without issue male in 1475, and after passing through several families was finally sold in 1723 to Ralph Bell, whose descendants thereafter held the manor. Thirsk is first mentioned as a borough in a charter granted by Roger de Mowbray to Newburgh Priory in the reign of Henry II. It was governed by a bailiff elected by the burgesses at the court leet of the lord of the manor, and never received a charter of incorporation. The burgesses were represented in parliament by two members in 1295 and again from 1552–53 to 1832, when by the Municipal Reform Act the number was reduced to one. In 1885 the town was disfranchised. Roger de Mowbray held a market by prescription in Thirsk in the 13th century, and by Camden's time (c. 1586) it had become one of the best markets in the North Riding. It is still held by the lord of the manor.
See Victoria County History: Yorkshire; William Grainge, The Vale of Mowbray: a historical and topographical account of Thirsk and its neighbourhood (1859).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thistle

See also Thistle on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THISTLE, a name, as generally employed, of vague application, being given to almost any herbaceous plant that is of a spiny character. More strictly, it is applied to the species of Carduus. These are Composite herbs with very spiny leaves, and similar bracts surrounding a head of purplish-white, tubular, five-parted flowers seated on a pitted and hairy receptacle. The anthers have appendages both at the apex and at the base, and the style has a ring of hairs at the point of bifurcation of the two stigmas. The fruit is surmounted by a tuft of silky-white hairs. The species, chiefly natives of Europe and Western Asia, are numerous, and some are of great beauty, though, not unnaturally, looked on with disfavour by the farmer. The blessed thistle is Carduus benedictus; Lady's thistle, the leaves of which are spotted with white, is C. marianus. The common C. lanceolatus seems to be the most suitable prototype for the Scots thistle, though that honour is also conferred on an allied plant Onopordon acanthium, the cotton thistle, remarkable for its covering of white down, a doubtful native, and on other species. The carline thistle is Carlina vulgaris, a member of the same family, as is also the sow-thistle, Sonchus oleraceus. The great objection to thistles from an agricultural point of view resides in the freedom with which they produce seed, and in the vigour of their underground growth, which makes their uprooting a matter of difficulty. Partial uprooting may, indeed, in the case of the perennial species, increase the mischief, for each fragment left behind may grow into a distinct plant. Annual species might be kept in check were they cut down before the flowers appear, but unless all the cultivators in a particular district co-operate the efforts of individuals are of little avail. The Artichoke (q.v.), Cynara scolymus, and Cardoon (q.v.) are very near allies of the thistles. The Safflower, Carthamus, another thistle, yields a serviceable dye; the Burdock, Arctium lappa, a member of the same family, has an edible root; and numerous allied species have medicinal properties.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thietmar of Merseburg

See also Thietmar of Merseburg on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THIETMAR (Dietmar or Dithmar) OF MERSEBURG (975–1018), German chronicler, was a son of Siegfried, count of Walbeck, and was related to the family of the emperor Otto the Great. Born on the 25th of July 975 he was educated at Quedlinburg and at Magdeburg and became provost of Walbeck in 1002 and bishop of Merseburg seven years later. He took some part in the political events of the time; in 994 he was a hostage in the hands of the Northmen, and he was not unfamiliar with the actualities of war. He died on the 1st of December 1018.
Thietmar wrote a Chronicon in eight books, which deals with the period between 908 and 1018. For the earlier part he used Widukind’s Res gestae Saxonicae, the Annales Quedlinburgenses and other sources; the latter part is the result of personal knowledge. It is rough in form and the author shows no power of discriminating between important and unimportant events; yet the chronicle is an excellent authority for the history of Saxony during the reigns of the emperors Otto III. and Henry II. No kind conformation is excluded, but the fullest details refer to the bishopric of Merseburg and to the wars against the Wends and the Poles. The original manuscript of the work is preserved at Dresden and has been published in facsimile by L. Schmidt (Dresden, 1905). It has been edited by J. M. Lappenberg in Band III. of the Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptores; and by F. Kurze (Hanover, 1889); and has been translated into German by J. Laurent (new ed. revised by W. Wattenbach, Leipzig, 1892). See F. Kurze, Bischof Thietmar von Merseburg und seine Chronik (Halle, 1890); and W. Wattenbach, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen, Band II. (Berlin, 1904).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thiersch, Friedrich Wilhelm

See also Friedrich Thiersch on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THIERSCH, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1784–1860), German classical scholar and educationist, was born at Kirchscheidungen near Freiburg on the Unstrut, on the 17th of June 1784. In 1809 he became professor at the gymnasium at Munich, and in 1826 professor of ancient literature in the university of Landshut, transferred in that year to Munich. He died at Munich on the 25th of February 1860. Thiersch, the “tutor of Bavaria” (praeceptor Bavariae), found an extremely unsatisfactory system of education in existence. There was a violent feud between the Protestant “north” and the Catholic “south” Germans; Thiersch’s colleagues, chiefly old monks, offered violent opposition to his reforms, and an attempt was made upon his life. His schemes, however, were carried out, and have remained the governing principle of the educational institutions of Bavaria. Thiersch was an ardent supporter of Greek independence. In 1832 he visited Greece, and it is said that his influence had much to do with securing the throne of the newly created kingdom for Otto of Bavaria. He wrote a Greek grammar, a metrical translation of Pindar, and an account of Greece (L’État actuel de la Grèce (1833).
Biography by his son, H. W. J. Thiersch (1866); see also G. M. Thomas, Gedächtnissrede auf Friedrich von Thiersch (1860); articles by A. Baumeister in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie and O. Zöckler in Herzog-Hauck’s Realencyclopädie für protestantische Theologie, xix. ; J. E. Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, iii. (1908).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thirlby, Thomas

See also Thomas Thirlby on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THIRLBY (or Thirleby), THOMAS (c. 1506–1570), English prelate, was born at Cambridge and was educated at Trinity Hall in the university there, becoming a fellow of his college. Through the good offices of his friend, Thomas Cranmer, he was introduced to the court of Henry VIII., and he served this king, one of whose chaplains he had become, in several ways. Among his numerous public appointments were those of dean of the chapel royal and member of the council of the north. In 1540 he was made bishop of Westminster, being the first and only occupant of that see; in 1550, three years after Henry VIII.'s death, he resigned the bishopric, which was dissolved, and became bishop of Norwich. As a diplomatist Thirlby had a long and varied experience; on several occasions he was sent on embassies to the emperor Charles V., and he helped to arrange the peace between England and France in 1559. He appears to have served Edward VI. loyally throughout his short reign, both at home and abroad, although it is certain that he disliked the religious changes and he voted against the act of uniformity in 1549. He was thus more at ease when Mary ascended the throne. Translated in 1554 to the bishopric of Ely, he took part in the trial of Cranmer at Oxford and in the consecration of Reginald Pole as archbishop of Canterbury, but he himself did not take severe measures against heretics. When Elizabeth became queen the bishop refused to take the oath of supremacy; in other ways he showed himself hostile to the proposed religious changes, and in 1359 he was deprived of his bishopric. For preaching against the innovations he was arrested in 1560, and he was in honourable confinement at Lambeth Palace when he died on the 26th of August 1570.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thimble

See also Thimble on Wikipedia; thimble on Wiktionary; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THIMBLE, an implement for use in sewing, serving as a protective covering for the finger in pushing the needle through the material worked upon. For ordinary purposes the thimble is a bell-shaped cap reaching to the first joint and is usually worn on the middle finger. It is made of silver or other metal, sometimes of horn, ivory or bone. The sail-maker’s thimble or “thummel” is a heavy ring, worn on the thumb, with a disc attached which is the part used to press against the needle. The O.E. thymel, from which the word descends, is formed, with the suffix -el, from thūma, the thumb, the protective covering having been formerly worn on that digit. The thumb by etymology means the “thick” finger, and is to be referred to the root tum, to swell up, become thick, seen in Lat. tumere, “tumid,” &c. The term “thimble” is used of many mechanical appliances, especially of various forms of sleeve, bushing or joining for the ends of pipes, or shaftings, or as covering for an axle, &c. In nautical usage the “thimble” is a metal ring concave on the outside in which a rope runs; it is a protection against chafing.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thiophen

See also Thiophen on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THIOPHEN, C$_4$H$_4$S, a compound occurring in small quantities in crude coal-tar benzene, from which it was first isolated in 1883 by V. Meyer (Ber., 1883, 16, p. 1465). The method adopted by Meyer to recover the thiophen was as follows. Ten volumes of the purest coal-tar benzene were shaken for four hours with one volume of sulphuric acid, the acid layer was removed and neutralized with lead carbonate, and the lead thiophen sulphonate obtained was distilled with an equivalent quantity of ammonium chloride. The distillate obtained was diluted with one hundred volumes of ligroin (previously purified by shaking with fuming sulphuric acid) and then shaken for one or two hours with sulphuric acid (using ten volumes of acid to one volume of the distillate), the acid layer diluted with water, neutralized by lead carbonate and the lead salt again distilled with an equivalent quantity of ammonium chloride. The distillate is finally rectified. It may be obtained in small quantity by passing ethylene or acetylene into boiling sulphur; by passing ethyl sulphide through a red-hot tube; by heating crotonic acid, butyric acid or erythrite with phosphorus pentasulphide; by heating succinic anhydride with phosphorus pentasulphide or sodium succinate with phosphorus trisulphide (J. Volhard and H. Erdmann, Ber., 1885, 18, p. 454); or by heating succindialdehyde with two parts of phosphorus trisulphide (C. Harries, Ber., 1901, 34, p. 1496).
It is a colourless liquid having a faint smell resembling that of benzene and boiling at 84° C. In its chief properties it very much resembles benzene, being readily brominated, sulphonated, and nitrated; also, the side chains in the alkyl thiophens are readily oxidized to carboxyl groups. On passing its vapour through a red-hot tube it yields di-thiënyl, C$_8$H$_6$S$_2$. It is completely decomposed by hydriodic acid at 140° C. It condenses with aldehydes (in chloroform solution) in the presence of phosphorus pentoxide to give dithienyl hydrocarbons (A. Nahke, Ber., 1897, 30, p. 2037). It can be readily recognized by the blue colour produced when a trace of thiophen is added to isatin dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid (the indophenin reaction). The thiophen ketones may be prepared by the interaction of thiophen and its homologues with acid chlorides in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride. The thiophen homologues are best prepared by heating the 1·4 diketones with phosphorus pentasulphide, the diketones reacting in the enolic form:
| R · C | CH–CH | C·R$+$P$_2$S$_5$ → R · C | CH·CH | C·R. |
| R · C | OHHO | C·R$+$P$_2$S$_5$ → R · C | —S— | C·R. |
Thiolenol, or oxymethyl thiophene, is prepared by heating laevulinic acid with phosphorus pentasulphide (W. Kues and C. Paal, Ber., 1886, 19, p. 555). On this group see also V. Meyer, Die Thiophengruppe.
# A Child's Garden of Verses/From a Railway Carriage

XXXVII
FROM A RAILWAY CARRIAGE
FASTER than fairies, faster than witches,
Bridges and houses, hedges and ditches;
And charging along like troops in a battle,
All through the meadows the horses and cattle:
All of the sights of the hill and the plain
Fly as thick as driving rain;
And ever again, in the wink of an eye, Painted stations whistle by.
Here is a child who clambers and scrambles, All by himself and gathering brambles;
Here is a tramp who stands and gazes;
And there is the green for stringing the daisies!
Here is a cart run away in the road
Lumping along with man and load;
And here is a mill and there is a river:
Each a glimpse and gone for ever!
# A Child's Garden of Verses/Good and Bad Children

XXVII
GOOD AND BAD CHILDREN
CHILDREN, you are very little,
And your bones are very brittle;
If you would grow great and stately,
You must try to walk sedately.
You must still be bright and quiet,
And content with simple diet;
And remain, through all bewild'ring,
Innocent and honest children.
Happy hearts and happy faces,
Happy play in grassy places—
That was how, in ancient ages,
Children grew to kings and sages.
But the unkind and the unruly, And the sort who eat unduly, They must never hope for glory—
Theirs is quite a different story!
Cruel children, crying babies,
All grow up as geese and gabies,
Hated, as their age increases,
By their nephews and their nieces.
# A Child's Garden of Verses/Looking-Glass River

XXXV
LOOKING-GLASS RIVER
SMOOTH it slides upon its travel,
Here a wimple, there a gleam—
O the clean gravel!
O the smooth stream!
Sailing blossoms, silver fishes,
Paven pools as clear as air—
How a child wishes
To live down there!
We can see our coloured faces
Floating on the shaken pool
Down in cool places,
Dim and very cool;
Till a wind or water wrinkle,
Dipping marten, plumping trout,
Spreads in a twinkle
And blots all out.
See the rings pursue each other;
All below grows black as night, Just as if mother
Had blown out the light!   Patience, children, just a minute—
See the spreading circles die;
The stream and all in it
Will clear by-and-by.
# A Child's Garden of Verses/Happy Thought

XXIV
HAPPY THOUGHT
THE world is so full of a number of things,
I'm sure we should all be as happy as kings.
# A Child's Garden of Verses/Looking Forward

XII
LOOKING FORWARD
WHEN I am grown to man's estate
I shall be very proud and great,
And tell the other girls and boys
Not to meddle with my toys.
# A Child's Garden of Verses/Foreign Children

XXVIII
FOREIGN CHILDREN
LITTLE Indian, Sioux or Crow,
Little frosty Eskimo,
Little Turk or Japanee,
O! don't you wish that you were me?
You have seen the scarlet trees
And the lions over seas;
You have eaten ostrich eggs,
And turned the turtles off their legs.
Such a life is very fine,
But it's not so nice as mine:
You must often, as you trod,
Have wearied not to be abroad.
You have curious things to eat,
I am fed on proper meat;
You must dwell beyond the foam,
But I am safe and live at home.
Little Indian, Sioux or Crow,
Little frosty Eskimo,
Little Turk or Japanee,
O! don't you wish that you were me?
# A Child's Garden of Verses/Historical Associations

VIII
HISTORICAL ASSOCIATIONS
DEAR Uncle Jim, this garden ground That now you smoke your pipe around, Has seen immortal actions done And valiant battles lost and won.
Here we had best on tip-toe tread, While I for safety march ahead, For this is that enchanted ground Where all who loiter slumber sound.
Here is the sea, here is the sand, Here is simple Shepherd's Land, Here are the fairy hollyhocks, And there are Ali Baba's rocks.
But yonder, see! apart and high, Frozen Siberia lies; where I, With Robert Bruce and William Tell, Was bound by an enchanter's spell.
There, then, awhile in chains we lay, In wintry dungeons, far from day; But ris'n at length, with might and main, Our iron fetters burst in twain.
Then all the horns were blown in town; And to the ramparts clanging down, All the giants leaped to horse And charged behind us through the gorse.
On we rode, the others and I, Over the mountains blue, and by The Silver River, the sounding sea And the robber woods of Tartary.
A thousand miles we galloped fast, And down the witches' lane we passed, And rode amain, with brandished sword, Up to the middle, through the ford.
Last we drew rein—a weary three— Upon the lawn, in time for tea, And from our steeds alighted down Before the gates of Babylon.
# A Child's Garden of Verses/Keepsake Mill

XXVI
KEEPSAKE MILL
OVER the borders, a sin without pardon,
Breaking the branches and crawling below,
Out through the breach in the wall of the garden,
Down by the banks of the river, we go.
Here is the mill with the humming of thunder,
Here is the weir with the wonder of foam,
Here is the sluice with the race running under—
Marvellous places, though handy to home!
Sounds of the village grow stiller and stiller,
Stiller the note of the birds on the hill;
Dusty and dim are the eyes of the miller,
Deaf are his ears with the moil of the mill.
Years may go by, and the wheel in the river
Wheel as it wheels for us, children, to-day,
Wheel and keep roaring and foaming for ever
Long after all of the boys are away.
Home from the Indies and home from the ocean,
Heroes and soldiers we all shall come home;
Still we shall find the old mill wheel in motion,
Turning and churning that river to foam.
You with the bean that I gave when we quarrelled,
I with your marble of Saturday last,
Honoured and old and all gaily apparelled, Here we shall meet and remember the past.
# A Child's Garden of Verses/Foreign Lands

VIII
FOREIGN LANDS
UP into the cherry tree Who should climb but little me? I held the trunk with both my hands And looked abroad on foreign lands.
I saw the next door garden lie, Adorned with flowers, before my eye, And many pleasant places more That I had never seen before.
I saw the dimpling river pass And be the sky's blue looking-glass; The dusty roads go up and down With people tramping in to town.
If I could find a higher tree Farther and farther I should see, To where the grown-up river slips Into the sea among the ships,
To where the roads on either hand Lead onward into fairy land, Where all the children dine at five, And all the playthings come alive.
# A Child's Garden of Verses/Garden Days

GARDEN DAYS