OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pollack

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
POLLACK, Gadus pollachius, a common fish on British coasts, belonging to the cod, haddock and whiting genus. It is about the size of the coal-fish, is active in habit, and is frequently caught. The lower jaw projects beyond the upper, and there is no barbel. In Scotland and in some parts of Ireland it is called lythe.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Polk, James Knox

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
POLK, JAMES KNOX, an American statesman, 11th President of the United States; born in Mecklenburg co., N. C.,
Nov. 2, 1795. His ancestors, who bore the name of Pollock, emigrated from the W. of Ireland early in the 18th century. He was educated at the University of Nashville, Tenn., and was admitted to the bar in 1820. In 1823 he was sent
to the Tennessee Legislature, and in 1824 to Congress, to which body he was re-elected for seven successive terms, serving till 1839. He was made chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means in 1833, and twice elected Speaker of the House — 1835-1837. In Congress he was consistently a Democrat, supporting unwaveringly the administrations of Jackson and Van Buren, and opposing that of Adams. In 1839 he was elected Governor of Tennessee, and in 1844 unexpectedly nominated as a compromise candidate of the National Democratic Convention for the presidency, and elected over Henry Clay, the Whig candidate. His administration was eventful, and in some respects brilliant. Texas was annexed, and the Mexican War fought which, with territorial purchases, added the great territory now comprising Texas, California, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and the W. part of Colorado to the domain of the United States. The Oregon boundary forming one of the issues on which he was elected, was settled by a compromise offered by England. He was a man of eminent administrative abilities, of consistent principles and pure and upright private character. At the close of his single term Polk declined to stand for renomination, and retired to private life in Nashville, Tenn., where he died June 15, 1849.
JAMES K. POLK
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Polk, Leonidas

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
POLK, LEONIDAS, an American military officer; born in Raleigh, N. C., April 10, 1806; was a cousin of President Polk. Graduating at the United States Military Academy in 1827, he received a commission in the artillery, but was induced to study for the ministry, and in 1838 was consecrated Bishop of Arkansas and Indian Territory, with charge of the dioceses of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. In 1841 he resigned all these except the bishopric of Louisiana, which he retained till his death. Soon after the outbreak of the Civil War he was offered a major-generalship by Jefferson Davis, and, accepting it, proceeded to strongly fortify strategical points on the Mississippi. At Belmont, in November, 1861, he was driven from his camp by Grant, but returned and compelled him to retire. At Shiloh and at Corinth he commanded the 1st Corps; in October, 1862, he was promoted to Lieutenant-General and in November he conducted the retreat from Kentucky. After Chickamauga, where he commanded the right wing, he was relieved of his command; but in December, 1863, he was appointed to the Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and Eastern Louisiana, and he afterward joined Johnston in
opposing Sherman's march to Atlanta. He was killed while reconnoitering on Pine Mountain, June 14, 1864.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pollard

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
POLLARD, the name given to a tree the head of which has been lopped off about 8 or 10 feet from the ground, in order to induce it to send out bushy shoots, which are cut periodically for basket making, fuel, fencing, or other purposes.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Portland (Maine)

* related portals: Maine.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
PORTLAND, a city, port of entry, and county-seat of Cumberland co., Me.; on Casco Bay, and on the Boston and Maine, the Grand Trunk, the Portland and Rochester, the Maine Central, and other railroads; 105 miles N. E. of Boston. It has direct steamboat connections with Boston and New York, and two weekly steamship lines to Europe. The city is delightfully laid out along a peninsula, in the harbor, protected by a massive breakwater. Here are a custom house, City Hall, which contains a Municipal Organ, postoffice. United States Marine Hospital, the Maine General Hospital, headquarters of the Maine Historical Society, Portland Society of Natural History, the Wadsworth mansion, the Longfellow homestead, etc. The city has waterworks, several libraries, electric light and street railroad plants. National, State, and savings banks, Portland School for the Deaf, Old Men's Home, Old Ladies' Home, St. Elizabeth's Academy, etc. Portland has over 700 manufacturing establishments, with an annual output valued at over $15,000,000. The industries include boot and shoe factories, sugar refineries, rolling-mills, foundries, machine shops, locomotive works, engine and boiler works, petroleum refineries, match factories, chemical works, tanneries, paint and oil works, carriage and sleigh factories, manufactures of stoneware, jewelry, edge tools, varnishes, soap and lamps, meat packing establishments, coopering establishments, lumber mills, etc. Shipbuilding is still carried on, though of less importance, relatively, than in former years. Fishing and the shell-fish industry are extensively pursued. Portland was settled by the English in 1632; was burned by the Indians in 1676; and by the French and Indians in 1690; was rebuilt in 1715; burned by
the English in 1775; and rebuilt in 1783. It received its city charter in 1832. Pop. (1910) 58,571; (1920) 69,272.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Portland (Oregon)

* related portals: Oregon.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, news, travel guide, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
PORTLAND, a city, port of entry, and county-seat of Multnomah co., Ore.; on the Willamette river, and on the Northern Pacific, Southern Pacific, Great Northern, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, Canadian Pacific, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroads; 12 miles above the Columbia river, 120 miles from the ocean, and 772 miles N. of San Francisco, Cal. The city is built on sloping ground; is surrounded by beautiful scenery; and has a most enjoyable climate, being much warmer in winter than many Southern cities.
Business Interests.—The Willamette river is navigable for large vessels, and a considerable trade is carried on with Great Britain, Japan, China, Hawaii, and the South American republics. The value of exports in 1920, which include wheat, flour, wool, fish, timber, etc., was $48,812,821, and the imports $7,042,702. There are more than 800 manufacturing establishments, with an output valued at more than $50,000,000 per annum. The principal manufactures are pig iron, woolen goods, flour, furniture, cordage, carriages, clothing, boots and shoes, engine boilers, etc. There are about 20 National, State, and private banks, and many daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. The assessed property valuations exceed $226,000,000 and the total bonded debt is over $12,000,000.
Public Interests.— The city has an area of 66.3 square miles; 1,350 miles of streets; a system of waterworks, owned by the city that cost nearly $12,700,000, with 755 miles of mains. The streets are lighted by electricity at a cost of about $200,000 per annum. The police department costs annually about $382,000, and the fire department about $562,000. There is a public school en- rollment of over 40,000 pupils, and an annual expenditure for public education of over $2,000,000. The annual cost of maintaining the city government is over $2,800,000. Portland contains the Medical and Law Schools of the State University, Portland University, Portland Academy, Library Association, Good Samaritan, St. Vincent, and Portland Hospitals, etc.
History.—Portland was settled in 1845 and received its city charter in 1851. It annexed the cities of East Portland and Albina in 1891. The city has had a marvelous growth and in proportion to its population has been said to be the wealthiest city in the United States. Pop. (1910) 207,214; (1920) 258,288.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Polka

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
POLKA, a well known dance, the music to which is in 2/4 time, with the third quaver accented. There are three steps in each bar, the fourth beat is always a rest, the three steps performed on the three first beats of every bar.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pollan

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
POLLAN, or POWAN, Coregonus pollan, from the Irish Lakes, somewhat resembling a herring (Clupea harengus), but with a remarkably short head and deep body.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/B above g gamut

B above g gamut. That B, or that note, which Is a third higher than G gamut.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/B in alt

B in alt. (I.) The tenth above the treble clef note ; the third note in alt. See TREBLE CLEF NOTE and ALT.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/B in altissimo

B in altissimo. (I.) The octave above Bin alt; the third note in altissimo. See B IN ALT, and ALTISSIMO.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/B above the bass clef note

B above the bass clef note. That B, or that note, which is a fourth higher than n the the bass clef note.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/B double

B double, or DOUBLE B. That B below G gamut; or the twelfth below the bass clef note.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/B durum, or hard b. b natural

B durum, or hard b. b natural. So named in opposition to B M. We, or soft B. See B MOLLIARE.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/B above the treble clef note

B above the treble clef note. That B, or that note, which is a third higher than the treble clef note.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/B flat

B flat is the flat seventh of the natural key C, and the first at introduced, in modulating by fourths, from the natural diatonic mode.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/B

B is the nominal of the seventh note in the natural diatonic scale of C ; to which De Nevers, a French musician in the beginning of the last century, is said to have first applied the syllable si ; Guido Aretina having only furnished syllables for the six notes, C, D, E, F, G, A. B is the subtonic. or seventh note. thus : -
B is also sometimes used as an abbreviation for bass. The Germans call B natural, II ; and they call B flat, B, to distinguish it from B natural.
# Clouds without Water/The Black Mass

The Black Mass
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Tighernach O'Braein

From volume 11 of the work.
Irish annalist and Abbot of Roscommon and Clonmacnoise, died 1088. Little is known of his personal history except that he must have been born in the early part of the eleventh century and that he came from a Connaught family. His "Annals" (among the earliest of Irish annals) are of the greatest value to the historian of Ireland because of the author's attempt to synchronize Irish events with those of the rest of Europe from the earliest times to his own day. His learning is shown by his quotations, among others, from the works of the Venerable Bede, Josephus, Eusebius, and Orosius, not to speak of the Vulgate. But his sources for the Irish portions of the "Annals" are not now discoverable because of the loss of the Irish manuscripts from which he drew his information. Only fragments of Tighernach's "Annals" are now extant; these are in a vellum of the twelfth century and one of the fourteenth century in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, and in a fourteenth-century manuscript in Trinity College Library (Dublin). These fragments were published by Dr. O'Conor in his "Rerum Hibernicarum Scriptores" (1825), but O'Conor's text is full of errors. They have recently been published and translated by Whitley Stokes in the "Revue Celtique" (vols. XVI, XVII, XVIII). Two pages in facsimile are given in Gilbert's "National Manuscripts of Ireland", part I.
JOSEPH DUNN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Timbrias

From volume 14 of the work.
A titular see in Pisidia, suffragan of Antioch. It is called Thymbrium in the official lists of the Roman Curia, the name being more or less misspelled in documents, but the spelling here adopted is that found on coins where the inhabitants are called, in the genitive plural, timbriadeon. At a late period we find the form Timbriada, neuter plural, or perhaps Thymbriada. The exact site of the city is unknown. It is mentioned by Strabo (XII, 7, 2); the coins, bearing the figure of the Eurymedon, would indicate a locality near the upper part of that river, the lower part belonging to Byzantine Pamphylia. It was probably situated somewhere in the plain called Yilandi Ovassi, in the vilayet of Koniah. In ecclesiastical writings it is mentioned as late as the thirteenth century. Le Quien (Oriens Christianus, I, 1059) names three of its bishops: Constantine, present at the Councils of Constantinople, 680 and 692; John, at the Council of Nicaea, 787; Theodosius, at the Photian Council of Constantinople (879).
RAMSAY, Asia Minor, 406.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Tilmann Pesch

From volume 11 of the work.
A Jesuit philosopher, b. at Cologne, 1 Feb., 1836; d. at Valkenberg, Holland, 18 Oct., 1899. He became a Jesuit on 15 October, 1852, and made his novitiate at Friedrichsburg near Münster; he studied classics two years at Paderborn, philosophy two years at Bonn; taught four years at Feldkirch, Switzerland; studied theology one year at Paderborn and three years at Maria-Laach, after which he made his third year of novitiate at Paderborn. He then taught philosophy at Maria-Laach (1867-69). From 1870 to 1876 he worked in the ministry, and again taught philosophy eight years (1876-84), at Blyenbeck. The literary activity of Pesch began in 1876. He contributed to "Philosophia Licensis"; "Institutiones philosophiæ naturalis" (1880); "Institutiones logicales" (1888); "Institutiones psychologicæ" (1896-98). The last fifteen years of his life were devoted entirely to writing and to the ministry. By publishing treatises in German, Pesch helped much to spread Catholic truth. Such treatises were "Weltphänomenon" (1881); "Welträtsel" (1884), "Seele und Lieb" (1893), and "Christliche Lebensphilosophie" (1895). The last work reached its fourth edition with three years. Besides these more scholarly writing, he published popular philosophic and apologetic articles and pamphlets. The most important of these were the articles published in the "Germanica" above the pseudonym "Gottlieb"; they were later arranged in two volumes, "Briefe aus Hamburg" (1883), and "Der Krach von Wittenburg" (1889), refuting the usual calumnies against the Church. His most popular book was "Das Religiöse Leben", of which thirteen large editions have appeared. During all this period of literary activity, Pesch was tireless as a missionary in Germany. He was often arrested under the charge of being a Jesuit. Pesch taught the best in Scholasticism, but appreciated what was good in other systems of philosophy. His Latin writing contain the latest results of natural science applied to the illustration of truth by scholastic methods.
Mitteilungen aus der deutschen Provinz (Roermond), n. 8, 721; THOELEN, Menologium oder Lebensbilder aus der Geschicte der deutschen Ordensprovinz der Gesellschaft Jesu (Roermond, 1901), 602.
WALTER DRUM
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ticelia

From volume 14 of the work.
Titular see, suffragan of Cyrene, in the Libya Pentapolis. Under this name it is not found in any "Notitia episcopatuum", nor in any geography sacred or profane. Nevertheless, at the Robber Synod of Ephesus (449), we find a Theodulus, Bishop of Ticelia in Libya (Mansi, "Conciliorum Collectio", VI, 610); the name of the city is much corrupted in the Greek text. It is doubtful if Ticelia is the correct name of this city or see. In a "Notitia episcopatuum", published by Gelzer (Byzantinische Zeitschrift, II, 26), we find the see of Sicelia, evidently the same as ours. Which is the correct name? At the Council of Ephesus (431), among the subscribers is Sosipater, Bishop of Septimiace, a city otherwise unknown, which seems likewise to have been situated in Libya (Mansi, op. cit., IV, 1128, 1221). Just now it is impossible to say if these various names relate to the same city, or what is the correct name of the diocese.
S. VAILHÉ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Tiepolo

From volume 14 of the work.
Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) Tiepolo
Born in Venice in 1696; died at Madrid, 27 March, 1770. The son of a sea-captain and marine merchant, who left behind him a considerable fortune, Tiepolo married, in 1721, Cecilia, the sister of the painter Guardi, by whom he had nine children. His earliest master was Lazzerini, but his artistic career was derived from a careful study of the works of Titian, Piazzeta, Ricci, and especially Veronese. Up to 1750 he worked in Venice and various places in the north of Italy, painting some remarkable works at Milan, in Brescia, and in one or two villages near Venice. He then, accompanied by his son, travelled to Würzburg, where he resided for three years, executing some magnificent ceiling paintings in the palace of the archbishop. He was back again in Venice in 1753, full of commissions, elected President of the Academy of Padua, and holding high distinction in his native town. In 1761 he accepted the invitation of Charles III, King of Spain, to come to that country to decorate the royal palace of Madrid. Unfortunately, during his residence there he incurred the jealousy and the bitter opposition of Raphael Mengs. He is the last of the great Venetian painters; his works are magnificent in force, brilliance, and skill. As a draughtsman and colourist, few have approached him; as an etcher, he took a high position.
Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo
Son and pupil of the elder Tiepolo, b. in Venice, 30 August, 1727; d. there, 3 March, 1804. He was his father's assistant but far inferior in every respect in draughtsmanship and colouring. His best work is the ceiling of the Palazzo Ducale at Genoa. In his latter years, having satisfactory means, he retired to a villa near Venice and lived in comfort. His marriage had taken place in 1776, and was a scene of great pomp and magnificence. His widow married again after his decease, and the male line of Tiepolo died out with him.
SACK, Giambattista und Domenico Tiepolo (Berlin, 1910); MOLMENTI, G. B. Tiepolo (MILAN, 1909); LANZI, Storia Pittorica della Italia (Bassano, 1809); PITTONI, Dei Pitoni Artisti Veneti (Bergamo, 1905).
GEORGE CHARLES WILLIAMSON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Tillmann Riemenschneider

From volume 13 of the work.
One of the most important of Frankish sculptors, b. at Osterode am Harz in or after 1460; d. at Würzburg, 1531. In 1483 he was admitted into the Guild of St. Luke at Würzburg, where he worked until his death. In the tombstone of the Ritter von Grumbach he still adheres to the Gothic style, but in his works for the Marienkapelle at Würzburg he adopts the Renaissance style, while retaining reminiscences of earlier art. For the south entrance he carved, besides an annunciation and a representation of Christ as a gardener, the afterwards renowned statues of Adam and Eve, the heads of which are of special importance. There also he showed his gift of depicting character in the more than life-size statues of Christ, the Baptist, and the Twelve Apostles for the buttresses. Elsewhere indeed we seek in vain for the merits of rounded sculpture. He had a special talent for the noble representation of female saints (cf. for example, Sts. Dorothea and Margareta in the same chapel, and the Madonna in the Münsterkirche). A small Madonna (now in the municipal museum at Frankfort) is perfect both in expression and drapery. Besides other works for the above-mentioned churches and a relief with the "Vierzehn Nothelfer" for the hospital (St. Burkhard), he carved for the cathedral of Würzburg a tabernacle reaching to the ceiling, two episcopal tombs, and a colossal cross—all recognized as excellent works by those familiar with the peculiar style of the master. Riemenschneider's masterpiece is the tomb of Emperor Henry II in the Cathedral of Bamberg; the recumbent forms of the emperor and his spouse are ideal, while the sides of the tomb are adorned with fine scenes from their lives. The figures instinct with life, the drapery, and the expression of sentiment, are all of equal beauty. Among his representations of the "Lament over Christ", those of Heidingsfeld and Maidbrunn, in spite of some defects, are notable works; resembling the former, but still more pleasing, is a third in the university collection. The defects in many of his works are probably to be referred for the most part to his numerous apprentices. There are a great number of other works by him in various places, e.g. a beautiful group of the Crucifixion in the Darmstadt Museum, another at Volkach am Main representing Our Lady surrounded by a rosary with scenes from her life in relief and being crowned by angels playing music—the picture is suspended from the roof.
There is a second Meister Tillmann Riemenschneider, who carved the Virgin's altar in Creglingen. This bears so close a resemblance to the works of the younger "Master Dill", that recently many believed it should be referred to him; in that case, however, he would have executed one of his best works as a very young man.
BODE, Gesch. der deutschen Plastik (Berlin, 1885); WEBER, Leben u. Wirken T. Riemenschneiders (2nd ed., Würzburg, 1888); TONNERS, Leben u. Werke T. Riemenschneiders (Strasburg, 1900); ADELMANN in Walhalla, VI (1910).
G. GIETMANN
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Becker, Or Beker, C. L

Becker, Or Beker, C. L. Organist at Nordheim, and an instrumental composer since the year 1790.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Beczwarzowsky, A. F

Beczwarzowsky, A. F. Vocal and instrumental composer in Germany between the years 1794 and 1801.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bedard, Jeane Baptiste

Bedard, Jeane Baptiste, born in Brittany about 1765, died 1815, composed violin music, two symphonies for orchestra, and in 1800 a method for the violin.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bedos De Celles, Dom Francois

Bedos De Celles, Dom Francois, a Benedictine of the congregation of St. Maur, member of the Academy of Sciences at Bourdeaux and correspondent of the Academy at Paris, was born at Caux in 1706, and died in 1779. He published at Paris, in 1776-8, a work in 3 vols. folio, called "L'art du facteur d'orgues," (The Organ Builder's Art.) The fourth part contains an abridged history of the organ.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Becker, Jean

Becker, Jean, died at Cassel in 1803. He was organist there, and composed much mush for the church.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Beckmann, Jean Frederic Gottlieb

Beckmann, Jean Frederic Gottlieb, a celebrated popular instrumental and vocal composer in Germany between the years 1769 and 1790, one of the best pianists of the last century. He published sonatas, concertos, &c. He died in 1792, aged fifty-six.