# Birds of North and Middle America/Part V

a descriptive catalogue of the higher groups, genera, species, and subspecies of birds known to occur in North America, from the Arctic lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and other islands of the Caribbean sea, and the Galapagos Archipelago
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BULLETIN
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
No. 50.
Part V.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1911.
THE BIRDS
OF
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA:
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
OF THE
HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE ARCTIC LANDS TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA, THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO.
BY
Robert Ridgway, CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS.
Part V.
Family PTEROPTOCHIDÆ—The Tapaculos. Family FORMICARIIDÆ—The Antbirds. Family FURNARIIDÆ—The Ovenbirds. Family DENDROCOLAPTIDÆ—The Woodhewers. Family TROCHILIDÆ—The Humming Birds. Family MICROPODIDÆ—The Swifts. Family TROGONIDÆ—The Trogons.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1911.
PREFACE.
Circumstances have retarded the completion of the present volume, chief among which were interruption by field work (including a second visit to Costa Rica), occasional periods of illness, and the specially difficult character of some of the included groups; furthermore, one large family (the Woodpeckers, Picidæ) was worked up and even set in type, but was finally omitted because its inclusion would increase the bulk of the volume far beyond a convenient size. It will, therefore, be included in Part VI.
The Families included in this and preceding volumes are as follows:
Part I, issued October 24, 1901, included the Family Fringillidæ (Finches) alone.
Part II, issued October 16, 1902, included the Families Tanagridæ (Tanagers), Icteridæ (Troupials), Coerebidæ (Honey Creepers), and Mniotiltidæ (Wood Warblers).
Part III, published December 31, 1904, included the Motacillidæ (Wagtails and Pipits), Hirundinidæ (Swallows), Ampelidæ (Wax-wings), Ptilogonatidæ (Silky Flycatchers), Dulidæ (Palm Chats), Vireonidæ (Vireos), Laniidæ (Shrikes), Corvidæ (Crows and Jays), Paridæ (Titmice), Sittidæ (Nuthatches), Certhiidæ (Creepers), Troglodytidæ (Wrens), Cinclidæ (Dippers), Chamæidæ (Wren-Tits), and Sylviidæ (Warblers).
Part IV, issued July 1, 1907, contained the remaining groups of Oscines, namely, the Families Turdidæ (Thrushes), Zeledoniidæ (Wren-Thrushes), Mimidæ (Mockingbirds), Sturnidæ (Starlings), Ploceidæ (Weaver Birds), and Alaudidæ (Larks), together with the Haploophonæ or Oligomyodian Mesomyodi, comprising the Families Oxyruncidæ (Sharp-bills), Tyrannidæ (Tyrant Flycatchers), Pipridæ (Manakins), and Cotingidæ (Chatterers).
The present volume contains the Tracheophone Mesomyodi, represented by the Families Pteroptochidæ (Tapaculos), Formicariidæ (Antbirds), Furnariidæ (Ovenbirds), and Dendrocolaptidæ (Wood-hewers), together with the Macrochires, containing the Families Trochilidæ (Humming Birds) and Micropodidæ (Swifts), and the Heterodactylæ, represented only by the Family Trogonidæ (Trogons).
The number of species and subspecies described in the five volumes is 2,038, with 351 additional extralimital forms characterized in the "keys." About 1,150 to 1,200 forms remain to be treated in subsequent parts of the work.
Acknowledgments for the loan of specimens for use in the preparation of the present volume are due to the same individuals and public ​institutions as have already been named in previous volumes; also to Mr. C. H. Lankester, of Cachí, Costa Rica, who kindly placed the Tracheophones of his fine collection of Costa Rican birds at the author's service.
To Señor Don José C. Zeledón, of San José, Costa Rica, the author is specially indebted for most generous help, at considerable expense to himself, in making a very fine collection of the birds of that country, which proved of incalculable value in the preparation of this work.
Dr. C. W. Richmond, Assistant Curator, and Mr. J. H. Riley, Aid, of the Division of Birds, U. S. National Museum, have rendered invaluable assistance; Dr. Richmond through his special knowledge of ornithological bibliography and his extremely useful and very complete card catalogue of generic and specific names, made at "first hand," or directly from the publication in which each name was first published, as well as by carefully scanning the proof sheets with particular reference to correctness of citations in the synonymy; Mr. Riley, by copying references from various publications, but especially through having performed the tedious task of measuring several thousands of specimens.
There has been some criticism of the present work on the ground that certain books, local lists, and other publications have not been cited in the synonymies. The omission of these is very much regretted by the author, who in explanation, if not justification, would state that it has been quite impossible for him to cover the whole field; that the literature of ornithology is so vast, and increasing so rapidly, that to bring the bibliography and synonymy of all the species up to date and keep it so would require all the time that any one individual could possibly give to it; and that since much the greater part of this labor (which has justly been termed "the drudgery of ornithology") has been done by the author himself, very largely in his own time (which means during hours which should have been ​given to rest or recreation), he hopes that critics may be lenient as to this shortcoming of the work.
A matter which has called forth wholly unexpected criticism is the necessarily irregular manner in which brief descriptions of nests and eggs are interspersed through the pages of this work. That the purpose of these "vague and scattered descriptions" might be misunderstood by anyone was a possibility which did not occur to the author; on the contrary, their intent seemed so self-evident that explanation was not thought of. Since, however, one writer does not "see how they can be of much use to the student of oölogy," and inquires why, "if considered of value — were they not given uniformly throughout the work," it may be stated here that these brief descriptions are given only (or at least mainly) in cases where some particular style of nest or coloration of eggs is characteristic of a group (family or genus), as a sort of accessory or supplemental group character, and that the numerous instances of their omission result either from the absence of anything specially characteristic or distinctive or else (as is often the case among the tropical forms) from lack of information on the subject. Placing the accent marks to names of localities in Mexico and other parts of Spanish America may possibly be criticized on the ground of inexpediency or that of irregularity in following the rules governing such cases; but the author has been led to do so by the apparent natural tendency of English-speaking people to sadly mispronounce such names, even when spelled precisely the same in Spanish and English; for example: Bogotá (Bo-go-tah′), Davíd (Dah-veed′), Ecuadór (Ek-wah-dōr′), Salvadór (Sal-vah-dōr′), Generál (Hen-er- ahl′), and Trinidád (Tre-ne-dad′), which in English (at least com- monly) are pronounced Bo-gó-tah, Da′-vid, Ek′-wa-dor, Sal′-va-dor, Gén-er-al and Trín-i-dad, respectively. There are, of course, definite rules of accentuation in the Spanish language, but these are unknown to most Americans and other English-speaking people, and therefore the accent is frequently given where the rules do not require it. In a majority of cases, where the accent mark does not appear the accent is normal, that is, the emphasis falls on the penultimate syllable. Other cases where the accent is omitted are those words in which the Spanish accent agrees with the prevalent English one; as Nicaragua, Venzeuela, Yucatan, etc. In one case (that of Santa F6) general usage is followed, although the accent mark is, of course, wholly superfluous in a word of only one syllable.
Robert Ridgway.
July 26, 1911.
* ↑ The number of specimens examined during the preparation of this volume is as follows: Collection of the U. S. National Museum .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4,846 Collection of the Biological Survey .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1,118 Collection of the American Museum of Natural History .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2,255 Collection of the Carnegie Museum .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1,358 Collection of the Field Museum of Natural History .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 478 Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 170 Collection of the Boston Society of Natural History .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2,097 Collection of the Museo Nacionál, Costa Rica .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 66 Collection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Collection of A. E. and O. Bangs, Boston .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1,877 Collection of C. H. Lankester, Cachí, Costa Rica .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83 14,358
* ↑ For example, see genera Petrochelidon, Dulus, Psaltriparus, and Regulus, and family Vireonidæ, pages 45, 126, 424, 698, and 129, in Part III.
* ↑ It should be remembered that each vowel represents a distinct syllable in every Spanish word; "pié" is not py, for instance, but pe-ā′.
* TABLE OF CONTENTS.
* Page.
* Superfamily Mesomyodi1
* Characters of the Tracheophone Mesomyodi1
* Key to the Families of Tracheophonæ3
* Family Pteroptochidæ4
* Genus 1. Scytalopus Gould5
* 1. Scytalopus argentifrons Ridgway7
* Family Formicariidæ8
* Key to the Genera of Formicariidæ10
* Genus 1. Cymbilaimus Gray18
* 1. Cymbilaimus lineatus fasciatus Ridgway19
* Genus 2. Thamnistes Sclater and Salvin21
* 2. Thamnistes anabatinus anabatinus Sclater and Salvin22
* 3. Thamnistes anabatinus saturatus Ridgway23
* Genus 3. Abalius Cabanis24
* 4. Abalius bridgesi (Sclater)25
* Genus 4. Taraba Lesson27
* 5. Taraba transandeana transandeana (Sclater)28
* Genus 5. Hypolophus Cabanis and Heine32
* 6. Hypolophus canadensis pulchellus (Cabanis and Heine)33
* Genus 6. Thamnophilus Vieillot34
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Thamnophilus35
* 7. Thamnophilus radiatus nigricristatus (Lawrence)37
* 8. Thamnophilus doliatus mexicanus Allen40
* 9. Thamnophilus doliatus pacificus Ridgway43
* 10. Thamnophilus doliatus yucatanensis Ridgway44
* 11. Thamnophilus multistriatus Lafresnaye45
* 12. Thamnophilus virgatus virgatus Lawrence46
* Genus 7. Erionotus Cabanis and Heine47
* Key to the Subspecies of Erionotus punctatus49
* 13. Erionotus punctatus atrinucha (Salvin and Godman)49
* 14. Erionotus punctatus gorgonse (Thayer and Bangs)52
* Genus 8. Dysithamnus Cabanis52
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dysithamnus54
* 15. Dysithamnus mentalis septentrionalis Ridgway55
* 16. Dysithamnus puncticeps Salvin58
* 17. Dysithamnus striaticeps Lawrence59
* Genus 9. Myrmotherula Sclater60
* Key to the Species of Myrmotherula62
* 18. Myrmotherula surinamensis (Gmelin)62
* 19. Myrmotherula pygmæa (Gmelin)64
* Page.
* Genus 10. Myrmopagis Ridgway65
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Myrmopagis67
* 20. Myrmopagis melæna (Sclater)68
* 21. Myrmopagis schisticolor (Lawrence)70
* 22. Myrmopagis fulviventris (Lawrence)73
* Genus 11. Microrhopias Sclater75
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Microrhopias76
* 23. Mcrorhopias boucardi boucardi (Sclater)78
* 24. Microrhopias boucardi virgata (Lawrence)79
* 25. Microrhopias boucardi consobrina (Sclater)80
* 26. Microrhopias grisæ alticincta (Bangs)81
* Genus 12. Terenura Cabanis and Heine83
* 27. Terenura callinota (Sclater)84
* Genus 13. Ramphocænus Vieillot84
* 28. Ramphocænus rufiventris rufiventris (Bonapaile)85
* Genus 14. Microbates Sclater and Salvin88
* 29. Microbates cervineiventris semitorquatus (Lawrence)89
* Genus 15. Cercomacra Sclater90
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cercomacra91
* 30. Cercomacra nigricans Sclater91
* 31. Cercomacra tyrannina tyrannina (Sclater)93
* 32. Cercomacra tyrannina crepera (Bangs)95
* Genus 16. Gymnocichla Sclater97
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Gymnocichla98
* 33. Gymnocichla nudiceps nudiceps (Cassin)99
* 34. Gymnocichla nudiceps erratilis Bangs101
* 35. Gymnocichla chiroleuca Sclater and Salvin101
* Genus 17. Myrmeciza Gray103
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Myrmeciza105
* 36. Myrmeciza boucardi panamensis Ridgway107
* 37. Myrmeciza læmosticta Salvin109
* 38. Myrmeciza cassini (Ridgway)110
* 39. Myrmeciza exsul exsul Sclater111
* 40. Myrmeciza exsul occidentalis (Cherrie)113
* 41. Myrmeciza zeledoni Ridgway114
* Genus 18. Formicarius Boddaert115
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Formicarius117
* 42. Formicarius analis nigricapillus (Ridgway)118
* 43. Formicarius moniliger moniliger Sclater119
* 44. Formicarius moniliger intermedius Ridgway121
* 45. Formicarius moniliger pallidus (Lawrence)121
* 46. Formicarius moniliger umbrosus (Ridgway)122
* 47. Formicarius moniliger hoffmanni (Cabanis)123
* 48. Formicarius moniliger panamensis Ridgway124
* 49. Formicarius rufipectus Salvin125
* Genus 19. Hylophylax Ridgway126
* 50. Hylophylax nævioides (Lafresnaye)128
* Genus 20. Anoplops Cabanis and Heine130
* Key to the Species of Anoplops131
* 51. Anoplops bicolor (Lawrence)132
* 52. Anoplops olivascens (Ridgway)132
* Genus 21. Phænostictus Ridgway134
* 53. Phænostictus mcleannani mcleannani (Lawrence)135
* 54. Phænostictus mcleannani satinatus (Richmond)136
* Page.
* Genus 22. Rhopoterpe Cabanis138
* Key to the Species of Rhopoterpe138
* 55. Rhopoterpe stictoptera Salvin139
* Genus 23. Pittasoma Cassin140
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pittasoma141
* 56. Pittasoma michleri michleri Cassin141
* 57. Pittasoma michleri zeledoni Ridgway142
* Genus 24. Grallaricula Sclater143
* Key to the Species of Grallaricula144
* 58. Grallaricula costaricensis Lawrence145
* Genus 25. Grallaria Vieillot146
* Key to the Subspecies of Grallaria guatimalensis147
* 59. Grallaria guatimalensis guatimalensis Prévost and Des Murs148
* 60. Grallaria guatimalensis princeps (Sclater and Salvin)149
* 61. Grallaria guatimalensis mexicana (Sclater)150
* 62. Grallaria guatimalensis ochraceiventris Nelson151
* Genus 26. Hylopezus Ridgway152
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Hylopezus153
* 63. Hylopezus dives (Salvin)154
* 64. Hylopezus perspiciliatus perspicillatus (Lawrence)155
* 65. Hylopezus perspicillatus lizanoi (Cherrie)156
* 66. Hylopezus perspicillatus intermedius (Ridgway)156
* Family Furnariidæ157
* Key to the Central American Genera of Furnariidæ159
* Genus 1. Sclerurus Swainson163
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Sclerurus164
* 1. Sclerurus canigularis Ridgway166
* 2. Sclerurus mexicanus mexicanus Sclater166
* 3. Sclerurus mexicanus pullus Bangs168
* 4. Sclerurus guatemalensis (Hartlaub)169
* Genus 2. Xenops Illiger170
* Key to the Species of Xenops172
* 5. Xenops genibarbis mexicanus (Sclater)172
* 6. Xenops rutilus heterurus (Cabanis and Heine)175
* Genus 3. Margarornis Reichenbach177
* 7. Margarornis rubiginosa Lawrence178
* Genus 4. Premnoplex Cherrie180
* Key to the Subspecies of Premnoplex brunnescens181
* 8. Premnoplex brunnescens brunneicauda (Lawrence)181
* Genus 5. Acrorchilus Ridgway183
* Key to the Species of Acrorchilus184
* 9. Acrorchilus erythrops rufigenis (Lawrence)184
* Genus 6. Synallaxis Vieillot186
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Synallaxis188
* 10. Synallaxis erythrothorax Sclater189
* 11. Synallaxis pudica pudica Sclater191
* 12. Synallaxis pudica nigrifumosa (Lawrence)192
* 13. Synallaxis albescens latitabunda Bangs194
* 14. Synallaxis albescens hypoleuca Ridgway195
* Genus 7. Pseudocolaptes Reichenbach196
* Key to the Species of Pseudocolaptes197
* 15. Pseudocolaptes lawrencii Ridgway197
* Page.
* Genus 8. Hyloctistes Ridgway199
* 16. Hyloctistes virgatus (Lawrence)200
* Genus 9. Philydor Spix201
* Key to the Species of Philydor202
* 17. Philydor panerythrus Sclater203
* 18. Philydor fuscipennis Salvin204
* Genus 10. Xenicopsis Cabanis205
* Key to the Species of Xenicopsis206
* 19. Xenicopsis variegaticeps (Sclater)207
* 20. Xenicopsis subalaris linætus (Lawrence)209
* Genus 11. Automolus Reichenbach211
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Automolus213
* 21. Automolus rubiginosus Sclater ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................214
* 22. Automolus veræpacis veræpacis Salvin and Godman ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................214
* 22. Automolus veræpacis umbrinus (Salvin and Godman) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................215
* 23. Automolus guerrerensis Salvin and Godman ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................216
* 24. Automolus fumosus Salvin and Godman ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................216
* 25. Automolus cervinigularis cervinigularis Sclater ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................217
* 26. Automolus cervinigularis hypophæus Ridgway ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................219
* 27. Automolus pallidigularis pallidigularis Lawrence ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................220
* 28. Automolus pallidigularis exsertus Bangs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................221
* Genus 12. Rhopoctites Ridgway222
* 29. Rhopoctites rufobrunneus (Lawrence)223
* Family Dendeocolaptidæ224
* Key to the Genera of Dendrocolaptidæ226
* Genus 1. Dendrocolaptes Hermann227
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dendrocolaptes229
* 1. Dendrocolaptes sancti-thomæ sancti-thomæ (Lafresnaye)229
* 2. Dendrocolaptes sancti-thomæ hesperius Bangs232
* 3. Dendrocolaptes puncticollis Sclater and Salvin232
* 4. Dendrocolaptes validus costaricensis Ridgway233
* Genus 2. Xiphocolaptes Lesson235
* Key to the Subspecies of Xiphocolaptes emigrans236
* 5. Xiphocolaptes emigrans emigrans Sclater and Salvin237
* 6. Xiphocolaptes emigrans sclateri (Ridgway)238
* 7. Xiphocolaptes emigrans omiltemensis Nelson239
* 8. Xiphocolaptes emigrans costaricensis Ridgway239
* Genus 3. Xiphorhynchus Swainson239
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Xiphorhynchus240
* 9. Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus lachrymosus (Lawrence) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................242
* 10. Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus eximius (Hellmayr) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................243
* 11 . Xiphorhynchus flavigaster flavigaster Swainson ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................244
* 12. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster mentalis (Lawrence) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................247
* 13. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster megarhynchus (Nelson) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................248
* 14. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster yucatanensis Ridgway ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................248
* 15. Xiphorhynchus striatigularis (Richmond) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................249
* 16. Xiphorhynchus nanus nanus (Lawrence) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................250
* 17. Xiphorhynchus nanus costaricensis (Ridgway) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................252
* 18. Xiphorhynchus nanus confinis (Bangs) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................253
* 19. Xiphorhynchus erythropygius (Sclater) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................254
* 20. Xiphorhynchus punctigulus punctigulus (Ridgway) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................255
* 21. Xiphorhynchus punctigulus insolitus Ridgway ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................257
* Page.
* Genus 4. Picolaptes Lesson257
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Picolaptes259
* 22. Picolaptes leucogaster (Swainson)259
* 23. Picolaptes affinis affinis (Lafresnaye)261
* 24. Picolaptes affinis neglectus Ridgway263
* 25. Picolaptes lineaticeps lineaticeps Lafresnaye264
* 26. Picolaptes lineaticeps compressus (Cabanis)265
* 27. Picolaptes lineaticeps insignis (Nelson)266
* Genus 5. Campylorhamphus Bertoni268
* Key to the Species of Campylorhamphus269
* 28. Campylorhamphus venezuelensis (Chapman)271
* 29. Campylorhamphus borealis (Carriker)272
* Genus 6. Glyphorhynchus Maximilian274
* Key to the Subspecies of Glyphorhynchus cuneatus275
* 30. Glyphorhynchus cuneatus pectoralis (Sclater)275
* Genus 7. Sittasomus Swainson277
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Sittasomus279
* 31. Sittasomus sylvioides sylvioides Lafresnaye280
* 32. Sittasomus sylvioides levis (Bangs)282
* 33. Sittasomus sylvioides jaliscensis Nelson283
* Genus 8. Deconychura Cherrie283
* Key to the Species of Deconychura284
* 34. Deconychura typica Cherrie285
* Genus 9. Dendrocincla Gray286
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dendrocincla287
* 35. Dendrocincla anabatina anabatina Sclater288
* 36. Dendrocincla anabatina typhla Oberholser290
* 37. Dendrocincla anabatina saturata Carriker290
* 38. Dendrocincla lafresnayei ridgwayi Oberholser291
* 39. Dendrocincla homochroa homochroa (Sclater)293
* 40. Dendrocincla homochroa acedesta Oberholser294
* 41. Dendrocincla homochroa ruficeps (Sclater and Salvin)295
* Order Coraciipormes295
* Key to the Suborders of Coraciiformes297
* Suborder Macrochires298
* Key to the Superfamilies of Macrochires299
* Superfamily Trochili300
* Family Trochilidæ300
* Key to the North and Middle American and more closely related South American Genera of Trochilidæ303
* Genus 1. Eutoxeres Reichenbach310
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Eutoxeres311
* 1. Eutoxeres aquila salvini (Gould)312
* Genus 2. Phœthornis Swainson314
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Phœthornis315
* 2. Phœthornis guyi coruscus Bangs317
* 3. Phœthornis longirostris longirostris (Delattre)319
* 4. Phœthornis longirostris cephalus (Bourcier and Mulsant)321
* 5. Phœthornis longirostris veræcrucis Ridgway323
* 6. Phœthornis longirostris mexicanus (Hartert)323
* 7. Phœthornis anthophilus hyalinus (Bangs)324
* 8. Phœthornis adolphi adolphi Gould324
* 9. Phœthornis adolphi saturatus Ridgway326
* 10. Phœthornis striigularis striigularis (Gould)327
* Page.
* Genus 3. Glaucis Boie329
* Key to the Subspecies of Glaucis hirsuta330
* 11. Glaucis hirsuta hirsuta (Gmelin)330
* 12. Glaucis hirsuta affinis (Lawrence)333
* 13. Glaucis hirsuta ænea (Lawrence)334
* Genus 4. Threnetes Gould336
* 14. Threnetes ruckeri (Bourcier)336
* Genus 5. Aithurus Cabanis and Heine338
* Key to the Species of Aithurus339
* 15. Aithurus polytmus (Linnæus)339
* 16. Aithurus scitulus Brewster and Bangs341
* Genus 6. Hemistephania Reichenbach342
* 17. Hemistephania veraguensis (Salvin)343
* Genus 7. Anthoscenus Richmond344
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Anthoscenus345
* 18. Anthoscenus longirostris longirostris ( Vieillot)346
* 19. Anthoscenus longirostris pallidiceps (Gould)349
* 20. Anthoscenus constantii constantii (Delattre)350
* 21. Anthoscenus constantii leocadiæ (Bourcier)352
* Genus 8. Pampa Reichenbach353
* Key to the Subspecies of Pampa pampa354
* 22. Pampa pampa pampa (Lesson)354
* 23. Pampa pampa curvipennis (Lichtenstein)355
* Genus 9. Campylopterus Swainson356
* Key to the Species of Campylopterus358
* 24. Campylopterus hemileucurus (Lichtenstein)358
* 25. Campylopterus rufus Lesson361
* Genus 10. Phæochroa Gould362
* Key to the Species and subspecies of Phæochroa363
* 26. Phæochroa cuvieri cuvieri (Delattre and Bourcier)363
* 27. Phæochroa cuvieri saturatior (Hartert)365
* 28. Phæochroa roberti (Salvin)365
* Genus 11. Phæoptila Gould366
* 29. Phæoptila sordida Gould367
* Genus 12. Cynanthus Swainson368
* Key to the Species of Cynanthus369
* 30. Cynanthus latirostris (Swainson)370
* 31. Cynanthus lawrencei Berlepsch373
* 32. Cynanthus doubledayi (Bourcier)375
* Genus 13. Basilinna Boie377
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Basilinna378
* 33. Basilinna leucotis leucotis (Vieillot)38
* 34. Basilinna leucotis pygmæa Simon and Hellmayr381
* 35. Basilinna xantusi (Lawrence)382
* Genus 14. Hylocharis Boie384
* 36. Hylocharis eliciæ (Bourcier and Mulsant)384
* Genus 15. Chalybura Reichenbach386
* Key to the Species of Chalybura387
* 37. Chalybura buffoni (Lesson)388
* 38. Chalybura urochrysa (Gould)390
* 39. Chalybura isauræ (Gould)391
* 40. Chalybura melanorrhoa (Salvin)392
* Page.
* Genus 16. Eupherusa Gould393
* Key to the Species of Eupherusa394
* 41. Eupherusa eximia eximia (Delattre)394
* 42. Eupherusa eximia nelsoni Ridgway396
* 43. Eupherusa egregia Sclater and Salvin396
* 44. Eupherusa poliocerca Elliot397
* Genus 17. Callipharus Elliot399
* 45. Callipharus nigriventris (Lawrence)400
* Genus 18. Elvira Mulsant and Verreaux401
* Key to the Species of Elvira402
* 46. Elvira chionura (Gould)402
* 47. Ehdra cupreiceps (Lawrence)404
* Genus 19. Amizilis Gray405
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Amizilis407
* 48. Amizilis tzacatl tzacatl (De la Llave)408
* 49. Amizilis yucatanensis (Cabot)412
* 50. Amizilis yucatanensis cerviniventris (Gould)414
* 51. Amizilis yucatanensis chalconata Oberholser415
* 52. Amizilis forreri Boucard416
* 53. Amizilis rutila rutila (Delattre)416
* 54. Amizilis rutila corallirostris (Bourcier and Mulsant)419
* 55. Amizilis graysoni (Lawrence)419
* 56. Amizilis bangsi Ridgway420
* 57. Amizilis viridifrons (Elliot)421
* 58. Amizilis verticalis (Lichtenstein)422
* 59. Amizilis violiceps (Gould)424
* 60. Amizilis cyanocephala cyanocephala (Lesson)425
* 61. Amizilis cyanocephala guatemalensis (Gould)427
* 62. Amizilis microrhyncha (Elliot)428
* 63. Amizilis salvini (Brewster)429
* Genus 20. Agyrtria Reichenbach430
* Key to the Species of Agyrtria431
* 64. Agyrtria candida (Bourcier and Mulsant)432
* 65. Agyrtria luciæ (Lawrence)434
* Genus 21. Saucerottia Bonaparte434
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Saucerottia436
* 66. Saucerottia sophiæ sophiæ (Bourcier and Mulsant)439
* 67. Saucerottia alfaroana (Underwood)441
* 68. Saucerottia niveoventer (Gould)441
* 69. Saucerottia edwardi (Delattre and Bourcier)443
* 70. Saucerottia cyanura cyanura (Gould)445
* 71. Saucerottia cyanura guatemalæ Dearborn446
* 72. Saucerottia devillei (Bourcier and Mulsant)447
* 73. Saucerottia beryllina beryllina (Lichtenstein)449
* 74. Saucerottia beryllina viola (Miller)451
* 75. Saucerottia sumichrasti (Salvin)451
* 76. Saucerottia ocai (Gould)452
* Genus 22. Goldmania Nelson452
* 77. Goldmania violiceps Nelson453
* Genus 23. Anthracothorax Boie454
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Anthracothorax455
* 78. Anthracothorax mango (Linnæus)457
* 79. Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot)459
* Genus 23. Anthracothorax — Continued.Page.
* 80. Anthracothorax prevostii prevostii (Lesson)463
* 81. Anthracothorax prevostii gracilirostris Ridgway465
* 82. Anthracothorax prevostii hendersoni (Cory)466
* 83. Anthracothorax veraguensis Reichenbach467
* 84. Anthracothorax dominicus (Linnæus)468
* 85. Anthracothorax aurulentus (Audebert and Vieillot)470
* 86. Anthracothorax viridis (Audebert and Vieillot)472
* Genus 24. Sericotes Reichenbach473
* 87. Sericotes holosericeus holosericeus (Linnaeus)474
* 88. Sericotes holosericeus chlorolæmus (Gould)476
* Genus 25. Eulampis Boie477
* 89. Eulampis jugularis (Linnæus)478
* Genus 26. Colibri Spix480
* Key to the Species of Colibri481
* 90. Colibri thalassinus (Swainson)482
* 91. Colibri cyanotus (Bourcier and Mulsant)484
* 92. Colibri delphinæ (Lesson)486
* Genus 27. Lamprolaima Reichenbach489
* 93. Lamprolaima rhami (Lesson)489
* Genus 28. Cyanolæmus Stone491
* 94. Cyanolæmus clemenciæ (Lesson)492
* Genus 29. Lampornis Swainson494
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Lampornis495
* 95. Lampornis amethystinus amethystinus Swainson496
* 96. Lampornis amethystinus brevirostris Swainson497
* 97. Lampornis amethystinus salvini Ridgway498
* 98. Lampornis margaritæ (Salvin and Godman)499
* 99. Lampornis pringlei (Nelson)500
* Genus 30. Oreopyra Gould501
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Oreopyra502
* 100. Oreopyra castaneoventris castaneoventris (Gould)502
* 101. Oreopyra castaneoventris calolæma (Salvin)504
* 102. Oreopyra cinereicauda Lawrence506
* 103. Oreopyra hemileuca Salvin507
* 104. Oreopyra sybillæ (Salvin and Godman)508
* 105. Oreopyra viridipallens (Bourcier and Mulsant)509
* Genus 31. Panterpe Cabanis and Heine511
* 106. Panterpe insignis Cabanis and Heine511
* Genus 32. Klais Reichenbach513
* 107. Klais guimeti (Bourcier and Mulsant)514
* Genus 33. Abeillia Bonaparte516
* 108. Abeillia abeillei (Delattre and Lesson)517
* Genus 34. Damophila Reichenbach518
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Damophila519
* 109. Damophila juliæ juliæ (Bourcier)519
* 110. Damophila panamensis Berlepsch521
* Genus 35. Polyerata Heine522
* Key to the Species of Polyerata523
* 111. Polyerata amabilis (Gould)523
* 112. Polyerata decora Salvin525
* Genus 36. Cyanophaia Reichenbach526
* Key to the Species of Cyanophaia527
* 113. Cyanophaia bicolor (Gmelin)529
* Page.
* Genus 37. Thalurania Gould530
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Thalurania531
* 114. Thalurania colombica (Bourcier)532
* 115. Thalurania colombica venusta (Gould)534
* 116. Thalurania townsendi Ridgway536
* 117. Thalurania ridgwayi Nelson537
* Genus 38. Lepidopyga Reichenbach537
* Key to the Species of Lepidopyga538
* 118. Lepidopyga cæruleogularis (Gould)539
* 119. Lepidopyga boucardi (Mulsant)541
* Genus 39. Riccordia Reichenbach542
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Riccordia542
* 120. Riccordia ricordii ricordii (Gervais)543
* 121. Riccordia ricordii æneoviridis (Palmer and Riley)544
* 122. Riccordia swainsonii (Lesson)546
* Genus 40. Chlorostilbon Gould547
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Chlorostilbon548
* 123. Chlorostilbon maugæi (Vieillot)550
* 124. Chlorostilbon auriceps (Gould)551
* 125. Chlorostilbon forficatus Ridgway552
* 126. Chlorostilbon canivetii canivetii (Lesson)553
* 127. Chlorostilbon canivetii osberti (Gould)556
* 128. Chlorostilbon canivetii salvini (Gould)557
* 129. Chlorostilbon assimilis Lawrence558
* 130. Chlorostilbon caribaeus Lawrence559
* Genus 41. Heliothryx Boie561
* 131. Heliothryx barroti (Bourcier and Mulsant)562
* Genus 42. Eugenes Gould564
* Key to the Species of Eugenes565
* 132. Eugenes fulgens (Swainson)565
* 133. Eugenes spectabilis (Lawrence)568
* Genus 43. Heliodoxa Gould570
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Heliodoxa571
* 134. Heliodoxa jacula henryi (Lawrence)572
* Genus 44. Florisuga Bonaparte575
* 135. Florisuga mellivora (Linnæus)576
* Genus 45. Microchera Gould580
* Key to the Species of Microchera581
* 136. Microchera albocoronata (Lawrence)581
* 137. Microchera parvirostris (Lawrence)582
* Genus 46. Mellisuga Brisson583
* Key to the Species of Mellisuga584
* 138. Mellisuga minima (Linnæus)584
* 139. Mellisuga catharinæ (Sallé)586
* Genus 47. Stellula Gould587
* 140. Stellula calliope (Gould)588
* Genus 48. Atthis Reichenbach591
* 141. Atthis heloisa heloisa (Lesson and Delattre)592
* 142. Atthis heloisa ellioti (Ridgway)594
* 143. Atthis heloisa morcomi (Ridgway)595
* Genus 49. Selasphorus Swainson595
* Key to the Species of Selasphorus596
* 144. Selasphorus platycercus (Swainson)597
* 145. Selasphorus flammula Salvin601
* Genus 49. Selasphorus — Continued.Page.
* 146. Selasphorus torridus602
* 147. Selasphorus ardens (Salvin)604
* 148. Selasphorus simoni Carriker606
* 149. Selasphorus scintilla (Gould)607
* 150. Selasphorus alleni Henshaw609
* 151. Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin)612
* 152. Selasphorus floresii Gould616
* Genus 50. Calypte Gould618
* Key to the Species of Calypte619
* 152. Calypte anna (Lesson)619
* 153. Calypte costæ (Bourcier)623
* 154. Calypte helenæ (Lembeye)625
* Genus 51. Archilochus Reichenbach627
* Key to the Species of Archilochus628
* 155. Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus)629
* 156. Archilochus alexandri (Bourcier and Mulsant)633
* 157. Archilochus violajugulum (Jeffries)636
* Genus 52. Tilmatura Reichenbach637
* 158. Tilmatura dupontii (Lesson)638
* Genus 53. Nesophlox Ridgway639
* Key to the Species of Nesophlox640
* 159. Nesophlox evelynæ (Bourcier)641
* 160. Nesophlox lyrura (Gould)643
* 161. Nesophlox bryantæ (Lawrence)645
* Genus 54. Doricha Reichenbach647
* Key to the Species of Doricha648
* 162. Doricha enicura (Vieillot)648
* 163. Doricha eliza (Lesson and Delattre)650
* Genus 55. Calothorax Gray651
* Key to the Species of Calothorax652
* 164. Calothorax lucifer (Swainson)652
* 165. Calothorax pulcher (Gould)655
* Genus 56. Orthorhyncus Lacépède656
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Orthorhyncus657
* 166. Orthorhyncus exilis exilis (Gmelin)658
* 167. Orthorhyncus exilis ornatus (Gould)661
* 168. Orthorhyncus cristatus cristatus (Linnæus)662
* 169. Orthorhyncus cristatus emigrans (Lawrence)664
* Genus 57. Chrysolampis Boie665
* 170. Chrysolampis mosquitus (Linnæus)666
* Genus 58. Lophornis Lesson669
* Key to the Species of Lophornis670
* 171. Lophornis delattrei (Lesson)671
* 172. Lophornis helenæ (Delattre)673
* 173. Lophornis adorabilis Salvin675
* Genus 59. Popelairia Reichenbach676
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Popelairia678
* 174. Popelairia conversii æquatorialis Berlepsch and Taczanowski679
* Superfamily Micropodii681
* Key to the Families of Micropodii682
* Family Micropodidæ683
* Key to the Genera of Micropodidæ685
* Genus 1. Aëronautes Hartert687
* 1. Aëronautes melanoleucus (Baird)687
* Page.
* Genus 2. Panyptila Cabanis690
* Key to the Species of Panyptila691
* 2. Panyptila cayanensis (Gmelin)691
* 3. Panyptila sancti-hieronymi Salvin692
* Genus 3. Tachornis Gosse693
* Key to the Subspecies of Tachornis phœnicobia693
* 4. Tachornis phœnicobia phœnicobia Gosse694
* 5. Tachornis phœnicobia yradii (Lembeye)695
* Genus 4. Streptoprocne Oberholser696
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Streptoprocne697
* 6. Streptoprocne zonaris albicincta (Cabanis)697
* 7. Streptoprocne zonaris mexicana Ridgway700
* 8. Streptoprocne zonaris pallidifrons (Hartert)701
* 9. Streptoprocne semicollaris (Saussure)702
* Genus 5. Nephœcetes Baird703
* Key to the Subspecies of Nephœcetes niger704
* 10. Nephœcetes niger niger (Gmelin)704
* 11. Nephœcetes niger jamaicensis Ridgway705
* 12. Nephœcetes niger borealis (Kennerly)707
* 13. Nephœcetes niger costaricensis Ridgway710
* Genus 6. Cypseloides Streubel710
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cypseloides711
* 14. Cypseloides brunneitorques brunneitorques (Lafresnaye)712
* 15. Cypseloides brunneitorques griseifrons Nelson714
* 16. Cypseloides cherriei Ridgway714
* Genus 7. Chætura Stephens714
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Chætura715
* 17. Chætura pelagica (Linnæus)717
* 18. Chætura richmondi Ridgway719
* 19. Chætura gaumeri Lawrence721
* 20. Chætura vauxii (Townsend)722
* 21. Chætura acuta (Gmelin)724
* 22. Chætura cinereiventris fumosa (Salvin)725
* 23. Chætura cinereiventris lawrencei Ridgway727
* 24. Chætura cinereiventris phæopygos Hellmayr727
* 25. Chætura brachyura (Jardine)728
* Suborder Heterodactylæ729
* Family Trogonidæ731
* Key to the Genera of Trogonidæ732
* Genus 1. Pharomachrus De la Llave733
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pharomachrus734
* 1. Pharomachrus mocinno mocinno De la Llave736
* 2. Pharomachrus mocinno costaricensis (Cabanis)739
* Genus 2. Leptuas Cabanis and Heine740
* 3. Leptuas neoxenus (Gould)741
* Genus 3. Curucujus Bonaparte742
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Curucujus743
* 4. Curucujus massena (Gould)744
* 5. Curucujus melanurus macrourus (Gould)747
* 6. Curucujus clathratus (Salvin)749
* Genus 4. Trogon Brisson750
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Trogon751
* 7. Trogon bairdii Lawrence752
* 8. Trogon strigilatus chiohurus (Sclater and Salvin)754
* Genus 4. Trogon — Continued.Page.
* 9. Trogon melanocephalus melanocephalus Gould756
* 10. Trogon melanocephalus illætabilis Bangs759
* 11. Trogon citreolus Gould759
* Genus 5. Trogonurus Bonaparte761
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Trogonurus762
* 12. Trogonurus mexicanus (Swainson)765
* 13. Trogonurus ambiguus ambiguus (Gould)768
* 14. Trogonurus ambiguus goldmani (Nelson)772
* 15. Trogonurus elegans (Gould)773
* 16. Trogonurus puella (Gould)775
* 17. Trogonurus aurantiiventris aurantiiventris (Gould)778
* 18. Trogonurus aurantiiventris underwoodi (Bangs)780
* 19. Trogon curucui tenellus (Cabanis)781
* Genus 6. Chrysotrogon Ridgway784
* Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cbrysotrogon785
* 20. Chrysotrogon caligatus (Gould)786
* Genus 7 . Temnotrogon Bonaparte790
* 21. Temnotrogon roseigaster (Vieillot)791
* Genus 8. Priotelus Gray793
* Key to the Subspecies of Priotelus temnurus793
* 22. Priotelus temnurus temnurus (Temminck)794
* 23. Priotelus temnurus vescus Bangs and Zappey795