# History of Mexico (Bancroft)/Volume 4/Table of Contents

| CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME. ||
| CHAPTER I. ||
| EUROPE IN THE EARLY PART OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. ||
| page ||
| The Little Man from Corsica — He Makes All the World Tremble_General View of Politics and Society — Attitude of England, Prussia, and Austria — A Glance at Spain's History — Rulers for Three Centuries — Retrogressions and Reactions — Prime Ministers — Peace and War — England and France will not let Spaniards be Free — Position of the United States — Chronic Braggadocio — There are Soldiers and Heroes in Mexico as Well. | 1 |
| CHAPTER II. ||
| ADMINISTRATION OF VICEROY ITURRIGARAY. ||
| 1803-1808. ||
| Causes of the Revolution of Independence — Arrival of the Viceroy His Antecedents and Comportment — The Viceregal Family — Sordidness of Iturrigaray — His Visit to the Mines — Public Improvements Introduction of Vaccination — Sequestration of Property — Effect on the Land Owners — Humboldt's Visit — International Complications — Demands for Treasure — Difficulties with the United States — War with England — Military Preparations — European Affairs Abdication of Cárlos IV. — Iturrigaray's Indifference — Effects in Mexico of Events in Spain — Power of the Inquisition — Attitude of the Press — Sparks of Revolution. | 12 |
| CHAPTER III. ||
| ITURRIGARAY'S DEPOSAL. ||
| 1808. ||
| The Ayuntamiento Claims Sovereignty of the People — A National Congress Proposed — Opposition of the Audiencia — Glad Tidings from the Peninsula — Four Memorable Juntas — Rival Spanish Juntas — Angry Debates — Conspiracy to Depose the Viceroy — Yermo Takes the Lead — Iturrigaray's Apathy — A Midnight Coup d'État — The Viceroy in Durance — Garibay Appointed his Successor — Fate of Iturrigaray's Supporters — He is Sent to Spain — His Rich Sweetmeats — Indictment for Treason — Acquittal — Residencia — Heavy Fines — Change of Opinions — The Sentence Annulled — Iturrigaray's Intentions Analyzed — Bibliography. | 40 ​ |
| CHAPTER IV ||
| VICEROYS GARIBAY AND LIZANA. ||
| 1808-1810. ||
| Garibay's Character — A Badge of Loyalty — Reorganization of the Army — Bonapartist Intrigues — Lampoons and Seditious — Sheets Effect of Reverses in Spain — Establishment of a Junta Consultiva — Pretensions to the Throne of Mexico — Archbishop Lizana Appointed Viceroy — Remittances to Spain — Lizana's Character — The Junta de Seguridad — Revolution at Valladolid — Spanish American Representation in the Cortés — Lizana Removed from Office — Weak Administration of the Audiencia — French Emissaries — Arrival of Viceroy Venegas — His Antecedents, Character, and Personal Appearance — Titles and Honors from Spain. | 67 |
| CHAPTER V. ||
| OPENING OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. ||
| 1810. ||
| Development of Querétaro — Affairs in Guanajuato — The Town of Dolores — Its Cura, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla — Secret Meetings of Revolutionists — Ignacio Allende — Plotting at San Miguel General Plan of Uprising — Hidalgo's Biography — Arrests — The Corregid — or Imprisoned — His Acquittal — His Biography — El Grito de Dolores — Hidalgo Marches to San Miguel — A Tumultuous Array — The Sacred Banner — Success of the Insurgents at San Miguel — Pillaging — Hidalgo Proclaimed Captain-general — He Enters Celaya — He Appoints a New Ayuntamiento. | 96 |
| CHAPTER VI. ||
| THE ALHÓNDIGA OF GUANAJUATO TAKEN BY STORM. ||
| 1810. ||
| Local History of Ganajuato — Alarm in the City — Defensive Measures of Intendente Riaño — The Alhóndiga de Granaditas — An Interesting Manuscript — Riaño — Retires to the Alhóndiga — Hidalgo Summons Riaño to Surrender — The Attack — A Murderous Contest — Riaño's Death — His Biography — Confusion in the Alhóndiga — The Barricades Won by the Insurgents — They Gain Entrance — Berzábal's Fall — His Biography — Number of the killed — Acts of Heroism — Pillage and Devastation. | 130 ​ |
| CHAPTER VII. ||
| HIDALGO'S MARCH TOWARD THE CAPITAL. ||
| 1810. ||
| Military Preparation of Venegas — Action of the Church and Inquisition — Hidalgo's Reply — He Abolishes Slavery — His Administrative Measures at Guanajuato — A Refractory Ayuntamiento — Hidalgo Establishes a Mint — Marches against Valladolid — Additional Reënforcements — Hidalgo's Treasury — The Insurgents Move toward Mexico — Trujillo Despatched to Oppose their Advance — Trujillo's Character — Iturbide's Biography — Trujillo's Movements — The Battle of Las Cruces — The Royalists Force their Way Out — Their Defeat Regarded as a Triumph — Alarm in the Capital — Another Sacred Banner — Hidalgo Perplexed. | 158 |
| CHAPTER VIII. ||
| PROGRESS OF THE REVOLUTION. ||
| 1810. ||
| Calleja's Preparations — His Biography — Engagement at Querétaro — Calleja Joins Forces with Flon — Chavez Repulsed at Querétaro — Calle ja's Movements — The Dispersion of the Insurgents at Aculco — Calleja Returns to Querétaro — Character of Torres — Defensive Measures of Abarca in Jalisco — Insurgent Operations in Jalisco — Engagement at La Barca — The Royalists Defeated at Zacoalco — Guadalajara Surrenders to Torres — Mercado Gains Possession of San Blas — Revolution in Zacatecas — Flight of the Europeans — An Unfortunate Intendente — Iriarte enters Zacatecas — The Commission of Doctor Cos — A Daring Scheme — San Luis Potosi Won by an Insurgent Friar — A Treacherous Visitor — San Luis Sacked. | 192 |
| CHAPTER IX. ||
| THE ROYALISTS RECAPTURE GUANAJUATO. ||
| 1810. ||
| Allende Returns to Guanajuato — Preparations for Defence — The First Attack — Calleja's Plan — He Takes Allende's Batteries — Calleja, the Avenger — His Proclamation — An Execution Scene in the Alhóndiga — A General Pardon Extended — The Government Reorganized — Calleja Marches for Guadalajara — Hidalgo at Valladolid — And at the Cerro del Molcajete — Hidalgo's Reception at Guadalajara — Establishes a Government — Rayon's Biography — Letona's Mission and Death — The 'Dispertador Americano' and Printing-press — Preparations for War. | 216 ​ |
| CHAPTER X. ||
| SPREAD OF THE REVOLUTION AND BATTLE OF CALDERON. ||
| 1810-1811. ||
| Hermosillo's Operations in Sinaloa — Successes at Rosario — His Defeat at San Ignacio — Spread of the Revolution in Nuevo — Santander Coahuila and Nuevo Leon Revolt — Villagran's Doings — Biography of Cruz — Plan of Calleja — Tumult in Valladolid — Cruz Enters Valladolid — He Reorganizes the Government — Engagement at Urepetiro — Allende Joins Hidalgo at Guadalajara — A Council of War — Hidalgo Takes up a Position at the Bridge of Calderon — Plan of Battle-field — Calleja's Dispositions — Flon's Impetuosity — The Revolutionists Nearly Triumphant — Their Final Defeat — Death of Flon His Character. | 237 |
| CHAPTER XI. ||
| HIDALGO'S CAPTURE AND DEATH. ||
| 1811. ||
| Cruz Joins Calleja at Guadalajara — Humility of the Audiencia, Church, and University — Calleja Establishes a Junta de Seguridad — Cruz Regains San Blas — Death of Mercado — Hidalgo Compelled to Surrender his Command — The Insurgent Leaders Retire tc Saltillo — They Decide to Go to the United States — Operations in San Luis Potosí — Death of Herrera — Counter-revolution in Texas — Capture and Execution of Ignacio Aldama Elizondo's Treacherous Plot — Capture of Hidalgo and Revolutionary Chiefs — Iriarte's Death — The Captives are Sent to Chihuahua — Their Trial — Abasolo's Deposition — Executions — Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction — Hidalgo's Execution His Character. | 259 |
| CHAPTER XII. ||
| MORELOS AND RAYON. ||
| 1811. ||
| State of the Revolution after Hidalgo's Capture — Biography of Morelos — His Character — His Meeting with Hidalgo and Commission — Morelos in Michoacan — The Royalist Páris Defeated — Morelos Marches to Chilpancingo — The Family of the Bravos — Capture of Tixtla — Defeat of the Royalist Fuentes — A Conspiracy Suppressed — Rayon Retreats from Saltillo — He Defeats Ochoa — A Terrible March — The Platform of the Insurgent Leader — Rayon Evacuates Zacatecas — Trujillo's Doings in Valladolid — Retreat of the Insurgents. | 290 ​ |
| CHAPTER XIII. ||
| ESTABLISHMENT OF THE JUNTA DE ZITACUARO. ||
| 1811. ||
| Calleja's New System of Military Organization — Suppression of the In surrection in Nuevo Santander — Pacification of San Luis Potosí — Defeat of Insurgents in Guanajuato — Porlier's Operations in Nueva Galicia — Torre's Activity and Severity — His Defeat at Zitácuaro, and Death — Rayon Fortifies Zitácuaro — Empáran Returns to Spain — Conspiracy to Seize the Viceroy — Proclamation of Calleja — Events in Michoacan — Condition of Guanajuato — Spread of the Revolution. | 317 |
| CHAPTER XIV. ||
| SIEGE OF CUAUTLA. ||
| 1811-1812. ||
| Doctor Cos Joins Rayon The Revolutionary Press — Perplexity of Venegas — Bishop Campillo's Failure as a Mediator — Second Campaign of Morelos — Calleja Takes Zitácuaro — Destruction of the City — Reverses of Porlier — Arrival of Spanish Troops — Triumphal Entry of Calleja into Mexico — Jealousy of Venegas — Calleja Marches against Cuautla — Description of the City — Llano at Izúcar — Calleja Repulsed — Cuautla Invested — Sufferings of the Besieged — Morelos Evacuates the City — Calleja Returns to the Capital. | 343 |
| CHAPTER XV. ||
| WAR MEASURES AND MOVEMENTS. ||
| 1812. ||
| Financial Distress and Arbitrary Measures — Insurgents Sack Huamantla and Capture Trains — The Suprema Junta's Movements and Acts — Doctor Cos' Plans of Peace and War — Viceregal Course — Independent Press — Bad Guerrillas — Rosains and his Troubles — Campaigns in Puebla, Michoacan, and Bajío de Guanajuato — Operations of Garcia Conde, Negrete, and Iturbide against Albino García — Capture and End of This Leader — Torres' Execution — Ill Success of Liceaga and Cos in Guanajuato — Raids in San Luis Potosí. | 376 |
| CHAPTER XVI. ||
| PROGRESS OF THE WAR. ||
| 1812. ||
| Capture of Tehuacan — Massacre of Prisoners — Curates of Maltrata and Zongolica Join the Revolution — Orizaba Captured and Retaken — Revolutionary Plans at Vera Cruz and Perote — Communication Reopened by Royalists — Insurgent Operations — Capture of Pachuca with Immense Booty — Cruel Shooting of Prisoners — Towns Recaptured by Royalists — Arrest of Leonardo Bravo and Companions — Their Execution — Noble Deed of Nicolas Bravo — Venegas Offers Pardon to Penitent Rebels, and a Reward for Morelos' Capture — Venegas and Calleja at Enmity — Rayon's Unsuccessful Attack on Toluca — Defeat at Tenango — Dispersion of the Supreme Junta. | 397 ​ |
| CHAPTER XVII. ||
| RAYON PRESIDENT; MORELOS IN THE SOUTH. ||
| 1812. ||
| President Rayon at Tlalpujahua — His Relations with the Villagranes — Royalist Successes on the North of Mexico — Affairs in Michoacan — Father Salto and his Execution — Venegas' Sanguinary Decree — In surgent Priests Deprived of their Immunity — Episcopal Indifference — Excitement in Mexico — Second Anniversary of Independence Celebrated — Ramon Rayon's Profitable Movements — Attack against Ixiniquilpan a Failure — Rayon's Arrangements with Royalist Traders — Proposed Negotiations for Peace — Assault of Yanhuitlan — Siege of Huahuapan — Trujano's Brilliant Defence — Morelos Comes to the Rescue and Wins a Victory — Gates of Oajaca Opened to Him. | 420 |
| CHAPTER XVIII. ||
| AMERICAN AFFAIRS IN SPAIN. ||
| 1811-1812. ||
| Government of Spain — The Cortés and National Sovereignty — Character of the Members — The Diputacion Americana and its Policy — Its Demands and Character of Concessions — Deputy Perez from Puebla — Deputy Cisneros Asks for Mexican Autonomy and Eventual Inde pendence — Arizpe — Mier — Forced Loan — Representation of the Consulado of Mexico — British Offers of Mediation — National Constitution as Adopted — Its Publication in Mexico — The Press — Election of Ayuntamientos — Animosity of the Natives toward the Spaniards — Constitution Practically Suspended. | 441 |
| CHAPTER XIX. ||
| SUCCESS OF MORELOS. ||
| 1812-1813. ||
| Morelos' Third Campaign — Chilapa Retaken — Reoccupation of the Coun try to Acapulco — Matamoros at Work in Izúcar — Nicolás Bravo's Victories — Viceregal Tribulations — Publication of Decrees of the Spanish Cortès — Death of Trujano — Morelos' Visit to Ozumba — He Attacks a Royalist Convoy — Takes Orizaba — Defeat on the Heights of Aculcingo — Captures Oajaca — Enormous Booty — Establishment of Government — Victor and Miguel Bravo's Campaign to Jamiltepec — Morelos' Plans — Venegas Superseded — Review of his Rule. | 468 ​ |
| CHAPTER XX. ||
| VICEROY CALLEJA AND HIS PLANS. ||
| 1813. ||
| Calleja's Character and Appearance — How the Appointment was Received — Condition of Affairs — Fresh Taxes and Loans — Reforms Insurgent Heroine — Constitution of 1812 Enforced — Inquisition Disappears — Increase of Crime — Protests and Counter-appeals — Extent of Insurrection — Calleja's Campaign Plan — Royalist Positions — Verdusco's Fiasco — Rayon's Tour of Inspection — Quarrel between the Leaders — Iturbide's Victory at Salvatierra. | 495 |
| CHAPTER XXI. ||
| OPERATIONS AGAINST RAYON, VILLAGRAN, AND OSORNO. ||
| 1813. ||
| Siege of Cerro del Gallo — The Poisoned Well — Insurgent Forces and their Tactics — Movements in Guanajuato — Sway of the Villagranes — Their Sudden Fall — Huasteca Campaign — Osorno and his Territory — Terreño's Military Promenade — Osorno Irrepressible — Administration of Cruz in New Galicia — Frontier Operations — Chapala Lake and its Rovers — Division of Provincias Interims — Lara's Exploits in Texas — A Flicker in the Orient. | 518 |
| CHAPTER XXII. ||
| CONGRESS OF CHILPANCINGO. ||
| 1813. ||
| Morelos' March to Acapulco — He Besieges and Captures It — Royalist Reaction — Piaxtla — Guerrillas and their Doings — Bravo's Operations — His Repulse at Alvarado — Siege of Coscomatepec — Orizaba Surprised — Second Royalist Defeat at San Agustin del Palmar — Its Consequences — Discord in the Suprema Junta — Congress of Chilpancingo — Rayon's Action — Morelos the Generalissimo and Siervo de la Nacion — Declaration of National Independence — Constitution — Jesuits. | 545 |
| CHAPTER XXIII. ||
| FALL OF MORELOS. ||
| 1813-1814. ||
| Morelos Marches against Valladolid — Calleja's Counter-movement — Repulse at the Gate of Zapote — Brilliant Charge by Iturbide — Defeat and Death of Matamoros — The Congress Asserts Itself — Armijo Overruns Tecpan Province — Galeana Falls — Maleadministration in Oajaca — Álvarez's Triumphant Entry — The Enchanted Mountain — Speculations with Convoys — Quarrel and Misconduct of Rayon and Rosains — Expedition against Zacatlan and Flight of Rayon — Manhunting in the Central Provinces. | 569 ​ |
| CHAPTER XXIV. ||
| CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES. ||
| 1814. ||
| Changed Aspect of the Revolution — Depression on Both Sides — Proposed Restriction of Passports and Export of Treasure — Causes of the Exodus of the Spaniards — Fresh Taxes — Restoration of Fernando VII. — Constitution of 1812 is Annulled and Autocracy Reës — tablished — Feeling in New Spain — Insurgent Constitution — Its Pro visions and Analysis — How it was Received — Election of Officers under the New Constitution — Liceaga President — Commemorative Medal — Constitution Ordered Read by the Curas — Relations with the United States. | 592 |
| CHAPTER XXV. ||
| DEATH OF MORELOS. ||
| 1815. ||
| The Revolutionists on Cóporo Hill — Positions of the Insurgent Forces — Determination of Calleja — Siege of Cóporo — Repulse of Iturbide — Attempted Surprise of Jilotepec — Ramon Rayon is Shorn of his Triumph — Claverino's Movement Southward — Iturbide Chases the Congress — Insubordination of Doctor Cos — He is Arrested and Condemned to Death, but is Discharged — Death of Doctor Cos — His Character — The Revolutionary Government Migrates — It is Over taken at Tezmalaca — Capture of Morelos — His Trial — Degradation and Penance — The Last Auto-de-fé — Execution of the Great Leader — Reflections on his Character — Two Mexican Writers on This Period. | 608 |
| CHAPTER XXVI. ||
| LAST CAMPAIGNS UNDER CALLEJA. ||
| 1815-1816. ||
| Effect of Morelos' Fall — Respective Strength of Insurgents and Royalists — Intrigues and Overthrow of Rosains — He Joins the Enemy — Teran Rises in Fame and Influence — Arrival of the Congress at Tehuacan — It is Forcibly Dissolved — The Goazacoalco Expedition — First Naval Victory for the Mexican Flag — The Mounted Raiders of Apam Plains — Osorno's Last Campaign — The Convoy Service in Vera Cruz — Miyares' Measures for its Protection — Operations under Victoria and his Associates — Bravo and Guerrero on the South Coast. | 626 ​ |
| CHAPTER XXVII. ||
| VICEROY APODACA AND HIS VIGOROUS MEASURES. ||
| 1816-1817. ||
| Causes Which Sustained the Revolution — Review of Calleja's Rule — Character of the New Viceroy Apodaca — Measures to Gain Adhesion — Combined Movement against Tehuacan — Its Siege and Surrender — Deplorable Weakness of Teran — Vera Cruz is Swept by the Royalists — Their Successes in Mizteca — The Council of Jaujilla — Strife in Michoacan — Tarnished Reputation of Ramon Rayon — The Five Years' Siege of Mescala is Ended — Treachery of Vargas — Movements in the North — The Declining Insurrection Centres in Guanajuato — Apodaca's Success. | 645 |
| CHAPTER XXVIII. ||
| MINA'S EXPEDITION. ||
| 1817. ||
| A Famous Navarrese Guerrilla — Preparing for the Enterprise — The Landing at Soto la Marina — Alarm of the Royalists — The Victory at Peotillos — Penetrating the Interior — Traits of Mina Overthrow of Ordoñez and Castañon — Liberation of Prisoners — Jealousy of Torres — Character of Mexican Guerrillas — Fall of Soto la Marina — Siege of Fort Sombrero — Ravages of Thirst and Sword — The Bulwark of Independence — Mina's Field Operations — Repulse at Guanajuato — Capture and Execution of Mina — Reflections on his Undertaking — Siege and Fall of Los Remedies — Bibliography. | 659 |
| CHAPTER XXIX. ||
| PLAN OF IGUALA. ||
| 1817-1821. ||
| Capture of Insurgent Chiefs — Fort of Jaujilla — Dispersion of the Junta — Pardon Accepted by Numerous Leaders — A Flickering Light — Affairs in Spain — The Spanish Constitution Proclaimed in Mexico — Election of Deputies — Thoughts of Independence — Iturbide Reappears — Diversity of Political Opinions — Plots to Overthrow the Constitution — Iturbide in Command — Well-disguised Designs — Overtures to Guerrero — Independence Proclaimed — The Plan of Iguala — Measures of the Viceroy. | 688 |
| CHAPTER XXX. ||
| TRIUMPH OF THE REVOLUTION. ||
| 1821. ||
| Discouraging Prospects — Independence Proclaimed at Guanajuato — Valladolid Capitulates — The Provincias Internas Revolutionized — Iturbide at Querétaro — Apodaca's Doposal — His Conduct Discussed — His Successor — Bravo Joins the Revolutionists — Operations in Puebla and Vera Cruz — Santa Anna Repulsed at Vera Cruz — Victoria's Reappearance — Iturbide Enters Puebla — Arrival of O'Donojú — His Antecedents — Treaty pf Córdoba — Novella Hesitates to Recognize O'Donojú — Iturbide Enters the Capital — End of the Revolution. | 712 ​ |
| CHAPTER XXXI. ||
| THE SOVEREIGN PROVISIONAL JUNTA. ||
| 1821-1822. ||
| Installation of the Junta — Appointment of a Regency — Its Cabinet — O'Donojú's Death — Iturbide's Rewards — Army Promotions — Surrender of Perote, — Acapulco, and Vera Cruz — Murder of Colonel Concha — Flight of Europeans — The Press — Political Factions — Measures for Convoking Congress — Iturbide's Interference — Conspiracy — Its Failure — Condition of the Country — The Revenue — The Mining Industry — A Forced Loan and Arbitrary — Measures Reoganization of the Army — Union of Central America with the Empire — Measures for its Representation — Reflections on the Administration of the Junta. | 734 |
| CHAPTER XXXII. ||
| THE FIRST CONGRESS AND FIRST EMPEROR. ||
| 1822. ||
| The Installation — Taking the Oath under Pressure — The First Misunderstanding — Political Parties — Measures for Relief of the Treasury — Disagreements on the Army Question — A Counter-revolution — Gen eral Dávila's Action — Iturbide and Congress at Open War — Progress of Republicanism — Iturbide Proclaimed Emperor by a Popular Emeute — A Stormy Congressional Session — Agustin I. Recognized — Joy in the Provinces — The Imperial Family and Household — Difficulties of the Treasury — The Council of State — The Coronation. | 757 |
| CHAPTER XXXIII. ||
| DETHRONEMENT AND DEATH OF ITURBIDE. ||
| 1822-1824. ||
| Inauguration of the Order of Guadalupe — Padre Mier — Short-lived Harmony — Arrest of Deputies — Iturbide Attempts to Reorganize Congress — His Preposterous Claims — He Dissolves the Assembly — A Junta Instituyente Established — Appropriation of Spaniards' Money — Affairs at Vera Cruz — Santa Anna in Disgrace — Iturbide Visits Jalapa — Santa Anna Revolts — Republicanism Proclaimed — Progress of the Insurrection — Reverses — Influence of the Masonic Order — Change of Tactics — Plan of Casa Mata — Iturbide's Conciliatory Action — Congress Reinstalled — The Emperor Abdicates — His Departure from Mexico — His Return and Death. | 779 |
| LIST OF AUTHORITIES. ||
| List of Authorities | 826 |