OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Animal Kingdom

See also Animal on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Animal Kingdom. the name applied to the group containing all animals, separating them from the vegetable and mineral kingdom, respectively. It is a very old arrangement to divide all nature into three kingdoms—animal, vegetable and mineral. Cuvier named one of his most famous books, the Animal Kingdom (Règne Animal), and in it divided animals into four divisions, based on their plan of construction, as follows: vertebrata, the backboned animals; mollusca, the soft-bodied animals, such as snails, clams, etc.; articulata, all jointed animals, thus including lobsters and crayfishes with the worms; radiata, animals like the starfishes, sea anemones, etc., having a radial arrangement of parts. These divisions have long been out of use, for the reason that they do not represent the real state of the case. The animal kingdom is now divided into a larger number of branches, called sub-kingdoms. While there is a tendency to increase the number, the following eight sub-kingdoms represent a modern arrangement, 1. Protozoa, the simplest animals, microscopic and single celled. All animals above the protozoa art many-celled, and are spoken of collectively as metazoa. 2. Porifera, the sponges. 3. Cœlenterata—the jellyfishes, hydroids, sea anemones, coral animals, etc. 4. Vermes, the worms, a very large and complex group, including the jointed worms, leeches, earth worms, the smooth worms, the shelled worms, like brachiopod shells, etc. 5. Echinodermata, animals with spiny skins, like starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc. 6. Arthropoda, the articulated animals, with jointed limbs—spiders, insects, myriapods, crustacea. 7. Mollusca—snails, oysters, clams, cuttlefish, etc. 8. Vertebrata: this group includes some of the animals formerly classed with the worms and mollusca. The majority of them have a backbone composed of vertebrae, but not all of them. The sub-kingdoms are coordinate divisions; in other words, equivalent groups. They are further divided into Classes, the classes into Orders, the orders into Families and smaller divisions. On account of the importance of the Vertebrata, the five Classes are named: Fishes, Amphibia, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals. See the different sub-kingdoms under their respective headings.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Animalcula

See also Protozoa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Animalcula. See Protozoa.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anjou

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Anjou (än-zhōō'), an ancient province in the northwest of France, area about 3,000 square miles. In the 12th and 13th centuries it was a possession of the English kings, and from it came Godfrey, Count of Anjou, who, in 1127, married Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, and so became the ancestor of the Plantagenet kings. In 1480 it reverted finally to France, in the reign of Louis XI.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Annapolis (Maryland)

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Annap′olis, a picturesque old seaport is the capital of Maryland, and the seat of the United States Naval Academy. The city is on the Severn River, two miles from Chesapeake Bay. It was first settled in 1649 as Providence; it became the state capital in 1694; and in 1708 the town was renamed in honor of Queen Anne. In colonial days Annapolis was one of the foremost of American cities, and became known as "The Athens of America." The Continental Congress sat there from November, 1783, to June, 1784; General Washington there resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, December, 1783; and in September, 1786, representatives of five of the states assembled in the Annapolis Convention for the purpose of promoting the commercial interests of America. This convention recommended the calling of another, and the recommendation resulted in the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which devised the constitution of the United States. The United States Naval Academy, founded in 1845, has been located at Annapolis since its organization. The city is also the seat of St. John's College, established in 1789, and St. Mary's Seminary. Population, 8,609.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Annapolis (Nova Scotia)

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Annapolis, or Annapolis Royal, formerly Port Royal, is the county seat of Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, situated on Annapolis Basin, opening from the Bay of Fundy. It is the oldest European settlement in America to the north of Florida, having been founded by De Monts and Champlain in 1604. It has an estimated population of 1,105, the county containing about 20,000 souls. The ruins of the ancient fortress, still imperial property, are of interest, but there are no remaining proofs of the early French occupancy. It was named from Queen Anne on its capture by the British in 1710, and was ceded to the British Crown in 1713. See Nova Scotia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Annam

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Anam′, a country, forming part of the peninsula of Indo-China, bordering on the China Sea, and lying between the Gulf of Siam and the Gulf of Tonquin. It is flanked on the west by Siam and on the north by China. Today, it forms, with Cambodia, Tonquin and Cochin-China, the chief Asiatic possession of France. It has an estimated population of 6,124,000, and an area of 52,100 square miles. It was acquired by France in 1884, and the affairs of the protectorate are under the control of the French government. Three of its ports are open to European and American commerce. Its exports include, besides rice and raw silk, sugar, cinnamon and medicinal plants. Hué is the capital with a population of 50,000. See Cochin-China.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anne Boleyn

See also Anne Boleyn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Anne Boleyn. See Boleyn, Anne.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ann Arbor, Mich.

See also Ann Arbor, Michigan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ann Arbor, Mich., an important town and railroad center, the county seat of Washtenaw County, situated midway between Detroit and Jackson on the Huron River. It is the seat of the University of Michigan, University School of Music and the Ann Arbor High School. This latter institution supplements or prepares its students for the University and its enrollment embraces pupils from all parts of Michigan and of the United States as well as foreign countries. It has many important manufacturing concerns, mills, machine shops, etc. Population, 14,817.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anne

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Anne, queen of England from 1702 to 1714. She was born near London in 1665, was the daughter of James II, and married Prince George of Denmark. She came to the throne at the death of her brother-in-law, William III. During her reign occurred the War of the Spanish Succession, in which the Duke of Marlborough won his famous victories. The union of England and Scotland under the name of Great Britain was made while she was queen. Her reign is known as the Queen Anne age of literature, because of the many illustrious writers of the period: Addison, Pope, Dryden, Swift, Defoe and the great scientist, Isaac Newton. Though the mother of 17 children, Queen Anne left no heirs, and was the last sovereign of the house of Stuart.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Annealing

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Anneal'ing, the process of tempering certain metals and glass to increase their tenacity and render them less brittle by cooling them slowly after they have been submitted to a high temperature of heat. Badly annealed glass, it is well known, will break with a sudden change of temperature, and to obviate this glass vessels are annealed in trays in a long oven, one end of which is hotter than the other—the process of annealing being to draw the trays slowly into cooler and cooler portions of the oven. Cast iron is similarly annealed for tinning; while steel and other metals are tempered after much the same process is undergone. The annealing of the softer metals is done by immersion in boiling water, which is then slowly cooled.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Germ-Plasm

Edition of 1906. See also Germ plasm on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERM-PLASM. The kind of protoplasm supposed by some embryologists peculiar to the germinal part of the ovum and regarded as containing such chemical or molecular composition and properties as to determine the special character of the resulting organism. This singularity is supposed to be inherited and so continue from generation to generation.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gerhard, Johann

Edition of 1906. See also Johann Gerhard on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERHARD, Johann (1582-1637). One of the ablest and most learned German exponents of Lutheran orthodoxy. He was born at Quedlinburg, October 17, 1582. In his fifteenth year he came under the personal influence of Johann Arndt (q.v.), author of Das wahre Christentum, and resolved to study for the Church. Soon after entering the University of Wittenberg (1599) he began to waver in this determination, and ultimately interested himself for two years in the study of medicine, but in 1603 resumed his theological studies at Jena, and in the following year received a new impulse from Winkelmann and Mentzer, at Marburg. Having graduated and commenced lecturing at Jena in 1605, he in 1606 received and accepted the Duke of Coburg's invitation to the superintendency of Heldburg and mastership of the gymnasium; soon afterwards he became general superintendent of the duchy, in which capacity he was much and usefully engaged in the practical work of ecclesiastical organization until 1616, when he found a more congenial sphere in the senior theological chair at Jena, where the remainder of his life was spent and where he died, August 17, 1637. His most famous works are: Loci Communes Theologici (1610-22), and his Sacred Meditations (1606), which have been translated into several languages. His life was written in Latin by Fischer (Leipzig, 1723), and in German by Boettcher (Dresden, 1858).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Geri and Freki

Edition of 1906. See also Geri and Freki on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERI (gā'rḗ) AND FREKI, frā'kḗ. The wolves of Odin (q.v.). They lie at his feet as he is seated on his throne in Valhalla, ready to feast with his chosen heroes. Odin himself needs no food, so he gives all the meat that is set before him to his wolves.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gerhardt, Dagobert von

Edition of 1906. See also Dagobert von Gerhardt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERHARDT, gĕr'härt, Dagobert von (pen-name ‘Gerhard von Amyntor’) (1831—). A German soldier, poet, and novelist, born at Liegnitz. After attending the university he entered the Prussian Army, and advanced to the rank of major. He was severely wounded in the assault upon the fortifications of Düppel during the
Danish War of 1864, and in 1867 was employed by Moltke on the General Staff at Berlin. He served in the Franco-German War, 1870-71. He has become known chiefly through his numerous novels, such as Der neue Romanzero (2d ed. 1883); Eine moderne Abendgesellschaft, treating of the Jewish question (3d ed. 1881); Gerke Suteminne (3d ed. 1890); Durch Nacht zum Licht (1887); Die Cis Moll Sonate (1891). His earlier works include the Hypochondrische Plaudereien (4th ed. 1875, new series; 3d ed. 1890).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gerhardt, Eduard

Edition of 1906. See also Eduard Gerhardt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERHARDT, Eduard (1813-88). A German architectural painter, born at Erfurt. He studied architecture in Cologne, and under Semper in Dresden, but in 1838 took up painting at Munich. A series of fine views of Cologne Cathedral attracted the attention of Frederick William IV. of Prussia, whose assistance enabled Gerhardt to continue his studies (1848) in Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Summoned afterwards to Lisbon to instruct the princes of the royal family, he returned in 1851, and settled in Munich. He excelled in depicting Moorish architecture, his oil paintings and water colors being of equal merit, as may be judged by “The Palace of the Inquisition at Cordova” (1857); “Lion Court in the Alhambra” (1861); “Interior of Saint Mark's, Venice” (1864), all in the New Pinakothek, and by “The Alhambra by Moonlight;” “The Generalife;” “The Comares Tower;” and two views in Venice, all in the Schack Gallery, Munich.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Germ-Cell

Edition of 1906. See also the disclaimer.
GERM-CELL. See Cell and Embryology.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gerhardt, Paulus

Edition of 1906. See also Paul Gerhardt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERHARDT, Paulus, or Paul (1607-76). After Luther, the greatest of German hymnwriters. He was born in Saxony, studied at Wittenberg, and became pastor at Mittenwalde. In 1657 he removed to Berlin, and in 1669 to Lübben, Saxony, where he died in 1676. He was an active supporter of the Lutherans in their controversies with the Reformed churches. Among his most familiar hymns are “O sacred head once wounded” (English by J. W. Alexander); “Commit thou all thy griefs;” and “Jesus, Thy boundless love to me” (English by John Wesley). Consult the critical editions of his hymns by Bachmann (Berlin, 1866), and Goedeke (Leipzig, 1877); his life by Langbecker (Berlin, 1841); Kelly, Gerhardt's Spiritual Songs (London, 1867). The first collection of his hymns appeared in 1667.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gericke, Wilhelm

Edition of 1906. See also Wilhelm Gericke on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERICKE, gā'rĭk-e, Wilhelm (1845—). A German orchestral conductor. He was born at Gratz, Austria, and early gave evidence of a strong musical temperament. In 1862 he entered the Vienna Conservatory, where he studied under Dessoff. Leaving the conservatory in 1865, he became kapellmeister of the theatre at Linz, and in 1874 received the appointment of second kapellmeister of the Vienna Court Opera, of which Hans Richter (q.v.) was first kapellmeister. On the retirement of Brahms from the conductorship of the Gesellschaftsconcerte in 1880, Gericke succeeded him, and became also the conductor of the Singverein. His fame as a conductor, and particularly as a drill-master, induced the Boston (Mass.) Symphony Orchestra to secure him as its leader. From 1884 to 1889 he held the baton of the organization and succeeded in placing it in the front rank of the world's great orchestras. In 1889 he returned to Vienna, and to the leadership of the Gesellschaftsconcerte (Nikisch succeeding him in Boston), but resigned again in 1895. Three years later he once more took charge of the Boston Orchestra, succeeding Emil Paur. He has published many works for the
orchestra, besides much pianoforte and chamber music; but it is principally through his artistic interpretations, skillful leading, and painstaking drill that he has attained his high rank as conductor.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gerhardt, Karl Friedrich

Edition of 1906. See also Charles Frédéric Gerhardt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERHARDT, Karl Friedrich (1816-56). An eminent French chemist, born at Strassburg. At the age of fifteen he was sent to the Polytechnic School at Carlsruhe, where his attendance at Walchner's lectures first awakened in his mind a taste for chemistry. After two years he removed to Leipzig, where he attended the lectures of Erdmann, which seem to have developed in him a passion for questions of speculative chemistry. On his return home he reluctantly entered upon the business of his father, who was a manufacturer of chemical products, but in his twentieth year he enlisted in a regiment of chasseurs. He soon, however, found military life as insupportable as a commercial career. He therefore purchased his discharge and set out for the laboratory of Giessen, where he worked under Liebig's superintendence for eighteen months. In 1838 he arrived in Paris, and there was cordially welcomed by Dumas. In the laboratory of the Jardin des Plantes he soon commenced, jointly with Cahours, his important researches on the essential oils. In 1844 he was appointed professor of general chemistry in the faculty of sciences at Montpellier. About this time he published his Précis de chimie organique. In 1848 he resigned his chair and returned to Paris, in order to follow out uninterruptedly his special investigations, and in that city he established, between the years 1849 and 1855, in successive memoirs, his views of series and his theory of types. It was there, also, that he gave to the scientific world his researches upon the anhydrous acids and the oxides. In 1855 he was made professor of chemistry at Strassburg and corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of Paris. All his ideas and his discoveries are embodied in his Traité de chimie organique (4 vols., 1853-56). He had hardly completed the correction of the last proof of this great work,
when, after an illness of only two days, he died at the very period when he seemed to be beginning to enjoy the fruits of his labor. See Chemistry; Avogadro's Rule.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Shirley

Edition of 1905. See also Shirley (novel) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SHIRLEY, shẽr'lĭ. A novel by Charlotte Brontë (1840), the scene of which is a Yorkshire mill-town. The action centres in the career of Robert Moore, the mill-owner, frequently involved in riots among his workpeople. His brother marries the heroine, Shirley Keeldar, who was drawn from Emily Brontë.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Shirley, Anthony

Edition of 1905. See also Anthony Shirley on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SHIRLEY (SHERLEY), Sir Anthony (1565-c.1635) . An English navigator. He was educated at Hart Hall, Oxford. In 1591 he accompanied the Earl of Essex on his expedition to Normandy, and was knighted by Henry IV. Queen Elizabeth, angered at his acceptance of this honor without her consent, had him imprisoned until he gave up the order of St. Michael that had been conferred upon him. In 1596 he led a buccaneering expedition to the West Indies and South America. An account of this cruise was published by Hakluyt in Voyages and Discoveries (1598). In 1599 he sailed to Persia, where he was hospitably received by Shah Abbas the Great, who made him ambassador to the Christian courts of Europe. Thoroughly discredited at home, he passed his last years in Madrid, a pensioner of the King of Spain. He died in poverty some time after 1635. In 1613 he published Travels Into Persia, a dull and tedious book. Sir Anthony had two brothers, Sir Robert and Sir Thomas, who were also adventurers. The three brothers were made the subject of Travailes of Three English Brothers (1607), a play written by John Day in collaboration. Consult The Sherley Brothers (Roxburghe Club, 1848).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Shirley, James

Edition of 1905. See also James Shirley on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
[[Author:James Shirley|SHIRLEY, James}} (1596-1666). An English dramatist, born in London. He attended the Merchant Taylors' School, London (1608-12), whence he passed to Saint John's College, Oxford. He afterwards entered Catharine Hall, Cambridge, where he received the degree of B. A. (c.1618). Subsequently he took orders, and became a minister at Saint Albans. He gave up his living owing to his conversion to the Church of Rome and held the mastership of the grammar school from 1623 to 1625. At the end of
this period he moved to London and began his career as phaywright. Before the theatres were closed by act of Parliament in 1642, he produced about forty plays, most of which have survived. He was befriended by the Court, for which he composed many masques. He shared in the misfortunes of the Royalists during the Civil War. Surviving until after the Restoration, he became an important literary figure. He died during the great fire of 1666, and was buried in Saint Giles's churchyard. Shirley carried on the traditions of the Elizabethan drama and served as a link to the new drama after the Restoration. He essayed both tragedy and comedy. Of his plays may he cited: The Witty Fair One (1628), a good comedy; The Wedding (1626), a still better comedy; The Traitor (1631), a powerful tragedy; Hyde Park (1632), a comedy; The Gamester (1633), a comedy revived by Garrick; The Lady of Pleasure (1635), perhaps his most brilliant comedy; and The Cardinal (1641), a strong tragedy. Of his masques, The Triumph of Peace, performed before the King and Queen (1634), is regarded as the best. Consult: Dramatic Works and Poems, with notes by Gifford and Dyce (London, 1833); Shirley, selected plays, ed. by Gosse (Mermaid Series, ib., 1888); and Ward, English Dramatic Literature (revised ed., ib., 1899).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Shirley, Selina Hastings

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
SHIRLEY, Selina Hastings. The Countess of Huntingdon. See Huntingdon.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Shorey, Paul

Edition of 1905. See also Paul Shorey on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SHO'REY, Paul (1857—). An American classicist, born at Davenport, Iowa, He was educated at Harvard and at the University of Munich. From 1885 to 1892 he was professor at Bryn Mawr College, and in the latter year became the head of the department of Greek in the University of Chicago. In 1901-02 he was professor in the American School of Classical
Studies at Athens. Professor Shorey's studies are chiefly in the field of ancient philosophy, particularly Platonism. His published works include: De Platonis Idearum Doctrina (1884); The Idea of God in Plato's Republic (1895); and an edition of the Odes of Horace (1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Shovell, Clowdisley

Edition of 1905. See also Clowdesley Shovell on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SHOV′ELL, Sir Clowdisley (1650-1707). A distinguished English admiral, born in Cocksthorpe, in Norfolk. He entered the navy in 1664, and served against the Dutch and the Barbary pirates. In 1689 he commanded the Edgar in the battle of Bantry Bay, was soon after knighted, and was put in command of a squadron in the Irish Sea. In the following year he was promoted to be rear-admiral of the blue. Two years afterwards he commanded the red squadron in the battle of Barfleur, and by breaking the French line greatly contributed to the English victory. In 1704 he participated with the fleet under Sir George Brooke in the capture of Gibraltar and in the action off Malaga. In the same year he was made rear-admiral of England. In the following year he was appointed admiral, and was made joint commander with the Earl of Peterborough of the expedition which captured Barcelona. In 1707 he coöperated with the Duke of Savoy in the attack on Toulon, and, although the town was not taken, Shovell destroyed a great number of French vessels. On the way Back to England his flagship was wrecked on one of the Scilly Islands. He was cast ashore in a helpless condition and was murdered by a woman who coveted an emerald ring on one of his fingers. His body was taken to England and buried in Westminster Abbey. Consult Clowes, The Royal Navy: A History (6 vols., London and Boston,' 1896-1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Showbread

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​SHOWBREAD. See Shewbread.