OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Raffald, Elizabeth

1904 Errata appended.
​RAFFALD, ELIZABETH (1733–1781), cook and author, daughter of Joshua Whitaker, was born at Doncaster in 1733, and baptised on 8 July in that year. After receiving a fair education, she passed about fifteen years—from 1748 to 1763—in the service of several families as housekeeper, her last employer being Lady Elizabeth Warburton, of Arley Hall, Cheshire. She married John Raffald, head gardener at Arley, on 3 March 1763, at Great Budworth, Cheshire. The couple settled at Manchester, and during the next eighteen years Mrs. Raffald had sixteen daughters. At first she kept a confectioner's shop; then took the Bull's Head Inn, Market Place, and, at a later period, the King's Head, Salford. She was a woman of much shrewdness, tact, and strength of will, and had, with other accomplishments, a good knowledge of French. She gave lessons to young ladies in cookery and domestic economy, opened what was probably the first registry office for servants in Manchester, and assisted in the continuance of ‘Harrop's Manchester Mercury,’ and in starting ‘Prescott's Journal,’ another local newspaper. In 1769 she published her ‘Experienced English Housekeeper, for the Use and Ease of Ladies, Housekeepers, Cooks, &c., wrote purely from Practice … consisting of near 800 original Receipts;’ of this work thirteen genuine editions (from 1769 to 1806), and at least twenty-three pirated or spurious editions, appeared. R. Baldwin, the London publisher, is reported to have paid Mrs. Raffald 1,400l. for the copyright in 1773. Her portrait, from a painting by P. McMorland, first came out in the eighth edition, 1782. The portraits in the spurious editions are untrustworthy. In 1772 she compiled and published the first ‘Directory of Manchester and Salford.’ A second edition followed in 1773, and a third in 1781. She also wrote a book on midwifery, under the guidance of Charles White [q. v.], the surgeon, but she did not live to print it. It is believed to have been sold in London by her husband, but if published it bore some other name. She died suddenly on 19 April 1781, and was buried at Stockport parish church, where many of her husband's ancestors were interred. Raffald, who was an able botanist and florist, but of improvident and irregular habits, died in December 1809, aged 85, and was buried at Sacred Trinity Chapel, Salford.
C. W. S.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.230 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 159 | ii | 8 | Raffald, Elizabeth: after 1733 insert (baptised there on 8 July) |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rae, William (1786-1873)

​RAE, Sir WILLIAM (1786–1873), naval surgeon, born in 1786, was the son of Matthew Rae of Park-end, Dumfries. He was educated at Lochmaben and Dumfries, and afterwards graduated M.D. at Edinburgh University. In 1804 he entered the medical service of the East India Company, but in the following year was transferred as surgeon to the royal navy. He served first in the Culloden under Sir Edward Pellew (afterwards Lord Exmouth) [q. v.] In 1807, when in the Fox, he took part in the destruction of the Dutch ships at Gressic in Java. Subsequently, when the squadron was becalmed in the Bay of Bengal, he contrived an apparatus for distilling water. When attached to the Leyden in 1812–13 he was very successful in his treatment of the troops suffering from yellow fever at Cartagena and Gibraltar, and received the thanks of the commander-in-chief and the medical board.
In 1824 he was appointed to the Bermuda station. He became M.R.C.S. in 1811, extra-licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1839, and F.R.C.S. in 1843. He ultimately attained the rank of inspector-general of hospitals and fleets, and retired on a pension to a country practice near Barnstaple. He was created C.B. in 1855, and knighted in 1858. He died at Hornby Lodge, Newton Abbot, Devonshire, on 8 April 1873, and was buried at Wolborough. Rae married, in 1814, Mary, daughter of Robert Bell; and secondly, in 1831, Maria, daughter of Assistant-commissary-general R. Lee.
[Medical Registers; Debrett's Baronetage and Knightage, 1872; Times, 10 April 1873; Illustr. London News, 26 April 1873; East and South Devon Advertiser, 19 April, &c.; Ward's Men of the Reign.]
G. Le G. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Raglan, Baron

​RAGLAN, Baron. [See Somerset, Fitzroy James Henry, 1788–1855.]
# Doe v. City of Mobile

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
50 U.S. 451
Doe v. City of Mobile

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Doe v. Commonwealth's Atty. for City of Richmond

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia
403 F.Supp. 1199
John Doe v. Commonwealth's Atty. for City of Richmond
No. Civ. A. No. 74-0025-R
* Court Documents
* Opinion of the Court
* Dissenting Opinion Merhige
John D. Grad, Alexandria, Va. (Philip J. Hirschkop), Alexandria, Va., for plaintiffs.
Robert E. Shepherd, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen. (Andrew P. Miller, Atty. Gen.), Richmond, Va., for defendants.
Before Bryan, Senior Circuit Judge, Lewis, Senior District Judge, and Merhige, District Judge.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Schalch, Andrew

1904 Errata appended.
​SCHALCH, ANDREW (1692–1776), master-founder, was born at Schaffhausen in 1692. After being employed in the cannon foundry at Douay he came to England, and in August 1716 he was engaged to build the ​furnaces and provide the utensils for the new brassfoundry at the Warren (afterwards the Arsenal), Woolwich. Up to that time it had been used as a depôt for stores, and cannon had been proved there, but not manufactured. The only place for casting brass ordnance in England was Bayley's private foundry in Moorfields, where Whitefield's tabernacle afterwards stood. A number of people assembled there on 10 May 1716 to see some of the French guns taken by Marlborough recast as English pieces, and an explosion occurred by which seventeen persons were killed and others injured. It was in consequence of this disastrous accident that a government foundry was decided on. The story has often been repeated that Schalch, a young and unknown man, predicted this explosion, having noticed the dampness of the moulds; that after it had taken place he was advertised for, and that the selection of a site for the new foundry was left to him. He has therefore been reckoned the father of the Arsenal. But the story is unauthenticated. No such advertisement has been traced. On the contrary, one has been found (10 July 1716) inviting competent men to offer themselves, after the site had been chosen and the building begun. A good report of Schalch's capacity having been obtained through the British minister at Brussels, his appointment to Woolwich was confirmed in October. His pay was fixed at 5l. a day. A warrant of the Duke of Marlborough as master-general of the ordnance formally nominated Schalch master-founder of his majesty's brass foundry 16 May 1718.
He remained master-founder for nearly sixty years, acquiring wealth and reputation. In Flemming's ‘Soldat Allemand’ (1726) the excellence of the British brass pieces is specially mentioned. Schalch never suffered the furnaces to be opened till workmen and spectators had joined him in prayer.
He died at the age of eighty-four, and was buried in Woolwich churchyard. The ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ records his death as Andrew Schutch (sic), esq., at Greenwich on 5 Feb. 1776. His two daughters married respectively Colonel Belson, R.A., and Colonel Williamson, R.A.; each was commandant at Woolwich. Four of Schalch's grandsons, also in the royal artillery, were commemorated with him in 1864 by a window in St. George's (garrison) Church at Woolwich.
E. M. L.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.242 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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| 408 | i | 33 | Schalch, Andrew: after 5l. a day. insert A warrant of the Duke of Marlborough as master-general of ordnance appointed Schalch master founder of His Majesty's brass ordnance, 16 May 1718. |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scatcherd, Norrisson Cavendish

​SCATCHERD, NORRISSON CAVENDISH (1780–1853), antiquary, born at Morley, Yorkshire, on 29 Feb. 1780, was eldest son of Watson Scatcherd, a successful barrister on the northern circuit. His family had been resident at Morley for two centuries. After attending Marylebone and Hipperholme schools he was called to the bar from Gray's Inn on 28 Nov. 1806. But being possessed of ample means, he soon forsook the law for literary and antiquarian pursuits. On 16 Jan. 1851 he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He died at Morley on 16 Feb. 1853, leaving a widow and six children.
Scatcherd was author of: 1. ‘The History of Morley … Yorkshire,’ 8vo, Leeds, 1830; an excellent book, compiled from original sources. 2. ‘Memoirs of the celebrated Eugene Aram,’ 8vo, London, 1832; another edit. 1838. 3. ‘Gleanings after Eugene Aram,’ 8vo, London, 1840. 4. ‘The Chapel of King Edward III on Wakefield Bridge,’ 8vo, London, 1843. Scatcherd was a contributor to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ and Hone's ‘Year’ and ‘Table’ books.
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scarlett, Peter Campbell

​SCARLETT, PETER CAMPBELL (1804–1881), diplomatist, born in Spring Gardens, London, on 27 Nov. 1804, was youngest son of James Scarlett, first baron Abinger [q. v.], and of Louisa Henrietta, daughter of Peter Campbell of Kilmory, Argyllshire. General Sir James Yorke Scarlett [q. v.] was his brother. After being educated at a private school at East Sheen and at Eton, he proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1824. He had been intended for the bar, but Canning seems to have persuaded his father to send him into the diplomatic service. Accordingly on 10 Oct. 1825 he became an attaché at Constantinople in the suite of Sir Stratford Canning [q. v.] Removed to Paris on 1 June 1828, he was a witness of the revolution which ended in the flight of Charles X on 16 Aug. 1830, and was for a time made prisoner by the mob. He was appointed paid attaché to Brazil in February 1834, and left England for Rio on 2 Aug. 1834. In the course of 1835–6 he made an excursion across the Pampas and Andes, a full account of which he published ​under the title of ‘South America and the Pacific’ (2 vols. London, 1838). The book has an interesting appendix upon Pacific steam communication. Ill-health interrupted his diplomatic career, and he acted as marshal to his father, then chief baron of the exchequer. On 3 April 1844 he resumed work abroad as secretary of legation at Florence, and was made a C.B. on 19 Sept. 1854. On 31 Dec. 1855 he was promoted to be envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Rio Janeiro, but on 13 Dec. 1858 went back to Florence as minister. After the union of Italy in 1860 the mission was abolished, and Scarlett retired on a pension. On 12 June 1862 he was again employed as envoy extraordinary at Athens, and in November 1864, after a prolonged stay in England, was transferred to the court of the Emperor Maximilian in Mexico. There, as at Athens, he witnessed the deposition of the reigning sovereign. On 11 Oct. 1867 he retired finally on pension.
Scarlett during his retirement gathered materials for the life of his father, which were published under the title of ‘Materials for the Life of James Scarlett, Lord Abinger,’ London, 1877. He died at Parkhurst, Dorking, Surrey, on 15 July 1881. He married twice: first, Frances Sophia Mostyn, second daughter of Edmund Lomax of Parkhurst (she died in 1849); secondly, on 27 Dec. 1873, Louisa Anne Jeannin, daughter of J. Wolfe Murray, and widow of Lord Cringletie. He left one son, a colonel in the guards, and one daughter, who married Sir John Walsham.
[Foreign Office List, 1880; Times, 16 July 1881; Burke's Peerage, s.v. ‘Abinger;’ private information.]
C. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scarlett, Robert

​SCARLETT, ROBERT (1499?–1594), ‘Old Scarlett,’ was a well-known figure in the precincts of Peterborough cathedral during the greater part of the sixteenth century. He was born about 1499, and was established as sexton some years previous to 1535, when he buried Catherine of Arragon on the north side of the cathedral choir. On 1 Aug. 1586, after great ceremonial, he buried Mary Queen of Scots on the south side of the same choir. He was buried near the west portal in July 1594. On a square stone at the west end of the cathedral is the inscription ‘July 2 1594. R. S. ætatis 98,’ but a manuscript note in Gunton states that his real age was ninety-five. Above the stone hangs an extremely quaint oil-painting (canvas 76 by 54) in a large wooden frame; 1l. 12s. was paid for the original picture in 1665. The present work, a copy made in 1747, represents the nonagenarian sexton with a shovel and keys, dressed in a red suit, with a dog-whip thrust through his leathern girdle, it being a regular part of a sexton's duty in those days to whip dogs out of church; below the figure are twelve rude verses.
A good etching was executed by W. Williams in 1776 (Brit. Mus. Print Room, portraits s.v. ‘Scaleits’), and there is an engraving by Page in the ‘Wonderful Magazine,’ reproduced in 1804 in Granger's ‘Wonderful Museum’ (ii. 656), where Scarlett is noticed as ‘Old Scaleits.’ His portrait is still reproduced in colours upon the porcelain cups and other vessels sold as souvenirs of Peterborough cathedral, and a local annual is entitled ‘Old Scarlett's Almanack.’
[Sweeting's Peterborough Churches, 1868, pp. 54, 62; Gunton's Hist. of the Church of Peterburgh, 1686, p. 93; Dibdin's Northern Tour, i. 13; Chambers's Book of Days, ii. 17; Once a Week, 18 Feb. 1871; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. x. 293, 358; Murray's Eastern Cathedrals, p. 71; personal inspection]
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scarth, Harry Mengden

​SCARTH, HARRY MENGDEN (1814–1890), antiquary, born on 11 May 1814, was son of Thomas Freshfield Scarth of Keverstone in the parish of Staindrop, co. Durham, chief agent to successive dukes of Cleveland, and his wife Mary, born Milbank, of Gainford, near Darlington. After receiving his early education at the Edinburgh Academy, he entered Christ's College, Cambridge, graduated B.A. in 1837, proceeded M.A. in 1841, and was admitted ad eundem at Oxford on 1 Dec. 1842. He was ordained deacon in 1837 and priest in 1840, and for a short time held the curacy of Eaton Constantine, Shropshire, which he left on being presented by William Henry, first duke of Cleveland, to the rectory of Kenley in the same county. By the same patron he was presented in 1841 to the rectory of Bathwick in the borough of Bath, Somerset. In 1871 Harry George, fourth duke of Cleveland, presented him to the rectory of Wrington, Somerset, which he held until his death. He was appointed a prebendary of Wells on 25 March 1848, and was rural dean of Portishead from about 1880. He died at Tangier on 5 April 1890, and was buried at Wrington. By his wife, Elizabeth Sally (d. 1876), daughter of John Leveson Hamilton (d. 1825), rector of Ellesborough, Buckinghamshire, whom he married on 15 Nov. 1842, he had seven children, of whom a son, Leveson Edward Scarth, and two unmarried daughters survived him. He was a moderate high churchman and a good parish priest. He was much esteemed in Bath, and a window was erected to his ​memory by public subscription in St. Mary's Church, Bathwick.
Scarth ranked among the best English authorities on Roman antiquities, and specially the relics of the Roman occupation of Britain, but was inclined to believe that the influence of the occupation was more permanent than is generally admitted by historians (Saturday Review, 15 Dec. 1883, lvi. 769). His principal publications are ‘Aquæ Solis, or Notices of Roman Bath,’ 4to, 1864, and ‘Roman Britain,’ 8vo n. d. [1883], in a series entitled ‘Early Britain’ (Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge). From 1885 he was a constant contributor to the ‘Proceedings’ of the Society of Antiquaries, and one of his papers, on the ‘Camps on the River Avon at Clifton,’ is printed in ‘Archæologia,’ No. 44, p. 428. He also contributed to the journals of the Archæological Institute, the Archæological Association, and the Somerset Archæological and Natural History Society.
Alice Mary Elizabeth Scarth (1848–1889), the eldest daughter, published ‘The Story of the Old Catholic and other Kindred Movements,’ 8vo, 1883.
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/St. Leger, Francis Barry Boyle

​ST. LEGER, FRANCIS BARRY BOYLE (1799–1829), novelist, born in Ireland on 16 Sept. 1799, was the second eldest son of Richard St. Leger (second son of the first Viscount Doneraile) by his wife Anne, daughter of Charles Blakeney of Holywell, Roscommon. After being educated at Rugby he is said to have obtained in 1816 a civil appointment in the East India Company's service. He resigned his post about 1821 and returned to England, where he edited from 1822 onward the fashionable annual called ‘The Album.’ He printed in 1821, for private circulation, a volume of poems—‘Remorse and other Poems’—and in 1824 appeared his best-known work, ‘Some Account of the Life of the late Gilbert Earle, Esq.’ (anon. 12mo, London). In 1826 he was editor of ‘The Brazen Head,’ and in the same year published (anonymously) another novel, entitled ‘Mr. Blount's MSS., being selections from the papers of a Man of the World’ (12mo, London). In 1829 he published ‘Tales of Passion.’ He died unmarried, after an epileptic seizure, on 20 Nov. 1829. A posthumous work, ‘Froissart and his Times,’ appeared in 1832 (3 vols. 8vo, London).
D. J. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/St. Lawrence, Nicholas

​ST. LAWRENCE, NICHOLAS, sixteenth, or more properly fourth, Baron Howth (d. 1526), son of Robert, fifteenth baron [q. v.], and of Joan, daughter of Edmund Beaufort, duke of Somerset, and great-uncle of Henry VII, succeeded to the barony on the death of his father in 1483. Unlike the majority of the English in Ireland, Nicholas was a staunch Lancastrian. When Lambert Simnel [q. v.], in 1486, personated the Earl of Warwick, Howth not only refused to recognise his claims, but apprised Henry VII of his designs. At the close of the rebellion, after the battle of Stoke, Henry summoned Nicholas with the rest of the Irish nobility to London, and rewarded him by presenting him with three hundred pieces of gold, and by confirming the lands of Howth to him by charter.
Howth attended the parliaments held at Dublin in 1490 and in 1493. In 1504 he attended Lord Kildare on an expedition to repel an Irish invasion of the Pale. On arriving at Cnoctuagh in Connaught, they found the natives gathered before them in great force. Lord Gormanston and some of the leaders were in favour of retreating, or at least of trying to negotiate with an enemy so superior. But Howth was for an immediate engagement, and led the bill-men to the attack on foot. The result of the conflict justified his counsel, for the English were completely victorious. In 1509 Howth was created lord chancellor of Ireland, and retained that office till 1513. Although he did not agree with the lord deputy (Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare [q. v.]) on the justice of Lambert Simnel's claims, yet in later times he became a devoted partisan of the deputy, and went so far as to defy the Earl of Ormonde to mortal combat for speaking ill of Kildare (Book of Howth, p. 176). After Kildare's death in 1513 the opposite faction obtained the dismissal of Howth from the council (ib. 191). From this time he remained in obscurity. He died on 10 July 1526, and was buried in the family sepulchre at Howth.
He was thrice married: first, to Genet, only ​daughter of Christopher Plunket, third lord Killeen, by whom he had a son Christopher, who succeeded him as seventeenth Baron Howth, and was father of Sir Christopher, twentieth baron Howth [q. v.], and four daughters, Alison, Elizabeth, Ellenor, and Anne. He married, secondly, Anne, daughter of Thomas Birford of Kilrow, co. Meath, by whom he had two sons, Amorey and Robert, and one daughter, Katherine. His third wife was Alison, daughter of Robert Fitzsimons, by whom he had a son and a daughter, William and Marian.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/St. Lo, Edward

​ST. LO, EDWARD (1682?–1729), rear-admiral, probably the son of Commissioner George St. Lo [q. v.], was born about 1682, and entered the navy in March 1695 on board the Lichfield with Lord Archibald Hamilton. In 1702 he was a lieutenant of the Chichester, one of the fleet with Sir George Rooke [q. v.] off Cadiz and at Vigo. On 9 Sept. 1703 he was promoted to be captain of the Pendennis in the fleet under Vice-admiral John Graydon [q. v.] in the West Indies and at Placentia. In 1704 he was again in the West Indies in the Dolphin, which in 1705 was employed in convoy service in the North Sea. In 1706 he was in command of the Gosport of 32 guns, appointed to convoy a fleet of merchant ​ships to Jamaica. On 28 July they fell in with two French ships of war, one of which, the Jason of 54 guns, engaged and took the Gosport after an obstinate defence. On 19 Oct. following St. Lo was tried for the loss of the ship and fully acquitted. He was shortly after appointed to the Tartar, also of 32 guns, which, during the following summer cruised from the Channel, in the Soundings, and as far as Lisbon. In 1708–1709–10 he commanded the Salisbury prize in the North Sea, and in May 1710 was appointed to the Defiance, a 64-gun ship, employed in the West Indies in 1711–12. On Christmas day 1712, on her way home from Jamaica, she put into Kinsale in distress, being fifty men short of complement and having eighty sick. She did not reach the Downs till 26 March 1713. In 1720–1 he was captain of the Prince Frederick, flagship of Rear-admiral Francis Hosier [q. v.] in the Baltic, and continued in her till 1723. In 1726 he went out to the West Indies in the Superbe, one of the squadron with Hosier, and succeeded temporarily to the chief command on Hosier's death on 25 Aug. 1727. He continued the blockade of Porto Bello for some little time longer, till, having ascertained that all the Spanish ships were laid up, and, for want of stores, quite unable to be fitted for sea, he returned to Jamaica. There he was superseded by Vice-admiral Edward Hopsonn on 29 Jan. 1727–8. The squadron returned to the Spanish coast in February, and on 8 May Hopsonn died, leaving the command again to St. Lo, who held it for eleven months, when he too died on 22 April 1729. He had been promoted on 4 March to the rank of rear-admiral, but had not received the news. He was unmarried, but by his will provided for a natural son, an infant.
J. K. L.