OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Handichikka

​Handichikka. — The Handichikkas are stated † to be "also generally known as Handi Jōgis. This caste is traced to the Pakanāti sub-section of the Jōgis, which name it bore some five generations back when the traditional calling was buffalo-breeding. But, as they subsequently degenerated to pig-rearing, they came to be ​known as Handi Jōgi or Handichikka, handi being the Canarese for pig.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Hallikāra

​Hallikāra (village man). — Recorded, in the Mysore Census Report, 1901, as a division of Vakkaliga.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Haligē

​Haligē (plank). — A gōtra of Kurni.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Hanifi

​Hanifi.— A sect of Muhammadans, named after Abū Hanīfah Anhufmān, the great Sunni Imām and jurísconsult, and the founder of the Hanifi sect, who was born A.H. 80 (A.D. 700).
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Hari Shetti

​Hari Shetti. — A name for Konkani-speaking Vānis (traders).
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Hanbali

​Hanbali. — A sect of Muhammadans, who are followers of the Imām Abū 'Abdi 'llāh Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, the founder of the fourth orthodox sect of the Sunnis, who was born at Baghdād A.H. 164 (A.D. 780). "His fame began to spread just at the time when disputes ran highest concerning the nature of the Qurān, which some held to have existed from eternity, whilst others maintained it to be created. Unfortunately for Ibn Hanbal, the Khalīfah-at-Muttasim was of the latter opinion, to which this doctor refusing to subscribe, he was imprisoned, and severely scourged by the Khalīfah's order."*
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Handa

​Handa.— A title of Canarese Kumbāras.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Hanuman

​Hanumān.——Hanumān, or Hanumanta, the monkey god, has been recorded as a sept of Dōmb, and gōtra of Mēdara.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Arakala

​Arakala.—A small class of cultivators, recorded mainly from the Kurnool district. The name is possibly derived from araka, meaning a plough with bullocks, or from arakadu, a cultivator.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Arava

​Arava.—Arava, signifying Tamil, has been recorded as a sub-division of some Telugu classes, e.g., Golla and Velama. The name, however, refers to Tamil Idaiyans and Vellalas, who have settled in the Telugu country, and are known respectively as Arava Golla and Arava Velama. In some places in the Telugu country, Tamil Paraiyans, employed as servants under Europeans, horse-keepers, etc., are known as Arava Mālalu (Mālas). The ​Irulas of the North Arcot district are, in like manner,sometimes called Arava Yānādis. Arava also occurs as a division of Tigalas, said to be a section of the Tamil Pallis, who have settled in Mysore. An ingenious suggestion has been made that Arava is derived from ara, half, vayi, mouthed, in reference to the defective Tamil alphabet, or to the termination of the words being mostly in consonants.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Appa

​Appa (father).—A title of members of various Telugu and Canarese castes, e.g., Idiga, Kannadiyan, Linga Balija, and Tambala.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Arane

​Arane (lizard).—An exogamous sub-sept of Kǎppiliyan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Arasu or Rājpinde

​Arasu or Rājpinde.—"This caste," Mr. Lewis Rice writes (1877): — * "are relatives of or connected with the Rājahs of Mysore. During the life-time of the late Mahārāja, they were divided into two factions in consequence of the refusal of thirteen families headed by the Dalavayi (the chief of the female branch) to pay respect to an illegitimate son of His Highness. The other eighteen families consented to the Rājah's wishes, and treat the illegitimate branch, called Komarapatta, as equals. The two divisions intermarry and eat together, and the family quarrel, though serious at the time, is not likely to be permanent. They are employed chiefly under Government and in agriculture, most of the former being engaged in the palace at Mysore. Rājpindes are both Vishnavites and Sivites, and their priests are both Brāhmans and Lingāyat Waders."
In the Madras Census Report, 1891, Arasu (=Rāja or king) is given as a sub-division of the Tamil Pallis and Paraiyans. Urs appears as a contracted form of Arasu in the names of the Mysore royal family, e.g., Kantarāj Urs.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Arati

​Arati (plantain tree).—An exogamous sept of Chenchu.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Aranadan

​Aranadan, See Ernādan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Arashina

​Arashina (turmeric).—A gōtra or exogamous sept of Agasa, Kurni, Kuruba, and Oddē. The equivalent Pasupula occurs as an exogamous sept of Dēvānga. In Southern India, turmeric (Curcuma) is commonly called saffron (Crocus). Turmeric enters largely into Hindu ceremonial. For example, the practice of smearing the face with it is very widespread among females, and,thinking that it will give their husbands increase of years,women freely bathe themselves with turmeric water. The use of water, in which turmeric has been infused,and by which they give the whole body a bright yellow colour, is prescribed to wives as a mark of the conjugal state, and forbidden to widows.* To ward off the evil eye, a vessel containing turmeric water and other things is waved in front of the bridal couple at weddings. Or they are bathed in turmeric water, which they pour over each other. The tali or bottu (gold marriage badge) is attached to a cotton thread dyed with turmeric, and, among some castes, the tying together of the hands of the bride and bridegroom with such a thread is the binding portion of the ceremony.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Arab

​Arab.—A Muhammadan territorial name, returned at times of census. In the Mysore Census Report, 1901, the Arabs are described as itinerant tradesmen, whose chief business is horse-dealing, though some deal in cloths.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Arampukatti

​Arampukatti.—The name, denoting those who tie flower-buds or prepare garlands, of a sub-division of Vellālas.
# Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day/Matthew Arnold

MATTHEW ARNOLD.
The great apostle to the Philistines of this later age, and the preacher of sweetness and light, Matthew Arnold, is the eldest son of one of the most remarkable and noblest Englishmen who have flourished in the nineteenth century—Dr. Thomas Arnold, some time head-master of Rugby School.
Matthew Arnold was born December 24th, 1822, at Laleham, near Staines, county Middlesex. He was the eldest son of nine children of his distinguished father, of whom he is as good a representative as the present Lord Derby is of the illustrious Tory chief.
The Arnolds came originally from Lowestoft, in Suffolk, but the grandfather of the poet and critic was a collector of customs dues at Cowes, in the Isle of Wight.
Matthew Arnold was educated first at Winchester and Rugby. From school he went to Oxford, where he was entered at Balliol, having gained a scholarship. This was in 1840.
During his university career he gained the Newdigate prize for English verse, the subject of his prize poem being Oliver Cromwell. At the end of his term in statu pupillari he graduated in honours, and was elected a fellow of Oriel; and in 1847 was appointed private secretary to the late Marquis of Lansdowne, which post he held for four years. He married, in 1851, the daughter of the late Mr. Justice Wightmann, and received from Government the appointment of lay inspector of schools, a post he was particularly well qualified to fill with advantage to the cause of education.
The first volume of his poems was published in 1849, as the work of 'A.;' and only a limited circle of friends knew the name of the author of 'The Strayed Reveller,' and other poems. Three years afterwards 'Empedocles on Etna' appeared, and shortly after that the 'A.' was dropped, and Messrs. Longmans issued a volume of poems, the authorship of which was avowed.
SWEETNESS AND LIGHT.
Mr. Arnold is chiefly remarkable in prose as an essayist. Perhaps his best-known book is that entitled 'Essays on Criticism,' which consists of a collection of papers previously published in various magazines and reviews.
# Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day/Professor Owen

PROFESSOR OWEN.
There is to be seen at about ten o'clock on most mornings, in one or other of the streets leading in a direct line from Waterloo-bridge to the British Museum, an elderly gentleman who walks as if his feet were very tender, and whom most of the persons he meets turn round to stare after. This is Professor Owen on his way to his favourite studies at the Museum, where he is superintendent of the Natural History departments.
Richard Owen, Fellow of the Royal Society, enjoys a European reputation as a comparative anatomist. He was born in Lancaster, in 1804, and educated at the University of Edinburgh. In 1826 he became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and nine years later was appointed Hunterian Professor and Conservator of the Museum at the College.
Among other works of importance which Mr. Owen has written may be mentioned 'Odontography' (published 1840); 'Memoir of a Gigantic Extinct Sloth,' 'Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy of the Invertebrate Animals' (1843); 'History of British Fossils, Mammals, and Birds.' 'On the Megatherium,' 'On the Gorilla,' 'On the Dodo,' are among his recent works; besides many other works on various branches of the science of which he is the greatest living exponent. Professor Owen has written many papers for the Transactions of the Royal and various other learned societies. Mr. Owen is a Chevalier of the Prussian Order of Merit, and in 1855 he was decorated by the Emperor Napoleon with the Cross of the Legion of Honour. He is one of the eight foreign members of the French Institute, and, besides, is a Fellow or Associate of every learned and scientific society of distinction at home and abroad.
RIDING HIS HOBBY.
# Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day/Professor Huxley

PROFESSOR HUXLEY.
"Bones and Stones and Such-like Things"
Thomas Henry Huxley was born at Ealing, in Middlesex, in the year 1825, was educated at Ealing School, and subsequently studied medicine at the medical school of the Charing-Cross Hospital. In the year 1846, H.M.S. Rattlesnake was dispatched on a surveying cruise to the South Pacific and Torres Straits. Mr. Huxley was appointed assistant-surgeon, and remained with the vessel during the whole of the cruise, returning to England in 1850. Four years later he succeeded Mr. Forbes as Professor Natural History at the Royal School of Mines in Jermyn-Street; he was also made Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy to the Royal College of Surgeons. Mr. Huxley's works have the highest scientific merit and originality, but they are not of a kind for review in the pages of this work. The best known to general readers are his 'Oceanic Hydrozoa,' 'Man's Place in Nature,' 'Lectures on Comparative Anatomy,' and 'Lessons in Elementary Physiology.' The Professor is also a frequent contributor to the Transactions and Journals of the Royal, Linnæan, Geological, Zoological, and other learned societies. He is one of our most active men of science, and has made himself widely celebrated by his dissertations on 'bones, and stones, and such-like things.'
# Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day/Tom Hood

TOM HOOD.
Tom Hood the well-known editor of the comic journal, 'Fun,' son of the late celebrated poet and author, born at Lake House, Wanstead, Essex, January 19, 1835, was educated at University College School and Louth Grammar School, Lincolnshire; entered (intended for the Church) as a commoner at Pembroke College, Oxford, in 1853, where he passed all the examinations for the degree, but did not put on the gown, of B.A. His first work, 'Pen and Pencil Pictures,' written at Oxford, was published in 1854, 5. It was followed by 'Quips and Cranks,' and 'Daughters of King Daher, and other Poems,' in 1861; 'Loves of Tom Tucker and Little Bo-Peep, a Rhyming Rigmarole,' in 1862; 'Yere Vereker's Vengeance, a Sensation,' in 1864; 'Captain Master's Children, a Novel,' and 'Jingles and Jokes for the Little Folks,' in 1865. Novels: 'A Disputed Inheritance,' 'Golden Heart,' 'A Lost Link,' and 'Love and Valour.' He has written several books for juveniles, and illustrated his father's comic verses, 'Precocious Piggy,' having on other occasions wielded pencil as well as pen; and was appointed editor of 'Fun,' which had passed into the hands of a new proprietor, in May 1865. Tom Hood is a contributor to many magazines and periodicals, and has had some experience as a journalist. He is also author of two books on English verse composition. In 1868 he again started the 'Comic Annual,' which has achieved a decided success.
FUN.
# Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day/Norman Macleod, D.D.

NORMAN MACLEOD, D.D.
The late Rev. Norman Macleod, D.D., one of her Majesty's chaplains for Scotland, was born in 1812. His father, of the same name as himself, was in his time a distinguished minister of the Church of Scotland, in which the son held such a prominent place.
Dr. Macleod was educated at the Universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow; and, after holding various minor preferments in the Established Church of Scotland, was appointed minister of the Barony Church in Glasgow.
He was known as the author of many valuable and interesting works; and perhaps the most noticeable, his book entitled ' Eastward,' based upon his experiences of travels which he made in Palestine and the neighbouring countries some years ago, added largely to his reputation as an attractive writer. Dr. Macleod also went, in 1867, on a journey of inspection among the principal missionary stations of India—a thousand pounds having been previously voted to him for travelling expenses from the funds devoted to missionary enterprises by the Established Church of Scotland.
Some of the more interesting results of his investigations were given in 'Good Words,' of which Dr. Macleod was the editor from the first establishment of that magazine in the year 1860 to his death. These notes have since been reprinted in a volume form, under the title of 'Peeps at the Far East; or a Familiar Account of a Visit to India.'
ONE OF HER MAJESTY'S CHAPLAINS.
​characteristic examples of his style of thought and expression is a short disquisition on 'Social Life in Heaven'—one of the papers in a collection entitled 'Recognition of Friends in Heaven,' the joint production of the Bishop of Ripon, Dr. Macleod, J. B. Owen, M.A., and three other authors. Dr. Macleod wrote also an interesting Scottish story, 'The Starling.'
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Daniel Noble

From volume 11 of the work.
Physician, b. 14 Jan., 1810; d. at Manchester, 12 Jan, 1885. He was the son of Mary Dewhurst and Edward Noble of Preston, a descendant of an old Yorkshire Catholic family. Apprenticed to a Preston surgeon named Thomas Moore, Noble was in time admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons and a licentiate of Apothecaries Hall. In 1834 he began to practise in Manchester, and soon showed the special interest in mental disease which afterwards distinguished his career. In the following year he published his first work, "An Essay of the Means, physical and moral, of estimating Human Character", the tendency of which is indicated by the fact that he is described as President of the Manchester Phrenological Society. His practise increased, and in 1840 he married Frances Mary Louisa Ward, of Dublin, they had eight children, one of them Frances, the novelist. Cardinal Wiseman stood sponsor to his eldest child. From the University of St. Andrews he received the degrees of M.D. and M.A., and in 1867 he was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians. His other works are: "Facts and Observationss relative to the influence of manufactures upon health and life" (London, 1843); "The Brain and its Physiology, a critical disquisition of the methods of determining relations subsisting between the structure and functions of the encephalon" (London, 1846); "Elements of Psychological Medicine: an Introduction to the practical study of Insanity" (London, 1853-55); "Three Lectures on the Correlation of Psychology and Physiology" (London, 1854); "The Human Mind in its relations with the Brain and Nervous System" (London, 1858); "On certain popular fallacies concerning the production of epidemic diseases" (Manchester, 1859); "On the fluctuations in the death-rate" (Manchester, 1863); "Evanescent Protestantism and Nascent Atheism, the modern religious problem" (London, 1877); "On causes reducing the effects of sanitary reform" (Manchester, 1878) and several contributions to various medical journals, the best-known of which was a paper called "Mesmerism True-Mesmerism False", which was translated into German and Dutch.
GILLOW, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath., V, 181.
EDWIN BURTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Daniello Bartoli

From volume 2 of the work.
An historian and littérateur, born at Ferrara, 12 February, 1608; died in Rome, 12 January, 1685. After a brilliant course of studies under the Jesuits, he entered the novitiate of San Andrea, Rome, in 1623, before the completion of his sixteenth year. The story of the labors and sufferings of the members of the Society of Jesus in the Indies and Japan awakened in the youthful religious an ardent desire to emulate the zeal and devotion of the missionaries. He asked to be sent on the foreign missions, but Father Mutius Vitelleschi, the General of the Order, kept him in Italy. After some years of teaching, Father Bartoli began his apostolic career as a preacher, his sermons meeting with extraordinary success in Ferrara, his native place, Genoa, Lucca, Florence, and Rome. He was engaged in this fruitful ministry when the contemplation of the evils to youth, caused by the reading of romances, suggested one of his first books, "The Learned Man". This work was received with great applause and is said to have gone through eight editions in the first year of its publication; it was translated into French, German, and English.
The success of this venture decided the vocation of Father Bartoli as a writer. He was called to Rome by his superiors in 1650, and from that time until his death he published many works in history as well as other departments of literature, all of them written in Italian. The best known and the most important is a history of the Society of Jesus, which appeared in Rome from 1650 to 1673, in six volumes folio, and was translated into Latin by Father Janin, S.J. Bartoli's works were collected and published in Florence in 1826, in 50 volumes, 16mo. He is universally esteemed for his erudition, as well as for the purity and elegance of his style. His fellow countrymen have honored him with a place among the classical writers of the Italian language.
Bartoli, Opere Varie (Venice, 1716). A sketch of the author is prefixed to the first volume. See also edition of Marietti (Turin, 1825-56); Patrignani, Menologio for 13 Jan, p. 119; Southwell, Biblioth. Script. S.J., 164; Boero, Comm. della vita e delle opere del P. Dan. Bartoli (Bologne, 1865); Sommervogel, Biblioth., I, 965 sq.: Feller. Dict. Histor.' Cretimeau-Joli, Hist. de la c. de J. (Brussels, 1851), IV, 261; Drews, fasti Soc. Jes. for 13 Jan., p. 17; De Guilhermy, Menol. de la c. de J., Assistance d'Italie, Part I.
EDWARD P. SPILLANE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Daniel Murray

From volume 10 of the work.
An Archbishop of Dublin, b. 1768, at Sheepwalk, near Arklow, Ireland; d. at Dublin. He was educated at Dr. Betagh's school in and at Salamanca and ordained priest in 1790. After some years as curate in Dublin he was transferred to Arklow, and was there in 1798 when the rebellion broke out. The soldiers shot the parish priest in bed and Murray, to escape a similar fate, fled to the city where for several years after he ministered as curate. In 1809 at the request of Archbishop Troy he was appointed coadjutor-bishop, and in 1823, on Dr. Troy's death, he became Archbishop of Dublin. While coadjutor he had filled for one year the position of president of Maynooth College. Dr. Murray was a uncompromising opponent of the "veto" and a strong supporter of the Catholic Association. On other questions he was less advanced, and was in such favour at Dublin Castle that he was once offered a seat on the Privy Council, which he declined. He supported Stanley's National Education scheme and among the first Education Commissioners, he wished to tolerate the Queen's Colleges, in opposite to the views of Archbishop MacHale. He had hesitation, however, in accepting the adverse decision of Rome, and was present at the Synod of Thurles where the Queen's Colleges were formally condemned. He was a charitable, kindly man, respected even his opponents.
D'ALTON, Archbishops of Dublin (Dublin, 1838); HEALY, Centenary History of Maynooth College (Dublin, 1895); MEAGHER, Life of Archbishop Murray (Dublin, 1853); FITZPATRICK, Life of Dr. Doyle (Dublin, 1880); O'REILLY, Life of Archbishop MacHale (New York, 1890).
E. A. D'Alton.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Daniele Farlati

From volume 5 of the work.
An ecclesiastical historian, b. at San Daniele del Friuli in the present Italian province of Udine, 22 February, 1690; d. 25 April, 1773. After having studied at Gorz he entered, in 1707, the Society of Jesus at Bologna. He was for five years teacher of classics at the Jesuit college in Padua, and then went to Rome, where he completed his theological studies, was ordained priest, in 1722, and was again sent to Padua, to assist Father Filippo Riceputi in the latter's historical labours. Riceputi intended to write ecclesiastical history of Illyria, and in 1720 had issued, at Padua, a prospectus of this monumental enterprise. During twenty years they both searched with unwearied industry, in all the libraries and archives of ancient Illyria, for the material for their work; the matter they collected filled three hundred manuscript volumes. In 1712, just as two of the larger divisions, the martyrology of Illyria and the life of San Pietro Orseolo, were about completed, Riceputi died. Thus Farlati was left alone to work into presentable shape the prodigious amount of material collected. As co-labourer he chose Father Jacopo Coleti. The first volume of "Illyricum Sacrum" appeared at Venice, in 1751; it contained the history of the Church Salona up to the fourth century. Three further volumes appeared in rapid succession while the fifth was in press Farlati died. His assistsnt Coleti finished the fifth volume, which appeared in 1775, and issued three more, the last being completed in 1818. The whole work fills eight well-executed folio volumes.
J.P. KIRSCH