OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Treacle

See also Treacle on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TREACLE, the thick viscid syrup obtained in the early processes of refining sugar, the uncrystallizable fluid obtained in the process of procuring refined crystallized sugar being known as “golden syrup” and the drainings from the crude sugar as “molasses” (see Sugar: Manufacture). The word was properly and first used for a medical compound of varying ingredients which was supposed to be a sovereign remedy against snake bites or poison generally. A well-known specific was Venice treacle, Theriaca Andromachi, a compound of a large number of drugs reduced to an electuary, a medicinal compound prepared with honey, which dissolves in the mouth. The old French treacle, of which “treacle,” earlier “triacle,” is an adaptation, is a corruption of theriaque, Latin theriaca, Greek θηριακά (s.c. φάρμακα), literally drugs used as an antidote against the bite of poisonous or wild animals (θήριον, dim. of θήρ, wild beast). The word “triacle” came to be used of any remedy or antidote. The composition of electuaries with honey or syrup naturally transferred the name to the most familiar syrup, that obtained from the trainings of sugar.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Speculation

See also Speculation (card game) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SPECULATION, a round game of cards at which any reasonable number can play. Each player contributes a stake to the pool, the dealer staking double. Three cards are dealt face downwards to each player; the top card of those left is turned up for trumps. Each player, beginning with the player on the dealer's left, turns up a card; if it is not a trump, or is a lower trump than the trump-card, the next player turns up one of his cards, and so on till a higher trump than the trump-card appears, the values being reckoned as at whist. The holder may sell this card to the highest bidder, or retain it. The turning-up proceeds till a still higher trump is found, but the holder of the original highest does not turn up till his card is beaten. The new card may then be sold. The dealer may not turn up till the trump-card has been beaten. The holder of the highest trump when all the hands have been exposed takes the pool. If the ace of trumps is the trump-card, the dealer takes the pool; if it is turned up during play, the hand is, of course, at an end. Variations of the game allow the purchase of unseen cards or hands, or of the trump-card, even before it is turned up. The cards used in one deal are not dealt again till the whole pack has been gradually dealt out; they are collected and shuffled by the " pone "—the player on the dealer's right—to be used when the pack is exhausted.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Speculum

See also Speculum on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SPECULUM, the Latin word for a mirror, employed more particularly for a metallic mirror used in a reflecting telescope. In early instruments metallic mirrors, made from an alloy of copper and tin, with the addition of a little arsenic or other metals to increase the whiteness, were customarily employed, but they have now been displaced by the more convenient silver-on-glass mirror (see Telescope). Various forms of specula are used in surgery for examining internal organs.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Specific Performance

See also Specific performance on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE, an equitable doctrine under which a court of equity, in certain exceptional cases where the normal legal remedy, i.e. damages, would not be a sufficient compensation, orders from a defaulting party a specific or actual performance of the thing which he had contracted to do. The courts act on their own discretion in affording or refusing the relief of specific performance, and as a general rule will refuse that relief where the common law remedy is adequate, where the court would be unable to superintend or enforce the execution of its judgment, where the plaintiff has himself acted inequitably, or where the enforcement of specific performance would be unreasonable. Specific performance is usually confined to executory agreements, such as a conveyance or a lease of land; it is not usually enforced in the cases of personal acts or in those of contracts for personal service. In the case of a contract for the sale of a chattel the courts will only order specific performance when the chattel is of peculiar value to the purchaser and cannot be obtained elsewhere. The courts are guided considerably by precedent, and it is only by reference to a standard textbook that details can be obtained of the conditions and restrictions which hedge the jurisdiction of the courts. In Scots law specific performance, or "implement," is part of the ordinary jurisdiction of the courts.
See Fry on Specific Performance; Ency. English Law, tit. "Specific Performance"; and Story, Equity Jurisprudence.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Specification

See also Specification on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SPECIFICATION (from Med. Lat. specificatio, specificare, to enumerate or mention in detail), any detailed statement, especially one on which an estimate or plan is based, as the specification of a builder or architect (see Building). In patent law a specification is a description of an invention. An application for a patent must be accompanied by a specification, either provisional or complete. If a complete specification does not accompany the application, it must be forwarded usually within six months of the date of application, otherwise the application is deemed to be abandoned. A provisional specification declares the nature of the invention in general terms, while a complete specification describes the invention in detail, and shows the manner in which it is to be carried out (see further Patents).
In the civil law (see Accession) specification was the working up of a thing into a new product; for example, the making of bread frojn grain. The effect of specification was that the original owner lost his title in favour of the creator of the new product, but had an action for the value of the materials.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ke
### Ke.
#### 枷$^1$

    A flail; a wooden collar for criminals; shelves; cupboard.

#### 家$^1$

    A house; family; to dwell; a scholar of celebrity.

#### 加$^1$

    To add to; increase; confer; inflict; to charge.

#### 伽$^1$

    A budhist god; a dragon.

#### 袈$^1$

    Priests' clothes.

#### 假$^2$

    False; fictitious; to suppose; to borrow; excellent; leave of absence.

#### 嫁$^{3-}$

    To marry or be married, applied to the woman; to take a husband.

#### 稼$^{3-}$

    To sow grain; to plant.

#### 架$^{3-}$

    A stand or frame; a case for books or other things. ​

#### 駕$^{3-}$

    To ride on; to sit in; a carriage with horses; to ascend; Sir.

#### 價$^{3-}$

    The price or value of a thing; to sell.

#### 膈$^{-4}$

    The breast; chest; stoppage in the chest or stomach.

#### 隔$^{-4}$

    A partition; something that comes between; to separate.

#### 客$^4$

    A guest; stranger; customer.

#### 喀$^4$

    A cough; retch; vomit.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Kek
### Kek.
#### 局$^{-4}$侷$^{-4}$

    Restricted; cramped; confused; guarded; to crouch.

#### 梮$^{-4}$

    A carriage for provisions; sharp points under shoes to prevent slipping.

#### 極$^{-4}$

    The extreme point or degree; to carry to the utmost; exhausted.

#### 殛$^4$

    To criminate; punish; reject; to kill; leave to perish.

#### 棘$^4$

    Brambles; a hedge; fence.

#### 戟$^4$

    A spear with several points; a halberd.

#### 革$^4$

    Untanned skins; to take off; reject; degrade from office; a bridle.

#### 格$^4$

    To come or extend to; excite; rectify; a limit; rule.

#### 菊$^4$

    Name of a plant.

#### 檄$^4$

    A government order written on a small board; haste.

#### 激$^4$

    To excite; stir up; excitement.

#### 鬲$^4$

    An earthen vase or urn; a partition between. ​

#### 翮$^4$

    Wings of a bird spread out.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ki
### Ki.
#### 棋$^{-1}$

    A game of chess; the root or foundation.

#### 旂$^{-1}$旗$^{-1}$

    A flag; banner; standard; a company under one standard.

#### 碁$^{-1}$

    A foundation; a root; a game at chess.

#### 幾$^1$

    Nearly; rather.

#### 機$^1$

    The springs of action; causes; changes or permutations.

#### 㙨$^1$畿$^1$

    A limit; boundary; the royal domain of 1000 li

#### 璣$^1$

    Name of a speculum; name of a star.

#### 磯$^1$

    An impediment; stumbling block; to rub or excite.

#### 譏$^1$

    To slander; ridicule; reprehend; examine & report.

#### 饑$^1$飢$^1$

    Dearth; famine; want; hunger.

#### 肌$^1$

    An animal or human body, including flesh & bones.

#### 基$^1$

    Foundation; commencement; to commence.

#### 期$^1$

    A year, day or month completed.

#### 箕$^1$

    A sieve or winnowing basket; a constellation.

#### 綦$^1$

    Strict; important; ornamented; variegated, strings for shoes or caps.

#### 枝$^1$

    A branch of a tree; joint of a finger; to branch out.

#### 姬$^1$

    A concubine; king's wife; a handsome woman.

#### 稽$^1$

    To examine into; compare; arrange; deliberate; to detain.

#### 笄$^1$

    A kind of bamboo.

#### 己$^2$

    One's own person or self; private; selfish; an astronomical character.

#### 𡉏$^2$

    To subvert; throw down; destroy; ruin.

#### 杞$^2$

    A wooden pin on which to hang anything.

#### 紀$^2$

    To arrange and number; to record; order; rule; twelve years.

#### 几$^2$

    A bench; stool; stand; table.

#### 幾$^2$

    How much, many or long?

#### 筥$^2$

    A small sheaf; a utensil for containing rice.

#### 忌$^{-3}$

    To dislike; hate; envy; to fear.

#### 𡜱$^{-3}$

    To be angry with; enraged against.

#### 妓$^{-3}$

    Singing girls; prostitutes.

#### 岐$^{-3}$

    Lofty; luxuriant; to diverge; branch off.

#### 技$^{-3}$

    Clever; ingenious; contrivance; talent; ability. ​

#### 歧$^{-3}$

    Forked; diverging; a road parting in two ways.

#### 趾$^{-3}$

    A foot with many toes; reptiles walking; to stand tiptoe and look.

#### 冀$^{-3}$

    Name of a place; to wish; hope for.

#### 驥$^{-3}$

    An excellent horse.

#### 寠$^{-3}$窶$^{-3}$

    Poor; rustic; rude; a certain cap for the head.

#### 屨$^{-3}$

    Shoes or sandals.

#### 踽$^{-3}$

    A stately gait in walking.

#### 覊$^{-3}$

    A bridle or halter for a horse; to restrain; to economize.

#### 企$^{-3}$

    To stand erect and look with expectation; to hope; expect.

#### 廐$^{-3}$

    A A stable for horses or cattle.

#### 記$^{3-}$

    To record; remember; know.

#### 繼$^3$

    Coming one after another in course; successively; to continue the succession.

#### 痣$^3$

    A spot on the human body.

#### 旣$^3$

    Already done; finished; past; since.

#### 砌$^4$

    Stone steps or stairs.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Kie
### Kie.
#### 橋$^{-1}$

    A bridge; a carriage; proud; insolent

#### 蕎$^{-1}$

    Name of a place.

#### 痂$^{-1}$

    A scab on a wound.

#### 茄$^{-1}$

    A medicinal plant.

#### 轎$^3$

    A sedan chair carried on men's shoulders; a carriage.

#### 呌$^{3-}$

    To call; name; cry out; call aloud
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Kiet
### Kiet.
#### 竭$^{-4}$

    To try to the utmost; to exhaust; destroy; the highest degree.

#### 桀$^{-4}$

    Cruel; fierce; murderous; banditti.

#### 傑$^{-4}$

    Eminent virtue and talents; proud.

#### 絜$^4$

    Clean; pure; to adjust; measure; restrict.

#### 潔$^4$

    Pure; clear; clean.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Kia
### Kia.
#### 佳$^1$

    Excellent; beautiful.

#### 嘉$^1$

    Good; excellent; to commend; be pleased.

#### 袈$^1$

    Cloth; hair cloth; camlet.

#### 葭$^1$

    A reed for a musical pipe.

#### 豭$^1$

    A boar.

#### 賈$^2$

    To buy and sell; a merchant.

#### 寄$^{-3}$

    To give in charge to another; to send to another.

#### 屐$^{-4}$

    A kind of wooden clog or shoe.

#### 劇$^{-4}$

    A great degree; difficult; distressing; to play; trifle.

#### 揭$^{-4}$

    To raise or lift up; bear; to be answerable for; to open.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Kiam
### Kiam.
#### 鹹$^{-1}$

    A salt taste; salted. ​

#### 兼$^1$

    Together with; to connect, and; also.

#### 蒹$^1$

    Name of a plant.

#### 撿$^2$

    To gather and bind up; to restrict; restrain; search.

#### 檢$^2$

    Envelope of an official letter; to sort; arrange; compose; title of a book.

#### 减$^2$

    To diminish; injure; break off a part.

#### 劍$^{3-}$劒$^{3-}$

    A double edged or pointed sword.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Kiap
### Kiap.
#### 峽$^4$

    Mountains joining at the top forming a cover below.

#### 筴$^4$

    Slips of bamboo for writing on or for divination.

#### 頰$^4$

    The side of the face; jaw.

#### 鋏$^4$

    Nippers or tongs used by smelters; a kind of sword.

#### 愜$^4$

    Joyful; happy; prosperous. ​

#### 篋$^4$

    A basket or vessel to contain things.

#### 刼$^4$

    To take by violence; plunder; rob; a Budhist cycle.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Keng
### Keng.
#### 宮$^1$

    Palace; inner apartments; a wall; a note in music.

#### 莖$^1$

    Classical books; what is excellent; rules; laws; to manage; to pass through.

#### 𦮨$^1$

    The stem of plants; handle of a sword or spear.

#### 弓$^1$

    A bow; cover of a carriage; a land measure, 8 cubits.

#### 芎$^1$

    A fragrant medicinal plant.

#### 矜$^1$

    Handle of a spear; to compassionate; respectful; conceited.

#### 荆$^1$

    A thorny bush; to punish.

#### 更$^1$

    To change; alteration; still move.

#### 供$^1$

    To place; arrange; give; declare; give evidence.

#### 賡$^1$

    Again; to respond to; continue in succession.

#### 儆$^2$

    To warn or caution against.

#### 警$^2$

    To warn; rouse; excite; to command with a penalty.

#### 境$^2$

    Boundary; frontier; place where on lives; one's condition.

#### 景$^2$

    Prospect; appearance; illuminated; boundaries.

#### 竟$^{-3}$

    Finally; after all; the extreme point of; then.

#### 競$^{-3}$

    Strong; violent; quarrelsome; precipitate; abundant.

#### 敬$^{3-}$

    Attentive; respectful; to reverence; worship.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Kien
### Kien.
#### 堅$^1$

    To stablish; strenthen; confirm; solid; firm; determined.

#### 慳$^1$

    Sparing; parsimonious.

#### 鏗$^1$

    A ringing sound; to strike against.

#### 娟$^1$

    Beautiful; pleasing; excellent; sprightly.

#### 悁$^1$

    Angry; impetuous; hasty; mournful; anxious; sorry.

#### 捐$^1$

    To reject; put away; give up one's own for another.

#### 涓$^1$

    A small stream gradually increasing; to choose; purify.

#### 建$^{-3}$

    To establish laws; to erect; build; establish.

#### 健$^{-3}$

    Strong; indefatigable; difficult.

#### 蠲$^{-3}$

    Clear; pure; bright; to illustrate; remit; haste.

#### 絹$^3$

    Fine silk; a net.

#### 見$^{3-}$

    To see; observe; seeing; finding that; to manifest; forms the passive of verbs
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zosimus (bishop)

See also Pope Zosimus on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
ZOSIMUS, bishop of Rome from the 18th of March 417 to the 26th of December 418, succeeded Innocent I. and was followed by Boniface I. For his attitude in the Pelagian controversy, see Pelagius. He took a decided part in the protracted dispute in Gaul as to the jurisdiction of the see of Arles over that of Vienne, giving energetic decisions in favour of the former, but without settling the controversy. His fractious temper coloured all the controversies in which he took part, in Gaul, Africa and Italy, including Rome, where at his death the clergy were very much divided.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zone

See also Zone on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZONE (Gr. ζώνη a girdle, from ζωννύναι, to gird), a term for a belt or girdle, now used chiefly in the transferred sense of a demarcated area. Thus the earth’s surface is divided, for classification of climates, into five climatic zones: the two temperate and the two frigid zones and the tropical or torrid zone. (See Climate and Climatology.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zorilla, Manuel Ruiz, Don

See also Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZORILLA, MANUEL RUIZ, Don (1834–1895), Spanish politician, was born at Burgo de Osma in 1834. He began his education at Valladolid, and studied law afterwards at Madrid University, where he leaned towards Radicalism in politics. In 1856 he was elected deputy, and soon attracted notice among the most advanced Progressists and Democrats. He took part in the revolutionary propaganda that led to the military movement in Madrid on the 22nd of June 1866. He had to take refuge in France for two years, like his fellow-conspirators, and only returned to Spain when the revolution of 1868 took place. He was one of the members of the first cabinet after the revolution, and in 1869, under the regency of Marshal Serrano, he became minister of grace and justice. In 1870 he was elected president of the House of Deputies, and seconded Prim in offering the throne to Amadeus of Savoy. He went to Italy as president of the commission, carrying to the prince at Florence the official news of his election. On the arrival of Amadeus in Spain, Ruiz Zorilla became minister of public works for a short time, and resigned by way of protesting against Serrano and Topete entering the councils of the new king. Six months later, in 1871, he was invited by Amadeus to form a cabinet, and he continued to be the principal councilor of the king until February 1873, when the monarch abdicated in disgust at the resistance he met with in the army, and at the lack of sincerity on the part of the very politicians and generals who had asked him to ascend the throne. After the departure of Amadeus, Ruiz Zorilla advocated the establishment of a republic. Notwithstanding this, he was not called upon either by the Federal Republicans to help them during the year 1873, or by Marshal Serrano during 1874 to join Martos and Sagasta in his cabinet. Immediately after the restoration of Alphonso XII., early in 1875, Ruiz Zorilla went to France. He was for nearly eighteen years the soul of the republican conspiracies, the prompter of revolutionary propaganda, the chief inspirer of intrigues concerted by discontented military men of all ranks. He gave so much trouble to the Madrid governments that they organized a watch over him with the assistance of the French government and police, especially when it was discovered that the two military movements of August 1883 and September 1886 had been prepared and assisted by him. During the last two years of his life Ruiz Zorilla became less active; failing health and the loss of his wife had decreased his energies, and the Madrid government allowed him to return to Spain some months before he died at Burgos, on the 13th of June 1895, of heart disease.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zorndorf

See also Zorndorf on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ZORNDORF, a village of Prussia, in the Oder valley, north-east of Custrin. It is famous as the scene of a battle in which the Prussians under Frederick the Great defeated the Russians commanded by Fermor, on the 25th of August 1758 (see Seven Years’ War).
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Aiblinger, Johann

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ala, Giovanni

From volume 1 of the work.
​ALA, Giovanni Battista, born at Monza about the middle of the 16th century, died at the age of thirty-two; organist of the Church dei Servitori, in Milan, and composer of canzonets, madrigals, and operas (Milan, 1617, 1625), 'Concerti ecclesiastici' (Milan, 1618, 1621, 1628), and several motetts in the 'Pratum musicum' (Antwerp, 1634).
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Alard, Delphin

From volume 1 of the work.
[ P. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Aichinger, Gregor

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Aimon, Pamphile

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Akeroyde, Samuel

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Al Fine

From volume 1 of the work.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Aida

From volume 4 of the work.
[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Air

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Airy, George

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. P. ]
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Steinthal, Heymann

See also Heymann Steinthal on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​Steinthal, Heymann (1823–1899), German philosopher and philologist, was born at Gröbzig in Anhalt on the 16th of May 1823. He read philosophy and philology at the university of Berlin, where he graduated in 1850. From 1852 to 1855 he studied Chinese (language and literature) in Paris, and in 1863 became extraordinary professor of philology at Berlin. In his philosophic theories he sympathized with Moritz Lazarus, in conjunction with whom he founded in 1859 the Zeitschrift fur Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft. Like Lazarus and the Herbartian school in general, he attached supreme value to psychology, and especially to the psychology of society, the study of which, combined with comparative philology, alone could give trustworthy results. In philology he was an admirer and disciple of Wilhelm von Humboldt, on whose methods he wrote several books.
His principal works are Der Ursprung der Sprache im Zusammenhang mit den lelzten Fragen alles Wissens (1851; 4th ed., 1888); Klassification der Sprachen (1850); Charakteristik der hauptsächlichen Typen des Sprachbaues (1860); Fie Entwickelung der Schrift (1852); Grammatik, Logik, Psychologie, ihre Prinzipien, &c. (1885; Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griechen und Römern (1863; 2nd ed., 1889–1891); Die Mande-Negersprachen, psychologisch und phonetisch betrachtet (1867); Abriss der Sprachwissenschaft (2nd ed., 1881); Allgemeine Ethik (1880); Zu Bibel und Religionsphilosophie (1890 and 1895). His books on von Humboldt appeared in 1848, 1864 and 1867, and in 1884 he published an edition of his works.