OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Porteous, William

​PORTEOUS, WILLIAM (1735–1812), Scottish divine, was the son of James Porteous, minister of Monivaird, Perthshire, by his wife, Marjory Faichney. He was born at Monivaird in 1735, and educated for the ministry. Receiving a license from the presbytery of Auchterarder on 13 Sept. 1757, he was presented by Lady Mary Cunninghame to the parish of Whitburn, Linlithgowshire, in November 1759. He was transferred on 27 April 1770 to the ministry of the Wynd Church, Glasgow. A man of strong character and an able preacher, he filled this important post with success. His congregation increased so rapidly that he had to abandon the parish church, which had been rebuilt in 1764, for the new St. George's Church in 1807. Porteous took a leading part for many years in the proceedings of the Glasgow presbytery, and of the church in the west generally. Strongly orthodox in his views, he resisted the smallest innovations. He defended his position with his pen, and did not spare his adversaries. He resolutely opposed the introduction of organs in 1807–8 (cf. The Organ Question: Statements by Dr. Ritchie and Dr. Porteous, for and against the use of the Organ in Public Worship, in the Proceedings of the Presbytery of Glasgow, 1807–8, with an introductory notice by Robert S. Candlish, Edinburgh, 1856). His attack on the associate synod, in his ‘New Light examined,’ provoked the withering sarcasm of James Peddie's ‘Defence.’ In the general assembly he took no prominent position. In November 1784 he was granted the degree of D.D. by Princetown College, New Jersey. He died on 12 Jan. 1812.
He married first, 26 June 1760, Grizel Lindsay (d. 1774), by whom he had two ​sons, James and George, and a daughter Elizabeth, afterwards wife of Robert Spears, merchant, of Glasgow. On 8 Aug. 1785 Porteous married Marion, daughter of the Rev. Charles Moore of Stirling. She died, without issue, on 4 March 1817.
E. G. H.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/chuaⁿ
### chùaⁿ

* 閂chùaⁿ7861691
* To bar; to bolt.

#### chùaⁿ mn̂g;

    bar the door.

#### mn̂g tîeh chùaⁿ hó̤;

    you must bar the door tightly.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/chuah
### chuah

* 颳chuah4701826
* To drive on or sweep up as a whirlwind does; to blow fitfully and strong.

#### khṳt huang chuah khṳ̀;

    blown off by the wind.

#### màiⁿ khṳt huang chuah cáu khṳ̀;

    do not let it get whisked away by the wind.

#### cí kâi sĭ khṳt huang lîh khṳ̀ kâi;

    this has been torn by the wind's flapping it.
* 欺chuah342768
* To deceive intentionally; to cheat; to impose upon; to befool.

#### chuah i m̄ cai;

    imposed upon his ignorance.

#### chuah m̄ cai cū cáu khṳ̀;

    took advantage of her not being on the lookout and made his escape.

#### cêk-hûe sni-sĭ chuah tit kùe, ĕ jît cū chuah m̄ kùe;

    though you have fooled him once, you won't be able to do it again.

#### bô̤ sie chuah;

    no deception practised by either party.

#### chuah nâng m̄ cai thóiⁿ;

    took his opportunty when no one was looking.

#### i cìeⁿ-seⁿ sĭ ka-kī chuah ka-kī;

    he is thus cheating himself.
* 掇chuah913648
* To pluck; to pull.

#### chuah tīo i kâi tîn;

    pull off the tendrils.

#### màiⁿ chuah tīo i kâi hue-hah;

    do not pluck out its petals.

#### chuah tīo i kâi mô̤ⁿ;

    pulled out the fur.
* 迤chûah2741625
* To go off at the side; to deflect.

#### chûah tùi hṳ́ cêk pôiⁿ kò̤ khṳ̀;

    turned and went off on that side.

#### chûah tùi síe lō kò̤ khṳ̀ ĭo kṳ̆n;

    turn off and go by the side path and it is nearer.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/chuang
### chuang

* 衝chuang1091449

#### chuang-cŭang;

    to butt against; to come in collision with; to run foul of; to go counter to.

#### i m̄ cai chuang-cŭang tîeh i mih sṳ̄;

    she does not know in what way she has offended him.

#### i cò̤ sṳ̄ to sĭ chuang-chuang cŭang-cŭang i, chŵn bô̤ kèng i lău-toa;

    he is all the time acting contrary to his views, and pays no regard to him as his senior.

#### ŏi chuang-cŭang li màiⁿ khì, táng i lâi sĭu-put-sĭ;

    if he has offended you do not be vexed, but wait until he comes and apologizes to you.
* 闖chùang2116910
* To push ahead rudely, without regard to etiquette.

#### chùang tău;

    to rush across in front of others.

#### chùang tîeh i kâi bé-thâu;

    bolted across in front of his horse.

#### tît-tît chùang jîp khṳ̀;

    bolted straight in.

#### tît-tît chùang kùe khṳ̀;

    bolted right across.

#### thèng chùang ;

    rushed ahead with no regard to politeness.

#### chùang chut sṳ̄ lâi, bô̤ nâng chái lṳ́;

    if you introduce the business unceremoniously no one will pay heed to you.

#### i hìeⁿ hàuⁿ chùang sṳ̄, ŭ jît tîeh chùang chut hŭa lâi;

    he is so fond of rudely intruding into matters, that he will some day find himself in trouble.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/chueh
### chueh

* 啜chueh83308
* To drink or sip with a noise.

#### chueh thng;

    to eat soup noisily.

#### phîn-khîong nâng cîah mûeⁿ chueh ám;

    the poor eat congee and sip the broth.

#### chueh m̄ lô̤h;

    cannot sup it.

#### chueh tîeh tîam căi;

    sipped and found it very sweet.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/cho̤h
### cho̤h

* 撮cho̤h10066412
* A quantity; to gather up; to take out.

#### cêk cho̤h thô;

    a little earth.

#### bói cho̤h iam;

    buy some salt.

#### chun cêk cho̤h-kíaⁿ;

    have a small quantity left.

#### khîeh cho̤h-kíaⁿ-nî lâi;

    bring a little of it.

#### cí cêk cho̤h khîeh khù cham-pàng hṳ́ cêk cho̤h kò̤;

    take this and mingle it with that.

#### khîeh cêk cho̤h cúi lâi pun úa cîah;

    bring me some water to drink.

#### chong cho̤h tê lâi;

    make some tea.

#### cîah cho̤h-kíaⁿ pn̄g lío;

    has eaten a little rice.

#### cho̤h hía ío chiet-ìo kâi lâi tàⁿ;

    make a summary of what is most important and tell it.

#### nâng-mûeh cōi, cho̤h kúi nâng lâi līam;

    there are a great many of them, select a few of them to come and recite.

#### thèng cho̤h kúi nang;

    took a few of them at random.

#### thèng cho̤h cêk cak lâi mn̄g;

    take a verse at random and ask questions about it.

#### cho̤h cêk pńg lâi thóiⁿ i pat a m̄ pat;

    select a volume and see whether he is familiar with it.

#### sûi i cho̤h, to̤ pat;

    whatever he takes up to question them upon, they prove familiar with it.
* 促cho̤h101597
* Contracted.

#### i kâi bâi cò̤-nî cho̤h-cho̤h nē?

    Why does he scowl so?

#### kâi bâi cho̤h cò̤ cêk pé;

    his brows are drawn up into one mass.
* 喀cho̤h429309
* To cough because of something in the throat.

#### i cîah lío cho̤h âu;

    when swallowing it, it strangled him.

#### khuaⁿ-khuaⁿ nē, mó̤ cho̤h-âu;

    take it leisurely, and do not strangle yourself with it.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/chua
### chúa

* 歪chúa1037775
* Awry; askew; deflected.

#### cam bŏi chúa;

    the needle is not bent.

#### cò̤ lâi chúa;

    it is made crooked.

#### i kâi chùi chúa-chúa;

    his mouth is drawn to one side.

#### chúa chùi;

    a wry mouth.

#### tieⁿ chúa chùi;

    to make faces.

#### ôi-tói-hṳ̂ lún kàu chùi chúa;

    the sole endures till its mouth is drawn out of shape; his appearance of suffering is his natural aspect.

#### i kâi bō̤ tì khṳ̀ chúa;

    his cap is put on askew.

#### i kâi thâu-khak seⁿ lâi chúa;

    his head is deformed.

#### phīⁿ chúa;

    his nose is crooked.

#### cŏ̤ chúa;

    sit in a slovenly attitude.

#### màiⁿ pàng chúa;

    do not set it down askew.

#### kîaⁿ chúa lō;

    went by the wrong road.

#### cûn sái chúa kùe hìeⁿ pôiⁿ;

    sail the boat at an angle in crossing to the other side.

#### cìⁿ sīa khṳ̀ chúa;

    the arrow was shot to one side.

#### màiⁿ khĭa chúa;

    do not loll nor lean against anything when you stand.

#### kṳ̀ khṳ̀ chúa;

    sawed obliquely.

#### jît-thâu chúa tíam-kíaⁿ lío;

    the sun is already a little past the meridian.
* 引chūa1102571
* To lead on; to bring forward; to induce; to confirm in; to perpetuate.

#### chūa cúi kâi nâng;

    pilots.

#### chúa cúi cûn;

    a pilot boat.

#### i cìeⁿ-seⁿ chūa nâng ló;

    by thus doing he brings dislike upon himself.

#### cêk kâi li chūa nâng sieh, cêk kâi li chūa nâng ùi;

    the ​one gets people's love, and the other gets people's fear.

#### ŭ nâng tó̤ chūa cū kōi pat;

    if there be some one to lead the way, it will be easy to follow.
* 帶chūa846508
* To lead; to conduct, to guide.

#### ín chūa;

    to guide.

#### lṳ́ pat lō, hó̤ ín-chūa i;

    guide him, since you know the road.

#### khṳt i ín-chūa khṳ̀ cò̤ m̄-hó̤ kâi sṳ̄;

    was lead into evil by him.
* 娶chūa1011388
* To bring home in marriage.

#### chūa bó;

    to bring home a wife.

#### chūa sim-pŭ;

    take a wife for one's son.

#### chūa jī-nâng;

    take a concubine.

#### chūa chiah-kha;

    take to wife a woman whose feet have their natural shape.

#### chūa sin-nîe;

    to bring home the bride.

#### chūa sun sim-pŭ;

    take a wife for one's grandson.

#### m̄ kè m̄ chūa;

    neither marry nor give in marriage.

#### chūa a būe?

    Has he yet taken a wife?

#### tiang-sî àiⁿ kio i chūa?

    When are you going to take a wife for him?

#### i sĭ chūa nâng cêk chut kâi;

    he has taken a wife who has been married before.

#### chūa côi a būe?

    Have you taken wives for all your sons yet?
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/chue
### chue

* 吹chue101304
* To blow.

#### chue sio càu gâuh;

    play on wind instruments.

#### màiⁿ khṳt huang chue cáu;

    do not let it get blown away by the wind.

#### pun huang chue phùa;

    torn by the wind.

#### khṳt huang chue lîh;

    rent by the wind.

#### tōa huang chue cîh chīu ki;

    a high wind breaks limbs from the trees.

#### m̄-hó̤ pun huang chue tîeh;

    do not expose yourself to the wind.

#### huang chue lâi lîang-lîang;

    the wind blows cool.

#### huang chue cúi mīn, cúi cĭu cêk-cūe-hûn cêk-cūe-hûn;

    the wind blowing over the water makes it ripple in long lines. ​
* 炊chue102864
* To cook food by steaming it.

#### chue pn̄g, chue hṳ̂, chue nêk, chue kúe;

    to steam rice, fish, flesh or cakes.

#### khîeh pàng lêng-sn̂g tói lâi chue;

    put it in the steamer and steam it.

#### hip miⁿ-miⁿ cìaⁿ chue ŏi sêk;

    cover it in tightly and then it will steam thoroughly.
* 髓chúe82718813
* The marrow.

#### kut chúe;

    the marrow of a bone.

#### ie-kut chúe;

    spinal marrow.

#### gû kut chúe;

    beef marrow.

#### tṳ-kut chúe;

    pigs' marrow.

#### thâu-khak chúe;

    the brain.

#### hṳ̂ thâu chúe;

    fish brains.

#### tṳ-thâu chúe;

    pigs' brains.

#### cuh i kâi chúe;

    suck out the marrow.

#### cí īeⁿ îeh ŏi pó ceng-chúe;

    this medicine strengthens the bones.

#### hṳ̆n jîp kut chúe;

    hatred has penetrated his very bones.
* 箠chûe1011188
* A switch, stick, or club.

#### io koi m̄ ùi chûe;

    a hungry fowl does not mind the switch.

#### lṳ́ màiⁿ tó̤ kìe kuaⁿ-chûe;

    do not yell as if you were receiving an official beating.
* 覓chūe5961474
* To seek; to search.

#### chūe tîeh;

    has found it.

#### chūe m̄ tîeh;

    cannot find it.

#### chūe lō;

    trying to find some way.

#### chūe ki-hŭe;

    seeking a good chance.

#### chūe phāng;

    on the watch for a good opportunity.

#### ang chūe-m̄-kìⁿ bó, bó chūe-m̄-kìⁿ ang, pĕ chūe-m̄-kìⁿ kíaⁿ, kíaⁿ chūe-m̄-kìⁿ pĕ;

    husbands were searching for their wives, and wives for their husband, fathers for their children, and children for their fathers.

#### ā-sĭ m̄-kìⁿ-khṳ̀ hó̤ khṳ̀ chūe;

    if it is missing go and search for it.

#### phah tâng-lô̤ chūe a-noⁿ-kíaⁿ;

    beat a gong and cry a lost child.

#### lṳ́ m̄ hó̤ chūe ūe;

    do not seek for excuse.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Fothergill, Jessie

​FOTHERGILL, JESSIE (1851–1891), novelist, was eldest child of Thomas Fothergill and of Anne his wife, daughter of William and Judith Coultate of Burnley. She was born in June 1851 at Cheetham Hill, Manchester, but removed when quite young to Bowdon in Cheshire, ten miles from Manchester. Her father, who was engaged in the cotton industry, died in 1866, and shortly after Jessie Fothergill, with her mother, sisters, and brothers removed to Littleborough, near Rochdale. Jessie was educated first in a small private school in Bowdon, and afterwards for some years in a boarding school at Harrogate. When her education was completed she lived quietly at Littleborough, studying the life led by the workers in the cotton mills. She paid a first visit to Germany in 1874. On her return to England she published her first novel, 'Healey,' in 1875. Thenceforth she devoted herself to literary work. In 1877 she achieved a notable success with her third novel, 'The First Violin.' The latter years of her life were spent chiefly abroad. She passed the winter of 1890-1 in Rome, and died at Berne on 28 July 1891. A good portrait of her was published in Speight's 'Romantic Richmondshire' (1897).
Miss Fothergill's novels largely depict life on the moorland, in the factories of Lancashire and Yorkshire; but she combined with the fruits of her observation of the places where her life was mainly spent, enthusiastic descriptions of the influence of music. 'Cotton mills and music, manufacturing England and Germany' were the chief subjects of her pen (Novel Review, May 1892, p. 155). Her plots were rather less satisfactorily devised than her studies of character, which were usually subtly and powerfully portrayed.
She published (all in London) : 1. 'Healey,' 1875, 1884. 2. 'Aldyth,' 1876, 1877, 1891. 3. 'The First Violin,' 1877, 1878, 1879. 4. The Wellfields,' 1880 (Holt's ' Leisure Hour'Ser.), 1881. 5. 'Kith and Kin,' 1881, 1882. 6. 'Made or Marred,' 1881 (Bentley's Empire Library). 7. 'One of Three,' 1881 (Bentley's Empire Library). 8. 'Peril,' 1884. 9. ' Borderland,' 1886, 1887. 10. 'The Lasses of Leverhouse,' 1888. 11. 'From Moor Isles,' 1888, 1894. 12. 'A March in the Ranks,' 1890, 1891. 13. 'Oriole's Daughter,' 1893. A dramatised version of the 'First Violin,' by Sidney Bowkett, was produced at the Crown Theatre, Peckham, on 27 March 1899. A portion of the same work is printed in 'The Library of Famous Literature,' vol. xx. 1900.
[Speight's Romantic Richmondshire, pp. 478 et seq. For information as to literary work, see Manchester Quarterly, 1883, ii. 291-2; The Dial, Chicago, 1880, i. 135 ; The Novel Review, May 1892, pp. 153-60; private information; personal recollection.]
B. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Foster, Vere Henry Lewis

​FOSTER, VERE HENRY LEWIS (1819–1900), philanthropist, born at Copenhagen on 25 April 1819, was the third son of Sir Augustus John Foster, first baronet [q. v.], by his wife, Albinia Jane (d. 28 May 1867), daughter of George Vere Hobart, and granddaughter of George Hobart, third earl of Buckinghamshire [q. v.] He was educated at Eton, and matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on 30 May 1838. From 1842 to 1843 he was attached to the diplomatic mission of Sir Henry Ellis (1777-1855) [q. v.] at Rio de Janeiro, and from 1845 to 1847 to that of Sir William Gore Ouseley [q. v.] at Monte Video. In 1847 he visited Ireland with his eldest brother, Sir Frederick George Foster, at the time of the potato famine. They endeavoured to relieve the wants of the starving peasants, and Vere Foster was so much impressed with the misery which he had encountered that from that time he made the social advancement of the Irish people the chief concern of his life. Turning his attention to the question of emigration he made three voyages to America as a steerage passenger in an emigrant ship to acquaint himself with the treatment of emigrants, and was greatly concerned by the bad accommodation. He was afterwards enabled to lay his experiences before a parliamentary committee, and by his testimony had no inconsiderable share in procuring the passage of remedial legislation. On the outbreak of the civil war in the United States in 1861 emigration was checked for a time, and Foster took up earnestly the improvement of education in Ireland. He contributed largely for the provision of better school accommodation and apparatus, and gave grants in aid of building several hundred new school-houses.
In 1879, on the recurrence of severe distress in Ireland, Foster turned with increased industry to promoting female emigration to the United States and the British colonies. Young women were assisted partly by means of subscriptions, but chiefly at Foster's own cost. During the whole period of his activity over twenty-five thousand were thus aided. He was heartily supported in his various projects both by the Roman catholic and the protestant clergy.
Foster was also well known by his series of copybooks in general use in the United Kingdom. These comprised: 1. 'Elementary Drawing Copybooks,' 1868. 2. 'Copybooks,' 1870. 3. 'Drawing Copybooks,' 1870. 4. ' Advanced Water-colour Drawing,' 1872. 5. 'Public School Writing Copybooks,' 1881. 6. 'Simple Lessons in Watercolour,' 1883. 7. 'Drawing Books ... in Pencil and Watercolours,' 1884. 8. 'Painting for Beginners,' 1884. 9. 'Upright Writing Charts,' 1897. In 1898 he edited, under the title of 'The Two Duchesses,' London, 8vo, the family correspondence of ​Georgiana Cavendish [q. v.], duchess of Devonshire, and of Elizabeth Cavendish [q.v.], duchess of Devonshire. He died at Belfast on 21 Dec. 1900. He was unmarried.
[Burke's Peerage and Baronetage; Times, 22 Dec. 1900; Men and Women of the Time, 1899.]
E. I. C.
# Doctor Grimshawe's Secret: A romance

With preface by Julian Hawthorne, the author's son. Appendix contains inline notes.

## Contents
### Preface

* Preface

### Chapters

* Chapter I
* Chapter II
* Chapter III
* Chapter IV
* Chapter V
* Chapter VI
* Chapter VII
* Chapter VIII
* Chapter IX
* Chapter X
* Chapter XI
* Chapter XII
* Chapter XIII
* Chapter XIV
* Chapter XV
* Chapter XVI
* Chapter XVII
* Chapter XVIII
* Chapter XIX
* Chapter XX
* Chapter XXI
* Chapter XXII
* Chapter XXIII
* Chapter XXIV
* Chapter XXV

### Appendix

* Appendix
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Blend-water

Edition of 1802.
​BLEND-WATER, also called more-hough, a distemper incident to black cattle, which proceeds either from the state of the animal's blood, from the yellows, or from the change of ground, which, if too hard, is apt to produce this evil. To cure it—Take one ounce of bole armenian, as much charcoal as will fill a small tea-cup; and three ounces of the rind of the oak: let the whole be reduced to a powder, and given to the animal in a quart of new milk.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Blain

Edition of 1802.
​BLAIN, in farriery, a distemper incident to horses and cattle, consisting of a tumor which grows on the root of the tongue, and swells to such a size as frequently to stop respiration. It is caused by excessive irritation and heat of the stomach, and discovers itself by the animal's gaping, and hanging out its tongue. The method of cure is as follows: Lay the beast on the ground, open the tumor, and wash it with vinegar and a little salt.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Blanket

Edition of 1802.
​BLANKET, an article of commerce so well known in domestic economy, that any definition of it would be superfluous.
The best kind of blankets is manufactured at Witney, in Oxfordshire: their excellency is attributed by some persons to the abstersive nitrous water of the river Windrush, with which they are scoured; while others imagine it is to be ascribed to a peculiar looseness in the spinning. Blankets are made of felt-wool, or that from sheep-skins, which is divided into several sorts. Of the head-wool and bay-wool they make blankets of ten, eleven, and twelve quarters broad; of the ordinary sort, those of seven and eight quarters; and of the best tail-wool, are made blankets of six quarters broad, commonly called cuts, and used for seamen's hammocks.—See Hykes.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bladder

Edition of 1802.
​BLADDER, in anatomy, a thin membranous, expanded receptacle of some juice or humour secreted in the animal body. This term principally applies to the vessels in which the urine and bile are respectively collected; and hence the two chief reservoirs of this nature are the urinary bladder, and that containing the bile. In this place we shall treat only of the former, which is situated within the cavity of the pelvis: its form is oval, and being a continuation of the abdomen, it is almost uniformly surrounded with bones, though below, and at each side, encompassed by muscles. It is remarkable, that this vessel is considerably larger in the female, than in the male sex.
Nature has wisely contrived that the human bladder should possess a high degree of expansion, for containing the watery parts secreted from the chyle, as they would otherwise mix with the blood of animals, and render that fluid too thin for the performance of its functions. Though a large proportion of such aqueous humours, from three to four pounds every day, are insensibly evacuated by the skin, yet a still greater quantity must be secreted by the kidneys, and thence conducted to the bladder, lest they should accumulate between the interstices of the cellular membrane, which covers all the muscles, and occasion dropsical swellings. On the other hand, the diseases incident to the bladder are various, but principally arise from debility, spasms, and calculous concretions; for an account of which, we refer to the articles Gravel, Stone, and Urine. At present, we shall confine ourselves to the inflammatory state of that vessel, which requires immediate relief. This dangerous malady is occasioned by stimulating medicines; gravel or stones lodged in the orifice of the bladder; violent exercise after a long retention of urine, and especially in hot weather; lying in soft, effeminating feather-beds, &c. The symptoms are manifest from an acute burning pain, and tension of the part; frequent inclination to go to stool, and a constant desire to make water, while the patient is in a state of fever. As, under such circumstances, no time should be lest in applying for proper advice, ​it would be needless to enlarge on the treatment of the disease; but we shall observe that, beside bleeding and purgatives both by the mouth and injections, it will be necessary to drink plentifully of emollient decoctions, or other beverage of a cooling and diuretic nature. Previous to the arrival of a medical man, leeches may be applied to the part affected, the lower belly should be diligently fomented with warm water, and the patient be placed in a tepid bath, not exceeding 98°.—If, however, the pain suddenly abates, and is succeeded by cold sweats, hiccough, fetid urine, or a total suppression of it, there is reason to apprehend a mortification, and fatal issue of the disease.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Blatta

Edition of 1802.
​Blatta. See Cockroach.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bladder-nut-tree

Edition of 1802.
​BLADDER-NUT-TREE, or the Staphylea, L. is a plant containing two species, the pinnata, indigenous in Britain, and the trifolia, or three-leaved bladder-nut, a native of Virginia. For the first, to which we shall confine our account, see Withering, 317. The flowers are white, and grow on long pendulous foot-stalks; the plant blows in June, and may be found in hedges near Pontefract, and in Kent.
This shrub affords an oil which might be employed for lamps, but the trouble of expressing it is too great. The wood is hard, and used on the Continent for various domestic purposes; and the flowers are much frequented by bees.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Blanching

Edition of 1802.
​BLANCHING, the art or manner of rendering any thing white.—See Bleaching.
The blanching of woollen stuffs is performed with soap, chalk, sulphur, &c. Silk is blanched with soap and sulphur; and wax is rendered white by exposing it to the action of the sun and dew.—See Wax.