OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Phillpotts, Eden

Edition of 1920. See also Eden Phillpotts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PHILLPOTTS, fĭl'pŏts, Eden, English novelist: b. Mount Aboo, India, 4 Nov. 1862. After serving as clerk in a fire insurance office at Plymouth in 1880-90, he studied in London for the stage, but found “his ability did not justify perseverance.” His earlier works are of inferior value. Among his representative books are ‘Down Dartmoor Way’ (1895); ‘Lying Prophets’ (1897); ‘Children of the Mist’ (1898); ‘Sons of the Morning’ (1900); ‘The Good Red Earth’ (1901); ‘The Striking Hours’ (1901); ‘The River’ (1902); ‘My Devon Year’ (1903); ‘The Secret Woman’ (dramatized in 1912); ‘Knock at a Venture’ (1905); ‘The Portreeve’ (1906); ‘The Virgin in Judgment’ (1908); ‘The Three Brothers’ (1909); ‘Dance of the Months’ (1911); ‘The Forest on the Hill’ (1912); ‘The Iscariot’ (poem 1912); ‘Widcombe Fair’ (1913); ‘Curtain Raisers’ (1914); ‘Old Delabole’ (1915); ‘The Human Boy and the War’
(1916); ‘The Chronicles of Saint Tyd’ (1917); and ‘Storm in a Teacup’ (1919). Phillpotts is the recognized interpreter of Dartmoor folk and scenery, and received high praise from R. D. Blackmore (q.v.).
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bourne, Joseph Orton

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​Bourne, Joseph Orton, Registrar of Titles, Queensland, was born at Windsor, N.S.W., in 1854, and was the first pupil enrolled at the Normal School at Brisbane, where he went with his parents in 1859. He entered as a cadet in the Survey Office in 1861, became a draftsman in 1862, joined the Real Property Office as head draftsman in 1873, became principal Deputy Registrar of Titles in 1884, and received his present appointment as Registrar of Titles on Dec. 4th, 1889. He is a captain unattached in the Queensland Defence Force.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bower, David

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​Bower, David, was born at Upper Mill, near Saddleworth, Yorkshire, on April 11th, 1819. In 1841 he emigrated to Port Phillip (now Victoria), and after a varied experience in New Zealand and New South Wales, finally settled in South Australia in 1847, where he established a successful business as a timber merchant at Port Adelaide. In 1865 he was returned to the Assembly as member for the combined electorate of Wallaroo and Port Adelaide, and in 1875 was elected for Port Adelaide, which he represented for a number of years. Mr. Bower was Commissioner of Public Works in the Bray Ministry from April to June 1884.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bosisto, Joseph

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​Bosisto, Joseph, C.M.G., M.L.A., is the son of the late William Bosisto, of Cookham, Berks, and was born on March 21st, 1827, at Hammersmith. Becoming a druggist, he emigrated to Adelaide, S.A., in 1848, where he established the business of Messrs. Faulding & Co. He proceeded ​to Melbourne in 1851, and began business at Richmond. Having discovered the remarkable antiseptic properties of the eucalyptus, he went largely into the manufacture of its products. The Pharmaceutical Society of Victoria was founded mainly through his instrumentality in 1857. He was twice mayor of Richmond, and chairman of the local bench for five years consecutively. From 1874 to 1889 he was M.L.A. for the city, but was defeated in the latter year. Having represented Victoria at the Calcutta Exhibition in 1883, he was appointed President of the Royal Commission of that colony at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, held at South Kensington in 1886, for his services at which he was created C.M.G. on June 28th of that year. Mr. Bosisto is a J.P. for Victoria, and has been president of the Technological Commission, and Examiner in Materia Medica and Botany at the College of Pharmacy. In April 1892 Mr. Bosisto was re-elected to the Assembly for the Jolimont subdivision of his old constituency.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bowen, Hon. Charles Christopher

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​Bowen, Hon. Charles Christopher, M.L.C., was born at Milford, co. Mayo, Ireland, in 1830, being the eldest son of Charles Bowen, one of the founders of Canterbury, who was Speaker of the Provincial Council from 1855 to 1864. He was educated at Rugby and Cambridge, but left the University without taking a degree, and went out to the Canterbury Settlement in one of the first four ships, acting, until Dec. 1852, as secretary to Mr. Godley. In the Provincial Council of Canterbury Mr. Bowen was for some years Treasurer. In 1859 he visited England, where he remained till 1862; and upon his return was, in 1864, appointed Resident Magistrate at Christchurch, which office he held till 1874. From 1872 to 1874 he was Chairman of the Canterbury Board of Education. Mr. Bowen, on Dec. 16th, 1874, was called to the Legislative Council to take office under Sir Julius Vogel, but immediately afterwards resigned his seat and entered the Lower House as member for Kaiapoi. His offices were those of Minister of Justice and Commissioner of Stamps, which he held until the advent of the Grey Ministry into power on Oct 14th, 1877. During his tenure of office, he busied himself with the reform of prison management, introducing the system of "marks" into gaols. He also carried through the House in 1877 the Education Act, which established free primary schools and compulsory attendance throughout the colony. Mr. Bowen retired from Parliament in 1881, when he paid another visit to England. Mr. Bowen was called to the Upper House in 1891.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bracken, Thomas

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​Bracken, Thomas, was born Dec. 21st, 1843, in Ireland, and arrived in Victoria at the age of twelve. After experiencing the ups and downs of colonial life for several years, Mr. Bracken went to Otago, N.Z., in 1869, and connected himself shortly afterwards with journalism in that province. He was connected with the Otago Guardian in the first year or two of its existence, and subsequent founded a weekly paper, called The Saturday Advertiser, which he conducted with marked ability. In 1881 he was elected to represent Dunedin Central in the House of Representatives, but lost his seat at the elections of 1884. Mr. Bracken is best known as the author of several collections of verses, and the following books are from his pen: "Flowers of the Freelands," "Paddy Murphy's Budget," "Pulpit Lectures," "Beyond the Tomb, and other Poems," "The New Zealand Tourist," "The Land of the Maori and the Moa," and "Musings in Maori Land" (Keirle, Dunedin, 1890).
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Boyce, Rev. William Binnington

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​Boyce, Rev. William Binnington, one of the oldest colonists and one of the leading clergymen of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of New South Wales, was a native of the United Kingdom. In his early career his time was chiefly given to missionary work, and about 1830 he proceeded to South Africa, where he laboured for thirteen years as a missionary. In Jan. 1846 he arrived in Sydney, with the appointment of General Superintendent of Wesleyan Missions. Subsequently he was unanimously elected President of the first Wesleyan Conference held in Australia. In 1850 he was appointed a member of the Senate of the Sydney University, being one of the sixteen original members of that body. He died in Sydney, at the age of eighty-four, on March 8th, 1889. Mr. Boyce was the author of several works of a theological character.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Boyes, Edward Taylor

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​Boyes, Edward Taylor, J.P., Collector of Customs, Tasmania, was formerly Collector and Landing Surveyor at Launceston, and in March 1883 was appointed Collector and Inspector of Customs, Landing Surveyor and Registrar of Shipping at Hobart.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Beckers, Hubert

Edition of 1920. See also Hubert Beckers on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BECKERS, Hubert, German philosopher: b. Munich, 4 Nov. 1806; d. 11 March 1889. Graduating from the University of Munich, he was, in 1832, appointed professor of philosophy at the Lyceum at Dillingen. In 1847 he was appointed to the chair of the same subject at the University of Munich. Most of his writings are devoted to expounding the theories of Schelling. These include ‘Denkrede auf Schelling’ (Munich 1855); ‘Über die Bedeutung der Schellingschen Metaphysik’ (Munich 1861); ‘Cantica Spiritulia’ (Munich 1845-47); ‘Aphorismen über Tod und Unsterblichkeit’ (Munich 1889).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Benda, Franz

Edition of 1920. See also Franz Benda on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BENDA, Franz, German violinist: b. Jungbunzlau Bohemia, 1709; d. Potsdam, 1786. He exhibited, while a boy, a great desire to learn the violin which he could gratify in no other way than by joining a band of strolling musicians. He found means, however, to acquire an extraordinary mastery of the instrument, and in 1732 entered the service of Frederick the Great, then prince-royal, with whom he remained the rest of his long life. He founded a school of violinists, whose method of playing was entirely original and quite effective. He also published some excellent solos for the violin.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Beckerath, Hermann von

Edition of 1920. See also Hermann von Beckerath on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BECKERATH, Hermann von, German statesman: b. Krefeld, Prussia, 13 Dec. 1801; d. there, 12 May 1870. His youth was spent in learning the business of banking, after which he became the head of a banking firm which had considerable influence in German financing, especially in the Rhenish provinces. He began his political career by entering the Diet of his native province. In 1847 he served in the Prussian Diet, and the following year went as a deputy to the Frankfort Parliament, where he became one of the firmest advocates of the German confederacy. He became Minister of Finance in the German cabinet organized by the Parliament. When the reactionary Manteuffel Ministry came into power, he continued as a member of the Prussian Second Chamber and ranged himself steadfastly with the opposition. In 1852 he withdrew from politics, but six years later he was again elected to the Second Chamber. His ill-health, however, compelled him to decline the office. Consult Kopstadt's biography, ‘Hermann von Beckerath’ (Brunswick 1875).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Beckett, Arthur William, à

Edition of 1920. See also Arthur William à Beckett on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BECKETT, Arthur William, à, English journalist and novelist: b. Fulham, 25 Oct. 1844; d. London, 14 Jan. 1909. Besides fulfilling other journalistic engagements he was on the staff of Punch 1874-1902, edited the Sunday Times 1891-95, and the Naval and Military Magazine 1896. In addition to several comedies he published ‘Comic Guide to the Royal Academy,’ with his brother Gilbert (1863-64); ‘Fallen Amongst Thieves’ (1869); ‘Our Holiday in the Highlands’ (1874); ‘The Shadow Witness’ and ‘The Doom of Saint Quirec,’ with Burnand (1875-76); ‘The Ghost of Grimstone Grange’ (1877); ‘The Mystery of Mostyn Manor’ (1878); ‘Traded Out’; ‘Hard Luck’; ‘Stone Broke’; ‘Papers from Pump Handle Court, by a Briefless Barrister’ (1884); ‘Modern Arabian Nights’ (1885); ‘The Member for Wrottenborough’ (1895); ‘Greenroom Recollections’ (1896); ‘The Modern Adam’ (1899); ‘London at the End of the Century’ (1900).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bell, Liberty

Edition of 1920. See also Liberty Bell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BELL, Liberty, the bell in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, that was rung to announce the adoption of the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress. The bell was cast in London by Robert Charles and cost about $500. The specifications provided that it was to be made by the best workmen, to be examined carefully before being shipped and to contain, in well-shaped letters around it, the inscription: “By order of the Province of Pennsylvania, for the State House in the City of Philadelphia, 1752.” An order was given to place underneath this the prophetic words from Leviticus xxv 10: “Proclaim liberty throughout the land and to all the inhabitants thereof.” The reason for the selection of this text has been s subject of much conjecture, but the true reason is apparent when the full text is read. It is as follows: “And ye shall hallow the 50th year and proclaim liberty throughout the land and to all the inhabitants thereof.” In selecting the text the Quakers had in memory the arrival of William Fenn and their forefathers more than half a century before. In August 17S2, the bell arrived, but though in apparent good order, it was cracked by a stroke of the clapper while being tested. It could not be sent back as the captain of the vessel who had brought it over could not take it on board. Two skilful men undertook to recast the bell, a bell being provided which pleased very much. But it was found to be defective also. The original bell was considered too high in tone, and in an attempt to correct this fault, too much copper was added. There were a great many witticisms on account of the sound failure, and ingenious workmen undertook to recast the bell, which they successfully did, and it was placed in condition in June 1753. On Monday, 8 July (not the 4th), at noon, true to its motto, it rang out the memorable message of “Liberty throughout the land and to all the inhabitants thereof.” For years the bell continued to be rung on every festival and anniversary, until it eventually cracked 8 July 1835, while being tolled in memory of Chief Justice Marshall
An ineffectual attempt was made to cause it to continue serviceable by enlarging the cause of its dissonance and clipping the edges. it was removed from its position in the tower to a lower story, and only used on occasions of public sorrow. Subsequently, it was placed on the original timbers in the vestibule of Independence Hall, and in 1873 was suspended in a prominent position immediately beneath where a larger bell, presented to the city in 1866, now proclaims the passing hours. In 1893 it was taken to Chicago and placed on exhibition at the World's Columbian Exposition. In 1915 it was taken to the Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco and placed on exhibition.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bell, Song of the

Edition of 1920. See also Song of the Bell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BELL, Song of the (‘Lied von der Glocke’), a poem which is generally considered Schiller's masterpiece. It was first published in the Musenalmanach, in 1800. In this work the various operations attending the casting of the bell are made to symbolize the whole course of human life.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Becker, Wilhelm Gottlieb

Edition of 1920. See also Wilhelm Gottlieb Becker on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Wilhelm Gottlieb, German writer on art antiquities: b. Oberkallenberg, Saxony, 4 Nov. 1753; d. Dresden, 3 June 1813. Graduating from the University of Leipzig, he was appointed professor at the Dresden Ritterakademie in 1782. In 1795 he became director of the Dresden Gallery of Antiques and the Coin Cabinet. In 1805 he was also given charge of the famous Green Vault. His chief work is ‘Taschenbuch zum geselligen Vergnügen’ (Leipzig 1791-1814). He was also the author of ‘Erholungen’ (Leipzig 1796-1810); ‘Augusteum’ (Dresden 1805-09).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bemis, Edward Webster

Edition of 1920. See also Edward Webster Bemis on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BEMIS, Edward Webster, American economist and public utility expert: b. Springfield, Mass., 7 April 1860. He was graduated at Amherst College in 1880; received degree of Ph.D. in 1885 at Johns Hopkins University after over three years' advanced work in economics and history; was a pioneer lecturer in the university extension system, 1887-88; professor of economics and history, Vanderbilt University, 1889-92; and associate professor of economics, University of Chicago, 1892-95. In 1897 he was professor of economics and history in the Kansas State Agricultural College. He was superintendent of the city water department of Cleveland, Ohio, 1901-09; deputy commissioner of water supply, gas and electricity of New York, 1910; consulting expert for cities and
States on public utilities since 1910. He is now a member of the advisory board, valuation division, Interstate Commerce Commission, city representative on board of supervising engineers, Chicago Traction, and director of valuations of public utilities for the District of Columbia, the city of Dallas and other places. He published ‘Municipal Monopolies’ (1899) and many scientific studies of co-operation, trades unions, immigration, etc., but since 1900 has chiefly confined his writing to technical reports for various public bodies.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bellamy, Edward

Edition of 1920. See also Edward Bellamy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BELLAMY, Edward, American author: b. Chicopee Falls, Mass., 29 March 1850; d. there, 22 May 1898. He was educated in Germany; admitted to the bar; was on the staff of the Evening Post of New York in 1871-72; and on his return from the Sandwich Islands in 1877, founded the Springfield News. He is best known by his novel ‘Looking Backward’ (1888), a socialistic work, of which an immense number of copies were sold in two years. This led to the formation of Nationalist clubs, in which work Mr. Bellamy took active part. His other books are ‘Six to One: a Nantucket Idyl’ (1878); ‘Dr. Heidenhoff's Process’ (1880): ‘Miss Ludington's Sister’ (1884); ‘Equality’ (1897); ‘The Duke of Stockbridge’ (1901), a sequel to ‘Looking Backward.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rampion

Edition of 1920. See also Rampion Bellflower on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAMPION, a biennial herb (Campanula rapunculus) of the family Campanulaceæ. It grows about 30 inches tall, has a parsnip-like root, obovate leaves, lilac flowers in a spike or raceme, and very small seeds. It is a native of Asia, Europe and northern Africa, where it is cultivated for its roots and leaves, the former of which are used like radishes, the latter like spinach. The plants do best in light, rich loam, partially shaded and well supplied with moisture but not wet. Since early spring sown plants are likely to run to seed, other sowings should be made in early summer. The plant is less popular in America than abroad.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ragozin, Zenäide Alexeievna

Edition of 1920. See also Zénaïde Alexeïevna Ragozin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAGOZIN, rä-gō'zēn, Zenäide Alexeievna, Russian-American writer: b. Russia, 1835. She traveled widely in Europe and in 1874 came to the United States. She is a member of the leading American and European literary societies, and has achieved a wide reputation as an author. Her most important books are ‘The Story of Chaldea’ (1886); ‘The Story of Assyria’ (1887); ‘The Story of Media, Babylon, and Persia’ (1888); ‘ History of the World’; ‘Siegfried, the Hero of the Netherlands’ (1898); ‘Roland, the Paladin of France’
(1899); ‘Salammbo, the Maid of Carthage’ (1899).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ramona

Edition of 1920. See also Ramona on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAMONA. ‘Ramona’ (1884), by Helen Hunt Jackson, was written to carry forward an indictment already begun in the author's ‘Century of Dishonor’ (1881) against the treatment of the Indians by their white conquerors. ‘Uncle Tom's Cabin’ comes at once to mind, but the two books have little in common besides an analogous intention. Mrs. Jackson romantically eluded the problem by making Ramona, the heroine, and her Temecula husband, Alessandro, so near to high-caste Mexicans in color and nurture that their wrongs as Indians seem untypical of the real grievances of their unfortunate race. They suffer little more from the invading Yankees than do the full-blooded Mexicans. Indeed, the true conflict and injustice occur between the old Californians, Indian or Spanish, and the predacious vanguard of the Anglo-Saxon conquest. California, for Mrs. Jackson, was a splendid paradise of patriarchal estates in vast fertile valleys, steeped in a drowsy antiquity, and cherished by priests as unworldly as Saint Francis. Against this rich background she set a story which begins in peace, blackens to hard and ugly tragedy and then grows at the end into peace again. The pomp of the setting, the strength of the contrasts, the eloquence, the intensity, the passionate color dominate, almost submerge, the problem stated, but they tend also to lift it into the higher regions of the imagination in which particular acts of injustice take on the large significance of universality.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Raikes, Robert

Edition of 1920. See also Robert Raikes on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAIKES, rāks, Robert, English founder of Sunday schools: b. Gloucester, England, 14 Sept. 1735; d. there, 5 April 1811. He succeeded to his father's business as editor and publisher of the Gloucester Journal in 1757 and used its influence in exposing certain prison abuses in his native town. In 1781 he founded several Sunday schools which he engaged needy women to teach at a shilling a day, and succeeded in inducing the attendance of the children of the city. In 1803, largely through his efforts, the Sunday School Union was founded. Consult Lifes by Gregory (1877), and Eastman (1880); Harris, ‘Robert Raikes: The Man and his Work’ (1899). See Sunday Schools.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rasse

Edition of 1920. See also Small Indian Civet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RASSE, răs, a small arboreal civet (Viverricula malaccensis), which is widely distributed in southeastern Asia and the Malayan islands, and long ago became naturalized in Madagascar. It is slender, agile in tree-climbing, has no erectile mane and lives in holes in rocky and brushy districts. In confinement it is easily tamed and feeds on small animals, which it catches with cat-like dexterity. Hence it is often kept in houses in the East as a ratter, and also for the sake of its civet, which is artificially removed from the glands. It is a handsome little animal of a yellowish or brownish gray color, with longitudinal bands on the back and regular spots on the side; tail 16-17 inches long with eight or nine complete dark rings; length of body and head about 24 inches; known, zoologically, as the lesser-civet. Consult Blanford, Jerdon, Tennent and other authorities on Oriental zoology.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Raiffeisen, Friedrich Wilhelm

Edition of 1920. See also Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAIFFEISEN, rīf'ī-zĕn, Friedrich Wilhelm, German economist, famed as the father of the peoples' banks: b. Hamm, near Coblenz, Germany, 30 March 1818; d. 11 March 1888. He entered the army in 1835, but was compelled by ill health to withdraw and then entered the civil service. During the agricultural troubles of 1846-47 he perceived the difficulty with which the small landholder procured credit and he conceived the idea of establishing small mutual credit associations which freed the farmer from the exorbitant rates of the usurers. His first efforts were at Heddersdorf and Wyerbusch and he then proceeded to extend the operation of the plan throughout Germany. In 1866 he broke down from overwork and retired for a time from public service. In 1878 he founded the “Landwirtschaftliches Genossenschaftsblatt” at Neuwied. He lived to see his plan in successful operation in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy. He wrote ‘Instruktion zur Geschäfts- und Buchführung der Darlehnskassenvereine’ (1869); ‘Kurze Anleitung zur Gründung von Darlehnskassenvereinen’ (1888), etc.