OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crowe, William (d.1743)

​CROWE, WILLIAM, D.D. (d. 1743), divine, was educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he proceeded B.A. in 1713, was elected to a fellowship, and commenced M.A. in 1717. On 6 Feb. 1721 he became rector of the united parishes of St. Mary Magdalen and St. Gregory, near St. Paul's Cathedral, London, and he was also lecturer at St. Martin's, Ludgate. He was created D.D. at Cambridge in 1728, on the occasion of George II's visit to the university (Cantabrigienses Graduati, ed. 1787, p. 104). In 1730 he obtained the rectory of St. Botolph, ​Bishopsgate, and in September 1731 he was collated to the rectory of Finchley, Middlesex. He was chaplain to Bishop Gibson, and one of the chaplains-in-ordinary to George II. He died at Finchley on 11 April 1743, and was buried in the churchyard of that parish.
By his will he left 3,000l. to Bishop Gibson, who generously gave the money to the testator's poor relations (Whiston, Memoirs, p. 251). He also bequeathed 1,000l. to Queen Anne's Bounty fund, and a like amount to Sir Clement Cotterell Dormer, knight, master of the ceremonies, in remembrance of the many favours received from him when they were at college together.
Cole relates that he was a good Greek scholar, and that he lent his notes and observations to Dr. Bentley, from whom he could never recover them (Addit. MS. 5865, f. 117).
He published several single sermons, of which the following deserve special notice:
* ‘Oratio in Martyrium regis Caroli I coram Academia Cantabrigiensi habita in Templo Beatæ Mariæ tricesimo die Jan. 1719,’ London (two editions), 1720, 4to; reprinted with his collected sermons.
* ‘The Duty of Promoting the Public Peace,’ preached before the lord mayor 30 Jan. 1723–4, being the anniversary of the martyrdom of Charles I, London (two editions), 1724, 8vo.
* ‘A Sermon preached before the House of Commons, Jan. 30, 1734–5, being the Anniversary-Fast for the Martyrdom of King Charles the First,’ London, 1735, 4to.
* ‘A Sermon occasion'd by the death of Queen Caroline,’ London [1737], 4to.
A volume of ‘Dr. Crowe's favourite and most excellent Sermons,’ eleven in number, appeared at London in 1759, 8vo (Darling, Cycl. Bibliographica, i. 831). Watt (Bibl. Brit.) mentions an edition of 1744. These sermons were published by the trustees of Queen Anne's Bounty, to whom the author bequeathed 200l. to defray the expense of printing them. Crowe contributed some Greek verses to the Cambridge University collection on the peace of Utrecht.
His portrait has been engraved by J. Smith (Evans, Cat. of Engraved Portraits, No. 14776).
[Authorities quoted above; also Malcolm's Londinium Redivivum, iv. 482; Gent. Mag. i. 405, xiii. 218; Lysons's Environs, ii. 340; Lond. Mag. 1743, p. 205; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 52.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crowley, Nicholas Joseph

​CROWLEY, NICHOLAS JOSEPH (1819–1857), painter, was the third son of Peter Crowley, a gentleman of some property in Dublin, where he was born on 6 Dec. 1819. At a very early age Crowley showed a decided artistic talent and became a pupil of the Royal Dublin Society. In 1835, at the age of fifteen, he exhibited at the Royal Academy a picture entitled ‘The Eventful Consultation’ (an incident from Warren's ‘Diary of a late Physician’), and from that time till his death, twenty-two years later, his name regularly appeared in the list of exhibitors. He exhibited forty-six pictures. In 1838 he was elected a member of the Royal Hibernian Academy. In the following year he exhibited in the Royal Academy a portrait of the Marquis of Normanby, late lord-lieutenant of Ireland. Crowley had already become very popular in his native country, where his ‘Cup-tossing,’ purchased in 1842 by the Royal Irish Art Union, is still a favourite subject, having been frequently reproduced in engravings, photographs, and pottery. He painted several portraits of O'Connell during the imprisonment of the latter in 1844. To one of these O'Connell subscribed the following autograph: ‘I sat during my imprisonment in Richmond Bridewell to have this portrait of me painted by Mr. Crowley for my esteemed friend and fellow-prisoner John Gray. Daniel O'Connell, M.P. for the county of Cork, 6 Sept. 1844, Richmond Bridewell.’ This portrait is still in the possession of the family of the late Sir John Gray. At the same time and place Crowley painted the editor of the ‘Nation,’ Charles Gavan Duffy, who writing years later relates that the artist had bestowed upon him (Duffy) ‘a dreamy poetic head which might have passed for Shelley's.’ The portrait of O'Connell was exhibited in the London Academy Exhibition of 1845, and in the same exhibition appeared ‘Taking the Veil,’ one of the best known of Crowley's pictures, painted for St. Vincent's Hospital, Dublin, and still to be seen in that institution. It contains among other portraits those of Dr. Murray, Roman catholic archbishop of Dublin; of Mrs. Aikenhead, foundress of the order of Religious Sisters of Charity in England and Ireland; and of the artist himself in the background.
From 1835 Crowley passed a considerable portion of his time in London, and from 1843 till his death lived at 13 Upper Fitzroy Street. Here he produced numerous works in history, domestic life, and portraiture, many of which were engraved and lithographed. Much of his time continued, however, to be spent in Ireland, where about two months before his death he completed a picture of ‘The Irish Court,’ a commission from the Earl of Carlisle, then lord-lieutenant. Coming to London in the autumn of 1857 he was taken ill with diarrhœa, and died on 4 Nov. in that year.
[Information from Mr. R. B. Sheridan Knowles, nephew of N. J. Crowley.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crowfoot, John Rustat

​CROWFOOT, JOHN RUSTAT (1817–1875), Hebrew and Syriac scholar, son of William Henchman Crowfoot, a medical man in large practice, was born at Beccles, Suffolk, on 21 Feb. 1817. He was educated at Eton, where he obtained a foundation scholarship. He matriculated at Caius College, Cambridge, in 1833, and graduated B.A. as twelfth wrangler in 1839. The following year he was elected fellow of his college, of which, and also of King's College, he was appointed divinity lecturer. He took his degree of M.A. in 1842, and B.D. in 1849. In 1848 he contested the regius professorship of Hebrew unsuccessfully with Dr. Mill, and printed his probation exercise on Jer. xxxiii. 15, 16. He did curate's work at Great St. Mary's, Cambridge, 1851–3, and in 1854 accepted the living of Southwold, Suffolk, which he held till 1860, when he became vicar of Wangford-cum-Reydon in the same county. Here he died on 18 March ​ 1875. He married, on 27 Aug. 1850, Elizabeth Tufnell, by whom he had an only son, who died young. While at Cambridge Crowfoot issued several pamphlets on university matters: ‘On Private Tuition,’ 1844; ‘On a University Hostel,’ 1849; ‘Plea for a Colonial and Missionary College at Cambridge,’ 1854. He also published ‘Academic Notes on Holy Scripture,’ 1st series, 1850, and an English edition with notes of Bishop Pearson's five lectures on the Acts of the Apostles and Annals of St. Paul. Towards the close of his life, in 1870, he published, under the title of ‘Fragmenta Evangelica,’ a retranslation into Greek of Cureton's early Syriac text of certain portions of the first two gospels. In connection with this work Crowfoot, in 1873, made an expedition into Egypt in search of Syriac manuscripts of the gospels, with the view, in his own words, of ‘getting as near as possible to the very words of Christ.’ Crowfoot was a diligent and devoted parish priest.
[Private information.]
E. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crowley, Peter O'Neill

​CROWLEY, PETER O'NEILL (1832–1867), Fenian, was born at Ballymacoda, county Cork, on 23 May 1832, being the son of a small tenant farmer. His uncle, Peter O'Neill, a priest, had been engaged in the insurrection of 1798, but escaped with a flogging. Crowley was educated in the principles of total abstinence from intoxicating liquors and fanatical hatred of the English connection, and is said to have adorned his circle. He was implicated in the Fenian conspiracy almost from the beginning, and was present at the attempt to break into the coastguard station at Knockadoon made in March 1867. The attack being repulsed, Crowley retired with a small party to the Kilclooney wood, where on the 31st he was shot in a skirmish with the constabulary. He died at Mitchelstown the same day. His last moments are said to have been edifying. He was followed to his grave by an immense multitude.
[Webb's Compendium of Irish Biography.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crowe, Eyre Evans

​CROWE, EYRE EVANS (1799–1868), historian, born at Redbridge, Southampton, 20 March 1799, was the son of David Crowe, captain in an East India regiment, whose wife had been a Miss Hayman of Walmer. David Crowe's father was another Eyre Evans Crowe, also in the army; and an ancestor was William Crowe, dean of Clonfert from ​ 1746 to 1766. Crowe's mother died from the effects of her confinement. He was educated at a school in Carlow, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he won a prize for an English poem. He left college early to take to journalism in London. In 1822 he went to Italy, whence he wrote descriptive letters published in 'Blackwood's Magazine' during 1822 and 1823. He then produced a series of novels, including 'Vittoria Colonna,' 'To-day in Ireland' (1825), 'The English in Italy' (1825), 'The English in France' (1828), 'Yesterday in Ireland' (1829), and 'The English at Home' (1830). He wrote no other novel till 1853, when he published 'Charles Delmer,' a story containing much shrewd political speculation.
He contributed a 'History of France' to Lardner's 'Cabinet Encyclopædia' in 1830; and part of a series of lives of 'Eminent Foreign Statesmen' to the same in 1831, the remainder being contributed by G. P. R. James. The 'History of France,' amplified and rewritten, was published in five volumes in 1858-68. In 1853 he published 'The Greek and the Turk,' the result of a journey made to the Levant to investigate the Eastern question. In 1854 appeared his 'History of Louis XVIII and Charles X.' He had been a spectator of the street struggles in 1830, and had long resided in France. Soon after 1830 he became Paris correspondent of the 'Morning Chronicle. The needs of a growing family compelled him to devote himself exclusively to journalism. He returned to England in 1844. He joined the staff of the 'Daily News' on its foundation in 1846, and was its editor from 1849 to 1851. He also wrote the foreign articles for the 'Examiner' during the editorship of Albany Fonblanque [q. v.], and, later, of John Forster [q. v.] He died, after a painful operation, on 26 Feb. 1868, and was buried at Kensal Green.
Crowe married Margaret, daughter of Captain Archer of Kiltimon, co. Wicklow, at St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, in 1823. There were six children of the marriage: Eyre Crowe, A.R.A, born 1824; Sir Joseph Archer Crowe (commercial attaché in Paris), born 1825; Eugenie Marie (now Mrs. Wynne); Edward (now deceased), born 1829; Amy Marianne (Mrs. Edward Thackeray, now deceased), born 1831; and Dr. George Crowe, born 1841. He had also a family by a second wife.
[Information from Mr. Eyre Crowe, A.R.A.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crowe, William (1616-1675)

​CROWE, WILLIAM (1616–1675), bibliographer, was born in Suffolk in 1616 (Addit. MS. 19165, f. 253), and was matriculated in the university of Cambridge as a member of Caius College ou 14 Dec. 1632. On 4 Dec. 1668 he was nominated by Archbishop Sheldon chaplain and schoolmaster of the hospital of Holy Trinity at Croydon, Surrey, founded by Archbishop Whitgift. This office he held till 1675, when the following entry appears in the Croydon parish register :—' 1675, Ap. 11. William Crow that was skool master of the Free skool, who hanged himselfe in the winde of one of his chambers in his dwelin house, was buried in the church' (Collect. Topog. et Geneal. iii. 308).
He published: 1.'An Exact Collection or Catalogue of our English Writers on the Old and New Testament, either in whole or in part: whether Commentators, Elucidators, Adnotators, or Expositors, at large, or in single sermons,' Lond. 1663, 8vo (anon.); second impression, 'corrected and enlarged with three or four thousand additionals,' Lond. 1668, 8vo. Wood tells us that the presbyterian divine, John Osborne, projected a similar work, and had printed about eight sheets of it, when he was forestalled by Crowe. The work is sometimes called Osborne's, but more generally Crow's Catalogue. It was the precursor of Cooke's 'Preacher's Assistant.' 2. 'Elenchus Scriptorum in Sacram Scripturam tam Græcorum quam Latinorum, &c. In quo exhibentur eorum Gens, Patria, Professio, Religio, Librorum Tituli, Volumina, Editiones variæ. Quo tempore claruerint, vel obierint. Elogia item aliquot Virorum clarissimorum. Quibus omnibus præmissa sunt S. Biblia, partesque Bibliorum, variis linguis variis vicibus edita,' Lond. 1672, 12mo. Dedicated to Archbishop Sheldon, 'his most honourable patron' (Addit. MS. 5865, f. 106 b). In this work Crowe borrowed from Edward Leigh's 'Treatise of Religion and Learning.'
[Authorities cited above; Garrow's Hist. of Croydon, p. 130; Lysons's Environs, i. 200; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 676, 928.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hart, Andrew Searle

​HART, Sir ANDREW SEARLE (1811–1890), mathematician and vice-provost of Trinity College, Dublin, youngest son of the Rev. George Vaughan Hart of Glenalla, county Donegal, by Maria Murray, daughter of the Very Rev. John Hume, dean of Derry, was born at Limerick on 14 March 1811. Entering Trinity College, Dublin, in 1828, ​he became the class-fellow and intimate friend of Isaac Butt [q. v.], with whom he always preserved a warm friendship although they differed in politics. Hart graduated B.A. 1833, proceeded M.A. 1839, and LL.B. and LL.D. 1840. He was elected a fellow on 15 June 1835, was co-opted senior fellow 10 July 1858, and was elected vice-provost in 1876. He took an active interest in the affairs of the Irish church, and was for many years a member of the general synod and representative church body. He obtained much reputation as a mathematician, and published useful treatises on hydrostatics and mechanics. Between 1849 and 1861 he contributed valuable papers to the ‘Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal,’ to the ‘Proceedings of the Irish Academy,’ and to the ‘Quarterly Journal of Mathematics,’ chiefly on the subject of geodesic lines and on curves. On 25 Jan. 1886 he was knighted at Dublin Castle by the lord-lieutenant, Lord Carnarvon, ‘in recognition of his academic rank and attainments.’ He died suddenly at the house of his brother-in-law, George Vaughan Hart, of Kilderry, county Donegal, on 13 April 1890. He married in 1840 Frances, daughter of Henry MacDougall, Q.C., of Dublin; she died in 1876. Two sons, George Vaughan, a barrister, and Henry Chichester, of Carrablagh, Donegal, survived him.
Hart was the author of: 1. ‘An Elementary Treatise on Mechanics,’ 1844; 2nd edit. 1847. 2. ‘An Elementary Treatise on Hydrostatics and Hydrodynamics,’ 1846; another edit. 1850.
[Freeman's Journal, 26 Jan. 1886, p. 5; Dublin Gazette, 29 Jan. 1886, p. 94; Times, 15 April 1890.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Harry, George Owen

​HARRY, GEORGE OWEN (fl. 1604), Welsh antiquary, son of William Owen, became rector of Whitchurch, or Eglwys-Wen, in the hundred of Cemmaes, Pembrokeshire. His printed works are: 1. ‘The Genealogy of the high and mighty Monarch James … King of Great Brittayne, with his lineall descent from Noah by divers direct lynes to Brutus; … with a briefe Cronologie of the memorable Acts of the famous men touched in this Genealogie, with many other matters worthy of note,’ London, 1604, 4to. This book, which was composed at the request of Robert Holland, is, when accompanied by all the plates, uncommonly rare. 2. ‘The Well-sprynge of True Nobility.’
He compiled in 1602 a manuscript volume showing the state of Wales at that period (for some extracts see Gent. Mag. for 1823). To Browne Willis's ‘Survey of the Cathedral Church of St. David's,’ 1717, are appended ‘some memoirs relating thereto, and the county adjacent, from a MS. wrote about the latter end of Queen Elizabeth's reign.’ The manuscript is believed to have been written by George Owen Harry for the use of Camden, who acknowledges his assistance in the account of Pembrokeshire in the ‘Britannia.’ Richard Fenton, in his ‘Historical Tour through Pembrokeshire,’ 1811, has liberally quoted from Harry's manuscripts.
[Dwnn's Heraldic Visitation of Wales, introd. xii, i. 33 and facsimile No. 5; Fenton's Pembrokeshire, pp. 505, 526, 527, 563; Gent. Mag. 1823, pt. ii. pp. 16, 108, 406, 511, 597; Gough's Brit. Topog. ii. 495, 515; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bohn), p. 1006; Moule's Bibl. Heraldica, p. 62; Watt's Bibl. Brit.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Harry, Nun Morgan

​HARRY, NUN MORGAN (1800–1842), congregationalist, was born in the parish of Lampeter Velfrey in Pembrokeshire, 9 June 1800. His father died in the prime of life, when Harry was in his fourth year. He and his three brothers with their mother were taken charge of by their grandfather, David Harry, who gave them a good education. At the age of fourteen Harry began to commit to paper on Sunday evenings the texts of the sermons he had heard during the day, and afterwards made as full notes as he could. At the age of seventeen he joined the congregational church at Henllan, and commenced his occasional labours as minister of the gospel there. It was partly through the instrumentality of Lady Barham, who took a kindly interest in him, that in 1822 he entered the college at Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire. Having completed the usual term of study there, he was unanimously chosen pastor of the independent church at Banbury, and was ordained on 25 April 1827. He remained here nearly seven years. On 15 Aug. 1832 he became pastor of the independent church in New Broad Street, London, and remained there till his death on 22 Oct. 1842. He enthusiastically adopted the principles of the Peace Society; in 1837 he was elected one of its honorary secretaries, and became editor of the ‘Herald of Peace.’ He generally drew up the annual reports, and wrote several valuable tracts and circulars, published by the committee. When asked to take part in any public meeting, he always stipulated that he should be allowed to say a word on ‘peace.’ In his theology he was probably in advance of the majority of the ministers of his own denomination. A memorial sermon by his ‘bosom friend,’ the Rev. Caleb Morris of Fetter Lane Chapel, London, passed through several editions. He published a series of twelve lectures on the subject, ‘What think ye of Christ?’ Banbury, 1832.
In 1828 he married Eliza, the eldest daughter of the Rev. William Warlow of Milford, by whom he had five children.
[Jones's Geiriadur Bywgraffyddol; Herald of Peace for January 1843; Caleb Morris's Memorial Discourse; Letters from Mr. E. John Harry.]
R. J. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Harsnett, Adam

​HARSNETT, ADAM (d. 1639), divine, was the son of Adam and Mercy Harsnett. When making his will on 24 Oct. 1612, his ​father described himself as ‘Adam Halsnoth of Colchester, joyner, and now one of the Serjants att the Mace in the town of Colchester’ (registered in the archdeaconry court of Colchester). Adam was matriculated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, as a sizar in 1597, and took the degree of B.A. there in 1600–1. He afterwards removed to St. John's College, as a member of which he proceeded M.A. in 1604 and B.D. in 1612 (Cambridge Matriculation Register). In 1609 he became vicar of Hutton, Essex, on the resignation of his relative, Samuel Harsnett [q. v.] He was also rector of Cranham, Essex, to which he was instituted on the presentation of John, lord Petre, 8 Sept. 1612. He held both livings until his death at Cranham in 1639. His will, bearing date 30 Nov. 1638, was proved at London by his brother, Samuel Harsnett, grocer, on 16 Sept. 1639 (registered in P. C. C. 148, Harvey). He was twice married: first, to Mary, widow of William Jenkin, the puritan minister of Sudbury, Suffolk, and daughter of Richard Rogers, preacher at Wethersfield, Essex, by whom he had issue; and, secondly, to Mary, widow of John Dawson, who survived him.
Harsnett, who was a moderate puritan, wrote:
* ‘A Tovch-Stone of Grace. Discovering the differences betweene true and counterfeit grace: Laying downe infallible Evidences and markes of true Grace. Serving for the tryall of a mans spirituall estate,’ 12mo, London, 1630 (reissued in 1632 and 1635).
* ‘A Cordiall for the Afflicted. Touching the Necessitie and Utilitie of Afflictions. Proving unto us the happinesse of those that thankfully receive them: and the misery of all that want them, or profit not by them,’ the second edition enlarged, 12mo, London, 1638.
* ‘Gods Summons to a General Repentance,’ 12mo, London, 1640 (reprinted, 8vo, London, 1794).
[Trans. of Essex Archæol. Soc. (new ser.), ii. 256; Waters's Genealogical Gleanings in England, vol. i. pt. ii. pp. 210, 214, 224; Watt's Bibl. Brit.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hart, Andro

​HART, ANDRO or ANDREW (d. 1621), Edinburgh printer and publisher, occupied a shop on the north side of the High Street, opposite the cross. It is described in his will as ‘the heich buith within his foir tenement of land upon the north syd of the Hie Streit.’ The site was subsequently occupied by the shops of William Creech [q. v.] and Archibald Constable [q. v.] Hart's printing-house was further down the close on the same side of the street. Hart was the principal printer, publisher, and bookseller of his time in Edinburgh. He published the works of Sir William Alexander and of Drummond of Hawthornden, by both of whom he was much respected. On 9 Nov. 1618 Drayton the poet stated in a letter to Drummond that he was seeking to arrange with Hart for the publication of the last part of his ‘Poly-Olbion.’ Drummond was earnest with Hart ‘in that particular’ (ib. p. 85), but the negotiation came to nothing. Hart brought out an admirable edition of the Bible in 1610, and also an edition of Barbour's ‘Bruce.’ He imported a large number of books from abroad. In a petition to the privy council, 10 Feb. 1589–90, he and John Norton, an Englishman, state that for about two years they had imported books from ‘Almanie and Germany,’ with the result that Edinburgh was better supplied with books than ever before, and as ‘gude-chaip as they are to be sold in London or any other part of England.’ Their complaint led the council to abandon a projected new duty on imported books (Reg. P. C. Scotl. iv. 460). In 1596 Hart was, on the accusation of a debtor, apprehended as one of the leaders of the tumult in the streets of Edinburgh of 17 Dec. (Calderwood, Hist. Church of Scotl. v. 511), and on the 23rd was committed to ward (ib. p. 535), but was probably liberated soon afterwards. In October 1599 one Edward Cathkyn became surety for Hart, who is described as ‘liberar, burges of Edinburgh,’ in a suit with John Gibson, ‘buik binder’ (Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. iv. 408). He died in December 1621 (wills in Bannatyne Miscellany, ii. 241–9). He married, first, Janet Micklehill (will, ib. ii. 238–41), and secondly Janet Kene (will, ib. pp. 257–9), who died 3 May 1642. By his first wife he had a son Samuel, and by his second two sons, John and Andrew. There were also several daughters. In his will he enjoined ‘Samvell, my eldest sone, to … instruct John and Androw Hartes, his breither, if at Godis plesowr they cum to perfyt zeires, in my tred and vocatioun of buikis selling’ (ib. ii. 248). An autograph of Hart is noticed in ‘Notes and Queries’ (u. s.).
[Bannatyne Miscellany, ii. 238–49, 257–9; Daniel Wilson's Memorials of Edinburgh, ed. 1872, pp. 235–6; Masson's Life of Drummond of Hawthornden; Reg. P. C. Scotl. vol. iv.; Calderwood's Hist. Church of Scotl.; Brit. Mus. Cat. of Books before 1640, iii. 1757.]
T. F. H.