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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Baithen

From volume 2 of the work.
An Irish monk, specially selected by St. Columba as one of the band of missionaries who set sail for Britain in 563. Born in 536, the son of Brenaron, he was an ardent disciple of St. Columba, and was appointed Abbot of Tiree Island, a monastery founded by St. Comgall of Bangor. St. Adamnan, in recording the death of St. Columba, tells us that the dying words of the Apostle of Iona, as he was transcribing the fifty-third Psalm, were: "I must stop here, let Baithen write what follows". Baithen had been looked on as the most likely successor of St. Columba, and so it happened that on the death of that great apostle, in 596, the monks unanimously confirmed the choice of their founder. St. Baithen was in high esteem as a wise counsellor, and his advice was sought by many Irish saints, including St. Fintan Munnu of Taghmon.
St. Adamnan (Eunan), the biographer of St. Columba, tells many interesting incidents in the life of St. Baithen, but the mere fact of being the immediate successor of St. Columba, by the express wish of that apostle, is almost sufficient to attest his worth. The "Martyrology of Donegal" records the two following anecdotes. When St. Baithen partook of food, before each morsel in invariably recited "Deus in adjutorium meum intende". Also, "when he worked in the fields, gathering in the corn along with the monks, he used to hold up one hand towards Heaven, beseeching God, while with the other hand he gathered the corn". St. Baithen of Iona is generally known as Baithen Mor, to distinguish him from eight other saints of the same name — the affix mor meaning "the Great". He wrote a life of his master, and some Irish poems, which are now lost, but which were seen by St= Adamnan. He only ruled Iona three years, as his death took place in the year 600, though the "Annals of Ulster" give the date as 598. Perhaps the true year may be 599. His feast is celebrated on October 6th. Some writers assert that St. Baithen of Iona is the patron of Ennisboyne, County Wicklow, but this is owing to a confusion with St. Baoithin, or Baithin mac Findech, whose feast is commemorated on 22 May. Another St. Baoithin, son of Cuana, whose feast is on 19 February, is patron of Tibohin, in Elphin.
W. H. Grattan-Flood.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Baldred

From volume 2 of the work.
(1) a Celtic Bishop of Strathclyde, b. about 643; d. at Aldhame, Haddingtonshire, about 607. He is said to have been the immediate successor of the great St. Kentigern, or Mungo, the fo9under of the See of Glasgow, Scotland. Like St. Kentigern, he was of Irish ancestry, but is reckoned as a British saint, inasmuch as Strathclyde was part of Britain. The chronology of the period when he flourished is somewhat obscure, but the best authorities on Scottish history agree that St. Baldred was born towards the middle of the sixth century. Previous to his consecration, St. Baldred had ;laboured for many years in Strathclyde, and had founded numerous houses for monks as also for holy virgins in addition to the churches of Aldhame, Tyinguham and Preston Kirk. Owing to the disturbed state of the kingdom, he was forced after a short rule to retire from the spiritual government of the Strathclyde Britons as also happened to his predecessor. His feast is observed on 6 March.
(2) Baldred, or Baltherus, a holy hermit-priest of the eight century, who has been confounded with the preceding Scottish saint. According to Simeon of Durham and Hovendeus the date of his death is give as 756. Turgot of Durham is more explicit, and he tells us that Baldred, or Baltherus, the priest, died ""n the seventeenth year of the episcopate of Cynulf", that is 756, or on the 6 March, 757. This Baldred is associated with the See of Lindisfarne, and was an Englishman. Numerous miracles are ascribed to him, and his feast is given as 6 March.
To add to the confusion, some writers have imagined that this Baldred is identical with Bilfritt, or Bilfrid, a hermit goldsmith, whose exquisite work may yet be seen in the British Museum on the cover of a Book of Gospels, generally known as the Gospels of St. Cuthbert. This cover was made during the rule of Bishops Eadfrid and Ethelwold of Lindisfarne, 698 to 740. The relics of St. Bilfrid were discovered by Aelfrid, and were placed, with those of St. Baldred, in St. Cuthbert's shrine at Durham, but were subsequently transferred to the shrine of St. Bede in 1104.
COMERARIUS, quoted in FORBE, Kalendar of Scottish Saints; BOETIUS, Hist. Scot,; Reg. Ep. Glas., II; CHALMER, Caledonia; LESLEY, De Orig. Mor., et Rebus Gest. Scot.; BUTLER, Lives of the Saints (March 6). Acta SS. (March 6), I; BARING GOULD, Lives of the Saints, III; Turgot, Hist. Of Denelon; O'HANLON, Lives of the Irish Saints (March), III.
W. H. Grattan-Flood.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Augustine of Hippo

From volume 2 of the work.
See subarticles Life of St. Augustine of Hippo, Works of St. Augustine of Hippo, Teaching of St. Augustine of Hippo.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Austremonius

From volume 2 of the work.
Apostle and Bishop of Auvergne (c. 314). All that is certainly known of Austremonius is deduced from a few brief sentences in the writings of St. Gregory of Tours (Hist. Franc., I, xxx, and De Gloriâ Confessorum, c. xxix). According to this authority he was one of the seven bishops sent from Rome into Gaul about the middle of the third century; he laboured in Auvergne and is said to have been the first Bishop of Clermont. But from a study of the episcopal lists as given by St. Gregory himself, St. Austremonius could hardly have antedated the commencement of the fourth century, since his third successor died in 385. It is more likely, therefore, that he was the contemporary of the three Bishops of Aquitaine who attended the Council of Arles in 314. He was not a martyr. His cult began about the middle of the sixth century, when Cantius, a deacon, saw a vision of angels about his neglected tomb at Issoire on the Couze. His body was afterwards translated to Volvic, and in 761 to the Abbey of Mauzac. Towards the middle of the ninth century, the head of the saint was brought to St.-Yvoine, near Issoire, and about 900 was returned to Issoire, the original place of burial.
Acta SS., Nov., I, 49 sq.; Anal. Boll., XIII, 33-46; Mielanges Havet., 36; Duchesne, Bulletin critique (1888), IX, 203-207. Chevalier, Rep. des sources hist.. (Bio-bibliog.), 2d ed., 390, 391.
FRANCIS P. HAVEY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Balbina

From volume 2 of the work.
​Balbina, Saint.—Memorials of a St. Balbina are to be found at Rome in three different spots which are connected with the early Christian antiquities of that city. In the purely legendary account of the martyrdom of St. Alexander (Acta SS., Maii, I, 367 sqq.) mention is made of a tribune Quirinus who died a martyr and was buried in the catacomb of Prætextatus on the Via Appia. His grave was regarded with great veneration and is referred to in the old itineraries (guides for pilgrims) of the Roman catacombs. Tradition said that his daughter Balbina, who had been baptized by St. Alexander and had passed her life unmarried, was buried after death near her father in the same catacomb. The feast of St. Balbina is celebrated 31 March. Usuardus speaks of her in his martyrology; his account of St. Balbina rests on the record of the martyrdom of St. Alexander. There is another Balbina whose name was given to a catacomb (cœm. Balbinæ) which lay between the Via Appia and the Via Ardeatina not far from the little church called Domine quo vadis. Over this cemetery a basilica was erected in the fourth century by Pope Mark. There still exists on the little Aventine in the city itself the old title of St. Balbina, first mentioned in an epitaph of the sixth century and in the signatures to a Roman council (595) of the time of Pope Gregory I. This church was erected in a large ancient hall. Its titular saint is supposed to be identical with the St. Balbina who was buried in the catacomb of Pra?textatus and whose bones together with those of her father were brought here at a later date. It is not certain, however, that the two names refer to the same person.
Acta SS., Martii. III, 900 sqq,; Allard, Hist, des persécut. (Paris, 1892), I, 213 sqq.; Wagner, Bekehrung und Martyrtod des hl. Quirinus und dessen Tochter Balbina (Nanzig, 1848); Ugonio, Historia delle stationi di Roma (Rome, 1588), 126 sqq.; Marucchi, Les basiliques et églises de Rome (Rome, 1902), 173 sqq.; De Rossi, Bull. di arch. crist. (1867), 1 sqq.
J. P. Kirsch.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Austrebertha

From volume 2 of the work.
Austrebertha, Saint, Virgin, born c. 630 at Therouane in the modern department of Pas-de-Calais in France; d. February 10, 703 or 704. When her father desired to give her in marriage to a young nobleman, she fled from home and took the veil from the hands of Bishop Saint-Omer. Some time later she entered the monastery of Port on the Somme, where she was later elected prioress. Soon afterwards she was appointed first abbess of the newly erected convent of Pavilly in Lower Seine. Under her direction the nuns of Pavilly became so celebrated for sanctity that parents came from all sides to place their daughters under the guidance of Austrehertha. Her name is in the Roman martyrology and she is honored as patron at Montreuil in the department of Pas-de-Calais.
[Sources missing.]
Michael Ott
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lawrence (Massachusetts)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LAWRENCE, a city and one of the county-seats of Essex co., Mass., on both sides of the Merrimac river, and on the Boston and Maine railroad; 29 miles N. W. of Boston. The river at this point has a gradual descent of 26 feet in a distance of half a mile, affording excellent water power. It is dammed by a solid granite wall 900 feet long and 30 feet wide, the water being drawn off through a system of canals and distributed to the various factories. Lawrence is a great cotton and woolen milling center, and has extensive manufactures of foundry and machine shop products, wall paper, stationery, cars, carriages, sewing machines, steam engines, boilers, hardware, belting, hats, boots and shoes and flour. The city has an admirable public school system, public library, court house, waterworks system, numerous public parks, daily and weekly newspapers, electric lights, and electric street railways connecting Andover, Haverhill, Lowell and neighboring towns. The charitable and educational institutions include the City Hospital, Roman Catholic Hospital, Essex County Truant School, and High school. Pop. (1910) 85,892; (1920) 94,270.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Leland, Charles Godfrey

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY, an American author; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 15, 1824. He was graduated at Princeton College in 1845, and afterward studied at Heidelberg, Munich, and Paris. He was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1849, but turned to journalism. From 1869 he resided chiefly in England, and investigated the language and customs of the gipsies, a subject on which between 1873 and 1890 he published four valuable works. Leland is most widely known, however, for his dialect poems in “Pennsylvania Dutch,” the famous “Hans Breitmann Ballads” (1871). Other works are “The Poetry and Mystery of Dreams” (1855), “Meister Karl's Sketch Book” (1855), “Legends of Birds” (1864), “Fu-Sang” (1875), and “Algonquin Legends” (1884). In 1885 he edited a series of “Art-Work Manuals.” He died at Florence, Italy, March 20, 1903.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Leland Stanford, Junior, University

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LELAND STANFORD, JUNIOR, UNIVERSITY, a co-educational non-sectarian institution in Palo Alto, Cal.; founded in 1891; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 345; students, 2,441; volumes in the library, about 300,000; productive funds, about $25,000,000; income, $1,400,000; number of graduates, 1,142; president, Ray Lyman Wilbur, M.D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Leuthen

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. Now part of Poland.
LEUTHEN (loi'ten), a village of Prussia, in Lower Silesia, 10 miles W. of Breslau, celebrated for the victory won there, 1757, by Frederick the Great, with 34,000 men, over the Austrians under Prince Charles of Lorraine at the head of 90,000. The result was the reconquest of the greater part of Silesia by the Prussians.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Leitha

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LEITHA, an Austrian stream rising in Lower Austria, and flowing N. E. to join the Danube nearly along the frontier of Lower Austria and Hungary. Since the reorganization of the empire in 1867, it has become usual to speak of Hungary and the lands belonging to the Hungarian crown as Trans-leithan, and the rest of the empire as Cis-leithan — thus giving the stream a factitious importance.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lewiston (Me.)

* related portals: Maine.
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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LEWISTON, a city in Androscoggin co., Me., on the Androscoggin river and
the Grand Trunk and the Maine Central railroads, 34 miles N. of Portland. The river is spanned by several bridges. The city is the trade center for an extensive farming region. Manufactures cotton and woolen goods, boots and shoes, files, trunks, ticking, burlap, furniture and brick. It is the seat of Bates College and Cobb Divinity School; has public library, city park, electric light and street railroad plants, waterworks supplied from the river, National and savings banks, daily, weekly and monthly periodicals. Lewiston was founded in 1770; incorporated in 1795, and chartered as a city in 1861, but the city government was not organized till 1863. Pop. (1910) 26,247; (1920) 31,791.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Leland, John

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LELAND, JOHN, an English antiquary; born in London, England, about 1506. After a residence in Paris he became chaplain to Henry VIII., who in 1533, commissioned him as “king's antiquary,” with power to search for records of antiquity in the cathedrals, colleges, abbeys, and priories of England. His Church preferments were the rectories of Pofeling, in the marches of Calais, and Haseley in Oxfordshire, a canonry of King's College (now Christ Church), Oxford, and a prebend of Salisbury. His last five years were darkened by insanity. Died April 18, 1552.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Leutze, Emanuel

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LEUTZE, EMANUEL, an American artist; born in Gmünd, Württemberg, May 24, 1816; was brought to the United States in infancy. In 1840 he began to display a remarkable talent for portrait painting. Subsequently he devoted himself to the painting of historical subjects. His works include “Columbus Before the Council of Salamanca”; “Columbus in Chains”; “Columbus Before the Queen”; “Landing of the Norsemen in America”; “Washington Crossing the Delaware”; “Washington at Princeton”; “Lafayette in Prison at Olmütz Visited by His Relatives”; etc. In 1860 he was employed by the United States Government to make a large mural painting entitled “Westward the Star of Empire Takes Its Way” on one of the staircases in the National Capitol. He died in Washington, D. C, July 18, 1868.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lewiston (Idaho)

* related portals: Idaho.
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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LEWISTON, a city of Idaho, the county-seat of Nez Perce co. It is at the junction of the Snake and Clearwater rivers, and on the Northern Pacific and the Oregon-Washington Railroad and Navigation lines. It is the center of an important mining and wheat and fruit growing district. Its industries include flour and box-making mills. It is the seat of the State normal school and a United States Weather Bureau station. It has a hospital, a public library, and other public buildings. Pop. (1910) 6,043; (1920) 6,574.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Leith

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LEITH, the 6th largest town in Scotland, an important seaport, on the S. shore of the Firth of Forth, 2 miles N. of Edinburgh (q. v.), with which it is now connected by a continuous line of street. Pop. (1918) 83,828.
# Constitution Third Amendment Act, 1988

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Act No. 101 of 1988. First published on 21 October 1988 in Government Gazette No. 11554, and came into force upon publication. Repealed on 27 April 1994 by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993.
Note that [words in bold type in square brackets] indicate omissions from existing enactments, while words underlined with a solid line indicate insertions in existing enactments.
Act
To amend the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, so as to make different provision in relation to the period within which certain advice and decisions of the President’s Council shall be laid upon the Table in Parliament.
(Afrikaans text signed by the acting State President.) (Assented to 12 October 1988.)
Be it enacted by the State President and the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:―
Amendment of section 78 of Act 110 of 1983
1. Section 78 of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, is hereby amended by the substitution for subsection (8) of the following subsection:
“(8) Advice received by the State President in terms of subsection (4) (b) and accepted by him, and any decision of the President’s Council in terms of subsection (5), shall be laid upon the Table of every House [within 14 days after its receipt by the State President] as soon as possible.”.
Short title
2. This Act shall be called the Constitution Third Amendment Act, 1988.
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Constitution Third Amendment Act of 1998

* related portals: Constitutional documents of South Africa.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
The Constitution Third Amendment Act of 1998 is an Act of the Parliament of South Africa amending the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. It came into effect on 30 October 1998. It authorised the creation of municipalities crossing provincial boundaries, and laid down conditions under which such municipalities could be created; these changes were later reversed by the Constitution Twelfth Amendment Act of 2005.
The act was originally known as the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, 1998, but was renamed by the Citation of Constitutional Laws Act, 2005.
Note that [words in bold type in square brackets] indicate omissions from existing enactments, while words underlined with a solid line indicate insertions in existing enactments.
(English text signed by the President.) (Assented to 20 October 1998.)
Act
To amend the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, so as to provide that, where a municipal boundary is determined across a provincial boundary, national legislation must make provision for establishing a municipality of a type agreed to by the provincial governments concerned and for the exercising of executive authority over that municipality; and to provide for matters connected therewith.
as amended by
Citation of Constitutional Laws Act, No. 5 of 2005
Be it enacted by the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:—
Amendment of section 155 of Act 108 of 1996
1. Section 155 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as the principal Act), is hereby amended by the insertion after subsection (6) of the following subsection:
“(6A) If the criteria envisaged in subsection (3) (b) cannot be fulfilled without a municipal boundary extending across a provincial boundary—
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Amendment of section 157 of Act 108 of 1996
2. Section 157 of the principal Act is hereby amended by the substitution for subsection (4) of the following subsection:
“(4) (a) If the electoral system includes ward representation, the delimitation of wards must be done by an independent authority appointed in terms of, and operating according to, procedures and criteria prescribed by national legislation.
(b) Where a municipal boundary has been determined in terms of section 155 (6A), a ward delimited within that municipal boundary may not extend across the provincial boundary concerned.”.
Short title
3. This Act is called the Constitution Third Amendment Act of 1998.
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Constitution Sixteenth Amendment Act of 2009

* related portals: Constitutional documents of South Africa.
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The Constitution Sixteenth Amendment Act of 2009 is an act of the Parliament of South Africa amending the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. A presidential proclamation brought it into force on 3 April 2009. It altered the provincial boundaries to transfer Merafong City Local Municipality (including Khutsong) from North West to Gauteng. Merafong City had originally been included in North West by the Constitution Twelfth Amendment Act of 2005, but the change was met with strong opposition in Khutsong, and it was eventually decided by the government to return the area to Gauteng.
See Notice 1490 of 2008 for the maps referred to in the sections inserted by this Act.
(English text signed by the President.) (Assented to 25 March 2009.)
Act
To amend the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, in order to re-determine the geographical areas of the provinces of Gauteng and North West; and to provide for matters connected therewith.
Parliament of the Republic of South Africa enacts as follows:—
Amendment of Schedule 1A to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, as inserted by section 4 of the Constitution Twelfth Amendment Act of 2005 and amended by section 1 of the Constitution Thirteenth Amendment Act of 2007
1. Schedule 1A to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, is hereby amended by—
(a)
(b)
Short title and commencement
2. This Act is called the Constitution Sixteenth Amendment Act of 2009, and comes into operation on a date determined by the President by proclamation in the Gazette.
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse