# Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China

TWENTIETH CENTURY IMPRESSIONS
OF
HONGKONG, SHANGHAI, AND
OTHER TREATY PORTS
OF CHINA.
Printed and Bound, and the Illustration Blocks Produced by
Jas. Truscott & Son, Ltd.,
London, E.C.
HIS EXCELLENCY SIR FREDERICK JOHN DEALTRY LUGARD. K.C.M.G.. C.B. D.S.O. (Governor of Hongkong, Commander-in-Chief, and Vice- Admiral), and LADY LUGARD.
PREFACE.
HIS work is the outcome of an enterprise designed to give in an attractive form full and reliable information with reference to the outlying parts of the Empire. The value of a fuller knowledge of the "Britains beyond the Sea" and the great dependencies of the Crown as a means of tightening the bonds which unite the component parts of the King's dominions was insisted upon by Mr. Chamberlain in a memorable speech, and the same note ran through the Prince of Wales's impressive Mansion House address in which His Royal Highness summed up the lessons of his tour through the Empire, from which he had then just returned. In some instances, notably the case of Canada, the local Governments have done much to diffuse in a popular form information relative to the territory which they administer. But there are other centres in which official enterprise in this direction has not been possible, or, at all events, in which action has not been taken, and it is in this prolific field that the publishers are working. So far they have found ample justification for their labours in the widespread public interest taken in their operations in the colonies which have been the scene of their work, and in the extremely cordial reception given by the Press, both home and colonial, to the completed results.
Briefly, the aim which the publishers keep steadily before them is to give a perfect microcosm of the colony or dependency treated. As old Stow, with patient application and scrupulous regard for accuracy, set himself to survey the London of his day, so the workers employed in the production of this series endeavour to give a picture, complete in every particular, of the distant possessions of the Crown. But topography is only one of the features treated. Responding to modern needs and tastes, the literary investigators devote their attention to every important phase of life, bringing to the elucidation of the subjects treated the powerful aid of the latest and best methods of pictorial illustration. Thus a work is compiled which is not only of solid and enduring value for purposes of reference and for practical business objects, but is of unique interest to all who are interested in the development of the Empire.
In all essential features the present volume follows closely upon the lines of the earlier works on Western Australia, Natal, Ceylon, and British Malaya, and deals fully with the history, administration, population, commerce, industries, and potentialities of the territories to which it relates. In one respect, however, it differs from its predecessors, for, while they have been devoted exclusively to British Colonies, this book, as its title indicates, deals also with settlements which are only partially British. But there is ample excuse, if excuse be needed, for this departure from precedent. More than one half the imports and exports of China passes through the various Treaty Ports, and it would have been a negation of one of the avowed objects of these publications if no attempt had been made to show the present-day tendency of this trade and how the proportion borne by the British Empire compares with that of its competitors. Nor must it be forgotten that Canton, Amoy, Foochow, Ningpo, and Shanghai, the first five ports in China to which foreign merchandise was admitted without hindrance or interference, were thrown open in 1842 as the direct result of British influence, which was also responsible in 1858 for the extension of this privilege ​to New'chu'ang, Chefoo, Taiwan (Formosa), Swatow, Hainan, and three ports on the Yangtsze-Kiang. Though the British Consuls have long ceased to be the only mediums of communication between foreigners and the local Chinese authorities, British interests are still very powerful, and in some cases the British communities are self-governing.
Although the whole of the Treaty Ports, numbering upwards of forty, hare not been dealt with separately, the most important have been selected, and they are sufficient for our purpose since they receive the bulk of the trade of the minor ports. This is especially true of Canton in its relation to the other Treaty Ports on the West River, and of Shanghai in relation to some of the smaller ports lying along the banks of the Yangtsze-Kiang.
The wide distances which divide the ports, and the peculiar conditions which prevail in them have rendered the task of the compilers one of no little difficulty. The foreign settlements are occupied by representatives of different nationalities answerable to their own Consuls, subject to the laws of their own countries, and, in many instances, organised into independent local governing communities, so that, though they form collectively one homogeneous whole, they are, in actual fact, a congeries of separate and distinct units. But neither trouble nor expense has been spared in the attempt to cover the ground adequately and secure full and trustworthy information in every direction. As in previous works, the services of acknowledged experts have been enlisted wherever possible. The historical sections have been written from original materials preserved at the India Office, the British Museum, and other national institutions. In Hongkong much valued assistance has been freely rendered by the heads of the various Government departments, and the Editor is especially indebted to H.E. Sir F. J. D. Lugard, K.C.M.G., C.B., D.S.O., the Governor, and the Hon. Mr. F. H. May, C.M.G., the Colonial Secretary, who have given all the encouragement that lay in their power to the enterprise. In Shanghai the Municipal Authorities have shown every courtesy, and in the various Treaty Ports the British Consular Officers, the Customs Officers, and the Municipal Secretaries, have placed the compilers under an obligation which is gratefully acknowledged.
Obviously a work of this magnitude cannot be produced except at very considerable cost. As the publishers do not ask for any Government subsidy, because of the restrictions which it might impose upon them, this cost has to be met in part by receipts from the sale of copies and in part by revenue from the insertion of commercial photographs. The publishers venture to think that this fact furnishes no ground for adverse criticism. The principle is that adopted by the highest class of newspapers and magazines all over the world. Moreover, it is claimed that these photographs add to, rather than detract from, the value of the book. They serve to show the manifold interests of the country, and, with the accompanying descriptive letterpress, which is independently written by members of the staff from personal observation, they constitute a picturesque and useful feature that is not without interest to the general reader and student of economics, while it is of undoubted value to business men throughout the British Empire.
CONTENTS. :
| HONGKONG, SHANGHAI, AND OTHER TREATY PORTS— | page |
| Early History and Development. By Arnold Wright | 13 |
| HONGKONG— |
| Constitution and Law— |
| The Local Legislature | 99 |
| The Courts | 101 |
| The Laws. By C. D. Wilkinson | 102 |
| Executive and Legislative Councils | 105 |
| Finance. By The Hon. Mr. A. M. Thomson, Colonial Treasurer | 113 |
| Education. By G. H. Bateson Wright, D.D. (Oxon.), Headmaster of Queen's College, Hongkong | 121 |
| Public Works. By The Hon. Mr. W. Chatham, C.M.G., Director of Public Works | 129 |
| Posts, Cables, and Telephones | 133 |
| Flora. By S. T. Dunn, B.A., F.L.S., J.P., Superintendent of the Botanical and Forestry Department, Hongkong | 135 |
| Fauna— |
| General. By J. C. Kershaw, Author of "Butterflies of Hongkong" | 138 |
| Butterflies. By J. C. Kershaw | 139 |
| Birds. By Staff-Surgeon Kenneth H. Jones, R.N. | 141 |
| Hongkong (Descriptive). By H. A. Cartwright | 145 |
| The Sanitary Board. By A. Shelton Hooper | 157 |
| Harbour and Shipping. By Commander Basil Taylor, R.N., Harbour Master | 188 |
| Hongkong Industries | 235 |
| Sport, By J. W. Bains, Sports Editor of the "China Mail" | 250 |
| Health and Hospitals. By The Hon. Dr. J. M. Atkinson, Principal Civil Medical Officer | 262 |
| Police, Prisons, and Fire Brigade. By Captain F. W. Lyons, Acting Captain-Superintendent of Police, Hongkong | 266 |
| Navy, Army, and Volunteers | 272 |
| The Hongkong Volunteer Corps. By Major Chapman, Commandant | 274 |
| The Foreign Trade of China | 278 |
| The Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs | 282 |
| The Currency of China | 288 |
| The Silk Industry | 290 |
| Tea. By H. T. Wade | 294 |
| Cotton. By James Kerfoot, M.I.M.E. | 302 |
| The Flora of China | 304 |
| Ceremonies and Customs of the Chinese. By S. W. Tso | 307 |
| Chinese Characters. By James B. Wong, B.A. | 319 |
| Ecclesiastical— |
| The Roman Catholic Church. By Father J. de Moidrey, S.J. | 321 |
| The Anglican Communion. By The Ven. Archdeacon Banister | 326 |
| Protestant Missions in China. By The Rev. J. Steele, B.A. | 332 |
| The Ancient Faiths of the Chinese. By The Rev. T. W. Pearce | 337 ​ |
| Social Life | 341 |
| The Press. By W. H. Donald, Editor of the "China Mail" | 343 |
| SHANGHAI— |
| Description of the Settlement. By H. A. Cartwright | 368 |
| Local Government and Law. By H. A. Cartwright | 399 |
| Police. By K. J. McEuen, Deputy Superintendent of Police | 409 |
| Volunteers | 413 |
| Shanghai Fire Brigade | 429 |
| Public Works. Supplied by the Public Works Department | 432 |
| Health and Hospitals. By Arthur Stanley, M.D., B.S.Lond., D.P.H, Health Officer | 434 |
| Finance and Banking | 438 |
| Shipping, Commerce, and Customs | 452 |
| Education | 484 |
| Posts, Cables, and Telephones | 490 |
| Sport. By W. R. Parkin | 498 |
| Meteorology— |
| Hongkong. By K. G. Figg, Director of the Hongkong Observatory | 509 |
| Shanghai. By The Rev. Father Froc, Director of Siccawei Observatory | 512 |
| Leading Residents of Shanghai | 516 |
| Prominent Chinese Residents | 525 |
| Industries | 573 |
| The Foreign Commercial Community | 602 |
| The Oriental Commercial Community | 662 |
| The Railways of China | 666 |
| Mines and Minerals in Manchuria. By Reginald Bate, F.R.G.S. | 682 |
| Information for Tourists | 683 |
| TREATY PORTS AND OTHER FOREIGN SETTLEMENTS— |
| Hankow | 692 |
| Tientsin | 724 |
| Peking | 755 |
| Newchwang. By Reginald Bate, F.R.G.S. | 763 |
| Chefoo | 767 |
| Ningpo | 772 |
| Weihaiwei | 773 |
| Nanking | 778 |
| Canton. By H. A. Cartwright | 782 |
| Macao. By Pedro Nolasco da Silva | 798 |
| The Lappa Customs. By A. H. Wilzer, Commissioner of Customs | 805 |
| Tsingtau | 810 |
| Amoy. By Cecil A. V. Bowra, Commissioner of Customs | 813 |
| Swatow | 829 |
| Foochow | 837 |
| Chinese Weights, Measures, and Money | 841 |
| Concluding Note | 842 |
| Index | 843 |
HONGKONG, SHANGHAI, AND OTHER TREATY PORTS —
* Early History and Development. By Arnold Wright ...... 13
* HONGKONG
** Constitution and Law
** The Local Legislature 99
** The Courts 101
** The Laws. By C. D. Wilkinson 102
** Executive and Legislative Councils 105
** Finance. By The Hon. Mr. A. M. Thomson, Colonial Treasurer 113
** Education. By G. H. Bateson Wright, D.D. (Oxon.), Headmaster of Queen's College, Hongkong 121
*** Inspectorate of Schools
*** Educational Establishments
*** Queen's College
*** The Rev. G. H. Bateson Wright
*** St. Joseph's English College
*** St. Paul's College
*** The Ellis Kadoorie Chinese Schools Society
*** Mr. Edward Alexander Irving
*** A Proposed University
*** Mr. H. N. Mody
** Public Works. By The Hon. Mr. W. Chatham, C.M.G., Director of Public Works . . . 129
** Posts, Cables, and Telephones . . . 133
** Flora. 135
*** S. T. Dunn 137
** Fauna —
*** General. By J. C. Kershaw, Author of "Butterflies of Hongkong" . . . 138
*** Butterflies. By J. C. Kershaw . . . 139
*** Birds. By Kenneth H. Jones . . . 141
** Hongkong (Descriptive). By H. A. Cartwright . . . 145
** The Sanitary Board. By A. Shelton Hooper ....... 157
** The Chamber of Commerce 159
** Government House 160
*** Mountain Lodge 161
** The City Hall
** The New Government Offices 162
*** Hongkong Electric Company, Ltd. 168
** Hongkong Social Institutions 169
*** The Hongkong Club
*** The Peak Club
*** The Phoenix Club 171
*** St. George's Club
*** The Club Germania
*** The Club Lusitano 172
*** Nippon Club
*** The Chinese Club
** Social and Professional Biographies 172
*** Mr. J. Scott Harston 173
*** Mr. G. K. Hall Brutton
*** Mr. Philip Wallace Goldring
*** Mr. Herbert William Looker
*** Mr. F. X. d'Almada e Castro
*** Mr. Robert Gordon Shewan
*** Mr. A. Shelton Hooper
*** Mr. Joseph R. Michael
*** Mr. Ernest Manning Hazeland
*** Mr. Henry Percy White
*** Mr. A. A. H. Botelho 174
*** Mr. F. D. Barretto 174
*** Dr. A. S. Gomes 174
*** Mr. Marcus Warre Slade 174
** Oriental Social and Professional Biographies 174
*** Mr. Lau Chu Pak 174
*** Mr. Ho Kom Tong 174
*** Mr. Ho Tung 176
*** Mr. Chau Siu Ki 176
*** Mr. Choa Leep Chee 176
*** Mr. Ho Fook 186
*** Mr. Lo Cheung Shiu 176
*** Mr. Yung Hin Pong 178
*** Mr. Tseung Sz Kai 178
*** Mr. Tong Lai Chuen 178
*** Mr. Wong Kam Fuk 178
*** Mr. S. W. Tso 178
*** Mr. Otto Kong Sing 178
*** Dr. Wan Tun Mo
*** Dr. Kwan Sum Yin 180
*** Dr. Ho Ko Tsun
*** Dr. Ho Nai Hop
*** Dr. Coxion To
*** Mr. She Posham 182
*** Mr. Kung Kwan-To
*** Mr. Lau Pun Chin
*** Mr. Ho Wing Tsun
*** Mr. Chau Ngan Ting
*** Mr. Iu Ku Un
*** Mr. Ng Hon Tsz
*** Mr. Mok Tso Chun
*** Mr. Wong Chew Tong
*** Mr. Chun Tong 184
*** __
*** Mr. Li Sing 185
*** Mr. Cheung Tseung Che 186
*** Mr. Goh Li Hing 186
*** Mr. Tsang King 186
** Harbour and Shipping. By Basil Taylor Harbour Master . . 188
** European Business Community 210
** Oriental Mercantile Community 224
** Hongkong Industries . . . 235
** Sport, By J. W. Bains, Sports Editor of the "China Mail" 250
** Health and Hospitals. By J. M. Atkinson, Principal Civil Medical Officer 262
** Police, Prisons, and Fire Brigade. By Captain F. W. Lyons, Acting Captain-Superintendent of Police, Hongkong 266
** Navy, Army, and Volunteers . . . 272
*** The Hongkong Volunteer Corps. By Major Chapman . . 274
* The Foreign Trade of China . . . 278
* The Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs . . . 282
* The Currency of China . . . 288
* The Silk Industry . . . 290
* Tea. By H. T. Wade . . . 294
* Cotton. By James Kerfoot, M.I.M.E. . . . 302
* The Flora of China 304
** Introduction 304
** North China 304
** Central China 304
** South China 305
** Fibers 305
** Agriculture 306
** Arboriculture 306
* Ceremonies and Customs of the Chinese. By S. W. Tso 307
** Introduction
** Nomenclature
** School Days
** Marriage
** Social Life
** Funeral Rites
** The Disposition of Property
** Medicine
** Religions
** Charities
** Guilds
** Festivals
** Music and Games
** Theatricals
** The Introduction of the Queue
** Justice
** Mr. Tso Seen Wan
* Chinese Characters. By James B. Wong, B.A. 319
* Ecclesiastical —
** The Roman Catholic Church. By Father J. de Moidrey, S.J. . . . 321
** The Anglican Communion. By The Ven. Archdeacon Banister . . . 326
*** St. Andrew's Church, Kowloon . . . 331
*** The Right Rev. Gerard Heath Lander, D.D.
*** The Archdeacon of Hongkong
*** The Rev. Frederick Trench Johnson, M.A.
*** Holy Trinity Cathedral, Shanghai
** Protestant Missions in China. By The Rev. J. Steele, B.A. . . . 332
** The Ancient Faiths of the Chinese. By The Rev. T. W. Pearce . . 337
* Social Life . . . . . . 341
* The Press. By W. H. Donald, Editor of the "China Mail" . 343
* SHANGHAI—
** Description of the Settlement. By H. A. Cartwright . 368
** Local Government and Law. By H. A. Cartwright . 399
** Police. By K. J. McEuen, Deputy Superintendent of Police . 409
** Volunteers . 413
** Shanghai Fire Brigade . 429
** Public Works. Supplied by the Public Works Department . 432
** Health and Hospitals. By Arthur Stanley, M.D., B.S.Lond., D.P.H, Health Officer . . . 434
** Finance and Banking 438
** Shipping, Commerce, and Customs . . . ???
** Education
** Posts, Cables, and Telephones
** Sport. By W. R. Parkin
** Meteorology
*** Hongkong. By K. G. Figg, Director of the Hongkong Observatory
*** Shanghai. By The Rev. Father Froc, Director of Siccawei Observatory
** Leading Residents of Shanghai
** Prominent Chinese Residents
** Industries
** The Foreign Commercial Community
** The Oriental Commercial Community
* The Railways of China
* Mines and Minerals in Manchuria. By Reginald Bate, F.R.G.S
* Information for Tourists
** Hongkong 691|683
*** Canton, Wuchou and Samshui trip
*** Kowloon Hotel 692|684
** Shanghai
*** Astor House
*** The Palace Hotel 696|688
*** Hotel des Colonies
*** St. George's Hotel 698|690
*** The New Travellers' Hotel
*** Naval Club Hotel
*** The Chang Su Ho Garden
* TREATY PORTS AND OTHER FOREIGN SETTLEMENTS
* Hankow . . . 692
* Tientsin . . . 724
* Peking . . . 755
* Newchwang. By Reginald Bate, F.R.G.S. . . . 763
* Chefoo . . . 767
* Ningpo . . . 772
* Weihaiwei . . . 773
* Nanking . . . 778
* Canton. By H. A. Cartwright . . . 782
** Introduction
** Canton's Past Relations
** Trade of the Port
** Geography, Population and Area
** Residential Quarters and Shops
** Landmarks 785
** Shameen 786
** Means of communication 787
** The British Consulate 787
** The French Consulate 788
** The German Consulate 788
** The Portugese Consulate 788
** Arnhold, Karberg & Co.
** Butterfield & Swire 790
** The Banque de l'Indo-Chine
** Shewan, Tomes & Co.
** The China Light and Power Company 792
** Purnell & Paget
** Deacon & Co.
** Siemssen & Co.
** Howarth Erskine
** British-American Tobacco Company
** China Baptist Publication Society
** China Merchants Steam Navigation Company
** Mr. Miu Nai York
* Macao. By Pedro Nolasco da Silva . . . 798
** Introduction 798
** Government 802
** Revenue 802
** Shipping, Exports and Imports 802
** Population 802
** Education 804
** Religion 804
** The Lappa Customs. (The Lappa Customs) By A. H. Wilzer 805
** Leading Residents of Macao 807
*** Dr. Alfredo Pinto Lello
*** Count de Senna Fernandes
*** Mr. A. P. de Miranda Guedes
*** Mr. Pedro Nolasco da Silva
*** Mr. Francisco Xavier Pereira
*** Mr. A. J. Basto
*** Dr. Lourenço Pereira Marques
*** Mr. Luiz Augusto Lopes Remedios
*** Mr. A. H. Wilzer
*** Mr. M. da Silva Mendes
** Hotels of Macao 809
*** The Boa Vista Hotel
*** The Macao Hotel
* Tsingtau . . . 810
* Amoy. By Cecil A. V. Bowra 813
* Swatow . . . 829
* Foochow . . . 837
* Chinese Weights, Measures, and Money. . . . 841
* Concluding Note . . . 842
* Index . . . 843
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1953, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 70 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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