OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Barton, Clara

Edition of 1900.
BARTON, Clara, philanthropist, b. in Oxford, Mass., about 1830. She is the daughter of Capt. Stephen Barton, and was educated in Clinton, N. Y. Early in life she became a teacher, and founded a free school in Bordentown, N. J. When this was opened it was attended by only six pupils; but when Miss Barton left it the attendance numbered more than 600. She entered the patent office as a clerk in 1854, and remained there until the war began, when she determined to devote herself to the care of wounded soldiers on the battlefield. In 1864 she was appointed by Gen. Butler “lady in charge” of the hospitals at the front of the Army of the James. In 1865 she went to Andersonville, Ga., to identify and mark the graves of the union prisoners buried there, and in the same year was placed by President Lincoln in charge of the search for the missing men of the union armies. She lectured during the years 1866 and 1867 on her war experiences, and afterward went to Switzerland for her health. At the beginning of the Franco-German war, in 1870, she assisted the grand duchess of Baden in the preparation of military hospitals, and gave the red cross society much aid during the war. At the joint request of the German authorities and the Strasburg “Comité de Secours,” she superintended the supplying of work to the poor of that city in 1871, after the siege, and in 1872 had charge of the public distribution of supplies to the destitute people of Paris. At the close of the war she was decorated with the golden cross of Baden and the iron cross of Germany. In 1881, on the organization of the American red cross society, she became its president. The treaty granting protection to red cross agents was signed 16 March, 1882. The American society is modelled after its European namesake, and its object is stated by the constitution to be “to organize a system of national relief. ​and apply the same in mitigating suffering caused by war, pestilence, famine, and other calamities.” In 1884, as official head ot the society, Miss Barton had charge of the expedition for the relief of the sufferers from the flood in the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and in the same year she was the representative of the government at the red cross conference in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1883 Gov. Butler appointed her superintendent, treasurer, and steward of the reformatory prison for women at Sherborn, Mass. Miss Barton was also delegate to the international peace convention at Geneva in 1884, and was special commissioner for foreign exhibits at the New Orleans exhibition. In 1883, by request of the senate committee on foreign relations, she prepared a “History of the Red Cross,” which was published at the government printing-office, Washington.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Barton, David

Edition of 1900.
​BARTON, David, senator, b. about 1785; d. near Booneville, Mo., 28 Sept., 1837. Of his early age nothing is known, except that he went from Waco co., Ky., and was one of the earliest emigrants to the territory of Missouri. He was president of the convention that met 19 July, 1820, to frame the state constitution of Missouri. He was U. S. senator from Missouri in 1821-'31, serving as chairman of the committee on public lands.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Bartley, Mordecai

Edition of 1900.
​BARTLEY, Mordecai, governor of Ohio, b. in Fayette co., Pa., 16 Dec., 1783; d. in Mansfield, Ohio, 10 Oct., 1870. He attended school, and worked on his father's farm until 1809, when he moved to Ohio. In the War of 1812 he served in the northwest, under Gen. Gen. Harrison, as captain and adjutant. He settled in Richland co. in 1814, and remained there until 1834, when he removed to Mansfield and engaged in mercantile pursuits. Mr. Bartley was elected to the Ohio senate in 1817, and in 1818 was chosen, by the legislature, registrar of the land-office of the Virginia military district school lands. He resigned his registrarship in 1823, having been elected member of congress, where he remained until 3 March, 1831. In 1844 he was elected governor of Ohio on the whig ticket. During the Mexican war, when the president issued his call for troops, Gov. Bartley, though opposed to the war, promptly responded, superintending their organization in person. In 1846 he retired to private life, declining a renomination. He remained a whig until the disruption of that party, and subsequently acted with the republicans.
# Appointments, June 22, 1868

* related portals: Canadian Government Appointments.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Published in the Canada Gazette, Volume I, Number 53
Office of the Secretary of State of Canada
Ottawa, 22nd June, 1868.
His Excellency the Governor General has been pleased to make the following appointments, viz:
Etienne Parent, Esquire, William Henry Griffin, Esquire, Robert Shore Milnes Bouchette, Esquire, John Langton, Esquire, and William Smith, Esquire, Deputy Heads of Departments, and Thomas Reynolds, Esquire, of Montreal, and Charles S. Ross, Esquire, of Kingston, to be a Commission to enquire into the present state and the probable requirements of the Civil Service.
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it was prepared or published by or under the direction or control of the Canadian Government or any government department prior to 1974.
Section 12 of the Canadian Copyright Act provides a reservation for Crown rights or privileges. Lack of modern case law on the subject makes it unclear whether perpetual prerogative rights over these documents still apply, or whether these rights have lapsed. Notwithstanding, these documents are reproducible under the terms of the Reproduction of Federal Law Order.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Appointments, June 26, 1868

* related portals: Canadian Government Appointments.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Published in the Canada Gazette, Volume I, Number 53
Department of the Secretary of State.
Ottawa, 26th June, 1868.
His Excellency the Governor General of Canada has been pleased make the following appointment, viz:
George Liddle of Clifton, in the Province of Ontario, Gentleman,to be a Surveyor in Her Majesty's Customs.
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it was prepared or published by or under the direction or control of the Canadian Government or any government department prior to 1974.
Section 12 of the Canadian Copyright Act provides a reservation for Crown rights or privileges. Lack of modern case law on the subject makes it unclear whether perpetual prerogative rights over these documents still apply, or whether these rights have lapsed. Notwithstanding, these documents are reproducible under the terms of the Reproduction of Federal Law Order.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Appreciations and Criticisms of the Works of Charles Dickens
### Table of Contents

* Chapter I: Introduction
* Chapter II: Sketches by Boz
* Chapter III: Pickwick Papers
* Chapter IV: Nicholas Nickleby
* Chapter V: Oliver Twist
* Chapter VI: Old Curiosity Shop
* Chapter VII: Barnaby Rudge
* Chapter VIII: American Notes
* Chapter IX: Pictures from Italy
* Chapter X: Martin Chuzzlewit
* Chapter XI: Christmas Books
* Chapter XII: Dombey and Son
* Chapter XIII: David Copperfield
* Chapter XIV: Christmas Stories
* Chapter XV: Bleak House
* Chapter XVI: Child's History of England
* Chapter XVII: Hard Times
* Chapter XVIII: Little Dorrit
* Chapter XIX: A Tale of Two Cities
* Chapter XX: Great Expectations
* Chapter XXI: Our Mutual Friend
* Chapter XXII: Edwin Drood
* Chapter XXIII: Master Humphrey's Clock
* Chapter XXIV: Reprinted Pieces
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1936, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 87 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Arizona v. California (373 U.S. 546)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Douglas
United States Supreme Court
373 U.S. 546
Arizona v. California (373 U.S. 546)
Argued: Nov. 13 and 14, 1962. --- Decided: June 3, 1963
[Syllabus from pages 546-549 intentionally omitted] Mark Wilmer, Phoenix, Ariz., for complainant.
Northcutt Ely, Washington, D.C., for defendant State of California.
R. P. Parry, Twin Falls, Idaho, for intervener State of Nevada.
Sol. Gen. Archibald Cox for intervener United States.
Mr. Justice Black delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Arizona v. California (376 U.S. 340)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
376 U.S. 340
Arizona v. California (376 U.S. 340)

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Arizona v. Fulminante/Concurrence Kennedy

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinion Kennedy
* Wikipedia article
Justice KENNEDY, concurring in the judgment.
For the reasons stated by The Chief Justice, I agree that Fulminante's confession to Anthony Sarivola was not coerced. In my view, the trial court did not err in admitting this testimony. A majority of the Court, however, finds the confession coerced and proceeds to consider whether harmless-error analysis may be used when a coerced confession has been admitted at trial. With the case in this posture, it is appropriate for me to address the harmless-error issue.
Again for the reasons stated by THE CHIEF JUSTICE, I agree that harmless-error analysis should apply in the case of a coerced confession. That said, the court conducting a harmless-error inquiry must appreciate the indelible impact a full confession may have on the trier of fact, as distinguished, for instance, from the impact of an isolated statement that incriminates the defendant only when connected with other evidence. If the jury believes that a defendant has admitted the crime, it doubtless will be tempted to rest its decision on that evidence alone, without careful consideration of the other evidence in the case. Apart, perhaps, from a videotape of the crime, one would have difficulty finding evidence more damaging to a criminal defendant's plea of innocence. For the reasons given by Justice WHITE in Part IV of his opinion, I cannot with confidence find admission of Fulminante's confession to Anthony Sarivola to be harmless error.
The same majority of the Court does not agree on the three issues presented by the trial court's determination to admit Fulminante's first confession: whether the confession was inadmissible because coerced; whether harmless-error analysis is appropriate; and if so whether any error was harmless here. My own view that the confession was not coerced does not command a majority.
In the interests of providing a clear mandate to the Arizona Supreme Court in this capital case, I deem it proper to accept in the case now before us the holding of five Justices that the confession was coerced and inadmissible. I agree with a majority of the Court that admission of the confession could not be harmless error when viewed in light of all the other evidence; and so I concur in the judgment to affirm the ruling of the Arizona Supreme Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Arizona v. California (383 U.S. 268)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
383 U.S. 268
ARIZONA v. CALIFORNIA et al.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Arizona v. California (350 U.S. 114)/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
350 U.S. 114
Arizona v. California (350 U.S. 114)
Argued: Dec. 8, 1955. ---
The motion of California to join the States of Colorado and Wyoming as parties to this cause is denied. The motion to join Utah and New Mexico as parties is granted only to the extent of their interest in Lower Basin waters.
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER, Mr. Justice BURTON, and Mr. Justice HARLAN would grant the motion.
THE CHIEF JUSTICE did not participate in this proceeding.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Arizona v. California (383 U.S. 268)/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
383 U.S. 268
ARIZONA v. CALIFORNIA et al.
Mark Wilmer, for plaintiff.
Thomas C. Lynch, Atty. Gen. of California, Northcutt Ely, Special Asst. Atty. Gen., Burton J. Gindler and David B. Stanton, Deputy Attys. Gen., C. Emerson Duncan II, Jerome C. Muys, Roy H. Mann, Earl Redwine, Harry W. Horton, R. L. Knox, James H. Carter, Charles C. Cooper, Jr., John H. Lauten, H. Kenneth Hutchinson, Roger Arnebergh, Gilmore Tillman, Edward T. Butler, Harvey Dickerson, Atty. Gen. of Nevada, and Robert E. Jones, Deputy Atty. Gen., for defendants.
Solicitor General Marshall, for the United States.
Ordered.
The joint motion to amend Article VI of the Decree in this case entered on March 9, 1964, 376 U.S. 340, 84 S.Ct. 755, 11 L.Ed.2d 757, is hereby granted and Article VI of said decree is hereby amended to read as follows:
VI. Within three years from the date of this decree [March 9, 1964], the States of Arizona, California, and Nevada shall furnish to this Court and to the Secretary of the Interior a list of the present perfected rights, with their claimed priority dates, in waters of the mainstream within each State, respectively, in terms of consumptive use, except those relating to federal establishments. Any named party to this proceeding may present its claim of present perfected rights or its opposition to the claims of others. The Secretary of the Interior shall supply similar information, within a similar period of time, with respect to the claims of the United States to present perfected rights within each State. If the parties and the Secretary of the Interior are unable at that time to agree on the present perfected rights to the use of mainstream water in each State, and their priority dates, any party may apply to the Court for the determination of such rights by the Court.
THE CHIEF JUSTICE and Mr. Justice FORTAS took no part in the consideration or decision of this motion.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Arizona v. Fulminante

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.

## Concurring Opinion

    Kennedy
United States Supreme Court
499 U.S. 279
Arizona v. Fulminante
No. 89-839 Argued: Oct. 10, 1990. --- Decided: March 26, 1991
See 500 U.S. 938, 111 S.Ct. 2067.
Syllabus
After respondent Fulminante's 11-year-old stepdaughter was murdered in Arizona, he left the State, was convicted of an unrelated federal crime, and was incarcerated in a federal prison in New York. There he was befriended by Anthony Sarivola, a fellow inmate who was a paid informant for the Federal Bureau of Investigation and was masquerading as an organized crime figure. When Sarivola told Fulminante that he knew Fulminante was getting tough treatment from other inmates because of a rumor that he was a child murderer, and offered him protection in exchange for the truth, Fulminante admitted that he had killed the girl and provided details about the crime. After Fulminante was released from prison, he also confessed to Sarivola's wife, whom he had never met before. Subsequently, he was indicted in Arizona for first-degree murder. The trial court denied his motion to suppress, inter alia, the confession to Sarivola, rejecting his contention that it was coerced and thus barred by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. He was convicted and sentenced to death. The State Supreme Court held that the confession was coerced and that this Court's precedent precluded the use of harmless-error analysis in such a case. It remanded the case for a new trial without the use of the confession.
Held: The judgment is affirmed.
161 Ariz. 237, 778 P.2d 602, (1988), affirmed.
Justice WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court with respect to Parts I, II, and IV, concluding that:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Dresser, Horace

Edition of 1900.
​DRESSER, Horace, lawyer, d. 27 Jan., 1877. He was graduated at Union in 1828. Mr. Dresser was one of the first lawyers who spoke in the New York courts in behalf of the negro race, and his best energies were devoted to defending and assisting fugitive slaves. He wrote much on constitutional questions, and published “The Battle Record of the American Rebellion” (New York, 1863), and “Internal Revenue Laws as Amended to July, 1860” (New York, 1866).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Drone, Eaton Sylvester

Edition of 1900.
​DRONE, Eaton Sylvester, journalist, b. in Zanesville, Ohio, 25 Jan., 1842. He was graduated at Harvard in 1866, studied law, and was admitted to the New York bar in 1869. Since 1880 he has been attached to the staff of the New York “Herald,” as a writer on law subjects. He has contributed numerous articles to periodical literature and to the “American Cyclopædia,” the “Annual Cyclopædia,” and the “Encyclopædia Britannica,” and is the author of a treatise on “Law of Property in Intellectual Productions, embracing Copyright and Playright” (Boston and London, 1879), which was the first exhaustive treatise ever published on that subject.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Dunmore, John Murray

Edition of 1900.
​DUNMORE, John Murray, Earl, royal governor of Virginia, b. in 1732; d. in Ramsgate, England, in May, 1809. He was descended, in the female line, from the house of Stuart; succeeded to the peerage in 1756; was appointed governor of New York in 1770, and of Virginia in July, 1771. On his arrival at Williamsburg in 1772 he dissolved the Virginia assembly; and in May, 1774, he again dissolved the same body, because it resolved to keep the first of June, the day for closing the port of Boston, as a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer. On the following April, Lord Dunmore caused the removal of the powder from the magazine at Williamsburg, on board an English ship. This incensed the people, and they took arms under Patrick Henry. Lord Dunmore, becoming alarmed at this action, convened the council, but nothing changed Henry's purpose. Lady Dunmore was sent on board the “Fowey” man-of-war, and the governor issued a proclamation against “a certain Patrick Henry” and his “deluded followers,” but upon the receipt of the news from Lexington he fled to Fort Johnston, sending his wife to New York. In 1776, when the British army arrived in New York, Lord Dunmore was joined by a few loyalists, and carried on a petty warfare, plundering the inhabitants on the James and York rivers, and carrying off their slaves. On 9 Dec. his followers suffered a severe defeat at the battle of Great Bridge, and shortly afterward he burned Norfolk, then the most populous and flourishing town of Virginia. He was afterward obliged to take refuge on board his fleet, which was driven by well-placed batteries from one place to another, till he anchored near the mouth of the Potomac. Continuing his predatory warfare, he established himself early in June on Gwynn island, in the Chesapeake, there vainly awaiting aid, but was dislodged by the Virginians in July, being wounded in the leg. Washington said, in December, 1775, “I do not think that forcing his lordship on shipboard is sufficient. Nothing less than depriving him of life or liberty will secure peace to Virginia, as motives of resentment actuate his conduct to a degree equal to the total destruction of that colony.” Lord Dunmore with his fleet of fugitives continued during a part of 1776 on the coasts and rivers of Virginia, but, after various distressing adventures, he burned the smaller vessels, and sent the remainder to the West Indies. In 1779 his name appears in the confiscation act of New York. He returned to England, and in 1786 was appointed governor of the Bermudas. — His wife, Elizabeth, d. at Southwood house, near Ramsgate, England, in 1818, was the daughter of the Earl of Galloway.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Downing, Andrew Jackson

Edition of 1900.
​DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, horticulturist, b. in Newburgh, N. Y., 20 Oct., 1815; drowned in the Hudson, near Yonkers, 28 July, 1852. From an early age his tastes were directed to horticulture, botany, and the natural sciences, which the occupation of his father, a nurseryman, gave him opportunities to cultivate. His education was acquired chiefly in the academy of the neighboring town of Montgomery. At the age of sixteen he joined his brother in the management of the nursery, and began a course of self-education. He soon formed the acquaintance of Baron de Liderer, the Austrian consul-general, and other men, whose fine estates he visited, cultivating his taste for landscape-gardening, and writing descriptions of the scenery for the New York “Mirror” and other journals. In June, 1838, he married the daughter of John Peter de Wint, and in that year built an elegant mansion upon his estate, in the Elizabethan style, which was his first practical illustration of what an American rural home might be. His career as an author began with the publication of the “Treatise and Practise of Landscape-gardening” (New York, 1841), which was highly successful, orders for the construction of houses and decorations of grounds following the orders for copies of the book to his publishers. His “Cottage Residences” (1842) was received with equal favor, and established him as the chief American
authority on rural art. “Fruit and Fruit-trees of America” was printed simultaneously in London and New York in 1845, and a second edition with colored plates in 1850. In 1846, Mr. Downing became editor of the Albany “Horticulturist,” for which he wrote an essay each month until his death. In 1849 he wrote “Additional Notes and Hints to persons about Building in the Country,” for an American reprint of Wightwick's “Hints to Young Architects.” The summer of 1850 he spent in England, visiting the great country-seats, of which he wrote descriptions, and in that year published his “Architecture of Country Houses, including Designs for Cottages, Farmhouses, and Villas.” His remaining work is an edition of Mrs. Loudon's “Landscape-gardening for Ladies.” In 1851 he was commissioned to lay out and plant the public grounds of the Capitol, the White House, and the Smithsonian buildings. He was employed in these and other professional labors, when he set out for Newport, leaving Newburgh on 28 July, 1852, in the steamer “Henry Clay.” The boat entered into a contest with the “Armenia,” and when near Yonkers was discovered to be on fire. Mr. Downing perished in his efforts to save other passengers. His “Rural Essays” were collected and published in 1853, with a memoir by George William Curtis, and a “Letter to his Friends” by Frederika Bremer, who was Mr. Downing's guest during a portion of her visit to the United States, and an enthusiastic admirer of the man and his works.