OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kinnaird, Charles

​KINNAIRD, CHARLES, eighth Lord Kinnaird (1780–1826), the eldest surviving son of George, seventh baron Kinnaird, and of Elizabeth, only daughter of Griffin Ransom, banker, of Westminster, was born on 8 April 1780, and educated at the universities of Edinburgh, Cambridge, and Glasgow. His father's connection with the whigs enabled him to obtain a seat in the House of Commons as member for Leominster in 1802. From that time till the death of his father in 1805 he voted consistently with the whigs, and rendered valuable aid to the party in the repeated attacks made upon the Addington ministry. On his succession to the title his seat became vacant, but at the general election in 1806 he was chosen one of the Scottish representative peers, a position which had been held by his father. In 1807 he began the erection of Rossie Priory in the Carse of Gowrie, Perthshire, still the principal seat of the Kinnaird family in Scotland. Kinnaird resided much on the continent, and his refined taste led him to secure many works of art dispersed during the Napoleonic wars. The picture gallery at Rossie Priory contains both pictures by the old masters, and portraits of contemporaries, including Gainsborough's Sir William Johnstone Pulteney and Reynolds's splendid portrait of Sheridan. Kinnaird died 11 Dec. 1826. In May 1806 he married Lady Olivia Fitzgerald, youngest daughter of the second Duke of Leinster, and by her he had three sons and two daughters—George William Fox, ninth lord Kinnaird [q. v.]; Graham Hay St. Vincent de Ros, lieutenant royal navy, drowned off Bona, 1838; and Arthur Fitzgerald, tenth lord Kinnaird [q. v.] There is a portrait of Lord Kinnaird by Northcote preserved at Rossie Priory, and a marble bust of him in the old kirk of Rossie, which is now reserved as the burying-place of the Kinnaird family.
[Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, ed. Wood, ii. 43; Millar's Historical Castles and Mansions of Scotland, i. 38 et seq.]
A. H. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kingsnorth, Richard

​KINGSNORTH, RICHARD (d. 1677), baptist minister, seems to have been a Kentish farmer, although it has been suggested that he was connected with the cloth-making trade. He was led to adopt baptist views through the arguments of the Rev. Francis Cornwell, vicar of Marden, Kent, who announced his own conversion to baptist views in a visitation sermon at Cranbrook in 1644. Christopher Blackwood [q. v.], vicar of Staplehurst, Kent, undertook to confute Cornwell, but, while considering his answer, also became a convert. After being baptised by William Jeffery of Sevenoaks, Blackwood and Kingsnorth founded a baptist congregation which met at Spilshill House, the residence of Kingsnorth, about half a mile from Staplehurst Church. Kingsnorth and most of the congregation were general baptists, and on this account he was chosen and ordained minister.
The church increased under Kingsnorth, spread to adjacent parts, and held meetings at Headcorn, Smarden, and Frittenden. Kingsnorth died in 1677, at which time five of his sons were engaged in the ministry. He is said to have written two works (not extant) vindicating the doctrine of universal redemption, entitled ‘The Pearl of Truth, found out between two Rocks of Error,’ printed in 1670 (Hazlewood, Smarden, p. 198); and ‘Gospel Certainty of Everlasting Felicity.’ After his death a division arose in the church on the subject of the Trinity, and a separation was agreed upon. Two of Kingsnorth's sons, with several ministers and members of the congregation, withdrew and formed a separate church, meeting at Biddenden and Frittenden, while a brother and two other sons remained and upheld the leading tenets of the original foundation. A long list of elders and ministers is given in Hazlewood's ‘Memorials of Smarden.’
[Taylor's General Baptists, i. 286–8; Ivimey's English Baptists, ii. 233–7; Balley's Struggles for Conscience, or Religious Annals of Staplehurst, pp. 12–15; Hazlewood's Memorials of Smarden, pp. 198–9; Kent Examiner and Chronicle, 9 Dec. 1887; information from Mr. W. Tarbutt.]
B. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kinloch, George Ritchie

​KINLOCH, GEORGE RITCHIE (1796?–1877), editor of ‘Ancient Scottish Ballads,’ was born at Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, about 1796, and became a lawyer. He was clerk to three successive advocates-depute, and at Stirling, in 1817 or 1818, he acted for an absent crown-agent. For several years he was secretary to Scott's friend, George Cranstoun, Lord Corehouse, enjoying also the friendship of Lord Colonsay. Appointed in 1842 assistant-keeper of the register of deeds in Edinburgh Register House, he became head of his department in 1851, and retired in 1869. A noted philanthropist, Kinloch was for many years treasurer of the Patterson and Pope fund for relief of deserving poor. Dr. Jamieson, in the preface to the supplementary volume of his ‘Scottish Dictionary,’ 1825, acknowledged indebtedness to him for valuable help. Kinloch died at Edinburgh, 19 April 1877.
In 1824 Kinloch projected, without publishing, a ‘Collection of Scottish Proverbs.’ In 1827 appeared his ‘Ancient Scottish Ballads, recovered from Tradition, and never before published.’ This collection fully deserves the commendation given to it by Scott in ‘Border Minstrelsy,’ i. 83. A miscellaneous ‘Ballad Book’ of little value, issued the same year, was reprinted in 1885. For the Maitland Club Kinloch edited, in 1830, Dr. Archibald Pitcairne's very droll and whimsical production, ‘Babell; a Satirical Poem on the Proceedings of the General Assembly in 1692;’ and the ‘Chronicle of Fife, being the Diary of Mr. John Lamont of Newton, 1649–1671.’ In 1848 he published ‘Reliquiæ Antiquæ Scoticæ.’
[Scotsman newspaper of 21 April 1877; information from Mr. Thomas G. Stevenson, Edinburgh, and Mr. James O. M'Laren, Helensburgh.]
T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kinnaird, George Patrick

​KINNAIRD, GEORGE PATRICK, first Lord Kinnaird (d. 1689), was eldest son of Patrick Kinnaird of Inchture, who was member for Perthshire in the conventions of 1625 and 1643. The family descended from Radalphus Rufus, who obtained a charter of the barony of Kinnaird in the Carse of Gowrie, Perthshire, from William the Lion, king of Scotland from 1165 to 1214. To this barony the neighbouring lands of Inchture were united in 1399 by the marriage of Reginald de Kinnaird with Margaret, the heiress of Sir John Kirkaldy of Inchture. During the civil war George Kinnaird espoused the royalist cause, and was an ardent supporter of the claims of Charles II. In 1659 he was on intimate ​terms with Monck. In the family charter-room at Rossie Priory are preserved two commissions—one dated 10 Oct. 1659 and signed by the noblemen, gentlemen, and heritors of Perthshire, appointing Kinnaird as their representative to treat with Monck at Edinburgh regarding the welfare of the country; the other, dated 3 Dec. 1659, directs Kinnaird to meet Monck for the same purpose at Berwick. Kinnaird actively engaged in bringing about the restoration of Charles II. There is a tradition still current in the Carse of Gowrie that shortly before Monck left Scotland to bring back the exiled monarch in 1660 he was greatly indebted to Kinnaird for provender for his army. Kinnaird was knighted by Charles II in 1661, and from an entry in Lamont's ‘Diary’ he appears to have been one of the first Scotsmen to receive the honour after the Restoration. He represented Perthshire in the Scottish parliament of 1662–3, and was sworn a privy councillor. On 28 Dec. 1682 he was raised to the peerage by patent, with the title of Baron Kinnaird of Inchture. He died on 29 Dec. 1689. By his marriage with Margaret, daughter of James Crichton of Ruthven, he had six sons, of whom the eldest, Patrick, second lord, and the youngest, George, alone left issue. The elder line became extinct in 1758, and the younger line is now represented by Arthur Fitzgerald, eleventh baron Kinnaird, son of Arthur, tenth baron Kinnaird [q. v.]
[Douglas's Peerage, ed. Wood; Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 621; Millar's Historical Castles and Mansions of Scotland; Glamis Book of Record, p. 149.]
A. H. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fitzgerald, Gerald (d.1204)

​ FITZGERALD, GERALD, Lord of Offaly (d. 1204), was the son of Maurice Fitzgerald (d. 1176) [q. v.], the invader of Ireland. Though the Geraldines had already become a well-known family, Gerald is more often called Fitzmaurice than Fitzgerald. Accompanying his father from Wales to Ireland, he and his brother Alexander showed great valour in the battle against Roderick O'Conor, outside the walls of Dublin in 1171 (Exp. Hib. in Giraldus, Opera, v. 268, Rolls Ser.) After his father's death, William Fitzaldhelm [q. v.] deprived him and his brothers of their stronghold of Wicklow, though after a time compelled to give them Ferns in exchange (ib. p. 337). He had already received from Strongbow, Naas and other districts in Kildare, and had erected Maynooth Castle (Gilbert, Viceroys of Ireland, p. 93). In 1199, though receiving King John's letters of protection, he was ordered to do right to Maurice Fitzphilip for the lands of 'Gessil and Lega' (? Leix), whereof he had already deforced Maurice (Chart. 1 John, m. 6, p. i. ; Oblate 1 John, m. 12; Cal. Doc. Ireland, Nos. 101, 102). But on his death, Gerald was still in possession of those estates (Cal. Doc. Ireland, No. 195). He is often described as 'Baron Offaly,' the middle cantred of which had been among his father's possessions. He died before 15 Jan. 1204 (ib. No. 195), though generally said to have died in 1205 (Book of Howth, p. 118, which describes him erroneously as justice of Ireland). He married Catherine, daughter of Hamon of Valognes, justiciar of Ireland between 1197 and 1199 (Gilbert, Viceroys, pp. 57, 93). He left by ​her two sons (Lodge, Peerage of Ireland, i. 59). one of whom, his successor, was Maurice Fitzgerald, lord of Offaly (1194?–1257) [q. v.]
Gerald is described by his cousin, Giraldus Cambrensis, as small in stature, but distinguished for prudence and honesty (Exp. Hib. p. 354). He was the ancestor of the earls of Kildare.
[Authorities referred to in text.]
T. F. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fitzgerald, Edward (1770?-1807)

​FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1770?-1807), Irish insurgent leader, born at Newpark, co. Wexford, about 1770, was a country gentleman of considerable means. At the breaking out of the insurrection in 1798 he was confined in Wexford gaol on suspicion, but on being released by the populace, commanded in some of the engagements that took place in different parts of the county during the occupation of the town, exhibiting, it is said, far better generalship than the commander-in-chief, Bagenal Beauchamp Harvey [q. v.] Madden commends his humanity to the prisoners that fell into his hands at Gorey. At the battle of Arklow he commanded the Shemalier gunsmen. He afterwards joined in the expedition against Hacketstown, and surrendered upon terms to General Wilford in the middle of July. With Garrett, Byrne, and others he was detained in custody in Dublin until the ensuing year, when he was permitted to reside in England. He was, however, re-arrested on 25 March 1800, imprisoned for a while, and then allowed to retire to Hamburg, where he died in 1807. In person Fitzgerald is described as a 'handsome, finely formed man;' he was besides a speaker of great eloquence.
[Madden's United Irishmen; Webb's Compendium of Irish Biog. pp. 194-5.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fitzgerald, Gerald (1525-1585)

​FITZGERALD, GERALD, eleventh Earl of Kildare (1525–1585), was son of Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth earl of Kildare [q. v.], by his second wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Grey, marquis of Dorset. In 1537 Gerald's father was executed for high treason and attainted, with forfeiture of title and estates. Mainly through the exertions of his tutor, Thomas Leverous, subsequently bishop of Kildare, Gerald was conveyed to France, whence he went to Rome, where he was received by his relative, Cardinal Pole. He subsequently took part with knights of Rhodes in expeditions against the Moors, and entered the service of Cosmo de' Medici at Florence. After the death of Henry VIII Gerald came to England, and married Mabel, daughter of Sir Anthony Browne, knight of the Garter. Edward VI, in 1552, restored to him some of his paternal estates. In 1554 he served against Sir Thomas Wyatt. Queen Mary conferred upon Gerald the earldom of Kildare, with possessions of his father, which, under the attainder, had been confiscated. The original grant for the re-establishment of the earldom is in the possession of the Duke of Leinster, now the chief representative of the earls of Kildare. The document has, with autographs of the eleventh earl, been reproduced in the fourth part of 'Facsimiles of National MSS. of Ireland.' Gerald conformed to the protestant religion early in the reign of Elizabeth. He sat in parliament in Ireland in 1559. The attainder of his family was annulled by statute in 1568. In 1577 he attended before the privy council in England in relation to complaints made concerning the assessment imposed upon landholders in Ireland. He took an active part in the warfare against hostile Irish and the Spaniards who had landed in Munster. In 1582, on suspicion of treason, the earl's estates were placed under sequestration, and he, his son Henry, and his son-in-law Lord Delvin, were imprisoned in the Tower of London. After examinations before the lord chancellor of England and other judges, the earl was released from the Tower on giving a bond for 2,000l., in June 1583, to remain within twenty miles of London and not to come within three miles of her majesty's court. In the following year the queen granted him permission to wait upon her, and to return to Ireland, where he sat in the parliament at Dublin in April 1585. He died in London on 16 Nov. following, and was interred at Kildare. He is stated by contemporaries to have been an expert horseman, valiant, small of stature, slender of person, very courteous, but hard and angry at times, a great gatherer of money, and addicted to gambling.
J. T. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Garney (d.1541)

​GARNEY, Viscount (d. 1541). [See Grey, Leonard.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Garnett, Thomas (1575-1608)

​GARNETT, THOMAS (1575–1608), jesuit, born in 1575, was son of Richard Garnett, who had been a fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, and who was brother to Henry Garnett [q. v.] He was educated in the college of the English Jesuits at St. Omer, and in the English College at Valladolid, where he was ordained priest. Soon afterwards he came back on the mission, and was admitted by his uncle into the Society of Jesus on 29 Sept. 1604. In the following year he was arrested, committed to the Gatehouse, and thence transferred to the Tower. As he was a kinsman of the superior of the Jesuits, he was examined by secretary Cecil concerning the Gunpowder plot, then lately discovered, but as nothing could be proved against him, he was liberated at the end of eight or nine months, and banished for life in 1606. Venturing back to this country, he was apprehended and tried at the Old Bailey upon an indictment of high treason, for having been made priest by papal authority, and remaining in England, contrary to the statute of 27 Elizabeth. He was sentenced to death, and executed at Tyburn on 23 June 1608.
There is a photographic portrait of him in Foley's `Records,' taken from an original painting in the English College at Valladolid.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Garnier, Thomas (1776-1873)

​GARNIER, THOMAS, the elder (1776–1873), dean of Winchester, second son of George Garnier, esq., of Rookesbury, Hampshire, and Margaret, daughter of Sir John Miller, bart., was born in 1776. Members of his family, which was of Huguenot origin, long held the office of apothecary to Chelsea Hospital. Isaac Garnier (d. 1 Feb. 1712) was appointed 1 Jan. 1691-2; his son Isaac succeeded 25 June 1702, and Thomas Garnier held the post from 10 June 1733 to 14 Nov, 1739. The dean's grandfather, addressed by Lord Chesterfield as 'Garnier my friend' in a poem published in Dodsley's collection, was appointed to the lucrative sine-cure of 'apothecary-general to the army' by William, duke of Cumberland, the patent, 'a most unjustifiable one,' the dean used to say, being continued, in spite of hostile attacks, to his son, the dean's father, till his death. His father served as high sheriff of Hampshire in 1766. His London house was regarded as one of the best for meeting celebrities. At his Hampshire residence he also used to entertain a distinguished literary society, including Garrick, Churchill, Foote, and Sotheby. The dean, after attending Hyde Abbey school, near Winchester, under 'flogging Richards,' where he had as his school-fellow George Canning, went to Winchester. He proceeded to Worcester College, Oxford, in 1793; was elected fellow of All Souls in 1796, and took his degree of B.C.L. in 1800 and D.C.L. in 1850. During the short peace of 1802-3 Garnier went abroad with Dr. Halifax, physician to the Prince of Wales. He attended a levée of Napoleon, then first consul, to whom he was presented, Napoleon 'smiling and looking very gracious.' He saw General Dumouriez, Marmont, and other marshals of the staff, and heard Napoleon tell C. J. Fox that he was the 'greatest man of the greatest country in the world.' He was fortunately summoned to Oxford in November 1802, and thus escaped a long detention in France. He became rector of Bishopstoke, Hampshire, in 1807, and resigned the charge in 1868. In 1830 he was appointed a prebendary of Winchester Cathedral, and in 1840 he was nominated by Lord Melbourne, as successor to Dean Rennell, to the deanery, which he held for thirty-two years. He resigned his office about twelve months before his death, which took place at his official residence on 29 June 1873, when he had nearly completed his ninety-eighth year. In 1805 he married Mary, daughter of Caleb Hillyer Parry, esq., M.D., of Bath, by whom he had four sons and four daughters. An ardent whig in politics, he was the friend and near neighbour of Lord Palmerston, and was believed to have influenced his ecclesiastical appointments. The garden of his rectory at Bishopstoke was very celebrated, especially for rare shrubs. For some time before his death he was the father of the Linnean Society, of which he became fellow in 1798 on the recommendation of Sir Joseph Banks.
[Private information; cf, Athenæum, 12 Oct. 1889.]
E. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Garnier (fl.1106)

​GARNIER or WARNER (fl. 1106), homilist. [See Warner.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Garnett, William

​GARNETT, WILLIAM (1793–1873), civil servant, born in London on 13 Nov. 1793, was the second and posthumous son of Thomas Garnett of Old Hutton, Kendal, who married Martha Rolfe, and died in 1793. By the premature death of his father, the care of William and his elder brother Thomas devolved at an early age on their cousin, Mr. T.C.Brooksbank of the treasury under whom they were educated, and eventually placed in public offices. William was appointed to the office for licensing hawkers and pedlars in 1807, at the age of only thirteen and a half years, and afterwards transferred to the tax office, in which he rose to the highest positions. He was deputy-registrar and registrar of the land-tax from 1819 to 1841, and was the author of valuable evidence on that subject given to the select committee on agricultural distress in 1836.
He was selected for the office of assistant inspector-general of stamps and taxes in 1835, and inspector-general in 1842. He took a leading part in the introduction of the income tax in Great Britain in 1842, and was author of 'The Guide to the Property and Income Tax,' of which several editions were published. He was also mainly instrumental in the successful establishment of the income-tax in Ireland in 1853, and author of 'The Guide to the Income-Tax Laws as applicable to Ireland.' In 1851 he made a special visitation of all the assay offices in the United Kingdom, on which he reported to parliament, and valuable evidence on the subject was given by him to select committee of the House of Commons on 'gold and silver wares' in 1855 and 1856. Garnett was not only distinguished for his long and eminent public services, but was in private life an ​admirable artist and musician. He was twice married: first, in 1827, to Ellen, daughter of Solomon Treasure, under-secretary for taxes, who died In 1829, by whom he had two sons, Frederick Brooksbank, created a C.B. in 1886 for his public services, and Arthur William [q.v.]; secondly, in 1834, to Priscilla Frances Smythe, who survived him for ten years. He died on 30 Sept. 1873.
[Parliamentary Reports and Papers; Treasury and Inland Revenue Records; published Works, 1842 and 1853.]
F. B. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Garneys, Christopher

​GARNEYS or GARNYSSHE, Sir CHRISTOPHER (d. 1534), chief porter of Calais, was a gentleman usher of the king's chamber in the beginning of the reign of Henry VIII. He was the king's companion in the masquerades then popular at court, and won money at cards from his royal master. He was rewarded by an annuity of 10l., soon afterwards increased to 20l. and 30l., by grants of lands in several counties, viz. the manors of Bargham, Wiggenholt, and Greatham in Sussex, Saxlingham in Norfolk, and Wellington in Shropshire, and by the wardship of the son and heir of Henry Kebill, a London Alderman. He was bailiff of the lordship of Stockton Socon, Suffolk, and keeper of the New Park, near Nottingham Castle. In 1513 he took part in the campaign in France, when the king, on the day (25 Sept.) of his victorious entry into Tournay, knighted him in the cathedral after mass. He afterwards resided at Greenwich, probably near the palace, and served on the commission of the peace in Kent from 1514 to 1521.
In 1514 he was sent with the embassy to Louis XII just before his marriage with the Princess Mary of England. In the following year he went north with a present of dress from Henry VIII to his other sister the queen of Scotland. In 1520 he was at Calais preparing lodgings for the court at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. In 1522 his signature is regularly appended to the letters from the deputy and council of Calais, though his office, if he held one, must have been insignificant. In 1526 he was appointed chief porter of Calais, a post of which he had already held the reversion for some ten years, and the remainder of his life was spent in the discharge of his duties as porter, and as commissioner of sewers for the marshes of Calais, which included supervision of the sea-banks. One of his duties, not mentioned in his patent, was to keep the king supplied with artichokes, fresh vegetables and fruit being a scarce luxury in England at that time. He died in October 1534, and was succeeded by Sir Thomas Palmer of Newnhambridge, who describes his predecessor as 'an honest man, and no beggar as I am. Sir, thanks be to the king's highness, he had cause, for the king gave him a widow with four hundred marks land, and l,000l. In her purse, and she had five hundred marks in plate; and also the ward of a merchant's son of London, where he had for the said ward 800l. sterling paid on a day, and besides, the kind's highness gave him 30l. land to him and his heirs.'
For coat armour he bore argent, a chevron azure between three escallops sable, and for crest, a cubit arm grasping a scimitar embossed, all proper, hilt and pommel or. There are several specimens of his handwriting among the State Papers of the period.
His widow, whose name was Joan, survived him some time, but it does not appear that he left any heirs.
[Brewer's Cal. of State Papers of Henry VIII, i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.vii.viii.1113, x.706; Chronicle of Calais (Camd. Soc.), iii. 163; Nicholas's Privy Purse Expenses, p. 214; Hall's Chronicle, Reign of Henry VIII, f.45; Metcalfe's Book of Knights, p. 49.]
C. T. M.