OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Strawberry-Tree

Edition of 1802.
​STRAWBERRY-TREE, or Arbutus, L. a genus of shrubs, consisting of nine species, three of which are indigenous: namely,
1. The Unedo, or Common Strawberry-tree, which grows on barren lime-stone rocks, particularly in the western parts of Ireland, where it flowers in September. This species is a principal ornament of our shrubberies, on account of its beautiful foliage, and its fine yellow flowers in autumn, which produce berries in the succeeding year, so that blossoms and fruit appear at the same time: the latter, however, is not grateful to the taste, even though mellowed by frost. Nevertheless, it is eaten by the lower classes of people, who are accustomed to drink water, after partaking of such repast. The Common Strawberry-tree may be propagated by cuttings, by layers, or by seed. These should be set early in March, in pots of light rich earth, and afterwards put in a hot-bed: in the course of five or six weeks, they will strike firm root in the mould, when they ought to be gradually inured to the air. During frosty weather, it will be advisable to shelter them, and occasionally to expose them to the open air, in mild weather. After two or three years, the young plants may be removed to the place of their destination: for they will have become so hardy as to resist the severest winters, in any soil or situation.
2. The Alpina, Mountain Strawberry-tree, or Black-berried Alpine Arbutus, thrives on dry mountains in Scotland, and the Western Isles, where its flowers appear in May, and are succeeded by round, black berries. This species is retused by goats; its fruit possesses a flavour slightly resembling that of black currants; to which, however, it is greatly inferior. Its branches and evergreen leaves have been advantageously employed in tanning.
3. The Uva ursi, Bear-berries, Bear Whortle-berries, or Bear-berry Strawberry-tree, grows on dry heaths, and woods, chiefly in the Highlands of Scotland; and flowers in the month of May or June. This plant is refused by horses, cows, goats, and sheep. Its leaves have an astringent bitterish taste, and are ​generally used in Sweden, and Russia, for tanning leather; and, in combination with iron or its preparations, for striking a black colour. When dried and pulverized, they have been advantageously given in doses of from a scruple to a dram, repeated two or three times every day, in calculous and nephritic complaints.
The berries of both the last-mentioned species of the Strawberry-tree, have been recommended by Linnæus, as useful substitutes for grain, in the process of making bread: on account of their bitter taste, however, they ought to be bruised, macerated in different cold waters, and then baked or dried in an oven, before they are fit to be mixed with any other flour. But, even in this improved state, we conceive, they would reward the trouble of the housewife, only in times of great scarcity.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Sun-Scorched

Edition of 1802.
​SUN-SCORCHED, is a term employed by gardeners, to express a distemper affecting fruit-trees, in consequence of their sudden exposure to the heat of the sun; so that the fruit becomes withered.
The trees, chiefly liable to such injury, are those placed in situations, which seclude them from the vernal sun; so that they cannot afterwards sustain its scorching rays during the summer. It may, however, be prevented, by planting fruit-trees in proper aspects; and, if such as are affected be timely attended to, the disease may be removed by frequent and copious irrigation.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Styptic

Edition of 1802.
​STYPTIC, a term applied to medicines, which serve to stop hemorrhages, or effusions of blood.
Various vegetables may be advantageously employed as external styptics, such as the Agaric, Puff-ball, &c.; but there are certain preparations of greater efficacy, the principal of which is the compound powder of alum. It consists of one ounce and a half of alum, and three drams of gum kino, which are finely pulverized, and incorporated.—One of the most successful styptics, however, is prepared by mixing one part of the caustic volatile alkali, with three parts of water: if this fluid be applied to a fresh wound, it effectually checks the flowing of blood, both from large and small vessels.
Prof. Stark, of Jena, recommends the following styptic powder; which, according to his experience, has proved uncommonly efficacious in suppressing profuse uterine hemorrhages, namely: Peruvian bark, two drams; cinnamon, one dram; blood-stone (lapis haematites) half a dram; and loaf-sugar, two drams: let these ingredients be reduced to a fine powder; a tea-spoonful of which is to be taken every hour, or oftener, in chamomile or balm tea.—We have no doubt of its good effects.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Straw

Edition of 1802.
​STRAW, denotes the stalk on which corn grows, and from which it is separated by threshing.
Straw is an article of extensive utility in rural and domestic economy.—When chopped or cut small, by means of the machine known under the name of Straw-cutter (to which we refer), it affords a wholesome provender for horses and oxen, especially if it be mixed with green food. It is likewise usefully employed in thatching cottages, houses, and barns. But, as such buildings are liable to be uncovered by violent storms, farmers should, if possible, annually save a sufficient quantity of wheat-straw, in order to be provided against accidents: thus, the necessity of purchasing straw at a high price, or of threshing their wheat at an improper season, may be effectually obviated.
In May, 1798, Mr. Peter Boileau, obtained a patent for a new and improved method of manufacturing straw into hats, bonnets, &c. but such privilege having been annulled by a Court of Justice, we shall state the plan on which he proceeds.—The straw is first separated at the joint, and deprived of its external skin or covering; one end of each tube being cut in the form of a pen, so that it may be inserted into the cavity of another; after which it is immersed in water, to render it pliant, and susceptible of the requisite shape on the block. Next, a small circle is to be traced on the surface of a wooden mould (having the form of the crown ​corresponding with the article to be manufactured); from which, lines are to be drawn perpendicularly, diagonally, or in any other direction. At the top of each line must be fixed a nail or pin, to which a double wire should be fastened: the straw is then plaited between such wires, and the ends are joined by introducing the sharp end of one tube into another, till the crown be completed.
For making the brim of the bonnet or hat, a sheet of thick paste-board must be formed into the requisite shape; lines or curves, similar to those above described, are next to be drawn, and the wires fastened through small holes made at the top. Tiie straw is worked in the same manner as that for the crown; to which the brim may be attached, either by continuing the work so as to form one piece, or by sowing both together, and concealing the juncture by a wreath of straw, or any other mode, which fancy may suggest.—See also Paper, vol. iii. p. 337.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Stucco

Edition of 1802.
​Stucco. See Cement.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Sturgeon

Edition of 1802.
​STURGEON, or Accipenser Sturio, L. a fish, which is sometimes taken in the British rivers; being, however, generally imported from Russia, or the Baltic sea, as well as from North America: it is principally caught in the rivers Volga, Danube, and Vistula.
This fish grows to a prodigious size, frequently 18 feet in length, and weighing from 7 to 800lbs. Its flesh is very delicate, firm, and white, resembling veal, on which account it is greatly esteemed when roasted: it is, however, generally sold in a pickled state. The sounds of sturgeon afford the fish-glue known under the name of Isinglass; and, their roes, when properly dried and salted, are converted into Caviar, to which article the reader is referred, for an account of its properties.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Newmarch, Charles Henry

​NEWMARCH, CHARLES HENRY (1824–1903), divine and author, born at Burford, Oxfordshire, on 30 March 1824, was second son of George Newmarch, solicitor, of Cirencester, by Mary his wife. He traced his descent as far back as the Norman Conquest. After education from March 1837 at Rugby, whither his elder brother, George Frederick, had gone in 1830, he spent some time in the merchant shipping service and in Eastern travel. Of his Eastern experience he gave an account in 'Five Years in the East,' published in 1847 under the pseudonym of R. N. Hutton, which attracted favourable attention. In 1848 appeared anonymously his interesting 'Recollections of Rugby, by an old Rugbeian' (12mo), and in the same year a novel, 'Jealousy' (3 vols.). Settling in Cirencester, Newmarch showed keen interest in the antiquities of the neighbourhood, and in 1850 wrote with Professor James Buckman [q. v.] 'Illustrations of the Remains of Roman Art in Cirencester' (4to; 2nd edit. 1851). He was chiefly instrumental in founding in 1851 the 'Cirencester and Swindon Express,' which was soon amalgamated with the 'Wilts and Gloucester Standard.' He was joint editor of the paper, and till the end of his life was a regular contributor under the name of 'Rambler.' He issued with his brother in 1868 a brief account of the 'Newmarch pedigree.'
Newmarch matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in 1851, graduating B.A. in 1855. Taking holy orders in 1854, he was from 1856 to 1893 rector of Wardley-cum-Belton, Rutland, and rural dean of the district from 1857 to 1867. He was greatly interested in agricultural matters, contributing much to 'Bell's Life' on the subject; he championed the cause of the village labourers, who stoutly defended him against the attacks of Joseph Arch, when Arch visited Belton in his tour of the village districts in 1872. He took an ​active part in church building in Rutland, and restored the chancel of his parish church. Increasing deafness led to his retirement in 1893 to 37 Upper Grosvenor Road, Tunbridge Wells, where he died on 14 June 1903.
Newmarch married on 6 Feb. 1855, at Leckhampton, Anne Straford of Cheltenham and Charlton Kings, and had issue two sons and three daughters. One daughter survived him. A tablet to his memory was erected in Belton church in 1912.
[The Times, 20 June 1903; Guardian, 1 July 1903; Rugby School Register, 1901, ii. 293; information from son-in-law, the Rev. J. B. Booth.]
W. B. O.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Augustus III.

See also Augustus III of Poland on Wikipedia; Augustus III of Poland, on Wikipedia, Augustus III. in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​AUGUSTUS III., or FREDERICK AUGUSTUS II., Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, only legitimate son of Augustus the Strong, was born at Dresden, 7th October 1696. He was brought up in the Protestant faith, but in 1712, while on his travels, he entered the Church of Rome, though his change of opinion was not publicly known till 1717. In 1733 he succeeded his father as elector of Saxony, and put forward claims to the kingdom of Poland. The Polish nobles, however, had become dissatisfied with foreign rule, and endeavoured to reinstate Stanislaus Lesz- czinski, whose daughter was married to Louis XV. of France. Russia and Austria, probably bribed, but certainly dread ing French influence in Poland, supported Augustus, who was elected, though in an informal manner, and by their aid established himself in the kingdom. On the death of Charles of Austria in 1740, Saxony at first joined the league against Maria Theresa, but jealousy of the Prussian successes in the first campaign caused Augustus to unite with the empress when war broke out a second time in 1744. His forces were completely defeated by Frederick, and Saxony was overrun and pillaged by the Prussian troops. Eleven years later Augustus joined the alliance against Frederick, which gave rise to the Seven Years War. He was again unfortunate ; the whole Saxon army was surrounded and compelled to surrender at Pirna in 1756, and during the remainder of the war Saxony and Poland were the seats of operations, and suffered severely. Augustus died 5th October 1763, surviving only by a few months the peace of Hubertsburg. During his reign considerable additions were made to the collections of art treasures formed by his father, and Dresden began to be celebrated throughout Europe for its china and pictures.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Aulic Council

See also Aulic Council on Wikipedia; Aulic Council on Wikipedia, Aulic Council in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
AULIC COUNCIL (from the Latin aula, a hall, in German, Reichshofrath), one of the two supreme courts of the old Germanic empire, the other being the imperial chamber (Reichskammergericht). It was called into existence in 1501 by the Emperor Maximilian, and was by him intended to counterbalance the influence of the im perial chamber, which he had been compelled to form by the states six years before. The Aulic Council had in many respects equal power with the chamber ; from its- decisions there was no appeal, and under its special juris diction were included the consideration of the imperial reserved rights, fees, and privileges, the settlement of disputes as to precedence among the several states, and the arrangement of matters relating to the Italian posses sions of the empire. All questions of law could be sub mitted either to this council or to the chamber. The members were at first appointed by the emperor, at whose death the court dissolved, and new appointments were made by his successor. The power of the council increased under several of the emperors ; it was formally recognised as coequal with the imperial chamber ; and after the peace of Westphalia its organisation was altered so as to meet the requirements of the time. It then and afterwards consisted of a president, vice-president, and eighteen councillors, all selected and paid by the emperor, and of a vice-chancellor, whose appointment rested with the electorate of Mainz. Six members were Protestants, and the votes of these six, when unanimous, could not be overturned by any majority of the others. The councillors were divided into two parties the first consisting of the counts and barons, the second of the men of learning, who possessed equal rights with the nobles, but were more highly paid. At the dissolution of the old Germanic imperial system in 1806, the Aulic Council in its former signification came to an end, though an Austrian court bearing the same title still continued to sit in Vienna.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Auk

See also Auk on Wikipedia; Auk, on Wikipedia, auk in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
AUK, a name common to several species of sea-fowl belonging, with one exception, to the family Alcidæ. Of these, special interest attaches to the Great Auk, or Gare-fowl (Alca impennis), from the circumstance that there is no authentic record of its having been taken, or even seen alive, for more than a quarter of a century. In the autumn of 1821 Dr Fleming, while on a cruise through the Hebrides, observed and described one which had been taken alive in the sea off St Kilda and put on board the yacht. With a rope attached to one of its legs, this specimen was occasionally allowed to disport itself in its native element, where it astonished every one by the rapidity with which it swam under water. On one of these occasions it got loose from its bonds, and was soon beyond reach of pursuit. Another specimen had been observed a few years before off Papa Westra, one of the Orkney Islands, but in spite of the exertions of the crew of a six-oared boat, continued for several hours, the auk could not be overtaken. This specimen, however, was afterwards secured, and is now in the British Museum. The Great Auk measures about three feet in length, has a large bill, but wings so small as to be totally useless for flying, serving, however, as powerful swimming organs It is said to have laid a single egg on the bare rock,—usually, from the inability of the bird to rise on wing to the higher cliffs, close to the water edge. Its food, according to Fabricius, consisted of the lump-sucker and other fishes of a similar size. From the earliest existing accounts, the Great Auk does not appear to have ever been more than an occasional visitant to the British Isles, and then chiefly to the sea around St Kilda and the Orkneys, while Iceland, the Faroes, and the islets about Newfoundland, appear to have been its proper home. The probability that this bird is now totally extinct gives special value to the remains of it now existing. These, according to Professor Newton, are as follows:—71 or 72 skins, 9 skeletons, 38 or 41 detached bones of different birds, and 65 eggs. The other Auks are the Puffin, the Razorbill, and the Little Auk, all widely distributed along the northern-temperate and Arctic coasts.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Aulis

See also Aulis (ancient Greece) on Wikipedia; Aulis on Wikipedia, Aulis in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
AULIS, a town in Bœotia, supposed to have been situated on a rocky peninsula between two bays, about three miles S. of Chalcis. During the Trojan war it was the rendezvous of the Greek fleet, and has obtained celebrity as the scene of the sacrifice of Iphigenia. Pausanias states that in his day there was still to be seen here the temple of Artemis ascribed to Agamemnon.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Augustus Gratianus

See also Gratian on Wikipedia; Gratian on Wikipedia, Gratianin the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
GRATIANUS, Augustus (359-383), Roman emperor, son of Valentinianus I,, was born in 359. In the ninth year of his age he received from his father the title of Augustus, but on his father's death in 375 he was compelled to share the Western empire with his infant brother, Valentinianus II., of whom he was appointed guardian, while his uncle Valens ruled over the Eastern empire. In 378 he gained a victory over the Alemanni near the site of the present town of Colmar. Through the death of Valens in the same year, there devolved upon him the government of the Eastern empire, but feeling himself unable to resist unaided the incursions of the barbarians, he ceded it to Theodosius, January 19, 379. For some years Gratianus conducted the government of his empire with energy and success, but gradually he sank into indolence and occupied himself chiefly with the pleasures of the chase. By adopt ing as the guards of his person a body of the Alani, and appearing in public in the dress of a Scythian warrior, he awakened the contempt and resentment of his Roman troops. A Roman named Maximus took advantage of this feeling to raise the standard of revolt in Britain, and invaded Gaul with a large army, upon which Gratianus, who was then in Paris, being deserted by his troops, fled to Lyons, where, through the treachery of the governor, he was delivered over to one of the rebel generals and assassinated, August 25, 383.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Aumale

See also Aumale on Wikipedia; Aumale, on Wikipedia, Aumale in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​AUMALE, formerly ALBEMARLE, from the" Latin Alba Maria, a town of France, in the department of Seine Inf^rieure, on the banks of the Bresle, 35 miles N.E. of Rouen. Grain and hemp are cultivated in the neighbour hood ; cloth is manufactured ; and the town has a trade in wool and cattle. Population, 2229. Aumale was erected by William the Conqueror into a countship, which was afterwards held in succession by the houses of Castile, Dammartin, Harcourt, and Lorraine; and in 1547 it was raised to the rank of a dukedom in favour of Francis of Lorraine. It afterwards passed to the house of Savoy, from whom it was purchased in 1675 by Louis XIV., who conferred it as an apanage on one of his natural sons. In 1769 it came into possession of the house of Orleans. The earl of Albemarle, in the British peerage, derives his title from Aumale.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Auray

See also Auray on Wikipedia; Auray on Wikipedia, Auray in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
AURAY, a small town of France, situated on the slope of a hill near the mouth of the river of the same name, in the department of Morbihan, 10 miles W. of Vannes. Its port is greatly frequented by coasting vessels ; and it carries on a considerable industry in stocking-weaving, silk-spinning, tanning, shipbuilding, &c. The principal buildings are the church of St Esprit (13th century), which is now transformed into a college, the church of St Gildas, the town-house (17th century), and the Chartreuse, which marks the site of the battle of 1364, in which Charles of Blois was defeated by John de Montfort. In the neighbourhood is the church of Sainte Anne d Auray, one of the principal places of pilgrimage in Brittany. Population, 4542. (See Palliser s Brittany and its Bye- ways, 1869.)
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Aureola

See also Aureola on Wikipedia; Aureola on Wikipedia, Aureola in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
AUREOLA, Aureole, the radiance or luminous cloud which, in paintings of sacred personages, is represented as surrounding the whole figure. In the earliest periods of Christian art this splendour was confined to the figures of the persons of the Godhead, but it was afterwards extended to the Virgin Mary and to several of the saints. The aureola, when enveloping the whole body, is generally oval or elliptical in form, but is occasionally circular or quatrefoil. When it is merely a luminous disk round the head, it is called specifically a nimbus, while the combination of nimbus and aureole is called a glory. The strict dis tinction between nimbus and aureole is not commonly maintained, and the latter term is most frequently used to denote the radiance round the heads of saints, angels, or persons of the Godhead.
# Dugger v. Bocock

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
104 U.S. 596
Dugger v. Bocock
ERROR to the Supreme Court of the State of Alabama.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Mr. Samuel Field Phillips for the plaintiffs in error.
Mr. Michael L. Woods for the defendants in error.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Duhne v. New Jersey

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
251 U.S. 311
Duhne v. New Jersey
Argued: Jan. 5, 1920. --- Decided: Jan 12, 1920
Mr. Everett V. Abbot, of New York City, for complainant.
Mr. Thomas F. McCran, of Paterson, N. J., for defendant State of New jersey.
Mr. Solicitor General Alexander C. King, of Atlanta, Ga., for other defendants.
Memorandum opinion by Mr. Chief Justice WHITE, by direction of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Duignan v. United States

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
274 U.S. 195
Duignan v. United States
Argued: Feb. 21, 1927. --- Decided: April 25, 1927
Messrs. Alfred J. Talley and Charles H. Tuttle, both of New York City, for appellant.
The Attorney General and Mr. John W. Davis, of New York City, for appellees.
Mr. Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse