# Curtis v. Martin

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United States Supreme Court
44 U.S. 106
Curtis v. Martin
THIS case was brought up by writ of error from the Circuit Court of the United States for the southern district of New York.
It was an action brought in the court below by Martin and Coe against Curtis, the collector, for return of duties upon certain importations of gunny cloth, from Dundee, in Scotland, from April to September, 1841.
The facts in the case are clearly stated in the following brief of Mr. Nelson, attorney-general, who argued the case on behalf of Curtis, the plaintiff in error:--
This was an action brought by the defendants in error against Curtis, as collector of the port of New York, to recover back the sum of $4,543.17 of duties, levied by him on a certain article as cotton bagging, which, they contended, was gunny bagging, a non-enumerated article in the tariff of 1832, and therefore duty free; and the question in the cause was, whether this kind of bagging was cotton bagging within the meaning of the revenue laws? The duties were paid under written protest annexed to each entry.
By the tariff of 1832 it is enacted, that 'on cotton bagging three and a half cents a square yard, without regard to the weight or width of the article,' of duty shall be collected. This duty, modified by the Compromise Act, was chargeable when the goods were imported.
The imported article, used as bagging for the packing of cotton, is principally manufactured in the town of Dundee, in Scotland, and, like the bagging of Kentucky, was made of hemp, until the material of which the gunny cloth of India is manufactured began to be used. Bagging for cotton has also been made of cotton.
Gunny (Bengalee G uni) is a coarse, strong sackcloth, manufactured in Bengal, for making into bags, sacks, and packing generally, the material being the fibre of two plants, natives of India, as hemp originally was. (See article 'Gunny,' in McCulloch's Dictionary of Commerce, American edition, vol. 1, p. 722.)
Gunny bagging is now manufactured in Scotland, as well as in India; and it was admitted, on the part of the defendants in error, that the importations in question came from Dundee, and were made into New York between the months of April and September, 1841.
It was established, by the testimony on both sides, that gunny cloth was imported largely into this country, solely for bagging for the packing of cotton, since 1835. In commercial language it has since been known as cotton bagging; but in 1832, at the time of the passing of the tariff of that year, it was not so known. The counsel for the collector contended, at the trial in the court below, that if the article was, in commercial understanding, known as cotton bagging at the time of its importation, it was subject to the duty, and that the term cotton bagging signified any fabric, without regard to the materials of which it is composed, that was used to bale or cover cotton, and prayed the court so to charge the jury, which his honor refused; but, on the contrary, charged that the point upon which the case turned was, whether the article in question was known as cotton bagging in the year 1832, when the tariff act was passed. He further charged that it was a settled rule of construction of revenue laws, imposing duties on articles of a specified denomination, to construe the article according to the designation of such articles as understood and known in commerce, and not with reference to the material of which they may be made, or the use to which they might be applied; nor ought such laws to be construed as embracing all articles which might be applied to the same use and purpose as the specific article. If it had been the intention of Congress to impose the duty upon all articles used for cotton bagging, the language of the act would have been different, and in terms prospective, adapted to such purpose; that it had been argued on the part of the United States that the duty was intended to be laid on all articles used for cotton bagging, because the duty is laid on cotton bagging 'without regard to weight or measure;' but that the terms 'weight and measure' were intended to apply to different materials then in use for bagging cotton, such as hemp, flax, and sometimes cotton cloth, &c., and not to any new articles that might thereafter be applied to that use; so that the whole question was, whether gunny cloth was, in commercial understanding, known as cotton bagging when the law was passed laying the duty, in 1832? If it was not, they would find for the plaintiffs; if it was, they would find for the defendant. To which charge, in every respect, the defendant's counsel excepted.
The jury found for the plaintiffs, now defendants in error.
The cause now comes up on a writ of error to this court, and for error it is assigned—
That the judge ought to have charged the jury that the act of 1832 was prospective; and that the legislature, in using the term 'cotton bagging,' without distinguishing the material of which it was made, meant that all articles which thereafter should be imported for that purpose should be subject to duty; and that gunny bagging, being known among merchants as cotton bagging at the time of the importation of the bagging in question, was subject to duty.
Lord, for defendants in error, said that the points in the case were the following:
1. That if gunny cloth was at the time of the passage of the act of July 14th, 1832, in commercial understanding, known as cotton bagging, it was liable to the duty demanded under the 14th clause of the 2d section of the act.
2. But if not so known at the time of the passage of such law, then it was not liable to the duty on cotton bagging.
Whereupon he contended for the two following propositions, viz.:
1st. Under laws imposing duties, articles are to be charged solely according to their commercial designation at the time of the passage of the law, and that whether the designation be of a class or of individual articles. For this he cited 1 Story's R., 341, Bacon v. Bancroft; Id. 642, Lee v. Lincoln; 9 Wheat., 434, 438, United States v. 200 chests tea; 8 Pet., 272, United States v. _____ sugar; 1 Sumn., 159, United States v. Breed; 10 Pet., 272, Elliott v. Swartwout.
2d. The construction claimed here by the importers is fully admitted by the government in the act of August 30th, 1842, whereby cotton bagging and gunny cloth are subjected, as distinct articles, to different rates of duty. Acts of 27th Congress, 2d session, p. 180, section 3, clause 3.
Mr. Chief Justice TANEY delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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