OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trencher

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​TRENCHER (M. Eng. trenchour, trenchere, &c., O. Fr. trencheoir trenchoier, a place on which to cut up food, from trencher, mod. trancher, to cut, probably from Lat. truncare, lop, cut off, or from transecare, to cut across), a platter, being a flat piece of wood, in its earliest form square, later circular, on which food was carved or cut up and served. These wooden "trenchers" took the place of earlier ones which were thick slices of coarse bread; these, after being soaked with the gravy and juices from the meat and other food were eaten or thrown to the alms basket for the poor. The wooden trencher went out of use on the introduction of pottery and later of porcelain plates. At Winchester College, the old square beechwood trenchers are still in use. The potters of the 18th century made earthenware plates very flat and with a shallow rim; these were known as "trencher plates." "Trencher salt-cellars" were the small salts placed near each person for use, as opposed to the ornamental "standing" salts.
For "trench," a ditch, and "entrenchment," see Fortification and Siegecraft.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trenchard, Sir John

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​TRENCHARD, SIR JOHN (1640-1695), English politician, belonged to an old Dorset family, his father being Thomas Trenchard (1615-1671), of Wolverton, and his grandfather Sir Thomas Trenchard (1.582-1657), also of Wolverton, who was knighted by James I. in 1613. Born at Lytchett Matravers, near Poole, on the 30th of March 1640, and educated at New College, Oxford, John Trenchard entered parliament as member for Taunton in 1679, and associated himself with those who proposed to exclude the duke of York from the throne. He attended some of the meetings held by these malcontents and was possibly concerned in the Rye House plot; at all events he was arrested in July 1683, but no definite evidence was brought against him and he was released. When Monmouth landed in the west of England in June 1685 Trenchard fled from England, but was pardoned through the good offices of William Penn and returned home two years later. Again he entered parliament, but he took no active part in the Revolution of 1688, although he managed to secure the good will of William III. He was knighted by the king and made chief justice of Chester, and in 1692 he was appointed a secretary of state. He and the government incurred much ridicule through their failure to prove the existence of a great Jacobite plot in Lancashire and Cheshire in which they had been led to believe. Sir John died on the 27th of April 1695. His wife was Philippa (d. 1743), daughter of George Speke (d. 1690) of White Lackington, Somerset.
Another member of the Trenchard family was the writer, John Trenchard (1662-1723), erroneously referred to by Macaulay as a son of Sir John Trenchard. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, Trenchard inherited considerable wealth and was thus able to devote the greater part of his life to writing on political subjects, his point of view being that of a Whig and an opponent of the High Church party. His chief works are A Short History of Standing Armies in England (1698 and 1731) and The Natural History of Superstition (1709). With Thomas Gordon (d. 1750) he produced a weekly periodical, The Independent Whig, and with the same colleague he wrote a number of letters to the London Journal and to the British Journal under the pseudonym of Cato. These letters were published in four volumes in 1724 and the collection has often been reprinted. Trenchard died on the 17th of December 1723.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽiap
### Tʽiap.
#### 帖$^4$

    A short written paper as a label, a card, a petition.

#### 貼$^4$

    To give a pledge; to attach to; to paste upon.

#### 跕$^4$

    To fall down; to drag the feet in walking.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽiet
### Tʽiet.
#### 沈$^{-1}$

    To sink; to put under water; to descend.

#### 耽$^1$

    Long ears; addicted to pleasure; formidable.

#### 酖$^1$

    Wine infused with poison; to delight in wine.

#### 鴆$^1$

    A species of bird rendered poisonous by eating serpents; poison.

#### 琛$^1$

    Natural gems of precious stones.

#### 湛$^2$

    To put in water; soak.

#### 朕$^{-3}$

    Used by the emperor for.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽio
### Tʽio.
#### 調$^{-1}$

    To mix; adjust in due proportions; to regulate; to nurse.

#### 超$^1$

    To steep lightly; trip; leap over; surpass; excel; promote.

#### 迢$^1$

    Removed far off; lofty.

#### 佻$^1$

    Slender; weak; to steal; levity; slow; servile.

#### 眺$^1$

    To look aslant; look at a distance; to peep.

#### 祧$^1$

    Ancestral temples or tablets.

#### 誂$^1$

    To call or whisper to; to seduce; allure; seduction.

#### 窕$^2$

    Deep; profound; retired; elegant; delicate.

#### 柱$^{-3}$

    A post; pillar; to sustan; support.

#### 跳$^{3-}$

    To walk; to leap; skip; dance; to overpass.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽiok
### Tʽiok.
#### 畜$^4$

    Domestic animals; to feed; to endure; to obey.

#### 慉$^4$

    To nourish; to induce; proud; to dislike; hate.

#### 蓄$^4$

    To acumulate; hoard up; to nourish; breed; bring up.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽiu
### Tʽiu.
#### 儔$^{-1}$

    A number of persons; a company; a party; who?

#### 疇$^{-1}$

    A cultivated field; a field of hemp; to cultivate.

#### 籌$^{-1}$

    To calculate; reckon; devise; plan; arrange.

#### 薵$^{-1}$

    Name of a plant.

#### 躊$^{-1}$

    Embarrassed; irresolute; unable to proceed.

#### 倜$^{-1}$

    Raised above others; unrestrained; noble freedom.

#### 惆$^{-1}$

    Mournful; sorry.

#### 稠$^{-1}$

    Grain growing thick; close; crowded together.

#### 綢$^{-1}$

    Thick; close; to wrap around; hang with ornaments.

#### 抽$^1$

    To lead; take out from amongst; take a part.

#### 丑$^2$

    A horary character from 1 to 3 A.M.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽoi
### Tʽoi.
#### 扠$^1$

    To take, as with nippers; a harpoon; to strike.

#### 釵$^1$

    A large pin or bodkin to fasten up the hair.

#### 體$^2$

    Body; substantial; to realize; embody; to represent.

#### 代$^{3-}$

    For; instead of in the place of.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽie
### Tʽie.
#### 挑$^1$

    To stir up; excite; seduce; to carry on the shoulders.

#### 糶$^{3-}$

    To sell grain.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽo
### Tʽo.
#### 塗$^{-1}$

    Clay; mud; earth.

#### 土$^2$

    Earth; the ground; a piece of ground; a country; a place.

#### 吐$^{3-}$

    To spit out; vomit; reject; to utter; speak. ​

#### 兎$^{3-}$

    A hare; rabbit.

#### 莬$^{3-}$

    A medicinal plant.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽoa
### Tʽoa.
#### 拖$^1$

    To drag; pull; lead; to steer a boat.

#### 獺$^4$

    A beaver, castor or oter.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽien
### Tʽien.
#### 畋$^{-1}$

    The level field; to till the ground; to hunt.

#### 鈿$^{-1}$

    Golden ornaments of a lady's head-dress.

#### 塡$^{-1}$

    To fill up; make up deficiency; pay a debt; to stop up.

#### 廛$^{-1}$

    A shop where people buy and sell.

#### 纏$^{-1}$

    To wind round; tie; bind; wrap with silk.

#### 天$^1$

    Heaven.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Louisiana (Missouri)

* related portals: Missouri.
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See also Louisiana, Missouri on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​LOUISIANA, a city of Pike county, Missouri, U.S.A., situated below the mouth of the Salt river, on the western bank of the Mississippi, about 90 m. N. of St. Louis. Pop. (1900) 5131, including 1075 negroes and 161 foreign-born; (1910) 4454; there is also a considerable suburban population. Louisiana is served by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago & Alton railways, and by several lines of river steamboats. The river is spanned here by a railway bridge. The city is laid out fairly regularly in the river valley and on bluffs along the river, and has attractive residential districts, commanding good views. It has very active and varied industries, and is a trade centre for a large grain- and fruit-producing and stock-raising region, and has one of the largest nurseries in the United States. Louisiana was laid out in 1818, was the county-seat from that date until 1825, was incorporated as a town in 1845 and was chartered as a city in 1849.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Louse

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​LOUSE (O. Eng. lús, cf. Du. luis, Ger. Laus, Dan. and Swed. lus), a term applied to small wingless insects, parasitic upon birds and mammals, and belonging strictly speaking to the order Anoplura, often included among the Hemiptera, though the term is frequently extended to the bird-lice constituting the suborder Mallophaga, formerly included among the Neuroptera. Both agree in having nothing that can be termed a metamorphosis; they are active from the time of their exit from the egg to their death, gradually increasing in size, and undergoing several moults or changes of skin. The true lice (or Anoplura) are found on the bodies of many Mammalia, and occasion by their presence intolerable irritation. The number of genera is few. Two species of Pediculus are found on the human body, and are known ordinarily as the head-louse (P. capitis) and the body-louse (P. vestimenti); P. capitis is found on the head, especially of children. The eggs, laid on the hairs, and known as “nits,” hatch in about eight days, and the lice are full grown in about a month. Such is their fecundity that it has been asserted that one female (probably of P. vestimenti) may in eight weeks produce five thousand descendants. Want of cleanliness favours their multiplication in a high degree—the idea once existed, and is probably still held by the very ignorant, that they are directly engendered from dirt. The irritation is caused by the rostrum of the insect being inserted into the skin, from which the blood is rapidly pumped up. A third human louse, known as the crab-louse (Phthirius pubis) is found amongst the hairs on other parts of the body, particularly those of the pubic region, but probably never on the head. The louse of monkeys is now generally considered as forming a separate genus (Pedicinus), but the greater part of those infesting domestic and wild quadrupeds are mostly grouped in the large genus Haematopinus, and very rarely is the same species found on different kinds of animals.
The bird-lice (Mallophaga) are far more numerous in species, although the number of genera is comparatively small. With the exception of the genus Trichodectes, the various species of which are found on mammalia, all infest birds (as their English names implies) (see Bird-Louse). Louse-infestation is known as phthiriasis in medical and veterinary terminology.
Authorities.—The following works are the most important: Denny, Monographia Anoplurorum Britanniae (London, 1843); Giebel, Insecta Epizoa (which contains the working-up of Nitzsch’s posthumous materials; Leipzig, 1874); van Beneden, Animal Parasites (London, 1876); Piaget, Les Pédiculines (Leiden, 1880); Mégnin, Les Parasites et les maladies parasitaires (Paris, 1880); Neumann, Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of Domesticated Animals (1892); Osborn, Pediculi and Mallophaga affecting Man and the Lower Animals (Washington, 1891; U.S. Dept. Agr.); Enderlein, “Läuse-Studien,” Zool. Anz. xxviii. (1904).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Loulé

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​LOULÉ, a town of southern Portugal, in the district of Faro (formerly the province of Algarve); beautifully situated in an inland hilly district, 10 m. N.N.W. of the seaport of Faro and 5 m. from São João da Venda on the Lisbon-Faro railway. Pop. (1900) 22,478. Apart from Lisbon, Oporto and Braga, Loulé is the most populous town in the kingdom. It is surrounded by walls and towers dating from the Moorish period. The neighbouring church of Nossa Senhora da Piedade is a favourite resort of pilgrims. Basket-making is the principal industry; leather, porcelain and various products of the palm, agave and esparto grass are also manufactured.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Winthrop, John (1606-1676)

See also John Winthrop the Younger and Fitz-John Winthrop on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WINTHROP, JOHN (1606–1676), generally known as John Winthrop the Younger, son of the preceding, born at Groton, England, on the 12th of February 1606. He was educated at the Bury St Edmunds grammar school and at Trinity College, Dublin, studied law for a short time after 1624 at the Inner Temple, London, accompanied the ill-fated expedition of the duke of Buckingham for the relief of the Protestants of La Rochelle, and then travelled in Italy and the Levant, returning to England in 1629. In 1631 he followed his father to Massachusetts, and was one of the “assistants” in 1635, 1640 and 1641, and from 1644 to 1649. He was the chief founder of Agawam (now Ipswich), Mass., in 1633, went to England in 1634, and in the following year returned as governor, for one year, of Connecticut, under the Saye and Sele patent, sending out the party which built the fort at Saybrook, at the mouth of the Connecticut river. He then lived for a time in Massachusetts, where he devoted himself to the study of science and attempted to interest the settlers in the development of the colony's mineral resources. He was again in England in 1641-1643, and on his return established iron-works at Lynn and Braintree, Mass. In 1645 he obtained a title to lands in south-eastern Connecticut, and founded there in 1646 what is now New London, whither he removed in 1650. He became one of the magistrates of Connecticut in 1651; in 1657-1658 was governor of the colony; and in 1659 again became governor, being annually re-elected until his death. In 1662 he obtained in England the charter by which the colonies of Connecticut and New Haven were united. Besides being governor of Connecticut, he was also in 1675 one of the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England. While in England he was elected to membership in the newly organized Royal Society, to whose Philosophical Transactions he contributed two papers, “Some Natural Curiosities from New England,” and “Description, Culture and Use of Maize.” He died on the 5th of April 1676 in Boston, whither he had gone to attend a meeting of the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England.
His correspondence with the Royal Society was published in series 1, vol. xvi. of the Massachusetts Historical Society's Proceedings. See T. F. Waters's Sketch of the Life of John Winthrop the Younger (Ipswich, Mass., 1899).
Winthrop's son, Fitz-John Winthrop (1638–1707), was educated at Harvard, though he did not take a degree; served in the parliamentary army in Scotland under Monck, whom he accompanied on his march to London, and returned to Connecticut in 1663. As major-general he commanded the unsuccessful expedition of the New York and Connecticut forces against Canada in 1690; from 1693 to 1697 he was the agent of Connecticut in London; and from 1698 until his death he was governor of Connecticut.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Winterthur

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​WINTERTHUR, a flourishing industrial town in the Töss valley, canton of Zürich, Switzerland, and by rail 17 m. N.E. of Zürich. It is 1450 ft. above sea-level, and has a rapidly increasing population (in 1870, 9317; in 1880, 13,502; in 1888, 15,805; and in 1900, 22,335), all German-speaking and nearly all Protestants. It is the point of junction of seven lines of railway, and is therefore of considerable commercial importance. Its main industries are cambric-weaving, cotton-printing, the manufacture of machinery, and wine-growing, Stadtberg being the best variety of wine grown in the neighbourhood of the town. It is a modern, well-built town, with a fine town-hall and well-arranged school buildings. It suffered severely from the disastrous financial enterprise of the National Railway of Switzerland which it promoted. In 1878 it had to sell its property in that line, and from 1881 to 1885 it was in great difficulties in the matter of a loan of nine million francs guaranteed in 1874 by the town, together with three others in Aargau, to that ill-fated railway. As the three co-guarantor towns were unable to pay their share, the whole burden fell on Winterthur, which struggled valiantly to meet its liabilities, and was helped by large loans from the cantonal and federal governments.
The Roman settlement of Vitudurum [Celtic dur, water] was a little north-east of the present town, at the place now known as Ober Winterthur. It was there that in 919 Burkhard II., duke of Alamannia, defeated Rudolf II., king of Transjuran Burgundy. It was refounded in the valley in 1180 by the counts of Kyburg (their castle rises on a hill, 4 m. to the south of the town), who granted it great liberties and privileges, making it the seat of their district court for the Thurgau. In 1264 the town passed with the rest of the Kyburg inheritance to the Habsburgs, who showed very great favour to it, and thus secured its unswerving loyalty. In 1292 the men of Zürich were beaten back in an attempt to take the town. For a short time after the outlawry of Duke Frederick of Austria, it became a free imperial city (1415-1442); but after the conquest of the Thurgau by the Swiss Confederates (1460-1461) Winterthur, which had gallantly stood a nine-weeks' siege, was isolated in the midst of non-Austrian territory. Hence it was sold by the duke to the town of Zürich in 1467, its rights and liberties being reserved, and its history since then has been that of the other lands ruled by Zürich. In 1717-1726 Zürich tried hard by means of heavy dues to crush the rival silk and cotton industries at Winterthur, which, however, on the whole very successfully maintained its ancient rights and liberties against the encroachments of Zürich.
See H. Glitsch, Beiträge z. ältern Winterthurer Verfassungsgeschichte (Winterthur, 1906); J. C. Troll, Geschichte d. Stadt Winterthur (8 vols., 1840-1850).  (W. A. B. C.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wireworm

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​WIREWORM, a popular name for the slender, hard-skinned grubs or larvae of the click-beetles or Elateridae, a family of the Coleoptera (q.v.). These larvae pass a long life (two or three years) in the soil, feeding on the roots of plants, and they often cause much damage to farm crops of all kinds, but especially to cereals. A wireworm may be known by its broad, quadrate head and cylindrical or somewhat flattened body, all of whose segments are protected by a firm, chitinous cuticle. The three pairs of legs on the thoracic segments are short and the last abdominal segment is, as is frequently the case in beetle grubs, directed downwards to serve as a terminal proleg. The hinder end of the body is acutely pointed in the larvae of the species of Agriotes (A. obscurus and A. lineatus) that are the best knows of the wireworms, but in another common form (the grub of Athous haemorrhoidalis) the tail is bifid and beset with sharp processes. The subterranean habits of wireworms make it hard to exterminate them when they have once begun to attack a crop, and the most hopeful practice is, by rotation and by proper treatment of the land, to clear it of the insects before the seed be sown. Passing easily through the soil on account of their shape, wireworms travel from plant to plant and thus injure the roots of a large number in a short time. (See Economic Entomology.) Other subterranean creatures—such as the “leather-jacket” grub of crane-flies—which have no legs, and geophilid centipedes, which may have over two hundred, are often confounded with the six-legged wireworms.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Winther, Christian

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​WINTHER, CHRISTIAN (1796-1876), Danish lyrical poet, was born on the 29th of July 1796 at Fensmark, in the province of Praesto, where his father was priest. He went to the university of Copenhagen in 1815, and studied theology, taking his degree in 1824. He began to publish verses in 1819, but no collected volume appeared until 1828. Meanwhile, from 1824 to 1830, Winther was supporting himself as a tutor, and with so much success that in the latter year he was able to go to Italy on his savings. In 1835 a second volume of lyrics appeared, and in 1838 a third. In 1841 King Christian VIII. appointed Winther to travel to Mecklenburg to instruct the princess Caroline, on the occasion of her betrothal to the Crown Prince of Denmark, in the Danish language. Further collections of lyrics appeared in 1842, 1848, 1850, 1853, 1865 and 1872. When he was past his fiftieth year Winther married. In 1851 he received a pension from the state as a poet, and for the next quarter of a century he resided mainly in Paris. Besides the nine or ten volumes of lyrical verse mentioned above, Winther published The Stag’s Flight, an epical romance in verse (1855); In the Year of Grace, a novel (1874); and other works in prose. He died in Paris on the 30th of December 1876, but the body was brought to Denmark, and was buried in the heart of the woods. In the verse of ​Christian Winther the scenery of Denmark, its beechwoods, lakes and meadows, its violet-scented dingles, its hollows perfumed by wild strawberries, found such a loving and masterly painter as they are never likely to find again. He is the most spontaneous of lyrists; his little poems are steeped in the dew and light and odour of a cool, sunshiny morning in May. His melodies are artless, but full of variety and delicate harmony. When he was forty-seven he fell in love, and at that mature age startled his admirers by publishing for the first time a cycle of love songs. They were what were to be expected from a spirit so unfaded; they still stand alone for tender homage and simple sweetness of passion. The technical perfection of Winther's verse, in its extreme simplicity, makes him the first song-writer of Denmark.  (E. G.)