OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma/Birds/Order Passeres/Family Corvidæ/Genus Podoces

Genus PODOCES Fischer, 1823.
In this most remarkable genus are found certain species of birds which appear to be most nearly related to the Choughs but should possibly be placed in a family by themselves.
The bill is slender and very long and the nostrils completely concealed under stiff plumes; the wing is short and rounded and the legs long and strong.
These curious birds, to which the name of Ground Choughs has been given, differ from all other forms of Corvidæ in their very weak flight. In habits they are strictly ground-birds spending practically their whole time upon it. They are found only on the high plateaus of Central Asia, a single specimen of one species having straggled into India.
(50) Podoces humilis.
Hume's Ground Chough.
    Podoces humilis Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 408 (Saryu Pass, Yarkand).
Vernacular names. Day-day (Tibetan).
Description. Above sandy brown with whitish collar around neck; wing-coverts like the back with faint terminal brown bars; quills brown with pale edges; below pale isabelline with centre of abdomen almost white; central tail-feathers blackish brown paling to isabelline-white on the outermost.
Colours of soft parts. Bill and feet black; iris brown.
Measurements. Wing 90 to 93 mm.: tail about 65 mm.; tarsus 28 mm.; bill about 23 mm.
The female is a trifle smaller, wing 88 to 90 mm.
Distribution. Yarkand to Tibet, Koko Nur and Kansu. A single specimen has been sent me from the Chambi Valley in the extreme north of Native Sikkim.
Nidification. This bird breeds freely in Tibet between 11,000 and 15.000 feet, making its nest, a sott pad of grass and fur, in burrows of the Mouse-hares, or self-made. According to Dresser the nest is sometimes placed at the end of a tunnel as much as 12 feet long, such as one would hardly expect the bird to excavate for itself. The eggs, either three or four in number, are pure white and measure about 22·9 × 16·4 mm. The breeding season is May, June and July.
Habits. They inhabit the same uplands as those inhabited by the Mouse-hares but are sometimes seen away from them. Their flight is very low and feeble and they are essentially ground-birds, spending their whole time thereon and never perching on trees or bushes. They are insect feeders.
# The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma/Birds/Order Passeres/Family Corvidæ/Genus Platysmurus

Genus PLATYSMURUS Reich., 1760.
The genus Platysmurus contains two species, one of which is resident in Tenasserim whilst the other inhabits Borneo. In many ways this genus connects the typical Magpies and the typical Jays.
The bill is very much curved and shorter than the head and the bristles covering the nostrils are numerous and stiff but short. The feathers of the crown of the head are very harsh. The tail is of no great length but well graduated. The sexes are alike and the young resemble the adults.
(38) Platysmurus leucopterus.
The White-winged Jay.
    Glaucopis leucopterus Temm., Pl. Col., No. 265 (1824) (Sumatra).
    Platismurus leucopterus. Blanf. & Oates, i, p. 37.
Vernacular names. None recorded.
Description. The whole plumage black; the terminal halves of the larger upper wing-coverts and a large patch on the exterior webs of some of the outer secondaries white; the forehead crested and the feathers stiff.
In some specimens the smaller wing-coverts are narrowly margined with white, and this probably means immaturity.
Colours of soft parts. Bill, legs, feet and claws black; irides lake-red to crimson. (Davison.)
Measurements. Length about 400 to 410 mm.; wing about 190 to 200 mm.; tail about 200 to 220 mm.; tarsus 35 to 38 mm; culmen about 35 mm.
​Distribution. Tenasserim, S.W. Siam, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.
Nidification. The nests were first obtained by Davison and again quite recently by Messrs. Hopwood and Mackenzie in Tenasserim. They are rough, heavy affairs of twigs, roots, etc., cup-shaped with a shallow internal hollow. They are placed in tall bushes, small trees or palms some 6 to 8 feet from the ground. The eggs number two or three and are exactly like big eggs of Cissa chinensis. They measure about 33·5 × 23·1 mm.
The breeding season appears to be March and April.
Fig. 14.—Head of P. leucopterus.
Habits. According to Davison "this species keeps entirely to the forests, going about usually in parties of from four to six. They have a deep, rolling, metallic note, which they continually utter as they move from tree to tree. I have never seen them on the ground; they probably get their food, which consists of insects, and, occasionally at any rate, of fruit, amongst the trees. They are excessively restless and always on the move, flying from tree to tree, generally at a considerable height and continually uttering their harsh, metallic call. They restrict themselves to the evergreen forests, never, that I am aware, coming into the gardens or open ground."
Hopwood says they are common about Tavoy and that they are not shy.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Engelhardt, Johann Georg Veit

Edition of 1920. See also Johann Georg Veit Engelhardt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ENGELHARDT, Johann Georg Veit, German theologian: b. Neustadt-an-der-Aisch, Bavaria, 1791; d. Erlangen, 13 Sept. 1855. In 1822 he became professor of theology at Erlangen; during the years 1845, 1847 and 1848 was the representative of his university in the diet at Munich. His most celebrated works are a translation of the writings ascribed to Dionysius the Areopagite; ‘Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte’ (1834); ‘Richard von St. Victor und Johannes Ruysbroek’ (1838); ‘Dogmengeschichte’ (1839).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Engelmann, Johannes

Edition of 1920. See also Johannes Engelmann on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ENGELMANN, Johannes, Russian jurist: b. Mitau, Courland, 7 July 1832. Educated at the University of Saint Petersburg he became professor of Russian law at Dorpat 1860, retaining the chair for 39 years, and delivering his lectures in Russian instead of German after 1887. These lectures covered a wide field and contributed greatly to the advancement of the science of jurisprudence in Russia. Among his works are ‘Die Verjahrung nach russischem Privatrecht’ (1867; in Russian, 1868); ‘Die Zwangsvollstreckung auswärtiger richterlicher Urteile in Russland’ (1884); and ‘Das Staatsrecht Russlands’ (1888).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Engelbrechtzen, Cornelis

Edition of 1920. See also Cornelis Engebrechtsz. on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ENGELBRECHTZEN, ĕng'ĕl-breHt-zĕn, Cornelis, Dutch painter: b. Leyden, 1468; d. there, 1533. He was the son of the wood-engraver Engelbert, and the teacher of Lucas, being the earliest known painter in Leyden and the first of his nation to use oil colors. Many of his works were destroyed during the Reformation, and the only two properly authenticated pictures of large size are altarpiece with ‘Crucifixion’ and altarpiece with ‘Pieta,’ Town Hall, Leyden. Doubtfully attributed to him are ‘St. Leonard,’ Antwerp Museum; ‘Crucifixion,’ old Pinakothek, Munich; ‘Deposition,’ Moritz Chapel, Nuremberg; ‘Madonna and Child,’ National Gallery, London; ‘Crucifixion,’ Venice Academy. The Van Leydens were his pupils.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Engelhard, Friedrich Wilhelm

Edition of 1920. See also Wilhelm Engelhard on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ENGELHARD, Friedrich Wilhelm, frēd'rĭH vil'hĕlm ĕng'ĕl-härt, German sculptor and painter: b. Grünhagen, Prussia, 19 Sept 1813; d. 22 Jan. 1902. He studied at Hanover, at Copenhagen with Thorwaldsen and at Munich with Schwanthaler. He executed many groups, single figures and genre pieces. Among his creations are ‘Love on a Swan’; ‘Dancing Springtime’; ‘Slinger with Dog’; ‘Bacchus Conquering a Panther’; ‘Cupid and Psyche’; the frieze of the ‘Edda,’ his chief work; ‘A Child Fishing’; ‘A Child Threading a Needle’; statue of ‘St. Michael’; portrait medallion of Bismarck for the monument of Canossa, near Harzberg; ‘Christ Blessing Little Children’; and the legendary characters of Germany, ‘Odin,’ ‘Thor’ and the Valkyries.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Engelhardt, Georg von

Edition of 1920. See also Georg von Engelhardt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ENGELHARDT, Georg von, Russian statesman: b. Riga, 1775; d. 1862. He went to Saint Petersburg in 1790 and six years later secured a post in the Department of Foreign Affairs. He became Undersecretary of State in 1801 under Alexander I. He was made director of the Pedagogical Institute in 1811 and of the Lyceum at Tsarkoe-Selo in 1816. His liberalism, however, led to his removal in 1823. From 1838 to 1852 he edited the Russische Landwirtschaftliche Zeitung. He published ‘Russische Miscellan zur Kenntnis Russlands und seiner Bewohner’ (4 vols., 1828-32) and edited the manuscript journals of the explorer, Wrangel, which he issued in ‘Reise längs der Nordküste von Sibirien und auf dem Eismeer’ (1839).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Engelmann, George

Edition of 1920. See also George Engelmann on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ENGELMANN, George, American botanist: b. Frankfort-on-the-Main, 2 Feb. 1809; d. Saint Louis, Mo., 4 Feb. 1884. He studied medicine at the universities of Heidelberg, Berlin and Würzburg, receiving the degree of M.D. from the last-named institution in 1831. The first half of 1832 he spent in study at Paris where he met Braun and Agassiz. In September 1832 he sailed for the United States where relatives of his had bought some land in the Mississippi Valley. In 1835 he began the practice of medicine at Saint Louis, Mo. Although he was highly successful in the practice of his profession, he had, even during his student days, become deeply interested in botany. This
interest grew gradually until almost all his leisure hours were occupied with scientific investigations, chiefly in relation to botany, although some of them were devoted to meteorology. As his success in his profession increased he found it possible at times to take protracted vacations, some of which he spent abroad and all of which he devoted to botanical investigations. The results of these were some 100 papers published at various times in different scientific journals, especially in the transactions of the Saint Louis Academy of Science which were examples of the most painstaking and thoroughgoing scholarship. He soon was recognized as an authority on the botany of the North American continent. The most important of his papers were on Cuscutinæ, Cacteæ, Coniferæ, American oaks and grape vines. They together with all his other writings, hardly less important, have been collected and published, illustrated by many plates, as ‘The Botanical Works of the Late George Engelmann’ (ed. by W. Trelease and Asa Gray, Cambridge, Mass., 1887). This publication also contains an exhaustive biographical sketch. He was the first president of the Saint Louis Academy of Science and an active or corresponding member of many learned societies. His extensive botanical collection is in the Shaw Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, Mo.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Engelbrecht, Theodor Heinrich

Edition of 1920. See also Theodor Heinrich Engelbrecht on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ENGELBRECHT, Theodor Heinrich, German geographer: b. Obendeich, Schleswig-Holstein, 1853. He acquired his education at the universities of Leipzig and Strassburg, and in 1911 received the honorary degree of doctor from the University of Breslau. In 1895 he became a member of the Free Conservative party in the House of Deputies. His works include ‘Die Landbauzonen der aussertropischen Länder’ (3 vols., 1899), a valuable work on the study of agriculture in Europe; 'Die geographische Verteilung der Getreidepreise' (2 vols., 1908), the first volume dealing with the United States, the second with India;
‘Bodenbau und Viehstand in Schleswig-Holstein’ (1905).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Engelhardt, Zephyrin

Edition of 1920. See also Zephyrin Engelhardt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ENGELHARDT, Zephyrin (Charles Anthony), American writer and missionary: b. Bilshausen, Hanover, Germany, 13 Nov. 1851. He came to the United States in 1852, was educated in the parish schools and Saint Francis Seraph College, Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1872 he entered the Franciscan order, was ordained to the priesthood in 1878 and in 1878-80 was teacher at Saint Joseph's College, Cleveland, Ohio. From 1880 to 1885 he was missionary to the Menominee Indians in Wisconsin and from 1885 to 1887 was stationed at Superior City, Wis. He was vice-commissary for the Holy Land and editor of the Weekly Pilgrim of Palestine at New York in 1887-88 and for the ensuing two years was missionary in Mendocino County, Cal. From 1890 to 1894 he was stationed at Saint Joseph's Monastery, Cleveland, and from 1894 to 1900 was superior of the missions of his order in northern Michigan and of the Indian Boarding School, Harbor Springs, Mich. In 1901 he was stationed in California. In 1895 he founded and for five years edited the Anishinabe Enamiad, a periodical in the Ottawa-Chippewa language. He is a member of the Texas Historical Association and of the National Geographical Society and has published 'Kachkenohamatwon Kesekoch' (1882); 'Kateshim' (1883); 'The Franciscans in California' (1897); 'Missions and Missionaries of California' (5 vols., 1908-16); 'The Holy Man of Santa Clara, or Life of Father Magin Catala' (1909). He is a contributor to Katholische Missionen, California Volksfreund, Sankt Josephsblatt. He writes in German under the nom-de-plume of “Der Bergmann” and in English of “Esperanza.”
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Engelhardt, Moritz von

Edition of 1920. See also Moritz von Engelhardt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ENGELHARDT, Moritz von, Russian naturalist: b. Esthonia, 1779; d. 1842. He received his education at Leipzig and Göttingen and the Freiberg mining school. He made a tour of Europe with Karl von Raumer and in 1811 visited the Crimea and Caucasus with von Parrot, and seven years later he traveled
through Finland. He taught mineralogy at Dorpat in 1820-30, and thereafter traveled and explored Russia, discovering vast deposits of gold, platinum, etc., detailed in his reports, which were issued at Riga in 1830. His principal works are ‘Geognosticher Umriss von Finland’ (1821); and, with von Raumer, ‘Geognostische Versuche’ (1816) and ‘Geognostische Umrisse’ (1817).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Engelhardt, Vassili Pavlovich, Baron

Edition of 1920. See also Vasily Engelhardt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ENGELHARDT, Vassili Pavlovich, Baron, Russian astronomer: b. Kustovitchi, Grodno, 1828. He received his education in Saint Petersburg, entered the government employ in 1847 and remained in its service for six years. He built an astronomical observatory in Dresden in 1872. He also gave valuable astronomical instruments to the University of Kazan and erected buildings there to house them. His published works include ‘Observations astronomiques faites à Dresde’ (3 vols., 1886, 1890, 1895).
# The Frozen Deep/Chapter 6

SECOND SCENE.
THE HUT OF THE SEA-MEW.
CHAPTER VI.
Good-by to England! Good-by to inhabited and civilized regions of the earth!
Two years have passed since the voyagers sailed from their native shores. The enterprise has failed—the Arctic expedition is lost and ice-locked in the Polar wastes. The good ships "Wanderer" and "Sea-mew," entombed in ice, will never ride the buoyant waters more. Stripped of their lighter timbers, both vessels have been used for the construction of huts, erected on the nearest land.
The largest of the two buildings which now shelter the lost men is occupied by the surviving officers and crew of the Sea-mew. On one side of the principal room are the sleeping berths and the fire-place. The other side discloses a broad doorway (closed by a canvas screen), which serves as a means of communication with an inner apartment, devoted to the superior officers. A hammock is slung to the rough raftered roof of the main room, as an extra bed. A man, completely hidden by his bedclothes, is sleeping in the hammock. By the fireside there is a second man—supposed to be on the watch—fast asleep, poor wretch! at the present moment. Behind the sleeper stands an old cask, which serves for a table. The objects at present on the table are, a pestle and mortar, and a saucepan full of the dry bones of animals—in plain words, the dinner for the day. By way of ornament to the dull brown walls, icicles appear in the crevices of the timber, gleaming at intervals in the red fire-light. No wind whistles outside the lonely dwelling—no cry of bird or beast is heard. Indoors, and out of doors, the awful silence of the polar desert reigns, for the moment, undisturbed.
# The Frozen Ship (L. E. L.)

* The Frozen Ship from the Literary Gazette, 16th September 1826 under the pseudonym Iole.
* The Frozen Ship from The Vow of the Peacock and Other Poems, 1835.
# The Frozen Ship

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "The Frozen Ship."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* The Frozen Ship, a poem by Letitia Elizabeth Landon (1826)
* The Frozen Ship, an anecdotal story in 'Enterprise and Adventure' by Ralph Temple and Chandos Temple (1870)
# The Flying Girl

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article.
   An innovative blending of genres to create a feminist adventure melodrama. The book was followed by a sequel, The Flying Girl and Her Chum (1912)
   "The most successful aviators in the future...are bound to be women. As a rule they are lighter than men, more supple and active, quick of perception and less liable to lose their heads in emergencies. The operation of an aeroplane is, it seems to me, especially fitted to women." Warning: template has been deprecated.
The Flying Girl
BY EDITH VAN DYNE
Author of Aunt Jane's Nieces, Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad, Aunt Jane's Nieces at Millville, Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work, Aunt Jane's Nieces in Society, Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John.
Illustrated by Joseph Pierre Nuyttens
Publishers The Reilly & Britton Co. Chicago
Copyright, 1911 BY The Reilly & Britton Co.

### CONTENTS

       Foreword
CHAPTER
* Orissa
* A Disciple of Aviation
* The Kane Aircraft
* Mr. Burthon is Confidential
* Between Man and Man—and a Girl
* A Bucking Biplane
* Something Wrong
* Mr. Burthon’s Proposition
* The Other Fellow
* A Fresh Start
* Orissa Resigns
* The Spying of Tot Tyler
* Sybil is Critical
* The Flying Fever
* A Final Test
* The Opening Gun
* A Curious Accident
* The One to Blame
* Planning the Campaign
* Uncle and Niece
* Mr. H. Chesterton Radley-Todd
* The Flying Girl
* A Battle in the Air
* The Criminal
* The Real Heroine
* Of Course
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Quay, Matthew Stanley

Edition of 1920. See also Matthew Quay on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
QUAY, kwā, Matthew Stanley, American politician: b. Dillsburg, York County, Pa., 30 Sept. 1833; d. Beaver, Pa., 28 May 1904. He was graduated from Jefferson College in 1850, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1854 and elected prothonotary of Beaver County in 1856 and 1859. During the Civil War he was in active service as colonel of the 134th Pennsylvania regiment, being present at the battle of Fredericksburg; he was also assistant commissary general of Pennsylvania, State military agent at Washington and military secretary to
the governor. In 1865-67 he was a member of the Pennsylvania legislature; in 1872-78, and again in 1879-82, he was State secretary; recorder for the city of Philadelphia in 1878-79; and State treasurer in 1885. As early as 1869 he was secretary of the executive committee of the Republican State committee, and after that became the undisputed leader of his party in Pennsylvania. In national politics he was a member of the Republican national committee after 1885, and in 1888 was its chairman, conducting a successful presidential campaign. In 1887 he was elected United States Senator, serving continuously till 1899; in that year a deadlock in the legislature prevented his re-election. This was in part owing to the fact that in 1898, on the failure of the People's Bank where State funds were deposited, he had been accused of being party to a conspiracy for the misappropriation of public funds; the trial occurred in April 1899 and resulted in his acquittal. He was then appointed Senator ad interim by the governor and elected to the Senate in 1901 for the term expiring in 1905. In the Senate he was one of the strongest opponents of the Panama Canal. His power as a political organizer lay chiefly in his adroit methods of reconciling opposing factions and hostile interests. A striking example of this was his method of meeting the reform movement of 1902 by supporting as candidates for governor of the State and mayor of Philadelphia, men who were endorsed by the reformers and not prominent in the regular Republican organization, thus gaining the support of what might have been a dangerous opposition.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Raabe, Wilhelm

Edition of 1920. See also Wilhelm Raabe on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RAABE, rä'bĕ, Wilhelm, German novelist and poet: b. Eschershausen, duchy of Brunswick, 8 Sept. 1831: d. 15 Nov. 1910, in the city of Braunschweig. After attending the gymnasia in Holzminden and Wolfenbüttel, he entered a book store as apprentice in 1849. He used this opportunity for wide reading and enriched himself with the tales and folklore of his own and other countries. In 1855 he entered the University of Berlin to study the humanities. In the autumn of 1856 appeared his first book, ‘Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse,’ under the pseudonym Jakob Corvinus. The book, which contains sketches of life among
the German bourgeoisie, was very successful and Raabe became well known. Being thus encouraged he gave up his studies and devoted himself entirely to literary work. From 1862 to 1870 he lived in Stuttgart. Then he again returned to Braunschweig and remained active until the end of the century, publishing upwards of 30 novels and a number of short stories and sketches.
His life work may be divided into three periods. During the first he wrote with a light touch, producing a series of pictures of German life from the abundance of his imagination and experience, among which are ‘Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse’ (1856), ‘Die Kinder von Finkenrode’ (1859) and ‘Unser Herrgotts Kanzlei’ (1862). The influence of the pessimism of Schopenhauer is evident during the second period. Representative works of this period are ‘Der Hungerpastor’ (1864), ‘Abu Telfan’ (1867), and ‘Der Schüd derump’ (1870). These three works are sometimes referred to as a trilogy. While they are independent of each other in substance, they do represent a distinct epoch in the life of Raabe.
During the third period of the novelist's life his works no longer show this pessimistic strain. A genial humor pervades them, though they frequently deal with serious subjects. ‘Horacker’ (1876) perhaps best represents this tendency. ‘Der Dräumling’ (1872), and ‘Deutscher Mondschein’ (1873), also come under this head. Of his numerous later works ‘Das Odfeld’ (1889) and ‘Die Akten des Vogelsangs’ (1895) seem to be most read.
Raabe has been continually gaining in the estimation of the German people. This was especially shown at the celebration of his 70th birthday in 1901. He is perhaps the most distinctly German of modern novelists and story writers. There is hardly a situation in the life of the average German that has not been portrayed by Raabe. His early works were influenced to some extent by Jean Paul. Later he also shows evidences of having read Dickens and Thackeray. In 1911 a selection of Raabe's poems was published. Consult Brandes, W., ‘Wilhelm Raabe’ (Wolfenbüttel and Berlin 1906); Gerber, Paul, ‘Wilhelm Raabe, Eine Würdigung seiner Dichtungen’ (Leipzig 1897); ‘Gesammelte Erzählungen’ (2d ed., Berlin 1901); Spiero, H., ‘Wilhelm Raabe’ (Bielefeld 1911).