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# The New International Encyclopædia/Bache, Alexander Dalles

Edition of 1905. See also Alexander Dallas Bache on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BACHE, bäch, Alexander Dalles (1806-67). An American physicist. He was born in Philadelphia, and was a grandson of Benjamin Franklin. He graduated at West Point,' in 1825, became a lieutenant in the corps of engineers, and remained some time at the Military Academy as instructor. He was employed under Colonel Totten on the fortifications at Newport, where he married Nancy Clarke Fowler. P.ache was appointed professor of natural philosophy and chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania, in 1828, and was an early number of the Franklin Institute, publishing many valuable scientific papers in its journals. He established the first magnetic observatory in the United States, where the periods of the daily variations of the magnetic needle were fully determined, and other interesting observations made. A magnetic survey of Pennsylvania, made by Professor Bache, marks the beginning of the magnetic work since carried on by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. In 18;30 he became president of the trustees of Girard College, and visited Europe to examine educational systems for the information of the board, who were about to organize that institution. His report, submitted in 1838. was of great value in suggesting improvements in educational methods. Before the college was organized. Bache became connected with the public-school system of Philadelphia, and developed the system of free education in ​that city. At the same time he was actively engaged in scientific work, particularly in the examination of meteorological and magnetic phenomena. In 1842 he returned to his professorship in the university, and in 1843 was appointed superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, succeeding F. R. Hassler, the first incumbent of that position. He reorganized and extended the work of the survey and laid the foundations which have brought the service to its present recognized efficiency.
Professor Bache was also a member of the lighthouse board, superintendent of weights and nuMsures. an incorporator and regent of the Smithsonian Institution, vice-president of the United States Sanitary Commission, president of the American Philosophical Society, president of the American A.ssociation for the Advancement of Science, a founder and member of the National Academy of Sciences, and associate of many important scientific institutions at home and abroad. He was the recipient of many honors, including the degree of LL.D. from several colleges, and medals from foreign governments and learned bodies. He gave $?42,000 to the National Academy of Sciences for the promotion of its work in furthering scientific research. His important works are: Observations at the Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory of Girard College, reports on weights and measures, and various essays in the scientific journals and the proceedings of learned societies. Consult: Henry, "Memoir of Alexander Dallas Bache," Vol. I., Biographical Memoirs National Academy of Sciences. reprinted in Smithsonian Report for 1870.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bad Lands

Edition of 1905. See also Badlands on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BAD LANDS. An American term applied to regions of unconsolidated rocks that have been extensively eroded. Bad Lands occur on arid plateaus formed by horizontal strata of loosely cemented sands and gravels. In these regions rain falls only during short periods, but then the storm waters erode the incoherent rock that is unprotected by vegetation, resulting in the formation of a labyrinthine series of valleys of all sizes, most of which are dry ‘arroyos’ during the greater part of the year. When the erosion is carried to its extreme limit the greater part of the region is reduced to base-level, and isolated fragments of the old plateau rise above this to form table mountains, or ‘mesas.’ The best examples of Bad Lands are found in the upper portion of the Missouri drainage basin, in the vicinity of the Black Hills. They occur also to lesser extent in Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The name ‘Bad Lands’ is a literal translation of ‘Mauvaises Terres,’ a term used by the French-Canadian trappers, who first visited the regions.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Iron, Ralph

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ IRON, Ralph. The pseudonym of Olive Schreiner (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Iron Duke, The

Edition of 1905. See also Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ IRON DUKE, The. A popular sobriquet for the Duke of Wellington.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Iron Gate

Edition of 1905. See also Iron Gates on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ IRON GATE (Turk. Demīr-Kāpu). A celebrated pass on the Lower Danube, near Gladova, just below the point where the river leaves Hungary, where a spur of the Transylvanian Alps nearly barricades the river. In 1890 the demolition of the obstructions to navigation was begun by an Hungarian company, and in the course of ten years was practically completed. The work necessitated the excavation of nearly 1,200,000 cubic yards of rock, about half of which was in the river bed. For some distance there is an artificial waterway for vessels, through which there is an extremely rapid current.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Irnerius

Edition of 1905. See also Irnerius on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ IRNERIUS, ēr-nē′rĭ-ŭs, or GUARNE′RIUS (c.1050-c.1130). An eminent Italian jurist, founder of the so-called School of Glossators. He was born at Bologna. When quite young he taught in his native city dialectics and rhetoric, but soon devoted himself entirely to the study of the Justinian Code, probably in Rome, where he also seems to have lectured on law. In or about 1084 he returned to Bologna, and there established a new law school. His most important work is the Summa Codicis (first ed. by Fitting, 1894), formerly attributed to Placentin. Consult Fitting, Die Anfänge der Rechtsschule in Bologna (1888).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Iron Chest, The

See also George Colman the Younger on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ IRON CHEST, The. A play by George Colman the Younger (1796), based upon Godwin's novel Caleb Williams.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Iron City, The

Edition of 1905. See also List of nicknames for Pittsburgh on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ IRON CITY, The. Pittsburg, Pa., so called from its iron and steel industries.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Iron Cross

Edition of 1905. See also Iron Cross on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ IRON CROSS (Ger. Eisernes Kreuz). A Prussian military order or decoration, revived during the war with France in 1871. It was first instituted by Frederick William III. as a reward for distinguished services in war. It consists of a Maltese cross, made of iron, edged with silver, and worn suspended from the neck or at the buttonhole. The superior decoration of the grand cross, a cross of double the size, is reserved for officers of high rank, who have successfully carried out a campaign, won a decisive battle, or conducted a brave defense of a fortress or position.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Iron Chancellor, The

Edition of 1905. See also Iron Chancellor on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ IRON CHANCELLOR, The. A name given to Bismarck.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Iron Crown

Edition of 1905. See also Iron Crown of Lombardy on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ IRON CROWN. The name of the old crown of the Lombards, still preserved in the Church of Saint John the Baptist at Monza. It is made of six pieces, and is adorned with twenty-two jewels, twenty-six golden roses, and twenty-four enamels. On the inside there is a circlet of iron, said to be formed from a nail used at the Crucifixion, given by Pope Gregory I. to the Lombard Princess Theodelinda. Before the twelfth century it was called the golden crown. It was used at the coronation of the Lombard Kings, and of the German Emperors as Kings of Italy. In 1805 Napoleon crowned himself at Milan with it. Later it was worn by two Austrian Emperors, and carried to Venice. After 1866 it was restored to Monza. Consult Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, vol. vi. (Oxford, 1880).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Worcester, Edward Somerset, second Marquis of

Edition of 1905. See also Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WORCESTER, Edward Somerset, second Marquis of (1601-67). An English nobleman and inventor, the son of the first Marquis of Somerset. In early life he devoted himself to mathematical and mechanical researches. In 1641 he entered the service of Charles I., who, in 1645, sent him to treat secretly with the Irish Catholics and to raise troops for service in England. The secret was discovered, Worcester was imprisoned on the charge of treason, and Charles I. disowned him. After his release Worcester spent four years in voluntary exile, and upon his return to England in 1652 was imprisoned in the Tower until 1654. Worcester wrote A Century of the Names and Scantlings of Such Inventions as at Present I Can Call to Mind to have Tried and Perfected (1663), in which he described a steam-engine as an admirable and most forcible machine for “driving up water by fire.” Though he is known to have erected great water-works at Vauxhall, there is no proof that he constructed the engine described above. Consult Dircks, The Life, Times, and Scientific Labors of the Second Marquis of Worcester, with an annotated reprint of his Century of Inventions (1865).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wurtz, Charles Adolphe

Edition of 1905. See also Charles-Adolphe Wurtz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WURTZ, vụrts, Charles Adolphe (1817-84). A French chemist, distinguished for his work in the atomic theory and for his discoveries in the organic branch of the science. He was born at Strassburg, and was educated there and at Giessen. In 1845 he went to Paris
as tutor in the department of organic chemistry at the Sorbonne. Afterwards he became professor at the Agronomic Institute of Versailles (1851), professor of organic chemistry at the Sorbonne, and professor of toxicology at the school of medicine (1853). He was dean of the Sorbonne medical faculty from 1866 to 1876. Among Wurtz's principal discoveries were those of the ammoniac compounds (1849), of glycol (1856), of aldol (C$_8$H$_8$O$_4$), and the so-called process of ‘aldolization.’ His most important work, however, was in the theoretic side of chemistry in distinguishing the atomic relations of organic compounds. His publications include: Mémoire sur las ammoniaques composées (1850); Traité élémentaire de chimie médicale (1864-65); Dictionnaire de chimie pure et appliquée (1868-78; supplement, 1880-86; 2d supplement by Fridel, 1892); Progrès de l'industrie des matières colorantes artificielles (1876); Théorie atomique (1878); and Traité de chimie biologique (1884).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wurtzite

Edition of 1905. See also Wurtzite on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WURTZITE (named in honor of Charles Adolphe Wurtz). A mineral zinc sulphide crystallized in the hexagonal system. It has a resinous lustre, and is brownish-black in color. It occurs in crystals or in massive fibrous varieties. It is found in Portugal, Bolivia, Peru, and in the United States, with sphalerite and quartz, at Butte, Mont. This mineral has been made artificially by fusing equal parts of zinc sulphate with calcium fluoride and barium sulphide.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wurzbach, Alfred, von Tannenberg

Edition of 1905. See also Alfred von Wurzbach on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WURZBACH, vōōrts'bäK, Alfred, von Tannenberg (1846—). An Austrian art-critic, born at Lemberg, son of the following. He studied jurisprudence in Vienna and entered the civil service, but resigned in 1876 and devoted himself entirely to the study of art-history. In 1881-86 he was art-critic for the Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung. Under the title Zeitgenossen he published a series of biographical sketches (1871-72), and afterwards the monograph Martin Schongauer (1881), a Geschichte der holländischen Malerei (1885), besides biographies of Dutch and Flemish painters in Dohme's Kunst und Künstler (1876). He also edited the éditions de luxe of Die französischen Maler des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts (1879-80), Die goldene Bibel (1880), and Rembrandt-Galerie (1885), and translated Houbraken's Groote schouburgh der nederlandsche konstschilders (1879).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wooster, David

See also David Wooster on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WOOSTER, David (1710-77). An American soldier. He was born in Stratford, Conn., graduated at Yale in 1738, and, entering the provincial army in 1739, served throughout King George's War (q.v.), acting as captain in the Louisburg expedition of 1745, and commanding for a time the sloop-of-war Connecticut. He became colonel of a Connecticut regiment in 1755, and served throughout the French and Indian War, during which he rose to the rank of brigadier-general. He was appointed collector of customs at New Haven, but resigned on the approach of the Revolutionary War, and was one of the eight brigadier-generals appointed by Congress in June, 1775. After serving in Canada, where for a time, owing to the death of General Montgomery, he held the chief command, he resigned to become major-general of Connecticut militia, and was mortally wounded (April 26, 1777) near Danbury, while defending that place against the attack of General Tryon.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Worcester, Dean Conant

Edition of 1905. See also Dean Conant Worcester on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WORCESTER, Dean Conant (1866—). An American zoölogist and writer, born at Thetford, Vt., and educated at the University of Michigan. While still an undergraduate he visited the Philippine Islands as a member of the Steere scientific expedition (1887-88), and in 1890 returned to that archipelago as one of the leaders of the Menage expedition. He remained there three years, studying not only the fauna of the islands, but their topography, history, and inhabitants. From 1893 he was instructor in zoölogy at the University of Michigan, and in 1895 was made assistant professor and curator of the zoölogical museum. In January, 1899, he was appointed a member of the United States Philippine Commission. His publications include various papers on the birds and mammals of the Philippines, several articles on political and social conditions in the islands, and The Philippine Islands and Their People (1898), a work of great value.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Worcester (Worcestershire)

See also Worcester on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WORCESTER, wụs′tẽr. The capital of Worcestershire, England, in the centre of the Severn Valley, on the eastern bank of the river, 27 miles southwest of Birmingham (Map: England, D 4). The most important public buildings are the cathedral, the shire-hall, the guild-hall, the county prison, the city library, the Worcester museum, the corn exchange, the music-hall, and a city grammar school, founded by Queen Elizabeth. A cathedral, dedicated to Saint Peter, was founded as early as the seventh century. In 1084 Bishop Wulfstan laid the foundation of a new cathedral, which was not completed till 1216. Restored since 1855, it is now distinguished by the simplicity, if not plainness, of the exterior, which is amply compensated for by a fine perspective, the lofty roof, and generally charming effect of the interior. The tombs of King John, of Arthur, Prince of Wales (eldest son of Henry VII.), and of Bishop Gauden (q.v.), are the chief ancient monuments in the building. The city owns the water and electric lighting works, slaughter-houses, markets, and cemeteries, and maintains a large recreation ground, swimming baths, technical and art schools, and a public library. Glove-making, leather dressing and staining, porcelain factories, ironworks, locomotive-engine factories, tanning and currying, horse-hair weaving, vinegar, wine and sauce making, coach-building, and the manufacture of chemical manures and agricultural implements are the chief industries. The frequent discovery of ancient remains proves that Worcester was a Roman station. It became a city under the kings of Mercia, and holds charters from Richard I. and subsequent monarchs. Here Cromwell overthrew a Scotch army under Charles II., September 3, 1651. Population, in 1891, 42,908; in 1901, 46,623.
Consult Curzon, Manufacturing Industries of ​Worcestershire (Birmingham, 1883); Brassington, Historic Worcestershire (ib., 1894-95).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wormeley, Katharine Prescott

Edition of 1905. See also Katharine Prescott Wormeley and Elizabeth Wormeley Latimer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WORME'LEY, Katharine Prescott (1830—). An American translator and author, born in Ipswich, England. The daughter of a British admiral, she came to the United States in girlhood and first gained distinction by her active
interest in the relief of Union soldiers during the Civil War. In this connection she published: The United States Sanitary Commission (1863); Letters from Headquarters During the Peninsular Campaign (1862); and The Other Side of War (1888). She translated the works of Balzac (40 vols., 1883-97), Molière (6 vols., 1892), and other works from the French, and wrote a Life of Balzac (1890). Her sisters, Mary Elizabeth (Wormeley) Latimer (1822-1904) and Ariana Randolph (Wormeley) Curtis (1835—), were authors also, the former having published a number of volumes dealing popularly with modern European history.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wurzbach, Constant, von Tannenberg

Edition of 1905. See also Constantin von Wurzbach on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WURZBACH, Constant, von Tannenberg (1818-93). An Austrian biographer, born at Laibach. After studying jurisprudence at Gratz, he served in the army from 1836 to 1844, when he obtained a position in the university library at Lemberg. In 1849 he was appointed librarian in the Ministry of the Interior at Vienna, and afterwards Secretary in the Ministry of State. His writings include: Die Volkslieder der Polen und Ruthenen (1846); Die Sprichwörter der Polen (1852); Die Kirchen der Stadt Krakau (1853); Joseph Haydn und sein Bruder Michael (1861); Glimpf und Schimpf in Spruch und Wort (1864); Historische Wörter, Sprichwörter und Redensarten (1866); Franz Grillparzer (1871); Ein Madonnenmaler unserer Zeit: E. Steinle (1879); Feldmarschall Erzherzog Karl (1880). He is, however, best known for the Bibliographisch-statistische Uebersicht der Litteratur des österreichischen Kaiserstaates (1856), and his valuable Biographisches Lexikon des
Kaisertums Oesterreich (60 vols., 1857-92), a unique publication on a gigantic scale, containing about 25,000 critical biographies of notable personages in every walk of life and from all parts of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy.
# The New York Times/1894/2/5/Edmond Fremy

The New York Times, February 5, 1894
Edmond Fremy.
Edmond Fremy, the French chemist, whose death was announced by The New York Times yesterday, was born at Versailles Feb. 28, 1814. He was the son of a professor of chemistry at the Saint-Cyr Military School, who gave to him his primary scientific instruction. He prepared the lectures of Pelouze at the Ecole Polytechnique, became a substitute of Gay-Lussac at the Museum of Natural History, and, in 1843 and in 1850, replaced Pelouze and Gay-Lussac. In February, 1879, he replaced Chevreul as Director of the museam. He retained this office until 1891. He was a member of the French Academy of Sciences, where he was elected in 1857 as Thenard's successor, and since 1878 a Commander of the Legion of Honor.
He was the editor of the "Encyclopedie Chimique," begun in 1886, the writer of a quantity of monographs printed since 1835 in the "Annales de Chimie," and the author of several authoritative works. Among these the most famous are "De la Composition Chimique du Cerveau," "Traite de Chimie Generale," in six volumes; "Chimie Elementaire," "Abrege de Chimie," "Le Metal a Canon," "Sur la Generation des Ferments," "Discours Preliminaires dur le Developpement et les Progres Recents de la Chimie," "Les Laboratoires de Chimie," "Le Guide du Chimiste," and "La Ramie."
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# The New York Times/1894/1/11/Ask Equal Rights for Women

From The New York Times of January 11, 1894.
ASK EQUAL RIGHTS FOR WOMEN.
Petition for Harvard Degrees for Graduates of Radcliffe College.
BOSTON, Jan. 10. — A petition has been presented to the Overseers of Harvard University touching the issuance of degrees to women graduating from Radcliffe College. The petitioners, all residents of New-York City, and most of them men well known throughout the country, ask that the Radcliffe graduates shall receive the ordinary degrees of Harvard University, in place of diplomas of Radcliffe College, with the seal of Harvard University and the signature of its President affixed.
The petitioners say that unless the diplomas, which it is at present proposed to issue, shall state that the degree of A. B. conferred is equivalent to the A. B. degree of Harvard, the signature of the President and the seal will signify nothing. On the other hand, if the degrees are equivalents, one of the other, the petitioners can see no reason why the women of Radcliffe should not leave their college with the same diplomas that their brothers receive. The petitioners cite the practice at Columbia as to the students of Barnard College as in line with what they ask. They also refer to the practice at the University of Cambridge, England, of issuing to women degree certificates which state what honors each recipient would enjoy if a man. The petition has been referred to a committee of the board.
Among the signers to the petition are the Right Rev. Henry C. Potter, the Rev. Dr. W. R. Huntington, Judge Charles P. Daly, Edwin L. Godkin, Richard M. Hunt, Abram S. Hewitt, J. Pierpont Morgan, the Rev. Dr. Richard S. Storrs, John Bigelow, Judge J. C. Bancroft Davis, Charles Butler, Henry E. Pellew, the rev. Dr. A. Mackay-Smith, E. Ellery Anderson, Dr. Charles McBurney, Albert Stickney, Horace White, Carl Schurz, Joseph H. Choate, Charles S. Fairchild, Nathaniel A. Prentiss, Peter B. Olney, Judge William G. Choate, William E. Dodge, Theodore Roosevelt, George Haven Putnam, W. D. Howells, William Allen Butler.
Miss Marianne Woodhull, Mrs. Sarah H. Emerson, Mrs. Henry Draper, Miss Emily Tuckerman, Mrs. Lucius Tuckerman, Mrs. Joseph Hobson, Mrs. J. C. Bancroft Davis, Mrs. William B. Rice, Mrs. Lydig Hoyt, Miss Rosalie Butler, Dr. Emily Blackwell, Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi, Dr. Felix Adler, Richard Watson Gilder, Charles Collins, John Jay Chapman, and the following members of the New-York Local Committee on Harvard Examinations for Women: Mrs. Merritt Trimble, Miss Ellen Collins, Mrs. George F. Canfield, Miss Julia Livingston Delafield, Mrs. Edwin L. Godkin, Mrs. Henry E. Pellew, Mrs. George Haven Putnam, Miss E. T. Minturn, Miss Rose Morse, Miss Josephine Choate, Miss Elizabeth Kittredge Eaton, and Miss Rachel N. Powell.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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