OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Salter, Thomas (fl.1580)

​SALTER, THOMAS (fl. 1580), author, is said by Ritson to have been a schoolmaster. If so, he is probably the Thomas Salter, schoolmaster, of Upminster, Essex, who married, on 14 March 1583–4, Johanna, daughter of John Welshe, yeoman, of Thurrock in the same county (Chester, London Marriage Licenses), and not the Thomas Salter, minister, who matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on 24 Nov. 1581, aged 33, and was rector of St. Mellion, Cornwall, till his death in 1625 (Clark, Reg. Univ. Oxon. II. ii. 106; Parochial Hist. of Cornwall, iii. 306). His leanings were towards puritanism, and in 1579 he issued ‘A Mirrhor mete for all Mothers, Matrones, and Maidens, intituled the Mirrhor of Modestie,’ London, 8vo, n.d. (Brit. Mus. and Bodleian). It was licensed on 7 April 1579 to Edward White (Arber, ii. 351), who dedicated it to Anne, wife of Sir Thomas Lodge [q. v.], and mother of Thomas Lodge [q. v.] the poet. The publisher White has been erroneously credited with its authorship. The book was reprinted in ‘Illustrations of Old English Literature,’ 1866, vol. i., edited by Payne Collier, who erroneously described the copy in the British Museum as the only one extant. It contains much curious and amusing information about the habits and education of girls of the period, and protests against allowing them indiscriminate use of the classics. Robert Greene (1560?–1592) [q. v.] in 1584 issued a book of entirely different character under the same title, ‘A Mirrhor of Modestie.’
In 1580 Salter published ‘The Contention betweene Three Brethren, the Whoremonger, the Drunkard, and the Dice-player, to approve which of the three is the worst,’ 16mo; licensed to Thomas Gosson, 3 Oct. 1580 (Arber, ii. 378). A copy of this edition—the only one known—was bought by Heber in 1834. Hazlitt erroneously says another ​edition appeared in 1581, 16mo. In 1608 Henry Gosson issued an edition in quarto, a copy of which is in the British Museum. The work is a translation of Beroaldus's ‘Declamatio Ebriosi, Scortatoris, Aleatoris, de vitiositate disceptantium,’ which first appeared in 1499, and was translated into French (1556) and into German (1530).
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Salter, William

​SALTER, WILLIAM (1804–1875), painter, son of William and Sarah Salter, was born at Honiton, Devonshire, and baptised there on 26 Dec. 1804. He removed to London in 1822, and became a pupil of James Northcote, R.A. [q. v.], with whom he remained until 1827. He then went to reside at Florence, where in 1831 he exhibited a picture of ‘Socrates before the Judges of the Areopagos,’ which was much admired, and led to his election as a member of the Florence academy. After visiting Rome and working for a time at Parma, where also he was elected into the academy, Salter returned to England in 1833. Soon afterwards he undertook the work by which he is now remembered, and upon which he was engaged for six years, ‘The Waterloo Banquet at Apsley House.’ This picture, containing faithful portraits of the Duke of Wellington and all his most distinguished companions in arms, eighty-three figures in all, was exhibited in 1841 by F. G. Moon, the publisher, at his gallery in Threadneedle street, and excited intense interest and admiration; a large engraving from it by Greatbach, published by Moon in 1846, also became very popular. In 1852 a proposal was made to purchase the picture by subscription and present it to the Duke of Wellington, but the project was not carried out, presumably being frustrated by the duke's death; the work is now in the possession of Mr. William Mackenzie of Fawley Court, Henley-on-Thames. Salter painted many religious, mythological, and historical subjects, exhibiting chiefly at the British Institution and with the Society of British Artists, of which body he became a member in 1846 and later a vice-president. His portraits are numerous and of good quality; those of the Duke of Wellington, Wilberforce, Sir A. Dickson, and others have been engraved. In 1838 Salter presented an altarpiece of the ‘Descent from the Cross’ to the new parish church of his native town. He died at Devon Lodge, West Kensington, on 22 Dec. 1875; at the time of his death he was a corresponding member of the council of the Parma academy.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Saltonstall, Richard (1586-1658)

​SALTONSTALL, RICHARD (1586–1658), colonist, born near Halifax, Yorkshire, in 1586, was the son of Sir Peter Saltonstall (knighted in 1605) and nephew of Sir Richard Saltonstall [q. v.], lord mayor of London in 1597. A justice for the West Riding, and lord of the manor of Ledsham, near Leeds, he was knighted at Newmarket on 23 Nov. 1618. In 1629 he became a member of the Massachusetts Bay Company, and in the same year was appointed an assistant. He, with his five children, was among those who in April 1630 sailed in company with John Winthrop in the Arbella, and landed at Salem on 12 June. In June 1632 he was desired by the council to make a map of Salem and Massachusetts Bay (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1632, p. 153).
Saltonstall left the colony on 30 March 1631, and did not again visit America. He continued, however, to take an interest in the affairs of New England, and more than once corresponded with leading men there on public matters. In 1631 he, in conjunction with Lord Saye and Sele, Lord Brooke, and others, obtained from the Earl of Warwick a grant of land on the Connecticut, under which was established the military settlement of Saybrook. In 1648 he was appointed a member of the parliamentary commission to try the Duke of Hamilton, the Earl of Hamilton, and Lord Capel for high treason. In 1651 he wrote to John Cotton and John Wilson a letter of remonstrance in regard to their persecution of quakers. Saltonstall died in 1658. He married Grace, daughter of Robert Keyes, and there are state​ments, unsupported by extant records, of two other marriages.
A son Richard (d. 1694) matriculated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, on 14 Dec. 1627, and was admitted a freeman of Massachusetts in October 1631. He befriended the regicides who escaped to New England in 1660, and protested against the importation of negro slaves. He spent his later years in England, and died at Hulme, Lancashire, on 29 April 1694. His son Nathaniel, born in America in 1639, was chosen a councillor under the charter of William and Mary, and in 1692 was appointed judge of the supreme court, but resigned rather than preside over the witchcraft trials. He died on 21 May 1707.
[Winthrop's Hist. of New England; Trumbull's Hist. of Connecticut; Savage's Genealogical Register of New England; Memoir of Sir R. Saltonstall in Massachusetts Historical Collection, 3rd ser. iv. 157; Hutchinson's Hist. of Massachusetts, 1764, p. 15; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xi. 434, 513, xii. 354; Clutterbuck's Hist. of Hertfordshire, iii. 362; Miscellanea Geneal. et Herald. 3rd ser. i. 248; Appleton's Cyclop. of American Biography.]
J. A. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wallis, Robert

​WALLIS, ROBERT (1794–1878), line-engraver, born in London on 7 Nov. 1794, was son of Thomas Wallis, who was an assistant of Charles Heath (1785–1848) [q. v.] and died in 1839. He was taught by his father, and became one of the ablest of the group of supremely skilful landscape-engravers who flourished during the second quarter of the nineteenth century, particularly excelling in the interpretation of the work of Joseph Mallord William Turner [q. v.] He was employed upon the illustrations to Cooke's ‘Southern Coast of England,’ Turner's ‘England and Wales’ and ‘Rivers of France,’ Heath's ‘Picturesque Annual,’ Jennings's ‘Landscape Annual,’ the fine editions of the works of Scott, Campbell, and Rogers, the ‘Keepsake,’ the ‘Amulet,’ the ‘Literary Souvenir,’ and many other beautiful publications. On a larger scale he engraved various plates for the ‘Art Journal’ from pictures by Turner, Callcott, Stanfield, Fripp, and others, and many for the ‘Turner Gallery.’ Wallis's finest productions are the large plates after Turner, ‘Lake of Nemi’ and ‘Approach to Venice;’ a proof of the latter was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1859, and on its completion he retired from the profession. The remainder of his life was passed at Brighton, where he died on 23 Nov. 1878.
Henry Wallis (1805?–1890), brother of Robert, practised for some years as an engraver of small book-illustrations, but early in life was compelled by attacks of paralysis to seek another occupation. He then turned to picture-dealing, and eventually became the proprietor of the French Gallery in Pall Mall, which he conducted successfully until shortly before his death, which occurred on 15 Oct. 1890.
Another brother, William Wallis, born in 1796, is known by a few choice plates executed for Jennings's ‘Landscape Annual,’ Heath's ‘Picturesque Annual,’ the ‘Keepsake,’ &c.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wallis, John (1789-1866)

​WALLIS, JOHN (1789–1866), topographer, born in Fore Street, Bodmin, on 11 April 1789, was the son of John Wallis (1759–1842), attorney and town clerk of Bodmin, by his wife Isabella Mary, daughter of Henry Slogget, purser in the royal navy. He was educated at Tiverton grammar school, and afterwards articled to his father. After being admitted a solicitor and proctor he matriculated from Exeter College, Oxford, on 17 Dec. 1813, graduating B.A. on 7 July 1820, and M.A. on 20 March 1821. On completing his residence at Oxford he was ordained in 1817, and was appointed vicar of Bodmin on 17 Nov. of the same year. He was a capital burgess of the borough, and served the office of mayor in 1822. In 1840 he became an official of the archdeacon of Cornwall, a post which he retained till his death.
Wallis was an ardent topographer, and executed several maps and plans of Bodmin and the surrounding districts. His first publication was a reprint of the index to Thomas Martyn's ‘Map of the County of Cornwall,’ to which he appended a short account of the archdeaconry of Cornwall (London, 1816, 8vo). In 1825 he published thirteen outline maps of the archdeaconry and county of Cornwall, on the scale of four miles to the inch. Between 1831 and 1834 he published several reports and tables dealing with Bodmin borough, and between 1827 and 1838 he published in twenty parts ‘The Bodmin Register,’ containing elaborate collections relating to the past and present state of the borough, besides particulars concerning the county, archdeaconry, parliamentary districts, and poor-law unions of Cornwall. He projected also an ‘Exeter Register,’ to comprise the rest of the see. The first part was published in 1831, but no more appeared. In 1847 and 1848 he brought out the ‘Cornwall Register,’ in twelve parts, which contained particulars concerning the Cornish parishes, and was accompanied by a map of Cornwall on the scale of four miles to an inch.
Wallis died at Bodmin vicarage, unmarried, on 6 Dec. 1866, and was buried at Berry cemetery on 11 Dec. Besides the works mentioned he was the author of a ‘Family Register’ (1827, 12mo), and of several small pamphlets, chiefly on topographical subjects.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wallmoden, Amalie Sophie Marianne

​WALLMODEN, AMALIE SOPHIE MARIANNE, Countess of Yarmouth (1704–1765), born on 1 April 1704, was daughter of Johann Franz Dietrich von Wendt, general in the Hanoverian service, by his wife Friderike Charlotte, born von dem Busche, widow of General Welk, also in the Hanoverian service. In 1727 she was married to Gottlieb Adam von Wallmoden, ‘Oberhauptmann’ of Calenberg, Hanover. Blonde, sprightly, amiable, niece of Lady Darlington, and great-niece of the elder Countess Platen, Frau von Wallmoden attracted in 1735 the attention of George II during his summer sojourn in the electorate. She received from him without hauteur gallantries which he frankly communicated to the queen, by whom they were as frankly encouraged. Caroline's complaisance was probably dictated rather by policy than by indifference, for a touch of bitterness is apparent in the ‘Ah, mon Dieu! cela n'empêche pas,’ with which on her deathbed she rejoined to the ‘Non, j'aurai des maîtresses’ with which the king met her suggestion that he should marry again. The king kept his word, and when the time of mourning had elapsed Frau von Wallmoden was brought over from Hanover and installed in St. James's Palace. In 1739 she was divorced from her husband, and in the following year (24 March) she was created Countess of Yarmouth. Her advent was hailed by Walpole in the hope that her influence might be politically serviceable. Lady Yarmouth, however, proved entirely unfit for the rôle of a Pompadour, and had the good sense to abstain as a rule from meddling in court intrigues. On the death of the king, whose affection she never lost, she returned to Hanover, where she died on 19 Oct. 1765. She left issue two sons, Franz Ernst and Johann Ludwig von Wallmoden. The latter, born on 27 April 1736, was brought up at the English court and reputed the fruit of her intimacy with the king. As, however, he was born before the divorce, his paternity is doubtful. He entered the Hanoverian service, and bore high command with no great distinction in the war with the French (1793–1801). He died at Hanover on 10 Oct. 1811.
Some of Lady Yarmouth's letters are preserved in Additional MSS. 6856, 23814 f. 578, 32710–969, and Egerton MS. 1722 ff. 35, 132.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wallop, John (1690-1762)

​WALLOP, JOHN, first Earl of Portsmouth (1690–1762), born in 1690, was the third son of John Wallop of Farleigh-Wallop, Hampshire, by his wife Alicia, daughter and coheiress of William Borlase of Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire. Robert Wallop [q. v.] was his great-grandfather. John left Eton in his nineteenth year to complete his education by continental travel. While on his way to Geneva he served as a volunteer at the battle of Oudenarde. Subsequently, having passed a year of ‘academical exercitations’ at Geneva, and another in ‘visitation of the most eminent personages, and reconnoitring the most celebrated curiosities of Italy,’ he proceeded to Germany. At Hanover he was ‘admitted to the most confidential familiarity’ with the elector (afterwards George I). Meanwhile he had succeeded, in October 1707, to the family estates on the death of his elder brother. On his return to England he was elected M.P. for Hampshire, which he represented from 1715 to 1720. On 13 April 1717 he was named a lord of the treasury ‘by the particular nomination’ of George I. Three years later, on 11 June 1720, he was created Baron Wallop and Viscount Lymington. He took no prominent part in public affairs, but, judging from the dates of the appointments he subsequently received, must have been a supporter of Walpole. These included the chief-justiceship in eyre of the royal forests north of the Trent (5 Dec. 1732), the lord-lieutenancy of Hampshire (7 Aug. 1733), the lord-wardenship of the New Forest (2 Nov. 1733), and the governorship of the Isle of Wight (18 June 1734). All these terminated in 1742. But on 11 April 1743 Wallop was advanced to the earldom of Portsmouth, and in February 1746 was re-named governor of the Isle of Wight. He was created D.C.L. of Oxford on 1 Oct. 1755, and had been a governor of the Foundling Hospital since 1739. He died on 23 Nov. 1762. In the church of Farleigh-Wallop, on the south wall, is a marble monument to him with a lengthy inscription, which has been quoted. Portsmouth was twice married: first, in May 1716, to Bridget, eldest daughter of Charles Bennet, first earl of Tankerville; secondly, in June 1741, to Elizabeth, daughter of James, second lord Griffin, and widow of Henry Grey, by whom he had no issue.
G. Le G. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Turton, John

​TURTON, JOHN (1735–1806), physician, born in Staffordshire on 15 Nov. 1735, was son of John Turton (1700–1754), physician, of Wolverhampton and of Adelphi Street, London, by his wife Dorothy, only surviving child of Gregory Hickman. Dr. Johnson wrote some verses to this lady, ‘To Miss Hickman playing on the Spinet’ (Boswell, Life of Johnson, ed. Croker, 1791, p. 23). John entered Queen's College, Oxford, on 23 Oct. 1752, graduating thence B.A. 16 June 1756, and M.A. 31 May 1759. In May 1761 he obtained a Radcliffe travelling fellowship at University College, Oxford, and on 28 Sept. 1761 began to study medicine at Leyden (Peacock, Index of Leyden Students, 1883). He graduated M.B. from University College 11 Dec. 1762, and M.D. 27 Feb. 1767. He ​was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 17 Nov. 1763, and admitted on 5 March 1767. He settled in London, was admitted a candidate at the College of Physicians 24 Sept. 1767, and elected a fellow 30 Sept. 1768. He was a censor in 1769, 1775, 1782, and 1788, and became an elect 25 June 1788. He soon attained a large practice, was physician to the queen's household in 1771, physician in ordinary to the queen in 1782, and in 1797 physician in ordinary to the king and to the Prince of Wales. Having grown rich by his practice, he resigned his post of elect in the College of Physicians and retired to Brasted Place in Kent, which he had purchased from Lord Frederick Campbell and rebuilt. George III gave him a striking clock to put on his house, which was once in the turret of the Horse Guards. He died without issue at Brasted on 14 April 1806, and is buried in the parish church, where he has a white marble sarcophagus. His wife Mary was daughter and coheiress of Joseph Kitchingman of Balk Hall, near Thirsk. On her death on 28 Jan. 1810 Turton's real property, amounting to 9,000l. a year, besides 60,000l. in the funds, descended by will to his relative, Edmund Peters, who assumed the name of Turton.
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Turton, Thomas

​TURTON, THOMAS (1780–1864), bishop of Ely, born in Yorkshire on 25 Feb. 1780, was the son of Thomas Turton of Hatfield, Yorkshire, by his wife Ann, daughter of Francis Harn of Denby. In 1801 he became a pensioner of Queens' College, Cambridge. Two years afterwards he migrated to Catharine Hall, whence he proceeded B.A. in 1805, being senior wrangler; but as regards the Smith's prize, he and Samuel Hunter Christie of Trinity College were declared equal. In 1806 he was elected a fellow of his college, and in 1807 he succeeded to the office of tutor. In 1808 he commenced M.A., and he served the office of moderator in the schools for the years 1810, 1811, and 1812. In 1816 he took the degree of B.D.
In 1822 he was appointed Lucasian professor of mathematics, and in 1826 he accepted the college living of Gimingham-cum-Trunch, Norfolk, but was recalled to the university in the following year by his election to the office of regius professor of divinity on the resignation of John Kaye [q. v.], bishop of Bristol. Soon afterwards he was created D.D. by royal mandate. On 5 July 1827 he was collated to the prebend of Heydour-cum-Walton in the cathedral church of Lincoln. In November 1830 he obtained the deanery of Peterborough, vacant by the promotion of James Henry Monk [q. v.] to the see of Gloucester and Bristol. Turton filled this office until 1842, when he was appointed dean of Westminster. In March 1845 he was, on the recommendation of Sir Robert Peel, raised to the see of Ely, vacant by the death of Dr. Joseph Allen. For several years preceding his decease increasing infirmities precluded him from the active discharge of his episcopal functions. He died unmarried at Ely House, Dover Street, Piccadilly, London, on 7 Jan. 1864, and was buried at Kensal Green cemetery, in a grave adjoining that of his friend Dr. Thomas Musgrave, archbishop of York [q. v.]
Turton was a vigorous controversial writer, and at various times entered into conflict with Edward Copleston [q. v.], bishop of Llandaff, on the doctrine of predestination; with Thomas Burgess (1756–1837) [q. v.], bishop of Salisbury, on the character of Porson; with Lord Brougham on natural theology; and with Cardinal Wiseman on the doctrine of the eucharist. He was the author of several other polemical tracts and pamphlets, and also edited William Wilson's ‘Illustration of the Method of explaining the New Testament by the early opinions of the Jews and Christians concerning Christ,’ Cambridge, 1838, 8vo; and John Hay's ‘Lectures on Divinity.’ He was opposed to the abolition of religious tests at the universities, and set forth his views in 1834 in a pamphlet entitled ‘Thoughts on the Admission of Persons, without regard to their Religious Opinions, to the Universities’ (Cambridge, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1835).
His taste in the fine arts was well known, and he made a valuable collection of pictures. He was the composer of several excellent pieces of church music.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Turold

​TUROLD (fl. 1075–1100), romance-writer, has been considered by some as the author of the ‘Chanson de Roland,’ whose composition is assigned by the best authorities to the end of the eleventh century. Its attribution to a person of that name, a common enough one in the eleventh century, rests on the last line of the poem in the oldest known manuscript of it in the Bodleian library at Oxford, ‘Ci falt la Geste que Turoldus declinet’ (i.e. thus ends the Geste which Turold completes). The ‘Geste’ is referred to four times in the poem as a sort of historical document, so if Turold was the author of anything, it was of this previous compilation. But ‘declinet’ may have two meanings, a primary one of ‘finish’ and a secondary one of ‘relate.’ The first is the one most generally adopted. So that Turold may be the name of either the scribe who wrote that particular manuscript, the author of the ‘Geste,’ or the jongleur who sang it. The balance of opinion now inclines to the first supposition. The Oxford manuscript was probably written towards the end of the twelfth century. In any case the identification of Turold with a Turold Benedictine of Fécamp, to whom William I gave the abbacy of Malmesbury, who removed to Peterborough in 1069 and died in 1098, resting as it does on the bare fact of the ​existence of two copies of the ‘Chanson’ in the library of Peterborough Cathedral, is doubtful, as are all attempts to identify the possessor of so common a name in the present state of our knowledge.
W. E. R.