OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Joint

Edition of 1802.
​JOINT, generally speaking, signifies the juncture of two or more things: it is also applied to the human frame, in which case the joints are anatomically called articulations.
The joints, like other parts of the body, are subjeft to a variety of disorders, such as sprains, rheumatism, &c. of which we treat in their respective order. We shall, therefore, briefly mention a patent granted in 1796, to Mr. Francis Lowndes, for a new invented machine, called Gymnasticon, which is peculiarly calculated for exercising the joints and muscles. The whole frame may be constructed of wood only, or conjointly with metals, of any shape or dimensions, so arranged, by means of cranks, fly-wheels, and treading-boards, as to give motion, both voluntary and involuntary, to the joints, limbs, and muscles of the human body. As, however, this patent is unexpired, and cannot be satisfactorily explained, without the aid of an engraving, we refer the inquisitive reader to the 6th vol. of the Repertory of Arts and Manufactures, where it is fully specified.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Juice

Edition of 1802.
​JUICE, denotes the sap of vegetables, or the fluids of animals.—See Blood, Plants, Sap, &c.
The juices of several plants and fruits are expressed with a view to obtain their essential salts, and for various medicinal purposes: they are used either without further preparation, or converted into syrups and extracts. Such juices are generally obtained by simply bruising the plant in a marble mortar, and then submitting the pulp to a press: some vegetables, however, require the addition of water in the mortar, to express their juice with greater facility. The sap of most antiscorbutic plants, abounding with saline volatile principles, may be disposed to filtration, merely by pouring it in close bottles, and immersing them in boiling water: thus, the saline and volatile particles, in which their medicinal virtues chiefly consist, may be easily preserved.—See Filtration.
Fermentation is another method of clarifying juices that are susceptible of it; for all liquors which have undergone that process, spontaneously become pellucid.—See Fermentation.
Most vegetable juices coagulate, when exposed to the air, whether they are extracted from the plant by wounds, or flow from it without any external injury: in the latter case, however, it is generally the effect of a disease in the plant, either from a species of canker, or some other internal cause.
Different parts of the same plant often yield juices of opposite qualities. Thus, the sap in the root of the cow-parsnip is of a yellow colour; while that obtained from its stalk is white. The wild or strong scented lettuce, aflords the greatest abundance of milky juice, of any known British plant. On wounding the stalk with a knife, there exudes a white ropy liquor; but, if an incision be made at the top of the stalks, a purple-tinged sap appears, as if cream had been sprinkled over it with a few drops of red wine. In a short time, it acquires a deeper purple, and thickens so, that finally a separation takes place, when the watery part floats on the surface.—See Lettuce.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Jerusalem-artichoke

Edition of 1802.
​Jerusalem-artichoke. See Artichoke.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Jet

Edition of 1802.
​JET, a black inflammable concrete, which becomes electrical by friction; attracts light substances, in the same manner as amber, and, when burning, emits a bituminous smell. It has the grain of wood, is but moderately hard, and splits most easily in a horizontal direction.
Jet is always found in detached masses, lodged in other strata; it abounds no where so plentifully as in England, being very common in Yorkshire, and other northern counties, though it is also discovered in many clay-pits about London. Ireland, Sweden, Prussia, Germany, and other parts of Europe, as well as the East Indies, produce this fossil. It admits of a high polish, and is chiefly converted into small boxes, buttons, bracelets, and other toys. In conjunction with oils, it forms an ingredient in varnishes; and, when mixed with pulverized lime, it is said to produce a hard and durable cement.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Tuan-chung, Prince

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​TUAN-chung, Prince. See under Bolo.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Tun, Prince

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​TUN, Prince. See under Mien-k'ai.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Tuan, Prince

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​TUAN, Prince. (Tsai-i, see under I-tsung).
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Tung-o fei

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​TUNG-o fei. See under Hsiao-hsien.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/T'ung T'u-lai

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​T'UNG T'u-lai 佟圖賴 (original name 佟盛年), d. 1658, age 53 (sui), general, was a native of Fu-shun, Liaotung. He inherited the minor hereditary rank of his father, T'ung Yang-chên [q. v.], who was killed in 1621. Ten years later he began to show military talent in the wars against the Ming forces, winning great distinction in various engagements. When the Chinese Banners were reorganized in 1642, after the Manchu pattern, he was appointed lieutenant-general of the Chinese Plain Blue Banner. In the same year he memorialized on the urgency of conquering Peking and its environs, and in the following year assisted Jirgalang [q. v.] in the capture of several forts northeast of Shanhaikwan. When the conquest of China began, in 1644, T'ung T'u-lai was made head of the Chinese Bordered White Banner and succeeded in pacifying many cities in Shantung and Shansi. Later in the same year he assisted Dodo [q. v.] in the conquest of South China. After Kiangnan and part of Chekiang were pacified he was made baron of the second class. Granted in 1648 the title "General who Subdues the South" (定南將軍), he led his men into Hunan where he won many battles against Ming troops. Upon his triumphant return in 1651, he was given a banquet by imperial decree, was transferred to the headship of the Chinese Plain Blue Banner, and was raised to the hereditary rank of viscount of the third class. He retired in 1656, died two years later, and was given posthumously the name Ch'in-hsiang 勤襄.
One of his daughters, who was later canonized as Hsiao-k'ang Chang Huang-hou (see under Hsüan-yeh), became an imperial secondary consort of Fu-lin [q. v.] and in 1654 gave birth to the latter's third son, Hsüan-yeh [q. v.], who later ruled China for sixty-one years under the reign-title, K'ang-hsi. Hsüan-yeh posthumously (1677) raised the rank of T'ung T'u-lai to duke of the first class, and confirmed the appointment of his eldest son, T'ung Kuo-kang [q. v.], as his successor. T'ung T'u-lai's second son, T'ung Kuo-wei [q. v.], was the father of one of Hsuanyeh's Empresses. In the late K'ang-hsi period most of the T'ungs secretly supported Yin-ssŭ [q. v.], eighth son of Emperor Shêng-tsu (see under Hsüan-yeh) as successor to the throne. But Lungkodo [q. v.], son of T'ung Kuo-wei, took a prominent share in supporting Emperor Shih-tsung (see under Yin-chên) who in return decreed, in 1724, that a temple should be erected to the honor of T'ung T'u-lai and his two sons. The family's residence in Peking is still known as the T'ung Fu 佟府, and is located on the street called Têng-shih-k'ou 燈市口. In recent years it has been occupied in part by the Yenching Woman's College and, later still, by the Bridgman Academy for Girls.
[1/173/2b; 1/241/9a; 2/4/4a; 3/42/17a; 4/5/3a; 順天府志 Shun-t'ien-fu chih (1886) 13/33a; China Review, vol. IX, 1880–81, pp. 167–68.]
Fang Chao-ying
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/T'ung-chih

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​T'UNG-chih. Reign-title of Tsai-ch'un [q. v.].
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/T'ien Hsiung

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​T'IEN Hsiung 田雄, d. 1663, Ming-Ch'ing general and admiral, was a native of Hsüan-hua, Chihli. A brigade-general under the Ming regime, he was associated in 1645 with Ma Tê-kung [q. v.] in betraying the Prince of Fu (see Chu Yu-sung) to the Manchus. He was given honors, and served the new dynasty as a brigade-general at Hangchow and later as general-in-chief of Chekiang. After a successful campaign against the insurgents on Chushan island he was transferred to Tinghai. He distinguished himself in naval warfare and advocated the defense of Chushan as a key position against the pirates. At his own request he was attached to the Chinese Plain Yellow Banner. In 1658 he lost the Southern coast to Chêng Ch'êng-kung [q. v.], was impeached by the Board of War, but was pardoned by the emperor. The next year he redeemed himself by driving the pirates from Ningpo and was raised to marquis of the second class. After his death in 1663 he was given the title of Grand Tutor and the name I-yung 毅勇.
His hereditary rank passed on to his nephew, T'ien Hsiang-k'un 田象坤 (d. 1732?), for whose merits the rank was raised to marquis of the first class in 1686. In 1749 the hereditary rank ​was given the designation, Shun-i 順義, and continued to be inherited to the end of the dynasty.
[1/254/2b; 2/78/69a.]
Earl Swisher
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/T'u-hai

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​T'U-hai. See under Tuhai.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/T'u-li-ch'ên

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​T'U-li-ch'ên. See under Tulišen.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tarnopol

See also Tarnopol on Wikipedia; Tarnopol in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TARNOPOL, a market-town in Galicia, Austria, on the Sereth. It was formerly a fortress, and rendered valuable services to Polish kings, who, in their turn, conferred upon it important privileges. The town enjoys a brisk trade in grain and wine, and has some sugar factories. Its yearly horse fairs are famous throughout the country. The population in 1885 was 27,000, about half of them Jews.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tarpaulin

See also Tarpaulin on Wikipedia; Tarpaulin in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TARPAULIN is a waterproof sheeting consisting of a stout canvas cloth impregnated and coated with tar. It is employed for covering hatchways and other openings into the holds of vessels, for making covers for railway and other waggons and farm ricks, and generally for protecting bulky goods and structures from weather and damp. Many waterproof compositions other than tar are used for similar purposes, the principal ingredients being solutions of india-rubber, gutta-percha, and various resinous bodies combined with pigments. See Waterproofing.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tarn-et-Garonne

See also Tarn-et-Garonne on Wikipedia; Tarn-et-Garonne in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
Of a total area of about 1436 square miles, or 919,265 acres, arable land occupies 552,708 acres, meadows and grass 45,073, vineyards 102,849, woods 115,429, moorland and pasturage 41,819. The returns in 1883 showed 2,167,000 bushels of wheat, 35,062 of meslin, 62,975 of rye, 77,000 of barley, 2,722,500 of oats, 769,000 of maize, 1,867,250 of potatoes, 35,468 tons of beetroot, 172 tons 8 cwt. of colza seed, 399 tons of hemp, 394 tons of flax, 250,788 tons of fodder, 12 tons 15 cwt. of silk cocoons, 20,048,380 gallons of wine. The live stock in 1881 included 14,336 horses, 1680 mules, 2120 asses, 89,295 cattle of various descriptions, 116,349 sheep, 1358 goats, 32,375 pigs; 6347 beehives gave 25 tons 13 cwt. of honey and 8 tons 2 cwt. of wax. There are 57 quarries, employing 426 workmen, where phosphates of lime, lithographic stone, freestone, potters’ clay, gypsum, and schist for slating are worked, as are also iron and copper. The manufacturing industry is represented by flour-mills, various kinds of silk-mills (1317 workmen), and manufactories of linen, wool, and paper. Much fruit is grown, and the principal exports are fresh fruit, wine, flour, phosphates, lithographic stone. There are 83 miles of waterway, including 48 of canal, 156 miles of national roads, 3515 of other roads, 127 of railway lines, the centre of which is Montauban. Tarn-et-Garonne is one of the least densely peopled departments of France: in 1886 there were 214,046 inhabitants, and their number is decreasing. Except some 10,000 Calvinists, all are Roman Catholics. The department forms the diocese of Montauban, and belongs to the jurisdiction of the Toulouse court of appeal and to the district of the 17th corps d’armee (Toulouse). It has 3 arrondissements (Montauban, Moissac, and Castel-Sarrasin), 24 cantons, and 194 communes.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tarquinii

See also Tarquinii on Wikipedia; Tarquinii in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TARQUINII.See Etruria, vol. viii. p. 634.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/John, Gospel of

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John, Gospel of The genuineness of this Gospel, i.e., the fact that the apostle John was its author, is beyond all reasonable doubt. In recent times, from about 1820, many attempts have been made to impugn its genuineness, but without success.
The design of John in writing this Gospel is stated by himself (John 20:31). It was at one time supposed that he wrote for the purpose of supplying the omissions of the synoptical, i.e., of the first three, Gospels, but there is no evidence for this. "There is here no history of Jesus and his teaching after the manner of the other evangelists. But there is in historical form a representation of the Christian faith in relation to the person of Christ as its central point; and in this representation there is a picture on the one hand of the antagonism of the world to the truth revealed in him, and on the other of the spiritual blessedness of the few who yield themselves to him as the Light of life" (Reuss).
After the prologue (1:1-5), the historical part of the book begins with verse 6, and consists of two parts. The first part (1:6-ch. 12) contains the history of our Lord's public ministry from the time of his introduction to it by John the Baptist to its close. The second part (ch. 13-21) presents our Lord in the retirement of private life and in his intercourse with his immediate followers (13-17), and gives an account of his sufferings and of his appearances to the disciples after his resurrection (18-21).
The peculiarities of this Gospel are the place it gives (1) to the mystical relation of the Son to the Father, and (2) of the Redeemer to believers; (3) the announcement of the Holy Ghost as the Comforter; (4) the prominence given to love as an element in the Christian character. It was obviously addressed primarily to Christians.
It was probably written at Ephesus, which, after the destruction of Jerusalem (A.D. 70), became the centre of Christian life and activity in the East, about A.D. 90.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/John, Third Epistle of

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John, Third Epistle of Is addressed to Caius, or Gaius, but whether to the Christian of that name in Macedonia (Acts 19: 29) or in Corinth (Rom. 16:23) or in Derbe (Acts 20:4) is uncertain. It was written for the purpose of commending to Gaius some Christians who were strangers in the place where he lived, and who had gone thither for the purpose of preaching the gospel (ver. 7).
The Second and Third Epistles were probably written soon after the First, and from Ephesus.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Joktan

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Joktan - little, the second of the two sons of Eber (Gen. 10:25; 1 Chr. 1:19). There is an Arab tradition that Joktan (Arab. Kahtan) was the progenitor of all the purest tribes of Central and Southern Arabia.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Joel, Book of

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Joel, Book of Joel was probably a resident in Judah, as his commission was to that people. He makes frequent mention of Judah and Jerusalem (1:14; 2:1, 15, 32; 3:1, 12, 17, 20, 21).
He probably flourished in the reign of Uzziah (about B.C. 800), and was contemporary with Amos and Isaiah.
The contents of this book are, (1.) A prophecy of a great public calamity then impending over the land, consisting of a want of water and an extraordinary plague of locusts (1:1-2:11). (2.) The prophet then calls on his countrymen to repent and to turn to God, assuring them of his readiness to forgive (2:12-17), and foretelling the restoration of the land to its accustomed fruitfulness (18-26). (3.) Then follows a Messianic prophecy, quoted by Peter (Acts 2:39). (4.) Finally, the prophet foretells portents and judgments as destined to fall on the enemies of God (ch. 3, but in the Hebrew text 4).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Joelah

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Joelah A Benjamite who joined David at Ziklag (1 Chr. 12:7).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/John, First Epistle of

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John, First Epistle of The fourth of the catholic or "general" epistles. It was evidently written by John the evangelist, and probably also at Ephesus, and when the writer was in advanced age. The purpose of the apostle (1:1-4) is to declare the Word of Life to those to whom he writes, in order that they might be united in fellowship with the Father and his Son Jesus Christ. He shows that the means of union with God are, (1) on the part of Christ, his atoning work (1:7; 2:2; 3:5; 4:10, 14; 5:11, 12) and his advocacy (2:1); and (2), on the part of man, holiness (1:6), obedience (2:3), purity (3:3), faith (3:23; 4:3; 5:5), and love (2:7, 8; 3:14; 4:7; 5:1).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/John, Second Epistle of

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John, Second Epistle of Is addressed to "the elect lady," and closes with the words, "The children of thy elect sister greet thee;" but some would read instead of "lady" the proper name Kyria. Of the thirteen verses composing this epistle seven are in the First Epistle. The person addressed is commended for her piety, and is warned against false teachers.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Joel

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* Ju
* Rev
Joel Jehovah is his God. (1.) The oldest of Samuel's two sons appointed by him as judges in Beersheba (1 Sam. 8:2). (See VASHNI.) (2.) A descendant of Reuben (1 Chr. 5:4, 8). (3.) One of David's famous warriors (1 Chr. 11:38). (4.) A Levite of the family of Gershom (1 Chr. 15:7, 11). (5.) 1 Chr. 7:3. (6.) 1 Chr. 27:20. (7.) The second of the twelve minor prophets. He was the son of Pethuel. His personal history is only known from his book.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Greenheart

See also Chlorocardium on Wikipedia; C. rodiei and greenheart on Wikipedia, Greenheart in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​GREENHEART, one of the most valuable of timbers, is the produce of Nectandra Rodiæi. nat ord. Lauraceæ, a tree ​which grows to a height of 70 feet, native of Guiana, where, inland, it exists in great abundance. The Indian name of the tree is Sipiri or Bibiru, and from its bark and fruits is obtained the febrifuge principle Bibirine (see Bibirine). Greenheart wood is of a dark green colour, sap wood and heart wood being so much alike that they can with difficulty be distinguished from each other. The heart wood is one of the most durable of all timbers, and its value is greatly enhanced by the fact that it is proof against the ravages of many marine borers which rapidly destroy piles and other submarine structures of most other kinds of wood available for such purposes. In the Kelvingrove Museum, Glasgow, there are two pieces of planking from a wreck submerged during eighteen years on the west coast of Scotland. The one specimen—greenheart—is merely slightly pitted on the surface, the body of the wood being perfectly sound and untouched; while the other—teak—is almost entirely eaten away. Greenheart, tested either by transverse or by tensile strain, is one of the strongest of all woods, and it is also exceedingly dense, its specific gravity being about 1150. It is one of the few woods included in the first class of Lloyd's Register for shipbuilding purposes, and it is extensively used for keelsons, beams, engine-bearers, and planking, &c., as well as in the general engineering arts, but its excessive weight unfits it for many purposes for which its other properties would render it eminently suitable.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Greek Empire

See also The Byzantine Empire on Wikipedia, the Byzantine Empire in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
GREEK EMPIRE. See Greece, p. 114 sqq.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Greene

See also Greene (disambiguation) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
In the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Greene may refer to:
* Maurice Greene, an 18th-century English musician and musical composer,
* Nathanael Greene, an 18th-century American general, or
* Robert Greene, a 16th-century English dramatist.