OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Strauss, Johann

See also Johann Strauss I on Wikipedia; the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
STRAUSS, Johann (1804-1849), orchestral conductor and composer of dance-music, was born at Vienna, March 14, 1804. In 1819 he obtained his first engagement as a violinist in a small band then playing at the Sperl, in the Leopoldstadt. Shortly afterwards he joined Lanner, with whom he remained associated as deputy-conductor until 1825, when he organized a little band of fourteen performers on his own account. It was during the carnival of 1826 that Strauss inaugurated his long line of triumphs by introducing his band to the public of Vienna at the Schwan, in the Rossau suburb, where his famous Taüberl-Walzer (op. 1) at once established his reputation as the best composer of dance-music then living. Upon the strength of this success he was invited back to the Sperl, where he accepted an engagement, with an increased orchestra, for six years. Soon after this he was appointed kapellmeister to the 1st Bürger regiment, and entrusted with the duty of providing the music for the court balls; while the number of his private engagements was so great that he found it necessary to enlarge his band from time to time until it consisted of more than two hundred performers. In 1833 he began a long and extended series of tours throughout northern Europe, eventually visiting England in 1838. In Paris he associated himself with Musard, whose quadrilles became not much less popular than his own waltzes; but his greatest successes were achieved in London, where he arrived in time for the coronation of Queen Victoria, and played at seventy-two public concerts, besides innumerable balls and other private entertainments. The fatigue of these long journeys seriously injured Strauss's health; but he soon resumed his duties at the Sperl; and on May 5, 1840 he removed with his band to the Imperial “Volksgarten,” which thenceforth became the scene of his most memorable successes. Those who enjoyed the privilege of hearing him conduct there could never forget the wonderful delicacy of the performance, over which the master presided with a quiet power which ensured the perfection of every minutest nuance. In 1844 Strauss began another extensive series of tours. In 1849 he revisited London, and, after his farewell concert, was escorted down the Thames by a squadron of boats, in one of which a band played tunes in his honour. This was his last public triumph. On his return to Vienna he was attacked with scarlet fever, of which he died, September 25, 1849.
Strauss was survived by three sons,—Johann (born 1825), Joseph (1827-1870), and Edward (born 1835), all of whom have distinguished themselves as composers of dance-music, and assisted in recruiting the ranks and perpetuating the traditions of the still famous band.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Strauss-Durckheim, Hercule

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STRAUSS-DURCKHEIM, Hercule (b. 1790, d. 1865), an eminent French entomologist, was the author of anatomical works of exquisite precision and fulness of detail. Two of these (his monographs of the anatomy of the cockchafer and of the cat) are permanent classics, of which the influence has aided greatly in raising the standard of zoological works.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Streets

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STREETS. See Roads.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/St Thomas of Aquino

See also Thomas Aquinas on Wikipedia; Thomas Aquinas in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
THOMAS, St, of Aquino. See Aquinas.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Steubenville

See also Steubenville, Ohio on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STEUBENVILLE, a city of the United States, county seat of Jefferson county, Ohio, lies 43 miles west of Pittsburgh, on the west bank of the Ohio river, here a third of a mile wide and crossed by a railway bridge. Built above a productive coalfield, and with an abundant supply of natural gas for fuel purposes, Steubenville has naturally become a manufacturing centre (foundries, rolling-mills, nail and glass factories, potteries, machine-shops, flour-mills, &c.), and as the surrounding district is a good farming, wool-growing, and stock-raising country it is the seat of considerable commercial activity. The court-house is a particularly fine building. In 1870 the population was 8107, in 1880 12,093. Steubenville, so called after Baron Steuben, one of Washington's generals, grew up round a fort erected in 1787. It became a city in 1851.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Salmon

Edition of 1802.
​SALMON, or Salmo, L. a genus of fish comprising twenty-nine species, of which the following are the principal, viz.
1. The fario. See Trout.
2. The alpinus. See Charr.
3. The eperlanus. See Smelt.
4. The salar, or Common Salmon, inhabits the British seas and rivers, where it is caught in great numbers, the largest weighing from 30 to 40lb., though sometimes upwards of 70. These fish form, in several countries, a considerable branch of commerce, and are cured in various ways, by salting, pickling, and drying. Hence, in Iceland, Norway, and the Baltic, as well as at Coleraine in Ireland, at Berwick-upon-Tweed, and some of the Scotch rivers, certain stationary fisheries are established, which prove uncommonly productive.
The salmon frequents both salt and fresh waters, quitting the former in the spring, for the purpose of depositing its spawn in the gravelly beds, remote from the mouths of rivers. Towards autumn, they again resort to the ocean.
Salmon is a very general and favourite article of food, and is used at the table, either fresh, cured, or smoked; in which last state, however, it is exceedingly unwholesome. The flesh of salmon, while fresh, is tender, flaky, and nutritive; but, being rather oily, it is difficult of digestion. In the spawning season, its flavour and tint are much impaired: when boiled or salted, it acquires a fine red colour. Those of a moderate size and middle age, are in the greatest perfection, both with respect to their taste and salubrity.—Salmon-trout are chiefly distinguished from the common fish of that name, by their soft and gelatinous nature.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Sassafras

Edition of 1802.
​SASSAFRAS, is the wood, bark and root of the Sassafras tree, or Laurus Sassafras, L. a native of America, the culture and properties of which we have already described, vol. i. p. 200. It is imported in long straight pieces, which are of a very light and porous texture; emitting a fragrant odour; and having an aromatic sub-acrid, though swetish, taste. The strongest parts are the bark and small twigs; which, as well as the roots, are subject, on importation, to the duty of 2s. 6 1/2d. per cwt.
Sassafras is a warm, aperient, and strengthening medicine; it has often been successfully given in the forms of infusion and decoction, for improving the tone of the stomach and bowels, in persons whose humours were in a vitiated state.—Hoffman has frequently prescribed a scruple of the extract of sassafras, with great benefit, in hypochondriacal spasms, and also at the decline of intermittent fevers.—Infusions of this drug are sold in the streets of the metropolis, under the name of Saloop.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Saliva

Edition of 1802.
​SALIVA, a term applied to the fluid, with which the mouth and tongue are continually moistened: it is secreted by the salival glands.
This humour is thin and transparent; it cannot be reduced to a concrete form by fire, and is almost totally divested both of taste and smell. It is supplied from the glands by mastication; and, being intimately blended with the aliment, essentially contributes to its digestion; serving also to improve the taste of food; to mix with, dissolve, decompose the nutritive matter into its principles; and to moderate thirst.
The saliva of hungry persons, and of such as indulge in violent passion, is extremely acrid, penetrating, and profusely discharged. But, if this fluid be evacuated too copiously, for instance, by those who indulge in smoking tobacco, it excites thirst, and occasions loss of appetite, indigestion, and at length atrophy, with all its attendant evils. On the other hand, if it be swallowed, together with the oil deposited on the tongue from the fumes of that narcotic herb, its effects are alike pernicious. Nor is it advisable to absorb the saliva in sick-rooms, or places where malignant disorders prevail; because the contagious miasma might thus be introduced ​into the body, as well as by actual contact.—See also Contagion, and Infection.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Sapflow

Edition of 1802.
​Sapflow. See Flux, vol. ii. p. 314.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Sarsaparilla

Edition of 1802.
​SARSAPARILLA, or Smilax Sarsaparilla, L. is a native of the West Indies, whence its medicinal root is obtained.
This drug has a glutinous, somewhat bitter, and agreeable taste, but is totally devoid of smell. It is highly esteemed, on account of its demulcent and farinaceous qualities, and has been successfully administered, in the different forms of decoction, extract, and powder, in cases of carious and iil-disposed cancers, or other sores. It is taken in doses of half an ounce of the root boiled in half a pint of water, till the third part be evaporated; or half a dram of the extract: in either of these forms, it acts by the skin as well as by the urinary passages, and is a mild, though inert remedy; on which account it is generally combined with the sassafras, guaiacum, liquorice, and other substances, in a decoction of the woods.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Salep

Edition of 1802.
​SALEP, a nutritious preparation obtained from two species of the Orchis.
Different methods have been proposed and adopted, with a view to procure this nourishing substance; but the most simple is that of Mr. Moult, already described vol. iii. p. 316. We shall, therefore, only observe, that Salep might thus be prepared and sold at the low price of eight or ten pence per pound; and, as it is supposed to contain the largest portion of vegetable nutriment in the smallest compass, its powder has been recommended to form part of the provisions of every ship. Farther, salep possesses the valuable property of concealing the saline taste of sea-water, and retarding the acetous fermentation of milk. Hence Dr. Percival is of opinion, that it may be advantageously used in milk-porridge, especially in large towns, where that fluid is generally acescent, in consequence of the cows being fed with sour grains, and similar acid food.
Beside the particular cases (stated under the article Orchis), in which this preparation is very useful, on account of its mucilaginous and restorative properties; salep is likewise of essential service in the sea-scurvy, as it obtunds the acrimony of the fluids, while it easily assimilates into a mild and salubrious chyle. Lastly, if administered in considerable portions, it is, according to Dr. Percival, an "admirable demulcent" in symptomatic fevers, which are occasioned by the absorption of pus or matter from ulcers in the lungs, from wounds, or after amputations; as it is eminently adapted to resist the dissolution of the crasis, or due mixture of the blood in the human body, and which generally takes place in such cases.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Sallow

Edition of 1802.
​SALLOW, or Withen, Salix capreata, L. is an indigenous species of the willow, which, though it will vegetate in damp situations, requires a drier ground than any other of that genus. In a good soil, it attains the height of thirty feet.—The tender shoots and suckers of this tree are, on account of their flexible nature, useful for baskets and wicker-work.—In Sweden, the young rind is not only employed with advantage by tanners, but also by dyers, for striking a deep black on linen-yarn, in combination with alder-bark. The former has likewise been profitably converted into Paper.—See vol. iii. p. 335.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Sallow-thorn

Edition of 1802.
​Sallow-thorn. See Buck-thorn, the Sea.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Salting Meat

Edition of 1802.
​Salting Meat. See Beef; Brine; Flesh-meat; Pickle; Pork, &c.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Elemi

See also Canarium luzonicum on Wikipedia; Elemi in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ELEMI. The resin thus termed in modern pharmacy is obtained by incising the trunk of a species of. Uunarium found in the Philippine Islands. It is a soft, more or less translucent, adhesive substance, of granular consistency and fennel-like smell, and colourless when pure, but sometimes grey or blackish from the presence of carbonaceous and other impurities. When exposed to the air it becomes yellowish in tint, and harder. It consists mainly of essen— tial oil, and of an amorphous and a crystalline resin, the former easily soluble in cold, and the latter only in hot alcohol. Elemi is used chieﬂy in the manufacture of spirit and turpentine varnishes, which it enables to dry without cracking. As a constituent of a stimulating ointment, it has found a place in British pharmacopoeias. In the Philippines it is employed for caulking ships, and is kneaded with rice-husks for torches (see Jagor, It’cism in den Philippinen, p. 79, Berlin, 1873). The word elemi, like the older term animi, appears to have been derived from enhwmon (Greek, é’vaquov), the name of a styptic medicine said by Pliny to contain tears exuded by the olive—tree of Arabia. This tree, according to F liiekiger and Hanbury, is probably to be identiﬁed with the Boswell ia Frereana of Birdwood, which ﬂourishes in the neighbour- hood of Bunder Marayah, west of Cape Gardafui (see S. B. Miles, Journ. 11’. Geog. Soc.,xlii. p. 64). Mexican or Vera Cruz elemi, formerly imported into England, is afforded by the species Amy/H's elemifera, Royle ; Mauritius elemi by another tree, Coloplionia Jllauriliana, DC; and Brazilian elemi by several species of Icica. For a paper “ On the Chemistry of Elemi,” see Fliickiger, Year—Book of Pharmacy, 1874, p. 496.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Eleutheropolis

See also Bayt Jibrin on Wikipedia; Eleutheropolis on Wikipedia; Eleutheropolis in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ELEUTHEROPOLIS, an ancient city of Palestine, about 25 miles from Jerusalem, on the road to Gaza, identiﬁed by Robinson with the ruins at the modern village of Beit Jibrin. It is mentioned by Ptolemy under the older name of Baitogabra, and did not acquire the title of Eleutheropolis, or Free City, till the Syrian visit of the emperor Septimius Severus. In the time of Eusebius it was so well known that he uses it as a central point from which to measure the distances of more than 20 other towns. The year 796 saw its complete destruction; and it was still in ruins when the crusaders of the 12th century chose Bethgebrim, as they called it, as the site of one of their fortresses. After the battle of Hattin it was captured by the Saracens; and though King Richard of England again obtained possession, it ﬁnally fell into the hands of Bibars. The fortress and a ﬁne old chapel still remain. According to a local tradition, it was at Eleutheropolis that the fountain rose from Samson's "jaw-bone of an ass." Epiphanius, a native of a neighbouring village, is frequently called an Eleutheropolitan.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Elephantiasis

See also Elephantiasis on Wikipedia; Elephantiasis in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ELEPHANTIASIS (synonyms, Elephantiasis Arabum, Barbados Leg, Boucnemia), a term applied to a disease which is characterised by a peculiar over-growth of the skin and subjacent textures. This condition appears to arise from repeated attacks of inﬂammation of the skin and con- current obstruction of the veins and lymphatic vessels of the part. It may attack any portion of the body, but most commonly occurs in one of the legs, which becomes so enlarged and disﬁgured by the great thickening of its textures as to resemble the form of the limb of an elephant, whence the name of the disease is derived. The thickening is due to excessive increase in the connective tissue, which results from the inﬂammatory process, and which by pressure on the muscles of the limb causes them to undergo atrophy or degeneration. Hence the limb becomes useless. This disease is most frequently seen in tropical climates. When affecting the scrotum it frequently produces a tumor of enormous dimensions. There is in general little pain attending elephantiasis, which is essentially a chronic disease. The health, however, ultimately suffers, and serious constitutional disturbance is apt to arise. In the earlier stages of this disease great relief or even a cure may be effected by the persistent employment of wet bandages applied tightly to the limb from the toes upward, as recommended by Hebra. Ligature of the main artery of the affected limb has also been employed successfully, while amputation, which was formerly the only remedy employed may occasionally be called for. In the case of tumors such as those already referred to the only remedy is excision. This disease is totally different from the so- called Elepliantiasis Groecorum, or true leprosy, which will be afterwards described.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Elias Levita

See also Elia Levita on Wikipedia; Elia Levita on Wikipedia; Elias Levita in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
most distinguished Hebrew scholar of his time, was born at Neustadt, on the Aisch, in Bavaria, in 1472. From the fact that he spent most of his life in Italy, some have supposed him to have been an Italian by birth. There can be no doubt, however, that he was a German, as he asserts the fact in the preface to one of his works, and his pupil Münster states expressly that he was born at Neustadt of Jewish parents. His father, Rabbi Ascher Levita, assumed the surname of Aschkenasi (the German), which was also used by the son. Banished as a Jew from his native country, Elias went to Italy in the beginning of the 16th century. He resided at first in Venice, where he earned a high reputation as a teacher of Hebrew. In 1504 he removed to Padua, where he continued his career as a teacher, and wrote a commentary on the Hebrew grammar of Rabbi Kimchi. When Padua was sacked in 1509 he lost all his property, and removed to Venice. About 1512 he took up his residence in Rome, where he enjoyed for a number of ​years the friendship of Cardinal Egidio, and of several other dignitaries of the church. So intimate were his rela- tions with the Christians that he was accused of having apostatized from Judaism. His opinions were undoubtedly more liberal than those of the majority of the Jews of his time, but there is no reason to question his own assertion that he remained true to the faith in which he was born. When Rome was attacked by Charles V. in 1527, Elias Levita lost all his means for the second time, and again found an asylum in Venice. In 1540 he went to Isny in Swabia, having been invited by Paul Fagius to join him in the superintendence of a printing-press for Hebrew books. The last two years of his life were spent in Venice, where he died in 1549. The most valuable of the numerous works of Elias Levita were those bearing on Hebrew grammar and lexicography. His Massoreth Hammassoreth (Venice, 1538) is a critical commentary on the text of the Hebrew Scriptures, and contains a very able discussion of the question of the origin of the vowel points, which he assigns to the Massoretic doctors of the school of Tiberias in the 5th century after Christ. He also wrote a treatise on Hebrew grammar, a dictionary, chiefly to the Targums and the Talmud, and several smaller works in Hebrew philology. In the preface to his Massoreth, and other por- tions of his works, there are various autobiographical details. A German translation of the Massoreth Hammassoreth by Semler appeared in 1772, and an edition of the work with notes and an English translation was published in London
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Elgin (disambiguation)

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In the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Bruce may refer to:
* Elgin, county, Scotland.
* Thomas Bruce, Seventh Earl of Elgin, collector of Elgin Marbles.
* James Bruce, Eighth Earl of Elgin, governor-general of India.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Heywood

See also Heywood, Greater Manchester on Wikipedia; Heywood in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​HEYWOOD, a manufacturing town of Lancashire, is situated on the Roch, and on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, 3 miles east of Bury and the same distance south-west of Rochdale. It possesses several handsome churches and chapels, among which may be mentioned St Luke’s church, erected in 1860, with a tall spire and a peal of bells. The other principal buildings are the national school, the mechanics’ institute, the new Conservative club-house, and the market-hall. A new park—the Queen’s Park—purchased and laid out at the cost of £11,000 with money which devolved to Her Majesty in right of her duchy and county palatine of Lancaster, was publicly opened on the 2d of August 1879. Heywood Hall in the neighbourhood of the town was at one time the residence of Peter Heywood, who contributed to the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot. Heywood owes its rise to the enterprise of the Peels, its first manufactures having been introduced by the father of the first Sir Robert Peel. It is an important seat of the cotton manufacture, in connexion with which it has upwards of fifty factories, and there are in addition power-loom factories, iron foundries, boiler-works, and railway waggon works. Coal is wrought extensively in the neighbourhood, The population in 1871 was 21,248.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Heywood, John

See also John Heywood on Wikipedia; Heywood, John in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​HEYWOOD, John (c. 1500–1565), sometimes styled “the Epigrammatist,” was born, it is not known in what year, at North Mims near St Albans. He was educated at Oxford, and afterwards made the acquaintance of Sir Thomas More, who introduced him at court. His skill in music and his inexhaustible fund of ready wit made him a special favourite of Henry VIII., and afterwards of his daughter Mary. On the accession of Elizabeth, Heywood, who was a zealous Catholic, retired to Malines in Belgium, where he died in 1565. A collection of his works was published in 1562.
His longest single composition is the allegorical work, written in the octave stanza, entitled The Spider and the Fly (1556), in which the flies are the Roman Catholics and the spiders the Protestants, while Queen Mary is represented by the housemaid with her broom (the sword), executing the commands of her master (Christ) and her mistress (the church). It has been justly characterized by Warton as dull, tedious, and trifling. Of greater literary interest are the Interludes (A Play between Johan the Husband, Tyb the Wife, and Sir Johan the Priest; A merry Play between the Pardoner and the Friar, the Curate and Neighbour Prat; The play called the four P’s, a new and very merry Interlude of a Palmer, a Pardoner, a Polycary, and a Pedlar; A Play of Genteelness and Nobility; A Play of Love; A Play of the Weather) which form a connecting link between the old moralities and the modern drama, and were extremely popular in their day. They generally represent some ludicrous incident of a homely kind in a style of the broadest farce, but in their way display considerable skill and talent. Other works of Heywood are a comic poem in long verse entitled A Dialogue containing in effect the number of all the Proverbs in the English tongue compact in a matter concerning two marriages; and three collections of Epigrams.