OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Surrender

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​SURRENDER, in law, a mode of alienation of real estate. It is defined by Lord Coke to be “the yielding up of an estate for life or years to him that hath an immediate estate in reversion or remainder” (Coke upon Littleton, 337 b). It is the converse of release, which is a conveyance by the reversioner or remainderman to the tenant of the particular estate. A surrender is the usual means of effecting the alienation of copy holds. The surrender is made to the lord, who grants admittance to the purchaser, an entry of the surrender and admittance being made upon the court rolls. Formerly a devise of copy holds could only have been made by surrender to the use of the testator's will followed by admittance of the devisee. The Wills Act of 1837 now allows the devisee of copy holds without surrender, though admittance of the devisee is still necessary. A surrender must, since the Real Property Act 1845, be by deed, except in the case of copy holds and of surrender by operation of law. Surrender of the latter kind generally takes place by merger, that is, the combination of the greater and less estate by descent or other means without the act of the party (see Remainder). In Scots law surrender in the case of a lease is represented by renunciation. The nearest approach to surrender of a copyhold is resignation in remanentiam (to the lord) or resignation in favorem (to a purchaser). These modes of conveyance were practically superseded by the simpler forms introduced by the Conveyancing Act 1874.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Surma

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​SURMA, or Barak, a river of Assam, India. It is one of the two chief rivers of the province, watering the southern valley as the Brahmaputra waters the northern and larger valley. It rises in the Barail range to the north of Manipur, its sources being among the southern spurs of Japvo. Thence its course is south with a slight westerly bearing, through the Manipur hills to British territory. The name of Barak is given to the upper part of the river, in Manipur and Cachar. A short distance below Badarpur in Cachar it divides into two branches. One of these, which passes Sylhet, is called Surma. The other is called Kusiara till it subdivides into (a) a branch called Bibiana or Kalni, which joins the Surma near Ajmiriganj, and (b) a branch which resumes the name of Barak and joins the Surma near Habiganj. At Bhairab Bazar in Mymensingh the Surma unites with the old Brahmaputra and becomes known as the Meghna. The river is navigable by steamers as far as Silchar in the rains. Total length about 560 m.
The Surma Valley and Hill Districts Division is a division of the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam. It includes the five districts of Sylhet Cachar, Lushai hills, Naga hills, and Khasi and Jaintia hills, with a total area of 25,481 sq. m. and a population in 1901 of 3,084,527.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ridge

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​RIDGE (a word common to many Teutonic languages, meaning “back,” whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rücke), the word applied to many objects resembling the projecting line of an animal’s back, such as the strip of soil thrown up by a plough between furrows, the elevations or protuberances on bones which serve for the- attachment of muscles or ligaments, &c. In architecture the ridge (Fr. faite, crête; Gr. First; Ital. asinello) is the highest portion of a roof, which is covered with lead, slate, or tiles, and sometimes decorated with a cresting in terra-cotta or metal-work. The term is also applied to the meeting of the common rafters on each side of a roof, which are sometimes butted against an upright board known as the ridge-piece. For the ridge-rib see Rib.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ridge, William Pett

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​RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864–), English author, was born at Chartham, near Canterbury, and was educated at Marden, Kent, and at the Birkbeck Institute, London. He was for some time a clerk in the Railway Clearing House, and began about 1891 to write humorous sketches for the St James’s Gazette and other papers. He .secured his first striking success, in volume form, with Mord Em’ly (1898), an excellent example of his ability to draw humorous portraits of lower class life. His later books include A Son of the State (1899), A Breaker of Laws (1900), Lost Property (1902), Erb (1903), Mrs Caler’s Business (1905), The Wickhamses (1906), &c.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ridings

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​RIDINGS are the three districts into which from ancient times Yorkshire has been divided for administrative purposes. Formerly there were similar districts in Lindsey in Lincolnshire. The word riding was originally Written as thfithing or thriding, but the initial th has been absorbed in the final th or t of the words north, south, east and west, by which it was normally preceded. Ridings are Scandinavian institutions. In Iceland the third part of a thing which corresponds roughly to an English county was called thrithjungr; in Norway, however, the thrithjungr seems to have been an ecclesiastical division. According to the 12th-century compilation known as the “laws of Edward the Confessor,” the riding was the third part of a county (provincia); to it causes were brought which could not be determined in the wapentake, and a matter which could not be determined in the riding was brought into the court of the shire. There is abundant evidence that riding courts were held after the Norman Conquest. A charter which Henry I. granted to the Church of St Peter’s at York mentions wapentacmot, tridingmot and shiresmot, and exemptions from suit to the thriding or riding may be noticed frequently in the charters of the Norman kings. As yet, however, the jurisdiction and functions of these courts have not been ascertained. It seems probable from the silence of the records that they had already fallen into disuse early in the 13th century.
Each of the ridings of Yorkshire has its own lord lieutenant and commission of the peace, and under the Local Government Act of 1888 forms a separate administrative county. They are distinguished as the north, east and west ridings, but the ancient ​divisions of Lindsey were known as the north, south and west ridings respectively.
See Felix Liebermann, Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen (Halle, 1888-89); William Stubbs, Constitutional History of England; Richard Cleasby, Icelandic Dictionary; New English Dictionary; and William Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, vol. vi., edited by John Caley and others (1846). (G. J. T.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rieger, Philipp Friedrick von

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​RIEGER, PHILIPP FRIEDRICK VON (1818–1903), Bohemian politician and publicist, was born on the 18th of December 1818 at Semil in the circle of Jičin, Bohemia. He first came into prominence as one of the Czech leaders in the revolution of 1848. He was returned by seven constituencies to the Reichtstag at Vienna, where he was the leader of the Czech party. In 1853 he married a daughter of the historian Palacky. In 1858 he started the Slovnik naučny, the Czech national encyclopedia, the first volume of which was published in 1859, the 11th and last in 1874. He was also instrumental in founding the first Czech political daily newspaper published in Prague, which appeared on the 1st of January 1861, and of which he was for awhile the editor. After the issue of the " October diploma " of 1860, Rieger, with his father-in-law, Palacky, undertook the leadership of the reconstituted Czech party, and after the decision of this party in 1863 no longer to attend the Austrian Reichsrath, he led the agitation in favour of the restoration of the Bohemian kingdom: In 1871 he conducted the negotiations with the Hohenenwarth ministry for a federal constitution of the empire, which broke down owing to his extreme gratitude in the matter of Bohemian independence. On the reappearance of the Czechs in the Bohemian diet (1878) and the Austrian Reichsrath (1879) Rieger was one of the leaders of the federalist majority supporting Count Taaffe's government the chief of the so-called “ Old Czechs.” On his seventieth birthday (December 10, 1888) he received a national gift of 100,000 gulden; but, in spite of this evidence of his popularity, his conservatism, his close Connexion with the Bohemian nobility and his clerical tendencies brought him into conflict with the growing influence of the radical “Young Czech” party, and in 1891, together with the other “Old Czechs,” he was defeated at the poll. In March 1897 he was created a baron (Freiherr) and given a seat in the Upper House. He continued occasionally to interfere in politics; but his influence was now at an end, though when he died, on the 3rd of March 1903, his funeral at Prague was made the occasion of a magnificent demonstration of respect.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Riehm, Eduard Karl August

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​RIEHM, EDUARD KARL AUGUST (1830–1888), German Protestant theologian, was born at Diersburg in Baden on the 20th of December 1830. He studied theology and philology at Heidelberg and later at Halle under Hermann Hupfeld, who persuaded him to include Arabic, Syriac and Egyptian. Entering the ministry in 1853, he was made vicariat Durlach soon afterwards, and became a licentiate in the theological faculty at Heidelberg. In 1854 he was appointed garrison-preacher at Mannheim; and in 1858 he was licensed to lecture at Heidelberg, where in 1861 he was made professor extraordinarius. In 1862 he obtained a similar post at Halle, and in 1866 was promoted to the rank of professor ordinaries. Throughout his life he followed Hupfeld’s plan in his scientific treatment of the Old Testament—that of reconciling the results of a free criticism with a belief in divine revelations. His practical experience of pastoral work also proved of service to him when he became a professor of theology, for “if there is one quality more striking than another in the writings of Riehm, it is that of sympathy with orthodox believers” (T. K. Cheyne). In 1865 Riehm was made a member of the commission for the revision of Luther’s translation of the Bible, and became one of the editors of the quarterly review, Theologische Studien und Kritiken. He died on the 5th of April 1888.
His works include: Die Gesetzgebung Mosis im Lande Moab (1854), in which the Deuteronomic law book is assigned to the second half of the reign of Manasseh; Der Lehrbegriff des Hebräerbriefs (1858–59, 2nd ed. 1867); Hermann Hupfeld, Lebens-und Charakterbild eines deutschen Professors (1867); Die Messianische Weissagung (1875, 2nd ed. 1883; Eng. trans. 1890); Religion und Wissenschaft (1881); and the well-known Handwörterbuch des biblischen Altertums (2 vols., 1884; 2nd. ed. revised by F. Baethgen, 1892–94). After his death were published the Einleitung in das Alte Testament (1889, ed. by A. Brandt), in which the date of the Deuteronomic law book is placed earlier than in his book on the legislation of Moses—shortly before or at the beginning of the reign of Hezekiah; and his Alttestamentliche Theologie (1889, ed. by Pahncke). See Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie, and T. K. Cheyne, Founders of Old Testament Criticism.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ridolfi, Roberto di

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​RIDOLFI, or Ridolfo, ROBERTO DI (1531–1612), Italian conspirator, belonged to a famous family of Florence, where he was born on the 18th of November 1531. As a banker he had business connexions with England, and about 1555 he settled in London, where he soon became a person of some importance, and consorted with William Cecil and other prominent men. During the =early years of Elizabeth's reign he began to take a more active part in politics, associating with the discontented Roman Catholics in England and communicating with their friends abroad. In 1570 he set to work on the plot against the queen which is usually associated with his name. His intention was to marry Mary, queen of Scots, to the duke of Norfolk and to place her on the English throne. With the aid of John Lesley, bishop of Ross, he gained the consent of these high personages to the conspiracy, and then in 1571 he visited the duke of Alva at Brussels, Pius V. at Rome, and Philip II. at Madrid to explain to them his scheme and to gain their active assistance thereto. His messenger, by name Charles Baillie (1542–1625), was, however, seized at Dover, and in other ways the English government heard of the intended rising. Consequently, Norfolk and Lesley, were arrested, the former being condemned. to-death in January 1572. Ridolii, who was then in Paris, could do nothing when he heard this news, and his scheme collapsed. Afterwards he served the pope, but much of his later life was spent in Florence, where he became a senator and where he died on the 18th of February 1612.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thesaurus

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​THESAURUS (Gr. θησαυρός), the term in architecture given to the Greek treasure house, and at one time applied to the beehive tombs of Mycenae and other parts of Greece, now recognized as tombs; the subterranean chambers under some of the Greek temples were probably used as treasure rooms. Sometimes in the rear of the cella of a Greek temple there was a chamber, known as the opisthodomus, in which the treasures were kept; and, failing this provision, the epinaos or rear portico of the temple was enclosed with large railings and utilized for the same purpose; in this case the term opisthodomus was applied to it. "Thesaurus" is also used of a dictionary, or lexicon, as being a "treasure house" or store of knowledge.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thetford

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​THETFORD, a market town and municipal borough of England, mostly in the south-western parliamentary division of Norfolk, but partly in the Stowmarket division of Suffolk, 91 m. N.N.E. from London by the Great Eastern railway. Pop. (1901) 4613. The town lies in a level, fertile country at the junction of the river Thet with the Little Ouse. In the time of Edward III. the town had twenty churches and eight monasteries. There are now three churches—St Peter's, St Cuthbert's and St Mary's—principally of Perpendicular flint work; of these St Mary's, on the Suffolk side, is the largest. There are a few monastic remains, the chief) being two gatehouses. The most important relic of antiquity is the Castle Hill, a mound 1000 ft. in circumference and l00 ft. in height. The grammar school was founded in 1610. In King Street is the mansion-house occupied as a hunting-lodge by Queen Elizabeth and James I. The chief public buildings are a gild hall and a mechanics' institute; there are several charities. Brewing and tanning are carried on; and there are also manure and chemical works, brick- and lime-kilns, flour-mills and agricultural implement works, engineering works and iron foundries. The Little Ouse is navigable for barges down to ​the Great Ouse. Thetford is a suffragan bishopric in the diocese of Norwich. The town is governed by a mayor, 4 aldermen, and 12 councillors. Area, 7096 acres.
Early antiquaries identified Thetford (Theodford, Tetford, Tefford) with Sitomagus, but modern research shows that there is no conclusive evidence of a permanent settlement before the coming of the Angles. Tradition tells that Uffa, who probably threw up the earthworks called the Castle Hill, established the capital of East Anglia here about 575. Thetford owned a royal mint in the 9th century and was a flourishing town when the Conqueror acquired it. Richard I. granted it to Hamelin, Earl Warenne, and when his heirs failed, it merged in the duchy of Lancaster and so in the crown. About 1290 its principal officers were a mayor and coroner, afterwards assisted by eight burgesses, whom Henry VIII. increased to ten. The town, never very prosperous since the Conquest, had then fallen into great decay, but the petitions of the burgesses for a charter were not heeded till 1573 when Elizabeth incorporated it under a mayor and common council. This charter, restored in 1692 after its surrender to Charles II., remained in force till 1835 when the borough was re-constituted. Thetford returned two members to parliament from 1529 till its disfranchisement in 1868. Its Saturday market, which certainly existed in the 13th century, was granted by the charter of 1573 and also a Magdalen fair (the 22nd of July). Fisheries were important in the 13th century.
See A. L. Hunt, Capital of East Anglia (1870); T. Martin, History of Thetford (1779).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thespis

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​THESPIS (6th cent. B.C.), Greek poet, of Icaria, in Attica, generally considered the inventor of tragedy, flourished in the time of the Peisistratidae. According to Diogenes Laërtius (iii. 56), he introduced for the first time in the old dithyrambic choruses a person distinct from the chorus, who conversed with the leader, and was hence called ὑποκριτής ("answerer"). ​His claim to be regarded as the inventor of tragedy in the true sense of the term depends upon the extent to which this person was really an "actor" (see Drama). Suïdas gives the titles (of doubtful authenticity) of several of his plays (not confined to the legends of Dionysus, but embracing the whole body of heroic legends), but the fragments quoted in various writers as from Thespis are probably forgeries by Heracleides of Pontus. The statement of Horace (Ars Poetica, 276) that Thespis went round Attica with a cart, on which his plays were acted, is due to confusion between the origin of tragedy and comedy, and a reminiscence of the scurrilous jests which it was customary to utter from a waggon (σκώμματα ἐξ ἁμάξης) at certain religious festivals. A. and M. Croiset (History of Greek Literature, Eng. tr., 1904), who attach more importance to the part played by Thespis in the development of tragedy, accept the testimony of Horace. According to them, Thespis, actor and manager, transported his apparatus on a cart to the deme in which he intended to produce his drama, formed and trained a chorus, and gave a representation in public.
See Drama; and W. Christ, Griechische Litteraturgeschichte (1898).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thetis

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​THETIS, in Greek mythology, daughter of Nereus, wife of Peleus and mother of Achilles. The chief of the fifty Nereids, she dwelt in the depths of the sea with her father and sisters. When Dionysius leaped into the sea to escape from the pursuit of Lycurgus, king of the Thracian Edones, and Hephaestus was flung out of heaven by Zeus, both were kindly received by Thetis. Again, when Hera, Athena and Poseidon threatened to bind Zeus in chains, she sent the giant Aegaeon, who delivered him out of their hands. She was married against her will to Peleus (q.v.; see also Achilles). Thetis is used by Latin poets simply for the sea.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thersites

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​THERSITES, the ugliest man in the Greek camp before Troy, celebrated for his biting tongue. The special objects of his attack were the leaders of the army, and Homer (Iliad, ii. 212) tells how he was chastised by Odysseus for daring to abuse the commander-in-chief. According to a later story, Achilles, after he had slain the Amazonian queen Penthesilea, bitterly lamented her death; for this he was reviled by Thersites, who even insulted the body of the dead queen. Achilles thereupon slew Thersites with a blow of his fist (Quint. Smyrn. i. 722). There was a play by Chaeremon called Achilles the Thersites-slayer, probably a satyric drama, the materials of which were taken from the Aethiopis of Arctinus.
# A Chant of Mystics and Other Poems

Published by James T. White and Co., New York, in 1921
A CHANT OF MYSTICS
AND OTHER POEMS
BY
AMEEN RIHANI
A CHANT OF MYSTICS AND OTHER POEMS
BY THE SAME AUTHOR
Prose
* The Book of Khalid.
* The Path of Vision.
* The Descent of Bolshevism.
A Chant of Mystics and Other Poems
By
AMEEN RIHANI
NEW YORK JAMES T. WHITE & CO. 1921
For the privilege of reprinting various poems in this volume, grateful acknowledgement is made to the Publishers of The Atlantic Monthly, The Bookman, Asia, Poet-Lore, Harper's Magazine, The Phoenix, and other publications.
TO MY BROTHER JOSEPH
CONTENTS
A CHANT OF MYSTICS AND OTHER POEMS
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1940, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 83 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Taraboti, (Caterina)

TARABOTI (CATERINA), the Disciple of Alexander Varotari, in Venice,
Honoured painting by her diligent pencil, and added lustre to the catalogue of Venetian female painters.
Abec. Pitt.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Telesilla

TELESILLA, a noble Lyric Poetess of Argos,
Who, upon consulting the oracle about her health, being advised to betake herself to the study of the Muses, rendered her country illustrious by her writings, and saved it by her courage. The city was on the point of falling into the hands of the Lacedemonians: it had lost six thousand men, among whom were the flower of its youth. Telesilla collected the women most proper to second her designs, furnished them with arms, which she ​provided from the temples or houses of individuals, placed herself with them on the walls, and finally repulsed the enemy, who, through fear of being reproached either with victory or defeat, retired from before the city. The most signal honours were paid to these female warriors, some of whom fell in the combat.
Travels of Anacharsis the younger.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Theano

THEANO, a triple Female Name of considerable Repute in Poetry.
The first of this name was Theano Locrensis, a native of the city of Locri, and surnamed Melica, from the exact melody to which all her lyric airs and songs were composed. The second, a Cretan poetess, is by some said to have been the wife of Pythagoras. The third, Theano Thuria, or Metapontina, daughter of the poet Lycophron. They are all three mentioned by Suidas. There are also three epistles of Theano, probably one of the three now mentioned, though which of them is not determined, published, with the epistles of several ancient Greek authors, at Venice, by Aldus.
Female Worthies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Thona

THONA, a Moorish Spaniard, who is called HABIBA, of Valentia.
Skilled in grammar and jurisprudence, wrote celebrated books on both subjects. She died in the 506th year of the Hegira.
Bibliothecæ Arabico–Hispanæ Escurialiensis.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Thymele

THYMELE, a musical Poetess, mentioned by Martial,
Said to have first introduced into the scene a sort of ​dance, which, from her, the Greeks called Themelinos. From her also a sort of altar, antiently often used in the theatre, is concluded to have taken its appellation.
Female Worthies.