OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Executive Order 3062

more info.
Amends Proclamation 1258, November 21, 1913.
Signed by President Woodrow Wilson Tuesday, March 4, 1919
The form of Panama Canal tonnage certificates heretofore provided for under Article XVIII of the rules for the measurement of vessels for The Panama Canal is hereby amended to correspond in form and substance to the sample certificate appended to this order.
This order shall be effective sixty days from and after this date.
The White House,
    4 March, 1919.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 309

more info.
Signed by President Theodore Roosevelt Saturday, March 18, 1905
1905 CSR 86
Mrs. M. G. Lauxmann may be permanently appointed as writer in the Coast and Geodetic Survey without examination under the civil service rules.
White House,
       March 18, 1905.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 31

more info.
Signed by President Grover Cleveland Saturday, August 19, 1893
Clause 2 of departmental Rule VIII is hereby amended by inserting after the letter "d" in parenthesis in line 2 the following: "until after absolute appointment and," and by striking out all after the word "transferred" in line 4 to and including the word "made" in line 7; so that as amended the clause will read:
Executive Mansion,
       August 19, 1893.
The above amendments to clause 2 of departmental Rule VIII, and said rule as so amended, are hereby approved.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Essays Upon The Making Of Salt-Petre And Gun-Powder

* related portals: American Revolution.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons gallery.
New York Colony Committee of Safety, page Title
ESSAYS
UPON THE MAKING
OF
SALT-PETRE
AND
GUN-POWDER.
Published by ORDER of the COMMITTEE of SAFETY of the Colony of New-York.
NEW-YORK:
PRINTED by SAMUEL LOUDON.
M.DCC.LXXVI.
Table of Contents:
| In COMMITTEE of SAFETY, During the Recess of the PROVINCIAL CONGRESS, January 17th, 1776. | In CONGRESS, Philadelphia, July 28, 1775 | Pennsylvania Journal; revised, with new additions, by Dr. Rush | METHOD OF MAKING SALT-PETRE AT HANOVER, 1766. | WATERTOWN, December 25th, 1775 | The Process for extracting and refining Salt-petre, according to the Method practised at the Provincial Works in Philadelphia | EXPERIMENTS made by Capt. PRYOR and Mr. THOMAS PAIN | An EXCELLENT METHOD of making GUN-POWDER. |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Huang-t'ai-chi

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​HUANG-t'ai-chi. See under Abahai.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Huang Chi

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​HUANG Chi 黃機 (T. 次辰, H. 雪臺), d. 1686 age 75 (sui), official and scholar, was a native of Ch'ien-t'ang (Hangchow). He became a chin-shih in 1647 and after a period of study in the Hanlin Academy was in 1649 made a compiler of the second class in the Hung-wên yüan 宏文院. In 1651 he was appointed examiner for Kiangnan. After serving in various official capacities he was in 1667 made president of the Board of Ceremonies, and after a number of promotions became in 1682 a Grand Secretary, acting concurrently as president of the Board of Civil Office. He retired in 1683, and died at home three years later. After his death he was given the title of Grand Tutor and the posthumous name Wên-hsi 文僖. Huang Chi was noted for his consistent character and for his long official career lasting about forty years. He was a skillful calligrapher; and left a collection of poems, entitled 浥露堂集 I-lu t'ang chi, not known to have been printed.
[1/256/7b; 2/5/44b; 3/3/39a; 24/1/1a; Hangchow fu-chih (1922) 125/1a.]
Dean R. Wickes
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Huai-tsung

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​HUAI-tsung. Temple name of Chu Yu-chien [q. v.].
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Huang Ch'un-yüeh

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​HUANG Ch'un-yüeh 黃淳耀 (T. 蘊生, H. 陶庵), July 13, 1605–1645, Aug. 24, Ming scholar and loyalist, was a native of Chia-ting, Kiangsu. A chin-shih of 1643, he deplored the artificial literary style of the day and attempted to return to the rigid simplicity of the Classics. He formed a literary society (直言社 Chih-yen-shê) advocating "plain living and high thinking" and striving toward the way of the scholar. He held no office under the Ming and when the Prince of Fu (see Chu Yu-sung) set up a court and assigned posts to those who had become chin-shih, he did not present himself. In 1645, when Nanking fell, his district city was besieged by Ch'ing forces. He and his younger brother, Huang Yüan-yüeh 黃淵耀 (T. 金友, H. 偉恭, d. 1645), joined Hou T'ung-tsêng [q. v.] in leading the local populace in a desperate defense and when the city was lost, both committed suicide at Hsi-lin Monastery (西林庵), August 24, 1645, the elder brother at forty-one (sui), the younger, twenty-two. His contemporaries referred to him posthumously as Master Chên-wên (貞文先生); in 1703 the district erected a temple in honor of him and his brother, and in 1776 he was given the posthumous name, Chung-chieh 忠節.
Huang's collected works, 陶庵全集 T'ao-an ch'üan-chi, 22 chüan, published in 1761, were proscribed in the Ch'ien-lung period. His essays in the style of the examination hall (pa-ku-wên) were taken as models by scholars in the early Ch‘ing period. A little volume of notes on Shantung geography and historical land-marks, 山左筆談 Shan-tso pi-t'an, which is ascribed to him, the compilers of the Ssŭ-k'u Catalogue (see under Chi Yün), regard as of doubtful authenticity.
[M.1/282/36a; 南疆逸史 Nan-chiang i-shih, 25/2b; Chia-ting-sien chih (1742) 10/26b; (1882) ​2/23a, 17/8b; Hsiao-t'ien chi chuan (see under Hsü Tzŭ) 46/20a; 嘉定縣乙酉記事 Chia-ting-hsien i-yu chi-shih in 痛史 T'ung-shih; 明季南略 Ming-chi nan-lüeh 9/16a; Ssŭ-k'u 77/7a.]
Earl Swisher
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Huang Fang-tu

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​HUANG Fang-tu 黃芳度 (T. 壽巖), d. Nov. 22, 1675 age 25 (sui), eldest son of Huang Wu [q. v.], Ch'ing general, was a native of Pring-ho, Fukien. When his father died (1674) Huang Fang-tu outwardly accepted Kêng Ching-chung's [q. v.] invitation to join in the rebellion but secretly recruited 6,000 volunteers to defend Chang-chou, and at the same time reported his decision to Peking. The Emperor authorized his succession to the dukedom of Hai-ch'êng (see under Huang Wu) and charged him to join the government forces in the defense of Fukien. He attempted to resist Kêng Ching-chung and to conciliate Chêng Ching [q. v.], but when the two rebels joined forces his dual policy collapsed. He made a brilliant defense of Chang-chou, and sent his cousin Huang Fang-t'ai [q. v.] to meet a relieving force from Kwangtung. Unable to hold out until relief came, he drowned himself in the well of K'ai-yüan monastery 開元寺, November 22, 1675, at the age of twenty-five (sui). More than thirty of his relatives, including his mother, wife, and two younger brothers also committed suicide, as did several of his officers. The Emperor conferred on him the posthumous rank of prince, the name ​Chung-yung 忠勇, and burial with the rites of a Chün-wang or a prince of the second degree.
[4/118/24a; see bibliography for Huang Wu.]
Earl Swisher
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Huang Fang-shih

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​HUANG Fang-shih 黃芳世 (T. 周士), d. 1678, general, was a native of P'ing-ho, Fukien. When his uncle, Huang Wu [q. v.], was in command of the troops at Chang-chou, Huang Fang-shih represented him at Court, received preferment, and for twelve years enjoyed the life of Peking. In 1675 when his cousin Huang Fang-tu [q. v.] was besieged at Chang-chou and appealed for relief, Huang Fang-shih asked permission to go. He was given the rank of brigade-general and joined his younger brother, Huang Fang-t'ai [q. v.], who was leading a relieving force from Canton. Traveling by forced marches and fighting their way, the two brothers were within 200 li of Chang-chou when they learned that the city had fallen and their clansmen had committed suicide. Huang Fang-shih retired to Hui-chou, east of Canton. Soon Kwangtung was also involved in revolt and his position became precarious; it was rumored that he had joined the rebels, and only the Emperor trusted him implicitly. Escaping from Hui-chou, Huang Fang-shih made his way to Peking. He succeeded to the dukedom of Hai-ch'êng (see under Huang Wu), was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, and given command over the marine forces of Fukien with headquarters at Chang-chou. He was heaped with princely gifts and honors which were extended posthumously to his relatives. In March and April of 1678 he carried on a vigorous campaign against the forces of Kêng Ching-chung [q. v.] with consistent success. When he became ill and retired to Hai-ch'êng and was criticised for inactivity, he made a last foray against the insurgents. His illness increased and, pleading for considerate treatment of military prisoners and succor for the harrassed people of Fukien, and asking that his brother, Huang Fang-t'ai, succeed to his title rather than his minor son. Huang Fangshih died in his military camp. He was given the posthumous name of Chung-hsiang 忠襄.
[See bibliography of Huang Wu.]
Earl Swisher
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Huang Fang-t'ai

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​HUANG Fang-t'ai 黃芳泰 (T. 和士), 1647–1690, soldier, native of P'ing-ho, Fukien, was a younger brother of Huang Fang-shih [q. v.]. When his cousin Huang Fang-tu [q. v.], was besieged in Chang-chou, he fought through the lines and raised a relief army in Kwangtung. His elder brother joined him, but before they were able to get back to Chang-chou, the city had fallen and the members of their family had committed suicide. The two brothers returned to Kwangtung. When Shang Chih-hsin [q. v.] rebelled, and Huang Fang-shih escaped to Peking, Huang Fang-t'ai returned to Fukien and was made brigade-general. When his brother died Huang Fang-t'ai became Duke of Hai-ch'êng (see under Huang Wu). He continued active in the suppression of rebels and when impeached was able to convince the Emperor of his ability and sincerity. He advocated a naval building and coast guard program modeled on that of Shih Lang [q. v.]. He was given the posthumous rank of Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. This was raised in 1738 to Grand Guardian, when also the posthumous name Hsiang-ch'io 襄慤 and an imperial eulogy were conferred. The dukedom passed to his son, Huang Ying-tsuan 黃應纘, who was succeeded by his nephew, Huang Shih-chien 黃仕簡, and the latter in turn by his grandson, Huang Chia-mo 黃嘉謨.
[See bibliography of Huang Wu.]
Earl Swisher
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ulverston

See also Ulverston on Wikipedia; Ulverston in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ULVERSTON, a market-town in the north-west of Lan cashire, England, is picturesquely situated near Morecambe Bay, on the borders of the Lake district, 9 miles north east of Barrow-in-Furness, and 256 north-west of London. The town bears small evidence of its great antiquity. The principal streets branch from the market-place, and the houses built of stone are generally rough-cast and whitened. A rivulet flows through the town. The church of St Mary, founded in 1111, retains the south door of the original building in the Transition style, but the greater portion of the structure is Perpendicular, of the time of Henry VIII. It consists of chancel, nave, aisles, south porch, and embattled western tower, and contains an altar-tomb with recumbent figure of Walter Sandys of Conishead, dated 1588. After the destruction of Furness Abbey, Ulverston succeeded Dalton as the most important town in Furness, but the rapid rise of Barrow within recent years has relegated it to quite a secondary place. Formerly it had a considerable trade in linens, checks, and ginghams, but this has greatly fallen off. It possesses, however, large iron and steel works (North Lonsdale Iron and Steel Company), a large chemical work, an extensive paper manufactory, a bolt manufactory, breweries, tanyards, and wooden hoop manufactories. The population of the urban sanitary district (area 3120 acres) in 1871 was 7607, and in 1881 it was 10,008.
Early in the 12th century the lordship of Ulverston came into the possession of Stephen, earl of Boulogne, afterwards king of England, by whom it was presented to the monks of Fnrness Abbey as part of the endowment. In 1196 the mile of Ulverston was granted by the abbot of Furness to William de Lancaster, iirst baron of Kendal. In 1280 it obtained the charter of a market. The town became escheated to the abbot of Furness as chief lord in 1342, but this escheatment was suspended by Edward II. in favour of John de Coupland, who captured David II. of Scotland at the battle of Durham. After his death it reverted to the abbey. It is now in the possession of the family of Buccleuch.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Umber

See also Umber on Wikipedia; Umber in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
UMBER. See Pigments.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ulysses

See also Ulysses on Wikipedia; Ulysses in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ULYSSES.See Odysseus.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Umañ

See also Umañ on Wikipedia; Umañ in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
UMAÑ, a district town of Russia, in the south of the government of Kieff, is now a small industrial and trading town, with 15,400 inhabitants, many of whom are Jews, who carry on an active trade in the export of corn, spirits, &c. It has a remarkable park (290 acres), planted in 1796 by the orders of Count Potocki, in connexion with which a gardening school is maintained.
Uman was founded towards the beginning of the 17th century as a fort against the raids of the Tartars. The Cossacks of the Ukraine, who kept it, revolted against their Polish rulers about 1665, and had to sustain a fierce siege. In 1674 it was plundered and most of its inhabitants murdered by the Ukrainians and Turks, during the wars for the hetmanship. In 1712 its last inhabitants were transferred by Peter I. to the left bank of the Dnieper. But by the end of the 18th century, when it again became the property of the Potockis, it was repeopled and became one of the busiest trading towns of Little Russia. In 1768, when the Cossacks revolted anew against their Polish serf proprietors, they took Umah and murdered most of its inhabitants.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Umballa

See also Umballa on Wikipedia; Umballa in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
UMBALLA, an alternative form of Ambálá (q.v.).
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Umbrella

See also Umber on Wikipedia; Umbrella in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
Among the Greeks and Romans the umbrella (σκιάς, σκιάδειον, umbraculum, umbella) was used by ladies, while the carrying of it by men was regarded as a sign of effeminacy. Probably in these southern climes it never went out of use, and we find from allusions by Montaigne that in his day its employment as a sun-shade was quite common in Italy. The umbrella was not unknown in England in the 17th century, and was already used as a rain protector. Michael Drayton, writing about the beginning of the 17th century, says, speaking of doves:—
"And, like umbrellas, with their feathers Shield you in all sorts of weathers."
Although it was the practice to keep an umbrella in the coffee-houses early in the 18th century, its use cannot have been very familiar, for in 1752 Colonel Wolfe, writing from Paris, mentions the carrying of them there as a defence against both rain and sun, and wonders that they are not introduced into England. The traveller Jonas Hanway, who died in 1786, is credited with having been the first Englishman who habitually carried an umbrella. That practice he began thirty years before his death; at first he was singular, and his habit was derided, but he lived to see his example commonly followed.
The umbrella as at first used, based on its Eastern prototype, was a heavy ungainly article which did not hold well together, and no little ingenuity has been exercised to bring it into the elegant, compact, and strong form which is now quite common. The early umbrella had a long handle, with ribs of whalebone or cane, very rarely of metal, and stretchers of cane. The jointing of the ribs and stretchers to the stick and to each other was very rough and imperfect. The covering material consisted of oiled silk or cotton, heavy in substance, and liable to stick together in the folds. Gingham soon came to be substituted for the oiled cloth, and in 1848 William Sangster patented the use of alpaca as an umbrella covering material. One of the most notable inventions for combining lightness, strength, and elasticity in the ribs of umbrellas was the "Paragon" rib patented by Samuel Fox in 1852. It is formed of a thin strip of steel rolled into a U or trough section, a form which gives great strength for the weight of metal The use of such ribs, combined with the notched rings and runners which give a separate hinge and joint to each rib and stretcher, and with the thin but tough covering materials now in use, has principally contributed to the strength, lightness, and elegance which ordinary umbrellas now present. Umbrella silk is principally made at Lyons and Crefeld; but much of it is so loaded in dyeing that it cuts readily at the folds. Textures of pure silk or of silk and alpaca mixed have better wear-resisting properties.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ulwar

See also Ulwar on Wikipedia; Ulwar in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ULWAR, an alternative form of Alwar (q.v.).
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ulugh Beg, Mirza Mohammed Ben Shah Rok

See also Mirza Mohammed Ben Shah Rok Ulugh Beg on Wikipedia; Ulugh Beg, Mirza Mohammed Ben Shah Rok in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ULUGH BEG, Mirza Mohammed Ben Shah Rok (1394-1449), astronomer, grandson of Timur (q.v.), succeeded his father as prince of Samarkand in 1447, after having for years taken part in the government, and was murdered in 1449 by his eldest son. He occupied himself with astronomical pursuits, and erected an observatory at Samarkand, from which were issued tables of the sun, moon, and planets, with an interesting introduction, which throws much light on the trigonometry and astronomical methods then in use (Prolegomenes des Tables Astronomiques d Ouloug Beg, ed. by Sedillot, Paris, 1847, and trans lated by the same, 1853). The serious errors which he found in the Arabian star catalogues (which were simply copied from Ptolemy, adding the effect of precession to the longitudes) induced him to redetermine the positions of 992 fixed stars, to which he added 27 stars from Al Sufi's catalogue, which were too far south to be observed at Samarkand. This catalogue, the first original one since Ptolemy, was edited by Th. Hyde at Oxford in 1665 (Tabulse Longitudinis et Latitudinis Stellarum Fixarum ex Observatione Ulugbeighi), and in 1843 by Baily in vol. xiii. of the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society.
# Fair Helen of Kirconnel

* Fair Helen of Kirconnel, in The Winter's Wreath, 1829.
* Fair Helen of Kirconnel, in National Lyrics, and Songs for Music, 1834.
# Fair Margaret of Craignargat, or, The indulgent mother and disobedient daughter/Love and Friendship

LOVE and FRIENDSHIP.
L E A V E off your fooliſh pratting, Talk no more of Whig and Tory, But drink your glaſs round let it paſs, The bottle ſtands before ye, Fill it up to the top, Let the night with mirth be crown'd, Drink about, ſee it out, Love and friendſhip ſtill go round.
If claret be a bleſſing, This night devote to pleaſure; Let worldly cares, and ſtate affairs, Be thought on at more leiſure; Fill it up to the top, Let the night with joy be crown'd, Drink about, ſee it out, Love and friendſhip ſtill go round.
If any is ſo zealous, To be a party-minion, Let him drink like me, we'll ſoon agree, And be of one opinion: Fill your glaſs, name your laſs, See her health go ſweetly round, Drink about, ſee it out, Let the night with joy be crown'd.
G L A S G O W,
Printed by J. & M. Robertſon, Saltmarket, 1802.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Fair Margaret of Craignargat, or, The indulgent mother and disobedient daughter/My Goddess, or, My Devil

MY GODDESS or, MY DEVIL.
AH! bright Belinda, hither fly, and ſuch a light diſcover, As may the abſent ſun ſupply, and cheer the drooping lover.
Ariſe, my day, with ſpeed ariſe, and all my ſorrows baniſh: Before the ſun of thy bright eyes, all gloomy terrors vaniſh.
No longer let me ſigh in vain, and curſe the hoarded treaſure: Why ſhould you love to give us pain, when you were made for pleaſure!
The petty powers of hell deſtroy; to ſave's the pride of heaven: To you the firſt, if you prove coy; if kind, the laſt is given.
The choice then ſure's not hard to make, betwixt a good and evil: Which title had you rather take, my Goddeſs, or, my Devil?
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# FairTax Act of 2021 (H.R. 25; 117th Congress)

117th congress (2021-2022)
117th CONGRESS 1st Session
H.R. 25
To promote freedom, fairness, and economic opportunity by repealing the income tax and other taxes, abolishing the Internal Revenue Service, and enacting a national sales tax to be administered primarily by the States.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
January 4, 2021
Mr. Carter of Georgia introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Ways and Means
A BILL
To promote freedom, fairness, and economic opportunity by repealing the income tax and other taxes, abolishing the Internal Revenue Service, and enacting a national sales tax to be administered primarily by the States.
    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

### SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

(a) Short Title.—This Act may be cited as the “FairTax Act of 2021”.
(b) Table Of Contents.—The table of contents for this Act is as follows:
       TITLE I — REPEAL OF THE INCOME TAX, PAYROLL TAXES, AND ESTATE AND GIFT TAXES
       TITLE II — SALES TAX ENACTED
       TITLE III — OTHER MATTERS
       TITLE IV—SUNSET OF SALES TAX IF SIXTEENTH AMENDMENT NOT REPEALED
# Fair Haven & Westville Railroad Company v. New Haven

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
203 U.S. 379
Fair Haven & Westville Railroad Company v. New Haven
Argued: November 5 and 6, 1906. --- Decided: December 3, 1906
Messrs. George D. Watrous and Talcott H. Russell for plaintiff in error.
[Argument of Counsel intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Leonard M. Daggett and E. P. Arvine for defendant in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 380-381 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice McKenna delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Fair Katrinelje and Pif-Paf-Poltrie

* "Die schöne Katrinelje und Pif Paf Poltrie". Brothers Grimm. Kinder- und Haus-märchen
* "Fair Katrinelje and Pif-Paf-Poltrie". Margaret Hunt Grimm's Household Tales, Volume 2. 1884