OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stellenbosch

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​Stellenbosch, a town of the Cape province, South Africa, 31 m. by rail E. of Cape Town. Pop. (1904), 7573, of whom 2497 were whites. It lies 360 ft. above the sea in a pleasant upland valley on the Atlantic slope of the coast range, and is, next to the capital, the oldest settlement in the province, having been founded by order of Commandant Simon van der Stell in 1681 and named after him and his wife, whose maiden name was Bosch. The streets are lined with magnificent oaks, while many of the houses with heavy, thatched gables date from the 17th century. Stellenbosch is the headquarters of the Cape branch of the Dutch Reformed Church, and is also an important educational centre. The chief buildings, besides the churches, are the Dutch theological seminary, Victoria College, Bloemhof girls’ school, agricultural college and school of mines, laboratory and school of science and the S.A. conservatorium of music. The surrounding district is largely devoted to viticulture and ​fruit-growing. The vineyards have been replanted with American stocks. The Stellenbosch valley is closed in by ranges of hills beyond which, eastward, lies Frenchhoek valley, with a village of the same name. This district was the headquarters of the Huguenot refugees who settled in South Africa at the close of the 17th century.
In the early days of the Boer War (1899–1902) Stellenbosch was one of the British military bases, and was used as a “remount” camp; and in consequence of officers who had not distinguished themselves at the front being sent back to it, the expression “to be Stellenbosched” came into use; so much, so, that in similar cases officers were spoken of as “Stellenbosched” even if they were sent to some other place. The remount dépôt is maintained; horses and mules thrive here.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stendal

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​STENDAL, a town of Germany, in the province of Prussian Saxony, picturesquely situated on the Uchte, 70 m. W. of Berlin on the main line of railway to Hanover and at the junction of lines to Bremen, Magdeburg and Wittenberge. Pop. (1905), 23,281. Among the relics of its former importance are the cathedral, built in 1420–1424 (though originally founded in 1188), restored in 1893 and now housing the archaeological collection of the Altmark, the Gothic church of St Mary, founded in 1447, a “Roland column” of 1535, and two fortified gateways, dating from the 13th century. The last form the chief remains of the ancient fortifications, the site of which is now mostly occupied by promenades. A monument to the archaeologist Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–1768) commemorates his birth in the town. Stendal is the seat of a large railway workshop, and carries on various branches of textile industry, besides the manufacture of tobacco, machinery, stoves, gold-leaf, &c. The earliest printing-press in the Altmark was erected here, and published an edition of the Sachsenspiegel in 1488 as its first book.
Stendal was founded in 1151 by Albert the Bear, on the site of a Wendish settlement, and soon afterwards acquired a municipal charter. Becoming capital of the Altmark and a frequent imperial residence, it rose to a considerable degree of prosperity, in part recently restored to it by its railway connexions. When the mark was divided in 1258, Stendal became the seat of the elder or Stendal branch of the house of Ascania, which, however, became extinct in 1320. The original Wends were gradually ​fused with the later Saxons, although the Platea Slavonica, mentioned in 1475, was still distinguished as the Wenden Strasse in 1567. The population still exhibits a marked Slavonic element.
See Götze, Urkundliche Geschichte der Stadt Stendal (Stendal, 1873).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Steno, Nicolaus

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​STENO, NICOLAUS (1631–1686), Danish naturalist, was born at Copenhagen in 1631, and studied medicine and anatomy in that city and in Paris. After a period of travel he settled in Italy (1666) at first as professor of anatomy at Padua, and then in Florence as house-physician to the grand-duke Ferdinand II. of Tuscany. He returned to his native city in 1672 to become professor of anatomy, but, having become a Roman Catholic, he found it expedient to return to Florence, and was ultimately made apostolic vicar of Lower Saxony. He died at Schwerin in Mecklenburg, on the 25th of November 1686. His fame rests on De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento, published at Florence in 1669. In this notable work Steno described various gems, minerals and petrifactions (fossils) enclosed within solid rocks. He compared the fossil with the living organisms, and distinguished marine and fluviatile formations. He argued also in favour of the original horizontality of sedimentary deposits.
See Di Nicola Stenone e dei suoi studii geologici in Italia, by G. Capellini (1870) ; K. A. von Zittel's History of Geology and Palaeontology (Eng. ed., 1901) ; and W. J. Sollas, in Science Progress for Jan. 1898.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stenography

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​STENOGRAPHY (from Gr. στενός, close, narrow, and γράφειν, to write), the system or art of writing by signs representing single sounds or groups of sounds, single words or groups of words, sometimes also styled "brachygraphy" (Gr. βραχύς, short); it is a general term including all the various systems of shorthand writing (see Shorthand).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stentor

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​STENTOR, one of the Greeks before Troy (Iliad, v. 783), whose voice was as loud as that of fifty men. It is said that he came by his death as the result of challenging Hermes, the crier of the gods, to a contest. Possibly, like Hermes himself, Stentor is a personification of the wind. The name is used in modern times of any one possessing a particularly loud voice (stentorian).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stele

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​Stele, the Greek name (στήλη) for a pillar or vertical slab of stone or marble, sometimes decorated with bas-reliefs and bearing inscriptions, and generally terminated with a cresting (ἐπίθημα) enriched with the anthemion plant. In later times the stele was crowned with a small pediment. The Way of the Tombs at Athens was lined with stelae, some of them in memory of prominent citizens.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stencil

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​STENCIL, a thin plate or sheet of metal, leather, paper or other material cut or pierced with a pattern or design; this is laid upon a surface and colour or ink is brushed or rubbed over it, thus leaving the ground colour of the surface imprinted with the design or pattern cut out. In ceramics the stencil is produced by coating the biscuit with a preparation which prevents the transfer-paper or enamelling from adhering to the surface at those parts where the original colour of the biscuit is to be preserved. According to Skeat (Etym. Dict., 1910) the word stands for an earlier stinsel, and is to be derived from Old French estinceller, to sparkle, to powder with stars, an old term in heraldry, from Latin scintilla, a spark. The same French word has given the English “tinsel,” strips, disks or pieces of thin glittering metallic substances used for the decoration of fabrics, hence any gaudy, showy and pretentious material or substance.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stenbock, Magnus Gustafsson, Count

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​STENBOCK, MAGNUS GUSTAFSSON, Count (1664-1717), Swedish soldier, was educated at Upsala and at Paris, chose the military profession, and spent some years in the service of the United Provinces. Returning to Sweden he entered the army, and in 1688 became major. He served with the Swedes in the Low Countries and on the Rhine, distinguishing himself for skill and courage at Fleurus. During the War of the Grand Alliance he was employed not only in the field but also as a confidential agent in diplomatic missions. Soon afterwards as colonel of the Dalecarlian regiment he led it in the astonishing victory of Narva. He distinguished himself still more at Dünamünde, Klissow and Cracow. In 1703 he fought the successful battle of Pultusk, and three years later, having reached the rank of general of infantry, was made governor general of the province of Scania, which he delivered from the Danish invaders by the decisive victory of Helsingborg. He was a great favourite with Charles XII. in the earlier campaigns, but later the two drifted somewhat apart. It is recorded that the king, before whom General Lagercrona accused Stenbock of drunkenness, replied that “Stenbock drunk was more capable of giving orders than Lagercrona sober.” His activities were not confined to war and diplomacy; the university of Lund was under his care for some years, and he had no mean skill as a painter and a poet. He became councillor in 1710, and Charles gave him his field marshal's bâton in 1712. In the same year he invaded Mecklenburg (with but 9000 men) in order to cover Stralsund. He won the brilliant action of Gadebusch, but numbers prevailed against him in the end. Cut off in Tönning he was forced to surrender after a gallant resistance, and passed into captivity. Five years of harsh treatment in Copenhagen brought his life to a close in 1717.
See Loenbom, Magni Stenbocks lefverne (1757-1765); Lilljestråle, Magnus Stenbock (Helsingborg, 1890).
# 62 Cases More or Less Each Containing Six Jars of Jam v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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## Dissenting Opinion

    Douglas
United States Supreme Court
340 U.S. 593
62 Cases More or Less Each Containing Six Jars of Jam v. United States
Argued: March 5-6, 1951. --- Decided: March 26, 1951
Mr. Benjamin F. Stapleton, Jr., Denver, Colo., for petitioners.
Mr. Robert L. Stern, Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 62 Cases More or Less Each Containing Six Jars of Jam v. United States/Dissent Douglas

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Dissenting Opinion Douglas
United States Supreme Court
340 U.S. 593
62 Cases More or Less Each Containing Six Jars of Jam v. United States
Argued: March 5-6, 1951. --- Decided: March 26, 1951
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS, with whom Mr. Justice BLACK concurs, dissenting.
The result reached by the Court may be sound by legislative standards. But the legal standards which govern us make the process of reaching that result tortuous to say the least. We must say that petitioner's 'jam' purports to be 'jam' when we read § 403(g) and purports to be not 'jam' but another food when we read § 403(c). Yet if petitioner's product did not purport to be 'jam' petitioner would have no claim to press and the Government no objection to raise.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Beacon to the Society of Friends/Sermon VII

SERMON VII.
EXTRACT I.
Quietism, as regards works.
"Jesus acted in the perfect wisdom of his heavenly Father; and in his perfect goodness, he did not leave them to guess, or examine, or search for themselves at all. But he called their attention out of all searches, works, and exercises whatever, into a state of resignation to the will of God." p. 155.
The Scripture lays the foundation of the Christian life, not in Quietism, but in believing in the Lord Jesus Christ.—"Believe in the Lord Jesus Christ and thou shalt be saved." But though it is a plain doctrine, that our good works are not the ground of our acceptance with God; the Scripture, nevertheless, cogently exhorts the believer to good works,—the genuine fruit and evidence of true faith; and tells him "We are created in Christ Jesus unto good works, which God hath before ordained that we should walk in them" And moreover, it gives him the gracious assurance, that by these, is his heavenly Father glorified.—"Herein is my heavenly Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit"
What saith the Scripture?
Is this like calling them out of searches, works, and exercises?
again.
See under Ser. II. Ex. 7; Ser. V. Ex. 2; Ser. VI. Ex. 1; Ser. X. Ex. 1.
EXTRACT II.
Quietism, as regards desire and thought.
"I am willing to unite with you in an ardent travail of soul, to sink out of ourselves, and every thing appertaining to us, and to come down into that state recommended to the disciples,—to keep out of all contrivance, and improper imaginations and thoughts, for we sin in thought. Therefore the most happy state that we can enjoy, is a state without desire or thought; for then we are the Lord's, we are in his hands, and here we are in a state of safety,—we have no excitement to do any thing but to stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord.—Therefore, let us all stand still, and if we have power to pray to him at all, let it be that he may keep us in this state of resignation, till he shall come and enable us to glorify his great name above all, who is God blessed for ever." p. 172, 173.
"The most happy state is a state without desire or thought."—What absurdity! How entirely at variance with the doctrine of Christ and his Apostles. To what lengths are we not in danger of being carried, when we take not the Scripture for our rule.
Again, What saith the Scripture?
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Transkei

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​Transkei, one of the divisions of the Cape province, South Africa, east of the Kei River, being part of the country known variously as Kaffraria (q.v.), “the Native Territories” (of the Cape) and the Transkeian Territories. The majority of the inhabitants are Fingo (q.v.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tranquebar

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​TRANQUEBAR, a town of British India, in the Tanjore district of Madras, on the sea-coast, 18 m. N. of Negapatam. Pop. (1901), 13,142. A Danish factory was opened here as early as 1620. It was taken by the British in 1801, but restored in 1814, and finally purchased, with the other Danish settlements in India, in 1845. In Danish times Tranquebar was a busy port, but it lost its importance when the railway was opened to Negapatam. It was the first settlement of Protestant missionaries in India, founded by Ziegenbalg and Plutschau (Lutherans) in 1706; and there is still a Lutheran mission high school and mission press.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Transcaucasia

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​TRANSCAUCASIA, a general name given to the governments and provinces of Russian Caucasia, excluding the steppe provinces of Kuban and Terek and the steppe government of Stavropol. It thus includes the governments of Baku, Elisavetpol, Erivan, Kutais and Tiflis; the provinces of Batum, Daghestan and Kars; and the military districts of the Black Sea (Chernomorsk) and Zakataly. Its area is 95,402 sq. m., and the estimated population in 1906 was 6,114,600. (See Caucasia and Caucasus.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Transfer

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​TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over), the handing over, removal or conveyance of anything from one person or place to another; also the subject of this transference or the form or method by which it is effected. The term is particularly used in law of the conveyance of property from one person to another, especially of the conveyance of real property (see Conveyancing). For the simplification of this process by means of registration of title, see Land Registration. For the transference of designs, drawings, &c., by means of transfer paper to the surface of pottery and porcelain, see Ceramics; for their transfer to stones for printing, see Lithography.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Transcendentalism

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​TRANSCENDENTALISM (Lat. trans, across, scandere, climb, whence transcendere, to pass a limit), in philosophy, any system which emphasizes the limited character of that which can be perceived by the senses and is based on the view that true knowledge is intuitive, or supernatural. The term is specially applied to Kant's philosophy and its successors which hold that knowledge of the a priori is possible. It is traceable as far back as the schoolmen of whom Duns Scotus describes as "transcendental" those conceptions which have a higher degree of universality than the Aristotelian categories. Thus ens (being) is more universal than God or the physical universe because it can be predicated of both. Kant distinguishes as "transcendent" the world of things-in-themselves as being without the limits of experience; while "transcendental" is his term for those elements which regulate human experience, though they are themselves beyond experience; such are the categories of space, time, causality.
In general use the term is applied rather promiscuously and frequently by way of criticism to an attitude of mind which is imaginative, aloof from mundane affairs and unmoved by practical considerations. The most famous example of the pseudo-philosophic use of the term is for a movement of thought which was prominent in the New England states from about 1830 to 1850. Its use originated in the Transcendental Club (1836) founded by Emerson, Frederic Henry Hedge (1805-1890), and others. This movement had several aspects: philosophical, theological, social, economic. Its main theme was regeneration, a revolt from the formalism of both Unitarian and Calvinist theology and a widening literary outlook. It took its rise to a large extent in the study of German (and to a less extent French) philosophy and spread widely among the cultured classes. In 1840 the club began to issue an official organ, The Dial, and the settlement of Brook Farm (q.v.) followed in 1841. These enterprises themselves did not receive general support even among the Transcendentalist leaders, and the real significance of the movement was the stimulus which it gave to philanthropy, to the Abolition movement, and to a new ideal of individual character. The chief names associated with it, besides those of Emerson and Hedge, are those of A. B. Alcott (q.v.), Margaret Fuller (q.v.), George Ripley (q.v.), W. E. Channing (q.v.), and H. D. Thoreau (q.v.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Transept

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​TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisée, nef transversée; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Querschiff), in architecture, the term given to the large and lofty structure which lies at right angles to the nave and aisles of a church. The first example is that which existed in the old St Peter's at Rome, but as a rule it is not found in the early basilicas. At the present day the transept might be better defined as that portion of a cruciform church which extends from north to south across the main body of the building and usually separates the choir from the nave; but to this there are some exceptions, as in Westminster Abbey, where the choir, with its rood screen, occupies the first four bays of the nave; in Norwich two bays; in Gloucester one bay; and Winchester one bay. In some of the English cathedrals there is an eastern transept, as in Canterbury, Lincoln, Salisbury and Worcester; at Durham that which might be regarded as an eastern transept is the chapel of the Nine Altars, and the same is found in Fountains Abbey. Four of the English cathedrals have aisles on east and west sides, viz. Ely, Wells, Winchester and York, while at Chester there are aisles to the south transept only, and at Lincoln, Peterborough and Salisbury on the east side only. In some cases the transept extends to the outer walls of the aisles only, but there are many instances in which it is carried beyond, as at Lincoln (225 ft. long), Ely (180 ft.), Peterborough (180 ft.), Durham (175 ft.) and Norwich (172 ft.); in all these cases the transept is carried three bays beyond; in York (220 ft.), St Albans (170 ft.), Lichfield (145 ft.) and Canterbury, east transept (165 ft.), two bays beyond; and in Canterbury, western transept (130 ft.), Chichester (160 ft.) and Worcester (130 ft.), only one bay on each side, the dimension in all cases being taken within the north and south walls of the transept.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chi (張籍)

​26Chang Chi 張籍 (T. 文昌) 8th and 9th cent. A.D. A native of 烏江 Niao-chiang in Kiangnan, who greatly distinguished himself as a scholar and poet and was patronised by the great Han Yü, whom he even ventured to take to task for his fondness for dice. The latter in 815 recommended him for employment, and he rose to be a Tutor in the Imperial Academy. But it is by his poems that he is known; among which may be mentioned the exquisite lines under the title of 節婦吟. He was also a vigorous opponent of Buddhism and Taoism, both of which he held in much contempt. He was 80 years of age when he died.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chien

​28Chang Chien 張儉 (T. 師約). Died A.D. 651. A great-nephew of the founder of the T'ang dynasty. He did good service ​in aiding the Emperor to consolidate his power; and on one occasion rode alone into the camp of a revolted tribe of Turko-Scythians, and succeeded in gaining their submission. He held many important posts, and was ennobled as Duke. Canonised as 密.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Ch'ang-tsung

​22Chang Ch'ang-tsung 張昌宗 (H. 六郎). Died A.D. 705. A handsome young man, who was introduced into the palace by the T'ai-p'ing Princess and became a great favourite with the Empress Wu Hou. He and his brother Chang I-chih were made free of the palace; and to crown the extravagant treatment they ​received from the Empress, they were both ennobled as Dukes. During her long illness they alone had access to her, and gradually monopolised the government, successfully resisting all the attacks of their enemies. At length, when he believed that the Empress was at the point of death, Chang Ch'ang-tsung began to make preparations for a coup d'état. The plot however was discovered by Chang Chien-chih; and on his way to greet the Heir Apparent at the restoration of the Emperor Chung Tsung, he seized both the brothers and put them to death.