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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Agapetus II

From volume 1 of the work.
​Agapetus II, Pope, a Roman by birth, elected to the papacy 10 May, 946; he reigned, not ingloriously, for ten years, during what has been termed the period of deepest humiliation for the papacy. He proved that the true spiritual dignity of the papacy can be successfully upheld by a saintly and resolute pontiff amid the most untoward surroundings. The temporal power had practically vanished and Rome was ruled by the vigorous Princeps and Senator Albericht, who was the prototype of the later Italian tyrants. Nevertheless, the name and virtues of Agapetus were respected throughout the entire Christian world. He laboured incessantly to restore the decadent discipline in churches and cloisters. He succeeded eventually in quieting the disturbances in the metropolitan see of Reims. He supported the Emperor Otto the Great in his plans for the evangelization of the heathens of the North. Seeing no other way of putting an end to anarchy in Italy, he joined with other Italian nobles in persuading the Emperor to make his first expedition into the peninsula. During his lifetime, his successor was virtually appointed in the person of Albericht's notorious son Octavian, later John XII, whose father forced the Romans to swear that they would elect him as their temporal and spiritual lord upon the demise of Agapetus. The Pope died in August, 956, leaving an unsullied name, and was buried in St. John Lateran.
Liber Pontificalis (ed. Duchesne), II, 245. For his correspondence see Jaffé, Regesta RR. PP., 2d ed., I, 459–463; Artaud de Montor, Lives of the Popes (New York, 1867), 250–251.
James F. Loughlin.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Poor Servants of the Mother of God

From volume 12 of the work.
A religious congregation founded in 1808 by Mother Mary Magdalen Taylor in conjunction with Lady Georgiana Fullerton (q.v.). Mother M. Magdalen was the daughter of a Church of England clergyman. As one of Miss Nightingale's band of nurses in the Crimea she became acquainted with the Catholic Faith as manifested by many of the soldiers, and on her return to England entered the Church. Her subsequent intimacy with Lady Georgiana Fullerton led to the foundation of a congregation for work among the poor of London, then inadequately served by a single convent. At first an affiliation with the Little Sisters of Mary (Archduchy of Posen) was considered, but this was found to be impracticable, and the new order was placed under the direction of its own superior general (Mother M. Magdalen). From the first it was approved and encouraged by Cardinal Manning, its spiritual training being committed to the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, near whose church in Farm St., London, its existence began. Its Constitutions are based on the Rule of St. Augustine, and the congregation was approved by Leo XIII in 1885. The members devote themselves to visiting the poor, teaching in parochial schools, nursing, and conducting institutions of refuge and rescue for women. To the mother-house in Rome are attached two schools and the public church of St. George and the English Martyrs. In this church on Good Friday, 1887, the Three Hours was preached for the first time in English by Father Lucas, S.J. Other houses are in Florence; London (2); Brentford; Roehampton; Streatham; St. Helen's, Lancashire, where the sisters conduct the only free hospital in the town; Liverpool; Brighton; Dublin (2); Carrightowhill, Co.Cork; Youghal, Co. Cork. The congregation is under the direction of a superior general. A black habit is worn, with a blue scapular and a black veil. There are no lay sisters.
TAYLOR, Inner Life of Lady G. Fullerton (London, 1899); IDEM, Memoir of Father Dignam, S. J. (London, s. d.); CRAVEN, Lady Georgiana Fullerton (Paris, 1888); STEELE, Convents of Great Britain (London, 1901); Messenger of the Sacred Heart (April 1901).
Blanche M. Kelly.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Adrian V

From volume 1 of the work.
​Adrian V, Pope (Ottobuono Fieschi, a Genoese, nephew of Innocent IV), was elected at Viterbo, 12 July, 1276. Arms of Adrian V. As Cardinal Fieschi, he had laboured to restore harmony in England between Henry III and the rebellious barons. He annulled the rigid enactments of Gregory X relating to the papal conclaves, but died before substituting milder ones, 18 August. He lived just long enough to experience "how great the mantle weighs". Dante (Purg., c. xix) held an interesting conversation with him in Purgatory.
Liber Pontif. (ed. Duchesne), II. 457; Raynaldus. Ann eccl. ad an., 1276; 26, 27; Muratori, SS. Rer. Ital., III. 605; Artaud de Montor. Lives and Times of the Roman Pontiffs (tr. New York. 1867), I. 454.
James F. Loughlin.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Adrian II

From volume 1 of the work.
​Adrian II, Pope (867–872).—After the death of St. Nicholas I, the Roman clergy and people elected, much against his will, the venerable Cardinal Adrian, universally beloved for his charity and amiability, descended from a Roman family which had already given two pontiffs to the Church, Stephen III and Sergius II. Adrian was now seventy-five years old, and twice before had refused the dignity. He had been married before taking orders, and his old age was saddened by a domestic tragedy. As pope, he followed closely in the footsteps of his energetic predecessor. He strove to maintain peace among the greedy and incompetent descendants of Charlemagne. In an interview at Monte Cassino he admitted to communion the repentant King Lothair of Lorraine, after exacting from him a public oath that he had held no intercourse with his concubine since the pope's prohibition, that he would take back his lawful wife Theutberga, and abide by the final decision of the Roman See. He upheld with vigour against Hinemar of Reims the unlimited right of bishops to appeal to the Sovereign Pontiff. At the Eighth General Council, which he convened at Constantinople in 869, and presided over through ten legates, he effected the deposition of Photius and the restoration of unity between the East and the West. He was unsuccessful in retaining the Bulgarians for the western patriarchate; that nation unwisely determined to adhere to Constantinople, a course which was destined to bring upon it ruin and stagnation. Adrian saved the western Slavs from a similar fate by seconding the efforts of the saintly brothers, Cyril and Methodius. Of enduring influence, for good or evil, was the endorsement he gave to their rendering of the liturgy in the Slavonic tongue. Adrian died towards the close of the year 872.
Liber Pontif. (ed. Duchesne), 173–190; Jaffé, Regesta RR. PP. (2d ed.), I, 368–375, II, 703, 704, 745, 746; Mansi Coll. Conc., XV, 819 sq.; Watterich, Vitæ Rom. Pont., 631 sq.; Lapotre, Hadrien II et les fausses décrétales, in Rev. des Quest. Hist. (1880), XXVII, 377–431; Artaud de Montor, Lives and Times of the Roman Pontiffs (tr. New York, 1867), I, 225, 226; Gorini, Defense de l'Eglise (1866), III, 20–38, 160–176; Alex. Natalis, Hist. Eccl. (1778), VI, 399–409.
James F. Loughlin.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Ternan

From volume 14 of the work.
Bishop of the Picts, flourished in the sixth century. Much obscurity attaches to his history, and it is difficult to reconcile his chronology as given by various writers. Some say that he was consecrated by St. Palladius in 440, others that he was a monk of Culross in Fife, one of the monasteries founded by St. Serf, or Servan, the tutor of St. Kentigern. The Picts were not converted till about 570, by the zeal of St. Columba. St. Kentigern died in 603, and St. Serf of Culross died in 583 (feast 1 July). It is safe to assert that St. Ternan was a contemporary of St. Serf. In the "Aberdeen Martyrology" there is mention of "the Gospel of Matthew belonging to St. Ternan", which was enshrined in a metal case or cumdach (book shrine), covered with silver and gold, after the Irish fashion." St. Ternan is commemorated on 12 June. He must not be confounded with St. Trumwine.
W. H. Grattan-Flood.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Tarkin

From volume 14 of the work.
(Talarican.)
Bishop of Sodor (including the western islands of Scotland), was probably of purely Pictish origin, though the Aberdeen Breviary (1509) says he was born in Ireland. The legend in the Breviary states that he was raised to the episcopate by Pope Gregory; and Adam King's Kalendar (1558) styles him "bischop and confess. in Scotland under King Solvathius". The Bollandists, following the chronology of the Dalriadic kings as adopted by Pinkerton and Skene, place the reign of Selvach from 706 to 726; and, as Gregory II was pope from 715 to 731, conclude that Talarican became bishop about 720, a few years after the Columban monks of Iona had been induced by St. Egbert to conform to the Roman Rite. He is said to have offered the Holy Sacrifice every day, to have been noted for his zeal and his mortified life, and to have converted many pagans in the northern coasts of Scotland through his preaching and example. According to Dempster, he died in the Island of Lismore. Many churches subsequently founded in the Diocese of Moray, Ross, and Aberdeen were dedicated in his honour. His name is perpetuated in the great district of Kiltarlity (Inverness-shire), the church and cemetery of Ceilltarraglan (Skye), and wells still known as "St. Tarkin's" at Fordyce, Kilsyth, and elsewhere.
D.O. HUNTER-BLAIR
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Tatwin

From volume 14 of the work.
(TATUINI)
Archbishop of Canterbury; died 30 July, 734. A Mercian by birth, he became a monk at Briudun in Worcestershire. The Venerable Bede describes him as "a man illustrious for religion and prudence and excellently instructed in the sacred letters" (Hist. Eccl., V, xxiii). He was elected to succeed Brihtwald as Archbishop of Canterbury, and was consecrated there on 10 June, 731, afterwards receiving the pallium from the pope. (Symeon Dunelm., "Hist. Reg.", II, 30). During his brief episcopate of three years he blessed Nothbald, the new Abbot of St. Augustine's Abbey, who had succeeded Tatwin's friend, Albinus, and he also consecrated bishops for Lindsey and Selsey. After his death miracles were wrought through his intercession, an account of which was written by Goscelin, Certain rhymed œnigmata or riddles (published by Giles in "Anecdota Bedæ", 1851) are ascribed to him, and he is said to have written some poems in Anglo-Saxon which have perished.
VEN. BEDE, Hist. Ecc., V, xxiii-xxiv; WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY, Gesta pontificum in R. S. (London, 1870); CHALLONER, Britannia Sancta (London, 1745); KEMBLE, Codex diplomaticus œvi Saxonici (London, 1839-48); HADDAN AND STUBBS, Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents (Oxford, 1869-78); HOOK, Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury (London, 1860); HARDY, Descriptive Catalogue (London, 1862); STUBBS in Dict. Christian Biog.; HUNT in Dict. Nat. Biog.; EBERT, Ueber die Räthselpoesie der Angelsachsen, insbesondere die Ænigmata des Tatwine u. Eusebius in Ber. Sächs. Ges. Wissensch. (Berlin, 1877); HAHN, Die Räthseldichter Tatwin u. Eusebius in Forsch. deutsch. Gesch. (Berlin, 1887); SEARLE, Anglo-Saxon Bishops, Kings and Nobles (Cambridge, 1899).
EDWIN BURTON.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Teilo

From volume 14 of the work.
(Eliud.)
"Archbishop" of Llandaff, born at Eccluis Gunniau, near Tenby, Pembrokeshire; died at Llandilo Vawr, Carmarthenshire, probably in or before 560, an old man, but Ussher puts his death at 604. Sir John Rhys thinks that his true name was Eliau or Eilliau; in Latin it usually appears as Teliarus, in Breton as Teliau, and in French as Télo. He was cousin to St. David and born of a good family settled at Penally, near Tenby. His father, whose name was probably Usyllt, may possibly be identified with St. Issell, the patron of the parish church of Saundersfoot. His sister Anaumed, or Anauved, married King Budic of Armorica, and became the mother of St. Oudaceus, Teilo's successor. The earliest extant biographies of the saint are late and uncritical. Educated under St. Dyfrig or Dubric (q.v.), at Hentland, Herefordshire, and under St. Paul the Old or Paulinus at Whitland, Carmarthenshire, he subsequently ruled the monastic school at Llandaff, named after him Bangor Deilo. The story of his visit to Palestine with SS. David and Padarn (or Paternus) about 518, and their consecration there as bishops by John III, Patriarch of Jerusalem, is not now generally credited; but it seems that about that date, when St. Dubric withdrew to Bardsey, St. Teilo succeeded him at Llandaff. In 547 the "yellow plague" began to ravage Wales, and shortly afterwards St. Teilo with many of his flock crossed to Armorica, where they were hospitably entertained by his friend St. Sampson, Abbot and Bishop of Dol. After seven years and seven months Teilo returned to Wales, and is said to have been elected to the archiepiscopate vacant by the death of St. David, and to have transferred it from Menevia (q.v.) to Llandaff (q.v.); but the more general modern opinion seems to be that in Wales at that epoch the episcopate was not yet diocesan.
The story of the three bodies of the saint, which were discovered the day after his death, was probably invited to account for the fact that the churches at Llandaff, Llandilo Vawr, and Penally, all claimed to possess his body. Doubtless at his death his relics were widely distributed. Today they are venerated at Landeleau (Finistère), Plogonnac (Finistère), and Saint Télo (Côtes-du-Nord). Five parish churches in Brittany are dedicated to him (Landeleau, Leuhan, Montertelot, Plédéliac, and Saint Télo) as well as a chapel between Plogonnac and Locronan. The modern Catholic church at Tenby bears the names of "Holyrood and St. Teilo". The dedication of twelve churches in the present Anglican Diocese of St. David's, and of six in that of Llandaff, show they owe their origin to this zeal. Borlase argues his connection with six dedications in Cornwall and Devon. It is stated that he was formally canonized, but no date is given. He is not infrequently represented in Breton churches as riding on a stag. His festival is, or was, kept in Wales and at Saint Télo on 9 February; at Dol, was a double, on 29 November; and in other places in Brittany on 25 November.
John B. Wainewright.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Tarsicius

From volume 14 of the work.
Martyr. The only positive information concerning this Roman martyr is found in the poem composed in his honour by Pope Damasus ("Damasi epigrammata", ed. Ihm, 14). In these lines Damasus compares Tarsicius to the protomartyr Stephen: just as the latter was stoned by the people of Judea so Tarsicius, carrying the Blessed Sacrament, was attacked by a heathen rabble, and he suffered death rather "than surrender the Sacred Body [of Christ] to the raging dogs". This tradition so positively asserted by Damasus is undoubtedly historical. Nothing definite is known concerning the personality of this martyr of the Eucharist. He may have been a deacon, as Damasus compares him to Stephen. An addition to the sixth-century legend of the martyrdom of Pope St. Stephen makes Tarsicius, for some unknown reason, an acolyte; this addition, however, is based on the poem of Damasus. It is evident that the death of this martyr occurred in one of the persecutions that took place between the middle of the third century and the beginning of the fourth. He was buried in the Catacomb of St. Callistus, and the inscription by Damasus was placed later on his tomb. In the seventh century his remains rested in the same grave as those of Pope Zephyrinus; according to Willpert they lay in the burial vault above ground (cella trichora) which was situated towards the west over the Catacomb of St. Callistus. The feast of the saint is observed on 15 August.
J.P. KIRSCH
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Tassach

From volume 14 of the work.
Irish saint, born in the first decade of the fifth century; died about 497. He was one of St. Patrick's artificers. When St. Patrick founded the Church of Raholp he placed St. Tassach over it as a couple of miles northeast of Saul, County Down, ultimately merged into the Diocese of Down. Tassach's rule is for ever memorable for the fact that he was selected by the national Apostle to be with him in his last moments and to administer the Holy Viaticum to him. This event is thus chronicled in "The Martyrology of Donegall"; "Tassach of Raholp gave the Body of Christ to Saint Patrick before his death in the monastery of Saul". His feast is on 14 April.
W. H. Grattan-Flood.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Thais

From volume 14 of the work.
(THAISIS or THAISIA).
A penitent in Egypt in the fourth century. In the Greek menology her name occurs on 8 Oct., it is found also in the martyrologies of Maurolychus and Greven, but not in the Roman. Two lives are extant, one, originally in Greek, perhaps in the fifth century, the other in verse, by Marbod, Bishop of Rennes, who died in 1123 ("Acta SS.", IV, Oct., 223; "Bibl. Hag.lat.", II, 1161). The saint is represented burning her treasures and ornaments, or praying in a cell and displaying a scroll with the words: "Thou who didst create me have mercy on me". According to the legend Thais was a public sinner in Egypt who was converted by St. Paphnutius, brought to a convent and enclosed in a cell. After three years of penance she was released and placed among the nuns, but lived only fourteen days more. The name of the hermit is given also as Bessarion and Serapion the Sidonite. Delahaye says (Anal. boll., XXIV, 400), "If the legend is historical the hermit must have been Paphnutius".
BUTLER Lives of the Saints: 8 October; DUNBAR, Dict. of Saintly Women (London, 1904); Anal. boll., XI, 291, 298; NAU, Hist de Thais in Annales du musee Guimet, XXX (1903), 51; Battifol, La Legende de Thais in Bull. De litt. Eccl. (Toulouse, 1908), 207.
FRANCIS MERSHMAN
# Change (And this is what is left of youth!)

And this is what is left of youth!⁠
* "Change" in Landon in The Literary Gazette 1823 (August 1823)
* "Change" in The Improvisatrice; and Other Poems (1824)
# Chang Chan v. Nagle

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
268 U.S. 346
Chang Chan v. Nagle
Argued: May 25, 1925. ---
Messrs. George A. McGowan, of San Francisco, Cal., Frederick D. M. McKenney, of Washington, D. C., and John L. McNab, of San Francisco, Cal., for petitioner Chang Chan.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 347-349 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Assistant Attorney General Donovan, for Commissioner.
Messers. Henry W. Taft, of New York City, and A. Warner Parker, of Washington, D. C., amici curiae.
Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Change (When those eyes have forgotten the smile they wear now)

When those eyes have forgotten the smile they wear now
* Change from the Literary Gazette, 3rd January 1829.
* Change from The Vow of the Peacock and Other Poems, 1835.
# Change thy mind

Published in Robert Dowland's Musical Banquet (1610), set to music by Richard Martin. The poem is dated 1597 by May.
Notes
Change thy mind since she doth change, Let not fancy still abuse thee.
Thy untruth cannot seem strange
When her falsehood doth excuse thee. Love is dead and thou art free; She doth live, but dead to thee.
Whilst she lov'd thee best awhile,
See how she hath still delay'd thee, Using shows for to beguile
Those vain hopes that have deceiv'd thee. Now, thou see'st although too late Love loves truth, which women hate.
Love no more since she is gone; She is gone and loves another. Being once deceiv'd by one,
Leave her love, but love none other. She was false, bid her adieu; She was best, but yet; untrue.
Love, farewell, more dear to me Than my life which thou preservest. Life, all joys are gone from thee, Others have what thou deservest.
O my death doth spring from hence; I must die for her offence.
Die, but yet before thou die,
Make her know what she hath gotten. She in whom my hopes did lie Now is chang'd, I quite forgotten. She is chang'd, but changed base,
Baser in so vile a place.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Janus Lascaris

From volume 9 of the work.
Lascaris, Janus (or John), surnamed Rhyndacenus (from Rhyndacus, a country town in Asia Minor), noted Greek scholar, b. about 1445; d. at Rome in 1535. After the fall of Constantinople he was taken to Peloponnesus and to Crete. When still quite young he came to Venice, where Bessarion became his patron, and sent him to learn Latin at Padua. On the death of Bessarion, Lorenzo de' Medici welcomed him to Florence, where Lascaris gave Greek lectures on Thucydides, Demosthenes, Sophocles, and the Greek anthology. Twice Lorenzo sent him to Greece in quest of manuscripts. When he returned the second time (1492) he brought back about two hundred from Mount Athos. Meanwhile Lorenzo had passed away. Lascaris entered the service of France and was ambassador at Venice from 1503 to 1508, at which time he became a member of the Greek Academy of Aldus Manutius; but if the printer had the benefit of his advice, no Aldine work bears his name. He resided at Rome under Leo X, the first pope of the Medici family, from 1513 to 1518, returned under Clement VII in 1523, and Paul III in 1534. Meanwhile he had assisted Louis XII in forming the library of Blois, and when Francis I had it removed to Fontaine-bleau, Lascaris and Budé had charge of its organization. We owe to him a number of editiones principes among them the Greek anthology (1494), four plays of Euripides, Callimachus (about 1495), Apolloninus Rhodius, Lucian (1496), printed in Florence in Greek capitals with accents, and the scholia of Didymas (1517) and of Porphyrius (1518) on Homer, printed in Rome.
Legrand, Bibliographie hellénique, I (Paris, 1884), cxxxi; III, 411; Omont, Catalogue des manuscrits grecs de Fontainebleau (Paris, 1889); Sandys, A History of Classical Scholarship, II (Cambridge, 1908), 78.
Paul Lejay.