# An Introduction to the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphs/Index

INDEX
Abbreviation in dating, use, 222, 252 Addition, method, 149 Adultery, punishment, 9-10 Aguilar, S. de, on Maya records, 36 Ahholpop (official), duties, 13 Ahkulel (deputy-chief), powers, 13 Ahpuch (god), nature, 17 Alphabet, nonexistence, 27 Amusements, nature, 10 Arabic system of numbers, Maya parallel, 87, 96 Architecture, development, 5 Arithmetic, system, 87-155 Ascending series, texts recording 276-278 Astronomical computations— accuracy, 32 in codices, 31-32, 276-278 Aztec— calendar, 58-59 ikomomatic hieroglyphics, 29 rulership succession, 16
Backward sign— glyph, 137 use, 137, 268 Bakhalal (city), founding, 4 Bar, numerical value, 87-88 Bar and dot numerals— antiquity, 102-103 examples, plates showing, 157, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179 form and nature, 87-95 Batab (chief), powers, 13 Bibliography, xv-xvi Bowditch, C. P.— cited, 2, 45, 65, 117, 134, 203 on dating system, 82-83, 214-215, 272 on hieroglyphics, 30, 33, 71 on Supplementary Series, 152 works, vii-viii Brinton, Dr. D. G.— error by, 82 on hieroglyphics, 3, 23, 27-28, 30, 33 on numerical system, 91
Calendar— harmonization, 44, 215 starting point, 41-43, 60-62, 113-114 subdivisions, 37-86 See also Calendar Round; Chronology; Dating; Long Count. Calendar Round— explanation, 51-59 glyph, 59 Calendar-round dating— examples, 240-245 limitations, 76 Chakanputan (city), founding and destruction 4 Chichen Itza (city)— history, 3, 4, 5, 202-203 Temple of the Initial Series, lintel, interpretation, 199 Chilan Balam— books of, 3 chronology based on, 2 Chronology— basis, 58 correlation, 2 duration, 222 starting point, 60-62, 113-114, 124-125, 147-148 See also Calendar. Cities, southern— occupancy of, diagram showing, 15 rise and fall of, 2-5 Civilization, rise and fall, 1-7 Closing sign of Supplementary Series, glyph, 152-153, 170 Closing signs. See Ending Signs. Clothing, character, 7-8 Cocom family, tyranny, 5-6, 12 Codex Peresianus, tonalamatls named in, 265 Codex Tro-cortesianus, texts, 262-265 Codices— astronomical character, 31-32, 276-278 character in general, 31, 252 colored glyphs used in, 91, 251 dates of, 203 day signs in, 39 errors, 270-271, 274 examples from, interpretation, 251-278 glyphs for twenty (20) used in, 92, 130 historical nature, 32-33, 35-36 Initial-series dating in, 266 examples, 266-273 interpretation, 31-33, 254-278 numeration glyphs used in, 103-104, 129-134 order of reading, 22, 133, 135, 137, 252-253 tonalamatls in, 251-266 zero glyph used in, 94 Coefficients, numerical. See Numerical coefficients. Cogolludo, C. L., on dating system, 34, 84 Colored glyphs, use of, in codices, 91, 251 Commerce, customs, 9 Computation, possibility of errors in, 154-155 Confederation, formation and disruption, 4-5 Copan (city)— Altar Q, error on 246, 248 Altar S, interpretation 231-233 Altar Z, interpretation 242 history 15 Stela A, interpretation 169-170 Stela B, interpretation 167-169 Stela D, interpretation 188-191 Stela J, interpretation 191-192 Stela M, interpretation 175-176 Stela N, error on 248-249 interpretation 114-118, 248-249 Stela P, interpretation 185 Stela 2, interpretation 223 Stela 4, interpretation 224-225 Stela 6, interpretation 170-171 Stela 8, interpretation 229 Stela 9, antiquity 173 interpretation 171-173 Stela 15, interpretation 187-188 Cresson, H. T., cited 27 Customs. See Manners and customs. Cycle— glyphs 68 length 62, 135 number of, in great cycle 107-114 numbering of, in inscriptions 108, 227-233 Cycle 8, dates 194-198, 228-229 Cycle 9— dates 172, 183, 185, 187, 194, 222 prevalence in Maya dating 194 Cycle 10, dates 199-203, 229-233 Cycle, Great— length 135, 162 number of cycles in 107-114 Cycles, Great, Great, and Higher— discussion 114-129 glyphs 118 omitted in dating 126
Dates— abbreviation 222, 252 errors in computing 154-155 errors in originals 245-250, 270-271, 274 interpretation, in Initial Series 157-222, 233-245 in Period Endings 222-245 in Secondary Series 207-222, 233-245 monuments erected to mark 33-35, 249-250 of same name, distinction between 147-151 repetition 147 shown by red glyphs in codices 251 Dates, Initial. See Initial-series dating. Dates, Initial and Secondary, interpretation 207-222 Dates, Initial, Secondary, and Period-ending, interpretation 233-245 Dates, Period-ending. See Period-ending dates. Dates, Prophetic— examples 229-233 use 271-272 Dates, Secondary. See Secondary-series Dating. Dates, Terminal— absence 218 finding 138-154 importance 154-155 position 151-154 Dating— methods 46-47, 63-86 change 4 See also Calendar-round dating; Initial-series; Period-ending; Secondary-series. starting point 60-62, 113-114, 124-125 determination 135-136 Day— first of year 52-53 glyphs 38, 39, 72, 76 coefficients 41-43, 47-48 position 127-128 omission 127-128, 208 identification 41-43, 46-48 names 37-41, 112 numbers 111-112 position in solar year 52-58 round of 42-44 Days, Intercalary, lack of 45 Days, unlucky, dates 45-46 Death, fear of 11, 17 Death God— glyph 17, 257 nature 17 Decimal system, parallel 129 See also Vigesimal system. Destruction of the World, description 32 Divination, codices used for 31 Divorce, practice 9 Dot, numerical value 87-88 Dot and bar numbers. See Bar and dot numbers. Dresden codex— date 271-273 publication iii texts 254-262, 266-278 plates showing 32, 254, 260, 266, 273 Drunkenness, prevalence 10
Ek Ahau (god), nature 17-18 Ending signs— in Period-ending dates 102 in "zero" 101-102 Enumeration— systems 87-134 comparison 133 See also Numerals. Errors in texts— examples 245-250, 270-271, 274 plate showing 248
Feathered Serpent (god), nature 16-17 Fiber-paper books. See Codices. Fish, used in introducing glyph 65-66, 188 Five-tun period. See Hotun. Förstemann, Prof. Ernst— cited 26, 137 investigations iii, 265, 276 methods of solving numerals 134 on hieroglyphics 30 on prophetic dates 272 Full-figure glyphs— nature 67-68, 188-191 plate showing 188 See also Time periods. Funeral customs, description 11-12 Future life, belief as to 19
Glyph block, definition, 156 Glyphs. See Hieroglyphs. Gods, nature, 16-19 Goodman, J. T.— chronologic tables of, 134 cited, 2, 44, 116-117, 123 investigation, iii-iv on introducing glyph, 66 on length of great cycle, 108 on Supplementary Series, 152 Government, nature, 12-16 Great Cycle— length, 135 number of cycles in, 107-114
Haab (solar year)— first day, 52-56 glyph, 47 nature, 44-51 position of days in, 48, 52-58 subdivisions, 45 Habitat of the Maya, 1-2 map, 1 Hair, method of dressing, 7 Halach Uinic (chief), powers, 12-13 Hand, used as ending sign, 101-102 Head-variant numerals— antiquity, 73, 102-103 characteristics, 97-103 derivation, 74 discovery, iii explanation, 24-25, 87, 96-104 forms, 96-104 value, 103 identification, 96-103 parallel to Arabic numerals, 87 plates showing, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179, 180 use of, in time-period glyphs, 67-74, 104 See also Full-figure glyphs. Hewett, Dr. E. L., cited 164, 192 Hieroglyphs— antiquity, iii, 2 proofs, 173, 175 character, iv, 26-30 classification, 26 decipherment, 23-25, 31, 249-250 errors in interpretation, 154-155 errors in original text, 245-250 methods, 134-155 inversion of significance, 211 mat pattern, 191-194 materials inscribed upon, 22 modifications, 23-25 order of reading, 23, 129, 133, 135, 136-138, 156, 170, 268 original errors, 245-250 progress, iv, 250 symmetry, 23-24, 88-91, 128 textbooks, vii See also Numerals. Hieroglyphs, closing, use, 101-102, 152-153, 170 Hieroglyphs, introducing, use in dating, 64-68 History— codices containing, 32-33 dates, 179, 221-222, 228-229, 249-250 decipherment, iv-v, 26, 250 dates only, 249-250 outline, 2-7 recording, methods, 33-36 Hodge, F. W., letter of transmittal, iii-v Holmes, W. H., cited, 196 Hospitality, customs, 10 Hotun period, 166 Hunting, division of spoils, 9
Ideographic writing, argument for 27-28 Ikonomatic writing, nature 28-29 Initial-series dating— bar and dot numbers in, examples, 157-167, 176-180 plates showing, 157, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179 disuse, 84-85, 199 examples, interpretation, 157-222, 233-240 plates showing, 157, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179, 180, 187, 188, 191, 207, 210, 213, 218, 220, 233, 235, 248 explanation, 63-74, 147-148 head-variant numbers, examples, 167-176, 180-188 plates showing, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179, 180 introducing glyph, identification by, 136 irregular forms of, examples, 191-194, 203-207 order of reading, 129, 136-138, 170, 268 position of month signs in, 152-154 reference to Long Count, 147-151 regular forms of, interpretation, 157-191 replacement by u kahlay katunob dating, 84-85 starting point, 108, 109, 113-114, 125-126, 136, 159, 162, 203-207 used in codices, 266 examples, 266-273 plate showing, 266 used on monuments, 85 Inscriptions on monuments— cycles in, numbering, 108-113 date of, contemporaneous, 179, 194, 203, 209-210, 213, 220-222 date of carving, usual, 194 day signs in, 38 errors, 245-250 historical dates, 179 interpretation, 33-35 examples, 156-250 method, 134-155 length of great cycle used in, 107-114 numeration glyphs. See Numerals. See also Monuments; Stelæ. Introducing glyph— lack, 208 nature, 64-68, 125-127, 136, 157-158 Inverted Glyph, meaning, 211 Itzamna (god), nature, 16
Justice, rules of, 9
Katun (time period)— glyph, 68-69 identification in u kahlay katunob, 79-82 length, 62, 135 monument erected to mark end, 250 naming, 80-82 series of, 79-86 use of, in Period-ending dates, 222-225 Kin. See Day. Kukulcan (god), nature, 16-17
Labor, customs, 9 Landa, Bishop Diego de— biography, 7 on Maya alpha, 27 on Maya calendar, 42, 44, 45, 84 on Maya customs, 7, 13-14, 19 on Maya records, 34, 36 Landry, M. D., investigations, 194 Leyden Plate, interpretation, 179, 194-198 Literature, list, xv-xvi See also Bibliography. Long Count— date fixing in, 147-151, 240-245 nature, 60-63 See also Chronology.
Maize God, nature, 18 Maler, Teobert— cited, 162, 166, 170, 176, 177, 178, 207, 210, 224, 226, 227, 231 on Altar 5 at Tikal, 244 Manners and customs, description, 7-21 Marriage Customs, 8-9 Mars-solar period, relation to tonalamatl, 278 Mat pattern of glyphs, 191-194 Maudslay, A. P.— cited 157, 167, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175, 179, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 188, 191, 203, 205, 213, 215, 218, 220, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 235, 240, 242 on zero glyph, 93 Maya, surviving tribes, 1-2 Maya, Southern— cities, 2-4 occupancy of, diagram showing, 15 government, 15-16 rise and fall, 2-4 Mayapan (city)— history, 4-6 mortuary customs, 12 time records, 33-34 Military customs, nature 10-11 Minus sign. See Backward sign. Month. See Uinal. Monuments— age, 249-250 date of erection, 179, 194, 203, 209-210, 213, 220-222 historical dates on, 179 period-marking function, 33-35, 249-250 texts. See Inscriptions. See also Stelæ. Moon, computation of revolutions, 32 Morley, S. G., on Books of Chilan Balam, 3 Mythology, dates, 179, 180, 194, 228
Nacon (official), duties, 13 Nahua, influence on Maya, 5-6 Naranjo (city)— antiquity, 15 Stela 22, interpretation, 162-164 Stela 23, error in, 248 interpretation, 224 Stela 24, interpretation, 166-167 Supplementary Series, absence, 163-164 Normal date, fixing, of 61 Normal forms of time-period glyphs. See Time periods. North Star, deification, 18 Numbers, expression— high, 103-134 thirteen to nineteen, 96, 101, 111-112 Numerals— bar and dot system, 87-95 examples, plates showing, 157, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179 colors, 91, 251 combinations of, for higher numbers, 105-107 forms, 87-104 head-variant forms, 24-25, 87, 96-104 plates showing, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179, 180 one to nineteen, bar and dot forms, 88-90 head-variant forms, 97-101 order of reading, 23, 129, 133, 137-138, 156, 170 ornamental variants, 89-91 parallels to Roman and Arabic systems, 87 solution, 134-155 systems, 87-134 comparison, 133 See also Vigesimal system. transcribing, mode 138 See also Hieroglyphs; Thirteen; Twenty; Zero. Numerical coefficients 127-128
Palenque (city)— history, 15 palace stairway inscription, interpretation, 183-185 Temple of the Cross, tablet, interpretation, 205-207, 227 Temple of the Foliated Cross, tablet, interpretation, 180-181, 223-224, 227 Temple of the Inscriptions, tablet, interpretation, 84, 225-226 Temple of the Sun, tablet, interpretation, 181-182 Period-ending dates— ending glyph, 102 examples, interpretation, 222-240 plates showing, 223, 227, 233, 235 glyphs, 77-79,102 katun used in, 222-225 nature, 222 tun used in, 225-226 Period-marking Stones. See Monuments. Phonetic writing— argument for, 26-30 traces discovered, iv, 26-30 Piedras Negras (city)— altar inscription, interpretation, 227 antiquity, 15 Stela 1, interpretation, 210-213 Stela 3, interpretation, 233-235 Plongeon, F. Le, cited, 27 Ponce, Alonzo, on Maya records, 36 Priesthood, organization, 20-21 Prophesying, codices used for, 31 Prophetic dates— examples, 229-233 use, 271-272
Quen Santo (city)— history, 231 Stela 1, interpretation, 199-201 Stela 2, interpretation, 201-203 Quirigua (city)— Altar M, interpretation, 240-242 five-tun period used at, 165-166 founding of, possible date, 221-222 monuments, 192 Stela A, interpretation, 179-180 Stela C, interpretation, 173-175, 179, 203-204, 226 Supplementary Series, absence, 175 Stela D, interpretation, 239 Stela E, error in, 247-248 interpretation, 235-240 Stela F, interpretation, 218-222, 239-240 plates showing, 218, 220 Stela H, interpretation, 192-194 Stela I, interpretation, 164-166 Stela J, interpretation, 215-218, 239-240 Stela K, interpretation, 213-215 Zoömorph G, interpretation, 186-187, 229-230, 239-240 Zoömorph P, interpretation 157-162
Reading, order of, 23, 129, 133, 135, 138, 156, 170, 268 Religion, nature, 16-21 Renaissance, commencement, 4 Rochefoucauld, F. A. de la, alphabet devised by, 27 Roman system of numbers, parallel, 87 Rosny, Leon de, cited, 27 Rulership— nature, 12-13 succession, 13-14
Scarification, practice, 7 Schellhas, Dr. Paul, investigations, 265 Sculpture, development 2-3 Secondary-series dating— examples, interpretation, 207-222, 233-240 plates showing, 207, 210, 213, 218, 220, 233, 235 explanation, 74-76, 207 irregular forms, 236 order of reading, 129, 137-138, 208 reference to Initial Series, 209-211, 217-218 starting point, 76, 135-136, 208-210, 218, 240-245 determination, 240-245 Seibal (city)— antiquity, 15 Stela 11, interpretation, 230-231 Seler, Dr. Eduard— cited, 2, 43, 199 on Aztec calendar, 58 on hieroglyphics, 30 Serpent numbers— interpretation, 273-275 nature, 273 range, 32, 273 Slaves, barter in, 9 Southern Maya. See Maya, southern. Spanish conquest, influence, 6-7 Spectacle glyph, function, 94 Spinden, Dr. H. J.— cited, 187 works, 4 Stelæ— character, 22 dates, 33, 83-84 inscriptions on, 22, 33-35 See also Monuments, and names of cities. Stones, inscriptions on 22 Superfix, effect 120-122 Supplementary Series— closing-sign, 152-153, 170 explanation, 152, 161 lack of, examples, 163-164, 175 position, 152, 238 Symmetry in glyphs, modifications due to, 23-24, 88-91, 128
Terminal dates— determination, 138-151 importance as check on calculations, 154-155 position, 151-154 Textbooks, need for, vii Thirteen— glyphs, 96, 205 numbers above, expression, 96, 101, 111-112 Thomas, Dr. Cyrus— cited, 31 on Maya alphabet, 27 Thompson, E. H., investigations 11 Tikal (city)— Altar 5, interpretation, 242-245 antiquity, 127 history, 15 Stela 3, importance, 179 interpretation, 178-179 Stela 5, interpretation, 226 Stela 10, interpretation, 114-127 Stela 16, association with Altar 5, 244 interpretation, 224, 244 Time— counting backward, 146-147 counting forward, 138-146 glyphs for, only ones deciphered, 26, 31 lapse of, determination, 134-155 expression, 63-64, 105-107 indicated by black glyphs, 251 marked by monuments, 33-35, 249-250 method of describing, 46-48 recording, 33-36 use of numbers, 134 starting point, 60-62, 113-114, 124-125 See also Chronology. Time-marking stones. See Monuments. Time periods— full-figure glyphs, 67-68, 188-191 plate showing, 188 head-variant glyphs, 67-74 plates showing, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179, 180 length, 62 normal glyphs, 67-74 plate showing, 157 omission of, 128 reduction to days, 134-135 See also Cycle; Great Cycle; Haab; Katun; Tonalamatl; Tun; Uinal. Tonalamatl (time period)— graphic representation, 93 interpretation, 254-266 nature, 41-44, 265 relation to zero sign, 93-94 starting point, 252-253 subdivisions, 44 texts recording, 251-266 essential parts of, 265 use of glyph for "20" with, 92, 130, 254, 260, 263 used in codices, 251-266 plates showing, 254, 260, 262, 263 used in divination, 251 wheel of days, 43 See also Year, sacred. Translation of glyphs— errors, 154-155 methods, 134-155 progress, 250 Tun (time period)— glyph, 70 length, 62, 135 use of, in Period-ending dates, 225-226 Tuxtla Statuette, interpretation, 179, 194-196 Twenty— glyphs, 91-92, 130 need for, in codices, 92, 130 needlessness of, in inscriptions, 92 use of in, 254, 260, 263
Uinal— days, 42 first day, 53 glyph, 94 glyph, 70-71 length, 45, 62, 135 list, 45 names and glyphs for, 48-51 U Kahlay Katunob dating— accuracy, 82 antiquity, 82-85 explanation, 79-86 katun sequence, 80-82 order of reading, 137 replacement of Initial-series dating by, 84-86 Uxmal (city), founding, 4
Venus-Solar period— divisions, 31-32 relation to tonalamatl, 32, 277-278 Vigesimal numeration— discovery, iii explanation, 62-63, 105-134 possible origin, 41 used in codices, 266-273 Villagutiere, S. J., on Maya records, 36
War God, nature, 17 Weapons, character, 10-11 World, destruction, prophecy, 32 World Epoch, glyph, 125-127 Worship, practices, 19-20 Writing. See Hieroglyphics; Numerals; Reading.
Xaman Ek (god), nature 18
Yaxchilan (city)— lintel, error in, 245-246 Lintel 21, interpretation, 207-210 Stela 11, interpretation, 176-177 Structure 44, interpretation, 177-178 Year, Sacred, use in divination, 251 See also Tonalamatl. Year, Solar. See Haab. Yucatan— colonization, 3-4 Spanish conquest, 6-7 water supply, 1 Yum Kaax (god), nature. 18
Zero— glyphs, 92-95, 101-102 origin, 93-94 variants, 93