OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Paget, John (d.1640)

Contains subarticle Thomas Paget (d. 1660).
​PAGET, JOHN (d. 1640), nonconformist divine, is believed to have been descended from the Pagets of Rothley, Leicestershire. This is the more likely inasmuch as Robert Paget, minister at Dort, 1638-85, who edited one of John Paget's works, and was evidently a kinsman, described himself as a Leicestershire man (Album Studiosorum Lvgd. Acad.) He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, proceeding B.A. in 1594, and M.A. in 1598. In the latter year, after having held some other benefices, he was appointed rector of Nantwich. Ejected for nonconformity, he went in 1604 to Holland. There for two years he was chaplain to an English regiment, but in 1607 the presbytery of Amsterdam appointed him minister of the newly founded English presbyterian church in that town, at a stipend of 150 florins. He remained in that post till 1637, when he resigned on account of age. He enjoyed the friendship of James I's daughter Elizabeth (1596-1662) [q. v.] He engaged in controversies on infant baptism and church government with Henry Ainsworth, John Davenport, and William Best. Davenport denounced him as an 'unjust doer,' tyrannical in government and corrupt in doctrine ; but he was held in honour by the Amsterdam authorities, and found amusement in the dissensions of his adversaries. He died, probably in the vicinity of Amsterdam, three years after his resignation.
His works comprise: 1. 'A Primary of the Christian Religion' (rare), London, 1601. 2. 'An Arrow against the Separation of the Brownists,' Amsterdam, 1618. 3. 'Meditations of Death' (dedicated by his widow to the princess palatine), Dort, 1639. 4. 'A Defence of Church Government,' 1641. 5. 'A Censure upon a Dialogue of the Anabaptists,' 1642.
Thomas Paget (d. 1660), his brother, sizar of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1605, B.A. 1608, and M.A. 1612, succeeded him at Amsterdam, but returned to England about 1639. He was incumbent of Blackley, near Manchester, till 1646, rector of St. Chad's, Shrewsbury, till 1656, and rector of Stockport till his death in 1660. He was father of Nathan Paget [q. v.]
J. G. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Paget, William (1572-1629)

​PAGET, WILLIAM, fourth Lord Paget (1572–1629), born in 1572, was son of Thomas, third baron Paget [q. v.], by Nazaret, daughter of Sir John Newton of Barr's Court, Somerset, and widow of Sir Thomas Southwell of Norfolk. He was a staunch protestant. In 1587 he matriculated at Oxford as a member of Christ Church, and graduated B.A. on 25 Feb. 1589–90 (Foster, Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714, iii. 1107). He was with Essex at the taking of Cadiz in 1596, being then a knight, and on 22 July 1597 a portion of the lands forfeited by his father's attainder in 1586 was granted to him in fee farm (Lysons, Middlesex Parishes, p. 34; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1595–7, p. 468). In 1598 he was in attendance on Sir Robert Cecil when ambassador at Paris, and afterwards travelled into Italy (ib. 1598–1601, p. 43). James I restored him to his lands and honours (ib. 1603–10, p. 32), and from 1605 to 1628 he was summoned to parliament as Baron Paget. In May 1628, during the debate in the lords on Weston's clause in the petition of right which had been rejected by the commons, Buckingham proposed by way of concession to change the words ‘sovereign power’ into ‘prerogative,’ an amendment which puzzled the house. Paget, in a speech of some length, suggested that the judges should be asked their opinion (Gardiner, Hist. of England, vi. 281). He died at his house in Westminster on 29 Aug. 1629, and was buried in the church of West Drayton, Middlesex (will registered in P.C.C. 110, Barrington). A curious account of the dissection of his body is in Rawlinson MS. C. 402, art. 12 (Cat. Codd. MSS. Bibl. Bodl., Rawl. MS., pars V. fasc. ii. p. 853). In 1602 he married Lettice, daughter and coheiress of Henry Knollys of Kingsbury, Warwickshire (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1601–3, p. 248), by whom he had three sons: William, fifth baron Paget, who is separately noticed, and Henry and Thomas, who both died unmarried. Of four daughters, Anne, the youngest, married, first, Sir Simon Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire; and, secondly, Sir William Waller, general of the parliament's forces. In 1643 Lady Paget was assessed at 500l., but, as she had previously lent the parliament 200l., she was discharged of her assessment on 25 July (Cal. of Committee for Advance of Money, p. 193; Commons' Journals, iii. 181).
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pagula, William

​PAGULA, WILLIAM (d. 1350?), theologian, whose name is also given as Pagham, Paghaner, and Paghanerus, had a great reputation among his contemporaries for piety and erudition. After having obtained his degrees in canon and civil law and in theology, he became vicar of the church of Winkfield, near Windsor (1330), where he devoted his time to study and writing. He wrote:
* ‘Summa summarum de jure canonico pariter ac divino,’ lib. v.
* ‘Oculum sacerdotis dextrum,’ lib. i.
* ‘Oculum sacerdotis sinistrum,’ called also ‘De ignorantia sacerdotum’ (cf. MS. in Balliol College, Oxford, Codex 80, with an addition entitled ‘Cilium oculi sacerdotis,’ which treats of confession, absolution, and the sacrifice of the mass).
* ‘Speculum Religiosorum,’ lib. i., dedicated to Edward III.
Manuscript copies of his writings are to be found in the college libraries at Cambridge and Oxford, at Lambeth, and in other cathedral libraries, but none of them seem to have been printed. He died about 1350, and was buried in his church.
Walter Harris, in his edition of Ware's ‘Works’ (i. 146), confuses Pagula with William de Paul [q. v.], bishop of Meath. Alegre, in his ‘History of the Carmelites,’ carefully distinguishes between the two. Oudin seeks to identify Pagula with Walter Parker (Gualterus Parchero), to whom Pits ascribes the same works as to Pagula, but to whom he gives a separate notice in his appendix, No. 10. Pits states that he has been unable to ascertain the time in which Parker lived.
[Pits, De Illustr. Angliæ Scriptt. p. 476; Fabricius, Bibl. Latin., v. 181; Oudin, De Scriptt. Eccles. iii. 867; Ware, De Scriptt. Hib. ed. Walter Harris; Paradisus Carmelitici Decoris a Alegre de Casanate, Lyons, 1639; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib. p. 578; Notes and Queries, 8th ser. viii. 203.]
J. G. F.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wray, John

​WRAY, Sir JOHN (1586–1655), parliamentarian. eldest surviving son of Sir William Wray [see under Wray, Sir Christopher] of Glentworth, by his first wife, Lucy, eldest daughter of Sir Edward Montagu of Boughton, was born in 1586, and spent the last three years of his minority in foreign travel. He was knighted at Whitehall on 7 June 1612, and succeeded to the baronetcy on 13 Aug. 1617. He represented the county of Lincoln in the first, third, and fourth parliaments of Charles I and the Long parliament. While serving the office of high sheriff of Lincolnshire he was placed (15 Feb. 1626-7) on the commission for raising the forced loan in that county. He declined to act under the commission, to contribute to the loan, or to give security for his appearance before the council, and suffered in consequence a term of imprisonment in the Gatehouse [see Darnell, Sir Thomas]. He also made default in payment of shipmoney (March 1635-6). He made a certain figure as a zealous presbyterian in the Short parliament (Harl. MS. 7162, f, 99; Addit. MS. 6411, f. 33) and in the earlier debates of the Long parliament (see the list of his printed speeches, infra). He moved the 'protestation' (3 May 1641), subscribed 600l. to the war fund (9 April 1642), and took the covenant (22. Sept. 1613). He was a man of weight in the 'eastern association' (see Cromwell's Speeches and Letters, ed. Carlyle, App. No. 5), and in the propositions submitted to the king in July 1646 was nominated one of the conservators of the peace with Scotland. On their rejection he retired from political life. He died in December 1655.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Yorke, Charles Philip (1799-1873)

​YORKE, CHARLES PHILIP, fourth Earl of Hardwicke (1799–1873), admiral, eldest son, by his first wife, of Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke [q. v.], was born at Sydney Lodge, Southampton, on 2 April 1799. After three years at Harrow, he entered the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth in February 1813, and, having passed with credit through the course, was in May 1815 appointed as a midshipman to the Prince flagship at Spithead. From her he was shortly moved to the Leviathan, and thence to the Queen Charlotte, in which he was present at the bombardment of Algiers [see Pellew, Edward, Viscount Exmouth]. He was then sent to the Leander, flagship of Sir David Milne [q. v.], on the North American station, and on 14 Aug. 1819 was promoted to be lieutenant of the Phaëton. On 18 May 1822 he was made commander, and in August 1823 was appointed to the Alacrity, which he took out to the Mediterranean, where he was actively engaged in the suppression of piracy. On 6 June 1825 he was ​promoted to the rank of captain, and from 1828 to 1831 commanded the Alligator in the Mediterranean, for the most part in Greek waters. He was M.P. for Reigate 1831–2, and for Cambridgeshire 1832–4. On the death of his uncle, Philip Yorke, third earl of Hardwicke [q. v.], on 18 Nov. 1834, without male issue, Yorke succeeded to the title. In the Peel administration of 1841 he was one of the lords in waiting, and was appointed in 1842 to attend on the king of Prussia during his visit to England. In 1844–5 he commanded the Black Eagle yacht, and carried back to the continent the emperor of Russia, who presented him with a valuable diamond snuff-box. He had no further service in the navy, and on 12 Jan. 1854 was put on the retired list with the rank of rear-admiral, rising by seniority to be vice-admiral on 24 Nov. 1858, and admiral on 3 Dec. 1863. In Lord Derby's ministry of 1852 he was postmaster-general, with a seat in the cabinet, but had no later office except that of lord lieutenant of Cambridgeshire, which he held continuously from his accession to the peerage till his death at Sydney Lodge on 17 Sept. 1873. He was buried at Wimpole on 24 Sept. In October 1833 he married Susan (1810–1886), sixth daughter of Thomas Henry Liddell, first lord Ravensworth, and left, with other issue, Charles Philip (1836–1897), father of Albert Edward Yorke, sixth and present earl of Hardwicke.
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Yorke, Philip James

​YORKE, PHILIP JAMES (1799–1874), chemist, mineralogist, and meteorologist, born on 13 Oct. 1799, was eldest son of Philip Yorke, prebendary of Ely (b. 24 Feb. 1770, d. 27 July 1835), and his wife, Anna Maria, daughter of Charles Cocks, first baron Somers. He was great-grandson on his father's side of the first Earl of Hardwicke. At about the age of nine he went to the school of Dr. Pearson at East Sheen, and thence to Harrow in 1810. He left Harrow at the age of sixteen, obtained a commission in the Scots fusilier guards, and remained in that regiment till about 1852, attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel. During the Crimean war he was appointed colonel of the Herefordshire militia, a post which he held for three years. Yorke's first scientific paper (dated from 12 Duke Street, Grosvenor Square) contained a very careful investigation of the action of lead on water (Philosophical Magazine, 1834 [3] v. 81). He showed, among other things, that after long contact with metallic lead water dissolves one twelve-thousandth part of its own weight of a hydrated oxide of lead formed by the action of the water and the oxygen dissolved therein. In 1841 he became one of the original members of the Chemical Society, of which he was vice-president in 1852 and president from 30 March 1853 to 30 March 1855. In 1849 Yorke was elected F.R.S. He also took an active part in the Royal Institution, of which he was often a manager. Yorke died on 14 Dec. 1874. He married, on 27 April 1843, Emily, youngest daughter of William Morgan Clifford of Perrystone, Herefordshire; she died on 16 Sept. 1869.
The Royal Society's catalogue contains a list of thirteen papers by Yorke which show him to have been an accomplished chemist and mineralogist. A paper printed in abstract in the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society,’ 1842 (iv. 386), shows that he made a laborious comparison between the barometrical observations taken at his house near Ross, Herefordshire, and those taken at the Royal Society's rooms. In 1853 Yorke published a translation of Baron F. C. F. von Mueffling's ‘Passages from my Life.’
The Jubilee album presented to the Chemical Society by Mr. Robert Warington contains a portrait and autograph of Yorke.
[Yorke's own papers; Obituary, Chem. Soc. Journ. 1875, p. 1319; Jubilee of the Chemical Society, 1891, pp. 25, 180, 181, 184; Royal Soc. Cat.; Welch's Harrow School Register; Burke's Peerage.]
P. J. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Yorke, James

​YORKE, JAMES (fl. 1640), heraldic writer, appears to have been a blacksmith in the city of Lincoln, and was, says Fuller, ‘an excellent workman in his profession, insomuch that if Pegasus himself would wear shoes, this man alone is fit to make them.’ He is a servant, continues Fuller, ‘as well of Apollo as of Vulcan, turning his stiddy [stithy] into a studdy. And although there be some mistakes [in his Baronage], no hand so steady as always to hit the nail on the head, yet is it of singular use and industriously performed.’ His compilation appeared in folio (London, 1640) under the title ‘The Union of Honour. Containing the Armes, Matches, And Issues of the Kings, Dukes, Marquesses, and Earles of England from the Conquest until … 1640, with the Armes of the English Viscounts and Barons now being, and of the Gentry of Lincolnshire,’ with an engraved title-page inscribed to Charles I ‘by the lowest of his subjects,’ and dedicated to Henry Frederick, the son of Thomas Howard, second earl of Arundel. The heraldry and genealogy is based for the most part upon Milles, Guillim, Brooke, and Vincent, but the work has the great advantage of being arranged in alphabetical order of titles. From 1622 to 1640 Yorke claims the ‘creations and continuance of families’ as his own work. The historical details and the list of battles appended he derived from Speed and Stow. Prefixed to the volume are dedicatory verses by Richard Brathwaite [q. v.], Or. Elyot, Jo. Prujean, Sir George Buc [q. v.], T. Langford, Edward Bullingham, Percy Enderby, and Thomas Heywood, the actor. The ‘Union of Honour’ retains some interest as a link between Vincent and Dugdale. A portrait of the learned blacksmith, attributed to T. Rawlins, adorns the engraved title.
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Yorke, Philip (1757-1834)

​YORKE, PHILIP, third Earl of Hardwicke (1757–1834), eldest son of Lord-chancellor Yorke [see Yorke, Charles], by his first wife, Catherine, daughter of Dr. Freman, was born on 31 May 1757. He was educated at Queens' College, Cambridge, where he received the degree of M.A. in 1776, and that of LL.D. in 1811. He was also in 1806 elected high steward of the university. He represented Cambridgeshire in parliament from his return on 14 Sept. 1780 until his accession to the peerage as third earl of Hardwicke on the death, 16 May 1790, of his uncle, the second earl [see Yorke, Philip, second Earl of Hardwicke]. In politics he at first followed Fox, but rallied to the government in 1794, and was lord-lieutenant of Ireland under both Addington (March 1801–May 1804) and Pitt, whose ​death dissolved his administration before Hardwicke's successor-designate, Lord Powis, had been sworn in [see Clive, Edward, Earl of Powis]. On the formation of the administration of ‘All the Talents’ he was replaced by the sixth Duke of Bedford (February 1806). During his six years' vice-royalty he did much to allay the irritation caused by the union, and became himself a convert to catholic emancipation, to which cause he steadfastly adhered until its triumph in 1829. To the parliamentary Reform Bill of 1831 he gave a qualified support. He died on 18 Nov. 1834, and was buried in the family vault at Wimpole. Hardwicke was K.G. (elected on 25 Nov. 1803, installed by proxy, having received the insignia at Dublin, on 23 April 1805). He was also F.R.S. and F.S.A., a trustee of the British Museum, and from 1790 lord-lieutenant of Cambridgeshire. A few of Hardwicke's letters are printed in Lord Colchester's ‘Diary’ (1861). Others remain in manuscript (see Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. App. pp. 344 et seq. and Addit. MSS. 33109–11 and 33114).
Hardwicke married, on 24 July 1782, Elizabeth, third daughter of James Lindsay, fifth earl of Balcarres, by whom he left only female issue. The title accordingly devolved upon his nephew, Charles Philip Yorke, who is separately noticed.
[Harris's Life of Lord-chancellor Hardwicke; Grad. Cant.; Collins's Peerage, ed. Brydges, iv. 497; G. E. C[okayne]'s Complete Peerage; Official Return of Members of Parliament; Parl. Hist. vols. xxiv–xxxi.; Hansard's Parl. Debates, vol. vii. et seq., new ser. xx. 1529, 3rd ser. iii. 326; Political Memoranda of Francis, fifth Duke of Leeds (Camden Soc.); Fox's Memorials and Correspondence, ed. Russell; Private Papers of William Wilberforce, ed. Wilberforce, p. 112; Stanhope's Life of William Pitt; Pellew's Life of Sidmouth, i. 351, 481; Buckingham's Court and Cabinets of George III, iii. 144, 354, iv. 19; Grey's Life and Opinions of Earl Grey, p. 101; Cornwallis's Correspondence, ed. Ross; Kirkpatrick Sharpe's Correspondence, ed. Allardyce, ii. 77; Gent. Mag. 1835, i. 205; Haydn's Book of Dignities, ed. Ockerby.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/choiⁿ
### choiⁿ

* 千choiⁿ980241
* A thousand.

#### câp peh kìe-cò̤ cêk choiⁿ;

    ten hundreds are called one thousand.

#### choiⁿ suaⁿ bw̄n cúi;

    over innumerable mountains and seas; very far off.

#### khèng cok choiⁿ chiu;

    congratulate the empress on her birthday.

#### choiⁿ lí bé;

    a swift courier.

#### choiⁿ kim bói chù, bw̄n kim bói lîn;

    thousands of dollars may buy a house, but millions of dollars will not secure good neighbours.

#### choiⁿ-bw̄n m̄ hó̤ khṳ̀;

    beyond all doubt, it is inexpedient to go.
* 筅chóiⁿ8011186
* A small broom; to scrub with a broom.

#### tek-chóiⁿ;

    a bamboo broom.

#### siu-chóiⁿ;

    a stiff broom.

#### chóiⁿ cheng-khih;

    scrub it clean with a broom.

#### koi-mô̤ⁿ chóiⁿ;

    a feather brush.

#### cang chóiⁿ;

    a coir broom.

#### hĭⁿ chóiⁿ;

    an ear brush.

#### chóiⁿ pn̄g-lōi;

    scour the skimmer.

#### chóiⁿ thûn;

    the annual house-cleaning.
* 抓chóiⁿ32644
* To scratch for food.

#### kio koi pêⁿ-īeⁿ, m̄ chóiⁿ cū bô̤ cîah;

    is like the fowls, that must either scratch or go without food.

#### koi tó̤ chóiⁿ thô-ĕ;

    the hen is scratching the ground for food.
* 慫chòiⁿ10236111
* To inspirit; to incite; to urge on; to stir up; to arouse.

#### sĭ i chòiⁿ i khṳ̀ cò̤;

    it was he who put him up to do it.

#### úa pńg-pńg m̄ lâi, sĭ khṳt i chòiⁿ kàu thíam cìaⁿ lâi;

    I should not have come of myself, but I was pestered so constantly by him that I came.

#### lṳ́ hó̤ chòiⁿ i nā kò̤;

    you should urge him to stay there.
* 蠶chôiⁿ94714218
* Silk-worms.

#### chôiⁿ keⁿ si;

    silk-worms spin silk.

#### chôiⁿ si;

    the silk spun by silk-worms.

#### chôiⁿ-kóiⁿ;

    cocoons.

#### chôiⁿ tāu;

    the chrysalis.

#### chôiⁿ îah;

    the moth.

#### chôiⁿ n̆ng;

    the eggs.

#### cí khí chôiⁿ ío tōa tîo;

    this sort of silk-worm is large.

#### chôiⁿ cîah sng-sûi hîeh;

    silk-worms feed on mulberry leaves.

#### chī chôiⁿ;

    to keep silk-worms.

#### jû chôiⁿ cîah hîeh;

    like the consumption of mulberry leaves by silk-worms.

#### ŏ̤ chôiⁿ bâi;

    beetling eyebrows.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/chok
### chok

* 觸chok9914813
* To excite; to stir up; to offend.

#### chok tîeh i kâi nō̤;

    excited his wrath.

#### chok tîeh i seⁿ khì;

    made him angry.

#### chok mâk kiaⁿ sim;

    arouse the attention in such a way as to excite fear.

#### chok-khí i kâi sĭeⁿ-thâu;

    arouse his attention.

#### chok-kéng seⁿ-chêng;

    to irritate.

#### chok hŭam;

    to sin willfully.

#### chok tîeh cĭu khì;

    if you touch upon that he becomes angry.
* 戮chok846214
* A stamp; a die; a seal.

#### khap chok;

    affix a stamp.

#### kip cêk kâi chok pun i;

    gave him something to use as a stamp.

#### tŏ̤ kuaⁿ kò̤ nía kâi chok;

    received a stamp at the magistrate's office.

#### tîaⁿ ā-sĭ bô̤ khap chok, kuaⁿ m̄ khéng siu;

    the magistrate will not receive a paper which has no stamp upon it
* 捉chok82647
* To gripe; to seize.

#### chok lîah;

    to gripe firmly.

#### ûah chok;

    caught alive.
* 促chok101597
* To constrain; to urge.

#### kek chok;

    to press urgently.

#### pek chok;

    to hurry.

#### kek-kek chok-chok;

    much straightened.

#### kek-kek chok-chok to cò̤ bô̤ hó̤ mûeh;

    a fine piece of work cannot be done in haste.

#### sî-hāu khah pek-chok;

    the time is too short.

#### màiⁿ khah tó̤-chok cĭu hó̤;

    if not too hurried, it may be done.
* 蹙chok101415711
* To contract the brows.

#### sang bâi cò̤-nî chok-chok?

    Why do you frown so?

#### hẃn-ló̤ kàu sang bâi chok cò̤ cêk ē;

    so sad that his eyebrows were drawn together.

#### bâi-thâu cē chok, sim lăi cĭu phah tīaⁿ cú-ì;

    with one contraction of the eyebrows, his mind is fully made up.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Philips, Peregrine

​PHILIPS, PEREGRINE (1623–1691), nonconformist preacher, was born at Amroth, Pembrokeshire, of which parish his father was vicar, in 1623. He was educated first at the grammar school, Haverfordwest, afterwards by Sir Edward Harley's private chaplain at Brampton-Bryan, Herefordshire, and then by Dr. William Thomas (afterwards bishop of St. David's). He proceeded to Oxford, but the outbreak of the civil war soon put an end to his studies. He now took orders, acted for some time as curate to his uncle, Dr. Collins, at Kidwelly, Carmarthenshire, and then received the rectory of Llangwm and Freystrop in his native county. His talents as a preacher in Welsh and English soon attracted the notice of the puritan ​gentlemen of the district, who procured for him the livings of Monkton, St. Mary's, Pembroke, and Cosheston. He preached regularly every Sunday in his churches, and in 1648, at Cromwell's request, discoursed to the officers engaged in the siege of Pembroke. Throughout the Commonwealth period he held an influential position, being a member of the county committee which dealt with ‘scandalous’ ministers. He refused to conform in 1662, accordingly lost his livings, and settled at Dredgman Hill, a farm near Haverfordwest, let to him by his friend Sir Herbert Perrot of Harroldston, where he spent the rest of his life as a nonconformist preacher. During the reign of Charles II he was subject to much persecution, suffering imprisonment twice; nevertheless he continued to preach at every opportunity, and his house was recorded as a congregationalist preaching station under the first Declaration of Indulgence (1672). The church he had formed in 1668 is mentioned in the list drawn up by Henry Maurice of Abergavenny in 1675. On the issue of the second Declaration of Indulgence (1687) Philips again took out a license for his own house and another in Haverfordwest, and preached in these until his death on 17 Sept. 1691. Though fearless and indefatigable in his work, he was reckoned a moderate man, and ‘took no small pleasure,’ says Calamy, ‘in reconciling differences.’
J. E. L.