OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Giovanni Villani

From volume 15 of the work.
Florentine historian, b. about 1276; d. of the plague in 1348. Descended from a wealthy family of merchants, he devoted the whole of his life to commerce, being a member of the Peruzzi company and afterwards of the Bonaccorsi. Business took him to Flanders, on three occasions; like a good Florentine he took part in politics, was priore several times, and served as an official of the zecca, or mint, where he introduced some wise changes. He was thrice entrusted with the maintenance of the fortifications. In 1341 he was one of the hostages given by the Florentines to Ferrara in pledge for the money to be paid for the purchase of Lucca. The failure of the Peruzzi bank, in 1346, occasioned by the insolvency of the Kings of England and of Sicily, caused Villani's imprisonment. At Rome in 1300 Villani conceived the idea of writing the history, or chronicle, of Florence, which he divided into twelve books. He begins with the Tower of Babel, passes rapidly over the history of Rome and Italy, to the year 1080, but treats the history of Tuscany more minutely. For the periods of which he has no direct knowledge he follows his authorities without much discernment. But from the middle of the thirteenth century his chronicle becomes an excellent historical source; even in its style one perceives that the author now feels on firm ground. Errors are not entirely absent even here; but his own experience of the world, the facilities which the commercial relations of Florence afforded him for obtaining trustworthy information of foreign events, the close connection of Florentine politics with the politics of all Italy, the Empire, and France, his own share in the government of the city, were circumstances highly favourable to the work of the historian. Unlike most medieval historians, Villani is interested in the economic life both of the State and of private individuals. He records statistical data, informs us of the cost of provisions, and gives details of the finances of the State. Thus he may be considered the most modern of the medieval historians. Although a Guelph and a Black, he does not disguise his disapproval of wrong done by his own party. He is devoted to the Church, including the temporal government of the pope; yet he has biter things to say of Boniface VIII, the supporter of the Blacks. His greatest defect is in his method of exposition, which fails to co-ordinate the various facts from one point of view-a defect, however, pardonable in a man occupied in commerce. His chronicle was brought down to the year 1363 by his younger brother Matteo, and to 1410 by Filippo, Matteo's son. The best edition of the "Chronica" is that of Magheri (Florence, 1823), preceded by biographical notices.
MILANESI, Doc. riguardanti Gio. Villani in Archivio stor. ital. (1856), I sqq.; VOLPE, Il trecento in Storia letteraria d'Italia (Milan, s.d.), 377-82; fuller biographical matter, ibid., 445.
U. BENIGNI
# Carpenter v. Shaw

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
280 U.S. 363
Carpenter v. Shaw
Argued: and Submitted Dec. 5, 1929. --- Decided: Jan 6, 1930
Messrs. Stephen A. George and J. B. Moore, both of Ardmore, Okl., for petitioners.
Messrs. J. Berry King, of Oklahoma City, Okl., and V. P. Crowe, of Enid, Okl., for respondent.
[Argument of Counsel from page 364 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Carpenter v. Rannels

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United States Supreme Court
86 U.S. 138
Carpenter v. Rannels
ERROR to the Supreme Court of the State of Missouri.
Carpenter brought ejectment against Rannels in one of the Circuit Courts of Missouri to recover possession of two hundred arpents or acres of land in the county of St. Louis, located under a New Madrid certificate of relocation, No. 511, which was issued under an act of Congress of February 17th, 1815, and acts supplementary thereto, in lieu of lands in New Madrid County, which had been injured by earthquakes, and upon which certificate a patent issued, dated March 30th, 1833, to 'John Butler or his legal representatives.'
The plaintiff claimed, under the confirmation and patent, directly through the heirs of this John Butler.
The defendant claimed also through the confirmation and patent to Butler, but asserted that the same had in law passed the equitable title to one James Bankston, hereinafter mentioned, and whom he asserted to be the 'legal representative' of the said Butler, and he gave evidence tending to show derivative title under Bankston.
The cause was submitted to the court without the intervention of a jury. The court found and gave judgment for the defendant, and that judgment being affirmed in the Supreme Court of the State, the plaintiff brought the case here for review.
Mr. B. A. Hill, for the plaintiff in error; Messrs. Glover and Shepley, contra.
Mr. Justice SWAYNE stated the case, and delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

* ↑ 3 Stat. at Large, 211.
* ↑ 45 Missouri, 584.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Carpenter v. Wabash Railway Company

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United States Supreme Court
309 U.S. 23
Carpenter v. Wabash Railway Company
Argued: Jan. 9, 1940. --- Decided: jan 29, 1940
See 309 U.S. 695, 60 S.Ct. 585, 84 L.Ed. --.
Messrs. Hyman G. Stein and Mark D. Eagleton, both of St. Louis, Mo., for petitioner.
Mr. Arthur A. Gammell, of New York City, for respondents.
Mr. Chief Justice HUGHES delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Ireland

This page was last updated on 1 January 2003
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# CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Jarvis Island

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# CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Johnston Atoll

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# CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Indonesia

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# CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Iran

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# CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Israel

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# CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Italy

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# CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Iraq

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# CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Jan Mayen

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# CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Japan

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# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Dhabba

​Dhabba (split bamboo). — Dhabba or Dhabbai is the name of a sub-division of Koravas, who split bamboos, and make various articles therefrom.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Dhanapāla

​Dhanapāla. — A sub-division of Gollas, who guard treasure while it is in transit,
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Dhangar

​Dhangar.— Dhangar, or Donigar, is recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a Marāthi caste of shepherds and cattle-breeders. I gather, from a note *on the Dhangars of the Kanara district in the Bombay Presidency, that "the word Dhangar is generally derived from the Sanskrit dhenu, a cow. Their home speech is Marāthi, but they can speak Kanarese. They keep a special breed of cows and buffaloes, known as Dhangar mhasis and Dhangar gāis which are the largest cattle in Kanara. Many of Shivāji's infantry were Sātāra Dhangars."
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Dhaniāla

​Dhaniāla (coriander). — An exogamous sept of Kamma. Dhaniāla Jāti, or coriander caste, is an opprobrious name applied to Kōmatis, indicating that, in business transactions, they must be crushed as coriander fruits are crushed before the seed is sown.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Dhakūr

​Dhakūr. — Stated, in the Manual of the Vizagapatam district, to be illegitimate children of Brāhmans, who wear the paieta (sacred thread).
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Darabala

​Darabala. — Taken, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a sub-caste of Māla. It Is a common house-name among many Telugu castes.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Darzi

​Darzi. — Darzi or Darjī is a Muhammadan occupational term, meaning tailor. "The east," it has been said,* " now sews by machinery. The name of Singer is known from the Mediterranean to the Pacific. In every bazaar in India one may see men — they are always men, not women — in turban or Mussalman cap, crouching over the needle-plate, and working the pedals." The value of the imports of sewing-machines rose, in British India, from Rs. 5,91,046 in 1901-02 to Rs. 10,06,625 in 1904-05.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Dayyalakulam

​Dayyalakulam (devil's family).—Recorded, at times of census, as a sub-caste of Gollas, who are wrestlers and acrobats.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Dedingi

​Dedingi.—Recorded as a sub-division of Poroja.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Dhakkado

​Dhakkado. — A small mixed class of Oriya cultivators, concerning whom there is a proverb that a Dhakkado does not know his father. They are described, in the Census Report, 1891, as "a caste of cultivators found in the Jeypore agency tracts. They are said to be the offspring of a Brāhman and a Sūdra girl, and, though living on the hills, they are not an uncivilised hill tribe. Some prepare and sell the sacred thread, others are confectioners. They wear the sacred thread, and do not drink water from the hands of any except Brāhmans. Girls are married before puberty, and widow marriage is practiced. They are flesh-eaters, and their dead are usually buried."
In a note on the Dhakkados, Mr. C. Hayavadana Rao writes that "the illegitimate descendant of a Brāhman and a hill woman of the non-polluting castes is said to be known as a Dhakkado. The Dhakkados assume Brāhmanical names, but, as regards marriages, funerals, etc., follow the customs of their mother's caste. Her caste people intermarry with her children. A ​Dhakkado usually follows the occupation of his mother's caste. Thus one whose mother is a Kevuto follows the calling of fishing or plying boats on rivers, one whose mother is a Bhumia is an agriculturist, and so on."
# Casimir Pulaski

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Casimir Pulaski."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.

## Encyclopedia articles

* "United States/Pulaski, Casimir, Count," in Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition (1875–1889).
* "Pulaski, Kazimierz," in Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography, New York: D. Appleton and Co. (1900)
* "Pulaski, Casimir," in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed., 1911).
* "Casimir Pulaski," by John Gillespie Ewing in Catholic Encyclopedia, (ed.) by Charles G. Herbermann and others, New York: The Encyclopaedia Press (1913)
* "Pulaski, Casimir," in The New Student's Reference Work, Chicago: F.E. Compton and Co. (1914)
* "Pulaski, Count Casimir," in Collier's New Encyclopedia, New York: P. F. Collier & Son Co. (1921)

## Presidential proclamations

* "General Pulaski's Memorial Day, 1976” (Proclamation 4457, 8 September 1976) by Gerald Ford.
* Proclamation 4520, 16 September 1977, by Jimmy Carter.
* Proclamation 4582, 8 August 1978, by Jimmy Carter.
* Proclamation 4673, 16 August 1979, by Jimmy Carter.
* Proclamation 4787, 29 August 1980, by Jimmy Carter.
* Proclamation 4869, 5 October 1981, by Ronald Reagan.
* Proclamation 4969, 14 September 1982, by Ronald Reagan.
* Proclamation 5090, 6 September 1983, by Ronald Reagan.
* Proclamation 5256, 11 October 1984, by Ronald Reagan.
* Proclamation 5373, 1 October 1985, by Ronald Reagan.
* Proclamation 5540, 8 October 1986, by Ronald Reagan.
* Proclamation 5715, 1 October 1987, by Ronald Reagan.
* Proclamation 5872, 28 September 1988, by Ronald Reagan.
* Proclamation 6333, 10 September 1991, by George Herbert Walker Bush.
* Proclamation 6610, 9 October 1993, by Bill Clinton.
* Proclamation 6732, 5 October 1994, by Bill Clinton.
* Proclamation 6839, 10 October 1995, by Bill Clinton.
* Proclamation 6936, 10 October 1996, by Bill Clinton.
* Proclamation 7036, 9 October 1997, by Bill Clinton.
* Proclamation 7138, 9 October 1998, by Bill Clinton.
* Proclamation 7234, 6 October 1999, by Bill Clinton.
* Proclamation 7361, 10 October 2000, by Bill Clinton.
* Proclamation 7484, 10 October 2001, by George W. Bush.
* Proclamation 7607, 10 October 2002, by George W. Bush.
* Proclamation 7721, 10 October 2003, by George W. Bush.
* Proclamation 7830, 11 October 2004, by George W. Bush.
* Proclamation 7945, 7 October 2005, by George W. Bush.
* "General Pulaski Memorial Day” (Proclamation 8066, 11 October 2006) by George W. Bush.
* Public Law 111-94, Joint Resolution proclaiming Casimir Pulaski to be an honorary citizen of the United States posthumously, 6 November 2009, by the 111th United States Congress
* "General Pulaski Memorial Day, 2011” (Proclamation 8736) by Barack Obama.
# Casino Control Act

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Casino Control Act."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Casino Control Act 1982 (Qld.)
* Casino Control Act 1984 (WA)
* Casino Control Act 1990 (New Zealand 1990 No. 62), which was repealed by Gambling Act 2003 (2003 No. 51).
* Casino Control Act 1991 (Vic.)
* Casino Control Act 1992 (NSW)
* Casino Control Act 2006 (Singapore)
* Casino Control Act 2006 (Australian Capital Territory)
All of them are related to the regulation of legal casinos within the jurisdictions. Some may also regulate the taxation of casino operation and for problem gaming prevention.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jacques Le Fèvre

From volume 9 of the work.
Le Fèvre, Jacques, a French theologian and controversialist, b. at Lisieux towards the middle of the seventeenth century; d. 1 July, 1716, at Paris. He became archdeacon of his native city and vicar-general of the Archbishopric of Bourges, and in 1674 received the doctorate in theology from the Sorbonne. His works are the following: "Entretiens d'Eudoxe et d' Euchariste sur les histoires de l'arianisme et des iconoclastes du P. Maimbourg" (Paris, 1674). The first of these dialogues was condemned and burned. "Motifs invincibles pour convaincre ceux de la religion prétendue réformée" (Paris, 1682), in which Le Fèvre endeavours to show that there is fundamental agreement between Catholic and Protestant teachings, the differences being of slight importance and mostly verbal. These conciliatory views were attacked by Arnauld, and, in answer, Le Fèvre wrote "Réplique à M. Arnauld pour la défense du livre des motifs invincibles" (1685). Amongst Le Fèvre's other works are "Conférence avec un ministre touchant les causes de la separation des protestants" (Paris, 1685); "Instructions pour confirmer les nouveaux convertis dans la foi de l'église" (Paris, 1686); "Recueil de tout ce qui s'est fait pour et contre les protestants en France" (Paris, 1686); "Lettres d'un docteur sur ce qui se passe dans les assemblées de la faculté de théologie de Paris" (Cologne, 1700). These letters were published anonymously when the work of the Jesuit Father Lecomte, "Mémoires sur la Chine", was referred to the faculty of theology. To Father Lallemant, who had defended his confrère in the "Journal historique des assemblées tenues en Sorbonne", Le Fèvre replied in his "Anti-journal historique ..."; and he also produced "Animadversions sur l'histoire ecclésiastique du P. Noël Alexandre", the first volume of which was printed at Rouen without date about 1680; it was seized and destroyed, and the other volumes were not published.
Hurter, Nomenclator; Nouvelle biographie générale, XXX (Paris, 1858), 344.
C. A. Dubray.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jacques Echard

From volume 5 of the work.
Echard, Jacques, historian of the Dominicans, b. at Rouen, France, September 22, 1644; d. at Paris, March 15, 1724. As the son of a wealthy official of the king he received a thorough classical and secular education. He entered the Dominican Order at Paris and distinguished himself for his assiduity in study. When Jacques Quaff, who had planned and gathered nearly one-fourth of the material for a literary history of the Dominican Order, died in 1698, Echard was commissioned to complete the work. After much labor and extensive research in most European libraries this monumental history appeared in two quarto volumes under the title "Scriptores ordinis praedicatorum recensiti, notisque historicis illustrati" etc. (Paris, 1721). Besides a sketch, based chiefly on Pignon and Salanac, and a list of each writer's works, with the dates and peculiarities of the various editions, Echard enumerates the unpublished, spurious, and doubtful works, with valuable indications as to their whereabouts. He displays throughout a keen, sane, and incisive criticism which has been highly praised by competent critics (Journal des Savants, LXIX, 574). A new and revised edition was prepared in 1908 by Rémi Coulon, O.P.
THOS. M. SCHWERTNER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jacques Delille

From volume 4 of the work.
French abbé and litterateur, born at Aigueperse, 22 June, 1738; died at Paris, 1 May, 1813. He received his education at the Collège de Lisieux in Paris and became an instructor at the Collège de la Marche in the same city. His translation into verse of Virgil's "Georgics", which appeared in 1770, had very great success and eventually won for him a seat in the French Academy. He was afterwards appointed to the chair of poetry in the Collège de France and through the patronage of the Count d' Artois he received as a benefice the Abbey of Saint-Severin, but took only minor orders. In 1786 he accompanied the Count de Choiseul to Constantinople and visited Greece; his stay in the East does not seem, however, to have much influenced his literary career. The French Revolution deprived him of his position and benefice, and in 1794 he had to leave France; his exile was spent in Switzerland, Germany, and England. He returned to France in 1802 and again took his seat in the French Academy. For some years Delille was considered a great poet, Voltaire at one time even going so far as to call him the French Virgil; but he did not enjoy very long this unwarranted reputation. All agree to-day that he was a wonderful versifier, having at his command all the secrets of his art, but it is also recognized that his long descriptive poems betray a complete lack of poetic feeling and inspiration. They are a striking illustration of the difference between versification and poetry. His best known works are: "Traduction des géorgiques de Virgile" (Paris, 1770); "Dithyrambe sur l'immortalité de l'âme" (Paris, 1793); "L'Imagination" (Paris, 1806); "Les Trois Règnes de la nature" (Paris, 1806); "La Conversation" (Paris, 1812).
SAINTE-BEUVE, Portraits Littéraires (Paris, 1846); LINGAY, Eloge de Delille (Paris 1814); LIANÇON, Histoire de la littérature française (Paris, 1895).
Pierre Marique.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jacques Le Bossu

From volume 2 of the work.
French theologian and Doctor of the Sorbonne, born at Paris 1546; died at Rome 1626. He entered the Benedictine Order at the Royal Abbey of St. Denis, of which he became claustral prior. He was preceptor to the Cardinal de Guise and took a prominent part in the Catholic League and the disputes concerning the successor to Henry III, whose death he considered to be a just punishment. The accession of Henry IV, against whom he had written, and the execution of de Guise in 1587 necessitated hisleaving France in 1591, and he went to Rome, where he entered the service of the Curia. He was made a consultor of the Congregation de Auxiliis, established in 1599 to settle the controversy on grace between the Dominicans and the Jesuits. On its dissolution, in 1607, he desired to return to France, but the pope, Paul V, kept him in Rome. His chief work consisted of "Animadversiones" against twenty-five propositions of Molina, a Spanish Jesuit who had written a book on grace, defending the doctrines of Scotus against those of the Dominicans. The "Animadversiones"were published by Antonio Raynaldo, the Dominican, in 1644. Le Bossu's "Diarium Congregationis de Auxiliis" has unfortunately perished.
Ziegelbauer, Hist. Lit. O.S.B. (Augsburg, 1754), III, 371; Hurter, Nomenclator (Innsbruck, 1892), I, 270.
G. CYPRIAN ALSTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jacques Lelong

From volume 9 of the work.
Lelong, Jacques, French bibliographer, b. at Paris, 19 April, 1665; d. there, 13 Aug., 1721. As a boy of ten, he entered the Order of the Knights of St. John of Malta, and after a very brief and unhappy sojourn in Malta, made his studies at Paris. He left the Order of the Knights and entered the Oratory in 1686. He then taught at the college of Juilly in the Diocese of Meaux, where he was ordained priest in 1689, and was later librarian at the seminary of Notre-Dame des Vertus in Aubervilliers near Paris. He was transferred in 1699 to the Oratory of St-Honore at Paris, and remained there as librarian till his death twenty-two years later. The title of the first work which brought him fame indicates its contents fairly completely: "Bibliotheca Sacra in binos Syllabos distincta quæ (I) omnes sive Textus sacri sive Versionum ejusdem quavis lingua expressarum Editiones, necnon praestantiores MSS Codices cum notis historicis et criticis, (II) omnia eorum opera quovis idiomate conscripta, qui hucusque in s. Scripturam quidpiam ediderunt et grammaticas et Lexica linguarum præsertim orientalium, quæ ad illustrandas Sacras paginas aliquid adjumenti conferre possunt, continet" (2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1709; Vigouroux, contradicting other authorities, says 1702; 2nd ed., 1709); edited by Boerner with additions chiefly of German works (Antwerp, 1709), folio edition by the author (Paris, 1719); edited after the author's death with many additions and corrections by Lelong and by his confrere, Desmolets, who prefixed the life from which we draw our facts (2 vols. fol. Paris, 1723). The last and best edition is by Andrew Gottlieb Masch (6 vols., 4to, Halle, 1775-83). The work is still valuable as a bibliography of the printed Bible in its various editions, and of the early modern literature concerning them. Lelong also wrote a "Discours historique sur les principales editions des Bibles polyglottes" (Paris, 1713). His other work, which shows his variety of tastes and has proved very useful to students of French history, is entitled "Bibliothèque historique de la France, contenant le catalogue des ouvrages imprimés et manuscrits qui traitent de l'histoire ce royaume, ou qui y ont rapport, avec des notes critiques et historiques" (Paris, 1719).
Desmolets' notice seems to be the only source. See also Ingold, Essai de bibliographie oratorienne (Paris, 1880-2), 82.
John F. Fenlon.