OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chesham, Francis

​CHESHAM, FRANCIS (1749–1806), was an engraver of merit at the end of the eighteenth century. In 1777 he exhibited at the Royal Incorporated Society of Artists in Piccadilly an engraving of ‘The Death of Richard III,’ after Barralet, and in the following year ‘The Death of William Rufus.’ He was then residing in Broad Street, Golden Square. In 1780 he exhibited with the Society of Artists at Spring Gardens, ‘Inside of the Chapter House at Margam,’ and ‘View of the Abbey Church at Llanthony.’ In 1779–80 he engraved several views of various places in the United Kingdom, after Paul Sandby, for Rooker's ‘Copper Plate Magazine.’ In 1788 the Boydells published two engravings by Chesham, after G. Robertson, ‘A View of the Iron Bridge in Coalbrookdale, Shropshire,’ and ‘A View of the Mouth of a Coal Pit near Broseley in Shropshire;’ these two plates are very well engraved in the style and method brought into fashion by Vivares and his school. Chesham also engraved after his own design a large plate of ‘Moses striking the Rock;’ after Cipriani, he engraved an allegorical figure of ‘Britannia;’ and after Robert Dodd, ‘The Naval Victory gained by Admiral Parker in 1781.’ He died in London in 1806.
[Huber et Roost's Manuel des Curieux et des Amateurs de l'Art, ix. 360; Leblanc's Manuel de l'Amateur d'Estampes; Müller's Künstler-Lexikon; Catalogues of the Exhibitions of the Society of Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1880.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chessar, Jane Agnes

1904 Errata appended.
​CHESSAR, JANE AGNES (1835–1880), teacher, was born in Edinburgh in 1835, and after attending private school and classes in that city went to London in 1851 in order to gain special training as a teacher. Early in the next year she took charge of a class in the Home and Colonial Training College. During the fifteen years she held this appointment she did much to raise the college to the highest place among such institutions by her skill as a teacher and by the moral influence she exercised over her pupils. In 1866 weakness of health obliged her to resign her position on the staff of the college, and she then employed her time in giving lectures and in private tuition. She was elected a member of the London School Board in 1873, and in that capacity did much useful work in connection with the health and domestic training of girls. In 1875 she was forced to leave England for a warmer climate, and did not seek re-election. Her death, which was caused by cerebral apoplexy, took place on 3 Sept. 1880 at Brussels, whither she had gone to assist at an educational congress, he edited Mrs. Somerville's 'Physical Geography' and Hughes's 'Physical Geography,' and wrote much for the 'Queen' and other newspapers.
[Educational Times, 1 Oct. 1880; Athenæum, 18 Sept. 1880.]
W. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.63 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cox, Leonard

There are some serious mistakes in this article.
​COX, LEONARD (fl. 1572), schoolmaster, was the second son of Laurence Cox of Monmouth, by Elizabeth [Willey] his wife, and received his education in the university of Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. (Cooper, Athenæ Cantab. i. 94). In 1528 he removed to Oxford, where he was incorporated as B.A. on 19 Feb. 1529-30, and he also supplicated that university for the degree of M.A., though whether he was admitted to it does not appear (Wood, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 83; Boase, Register of the Univ. of Oxford, i. 159). Soon afterwards Hugh Farringdon, abbot of Reading, appointed him master of the grammar school in that town, which appointment was confirmed by the king by patent on 10 Feb. 1540-1, his salary being 10l. per annum charged on the manor of Cholsey, which had been an appendage of the abbey (Rymer, Fœdera, xiv. 714). When John Frith, the martyr, was apprehended as a vagabond at Reading and set in the stocks, Cox 'procured his releasement, refreshed his hungry stomach, and gave him money' (Wood, Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 74). He was succeeded in the mastership of Reading school by Leonard Bilson in 1546 (Man, Hist. of Reading, p. 196). About this period he travelled on the continent, visiting the universities of Paris, Wittenberg, Prague, and Cracow (Leland, Encomia Illustrium Virorum, p. 50). Afterwards he went to reside at Caerleon in his native county, where he appears to have kept a school. In or about 1572 he became master of the grammar school at Coventry, founded by John Hales. If he held that appointment until his death, he must have died in 1599, when John Tovey succeeded to the mastership (Colvile, Worthies of Warwickshire, p. 883; Tanner, Bibl. Brit. p. 205).
Cox, who was a friend of Erasmus and Melanchthon, was himself eminent as a grammarian, rhetorician, poet, and preacher, and was skilled in the modern as well as the learned languages (Bale, De Scriptoribus, ​pt. i. p. 713). He was author of: 1. 'The Art or Crafte of Rhetoryke,' 1524; and also Lond. (Robert Redman), 1532, 16mo (Lowndes, Bibl Man. ed. Bohn, 543; Coates, Hist. of Reading, p. 322). 2. 'Commentaries upon Will. Lily's Construction of the eight parts of Speech,' 1540. He also wrote verses prefixed to the publications of others, and translated from Greek into Latin 'Marcus Eremita de Lege et Spiritu,' and from Latin into English 'Erasmus's Paraphrase of the Epistle to Titus,' 1549, with a dedication to John Hales, clerk of the hanaper (Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, ii. 30, folio). He had a son, Francis, D.D., of New College, Oxford.
[Authorities cited above.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cox, David (1809-1885)

​COX, DAVID, the younger (1809–1885), water-colour painter, only child of David Cox, the famous water-colour painter [q. v.], and Mary Ragg, his wife, was born in the summer of 1809 in the cottage on Dulwich Common, where his parents had settled after their marriage. In 1812 he accompanied his father to Hastings, and in the following year, on the break-up of their home at Dulwich, spent some time with his grandfather, Joseph Cox, at Birmingham, and also with an aunt at Manchester. In the autumn of 1814 he rejoined his father in his new home at Hereford, and was partly educated at the grammar school in that town. He became his father's constant companion and his pupil, and was seldom parted from him, accompanying him on his excursions at home and abroad. In 1826 he resolved to become an artist himself, and in the following year removed with his parents from Hereford to London, in that year exhibiting for the first time at the Royal Academy. About 1840 he married, but still continued to be his father's helpmate, and the sharer in all his domestic anxieties or good fortune. In 1849 he was elected an associate of the Society of Painters in Water-colours. Through his devoted admiration for the works of his father's genius, and the careful study he continually made of his father's method, Cox managed, with the moderate ability that he possessed, to produce some very creditable paintings. As might have been expected, they seem but a reflection of his father's work, and show a marked deterioration after he lost his father's guidance. Among these were ‘Near Bala,’ ‘Moon Rising,’ and ‘View on the Menai’ (1872); ‘Loch Katrine’ and ‘Ben Lomond’ (1873); ‘Sunday Morning in Wales’ and ‘Rain on the Berwyn’ (1875); ‘The Path up the Valley’ (1877); ‘Penshurst Park’ (1878). Specimens of his work may be seen in the national collections at the South Kensington Museum and the Print Room, British Museum. Cox died at Streatham Hill on 4 Dec. 1885. He possessed a valuable collection of his father's works.
[Times, 14 Dec. 1885; Athenæum, 12 Dec. 1885; Solly's Memoir of David Cox; Clement and Hutton's Artists of the Nineteenth Century; private information.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cox, George Valentine

​COX, GEORGE VALENTINE (1786–1875), author, born at Oxford in 1786, was educated at Magdalen College school and New College, graduated B. A., and was elected esquire bedel in law in 1806, took the degree of M.A. in 1808, and was elected esquire bedel in medicine and arts in 1815. He held this office until 1866, when he retired on a pension. He was also coroner to the university. He died in March 1875. He published 'Jeannette Isabelle.' a novel in three volumes, London, 1837, 12mo , three translations from the German, viz. F. C. Dahlmann's 'Life of Herodotus,' London, 1845, 8vo; J. A. W. Neander's ' Emperor Julian and his Generation,' London, 1850, 8vo; and C. Ullmann's 'Gregory of Nazianzum,' London, 1851, 8vo; also 'Prayer-Book Epistles,' &c., London, 1846, 8vo; and 'Recollections of Oxford,' London, 1868, 8vo.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cox, Thomas

​COX, THOMAS (d. 1734), topographer and translator, a master of arts, became rector of Chignal-Smealy, near Chelmsford, on 19 June 1680, and continued there until 1704. He was next preferred to the vicarage of Broomfield, Essex, on 11 Feb. 1685, and to the rectory of Stock-Harvard in the same county on 24 Feb. 1703, which livings he held until his death. He was also lecturer of St. Michael's, Cornhill, but resigned the appointment in 1730 (Daily Journal, 5 June 1730). He died on 11 Jan. 1733–4 (Gent. Mag. iv. 50). Newcourt's statement that he is the same with the Thomas Cox who held the vicarage of Great Waltham, Essex, from 1653 to 1670, is unsupported. Besides an assize sermon, ‘The Influence of Religion in the Administration of Justice,’ 4to, London, 1726, Cox published anonymously translations of two of Ellies-Dupin's works, which he entitled ‘The Evangelical History, with additions,’ 8vo, London, 1694 (third edition, 8vo, London, 1703–7), and ‘A Compendious History of the Church,’ second edition, 4 vols. 12mo, London, 1716–15. He likewise translated Plutarch's ‘Morals by way of Abstract done from the Greek,’ 8vo, London, 1707, and Panciroli's ‘History of many Memorable Things Lost,’ 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1715 (with new title-page, 12mo, London, 1727). The lives of Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI in Kennett's ‘Complete History of England’ are also from his pen. But his chief and best-known undertaking was ‘Magna Britannia et Hibernia, antiqua et nova. Or, a new Survey of Great Britain, wherein to the Topographical Account given by Mr. Cambden and the late editors of his Britannia is added a more large History, not only of the Cities, Boroughs, Towns, and Parishes mentioned by them, but also of many other Places of Note and Antiquities since discovered. … Collected and composed by an impartial Hand,’ 6 vols. 4to; in the Savoy, 1720–31. Gough (British Topography, i. 33, 34) says that this work was originally published in monthly numbers as a supplement to the five volumes of ‘Atlas Geographus,’ 1711–17. It contains only the English counties. The introduction or account of the ancient state of Britain was written by Dr. Anthony Hall, who also contributed the account of Berkshire. Prefixed to each county is a map by Robert Morden. Altogether, it is a compilation of much merit (Notes and Queries, 6th ser. vii. 69, 338). Cox married Love, fifth daughter of Thomas Manwood of Lincoln's Inn and Priors in Broomfield, Essex.
Cox's son, Thomas, besides succeeding him in the rectory of Stock, was rector of Chignal-Smealy (1714–1735), and rector of Ramsden-Bellhouse (27 Sept. 1733), and died on 26 July 1763 (Gent. Mag. xxxiii. 415). From a sermon he published in 1712 on ‘The Necessity of a Right Understanding in order to True Wisdom,’ we learn that he had been educated at the grammar school of Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire, under Dr. Thomas Took.
[Morant's Essex, i. 204, ii. 52, 77, 78, 82; Wright's Essex, i. 188; Newcourt's Repertorium, ii. 96, 139, 633.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cox, Francis Augustus

​COX, FRANCIS AUGUSTUS (1783–1853), baptist minister, was born at Leighton Buzzard, 7 March 1783. He inherited much property from his grandfather, who was a leading member of the baptist congregation at Leighton Buzzard. After some study under a private tutor at Northampton, Cox went to the baptist college at Bristol, and thence to the University of Edinburgh, where he proceeded M.A. On 4 April 1805 he became baptist minister at Clipstone, Northamptonshire; afterwards occupied for a year the pulpit vacated by Robert Hall at Cambridge, and on 3 Oct. 1811 became minister at Hackney. Cox helped to found the 'Baptist Magazine' in 1809, and wrote largely for it. He was also secretary for three years to the general body of dissenting ministers of the three denominations residing in South London and Westminster. About 1823 he actively promoted the scheme for a London university, and came to know Lord Brougham. When Brougham was lord rector of Glasgow, the degree of LL.D. was conferred on Cox (1824). In 1828, when the London University was founded, it was decided that no minister of religion should sit on the council, and Cox was appointed librarian, but he quickly resigned the post. In 1838 he travelled in America as representative of the baptist union, and received the degree of D.D. from the university of Waterville. He died in South Hackney 5 Sept. 1853, after holding the pastorate of Hackney for forty-two years. Cox was thrice married, and had a family of five sons and two daughters. His works, other than separate sermons, were as follows: 1. 'Essay on the Excellence of Christian Knowledge,' 1806. 2. 'Life of Philip Melancthon,' 1815. 3. 'Female Scripture Biography,' 1817, 2 vols. 4. 'Vindication of the Baptists,' 1824. 5. 'Narrative of the Journey in America,' 1836. 6. 'History of the Baptist Missionary Society,' 1842. Cox contributed an article on Biblical Antiquities connected with Palestine to the ' Encyclopædia Metropolitans,' which he published as a separate volume in 1852.
[ Gent. Mag. 1854, pt. i. 323 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lambert, Mark

​LAMBERT, MARK (1601), Benedictine. [See Barkworth.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lambert, John (fl.1811)

​LAMBERT, JOHN (fl. 1811), traveller, born about 1775, visited the North American continent in 1806, under the sanction of the board of trade, with a view to fostering the cultivation of hemp in Canada, and so rendering Great Britain independent of the supplier from Northern Europe, which had been endangered by Napoleon's Berlin decree. Failing in his immediate object, Lambert determined to remain in America and explore 'those ports rendered interesting by the glories of a Wolfe and a Washington? After a year in Lower Canada he proceeded to the United States to 'study the effect of the new government' there. Returning to England in 1809, he published in the following year 'Travels through Lower Canada and the United States of North America, 1806-1808,' 3 vols. London, 1810. The book is singularly free from bias. Mid throws much light upon the social condition of America at the time. It is illustrated by lithographs from drawings by the author, and includes biographical notes on Jefferson, Adams, and other American statesman, in addition to a general statistical view of the country since the declaration of independence. This work rapidly passed through three editions. In the second volume of his travels Lambert had spoken very appreciatively of Washington Irvine's 'Salmagundi,' and in 1811 he issued an English edition of Irving's 'Essays,' 'as a specimen of American literature,' with a long introduction, laudatory of American manners, by himself (2 vols. London, 8vo). 'The American collector,' says Allibone, 'should possess this edition.' Both of Lambert's books are specially interesting as showing the extremely different impressions produced upon Englishmen by Americans of the second and third generations after the revolution respectively. Nothing further is known of Lambert's life.
[Appleton's Amer. Cyclop. iii. 600 ; Biog. Dict. of Living Authors, 1816. p. 194; Allibone's Dict. i. 1052; Lambert's Works.]
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lamborn, Peter Spendelowe

​LAMBORN, PETER SPENDELOWE (1722–1774), engraver and miniature-painter, born at Cambridge in 1722, was son of John Lamborn (d. 1763), a watchmaker, and Elizabeth Susanna Spendelowe, his second wife. Lamborn came to London and studied engraving under Isaac Basire [q. v.], but returned to practise at Cambridge, where he obtained some note as an engraver, He also showed considerable skill as a ministure-painter. Lamborn was a member of the Incorporated Society of Artists, and signed their declaration roll in 1765; he exhibited with them first in 1764, sending a miniature of a lady and a drawing of the church at St. Neot's Huntingdonshire. He continued to exhibit there annually up to his death. His architectural drawings were much esteemed. Lamborn engraved two sets of views of university buildings in Cambridge, a large view of the Angel Hill at Bury St. Edmunds (after John Kendall), and some landscapes after Poelenburg and Jan Both. He also engraved the plates to Sandby's edition of 'Juvenal' (1763), Bentham's 'History of Ely Cathedral (1771), and Martyn and Lettice's 'Antiquities of Herculaneum' (1773). He etched a few portraits, including those of Samuel Johnson (drawn from life), Oliver Cromwell (from the picture by Samuel Cooper at Sidney Sussex College), John Ives, F.R.S. Thomas Martin, F.R.S., Dr. Richard Walker, vice-master of Trinity College (after D. Heins), The Rev. Charles Barnwell, and Richard Penderell; impressions of all these etchings are in the print room at the British Museum. Lamborn married, on 6 Jan. 1762, Mary, daughter of Hitch Wale, and granddaughter Wale of Little Shelford, Cambridgeshire, by whom he had three sons and one daughter. The latter married James was mother of James Lamborn Cock, music publisher, of New Bond Street, London. Lamborn died at Cambridge on 5 Nov. 1771. A miniature portrait of him is in the possession of Mrs. Lamborn Cock.
[Dodd's manuscript History of English Engravers (Brit Mus. Addit. MSS. 33402); Willis and Clark's Architectural Hist. of the University of Cambridge; Catalogue of the Society of Artists; information kindly supplied by Mrs. Lamborn Cock.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lamborn, Reginald

Reginald Lambourne in the ODNB.
​LAMBORN, REGINALD, D.D. (fl. 1363), astronomer, studied under the astronomers William Rede and John Aschendon, at Merton College, where he became B.D. In 1363 and 1367 he was a monk in the Benedictine monastery of Eynaham, Oxfordshire; in 1376 he appears as D.D. and monk of St. Marr, York. Some time after this he entered the Franciscan order at Oxford, and died at Northampton. Two letters of his on astronomical subjects are extant in manuscript; the first, written in 1363-4, and addressed to John London, treats of 'the signification of the eclipses of the moon in the months of March and September of the present year;' the second, written in 1367, probably to William Rede, deals with 'the conjunctions of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars, with a prognostication of the evils probably arising there-from in the years 1368 to 1374.'
[Bodl. MS. Digby, 176, ff. 40, 56; Mon. Francisc. i. 543; Tanner's Bibliotheca.]
A. G. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lambton, John (1710-1794)

​LAMBTON, JOHN (1710–1794), general, born 26 July 1710, was fourth son of Ralph Lambton and his wife, Dorothy, daughter of John Hedworth of Harraton, Durham. William Lambton (d. 1724) was his uncle. His elder brothers were Henry Lambton, M.P. for Durham (d. 1761), and Major-general Hedworth Lambton (d. 1758), who was an officer in the Coldstream guards from 1723 to 1753, and in 1755 raised the 52nd, originally 54th, foot at Coventry (cf. Moorsom, Hist. 52nd Light Infantry). John was appointed ensign in the Coldstream guards 12 Oct. 1732, became lieutenant in 1739, was regimental quartermaster from February 1742 to January 1746, and became captain and lieutenant-colonel 21 Jan. 1746. On 28 April 1758 he was appointed colonel of the 68th foot (now 1st Durham light infantry), then made a separate regiment. It had been raised two years previously as a second battalion 23rd royal Welsh fusiliers, but had been chiefly recruited in Durham, a local connection since maintained. Lambton commanded the regiment at the attack on St. Malo. When county titles were bestowed on line regiments in 1782, it was styled the 'Durham' regiment. Lambton, who became a full general, retained the colonelcy until his death. He succeeded to ​the Lambton estates after the death of his elder brothers. In December 1761 he contested Durham city on the death of the sitting member, his brother Henry, and was duly elected. He represented the city in five succeeding parliaments, until his acceptance of the Chiltern hundreds in February 1787, and ‘was deservedly popular with the citizens for the gallant stand he made for their dearest rights and privileges’ (Richardson). He died 22 April 1794.
Lambton married, 5 Sept. 1763, Lady Susan Lyon, daughter of Thomas, earl of Strathmore, by whom he had two sons and two daughters. His elder son, William Henry Lambton, M.P. for Durham city, was father of John George Lambton, first earl of Durham [q. v.]
[Debrett's Peerage, ed. 1831, under ‘Durham;’ Mackinnon's Origin and Hist. Coldstream Guards, London, 1832, 2 vols.; Official List of Members of Parliament; Parl. Hist. under dates; Richardson's Local Table Book, historical portion, ii. 365; Gent. Mag. 1794, pt. i. p. 385.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lamont, David

​LAMONT, DAVID (1752–1837), Scottish divine, born in 1752, was son of John Lamont, minister of Kelton, Kirkcudbrightshire, by Margaret, daughter of John Affleck of Whitepark. His grandfather, John Lamont of Newton in Fifeshire, was descended from Allan Lamont, second minister of Scoonie, Fifeshire, after the Reformation. He was licenced by the presbytery of Kirkcudbright in 1772, and inducted to the parish of Kirkpatrick-Durbam in that county in 1774. He was made D.D. by the university of Edinburgh in 1780, was appointed chaplain to the Prince of Wales in 1785, moderator of the general assembly in 1822, chaplain-in-ordinary for Scotland in 1824, and died in 1837 in the eighty-fifth year of his age and sixty-third of his ministry. As moderator of the general assembly he read an address to George IV, and preached before him in St. Giles's, Edinburgh, during his visit to Scotland, Lamont was a liberal in politics and theology, a popular preacher, an able debater in church courts, an eloquent platform speaker, and held a prominent place among the cultivated and dignified clergy of the time. A considerable landowner, he divided his property into small holdings, promoted local manufactories, formed benevolent societies among his tenants and parishioners, and 'gained the affection and esteem of all who witnessed his generous and enlightened exertions.' In 1799 he married Anne, daughter of David Anderson, esq., H.M. Customs, and had a son John, an advocate, afterwards a brewer in London. His works are: 1. Two Sermons, Dumfries, 1785-97. 2. 'Sermons on the most prevalent Vices,' London, 1780. 3. 'Sermons on Important Subjects,' 2 vols, 1780-87. 4. 'Subscription to the Confession of Faith consistent with Liberty of Conscience,' Edinburgh, 1790. 5. 'Account of the Parish of Kirkpatrick-Durham's (Sir John Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland, vol, ii.). 6. Sermon, in Gillan's 'Scottish Pulpit.'
[Scott's Fasti; Preface to Lamont's Diary; Heron's Journey; Caledonian Mercury, January 1837.]
G. W. S.