# History of Oregon (Bancroft)/Volume 1

or Volume XXIX of History of the Pacific States of North America
This volume and several others from the Pacific States series was originally attributed to Hubert Howe Bancroft, but were in fact written Frances Fuller Victor. See "The Origin and Authorship of the Bancroft Pacific States Publications", Oregon Historical Quarterly Vol. 4.
THE WORKS
OF
HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.
THE WORKS
of
HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.
VOLUME XXIX.
HISTORY OF OREGON. Vol. I. 1834–1848.
SAN FRANCISCO;
THE HISTORY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
1886.
Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year 1886, by
HUBERT H. BANCROFT,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
All Rights Reserved.
PREFACE.
The more remote in Oregon affairs has been given in my History of the Northwest Coast, which is indeed a part of the History of Oregon, as elsewhere explained. The later volumes deal with events which occurred within the memory of men now living; they are wrought out from yet more original sources, a large proportion of the facts herein presented never having before appeared in print. Obviously it is more difficult to treat fully and fairly a comparatively modern epoch, from absolutely crude material, than an earlier one which has been worked over by scholars for centuries. Of the hundreds of personal narratives which have been placed before me by those who assisted in making the history, no two wholly agree; and yet to the careful student, with all the evidence before him, the truth is generally clear.
The leading features of this history are not found in bloody conquests inspired by the thirst for gain and glory united to the hope of winning heaven, but in the more gentle purpose of adding to the enjoyments of earth by commerce and agriculture, the fur company, the missionaries of different sects soon converted into rival traders, and the middle class from the United States, all contributing of their several characteristics to form a society at once individual and independent ​It is in the missionary rather than in the commercial or agricultural elements that I find that romance which underlies all human endeavor before it becomes of interest sufficient for permanent preservation in the memory of mankind. A mountain-walled plain, between the coast elevations and the northern stretch of the great Andean range, with a fertile soil, a genial climate, and picturesque scenery, through a peculiar sequence of events becomes the western Utopia of the American states, and kindles in the breasts of those who here lay the foundations of a commonwealth the fire of patriotism, forever sacred even when fed by fallacies. The silent conquest of this area by men and women from the border, intent on empire, is a turning-point in the destinies of the country; and it is to me no less a pleasure than a duty to recognize the heroic in this conquest, and to present one more example of the behavior of the Anglo-Saxon race under the influence of American institutions.
Nor did the people of the earlier west enter upon these achievements without a well-defined purpose. Proselyting alone was not the object; nor yet traffic, nor even broad lands. There was present, besides the desire to secure for themselves and their descendants some small portion of this earth, the determination to plant here those pure moralities and fair civilities which belong to the higher Christian civilization; and one glance at the present condition of the people is sufficient to assure us that they succeeded. Aside from the somewhat antiquated sentiments of eternal justice and the rights of man as apart from man's power to enforce his rights, the quick extermination of the aborigines may be regarded as a blessing both ​to the red race and to the white. The two seldom profitably intermix. And this happy consummation, the swift and sharpest means of sweeping from the earth every human encumbrance, the people of the United States have never been backward about. However merciless the conquerors, Spain's government, aided by the church, was ever tender of her native American subjects, and we see the result in Mexico and Central America. The British fur-traders would not permit the killing of their hunters, and we see the result in British Columbia. Avarice, war, injustice, and inhumanity are often the most important aids to civilization. In this respect, with noble intentions and devout aspirations far higher than ordinary, the settlers of Oregon but followed their destiny. They labored for the best, and quarrelled not with the inevitable.
It is proper to remember here that the United States first reached the Pacific in the latitudes of Oregon, thus completing the great zone of states from ocean to ocean; that the first proposals to build a line of military posts, a wagon-road, and a railway across the continent were made in connection with the occupation of the Columbia Valley; likewise in the first project to connect the eastern and western coasts by steamships Oregon was the objective point.
​Of every one, however humble, who came early to Oregon, and of all those who early or late contributed their intelligence and energy toward establishing the commonwealth, so far as possible I have made mention; and I believe the time will come, if it be not here already, when to the descendants of these hardy empire-builders this enrolment will be recognized as equivalent to a patent of nobility.
CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.
CHAPTER I.
OREGON IN 1834.
PAGE.
CHAPTER II.
LIFE AT FORT VANCOUVER.
1825-1846.
CHAPTER III.
SETTLEMENT OF OREGON.
1832-1834.
CHAPTER IV.
METHODIST OCCUPATION.
1834–1838.
CHAPTER V.
COMING OF THE PRESBYTERIANS.
1834–1836.
CHAPTER VI.
THE WILLAMETTE CATTLE COMPANY.
1836–1837.
CHAPTER VII.
COLONIZATION.
1837–1840.
CHAPTER VIII.
CLOSE OF THE METHODIST REGIME.
1840-1841.
CHAPTER IX.
PROGRESS OF EVENTS.
1839-1841.
CHAPTER X.
THE SUB-INDIAN AGENT'S COMPANY.
1842-1845.
CHAPTER XI.
WHITE'S ADMINISTRATION OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
1842-1845.
CHAPTER XII.
ORGANIZATION OF THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT.
1843.
CHAPTER XIII.
THE CATHOLIC MISSIONS—MORE OF THE PRESBYTERIANS.
1838-1847
CHAPTER XIV.
OREGON BEFORE CONGRESS.
1820-1846.
CHAPTER XV.
THE IMMIGRATION OF 1843.
CHAPTER XVI.
LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS.
1844.
CHAPTER XVII.
THE IMMIGRATION OF 1844.
CHAPTER XVIII.
AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS
1845.
CHAPTER XIX.
THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845.
CHAPTER XX.
OPENING OF THE SOUTHERN OREGON ROUTE—IMMIGRATION OF 1846.
CHAPTER XXI.
THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON.
1846.
CHAPTER XXII.
POLITICS AND PROGRESS.
1846-1847.
CHAPTER XXIII.
THE WHITMAN MASSACRE.
1847.
CHAPTER XXIV.
RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES.
1847
CHAPTER XXV.
THE CAYUSE WAR.
1848.
CHAPTER XXVI.
OREGON'S ENVOYS—ERECTION OF A TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT.
1848.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED
IN THE
HISTORY OF OREGON.
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Bancroft (Hubert Howe), History of Northwest Coast.
Bancroft (Hubert Howe), History of Utah.
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Mann (S. S.), The Settlement and Early Settlers of Coos Bay. Marshfield, 1879. Marsh (John), Letter to Commodore Jones, 1842. MS. Marshall (Henry), Statement. 1843. MS. Marshall (T. W. M.), Christian Missions. New York, 1864. 2 vols. Marshfield, Coos Bay News. Marysville (Cal.), Appeal; Telegraph. Massacre of Immigrants by the Snake Indians in Aug. 1854, Correspondence relating to. Salem, 1854. Mathias (Franklin), Fraser and Thompson River Gold Mines. In Olympia Pion. and Dem., May 14, 1858. Matthieu (F. X. ), Refugee, Trapper, and Settler. MS. Meacham (A. B.), Indian Policy. [41st Cong., 2d Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 146.] Wash. 1870; The Wigwam and War Path. Meares (John), Voyages made in 1788-89 from China to the N.W. Coast of America. London, 1790; Id., 1791, 2 vols. ; other editions. Mendocino County History. San Francisco, 1880. Mercer (A. S.), Material Resources of Linn County. Albany, 1875. Mercer (T.), Reminiscences In Washington Territory Sketches. MS. Methodist Episcopal Church, Columbia River Conference, Minutes of Annual Sessions. San Francisco 1875 et seq. Military Posts from Council Bluffs to Pacific Ocean, Report on. [27th Cong., 3d Sess., H. Com. Rept. 31.] Washington, 1842. Military Roads, Report of Committee. [34th Cong., 1st Sess., H. Rept. 188.] Washington, 1856. Miller (Joaquin), Life amongst the Modocs. London, 1873; Ride through Oregon. In Overland, viii. 303; Shadows of Shasta. Chicago, 1881. Milwaukee (Wis.), Star. Mining Magazine. New York, 1853 et seq. Minto (John), Early Days of Oregon. MS. Minto (M. A.), Female Pioneering in Oregon. MS. Missionary Life in the Nineteenth Century, Pictures of. London, 1858. Missionary Labors in Oregon, Documents, 1836-48. [41st Cong., 3d Sess., Sen. Doc. 37.] Washington, 1849. Missionary Herald. Boston, 1841 et seq. Mitchell (John H.), Speech in U.S. Sen., Feb. 12, 1874, on Indian depredations in Oregon. Wash., 1874; Speech in U.S. Sen., Dec. 7, 1877, on Northern Pacific and Portland R.R. Wash., 1877. Modoc War, Letters of Secretary of War, Jan. 25, Dec. 15, 1874. [43d Cong., 2d Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 45, 131.] Wash., 1874; Memorial for Compensation. [43d Cong., 2d Sess., Sen. Misc. Doc. 32.] Wash., 1874; Official Correspondence. [43d Cong., 1st Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 122.] Wash., 1874; Scrap Book, Statement of. Portland, 1873. Mofras (Eugene Duflot de), Exploration due Territoire de l'Orégon. Paris, 1844. 2 vols, and atlas. Monmouth, Christian Messenger. Monmouth (Or.), Christian College Catalogue, 1878. Monterey, Californian, 1846-8. Also a vol. of MS. extracts.
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New Mexico Revisita Catolica, 1883. New Orleans (La.), Picayune. New Tacoma, Herald; Ledger; North Pacific Coast; Times. New Westminster, British Columbia Examiner; Mainland Guardian. New York, Christian Advocate and Journal; Engineering and Mining Journal; Ethnological Journal; Express; Herald; Journal of Commerce; Methodist; Sun; Times; Tribune. New York Eng. and Min. Journal, in Portland Herald, March 25, 1871. New York Evening Post, in S. F. Bulletin, Nov. 8, 1866. New York Maritime Register, Jan. 30, 1877, in Portland Wkly Oregonian, Feb. 16, 1878. Nicholson (John), Deposition before Joint Commission, 1865. Nichols (Rowena), Indian Affairs. MS. Nichols (Rowena), Rogue River War. MS. Nicolay (C. G.), The Oregon Territory. London, 1846. Niles' Register. Baltimore, etc., 1811-49. 76 vols. Nordhoff (Charles), in Harper's Magazine, Feb. 1874. Nordhoff (Charles), Northern California, Oregon, etc. New York, 1874. North American Review. Boston, 1819 et seq. Northern Pacific Railroad, Charter, etc. Boston, 1865; Guide to Lands. New York, 1872; Land Department. n.pl., n.d.; Land Grant, n.pl., n.d.; Memorial of Board of Directors. Hartford, 1867; Report of E.F. Johnson, Nov. 1867. Hartford, 1867; Route, Resources, etc. n.pl., n.d.; Stewart's Report in U.S. Sen., Feb. 19, 1860. [40th Cong., 3d Sess., Rept. Com. 219.] Washington, 1860.
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Oakland (Cal.), Evening Termini; Times; Torchlight; Tribune. Oakland (Cal.), Transcript. Oakland (Or.), Centennial; Umpqua Call. Odd-Fellows. A large number of different lodges of the order, cited under the above title. Odell, Biography of Thurston. MS. Odeneal (T. B.), The Modoc War. Portland, 1873. Ohio, Statesman. Olympia (Wash.), Unitarian Advocate. Olympia (W. T.) Commercial Age; Columbian; Pioneer and Democrat; Puget Sound Courier; Territorial Republican; Transcript; Washington Democrat; Washington Standard. Oregon, An Election Tract. n.pl., n.d. Oregon Affairs, Letter of Secretary of War, April 11, 1860 [36th Cong., 1st Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 65.] Washington, 1860. Oregon American and Evangelical Unionist, Tualatin, 1848. Oregon and Cal. R. R. Tariff, 1876. Oregon, Anecdotes. MS. Oregon and California, A Collection. Oregon and California R. R. Company, Collection of Laws and Documents. n. pl., n. d., fol.; Local Freight Tariff. Portland, 1876. Oregon and Washington, Claims growing out of Indian Hostilities [35th Cong., 2d Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 51; 36th Cong., 1st Sess., H. Ex. 11] Wash., 1858-9; Indian Hostilities. [34th Cong. 1st Sess., H Ex. 118] Wash. 1856; Indian Service, Rept. Sec. Int., March 2, 1860. [36th Cong., 1st Sess., Sen. Ex. 17.] Wash., 1860; Resources. Portland, 1880 et seq.; Scrap Book; Settler's Guide. New York, 1872. Oregon and Washington Delegation, Statement in regard to War Claims. n. pl., n. d. Oregon, Approval of the Oregon Bill, Message from President, Dec. 6, 1848. [30th Cong., 2d Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 3.] Washington, 1848. Oregon Archives, 1844–50, Unpublished Documents. MS. Oregon Commercial Review. Portland, 1877. Oregon Controversy Revived, etc. New York, 1846. Oregon: Cost and Consequences. Philadelphia, 1846. Oregon, Cultivator; Herald; Marine Gazette. Oregon, Facts regarding Climate, Soil, etc. Boston, 1876; Boston, 1877: Boston, 1878. Oregon, Fur-hunting in. In Harper's Mag., xii. 1856, 340. Oregon, Instructions to the Surveyor-General. Washington, 1851. Oregon, Its Advantages, etc. Portland, 1870. Oregon, Journals of Assembly, Council, House and Senate, 1st to 9th session, 1849–76, 19 vols., containing all public documents printed by the States which are cited in my notes by their titles and dates, the title consisting of 'Oregon,' followed by one of the following headings: Acts; Adjutant-General's Report; Archives; Code of Civil Procedure; Constitution; Deaf and Dumb Institute; Election Laws; Inaugural Addresses of Governors; Insane Asylum Reports; Institute for the Blind; Investigating Commission; Laws—Organic, General, and others; Message and Documents; Public Instruction Reports; Public Schools Reports; Revenue; Secretary of State Reports; School Lands; School Laws; State Agricultural College; State Agricultural Society; State Geologist; State Librarian; State Penitentiary; State Treasurer; Statutes. Oregon, Minutes of the Congregational Association. Portland, 1860 et seq. Oregon Missions, letter of the Secretary of the Interior, Feb. 8, 1871. [41st Cong., 3d Sess., Sen. Ex. Doc. 37.] Washington, 1871.
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Overland Monthly. San Francisco, 1868-75. 15 vols.
Pacific Northwest, Facts relating to the History, Topography, etc. New York, 1882; Travellers' Guide. Portland, 1882. Pacific Railroad Reports. Washington, 1855-60. 4to. 13 vols. Pacific Thrashing-machine Circular. Portland, 1878. Pacific University and Tualatin Academy, Catalogue. Portland, 1864 et seq.
Palmer (Joel), Early Intercourse. MS.
Palmer (Joel), Journal of Travels over the Rocky Mountains, 1845-6. Cincinnati, 1852. Palmer (Joel), Wagon Trains. MS.
Pajaro (Cal.), Times.
Parker (Samuel), Journal of an Exploring Tour beyond the Rocky Mountains. Ithaca, 1838; Id., 1840; Auburn, 1842; Id., 1846. Parker (J. G.), Puget Sound. MS. Parkman (Francis), The California and Oregon Trail. New York, 1849. Parsons (J. L.), Anecdotes of Oregon. MS. Parsons (George F.), Life and Adventures of James W. Marshall. Sacramento, 1870. Peirce (H. M.), Journals, MS.; Memoranda, MS.; Rough Sketch, MS. Pendleton, East Oregonian, Independent. Pendleton (J. S.), Speech in House of Rep., 1846.
Pendleton (Or.), Tribune. Pengra (B. J.), Report of Recent Surveys of the Oregon Central Military Road. Eugene City, 1865. Peoria (Illinois), Register. Perkins (James H.), Annals of the West. St Louis, 1850. Petaluma, Argus. Pettygrove (F. W.), Oregon in 1842. MS. Phelps, Reminiscences of Seattle. MS. Philadelphia, Council Fire; Sun. Philomath, Crucible. Philomath College, Catalogue. Philomath, 1877. Pickett (Charles E.), The Paris Exposition, etc. San Francisco, 1877. Pioche (Nev.), Record. Pioche (Nev.), Journal. Pioneer (The). San Francisco, 1854-5. 4 vols. Pioneer and Historical Society of Oregon, Proceedings. Astoria, 1872. Placerville (Cal.), Courier. Pollock (J.), Speech in House of Rep., Jan. 16, 1846. Poore (B. P.), Congressional Directory, 1882-3. Washington, 1883. Portland Academy Catalogue, 1868. Portland, Information for the Guidance of Foreign Vessels. Portland, 1875.
Portland Newspapers, Advertiser, Bee, Bulletin, Catholic Sentinel, Commercial, Commercial Reporter, Democratic Era, Deutche Zeitung, Dramatic Chronicle, Evening News, Herald, National Gazette, New Northwest, News, Oregon Churchman, Oregon Herald, Oregonian, Oregon Times, Pacific Christian Advocate, Pioneer, Real Estate Gazette, Real Estate Journal, Standard, Telegram, Temperance Star, West Shore, Willamette Farmer. Portland Academy and Female Seminary, Catalogue. Portland, 1868 et seq. Portland Board of Trade, Reports. Portland, 1876 et seq. Portland Library Association, Annual Reports. Portland, 1865 et seq.; Constitution, etc. Portland, 1878. Portland Oregon Case, Brief on Behalf of Stark, Coffin, etc. Washington, n. d. Portland Public Schools, Rules and Regulations. Portland, 1875. Portland (East), Charter and Ordinances. East Portland, 1875. Port Townsend (W. T.), Argus; Message. Prescott (Ariz.), Arizona Miner. Prim (P. P.), Judicial Affairs. MS. Proceedings First Natl Convention of Cattlemen. St Louis, 1884. Protestant Episcopal Church, 23d Convocation. Portland (Or.), 1875. Pueblan el Nuevo Oregon, in Olivera Docs.
Quarterly Review. London, 1809 et seq. Quigley (Hugh), The Irish Race in California, etc. San Francisco, 1878. Quincy (Ill.), Union.
Rabbison (Antonio B.), Growth of Towns. MS. Raymond, Notes. MS. Raymond (R. W.), Mining Industry, etc. New York, 1874. Silver and Gold, etc. New York, 1878. Statistics of Mines and Mining. Washington, 1870. Red Bluff (Cal.), People's Cause. Red Bluff (Cal.), Sentinel. Rees (Willard H.), Address before Oregon Pioneer Assoc. In Or. Pion. Assoc., Trans., 1879. Rees (W.H.), Letter to H. H. Bancroft, Sept. 8, 1879; in Proceedings of Or. Hist. Society, 1875; in Portland Wkly Oregonian, Feb. 5, 1876. Reid (of North Carolina), Speech in House of Rep., Feb. 7, 1846. Reid (William), Progress of Oregon and Portland from 1868-78. Portland, 1879.
Remy (Jules), and Julius Brenchley, A Journey to Great Salt Lake City. London, 1861. 2 vols. Reno (Nev.) Gazette. Reno (Nev.) State Journal. Revere (Joseph Warren), A Tour of Duty in California. New York, 1849. etc. Rhineheart (W. V.), Malheur Indians. MS.
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