OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/California, Lower

Edition of 1905. See also Baja California on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​CALIFORNIA, Lower, or Old (Sp. Baja or Vieja Califonia) . A peninsula in southwest North America, forming a Territory of Mexico (Map: Mexico, B 3). It extends from about latitude 22° 40′ to 32° 40′ N. It is bounded by California on the north, the Pacific on the west, and the Gulf of California and the Mexican State of Sonora on the east. Its total length is over 750 miles, while its width varies from about 30 to 140 miles. Area, 58,328 square miles. The surface is generally mountainous, the peninsula being practically an extension of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Range region. At the centre is a plateau region interrupted by mountain peaks and short ranges, Santa Catalina, in the northern central part, attaining an altitude of over 10,000 feet. An eastern coast range borders the Gulf of California, and in places attains elevations considerably exceeding 6000 feet. The western coast range, bordering the Pacific, is less elevated and seldom exceeds 3500 feet in altitude. At the extreme south the peninsula terminates in an immense mountain mass, rising in San Lázaro to 8000 feet altitude. The coasts are considerably indented, but there are not many really good harbors. The principal islands are Angel de la Guarda, off the central eastern coast, and Cedros (Cerros), off the opposite western coast. Numerous smaller islands are scattered along the southeastern coast, and a few long, narrow islands fringe the southwestern coast. The climate and vegetation of the western portion resemble those of southern California. The climate is dry and warm, the rainfall in most of the region ranging from under 10 to 25 inches, which, with a high temperature, is a small amount. Few streams occur of any importance except as irrigators. They are most numerous in the southwest. In the southern part are considerable areas of uninhabitable land. Population, in 1895, 42,245.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Calidius, Marcus

Edition of 1905. See also Calidia (gens) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​CALID′IUS, Marcus (?-B.C. 47 ) . A Roman orator and a contemporary of Cicero, whose recall from exile he advocated. He was prætor in B.C. 57 and after B.C. 49 was made Governor of Cisalpine Gaul, where he died. His oratory is praised by Cicero (Brutus, 75-80). For the fragments of his orations, consult Meyer, Fragmentum Oratorum Romanorum, 2d ed. (Zurich, 1842); also Quintilian (X. 1 and XII. 10).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Cable

Edition of 1905. See also Nautical cable on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​CABLE (OF., Low Lat. capulum, caplum, a strong [holding] rope, from Lat. capere, to take, hold). A strong chain or rope used to hold a ship to her anchor. Practically all cables are now made of chain, only very small craft using rope. See Anchor, and Chain.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Cable, Atlantic

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​CABLE, Atlantic. See Atlantic Telegraph, and Telegraphy, Submarine.
# The New International Encyclopædia/California, Southern, University of

Edition of 1905. See also University of Southern California on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CALIFORNIA, Southern, University of. A Methodist Episcopal educational institution, situated at Los Angeles, California. The university was founded in 1880, and in 1901 had endowment and productive funds amounting to about $130,000, buildings and grounds valued at $70,000, an income of about $12,000, and a library of 4000 volumes and 3000 pamphlets. At the same time the collegiate and preparatory faculty numbered 92, and the total number of students, of whom over one-half were in the preparatory department, 518. In the collegiate department courses are maintained in the classics, art, oratory, music, medicine, law, and dentistry. President, George P. Bonard, A.M., D.D.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Calidore

Edition of 1905. See also The Faerie Queene on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CAL′IDORE. A knight representing courtesy in Spenser's Faerie Queene. He stands in the allegory for Sir Philip Sidney.
# The New International Encyclopædia/California, Gulf of

Edition of 1905. See also Gulf of California on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CALIFORNIA, Gulf of. An arm of the Pacific, separating the peninsula of Lower California from the rest of Mexico (Map: Mexico, B 2). It was originally known as the Sea of Cortez, having been discovered under his auspices and explored by himself. It is 700 miles in length, and varies in width from 70 to nearly 150 miles. It receives at its upper end the Colorado, and from the east several streams, chief of which are the Altar, Sonora, Yaqui, and Mayo. Both shores are bordered by highlands broken by the river valleys on the east, but on the west presenting an almost unbroken mountain wall. The coast-line is irregular and forms numerous small bays. The gulf has a depth ranging from 600 feet near the head to over 6000 feet near its mouth, and contains many islands, particularly in the upper part, the largest of which are Angel de la Guarda and Tibirón. On its western shores are the ports of San Felipe, San José, and La Paz; on its eastern, those of Mazatlan and Guaymas. There are pearl-fisheries on the western coast.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Francis II

See also Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Francis II of Germany and I of Austria, was born at Florence, Italy, on Feb. 12, 1768, and succeeded his father, Leopold II, in 1792. His reign was a series of wars against Napoleon, in which, with the exception of the last, he was beaten. In 1806 he formally abdicated the crown of the Holy Roman Empire and made Austria an empire, himself becoming its first emperor. Although narrow-minded, Francis was a popular ruler. He died at Vienna on March 2, 1835.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fourier, Jean Baptiste J.

See also Joseph Fourier on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Fourier (fōō'rĭ-ēr), Jean Baptiste J., a distinguished French physicist and mathematician, was born on March 21, 1768, and died at Paris, on May 16, 1830. He taught mathematics at Saint-Maur, at the Normal School and at the Polytechnic School in Paris, successively. In 1798 he went to Egypt with Bonaparte. Later he was appointed prefect of Grenoble in France, a position which he held for 14 years. It was while here that he wrote his immortal work on the Analytical Theory of Heat, which was published in 1822, and which has ever since remained a model in clearness and method for all writers on mathematical physics. It was this work which, six years after its publication, suggested to Georg Ohm, the German mathematician, the remarkably simple description of the manner in which electric currents flow through conductors, now known as Ohm's law. Fourier was quite as remarkable for breadth of culture as for special attainments in mathematics. At the same time with Cuvier he was perpetual secretary of the French Academy of Science.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fox

See also Fox on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Fox, an animal closely related to the dog and jackal, but distinguished by the sharp muzzle, erect ears, vertical pupil of the eye and long, bushy tail. There are several kinds, common in different parts of the world, with the exception of South America. The one most widely distributed
* Cross Fox (a Variety of the Red Fox)
in this country is the red fox, which resembles the common fox of Europe and Great Britain, but is distinguished by slight differences. This animal is about thirty inches in the body and head, and the tail is about a foot and one half long. Its fur is a reddish-yellow, with the tips of the ears and tail black and a white line on the belly. There are several slight varieties differing in details of color. It is a clever and cunning animal, being often able to elude the hounds in the chase. The Arctic fox, which ranges southward to Labrador and Newfoundland, has beautiful silky fur, bluish or brown in summer and pure white in winter. The black fox or silver fox holds first place among fur-bearers; in London a single skin brought $2,784, and in this country skins not infrequently sell at from $600 to $1,200. The animal is jet-black, save for snow-white tip of tail and a few scattered white hairs low on its back.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fox, George

See also George Fox on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Fox, George, was the founder, of the Society of Friends, commonly called Quakers, and was born at Dray ton, in Leicestershire, England, in July, 1624. At nineteen his religious convictions forced him into the belief that he was the subject of a special divine call, and, leaving home, Bible in hand, he wandered over the country, holding meetings. He not only was a great religious, but a great social, reformer. His dress, mode of speech and manners were different from others. He took off his hat to no one; addressed men and women as thee and thou; and opposed all unnecessary form in religious observance. He was persecuted and arrested, but the sincerity of his views was admitted. He visited America with Penn, Barclay and Keith. Fox died on Nov. 13, 1690. He was known as a lovable and Christlike man, with a heart full of love for his fellow-beings. See George Fox and the Early Quakers by A. C. Bickley.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Francis Joseph

See also Franz Joseph I of Austria on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* FRANCIS JOSEPH I
Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria, was born at Vienna, on Aug. 18, 1830, and ascended the throne in 1848. He was crowned King of Hungary in 1867. His first task was to subdue the Hungarian revolt and pacify Lombardy. After this was accomplished a reaction set in. Lombardy was ceded to Sardinia; and by the war with Prussia in 1866 Austria was excluded from Germany. The emperor then adopted a policy of conciliation, and the now aged monarch reigns at present the most peaceful of European sovereigns. By the death of his only son,
Rudolf, the crown passes to Francis Ferdinand, son of the emperor's brother, Charles Louis, who renounced his claims to the throne.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fox, Charles James

See also Charles James Fox on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Fox, Charles James, the son of the first Lord Holland, was a British statesman, born on Jan. 24, 1749. He was educated at Eton and Oxford and at nineteen was elected to Parliament. He became an active supporter of the administration of Lord North, and was made an admiralty-lord. This office he resigned in 1772, and was next year appointed a commissioner of the treasury, from which he was dismissed when he went over to the ranks of the Opposition. During the American Revolutionary War, he was an opponent of the coercive measures toward the colonies adopted by the government, and was a strenuous advocate of the claims of the colonists. After occupying various other high offices of state, he died on Sept. 13, 1806, and his remains were interred in Westminster Abbey near those of Pitt. Burke called him "the greatest debater the world ever saw." See Early History of C. J. Fox by Sir George Trevelyan.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fowl

See also Poultry on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Fowl. See Poultry.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Francesca, Piero della

See also Piero della Francesca on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Francesca, Piero della (pē-ā’rō dâl’lâ frǎn-châs’kǎ), an Italian painter, was born in 1398, and died in 1484. Some fine pictures of his exist still, but his early ones perished, and Raphael painted out his frescoes in the Vatican. His fame comes chiefly from his being the first Italian artist to formulate the principles of linear perspective, study the anatomy of the nude and employ lay figures. He modeled these in clay, and draped them with costumes folded wet. He lost his sight at 60, and devoted himself to mathematics.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Francis I

See also Francis I on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Francis I of France, was born at Cognac, France, on Sept. 12, 1494, and became king on Jan. 1, 1515. His first act was to reconquer Milan. Charles V, Henry VIII and the pope were in alliance against him, driving his troops out of Italy and invading France on the north. Taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia (1525), Francis was kept a year at Madrid, gaining his freedom only by renouncing Flanders, Artois, the duchy of Burgundy and all his Italian possessions. His struggles with Charles V continued until the peace of Crécy or Cressy, 1744. His reign is marked by the Renaissance (the new birth of learning), the beginning of the Protestant Reformation and the strengthening of the power of the monarchy. He fostered learning and art, invited painters and scholars to his kingdom, founded libraries, opened schools and built several of the finest palaces in France; but his persecution of the Vaudois has left a stain on his memory. He died March 31, 1547. See Court and Reign of Francis I by Pardoe and Francis I and His Times by Corgriet.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lansdowne, William Petty, Marquis of

Edition of 1905. See also William Petty, Marquis of Lansdowne on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LANSDOWNE, William Petty, Marquis of. See Shelburne.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lange, Ernst Philipp Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Ernst Philipp Karl Lange on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LANGE, läng'e, Ernst Philipp Karl (1813-99). A German novelist, better known by his nom-de-plume, Philipp Galen. He was born at Potsdam; studied medicine at Berlin; entered the Prussian army as surgeon in 1840; and was in charge of a field hospital in the Holstein campaign of 1849. After 1857 he lived at Potsdam. He wrote: Der Irre von Saint James (written in 1844, published in 1854), the best of his novels (7th ed. 1883); a semi-biographical romance, Walther Lund (1855); Andreas Burns, a sketch of life in Holstein (1856); Die Tochter des Diplomaten (1865); Der Alte vom Berg (1873); Die Moselnixe (1877); Die Fürstendiener (1880); and Der Meier von Monjardin (1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lange, Friedrich Albert

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich Albert Lange on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LANGE, Friedrich Albert (1828-75). A German philosopher and economist, born at Wald, near Solingen, and educated at Zurich and Bonn. He entered journalism as editor of the Rhein- und Ruhr-Zeitung (1862), and showed himself an able opponent of Bismarck's Ministry. In 1870 he was appointed to a new chair of inductive philosophy at Zurich. His earlier literary activity was in economics and included such books as Mills Ansichten über die sociale Frage (1865) and the valuable work Die Arbeiterfrage (2d revised ed. 1870), which is socialistic, but remarkably practical and independent. More important is his work in philosophy, especially the Geschichte des Materialismus (last ed. 1898), with a valuable criticism of modern science, ethics, and economics. Consult: Braun, Lange als Socialökonom (Halle, 1881); Ellisen, Lange, eine Lebensbeschreibung (Leipzig, 1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lange, Thor Næve

Edition of 1905. See also Thor Lange on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LANGE, Thor Næve (1851—). A Danish author, born in Copenhagen. About 1877 he went to Moscow as Danish consul. His works include admirable translations from Greek, Old French, and Russian, and he made a good translation of Longfellow's “Golden Legend” (3d ed. 1891). He also compiled Skildringer fra den russiske Literatur (1886). His original volumes include: En maaned i Orienten; Flygtize Skizzer (1887); Skitser og Phantaseir (1890); and a collection of his poems, Gennem farret Glas (1894).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lange, Henry

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Lange on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LANGE, Henry (1821-93). A German cartographer, born at Stettin. He worked with Berghaus, and, after laboring three years in Edinburgh on Johnson's physical atlas, studied under Ritter and Dove in Berlin (1847 sqq.). In 1855 he entered the employ of Brockhaus at the head of the geographical department; retired in 1860; and in 1868 became inspector in the Berlin Statistical Bureau. He published: Atlas von Nordamerika (1854); Brockhaus' Reiseatlas (1858-73); and Land und Seekarte des Mittelländischen Meers (2d ed. 1870).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lange, Johann Peter

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Peter Lange on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LANGE, Johann Peter (1802-84). A German theologian. He was born at Sonnborn, near Elberfeld, studied at Bonn, and after serving for several years as pastor, became professor of theology at Zurich in 1841, and at Bonn in 1854. His works include: Das Leben Jesu (1844-47; Eng. trans. 1864 and 1872); Christliche
Dogmatik (1849-52); Grundriss der theologischen Hermeneutik (1877); Grundriss der Bibelkunde Encyclopädie (1877); Grundriss der biblischen (1881). He is best known as one of the editors of the Theologisch-homiletisches Bibelwerk (1857 sqq.), published in English translation, edited and augmented by Philip Schaff, under the title A Commentary on the Holy Scriptures, Critical, Doctrinal, and Homiletical (25 vols., New York, 1865-80).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lange, Ludwig

Edition of 1905. See also Ludwig Lange (philologist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LANGE, Ludwig (1825-85). A German philologist and archæologist, born in Hanover. He studied at Göttingen under Hermann, in 1853 was made professor at Prague, in 1859 went to Giessen, and in 1871 to Leipzig. His principal work was Handbuch der römischen Altertümer (3d ed. 1876-79); and he also wrote Der homerische Gebrauch der Partikel εἰ (1872-73) and Die Epheten und der Areopag vor Solon (1874). His lesser writings were posthumously collected and edited, with a biographical sketch by K. Lange, under the title Kleine Schriften aus dem Gebiet der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft (1887). Consult Neumann, Ludwig Lange (Berlin, 1886).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lange, Thomas

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
LANGE, Thomas (1829-87). A Danish novelist, born at Copenhagen. He studied theology, but was not ordained, and afterwards devoted himself to literature. His first writings were published anonymously, and attracted little attention. It was not until Eventyets Land (1863) appeared that he was fitly appreciated. Later works gave him a place not much inferior to that of Goldschmidt in Danish literature. His works include: Aaen og Havet (1870); Romantiske Skildringer (Romantic Descriptions, 1872), his masterpiece; De lyse Nætter (1875); Et Symposion (1877); and Nyt Liv (1879).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lange, Samuel Gotthold

Edition of 1905. See also Samuel Gotthold Lange on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LANGE, Samuel Gotthold (1711-81). A German poet. He was born at Halle, the son of the pietist Joachim Lange (1670-1744), who was famed as the author of the Halle Grammars. The son studied theology at Halle, and there became acquainted with Pyra, with whom he wrote Thyrsis' und Damons freundschaftliche Lieder (1745), attacked Gottsched, whom they had both ardently followed before, and opposed the use of rhyme in poetry. His strongest claim to fame is the feeble version of Horace's Odes (1752), which Lessing criticised and, when roused by Lange's fling that the critic's works because of their small format were only ‘Vademecums,’ overpowered with the brilliancy of his Vade Mecum für Lange (1754).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Langebek, Jakob

Edition of 1905. See also Jakob Langebek on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LANGEBEK, läng′e-bĕk, Jakob (1710-75). A Danish historian, born at Skjoldborg. He first studied Danish history, and it was by critical articles on contemporary writers in this field that he attracted attention. He founded a society for the study of the language and history of
Denmark in 1845, and was its perpetual archivist. His works consist of valuable contributions on his favorite subject to the journals, and to the Danske Magazin (1845-52), which he edited and nearly all of which he wrote himself; and Scriptores Rerum Danicarum Medii Œvi . . . (1772-74), which was completed by Suhm, Schoening, and others from original papers, in 1878. He also collected material for a Danish dictionary. A collection of his letters was published in 1895.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Austerlitz

See also Battle of Austerlitz on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Austerlitz (äs' těr-lĭts), a town in Moravia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Littawa River, is celebrated because of the victory there of Napoleon over the Russians and Austrians, December 2, 1805. After Napoleon had captured Vienna, in the middle of November, 1805, he took up his quarters with about 75,000 men, at Brünn, the capital of Moravia. The Austrian and Russian forces, about 85,000 strong, commanded by their two emperors, were at Olmütz, northeast of Brünn. The French occupied a high piece of ground, partly surrounded by swamps and woods. At about seven in the morning of December 2d, the allied forces advanced against the right wing of the French army, but Napoleon ordered an instant attack on their flank, and completely defeated them after a hard contest. While part of the allies were retreating across a frozen lake, Napoleon's artillery broke the ice and nearly 2,000 men were drowned At Austerlitz Russia and Austria lost about 30,000 men in killed, wounded and prisoners, while the French loss was about 12,000. After the battle the Peace of Presburg was signed, and the Russian emperor was forced to return to his empire.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Austin

See also Austin, Texas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Austin, the capital of Texas, stands on the left bank of the Colorado River. The river here breaks through a range of hills upon which the city is built. On Capitol Hill stands the magnificent state capitol, built of Texas marble, at a cost of 3,000,000 acres of state land. From this point broad avenues extend north, south, east and west. Austin is an important railroad point, and the market center of a rich agricultural district. It is the seat of the University of Texas, endowed and maintained by legislative grants, with 71 instructors and an attendance of 1 ,000 students. Here are also located St. Edward's College, St. Mary's Academy, Tillotson College and other academies and seminaries; also the state asylums for the blind, insane, and deaf and dumb. Population, 29,860.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Austin, Alfred

See also Alfred Austin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Aus'tin, Alfred, English poet-laureate (1896-1913), in succession to Lord Tennyson, was born at Headingley, near Leeds, England, May 30, 1835, and educated at Stonyhurst College and at St. Mary's College, Oscott. In 1853 he took his degree at London University, and was called to the bar of the Inner Temple. In 1861 he first showed his bent toward literature by the publication of some minor poems, followed by the volumes entitled The Human Tragedy, Savonarola, The Tower of Babel, Prince Lucifer, Fortunatus the Pessimist, The Garden that I Love, In Veronica's Garden, Lamia's Winter Quarters, England's Darling and At the Gate of the Convent. A collected edition of his poems has appeared in six volumes. He never practiced law but did journalistic work as a newspaper correspondent, and critic, writing largely for the London Standard and Quarterly Review, and founding and editing for a time, in conjunction with W. J. Courthope, the National Review.