OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Watts, Alaric Alexander

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​WATTS, ALARIC ALEXANDER (1797–1864), English journalist and poet, was the son of John Mosley Watts and grandson of William Watts, a Leicester physician of repute. After leaving school he made his living for a short time by teaching, and in 1818 joined the staff of the New Monthly Magazine in London, becoming about the same time a contributor to the Literary Gazette. In 1822 he was made editor of the Leeds Intelligencer, in the columns of which he was one of the first to advocate measures for protecting workers in factories against accidents from machinery. In 1823 he published his first volume of verse, Poetical Sketches, and in 1824 he became the editor of the Literary Souvenir, of which he also became the proprietor two years later, and in the conduct of which he secured the co-operation of some of the most famous men of letters of the period. In 1825 he went to Manchester as editor of the Manchester Courier, a position which he resigned a year later; in 1827 he assisted in founding the Standard, of which the first editor was Stanley Lees Giffard; and in 1833 he started the United Service Gazette, which he edited for several years. Watts was also interested in a number of provincial Conservative newspapers which were not financially successful, and he became bankrupt in 1850, but was awarded a civil service pension by Lord Aberdeen in 1854. In 1856 he edited the first edition of Men of the Time. Watts died in London on the 5th of April 1864. In 1867 a collection of his poems was published in a volume entitled The Laurel and the Lyre.
See A. A. Watts, Alaric Watts (2 vols., London, 1884).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Watterson, Henry

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​WATTERSON, HENRY (1840), American journalist, was born in Washington, D.C., on the 16th of February 1840. His father, Harvey McGee Watterson (1811-1891), was a journalist and lawyer, and was a Democratic representative in Congress in 1839-1843. The son was educated by private tutors, and between 1858 and 1861 was editor of the Washington States and of the Democratic Review. During the Civil War he served in the Confederate army as aide-de-camp to General Nathan B. Forrest and to General Leonidas Polk in 1861-1862; he was editor of the Chattanooga Rebel in 1862-1863, and was chief of scouts in General Joseph E. Johnston's army in 1864. In 1865-1867 he was an editor of the Republican Banner, at Nashville, Tennessee, and in 1867-1868 was editor of the Journal at Louisville, Kentucky. In 1868, with W. N. Haldeman, he founded and became editor of the Louisville Courier-Journal, a consolidation of the Courier (1843), the Democrat (1844), and the Journal (1830); and it soon became one of the most influential of Southern newspapers. He was a Democratic representative in Congress from August 1876 to March 1877, and was delegate at large to the National Democratic Conventions of 1876, 1880, 1884, 1888 and 1892, serving as temporary chairman in 1876, and as chairman of the platform committee in 1880 and 1888. He became widely known as a lecturer and orator. His publications include History of the Spanish-American War (1899) and The Compromises of Life (1902).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wattignies

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​WATTIGNIES, a village of France 5½ m. S.S.E. of Maubeuge, the scene of a battle in the French Revolutionary Wars (q.v.), fought on the 15th–16th October 1793. The Allied army, chiefly Austrians, under Coburg, was besieging Maubeuge, and the Revolutionary army, preparing to relieve it, gathered behind Avesnes. Coburg disposed a covering force of 21,000 astride the Avesnes-Maubeuge road, 5000 on the right with their flank on the Sambre, 9000 in the centre, on a ridge in an amphitheatre of woods, and 6000 on the left, chiefly on the plateau of Wattignies. A long line of woods enabled the Republican commander, Jourdan, to deploy unseen; 14,000 men were to attack the right, 16,000 were sent towards Wattignies, and 13,000 were to demonstrate in the centre till the others had succeeded and then to attack. Meantime (though this part of the programme miscarried) the Maubeuge garrison, which was almost as strong as its besiegers, was to sally out. Even without the Maubeuge garrison Jourdan had a two-to-one superiority. But the French were still the undisciplined enthusiasts of Hondschoote. Their left attack progressed so long as it could use “dead ground” in the valleys, but when the Republicans reached the gentler slopes above, the volleys of the Austrian regulars crushed their swarms, and the Austrian cavalry, striking them in flank, rode over them. The centre attack, ordered by Carnot on the assumption that all was well on the flanks, was premature; like the left, it progressed while the slopes were sharp, but when the Republicans arrived on the crest they found a gentle reverse slope before them, at the foot of which were Coburg's best troops. Again the disciplined volleys and a well-timed cavalry charge swept back the assailants. The French right reached, but could not hold, Wattignies. But these reverses were, in the eyes of Carnot and Jourdan, mere mishaps. Jourdan wished to renew the left attack, but Carnot, the engineer, considered the Wattignies plateau the key of the position and his opinion prevailed. In the night the nearly equal partition of force, which was largely responsible for the failure, was modified, and the strength of the attack massed opposite Wattignies. Coburg meanwhile strengthened his wings. He heard that Jourdan had been reinforced up to 100,000. But he called up few fresh battalions, and put into line only 23,000 men. In reality Jourdan had not received reinforcements, and the effects of the first failure almost neutralized the superiority of numbers and enthusiasm over discipline and confidence. But at last, after a long fight had eliminated the faint-hearted, enough brave men remained in the excited crowds held together by Carnot and Jourdan to win the plateau. Coburg then drew off. His losses were 2500 out of 23,000, Jourdan's 3000 out of 43,000.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pordenone

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​PORDENONE, a town of the province-of Udine, Venetia, Italy, 30 m. W. by S. of Udine on the railway to Treviso. Pop. (1901), 8425 (town); 12,409 (commune). It was the birthplace of the painter generally known as Il Pordenone (q.v.). Paintings from his brush adorn the cathedral (which has a fine brick campanile), and others are preserved in the gallery of the town hall. Cotton industries are active, and silk and pottery are manufactured.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pordenone, Il

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​PORDENONE, IL (1483–1539), an eminent painter of the Venetian school, whose correct name was Giovanni Antonio Licinio, or Licino. He was commonly named Il Pordenone from having been born in 1483 at Corticelli, a village near Pordenone (q.v.) in Italy. He ultimately dropped the name of Licinio, having quarrelled with his brothers, one of whom had wounded him in the hand; he then called himself Regillo, or De Regillo. His signature runs “Antonius Portunaensis,” or “De Portunaonis." He was created a cavalier by Charles V.
As a painter Licinio was a scholar of Pellegrino da S. Daniele, but the leading influence which governed his style was that of Giorgione; the popular story that he was a fellow-pupil with Titian under Giovanni Bellini is incorrect. The district ​about Pordenone had been somewhat fertile in capable painters; but Licinio excelled them all in invention and design, and more especially in the powers of a vigorous chiaroscurist and flesh painter. Indeed, so far as mere flesh-painting is concerned he was barely inferior to Titian in breadth, pulpiness and tone; and he was for a while the rival of that great painter in public regard. The two were open enemies, and Licinio would sometimes afiect to wear arms while he was painting. He excelled Giorgione in light and shade and in the effect of relief, and was distinguished in perspective and in portraits; he was equally at home in fresco and in oil-colour. He executed many works in Pordenone and elsewhere in Friuli, and in Cremona and Venice; at one time he settled in Piacenza, where is one of his most celebrated church pictures, “St Catherine disputing with the Doctors in Alexandria”; the figure of St Paul in connexion with this picture is his own portrait. He was formally invited by Duke Hercules II. of Ferrara to that court; here soon afterwards, in 1539, he died, not without suspicion of poison. His latest works are comparatively careless and superficial; and generally he is better in male figures than in female—the latter being somewhat too sturdy—and the composition of his subject pictures is scarcely on a level with their other merits. Pordenone appears to have been a vehement self-asserting man, to which his style as a painter corresponds, and his morals were not unexceptionable. Three of his principal scholars were Bernardino Licinio, named Il Sacchiense, his son-in-law Pomponio Amalteo, and Giovanni Maria Calderari.
The following may be named among Pordenone’s works: the picture of “S Luigi Giustiniani and other Saints,” originally in S Maria dell’ Orto, Venice; a “Madonna and Saints” (both of these in the Venice academy); the “Woman taken in Adultery,” in the Berlin museum; the “Annunciation,” at Udine, regarded by Vasari as the artist’s masterpiece, now damaged by restoration. In Hampton Court is a duplicate work, the “Painter and his Family”; and in Burghley House are two fine pictures now assigned to Pordenone—the “Finding of Moses” and the “Adoration of the Kings.” These used to be attributed to Titian and to Bassano respectively.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Porfirius, Publilius Optatianus

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​PORFIRIUS, PUBLILIUS OPTATIANUS, Latin poet, possibly a native of Africa, flourished during the 4th century A.D. He has been identified with Publilius Optatianus, who was praefectus urbi (329 and 333), and is by some authorities included amongst the Christian poets. For some reason he had been banished, but having addressed a panegyric to the Emperor Constantine the Great, he was allowed to return. Twenty-eight poems are extant under his name, of which twenty were included in the panegyric. They have no value except as curiosities and specimens of perverted ingenuity. Some of them are squares (the number of letters in each line being equal), certain letters being lubricated so as to form a pattern or figure, and at the same time special verses or maxims; others represent various objects (a syrinx, an organ, an altar); others have special peculiarities in each line (number of words or letters); while the 28th poem (the versus anacyclici) may be read backwards without any effect upon sense or metre. A complimentary letter from the emperor and letter of thanks from the author are also extant. The best edition of the poem is by L. Müller (1877).
See also O. Seeck, “Das Leben des Dichters Porphyrius” in Rheinisches Museum (1908), lxiii. 267.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Poros

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​POROS, or Poro (“the Ford”), an island off the east coast of the Morea, separated at its western extremity by only a narrow channel from the mainland at Troezen, and consisting of a mass of limestone rock and of a mass of trachyte connected by a slight sandy isthmus. The town looks down on the beautiful harbour between the island and the mainland on the south.
The ancient Calauria, with which Poros is identified, was given, according to the myth, by Apollo to Poseidon in exchange for Delos; and it became in historic times famous for a temple of the sea-god, which formed the centre of an amphictyony of seven maritime states—Hermione, Epidaurus, Aegina, Athens, Prasiae, Nauplia, and Orchomenus. Here Demosthenes took sanctuary with “gracious Poseidon,” and, when this threatened to fail him, sought death. The building was of Doric architecture and lay on a ridge of the hill commanding a fine view of Athens and the Saronic Gulf, near the middle of the limestone part of the island. The site was excavated in 1894, and traces of a sacred agora with porticoes and other buildings, as well as the temple, have been found. In the neighbourhood of Poros-Calauria are two small islands, the more westerly of which contains the ruins of a small temple, and is probably the ancient Sphaeria or Hiera mentioned by Pausanias as the seat of a temple of Athena Apaturia. The English, French, and Russian plenipotentiaries met at Poros in 1828 to discuss the basis of the Greek government.
See Chandler, Travels; Leake, Morea; Le Bas, Voyage archéologique; Curtius, Peloponnesos; Pouillon-Boblaye, Recherches; Bursian, Geographie von Griechenland; Rangabé “Ein Ausflug nach Poros,” in Deutsche Revue (1883); and S. Wide, in Mitteilungen d. deutsch. Inst. Athen. (1895), vol. xx.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Porphyrio, Pomponius

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​PORPHYRIO, POMPONIUS, Latin grammarian and commentator on Horace, possibly a native of Africa, flourished during the 2nd century A.D. (according to others, much later). His scholia on Horace, which are still extant, mainly consist of rhetorical and grammatical explanations. It is not probable that we possess the original work, which must have suffered from alterations and interpolations at the hands of the copyists of the middle ages, but on the whole the scholia form a valuable aid to the student of Horace.
Ed. W. Meyer (1874); A. Holder (1894); see also C. F. Urba, Meletemata porphyrionea (1885); E. Schweikert, De Porphyrionis . . . scholiis Horatianis (1865); F. Pauly, Quaestiones criticae de . . . Porphyrionis commentariis Horatianis (1858).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pore

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​PORE, a small opening or orifice, particularly used of the openings of the ducts of the sweat-glands in the skin or of the stomata in the epidermis of plants or those through which the pollen or seed are discharged from anthers or seed capsules. The word is an adaptation through the French from Lat. porus, Gr. πόρος, passage. In the sense of to look closely at, to read with persistent or close attention, “pore” is of obscure origin. It would seem to be connected with “peer,” to look closely into, and would point to an O. Eng. purian or pyrian. There is no similar word in Old French.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes

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A BOOK OF NURSERY SONGS AND RHYMES
A BOOK OF NURSERY SONGS AND RHYMES
EDITED BY S. BARING-GOULD: WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY MEMBERS OF THE BIRMINGHAM ART SCHOOL UNDER THE DIRECTION OF A.J.GASKIN
LONDON: METHUEN & COMPANY ESSEX ST. STRAND: MDCCCXCV
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1924, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 99 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/A Lying Tale

​II. A LYING TALE
O when I was an infant young, To London I did go, Among the French and Spaniards there My gallantry to show. And when I came to the Eastern shore, I let my head hang down, I tripped along o'er banks and hills But never touched the ground. Fal-de-liddle-li-do Fal-de-liddle-iddle-dee.
So when I reached the Eastern shore, I met a giant high, His little feet filled up the street, His head it touched the sky. He looked down, and with a frown He bid me pass his way. He looked up, and bid me sup A posset made of whey.
He challenged me to dance and sing, To whistle or to pipe. I playéd every instrument And whipped the giant quite. ​He challenged me to jump a brook, He challenged me to run; I beat the pride out of his hide, And killed him when I'd done.
The people all admiring stood, To see me, not afraid. They gave to me a salver bright, A hundred ton it weighed. I made myself a little box, 'Twas but three acres square, I filled it up unto the top With my bright silver ware.
When I did go from London town, I rode upon an ox, In by my thigh, in pocket I Did put my little box. And when I reached the Western shore, They kicked me out of door, They would not trust me for a pint, Because I looked so poor.
I bought myself a flock of sheep, I thought they all were wethers. And some of them they gave me lambs And some gave only feathers. Methinks they were the bravest sheep To give such good increase, I cut their wool when the moon was full, And I had two lambs apiece.
​I bought a little poodle dog, A pretty dog was he, Where'er I went, 'twas his intent To run and follow me. His tail it was but ten yards long, His ears but five feet wide, And round the world in half a day Upon him I might ride.
I bought myself a coal-black hen, Of her I took much care, I set her on a mussel shell And out she hatched a hare. The hare she grew at such a pace, She soon was ten hands high. Come—if you know a better joke, I'm very sure you lie. Fal-de-liddle-li-do Fal-de-liddle-iddle-dee.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/A cow and a calf

​XV.
A cow and a calf, An ox and a half, Forty shillings good and three. Is that not a tocher For a shoemaker's daughter, A bonny lass with a bright black e'e?
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/A Ship a-Sailing

​XLII. A SHIP A-SAILING
I saw a ship a-sailing, A-sailing on the sea; And oh! it was a-laden With pretty things for me.
There were comfits in the cabin, And apples in the hold; The sails were made of satin, The masts of beaten gold.
The four and twenty sailors That stood between the decks, Were four and twenty white mice, With chains about their necks.
The captain was a duck, sir, With a packet on his back, And when the ship was sailing, The captain said, Quack! quack!'
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yataghan

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​YATAGHAN (from Turk, yātāghān; sometimes spelled in English "attaghan" and "ataghan"), the name of a type of sword common to Mahommedan peoples. It has no guard or quillons, but a large and often decorated pommel; its blade has a double curve on the cutting edge, first concave and then convex; the back is usually straight (see Sword).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yarmouth (Canada)

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​YARMOUTH, a seaport town and port of entry, Yarmouth county, Nova Scotia, Canada, on the Dominion & Atlantic railway, 218 m. from Halifax. Pop. (1901) 6430. Steamers run daily to Boston (Mass.), and weekly to St John (N.B.) and Halifax. It contains the county buildings, and has good schools and small local manufactories. Fish and lumber are exported in large quantities.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yarrow

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​YARROW, a river and parish of Selkirkshire, Scotland. The river, issuing from St Mary's Loch, flows for 14 m. E. by N. to the Tweed, which it joins about 3 m. below the county town. The stream and vale are famous in poetry. Only a fragment remains of Dryhope Tower, on Dryhope Burn, the home of Mary Scott, "the flower of Yarrow," whom Walter Scott of Harden married about 1576. On Douglas Burn, a left-hand tributary, are the ruins of the keep of "the good" Sir James Douglas, the friend of Robert Bruce; and Blackhouse, Mount Benger and the farm of Alttive are all connected with James Hogg. Near Broadmeadows Sir William Douglas, the knight of Liddesdale, was murdered by his kinsman (1353) in revenge for the death of Sir Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie at Hermitage Castle. The body lay for a night in Lindean church, now in ruins, near Selkirk, before its burial in Melrose Abbey. On the right bank are the ruins of Newark Castle, built by James III. in 1466 as a hunting seat, afterwards the property of the Scotts of Buccleuch. It was burned by the English in 1548, but the tower was restored. On the right side of the Yarrow is Bowhill, a seat of the duke of Buccleuch.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yarmouth (Isle of Wight)

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​YARMOUTH, a small port at the western extremity of the Isle of Wight, England, on the shore of the Solent, where the estuary of the Yar debouches. Pop. (1901) 903. Steamers connect it with the London & South-Western railway at Lymington on the mainland, and it is also served by the Isle of Wight Central line. The church contains a fine monument to Admiral Sir Robert Holmes, who look New Amsterdam, afterwards New York, from the Dutch.
The place appears in the Domesday Survey of 1086 under the name of Ermud; it was then assessed at 1 hide 2½ virgates, and held in parage by Aluric and Wislac, two of the king's thegns who had also held it under Edward the Confessor. The first charter was granted by Baldwin de Redvers in 1135. and was confirmed by Edward I., Henry VI., Edward IV. and Elizabeth, but the earliest
charter of incorporation was from James I., instituting a governing body of a mayor and twelve chief burgesses, with power to choose a steward, town clerk and serjeant-at-mace. Under the Municipal Corporations Act of 1883 the corporation was abolished and the administration vested in a town trust of eleven members. Yarmouth and Newport returned members to parliament as one borough in 1295, but no further returns were made until 1584, from which date Yarmouth continued to send representatives until disfranchised by the Reform Act of 1832. The charter from James I. instituted a Wednesday market and a fair at the feast of St James, which were maintained until within recent years. In the 18th century Yarmouth was a notorious smuggling centre. In 1206 John embarked from Yarmouth for the expedition to La Rochelle. The town was burnt by the French in 1337 and in 1544. In the 16th century, at the time of the expectation of the Spanish invasion, a small fort was built called Carey's Sconce, the remains of which are to be seen at the W. of the town. In 1648 Charles I. was brought to Yarmouth on his way from Carisbrooke to Hurst Castle; and in 1671 Charles II. and his court were entertained at Yarmouth by Admiral Sir Robert Holmes, governor of the island.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yarrell, William

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​YARRELL, WILLIAM (1784–1856), British naturalist, was born in London on the 3rd of June 1784. His father was a newspaper agent, and he succeeded to the business, and prosecuted it till within a few years of his death. He acquired the reputation of being the best shot and the first angler in the metropolis, and soon also became an expert naturalist. In 1825 he was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society, of which he subsequently became treasurer, and was a diligent contributor to their Transactions; and he was one of the original members of the Zoological Society. The greater part of his leisure towards the end of his life was devoted to his two great works, The History of British Fishes (2 vols., 1836) and The History of British Birds (2 vols., 1843). These works from the first took rank as standard authorities. He died at Yarmouth on the 1st of September 1856.