OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Burnet v. Leininger

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United States Supreme Court
285 U.S. 136
Burnet v. Leininger
Argued: Feb. 16, 1932. --- Decided: March 14, 1932
The Attorney General and Mr. Claude R. Branch, of Providence, R. I (Messrs. Thomas D. Thacher, Sol. Gen., of Washington, D. C., G. A. Youngquist, Asst. Atty. Gen., Sewall Key, John H. McEvers, and Wilbur H. Friedman, all of Washington, D. C., on the brief), for petitioner.
Mr. Irwin N. Loeser, of Cleveland, Ohio (Messrs. Levi Cooke and John R. Beneman, both of Washington, D. C., on the brief), for respondent.
[Argument of Counsel from page 137 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Chief Justice HUGHES delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Burnet v. Jergins

United States Supreme Court
288 U.S. 508
Burnet v. Jergins
Argued: Feb. 16, 17, 1933. --- Decided: March 13, 1933
The Attorney General and Mr. G. A.
Youngquist, Asst. Atty. Gen., for petitioner.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 508-510 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Mare F. Mitchell and A. Calder MacKay, both of Los Angeles, Cal., for respondent.
Messrs. Charles D. Hamel and John Enrietto, both of Washington, D.C., amici curiae for Public Ownership League of America.
Mr. Justice ROBERTS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

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Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Burnet v. Niagara Falls Brewing Company

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United States Supreme Court
282 U.S. 648
Burnet v. Niagara Falls Brewing Company
Argued: Jan. 21, 1931. --- Decided: Feb 24, 1931
The Attorney General and Mr. Claude R. Branch, of Providence, R. I., for petitioner.
[Argument of Counsel from page 649 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Basil Robillard, of Niagara Falls, N. Y., for respondents.
Mr. Justice BUTLER delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Burnet v. Logan

United States Supreme Court
283 U.S. 404
Burnet v. Logan
Argued: April 29, 1931. --- Decided: May 18, 1931
[Syllabus intentionally omitted]
The Attorney General and Mr. G. A. Youngquist, Asst. Atty. Gen., for petitioner.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Blaise Pascal/Letters/To the Marchioness de Sable

December, 1660.
Although I am much embarrassed, I can no longer defer rendering you a thousand thanks for having procured me the ​acquaintance of M. Menjot; for it is doubtless to you, Madame, that I owe it; and as I esteemed him highly already from the things which my sister had told me of him, I cannot tell you with how much joy I have received the favor which he has wished to render me. It is only necessary to read his letter to see how much intellect and judgment he possesses; and although I may not be capable of understanding the depth of the matters which he treats in his book, I will tell you, nevertheless, Madame, that I have learned much from the manner in which he reconciles in a few words the immateriality of the soul with the power of matter to change its functions and to cause delirium. I am very impatient to have the honor to converse with you on it.
# Blaise Pascal/Letters/To Mme. Perier (3)

1659.
In general, their advice was that you could in no way, without mortally wounding charity and your conscience, and rendering yourself guilty of one of the greatest crimes, pledge a child of her age and innocence, and even of her piety, to the most perilous and lowest of the conditions of Christianity. That indeed, according to the world, the affair had no difficulty, and she was to conclude it without hesitation; but that according to God, she had less difficulty in it, and she was to reject it without hesitation, because the condition of an advantageous marriage is as desirable in the opinion of the world as it is vile and prejudicial in the sight of God. That not knowing to what she may be called, nor whether her temperament may not be so tranquil that she can support her virginity with piety, it were little to know the value of it to pledge her to lose this good so desirable to every one in himself, and so desirable to fathers and mothers for their children, since as they can no longer desire it for themselves, it is in them that they should strive to render to God what they have lost in general for other causes than for God.
Besides, that husbands, although rich and wise in the opinion of the world, are in truth complete pagans in the sight of God; so that the last words of these gentlemen are that to pledge a child to an ordinary man is a species of homicide and a deicide as it were in their own persons.
# Blaise Pascal/Letters/To Mme. Perier (5)

(Superscribed, To Mademoiselle Perier, at Clermont, in Auvergne.)
My Dear Sister,
I do not believe that it is quite right that you should be vexed; for, if you are not so because we have forgotten you, then you ought not to be at all. I tell you no news, ​for there is too much that is general, and there must always be too much that is private. I should have much to tell you that happens in complete secrecy, but I regard it as useless to send it to you; all that I pray you is, to mingle acts of grace with the prayers which you make for me, and which I entreat you to multiply at this time. I carried your letter myself with the aid of God, in order that it might be forwarded to Madame de Maubuisson. They gave me a little book, in which this sentence was written with the hand. I know not whether it is in the little book of sentences, but it is beautiful. I am so much hurried that I can say no more. Do not fail in your fasts. Adieu.
# Blaise Pascal/New Fragment of the Treatise on Vacuum

NEW FRAGMENT OF THE TREATISE ON VACUUM
What is there more absurd than to say that inanimate bodies have passions, fears, horrors; that insensible bodies, without life, and even incapable of it, may have passions which presuppose a soul at least sensitive to experience them? Besides, if the object of this horror were a vacuum, what is there in a vacuum that could make them afraid? What is there meaner and more ridiculous?
This is not all; if they have in themselves a principle of motion to shun a vacuum, have they arms, legs, muscles, nerves?
# Blaise Pascal/Letters/To Mme. Perier (4)

(Addressed: A Mademoiselle Périer la Conseillère.)
Rouen, Saturday, the last of January, 1643.
My Dear Sister,
I doubt not that you have been greatly troubled at the length of time in which you have received no news from these parts. But I think that you must have suspected that the journey of the Elus has been the cause, as in fact it was. Had it not been for this, I should not have failed to write to you oftener. I have to tell you that Messieurs the commissioners being at Gizors, my father made me take a tour to Paris, where I found a letter which you had written, in which you say that you are surprised that I reproach you that you do not write often enough, and in which you tell me that you write to Rouen once every week. It is very certain, if this is so, that the letters are lost, for I do not receive one once in three weeks. On my return to Rouen, I found a letter from M. Périer, who writes that you are ill. He does ​not write whether your sickness is dangerous or whether you are better; and an unusual length of time has passed since without having received any letter, so that we are in an anxiety from which I pray you to relieve us as soon as possible; but I think the prayer I make you will be useless, for before you shall have received this letter, I hope that we shall have received letters from you or from M. Périer. The department is finished, God be praised. If I knew of any thing new, I would let you know it. I am, my dear sister, etc.
Postscript in the handwriting of Etienne Pascal, the father: "My dear daughter will excuse me if I do not write to her as I wished, having no leisure for it; for I have never been in a tenth part the perplexity that I am at present. I could not be more so without being overwhelmed; for the last four months I have not been in bed six times before two o'clock in the morning.
"I lately commenced a jesting letter upon the subject of your last, concerning the marriage of M. Desjeux, but I have never had leisure to finish it. For news, the daughter of M. de Paris, maître des comptes, the wife of M. de Neufirlle, also maître des comptes, is dead, as well as the daughter of Belair, the wife of young Lambert. Your little boy slept here last night. He is very well, thank God.
"I am ever your true and affectionate friend,
"Pascal."
Your very humble and affectionate servant and brother,
Pascal.
# Branch v. Jesup

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United States Supreme Court
106 U.S. 468
Branch v. Jesup
W. W. Montgomery, for appellants.
W. S.C.hisholm and R. Falligant, for appellees.
BRADLEY, J.

## Notes

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Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Branch v. United States

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United States Supreme Court
100 U.S. 673
Branch v. United States
APPEAL from the Court of Claims.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Mr. Theodore H. N. McPherson for the appellants.
The Attorney-General, contra.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

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# Brand

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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Brand (1866), a work by Henrik Ibsen
* "Brand" (1919), a poem by Charles Hamilton Sorley
# Brand v. Union Elevated Railroad Company

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United States Supreme Court
238 U.S. 586
Brand v. Union Elevated Railroad Company
Argued: May 6 and 7, 1915. --- Decided: June 21, 1915
Messrs. Harry S. Mecartney and John S. Miller for plaintiffs in error.
Messrs. Roger L. Foote, Francis W. Walker, Randall W. Burns, and Addison L. Gardner for respondents.
Mr. Justice McReynolds delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

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# Brandenburg v. Ohio

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Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969), was a United States Supreme Court case based on the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. It held that government cannot punish inflammatory speech unless it is directed to inciting and likely to incite imminent lawless action.Warning: template has been deprecated.

## Concurring Opinions

    Black
    Douglas
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
395 U.S. 444
Brandenburg v. Ohio
APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
Appellant, a Ku Klux Klan leader, was convicted under the Ohio Criminal Syndicalism statute for
    advocat[ing] . . . the duty, necessity, or propriety of crime, sabotage, violence, or unlawful methods of terrorism as a means of accomplishing industrial or political reform
and for
    voluntarily assembl[ing] with any society, group or assemblage of persons formed to teach or advocate the doctrines of criminal syndicalism.
Neither the indictment nor the trial judge's instructions refined the statute's definition of the crime in terms of mere advocacy not distinguished from incitement to imminent lawless action.
Held: Since the statute, by its words and as applied, purports to punish mere advocacy and to forbid, on pain of criminal punishment, assembly with others merely to advocate the described type of action, it falls within the condemnation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Freedoms of speech and press do not permit a State to forbid advocacy of the use of force or of law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action. Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357, overruled.
Reversed.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Brandenburg v. Ohio/Concurrence Black

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Black Douglas
MR. JUSTICE BLACK, concurring.
I agree with the views expressed by MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS in his concurring opinion in this case that the "clear and present danger" doctrine should have no place [p450] in the interpretation of the First Amendment. I join the Court's opinion, which, as I understand it, simply cites Dennis v. United States, 341 U.S. 494 (1951), but does not indicate any agreement on the Court's part with the "clear and present danger" doctrine on which Dennis purported to rely.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Caracalla

From volume 3 of the work.
(MARCUS AURELIUS SEVERUS ANTONINUS, nicknamed CARACALLA)
Roman Emperor, son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna, b. 188; d. 217. He became joint ruler in 211 with his brother Geta, whom he caused to be murdered in 212, and thereby became sole emperor. He was slain himself in the neighbourhood of Carrhæ in Mesopotamia. In spite of his cruelty, immorality, avarice and treachery Caracalla was a brave soldier and successful administrator and did much to restore the security of the Empire by his campaigns against the Germans and in the Orient. He had little sympathy with Roman ideals or customs and his influence aided considerably in weakening the moral unity of the Empire and destroying the ancient traditions of Rome. The most noteworthy act of his reign was the extension by the Constitutio Antoniana (212) of the rights of Roman citizenship to all the inhabitants of the Empire. It is impossible to estimate what effect this rather doubtful boon had upon the fortunes of Christianity. While the martyrs henceforth could be executed as Romans the right of appeal to Cæsar was abrogated and new and heavy burdens of taxation were imposed. No changes in the laws regarding Christians were introduced by Caracalla and the policy followed in the reign of his father was continued with unabated severity and many were put to death. Rome and the spirit of syncretism fostered by the policy of this Emperor bore fruit in later reigns.
block
P.J. HEALY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cardinal (Members of the College of Cardinals, 1913)

From volume 16 of the work.
Members of the College of Cardinals, 1913:
* Agliardi, Antonio, Bishop of Albano;
* Aguirre y Garcia, Gregorio Maria, Archbishop of Toledo;
* Almaraz y Santos, Enrique, Archbishop of Seville;
* Amette, Leon-Adolphe, Archbishop of Paris;
* Andrieu, Paulin-Pierre, Archbishop of Bordeaux;
* Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti, Joaquin, Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro;
* Bacilieri, Bartolomeo, Bishop of Verona;
* Bauer, Franz von Sales, Archbishop of Olmutz;
* Billot, Louis, S.J.;
* Bisleti, Gaetano;
* Bourne, Francis. Archbishop of Westminster;
* Boschi, Giulio, Archbishop of Ferrara;
* Cagiano de Azevedo, Ottavio;
* Cassetta, Francesco di Paola, Bishop of Frascati;
* Cavallari, Aristide, Patriarch of Venice;
* Cos y Macho, Jose Maria de, Archbishop of Valladolid;
* Dubillard, Francois- Virgile, Archbishop of Chambery;
* Falconio, Diomede, O.F.M.;
* Farley, John Murphy, Archbishop of New York;
* Ferrari, Andrea, Archbishop of Milan;
* Ferrata, Domenico;
* Francica-Nava di Bontife, Giuseppe Maria, Bishop of Catania;
* Gasparri, Pietro;
* Gennari, Casimiro;
* Gibbons, James, Archbishop of Baltimore;
* Gotti, Girolamo Maria, O.C.C.;
* Granito Pgnatelli di Belmonte, Gennaro;
* Hornig, Karl Baron von, Bishop of Veszprem;
* Katschthaler, Johann Baptist, Archbishop of Salzburg;
* Kopp, George, Prince-Bishop of Breslau;
* Lai, Gaetano de, Bishop of Sabina and Abbot of Farfa;
* Logue, Michael, Archbishop of Armagh;
* Lorenzelli, Benedetto;
* Lualdi, Alessandro, Archbishop of Palermo;
* Lucon, Louis-Henri-Joseph, Archbishop of Reims;
* Lugari, Giambattista; Maffi, Pietro, Archbishop of Pisa;
* Martin de Herrera y de la Iglesia, Jose Maria, Archbishop of Compostela;
* Martinelli, Sebastiano, O.S.A.;
* Mercier, Desire-Felicien-Francois-Joseph, Archbishop of Mechlin;
* Merry del Val, Raffaele, Papal Secretary of State;
* Netto, Jose Sebastiao, O.F.M.;
* O'Connell, William, Archbishop of Boston;
* Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Luigi, Bishop of Ostia;
* Pietro, Angelo di;
* Pompilj, Basilio; Prisco, Giuseppe, Archbishop of Naples;
* Rampolla del Tindaro, Mariano, Archpriest of the Vatican;
* Richelmy, Agostino, Archbishop of Turin;
* Rinaldini, Aristide;
* Roverie de Cabrieres, Francois-Marie-Anatole de, Bishop of Montpellier;
* Skrbensky-Hriste, Leo von, Archbishop of Prague;
* Vannutelli, Serafino, Archbishop of Porto and Santa Rufina;
* Vannutelli, Vincenzo, Bishop of Palestrina;
* Van Rossum, Willem, C.SS.R.;
* Vaszary, Claudius, O.S.B., Prince-Archbishop of Gran;
* Vico, Antonio;
* Vives y Tuto, Calasanz, O.F.M.Cap.;
* Volpe, Francesco Salesio della.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cardica

From volume 3 of the work.
A titular see of Thessaly. Cardica is a Latinized medieval form for Gardicium, the true Greek name being Gardikion. It figures only in later "Notitiae episcopatuum" of the twelfth or thirteenth century as a suffragan of Larissa. Lequien (II, 979) mentions five Latin Bishops of Cardica, from 1208 to 1389, the first being Bartholomew, to whom many letters of Pope Innocent III are addressed. Lequien was unacquainted with any Greek bishop of the see. Manuscript lists, however, contain eight names. They are: John, 1191-1192; Metrophanes, degraded in 1623; Gregorius or Cyrillus, 1623; Sophronius, 1646-1649; Gregorius, about 1700; Meletius, 1743; Paisius, eighteenth century; Gregorius, about 1852. When Thessaly was united with Greece (1881) the see had been vacant since 1875. It was suppressed in 1899, and Gardikion, commonly Gardiki, is now but a little town with about 3,000 inhabitants in the Diocese of Phthiotis.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Caraites

From volume 3 of the work.
A Jewish sect professing to follow the text of the Bible (Miqra) to the exclusion of Rabbinical traditions, and hence opposed to the Talmud. They are called in Jewish writings Bene Miqra' Ba' Migra', Qera'im - i.e. followers of the Bible. The tendency to reject or minimize the traditions and decisions of the Elders is rather old; the Sadducees were, in that respect, the forerunners of Caraism. Our Lord himself is said to have discarded such traditions altogether, but, when more closely examined, the passages quoted show simply that He, knowing such traditional lore to be human, insisted more on the true spirit of the Bible. He corrected individual traditions to safeguard the true import of the Biblical legislation, but He did not deny the principle. (Cf. Matt., XV, 2 sq.) Caraism in the strict sense owes its origin to Anan (died about A.D. 780), and for a time it bore the name of Ananism. It gained ground among the Jews up to the tenth century, but then met with a decided and able opponent in Saadia al-Fayyumi, 892-942. During the eleventh century there was a lively struggle between Rabbinites and Caraites, especially in Spain, but through the influence of two statesmen, Joseph Faussol and Judah ben Ezra, Caraism was almost entirely driven out of that country, and practically out of Western Europe. Since then it has succeeded in maintaining itself in the East, but has steadily lost ground to the parent orthodox Judaism. To-day Caraism numbers about 10,000 adherents in Russia and 2000 in other countries. In keeping with their principle, that the text of the bible alone is authoritative, the Caraites have made some valuable contributions to grammar and Biblical philology; it must be granted, however, that the desire of finding in the bible a justification for certain beliefs held on other grounds has led many of the Caraites to vindicate rules of interpretation as arbitrary as many of those of ancient Judaism. Anan and his successors have been greatly influenced by Islamic models in deducing laws from their own Sacred Books. Among the best-known authors of Caraism we may mention Judah Hadassi (twelfth century) whose "Eskhol ha-Kofer" was in the Middle Ages, and still is, one of the main sources of Caraism; Aaron ben Joseph (thirteenth century); Aaron ben Elijah (fourteenth century); Elijah ben Moses Bashyasi (fifteenth century). In modern times the most celebrated Caraite scholar is Abraham Firkowich (1786-1874), whom his well-deserving labours and discoveries, and still more his literary forgeries in favour of Caraism, have made especially famous.
The beliefs of Caraism with regard to God and man are substantially those of orthodox Judaism. They differ especially in religious observances. The Caraites have retained, or reverted to, many of the mystical views of Xssenism, particularly with regard to cleanliness. The Sabbath law is very rigorous. It must be added, also, that whatever may be their independence from Rabbinism in theory, the Caraites have adopted in practice many Rabbinical customs and observances.
R. BUTIN
# Canal Claiborne Streets Company v. Hart

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United States Supreme Court
114 U.S. 654
Canal Claiborne Streets Company v. Hart
J. R. Beckwith, for plaintiff in error.
E. H. McCaleb and E. H. Farrar, for defendant in error,
BLATCHFORD, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Canal Bank v. Hudson

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United States Supreme Court
111 U.S. 66
Canal Bank v. Hudson
W. L. Nugent, W. Hallett Phillips, and Wm. A. Maury, for appellants.
W. P. Harris and Frank Johnson, for appellees.
BLATCHFORD, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Brasfield v. United States

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United States Supreme Court
272 U.S. 448
Brasfield v. United States
Argued: and Submitted Oct. 13, 1926. --- Decided: Nov 22, 1926
Mr. John W. Preston, of San Francisco, Cal., for petitioners.
Mr. Assistant Attorney General Donovan and the Attorney General, for the United States.
Mr. Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse