OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Khnopff, Fernand Edmond Jean Marie

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​KHNOPFF, FERNAND EDMOND JEAN MARIE (1858–), Belgian painter and etcher, was born at the château de Grembergen (Termonde), on the 12th of September 1858, and studied under X. Mellery. He developed a very original talent, his work being characterized by great delicacy of colour, tone and harmony, as subtle in spiritual and intellectual as in its material qualities. “A Crisis” (1881) was followed by “Listening to Schumann,” “St Anthony” and “The Queen of Sheba” (1883), and then came one of his best known works, “The Small Sphinx” (1884). His “Memories” (1889) and “White, Black and Gold” (1901) are in the Brussels Museum; “Portrait of Mlle R.” (1889) in the Venice Museum; “A Stream at Fosset” (1897) at Budapest Museum; “The Empress” (1899) in the collection of the emperor of Austria, and “A Musician” in that of the king of the Belgians. “I lock my Door upon Myself” (1891), which was exhibited at the New Gallery, London, in 1902 and there attracted much attention, was acquired by the Pinakothek at Munich. Other works are “Silence” (1890), “The Idea of Justice” (1905) and “Isolde” (1906), together with a polychrome bust “Sibyl” (1894) and an ivory mask (1897). In quiet intensity of feeling Khnopff was influenced by Rossetti, and in simplicity of line by Burne-Jones, but the poetry and the delicately mystic and enigmatic note of his work are entirely individual. He did good work also as an etcher and dry-pointist.
See L. Dumont-Wilden, Fernand Khnopff (Brussels, 1907).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Khojent

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​KHOJENT, or Khojend, a town of the province of Syr-darya, in Russian Turkestan, on the left bank of the Syr-darya or Jaxartes, 144 m. by rail S.S.E. from Tashkent, in 40° 17′ N. and 69° 30′ E., and on the direct road from Bokhara to Khokand. Pop. (1900), 31,881. The Russian quarter lies between the river and the native town. Near the river is the old citadel, on the top of an artificial square mound, about 100 ft. high. The banks of the river are so high as to make its water useless to the town in the absence of pumping gear. Formerly the entire commerce between the khanates of Bokhara and Khokand passed through this town, but since the Russian occupation (1866) much of it has been diverted. Silkworms are reared, and silk and cotton goods are manufactured. A coarse ware is made in imitation of Chinese porcelain. The district immediately around the town is taken up with cotton plantations, fruit gardens and vineyards. The majority of the inhabitants are Tajiks.
Khojent has always been a bone of contention between Khokand and Bokhara. When the amir of Bokhara assisted Khudayar Khan to regain his throne in 1864, he kept possession of Khojent. In 1866 the town was stormed by the Russians; and during their war with Khokand in 1875 it played an important part.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nahe

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​NAHE, a river of Germany, a left-bank tributary of the Rhine, rises near Selbach in the Oldenburg principality of Birkenfeld. For some distance it forms the boundary between the Bavarian Palatinate and the Prussian Rhine Province, and it falls into the Rhine at Bingen. Its length is 78 m., but it is too shallow and rocky to be navigable. Its picturesque valley, through which runs the railway from Bingerbrück to Neunkirchen, is largely visited by tourists.
See Schneegans, Geschichte des Nahetals (Kreuznach, 1890).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nahuatlan Stock

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​NAHUATLAN STOCK, a North and Central American Indian stock. Nahuas or Nahuatlecas was the collective name for the dominant Indian peoples of Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest, and the Nahuatlan stock consisted of the Nahuas (or Aztecs) and a few scattered tribes in Central America.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nagyszombat

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​NAGYSZOMBAT (Ger. Tyrnau), a town of Hungary, in the county of Pozsony, 115 m. N.W. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900) 12,422. It is situated on the Trnava, and has played an important role in the ecclesiastical history of Hungary. It gained prominence after 1543, when the archbishop of Esztergom and primate of Hungary made it his residence after the capture of Esztergom by the Turks. In consequence numerous churches and convents were built, and the town acquired the title of “Little Rome.” It possesses a Roman Catholic seminary for priests, and was the seat of a university founded in 1635, which was transferred to Budapest in 1777. In 1820 the archbishop’s residence was again removed to Esztergom. It has an active trade in cereals and cattle.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Naik

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​NAIK, or Nayak, from a Sanskrit word meaning a leader, a title used in India in various senses. In the army it denotes a rank corresponding to that of corporal; and Hyder Ali of Mysore was proud of being called Haidar Naik, analogous to “le petit caporal” for Napoleon. It was also the title of the petty dynasties that arose in S. India on the downfall of the Hindu empire of Vijayanagar in the 16th century.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Naini Tal

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​NAINI TAL, a town and district of British India, in the Kumaon division of the United Provinces. The town is 6400 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901) 7609. Naini Tal is a popular sanatorium for the residents in the plains, and the summer headquarters of the government of the province. It is situated on a lake, surrounded by high mountains, and is subject to landslides; a serious catastrophe of this kind occurred in September 1880. The approach from the plains is by the Rohilkhand and Kumaon railway from Bareilly, which has its terminus at Kathgodam, 22 m. distant by cart road. There are several European schools, besides barracks and convalescent depôt for European soldiers.
The District of Naini Tal comprises the lower hills of Kumaon and the adjoining Tarai or submontane strip. Area, 2677 sq. m. Pop. (1901) 311,237, showing a decrease of 15.4% in the decade. The district includes the Gagar and other foothills of the Himalayas, which reach an extreme height of nearly 9000 ft. The Bhabar tract at their base consists of boulders from the mountains, among which the hill streams are swallowed up. Forests cover vast tracts of the hill-country and the Bhabar. Beyond this is the Tarai, moist and extremely unhealthy. Here the principal crops are rice and wheat. In the hills a small amount of tea is grown, and a considerable quantity of fruit. The only railway is the line to Kathgodam.
See Naini Tal District Gazetteer (Allahabad, 1904).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nagyszeben

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​NAGYSZEBEN (Ger. Hermannstadt, Rumanian Sibiu), a town of Hungary, in Transylvania, the capital of the county of Szeben, 122 m. S.S.E. of Kolozsvar by rail. Pop. (1900) 26,077, of whom 16,141 were Saxons (Germans), 7106 Rumanians, and 5747 Magyars. It is beautifully situated at an altitude of 1411 ft. in the fertile valley of the Cibin (Hungarian, Szeben), encircled on all sides by the Transylvanian Alps. It is the seat of a Greek Orthodox (Rumanian) archbishop, and of the superintendent of the Protestants for the Transylvanian circle. Some parts of Nagyszeben have a medieval appearance, with houses built in the old German style. The most noteworthy of its public buildings is the handsome Protestant Church, begun in the 14th century and finished in 1520, in the Gothic style, containing a beautiful cup-shaped font, cast by Meister Leonhardus in 1438, and a large mural painting of the Crucifixion by Johannes von Rosenau (1445). In the so-called New Church, comprising the west part of the whole building, which is an addition of the 16th century, are many beautiful memorials of Saxon notables. Other buildings are: the Roman Catholic parish church, founded in 1726; the church of the Ursuline nuns, built in 1474; the town hall, an imposing building of the 15th century, purchased by the municipality in 1545 and containing the archives of the “Saxon nation.” The Brukenthal palace, built in 1777–1787 by Baron Samuel von Brukenthal (1721–1805), governor of Transylvania, contains an interesting picture-gallery with good examples of the Dutch school, and a library. The museum contains a natural history section with the complete fauna and flora of Transylvania, and a rich ethnographical section. Nagyszeben has a law academy, a seminary for Greek Orthodox priests, a military academy and several secondary schools. There are manufactures of cloth, linen, leather, caps, boots, soap, candles, ropes, as well as breweries and distilleries.
The German name of the town is traceable to Hermann, a citizen of Nuremberg, who about the middle of the 12th century established a colony on the spot. In the 13th century it bore the name of Villa Hermanni. Under the last monarchs of the native Magyar' dynasty Hermannstadt enjoyed exceptional privileges, and its commerce with the East rose to importance. In the course of the 15th and 16th centuries it was several times besieged by the Turks. At the beginning of 1849 it was the scene of several engagements between the Austrians and Hungarians; and later in the year it was several times taken and retaken by the Russians and Hungarians.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nairn

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​NAIRN, a royal, municipal and police burgh and county town of Nairnshire, Scotland. Pop. of the royal burgh (1901) 5089. It is situated on the Moray Firth, at the mouth of the Nairn and on its left bank, 151/4 m. N.E. of Inverness by the Highland railway. The town, though of immemorial age, shows no signs of its antiquity, being bright, neat and modern. It attracts many summer visitors by its good sea bathing and excellent golf-course. The industries include salmon fishing, deep-sea fishing, the making of rope and twine and the freestone quarries of the neighbourhood. There is a commodious harbour with breakwater and pier. Nairn belongs to the Inverness district group of parliamentary burghs (Forres, Fortrose, Inverness and Nairn). Nairn was originally called Invernarne (the mouth of the Nairn). It was made a royal burgh by Alexander I. (d. 1124), but this charter having been lost it was confirmed by James VI. in 1589.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nail Violin

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​NAIL VIOLIN (Ger. Nagelgeige, Nagelharmonica), a musical curiosity invented by Johann Wilde, a musician in the imperial orchestra at St Petersburg. The nail violin or harmonica consists of a wooden soundboard about 11/2 ft. long and 1 ft. wide bent into a semicircle. In this soundboard are fixed a number of iron or brass nails of different lengths, tuned to give a chromatic scale. Sound is produced by friction with a strong bow, strung with black horsehair. An improved instrument, now in the collection of the Hochschule in Berlin, has two half-moon sound-chests of different sizes, one on the top of the other, forming terraces. In the rounded wall of the upper sound-chest are two rows of iron staples, the upper giving the diatonic scale, and the lower the intermediate chromatic semitones. History records the name of a single virtuoso on this instrument, which has a sweet bell-like tone but limited technical possibilities; he was a Bohemian musician called Senal, who travelled all over Germany with his instrument about 1780–1790. (K. S.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Note

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​NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know), a mark, particularly a sign by which a musical sound (also called a note) is indicated in writing (see Musical Notation). The term is also applied to an abstract or memorandum of documents, speeches, &c. This appears to have been first in legal use, especially in the process of the transfer of land by fine and recovery (see Fine). Further extensions of this meaning are to an explanation, comment or addition, added in the margin or at the foot of the page to a passage in a book, &c., or to a communication in writing shorter or less formal than a letter.
The ordinary distinction between note and letter is reversed in diplomacy. Diplomatic notes are written communications exchanged between diplomatic agents or between them and the ministers of foreign affairs of the government to which they are accredited; they differ from ordinary letters in having a more formal character and in dealing with matters of more immediate and definite importance: e.g. the notification of adhesion to a treaty, of the re-establishment of diplomatic relations after a war, &c. Sometimes, by agreement, a mere exchange of notes has the force of a convention. Collective notes are those signed by the representatives of several powers acting in concert. Sometimes identical notes are substituted for collective, i.e. notes identical as to form and substance, but signed and delivered separately by the representatives of the several powers. Thus in 1822, at the congress of Verona, in order to overcome the objection of Great Britain to any interference of the European concert in Spain, identical notes were presented to the Spanish government instead of a collective note. Circular notes are those addressed by one power to the other powers generally, e.g. that addressed by Thiers (November 9, 1870), on the proposed armistice, to the representatives of the great powers accredited to the government of national defence. Confidential notes are directed to inspiring confidence by giving an explicit account of the views and intentions of the plenipotentiaries and their governments. Such a note was sent, for instance, by the plenipotentiaries of the allied powers at the conference of Poros, on the 8th of December 1828, to Capo d’Istria, the Greek president, to instruct him confidentially as to the results of their deliberations. The so-called notes verbales are unsigned, and are merely of the nature of memoranda (of conversations, &c.). Notes ad referendum are addressed by diplomatic agents to their own governments asking for fresh powers to deal with points not covered by their instructions, which they have had to “refer.” Diplomatic notes are usually written in the third person; but this rule has not always been observed (see P. Pradier-Fodéré, Cours de droit diplomatique, Paris, 1899; vol. ii. p. 524).
For notes of hand or promissory notes see Negotiable Instruments and Bill of Exchange, and for notes passing as currency see Banks and Banking, Bank-Notes and Post.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Noto

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​NOTO, a city of Sicily, in the province of Syracuse, and 20 m. S.W. of it by rail, 520 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901) 22,564. The present town, rebuilt after the earthquake of 1693, has some fine buildings of the early 18th century. The older town lies 5 m. direct to the north (1378 ft.). It was the ancient Netum, a city of Sicel origin, left to Hiero II. by the Romans by the treaty of 263 B.C. and mentioned by Cicero as a foederata civitas (Verr. v. 51. 133), and by Pliny as Latinae conditionis (H.N. iii. 8. 14). The remains of this city are almost entirely hidden beneath the ruins of the medieval town, except three chambers cut in the rock, one of which is shown, by an inscription in the library at Noto, to have belonged to the gymnasium, while the other two were heroa, or shrines of heroes. But explorations have brought to light four cemeteries of the third Sicel period, and one of the Greek period, of the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C. There are also catacombs of the Christian period and some Byzantine tombs. See P. Orsi in Notizie degli scavi, 1897, 69–90. Four miles to the S. of Noto, on the left bank of the Tellaro (Helorus) (E. Pais, Atakta, Pisa, 1891, p. 75 seq.) stands a stone column about 35 ft. in height, which is believed to be a memorial of the surrender of Nicias. This is uncertain; but, in any case, in the 3rd century B.C. a tomb was excavated in the rectangular area which surrounds it, destroying apparently a pre-existing tomb. The later burial belongs to the necropolis of the small town of Heloron, 750 yds. to the S.E., some remains of which have been discovered. It was a small advanced post of Syracuse, belonging probably to the 6th century B.C. See P. Orsi in Notizie degli scavi, 1899, 241.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nott, Sir William

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​NOTT, SIR WILLIAM (1782–1845), English general, was the second son of Charles Nott, a Herefordshire farmer, who in 1794 became an innkeeper at Carmarthen. William Nott was indifferently educated, but he succeeded in obtaining a cadetship in the Indian army and proceeded to India in 1800. In 1825 he was promoted to the command of his regiment of native infantry; and in 1838, on the outbreak of the first Afghan war, he was appointed to the command of a brigade. From April to October 1839 he was in command of the troops left at Quetta, where he rendered valuable service. In November 1840 he captured Khelat, and in the following year compelled Akbar Khan and other tribal chiefs to submit to the British. On receiving the news of the rising of the Afghans at Kabul in November 1841, Nott took energetic measures. On the 23rd of December the British envoy, Sir William Hay Macnaghten, was murdered at Kabul; and in February 1842 the weak and incompetent commander-in-chief, General Elphinstone, sent orders that Kandahar was to be evacuated. Nott at once decided to disobey, on the supposition that Elphinstone was not a free agent at Kabul; and as soon as he heard the news of the massacre in the Khyber Pass, he urged the government at Calcutta to maintain the garrison of Kandahar with a view to avenging the massacre and the murder of Macnaghten. In March he inflicted a severe defeat on the enemy near Kandahar, and in May drove them with heavy loss out of the Baba Wali Pass. In July he received orders from Lord Ellenborough, the governor-general of India, to evacuate Afghanistan, with permission to retire by Kabul. Nott arranged with Sir George Pollock, now commander-in-chief, to join him at Kabul. On the 30th of August he routed the Afghans at Ghazni, and on the 6th of September occupied the fortress, from which he carried away, by the governor-general's express instructions, the gates of the temple of Somnath; on the 17th he joined Pollock at Kabul. The combined army recrossed the Sutlej in December. Nott's services were most warmly commended; he was immediately appointed resident at Lucknow, was presented with a sword of honour, and was made a G.C.B. In 1843 he returned to England, where the directors of the East India Company voted him a pension of £1000 per annum. He died at Carmarthen on the 1st of January 1845.
See Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir William Nott, edited by J. H. Stocqueler (2 vols., London, 1854); Charles R. Low, The Afghan War 1838–1842 (London, 1879), and Life and Correspondence of Sir George Pollock (London, 1873); Sir J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan (2 vols., London, 1851).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nostrum

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​NOSTRUM (neuter of Lat. noster, our), the name given to preparations of which the ingredients are not made publicly known, a patent or “quack” medicine; it is taken from the label (“of our own make”) formerly attached to such medicines.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Notice

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​NOTICE, a term primarily meaning knowledge (Lat. notitia), as in “judicial notice”; thence it comes to signify the means of bringing to knowledge, as in “notice to quit”; at last it may be used even for the actual writing by which notice is given. The most important legal uses of the word are judicial notice and the equitable doctrine of notice. Judicial notice is the recognition by courts of justice of certain facts or events without proof. Thus in England the courts take judicial notice of the existence of states and sovereigns recognized by the sovereign of England, of the dates of the calendar, the date and place of the sittings of the legislature, &c. The equitable doctrine of notice is that a person who purchases an estate, although for valuable consideration, after notice of a prior equitable right, will not be enabled by getting in the legal estate to defeat that right. On the other hand, a purchaser for valuable consideration without notice of an adverse title is as a rule protected in his enjoyment of the property. Other common uses of the word are notice to quit, i.e. a notice required to be given by landlord to tenant, or by tenant to landlord in order to terminate a tenancy ​(see Landlord and Tenant); notice of dishonour, i.e. a notice that a bill of exchange has been dishonoured; notice of action, i.e. a notice to a person of an action intended to be brought against him, which is required by statute to be given in certain cases; notice of trial, i.e. the notice given by a plaintiff to a defendant that he intends to bring on the cause for trial; notice in lieu of personal service of a writ, i.e. by advertisement or otherwise; notice given by one party in an action to the other, at a trial, to produce certain documents in his possession or power; notice to treat, given under the Land Clauses Acts by public bodies having compulsory powers of purchasing land as a preliminary step to putting their powers in force. Notice may be either express or constructive. The latter is where knowledge of a fact is presumed from the circumstances of the case, e.g. notice to a solicitor is usually constructive notice to the client. Notice in some cases may be either oral or written. It is usually advisable to give written notice even where oral evidence is sufficient in law, as in the case of notice to quit. The American use of notice is practically the same as in England.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Notker

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​NOTKER, a name of frequent occurrence in the ecclesiastical history of the middle ages. Notker Balbulus (c. 840–912) was a native of northern Switzerland, and for many years magister in the school of St Gall. He compiled a martyrology and other works, but is famous for his services to church music and for the “sequences” of which he was the composer. He was canonized in 1513. His life is in the Bollandist Acta Sanctorum, April 6th. Notker Labeo (d. June 29th, 1022) was also an instructor at St Gall. His numerous translations, including those of the Old Testament Psalms, the categories of Aristotle, the De nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae of Martianus Capella, and the De consolatione of Boëthius, into Old High German, may possibly have been the work of his pupils. They possess considerable philological interest, and have been edited by E. G. Graff (Berlin, 1837–1847), and by P. Piper under the title Notkers und seiner Schule Schriften (1883–1884).
See J. Kelle, Die Sankt Galler deutschen Schriften und Notker Labeo (Munich, 1888); G. Meyer von Knonau, “Lebensbild des heiligen Notker,” in Mitteil. Antiq. Gesellschaft Zürich (1877).