OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Winthrop, Robert Charles

See also Robert Charles Winthrop on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WINTHROP, ROBERT CHARLES American orator and statesman, a descendant of Governor John Winthrop (1588-1649), was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on the 12th of May 1809. He graduated at Harvard in 1828, studied law with Daniel Webster and in 1831 was admitted to the bar. He was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1834-1840—for the last three years as speaker,—and in 1840 was elected to the national House of Representatives as a Whig, serving from December 1840 to 1850 (with a short intermission, April-December 1842). He soon became prominent and was speaker of the Thirtieth Congress (1847-1849), though his ​conservatism on slavery and kindred questions displeased extremists, North and South, who prevented his re-election as speaker of the Thirty-first Congress. On the resignation of Daniel Webster to become secretary of state, Winthrop was appointed to the Senate (July 1850), but was defeated in the Massachusetts legislature for the short term (Jan. 30, 1851) and for the long term (April 24, 1851) by a coalition of Democrats and Free Soilers and served only until February 1851. In the same year he received a plurality of the votes cast for governor, but as the constitution required a majority vote, the election was thrown into the legislature, where he was defeated by the same coalition. Thereafter, he was never a candidate for political office. With the breaking up of the Whig party he became an independent and supported Millard Fillmore in 1856, John Bell in 1860, and General G. B. McClellan in 1864. He was president of the Massachusetts Historical Society from 1855 to 1885, and for the last twenty-seven years of his life was president of the Peabody Trust for the advancement of education in the Southern States. Among his noteworthy orations of a patriotic character were those delivered at Boston in 1876, at Yorktown in 1881, and in Washington on the completion of the Washington Monument in 1885. He died in Boston on the 16th of November 1894.
Among his publications were Addresses and Speeches (Boston, 1852-1886); Life and Letters of John Winthrop (2 vols., Boston, 1864-1867); and Washington, Bowdoin and Franklin (Boston, 1876). See R. C. Winthrop, Jr., Memoir of R. C. Winthrop (Boston, 1897).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Winwood, Sir Ralph

See also Ralph Winwood on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WINWOOD, SIR RALPH (c. 1563-1617), English politician, was born at Aynhoe in Northamptonshire and educated at St John's College, Oxford. In 1599 he became secretary to Sir Henry Neville (c. 1564-1615), the English ambassador in France, and he succeeded Neville in this position two years later, retaining it until 1603. In this year Winwood was sent to The Hague as agent to the States-General of the United Provinces, and according to custom he became a member of the Dutch council of state. His hearty dislike of Spain coloured all his actions in Holland; he was anxious to see a continuance of the war between Spain and the United Netherlands, and he expressed both his own views and those of the English government at the time when he wrote, “how convenient this war would be for the good of His Majesty's realms, if it might be maintained without his charge.” In June 1608 Winwood signed the league between England and the United Provinces, and he was in Holland when the trouble over the succession to the duchies of Jülich and Cleves threatened to cause a European war. In this matter he negotiated with the Protestant princes of Germany on behalf of James I. Having returned to England Sir Ralph became secretary of state in March 1614 and a member of parliament. In the House of Commons he defended the king's right to levy impositions, and other events of his secretaryship were the inquiry into the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury and the release of Raleigh in 1616. Raleigh was urged by Winwood to attack the Spanish fleet and the Spanish settlements in South America, and the secretary's share in this undertaking was the subject of complaints on the part of the representatives of Spain. In the midst of this he died in London on the 27th of October 1617. “It can hardly be doubted,” says Gardiner, “that, if he had lived till the following summer, he would have shared in Raleigh's ruin.” One of Winwood's daughters, Anne (d. 1643), married Edward Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu of Boughton, and their son was Ralph Montagu, 1st duke of Montagu.
Winwood's official correspondence and other papers passed to the duke of Montagu, and are now in the possession of the duke of Buccleuch. They are calendared in the Report of the Historical Manuscripts Commission on the manuscripts of the duke of Buccleuch. See the Introduction to this Report (1899); and also S. R. Gardiner, History of England, vols. ii . and iii. (1904-1907).
# A Christmas Faggot/A Christmas Puzzle

A CHRISTMAS PUZZLE. (For Grown-up Children.)
Children know the things I know not,  Though they know not that they know; I should know not, should love grow not.  That I know not it is so. Flowers feebly rooted blow not, Shallow waters overflow not,  Love is doomed unless it grow.
Fools who think to reap and sow not  Growing love will overthrow; Churls who say ’We go’ and go not  Love’s rebuke must undergo; All who love's insignia show not, Who on love themselves bestow not,  Love, full grown, shall lay them low.
# A Christmas Cradlesong

* related portals: Poetry, Spanish literature.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Written in Spanish by Lope as Cantarcillo de la Virgen, translated by George Ticknor for inclusion in his ‘’History of Spanish Literature’’, published in 1849
Holy angels and blest,  Through the palms as ye sweep Hold their branches at rest  For my babe is asleep.
And ye Bethlehem palm-trees  As stormy winds rush In tempest and fury  Your angry noise hush;- Move gently, move gently,  Restrain your wild sweep; Hold your branches at rest  My babe is asleep.
My babe all divine,  With earth’s sorrows oppressed, Seeks slumber an instant  His grievings to rest; He slumbers,- he slumbers,-  O, hush then and keep Your branches all still,-  My babe is asleep.
Cold blasts wheel about him,-  A rigourous storm,- And ye see how, in vain,  I would shelter his form;- Holy angels and blest  As above me ye sweep, Hold these branches at rest,-  My babe is asleep.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Christmas Carol (Dickens, 1843 facsimile)/end matter

WORKS OF MR. CHARLES DICKENS.
Nos. I. to XIII., to be completed in Twenty Monthly Numbers, price 1s. each,
THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES
OF
MARTIN CHUZZLEWIT.
ILLUSTRATED BY "PHIZ."
In two volumes, post 8vo, price One Guinea,
AMERICAN NOTES
FOR GENERAL CIRCULATION.
Fourth Edition.
In one volume, price 13s. cloth,
BARNABY RUDGE;
A TALE OF THE RIOTS OF 'EIGHTY.
With Seventy-eight Illustrations.
BY G. CATTERMOLE AND H. K. BROWNE.
In one volume, price 13s. cloth,
THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP.
WITH
Seventy-five Illustrations.
BY G. CATTERMOLE AND H. K. BROWNE.
In one Volume 8vo, price 1l. 1s. cloth,
SKETCHES BY "BOZ."
A New Edition.
WITH FORTY ILLUSTRATIONS BY GEORGE CRUIKSHANK.
In one volume 8vo, price 1l. 1s. cloth,
THE PICKWICK PAPERS.
WITH
FORTY-THREE ILLUSTRATIONS BY "PHIZ."
In three volumes, post 8vo, price 25s. cloth,
OLIVER TWIST.
WITH
FORTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS BY GEORGE CRUIKSHANK.
In one volume 8vo, price 1l. 1s. cloth,
NICHOLAS NICKLEBY.
WITH
FORTY ILLUSTRATIONS, BY "PHIZ."
# A Christmas Faggot

A CHRISTMAS FAGGOT
by
ALFRED GURNEY, M. A.
Vicar of S. Barnabas's, Pimlico
author of 'the vision of the eucharist and other poems' etc.
'The Darling of the world is come, And fit it is we finde a roome To welcome Him. The nobler part Of all the house here is the heart, Which we will give Him, and bequeath This hollie and this ivie wreath To do Him honour who's our King. The Lord of all this revelling'
Herrick A Christmas Carol
LONDON
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, & CO., 1 PATERNOSTER SQUARE
1884
(The rights of translation and of reproduction are reserved)
TO
MY GODCHILDREN
| ETHEL, | ALBINIA, |
| CYRIL, | BASIL, |
| BERTRAM, | WILFRID, |
| LOUISE, | HELEN, |
| ARTHUR. ||
When the Angel of the waters
 With a gold and silver wing
Gently stirred the wave baptismal,
 Heard ye not their carolling
Who of old to Eastern shepherds
 Heralded their King?
To the shepherds of His people
 Still those angel-voices tell
How God's river feeds the fountain
 Opened by Emmanuel,
Yielding the baptismal waters
 Of salvation's well.
Children, you have passed those waters.
 Love-begotten from the dead;
Will you make a gallant promise
 When my verses you have read— 'We will trace life's lovely river
 To the Fountain-head'?
Loch Leven : 1884.
* PREFACE.
* Most of the following poems have appeared in the ’S. Barnabas’ Parish Magazine.’ For my godchildren and my people I have made them up into a little bundle of sticks—a Christmas faggot to feed the fires in the winter palace of our King.
* It is the Incarnation that justifies all joy, and song is the expression of joy. The Gospel Songs all celebrate the Great Nativity. Birth ​and marriage are the occasions most sacred to mirth and music among men; and Christmas is at once the Birthday and the Marriage Festival of Humanity.
* Glad and thankful shall I be if any song of mine should help to fan the flame of rejoicing love in any Christian heart at this holy and happy season.
CONTENTS.
| yule tide | 1 |
| the madonna di san sisto | 6 |
| bethlehem gate | 11 |
| saint joseph | 16 |
| a cradle song | 18 |
| a cradled child | 23 |
| an empty cradle | 26 |
| new year’s eve | 28 |
| the victim | 30 |
| the daysman | 33 |
| the physician | 36 ​ |
| the poet | 40 |
| three sisters | 43 |
| a christmas puzzle | 46 |
| four epiphanies | 48 |
| the children's eucharist | 56 |
| the gospel songs: | |
| I. Benedictus | 59 |
| II. Magnificat | 63 |
| III. Nunc Dimittis | 66 |
| notes | 69 |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Magwe

See also Magway District on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MAGWE, a district in the Minbu division of Upper Burma. Area, 2913 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 246,708, showing an increase of 12.38% in the decade. Magwe may be divided into two portions: the low, flat country in the Taungdwingyi subdivision, and the undulating high ground extending over the rest of the district. In Taungdwingyi the soil is rich, loamy, and extremely fertile. The plain is about 45 m. from north to south. At its southern extremity it is about 30 m. wide, and lessens in width to the north till it ends in a point at Natmauk. On the east are the Pegu Yomas, which at some points reach a height of 1500 ft. A number of streams run westwards to the Irrawaddy, of which the Yin and the Pin, which form the northern boundary, are the chief. The only perennial stream is the Yanpè. Rice is the staple product, and considerable quantities are exported. Sesamum of very high quality, maize, and millet are also cultivated, as well as cotton in patches here and there over the whole district.
In this district are included the well-known Yenangyaung petroleum wells. The state wells have been leased to the Burma Oil Company. The amount of oil-bearing lands is estimated at 80 sq. m. and the portion not leased to the company has been demarcated into blocks of 1 sq. m. and offered on lease. The remaining land belongs to hereditary Burmese owners called twinsa, who dig wells and extract their oil by the rope and pulley system as they have always done. Lacquered wood trays, bowls and platters, and cart-wheels, are the only manufactures of any note in the district.
The annual rainfall averages about 27 inches. The maximum temperature rises to a little over 100° in the hot season, and falls to an average minimum of 53° and 54° in the cold season.
The town of Magwe is the headquarters of the district; pop. (1901), 6232. It is diagonally opposite Minbu, the headquarters of the division, on the right bank of the Irrawaddy.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Magyars

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​MAGYARS, the name of the dominant race in Hungary, or Hungarians proper. Though they have become physically assimilated to the western peoples, they belong in origin and language to the Finno-Ugrian (q.v.) division of the Ural-Altaic race. They form barely half of the population of Hungary, but are by far the largest and most compact of all its racial groups. ​Magyar is the official language of Hungary, the official name of which (Magyarorzág, or “country of the Magyars”) enshrines the Magyar claim to predominance. While all Magyars are properly Hungarians, all Hungarians are not necessarily Magyars. “Hungarian” may be used as a generic term covering all the various races of Hungary, while “Magyar” is strictly specific to a single group. The Magyars themselves, indeed, sometimes apply the name Magyarorzág to Hungary “proper,” excluding Croatia-Slavonia, the whole kingdom being called Magyarbirodalom, the Magyar monarchy or realm. See Hungary.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mahaffy, John Pentland

See also John Pentland Mahaffy on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MAHAFFY, JOHN PENTLAND (1839– ), Irish classical scholar, was born in Switzerland on the 12th of July 1839. He received his early education in Switzerland and Germany, and later at Trinity College, Dublin, where he held the professorship of ancient history. Mahaffy, a man of great versatility, published numerous works, some of which, especially those dealing with what may be called the Silver age of Greece, became standard authorities. The following deserve mention: History of Classical Greek Literature (4th ed., 1903 seq.); Social Life in Greece from Homer to Menander (4th ed., 1903); The Silver Age of the Greek World (1906); The Empire of the Ptolemies (1896); Greek Life and Thought from Alexander to the Roman Conquest (2nd ed., 1896); The Greek World under Roman Sway from Polybius to Plutarch (1890). His translation of Kuno Fischer’s Commentary on Kant (1866) and his own exhaustive analysis, with elucidations, of Kant’s critical philosophy are of great value. He also edited the Petrie papyri in the Cunningham Memoirs (3 vols. 1891–1905).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Magnus, Heinrich Gustav

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​MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802–1870), German chemist and physicist, was born at Berlin on the 2nd of May 1802. His father was a wealthy merchant; and of his five brothers one, Eduard (1799–1872), became a celebrated painter. After studying at Berlin, he went to Stockholm to work under Berzelius, and later to Paris, where he studied for a while under Gay-Lussac and Thénard. In 1831 he returned to Berlin as lecturer on technology and physics at the university. As a teacher his success was rapid and extraordinary. His lucid style and the perfection of his experimental demonstrations drew to his lectures a crowd of enthusiastic scholars, on whom he impressed the importance of applied science by conducting them round the factories and workshops of the city; and he further found time to hold weekly “colloquies” on physical questions at his house with a small circle of young students. From 1827 to 1833 he was occupied mainly with chemical researches, which resulted in the discovery of the first of the platino-ammonium compounds (“Magnus’s green salt” is PtCl$_2$, 2NH$_3$), of sulphovinic, ethionic and isethionic acids and their salts, and, in conjunction with C. F. Ammermüller, of periodic acid. Among other subjects at which he subsequently worked were the absorption of gases in blood (1837–1845), the expansion of gases by heat (1841–1844), the vapour pressures of water and various solutions (1844–1854), thermo-electricity (1851), electrolysis (1856), induction of currents (1858–1861), conduction of heat in gases (1860), and polarization of heat (1866–1868). From 1861 onwards he devoted much attention to the question of diathermancy in gases and vapours, especially to the behaviour in this respect of dry and moist air, and to the thermal effects produced by the condensation of moisture on solid surfaces.
In 1834 Magnus was elected extraordinary, and in 1845 ordinary professor at Berlin. He was three times elected dean of the faculty, in 1847, 1858 and 1863; and in 1861, rector magnificus. His great reputation led to his being entrusted by the government with several missions; in 1865 he represented Prussia in the conference called at Frankfort to introduce a uniform metric system of weights and measures into Germany. For forty-five years his labour was incessant; his first memoir was published in 1825 when he was yet a student; his last appeared shortly after his death on the 4th of April 1870. He married in 1840 Bertha Humblot, of a French Huguenot family settled in Berlin, by whom he left a son and two daughters.
See Allgemeine deutsche Biog. The Royal Society’s Catalogue enumerates 84 papers by Magnus, most of which originally appeared in Poggendorff’s Annalen.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mahabaleshwar

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​MAHABALESHWAR, or Malcolmpeth, a hill station in Satara district, and the principal sanatorium in the Bombay presidency, India. Pop. (1901), 5299. It is reached by carriage from Wathar railway station (39 m.) or by motor car from Poona (119 m.). Mahabaleshwar occupies the summit of a ridge of the Western Ghats, with a general elevation of 4500 ft. above sea-level. It was established in 1828 by Sir John Malcolm, governor of Bombay, who obtained the site from the raja of Satara in exchange for another patch of territory. The superior elevation of Mahabaleshwar renders it much cooler than Matheran (2460 ft.), a sanatorium about 50 m. E. of Bombay, but its heavy rainfall (292 in. annual average) makes it almost uninhabitable during the rainy season. The mean annual temperature is 67° F. In the hottest season (March-April) an extreme of a little over 90° is reached during the day. Mahabaleshwar forms the retreat usually during spring, and occasionally in autumn, of the governor of Bombay, and the chief officers of his establishment, and has the usual public buildings of a first-class sanatorium.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Magny, Claude Drigon, Marquis de

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​MAGNY, CLAUDE DRIGON, Marquis de (1797–1879), French heraldic writer, was born in Paris. After being employed for some time in the postal service, he devoted himself to the study of heraldry and genealogy, his work in this direction being rewarded by Pope Gregory XVI. with a marquisate. He founded a French college of heraldry, and wrote several works on heraldry and genealogy, of which the most important were Archives nobiliaires universelles (1843) and Livre d’or de la noblesse de France (1844–1852). His two sons, Edouard Drigon and Achille Ludovice Drigon, respectively comte and vicomte de Magny, also wrote several works on heraldry.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mago

See also Mago on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MAGO, the name of several Carthaginians, (1) The reputed founder of the military power of Carthage, fl. 550–500 B.C. (Justin xviii. 7, xix. i). (2) The youngest of the three sons of Hamilcar Barca. He accompanied Hannibal into Italy, and held important commands in the great victories of the first three years. After the battle of Cannae (216 B.C.) he sailed to Carthage to report the successes gained. He was about to return to Italy with strong reinforcements for Hannibal, when the government ordered him to go to the aid of his other brother, Hasdrubal, who was hard pressed in Spain. He carried on the war there with varying success in concert with the two Hasdrubals until, in 209, his brother marched into Italy to help Hannibal. Mago remained in Spain with Hasdrubal, the son of Gisco. In 207 he was defeated by M. Junius Silanus, and in 206 the combined forces of Mago and Hasdrubal were scattered by Scipio Africanus in the decisive battle of Silpia. Mago maintained himself for some time in Gades, but afterwards received orders to carry the war into Liguria. He wintered in the Balearic Isles, where the harbour Portus Magonis (Port Mahon) still bears his name. Early in 204 he landed in Liguria, where he maintained a desultory warfare till in 203 he was defeated in Cisalpine Gaul by the Roman forces. Shortly afterwards he was ordered to return to Carthage, but on the voyage home he died of wounds received in battle.
See Polybius iii.; Livy xxi.-xxiii.; xxviii., chs. 23–37; xxix., xxx.; Appian, Hispanica, 25–37; T. Friedrich, Biographie des Barkiden Mago; H. Lehmann, Der Angriff der drei Barkiden auf Italien (Leipzig, 1905); and further J. P. Mahaffy, in Hermathena, vii. 29–36 (1890).
(3) The name of Mago is also attached to a great work on agriculture which was brought to Rome and translated by order of the senate after the destruction of Carthage. The book was regarded as a standard authority, and is often referred to by later writers.
See Pliny, Nat. Hist, xviii. 5; Columella, i. 1; Cicero, De oratore, i. 58.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Airola, Angelica Veronica

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AIROLA, ANGELICA VERONICA,
A Genoese lady of high rank, who lived in the seventeenth century. She learned the art of painting from Dominica Fiasella; after which she executed some good pictures on religious subjects, most of them for the churches and convents of her native city. At the close of her life she became a nun of the order of St. Bartholomew della Olivella, at Greuoa.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Agnoult, Countess d'

Daniel Sterne
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AGNOULT, COUNTESS D',
Is only known as a writer by the name of Daniel Sterne. Madame Dudevant, a woman of unquestionable, though very ill-directed genius, among other eccentricities, adopted the undignified measure of renouncing her sex, as far as possible, by not only entering the lists of fame under a masculine name, but often assuming masculine apparel. False shows and seemings are always unworthy of a strong or healthy mind; unless there are extraordinary circumstances making concealment for a time justifiable; but for one who might be a champion, to desert his or her party, merely because it is physically the weakest, to appear in the uniform of the more powerful, shows certainly a want of "spirit, taste, and sense." To repeat this unwomanly and senseless proceeding was a fault in Madame d'Agnoult: it has lost even the grace of novelty, and the talent of the authoress—author, if she wish it—causes a regret that she is not satisfied to be herself. This lady belongs to a family of rank, and is distinguished not only for literary abilities, but possesses a fine taste in the arts, "which has been developed by her travels in Italy. Reversing the career of most imaginative writers, she began as a critic—having contributed, in "La Presse" of 1842-43, several articles that attracted much attention. The novel "Nelida," which appeared in 1846, has been received by the reading public with great favour—having been translated into German, English, and Spanish. She has also produced several political and critical essays, besides various romances.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Aisha

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AISHA,
A Poetess of Spain, during the time that the Moors had possession of that kingdom. She was a daughter of the duke of Ahmedi, and her poems and orations were frequently read with applause in the royal academy at Cordova. She was a virtuous character, lived unmarried, and left behind her many monuments of her genius, and a large and well-selected library. She lived in the twelfth century.