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# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Brinvilliers, Marie Marguerite, Marchioness de

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BRINVILLIERS, MARIE MARGUERITE, MARCHIONESS DE,
Was a woman whose singular atrocity gives her a species of infamous claim to notice in this collection. She was born at Paris in 1651, being the daughter of D'Aubrai, lieutenant-civil, of Paris, who married her to N. Grobelin, marquis of Brinvilliers. Although possessed of attractions to captivate lovers, she was for some time much attached to her husband, but at length became madly in love with a Gascon officer, named Goden St. Croix. This young man had been introduced to her by the marquis himself, who was adjutant of the regiment of Normandy. Her father, being informed of the affair, imprisoned the officer, who was a mere adventurer. ​in the Bastile, where he was detained a year. This punishment of her lover made the marchioness, apparently, more circumspect; but she nourished in her heart the most implacable hatred towards her father, sister, and two brothers, all of whom were poisoned by her in the year 1670. During the whole time, the marchioness was visiting the hospitals, outwardly as a devotee, but, as was afterwards strongly suspected, really in order to try on the prisoners the effect of the poisons produced by her paramour, who had learned the art of preparing them daring his imprisonment, of an Italian named Exili.
On the discovery of her crime, this wicked woman was condemned to be beheaded, and afterwards burned. She suffered with the greatest calmness, and evinced no feelings of repentance.
The marchioness of Brinvilliers seems to have been by nature inclined to wickedness. She acknowledged in her last confession, that at the age of seven she set fire to a house, urged by an inexplicable desire to commit crime. Yet she made pretension to religion, went regularly to confession, and when arrested at Leige, a sort of general form was found in her possession, which sufficiently alluded to her criminality to form a strong presumption against her. She probably had more respect for the ceremonies of her faith than for the law of God.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Brooke, Frances

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BROOKE, FRANCES,
Whose maiden name was Moore, was the daughter of an English clergyman, and the wife of the Rev. John Brooke, rector of Colny, in Norfolk, of St. Augustine in the city of Norwich, and chaplain to the garrison of Quebec. She was as remarkable for her gentleness and suavity of manners as for her literary talents. Her husband died on the 21st. of January, 1789, and she herself expired on the 26th. of the same month, at Sleaford, where she had retired to the house of her son. Her first literary performance, was the "Old Maid," a periodical work, begun in November, 1755, and continued every Saturday until about the end of July, 1756. In the same year she published "Virginia," a tragedy, with odes, pastorals, and translations. In the preface to this publication she assigns as a reason for its appearance, "that she was precluded from all hopes of ever seeing the tragedy brought upon the stage, by there having been two so lately on the same subject." Prefixed to this publication were proposals for printing by subscription a poetical translation with notes, of "Il Pastor Fido," a work which was probably never completed.
From 1763 to 1788, Mrs. Brooke published many novels and dramas, and other works. Her most popular play was "Rosina," acted at Covent Garden in 1782. Few pieces have been equally successful. The simplicity of the story, the elegance of the language, and the excellence of the music, caused it to be admired for a long time. Her last work was "Marian," acted in 1788, at Covent Garden, with some success, but very much inferior to "Rosina."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Brown, Catherine

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BROWN, CATHERINE,
Was a half-blooded Cherokee, born at Willis Valley, in the state of Alabama, about the year 1800. Her father's name, in the Indian language, was Yau-nu-gung-yah-ski, which is, "drowned by a bear." His English name, from his father, was John Brown. Her mother's name was Tsa-luh, in the Cherokee. Her English name was Sarah. They were people of property, and far above the level of their nee, but still had no education—they could not speak a word of English. In 1816, the American Board of Foreign Missions sent the Rev. Cyrus Kingsbury to the Cherokee nation, for permission to establish a school in their territory. This was granted, and a school opened at Chickamaugah, within the territory of Tennessee. Catherine had heard of the school, although living at the distance of a hundred miles. She had learned to speak English, by residing at the house of a Cherokee friend, and could read in words of one syllable. She was now seventeen years of age, possessing very fine features, and of roseate complexion. She was decidedly the first of Cherokee beauties. She was modest, gentle, and virtuous, with a sweet and affectionate disposition. From her wealth and beauty, she had been indulged as the pride of her parents; but she was the most docile of all the missionary pupils. Her progress was wonderfully rapid. In three months, she learned to read and write ​This exceeds the progress of any one on record, in America or any other country. She soon became serious, and then religious; and was baptized in January, 1818. In June, 1820, she undertook to teach a school at Creek-path, near her father's house. She sbowed the greatest zeal in the cause of enlightening her countrywomen; those of all ages came to learn something of her. She established religious exercises in her father's house, and brought many to Christianity. She was not contented with the measure of information she had acquired, but intended to push her studies into higher branches of knowledge, which she knew to exist; but while she was contemplating great things for herself and her nation, her health began to decline. She had probably injured herself by too close application to her studies. The change from flying through the groves and paddling the canoe to such a sedentary life, which she must have severely felt, together with her anxiety for the conversion of her family, particularly of a brother, who had died the preceding year, aggravated her disease. She bore her sickness with great resignation, and her piety made a deep impression on the hearts of all who knew and loved her. She died July 18th., 1823, and was buried at Creek-path, beside her dear brother John, whom she had been instrumental in converting to Christianity.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Brun, Frederike Christiana

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BRUN, FREDERIKE CHRISTIANA,
A German poetess, whose maiden name was Münter, was born at Graefentoma, in the principality of Gotha, June 3rd., 1765, and died ​at Copenhagen, March 26th., 1885. She was sister to the celebrated and learned Bishop Münter, of Iceland, and wife of the Danish conference counsellor Brun. Encouraged by the example of her husband and her brother, she became an author, and obtained considerable fame as a writer of lyrics. Her prose writings, though not of the first order, are yet far above mediocrity. She is best known as the author of songs of liberty, written when Philhellenic enthusiasm prevailed all over Germany. Almost all her poetic productions are tinctured with a sad and melancholy feeling.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Brooks, Maria

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BROOKS, MARIA,
Known as a poetess under the name (given to her by Mr. Southey) ​of Maria del Occidente, was descended from a Welsh family, settled at Medford, in Massachusetts. Her maiden name was Gowen. She was born about 1795, and early displayed uncommon powers of mind. She had rather favourable opportunities of education, yet her own genius was her best teacher. When quite young, Maria Gowen married Mr. Brooks, a merchant of Boston. A few years after their marriage he lost the greater part of his property, and Mrs, Brooks resorted to poetry for occupation and amusement. In 1820, she published "Judith, Esther, and other Poems," which show considerable genius. Mr. Brooks dying in 1823, his widow went to reside with her relations in Cuba, where she wrote her principal work, "Zophiel, or the Bride of Seven," which was published by her at London, during a isit that she made to England, in 1833. Part of the time that she spent in England was passed by her at the residence of Robert Southey, at Keswick, who appreciated her genius very highly. In 1834, Mrs. Brooks returned to the United States. In 1843, she wrote for private circulation, "Idomea, or the Vale of the Yumari," being simply her own history under a different name. In the same year Mrs. Brooks returned to Cuba, to take charge of the estates left her by her uncle. She died at Matanzas, in November, 1845.
Mrs. Brooks has displayed much artistic skill, as well as poetical talent, cultivated taste, and literary research, in managing the materials of her poem, "The Bride of Seven," which has many beautiful passages; the descriptions are gorgeous and glowing; there is thrilling incident and burning passion; but it lacks nature, simplicity, and true feeling. It excites the fancy, leaving the heart unmoved, comparatively; therefore the poem is deficient in that kind of interest which insures popularity: though praised by critics, it will never be read by the people. The minor poems of Mrs. Brooks are finished with much care; some of these express the deep affections of woman's heart with great pathos and beauty.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Masnadieri, I

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Mason, John

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Mason, Lowell

From volume 2 of the work.
​MASON, Lowell, Mus. Doc., born at Medfield, Massachusetts, Jan. 8, 1792, died at Orange, New Jersey, Aug. 11, 1872. He was self-taught, and in his own words 'spent twenty years of his life in doing nothing save playing on all manner of musical instruments that came within his reach.' At 16 he was leader of the choir in the village church, and a teacher of singing classes. At 20 he went to Savannah in Georgia, as clerk in a bank, and there continued to practise, lead, and teach. In the course of these labours he formed, with the help of F. L. Abel, a collection of psalm tunes based on Gardiner's 'Sacred Melodies'—itself adapted to tunes extracted from the works of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. [See Gardiner, vol. i. 582b.] This collection was published by the Handel and Haydn Society of Boston in 1822 under the title of 'the Handel and Haydn Society's collection of Church Music,' Mason's name being almost entirely suppressed. The book sold well: it enabled the Society to tide over the period of its youth, and establish itself as one of the characteristic institutions of Boston, it initiated a purer and healthier taste for music in New England, and it led to Mason's removal to Boston and to his taking 'a general charge of music in the churches there,' in 1827. He then became president of the society; but as his object was not so much the cultivation of high class music as the introduction of music as an essential element of education in the common schools, he soon left it and established the Boston Academy of Music in 1832. He founded classes on the system of Pestalozzi, and at length in 1838 obtained power to teach in all the schools of Boston. At the same time he founded periodical conventions of music teachers, which have been found very useful, and are now established in many parts of the States. He also published a large number of manuals and collections which have sold enormously and produced him a handsome fortune. He visited Europe first in 1837 with the view of examining the methods of teaching in Germany, and embodied the results in a volume entitled 'Musical Letters from Abroad' (New York, 1853). He was for long closely connected with the Public Board of Education of Massachusetts, his kindness and generosity were notorious, and he was universally admired and esteemed. His degree of Doctor in Music, the first of the kind conferred by an American college, was granted by the New York University in 1835. The last years of his life were spent at Orange in New Jersey, the residence of two of his sons. He formed a very fine library which he collected far and wide, regardless of expense.
[ A. W. T. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Marxsen, Eduard

From volume 2 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Marylebone Gardens

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Marx, Adolph

From volume 2 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Martini il Tedesco

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Martyrs, Les

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Masaniello

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Martucci, Giuseppe

[ A. C. ]
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Adcock, Arthur St. John

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​Adcock, Arthur St. John, poet and novelist. B. Jan. 17, 1864. He definitely abandoned the law for literature in 1893, though he had before that time contributed short stories and essays to various magazines. In 1894 he published An Unfinished Martyrdom and Other Stories, and his numerous volumes since that date have won for him a considerable position in letters. He ranges from East End Idylls (1897) or Admissions and Asides (1905) to Famous Houses and Literary Shrines of London (1913) and Songs of the World-War (1916). Mr. Adcock is Acting Editor of the Bookman. He contributed an interesting article to the R.P.A. Annual for 1920.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Aitzema, Lieuwe van

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​Aitzema, Lieuwe van, Dutch historian. B. Nov. 19, 1600. He published a volume of poems (Poemata juvenilia, 1617) in his seventeenth year, and in later life he wrote a very valuable history of the Netherlands (14 vols., 1655-1671). Bayle observes in his Dictionary that the work is hostile to the Churches, and Reimmann (Historia Universalis Atheismi, p. 479) describes the author as an Atheist. Aitzema represented the Hanseatic towns at the Hague from 1645 until his death, and he had a high repute throughout northern Europe for scholarship and integrity. D. Feb. 23, 1669.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Adickes, Professor Erich

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​Adickes, Professor Erich, Ph.D., German philosopher. B. June 29, 1866. Ed. Tübingen and Berlin Universities. Adickes has been professor of philosophy at Tübingen since 1904. He had previously taught at Kiel (1898-1902) and Minister (1902-4). He is a Critical Empiricist, or moderate Kantian, and has published many important works on Kant. He was one of the prominent opponents of Professor Haeckel in Germany; but the polemic was stirred only by Haeckel's attacks on philosophy. In his Kant contra Haeckel he says: "I have no more belief than he in a personal extra-mundane God, a creation of the world by him, or an immaterial soul separated from the body" (p. 1).
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Airy, Sir George Biddell

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​Airy, Sir George Biddell, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., Astronomer Royal. B. July 27, 1801. Ed. Colchester Grammar School and Cambridge University (Trinity). After a brilliant course of study Airy was in 1826 appointed professor of mathematics at Cambridge, and two years later he became professor of astronomy and Director of the Observatory. He was Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881, President of the Royal Society in 1872-73, and President of the Royal Astronomical Society for a quarter of a century. He was a man of exceptional industry and profound know ledge, and his services to the science of astronomy in England were very consider able. In 1872 he was made a Knight Commander of the Bath. He received also Russian, Prussian, Swedish, and Brazilian decorations, besides innumerable honours and diplomas from learned societies. His two hundred and seventy-seven papers and numerous volumes deal with mathematical and astronomical subjects; but in 1876 he startled the orthodox by the publication of his Notes on the Earlier Hebrew Scriptures, in which, while retaining Theism, he rejects revelation and miracles and accepts all the results of advanced critics. In the Preface he says: "It is scarcely necessary to say that I regard the ostensible familiarity of the [Biblical] historian with the counsels of the Omnipotent as mere oriental allegories" (p. vii). D. Jan. 2, 1892.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Ahrens, Professor Heinrich

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​Ahrens, Professor Heinrich, Ph.D., German jurist. B. July 14, 1808. Ed. Gottingen University, where he met, and adopted the Pantheistic philosophy of, K. F. C. Krause. In 1833 he began to lecture on German philosophy at Paris, and in the following year he became professor of philosophy at Brussels. He was appointed Deputy to the Frankfort Parliament in 1848, and was prominent among the advanced liberals. In 1850 he was appointed professor of law and political science at Gratz University, and from 1860 onward he was professor of practical philosophy and politics at Leipzig. Ahrens founded a special school of law, and his Cours de droit naturel (2 vols., 1838) and other works had high authority. D. Aug. 2, 1874.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Adams, Robert

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​Adams, Robert, Canadian writer. B. 1839. Adams was the son of an American clergyman, and was in his boyhood very delicate, emotional, and religious. He was sent to sea for his health, and in the course of time became captain. In later years he won a good position as a shipowner at Montreal. He retained his fine sensitive character, and in 1881 he startled Boston with a confession (A Radical Avowal) that conscience compelled him to quit the Church. For many years he worked generously, by lectures ​and contributions to Freethought journals, for the advancement of Rationalism in Canada. He published Travels in Faith from Tradition to Reason (1884), and other works. In 1889 he was President of the Canadian Secular Union. D. Aug., 1902.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Adler, Professor Felix

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​Adler, Professor Felix, Ph.D., American philosopher and founder of the American Ethical Movement. B. (Germany) Aug. 13, 1851. Ed. Berlin and Heidelberg Universities. On his return to New York, after completing his studies, young Adler was invited to succeed his father as Jewish rabbi. He was, however, a Rationalist, and refused to subscribe to the creed. In 1874 he became professor of oriental languages at Cornell University, and in 1876 he founded the New York Society for Ethical Culture, the cradle of the American Ethical Movement. Through this Society Dr. Adler has organized a great deal of social and philanthropic work in New York, and he has sat on several Government Commissions on social questions. Since 1902 he has been professor of social and political ethics at Columbia University, New York. In 1908–9 he was Roosevelt Professor at Berlin. He has ​written a number of Ethical-Rationalist works.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Albee, John

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​Albee, John, American writer. B. Apr. ​3, 1833. Ed. Phillips Academy, Andover, and Harvard Divinity School. Mr. Albee abandoned the orthodox theology in which he had been trained for the liberal Theism or Pantheism of Emerson, and he wrote an admiring work on the master (Remembrances of Emerson, 1903). "Growth ends with the birth of creeds," he said (p. 95). He published various other volumes of prose and verse. D. Mar. 24, 1915.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Adamson, Professor Robert

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​Adamson, Professor Robert, Ph.D., philosopher. B. Jan. 19, 1852. Ed. Edinburgh University, where he took first-class honours in philosophy. After serving for some years as assistant to Professor Calderwood, then to A. C. Fraser, Adamson was in 1876 appointed professor of philosophy and political economy at Owen's College, Manchester. In 1893 he passed from there to the chair of logic at Aberdeen University, and from 1895 until he died he was professor of logic at Glasgow University. He is rightly described in the Cambridge History of Modern Literature as "the most learned of contemporary philosophers " (vol. xiv, p. 48), and his character was as impressive as his culture. He worked devotedly for educational and social reform. Professor Adamson was an outspoken Agnostic, and was a pure empiricist in regard to morals. In his numerous works he holds that mind and matter are merely two aspects of a Monistic reality. In an essay on "Moral! Theory and Practice" in Ethical Democracy (1900) he rules out even the most liberal notions of Deity as "intellectually unrepresentable" (p. 224), and he thinks: that "the world conquered Christianity" instead of Christianity conquering the world. There is an annual "Adamson Lecture" in his honour at Manchester University. D. Feb. 5, 1902.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Aikenhead, Thomas

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​Aikenhead, Thomas, Scottish martyr. B. 1678. Ed. Edinburgh University. In his eighteenth or nineteenth year, while he was still at the University, Aikenhead adopted Deism, and was arrested for blasphemy. He said that Ezra had forged the Old Testament, that all theology was "a rhapsody of ill-contrived nonsense," and that Christ was merely human. After an appalling travesty of a trial—he had no counsel, and the only witnesses were those of the prosecution—he was sentenced to death (Howell's State Trials, 1812, vol. xiii, pp. 917-38). In his History of England (iv, 783-86) Macaulay writes with glowing indignation of the martyrdom. Under Scottish law, he says, the youth might have been imprisoned until he retracted, but Lord Advocate Stewart "called for blood." In his horrible and lonely position Aikenhead retracted, but the clergy, fearing the clemency of William III, pressed for his death, and he was hanged on Jan. 8, 1697.
# A Book of Folklore

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By permission of Messrs. Elliott & Fry, Ltd., London.
A BOOK OF FOLK-LORE
by Rev. S. BARING-GOULD, M.A.
COLLINS'·CLEAR-TYPE·PRESS LONDON & GLASGOW
CONTENTS
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1924, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 99 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/De La Rey, Jacobus Hercules

See also Koos de la Rey on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DE LA REY, JACOBUS HERCULES (1847-1914), Boer soldier (see 7.944), who was concerned in the rebellion headed by Col. Maritz (see South Africa), was shot dead by a police patrol at Johannesburg, Sept. 15 1914.