OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abandonment

Edition of 1920. See also Abandonment (legal) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABANDONMENT, the act of abandoning, giving up, or relinquishing.
In commerce it is the relinquishment of an interest of claim. Thus, in certain circumstances, a person who has insured property on board a ship may relinquish to the insurers a remnant of it saved from a wreck, as a preliminary to calling upon them to pay the full amount of the insurance effected.
The principle is also applicable in fire insurance, and often under stipulations in life policies in favor of creditors. The chief object of abandonment being to recover the whole value of the subject of the insurance, it is necessary only where the subject itself, or portions of it, or claims on account of it, survive the peril which caused the loss. At once upon receiving information of a loss the assured must elect whether to abandon, and not delay for the purpose of speculating on the state of the markets.
The English law is more restricted than the American, by not making the loss over half the value conclusive of the right to abandon, and by judging the right to abandon by the circumstances at the time of action brought, and not by the facts existing at the time of the abandonment. By commencing full repairs the right of abandonment is waived. An abandonment may be oral or in writing. When acted upon by another party, the effect of abandonment is to devest all the owner's rights.
In criminal law abandonment is the intentional desertion of a dependent by one under a legal duty to maintain him. A parent or guardian of the person of an infant is guilty of a misdemeanor if the child is injured through the act of the guardian, and of murder is death results. The offense is now defined in nearly all States. Consult Bishop ‘Commentaries on Criminal Law’ (Boston 1895); Wharton, A., ‘Treatise on Criminal Law’ (San Francisco 1912).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abancay

Edition of 1920. See also Abancay on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABANCAY, ä-bän-kĭ′, Peru, capital of dept. Apurimac, 65 miles west of Cuzco, on the Abancay, an affluent of the upper Apurimac; in an East-Andean valley, the best sugar district in Peru, with large refineries and silver mines. Pop. about 3,000.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Aban′tes

Edition of 1920. See also Abantes on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABAN′TES, an ancient Greek people originally from Thrace, who settled in Phocis, and built a town called Abæ. There name implies an ancestor or leader Abas.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abar′banel

Edition of 1920. See also Abravanel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABAR′BANEL. See Abravanel.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abasolo, Mariano

Edition of 1920. See also Mariano Abasolo on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABASOLO, Mariano, ä-bä-sō′lō, mä-rë-ā′-nō, Mexican patriot: b. Dolores, Guanajuato, about 1780; d. Cadiz, 1819. Joining Hidalgo's (q. v.) Mexican revolution in 1810, he rose to major-general, and was noted for humanity to prisoners. After the final rout at Puente de Calderon, 17 Jan. 1811, he fled with his chief; with him was captured by the counter-revolutionists, tried at Chihauhau, and sentenced to imprisonment in Spain, where he died.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Abano, Pietro d’

Edition of 1920. See also Pietro d'Abano on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ABANO, Pietro d’, ā′ba-nō, pēā′trō dē, known also as Petrus de Apono, one of the most celebrated physicians of the 13th century: b. in the Italian village from which he takes his name, in 1246 or 1250; d. 1316. He visited the East in order to acquire a thorough knowledge of Greek, and then completed his studies at the University of Paris. Returning to Italy he settled at Padua, where his reputation as a physician became so great that his rivals, envious of his fame, gave out that he was aided in his cures by evil spirits. It was known, too, that he practiced astrology, and he was twice summoned before the Inquisition. On the first occasion he was acquitted, and he died before his second trial came to an end. Besides the work, ‘Conciliator Differentiarum Philosophorum et Præcipue Medicorum’ (Mantua 1472), he wrote ‘De Venenis eorumque Remediis’ (1472), ‘Geomantia,’ ‘Quæstiones de Febribus,’ and other works.
# The Condor/Volume 1/Number 3/A Successful Day with the Duck Hawks

A Successful Day with the Duck Hawks.
by Henry C. Johnson, American Fork, Utah.
[Read before the Northern Division of the Cooper Orn. Club, May 6, 1899.]
During May 1898 I happened to be riding mnong the foothills of the West Mountains in Utah, when, in circling the base of a precipitous cliff some eighty feet in height, a hawk of some kind suddenly launched into the air from a projecting point of rock. My friend pulled up his home with the exclamation, "Duck Hawks!" A moment later we had tied the animals and flushed the female from her nest. Such an outcry did the old birds make and such a scramble did I have to reach the nest, as the face of the cliff was perpendicular and the trap reck was dangerously insecure for a foothold. Looking over the top of the ledge I saw three youngsters huddled together in a shallow cave under the over-hanging rock. This was enough and we left the locality with a mental memorandum that the nest would not be neglected by us in '99.
Thus it happened that Rollin and the writer might have been observed leaving town on two good mountain ponies on the 30th of March last. In circling Utah Lake we passed ponds on which were a goodly number of ducks of various species and Long-billed Curlew wading around after food. But Ducks and Curlew had no temptations for us on this particular day. When in sight of the ledge I pointed it out to Rollin who was making his first trip to the locality. He remarked: "Pshaw, is that your great cliff: I will jump from the top when we get there." I advised him to remember that the altitude makes a slight difference in the appearance of objects. Another hour of steady climbing and we neared the foot of the precipice, where Rollin postponed his jump as he did not think it possible to reach the top of the cliff!
No birds were visible but we tied up the horses and a stone thrown from where we stood, brought the female off the nest. The male also jumped from a projecting rock and we were greatly interested in watching the birds. They had the ability of remaining apparently stationary in mid-air without flapping their wings. Suddenly, however, one or the other would make a dash for us, just missing one's head in passing; no wonder, we thought, were they locally known as "Bullet Hawks." Rollin ​made the ascent and reported five fine eggs. Of course they had to be unpacked again when he got safely down and to us they looked much handsomer than they ever would in a large series, to the owner of which they would simply be known as a dark typical set. The eggs were laid in a little shallow on the ledge, without a straw near them and no nest was constructed. Again on horseback we plodded the weary miles homeward, with the crickets and frogs piping a march to which the Bittern furnished bass and of which the whistle of Wilson's Snipe overhead was treble.
# The Condor/Volume 1/Number 2/Persistent Nesting of the Anna's Hummingbird

​Persistent Nesting of the Anna's Hummingbird. For several years an Anna's Hummingbird had reared her yoting in a cork elm in front of my home, and in 1897 I again welcomed her. On Feb. 16 the nest contained one egg but that night a heavy wind storm brushed it against an adjoining limb and the little home was ruined. March 10 the nest containing the second set of eggs situated about twenty feet from the first, fell into the hands of an eager collector. Weeks passed, and although the dainty song of the male was often heard from his favorite perch on a telegraph wire, the female could not be found. Imagine my surprise when on April 23 as I was passing down the steps, I saw the third nest not six inches from my head. I could not molest it, but unfortunately I am not the only collector in the world, and in a few days the eggs were gone, and yet the good mother was not disheartened for in a week she was carrying material for the fourth nest, which she was constructing on one of the previous year. This time four was the charm. The nests were all of similar construction, the first one, however, containing a number of feathers. Ernest Adams, San Jose, Cal.
# The Condor/Volume 1/Number 2/W. Otto Emerson

Prominent Californian Ornithologists. W. OTTO EMERSON.
MANY of the oologists and ornithologists of today will remember tenderly the time when the writings of the older field workers were read, like fairy tales, with an awe indescribable, and numbered among those who wrought these charms, is the subject of our sketch, Mr. W. Otto Emerson. Mr. Emerson, whose cordial manner and wealth of entertaining bird topics have ranked him as one of the foremost pioneer ornithologists of California, has spent twenty years in active field work at Haywards and along the coast, his work commencing about 1880, ten years after he came to California from his home sixty miles west of Chicago. Almost all of his notes were published in the Ornithologist & Oologist, to the columns of which magazine he was a popular and frequent contributor. Mr. Emerson later contributed to the Nidologist and will henceforth publish his notes in the Bulletin.
Two papers of special value were published in the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, one on "Winter Birds of San Diego Co., Cal., in 1884. and "Birds and Eggs from the Farallon Islands" in 1887, edited by Mr. Walter E. Bryant. The latter paper comprised the first complete observations ever made on the Island bird life, eighty-one species or varieties being noted in the months of May and June 1887. During Mr. Emerson's field work he has taken ten birds new to the fauna of California and published over thirty papers. His present collection consists of 3,000 skins and 10,000 eggs, many with nests.
Mr. Emerson is now serving his second term as president of the Cooper Ornithological Club, having previously occupied other positions of honor in the Club and having been always one of its active members and supporters. Mr. Emerson is an ardent naturalist within the full meaning of the term, and has made photography as much a part of his collecting as the gun, while his note books, carefully kept for twenty years, contains a wealth of valuable notes on the birds of the coast counties of California. The Bulletin will soon print his list of the Birds of Santa Cruz County. His skill as a taxidermist, and his exquisite touch as an artist are not less pronounced than the other traits which mark him as a true naturalist. Only those who have known Mr. Emerson personally can appreciate his cordiality and he is today one of the most popular ornithologists of the Golden State. The portrait given is one of Mr. Emerson in his artist costume. C. B.
# The Condor/Volume 1/Number 2/Western Evening Grosbeak in Santa Clara Co., Cal.

​Western Evening Grosbeak in Santa Clara Co., Cal. January 2, 1899 there appeared within the limits of San Jose, Cal., a flock of Western Evening Grosbeaks, (Coccothraustes vespertinus montanus) one of which, a male, was procured. Jan. 17, a friend brought me two more males for identification. They were shot from a small flock in an orchard three miles southwest of San Jose. The birds were fat and oily, their stomachs containing buds of trees. At this time the weather was warm and there was but little snow upon the mountains. So far as I know, this constitutes a record for Santa Clara county, it being the first recorded appearance of this alpine species in the valley.Ernest Adams, San Jose, Cal.
# The Condor/Volume 1/Number 2/Oregon Vesper Sparrow in Alameda Co.

​Oregon Vesper Sparrow in Alameda Co. On the afternoon of October 8, 1898 while coming over the foot-hills north-east of Oakland, I shot an Oregon Vesper Sparrow, Poocaetes gramineus affinis. It was an adult male; one from a flock of five that were feeding among some tall grass, growing between two stubble-fields. The flock was so hidden in the tall grass, that I saw none except my bird until I fired, when the rest flew up, and were soon lost over the crest of a hill. So far as I have been able to learn, this is the first Oregon Vesper Sparrow taken in Alameda County, although two weeks later, on October 22, '98 Mr. C. W. Randall took an adult female from the same field, and presumably from the same flock. November 5, again found me in this field after another Vesper Sparrow, but I was doomed to disappointment, for I could not find a single bird.John C. Willard, 2221 Elm St., Oakland, Cal.
# The Condor/Volume 1/Number 2/Publications Received

Publications Received.
Auk, XVI, No. 1 Jan. 1899.
Bird Lore, No. 1, Feb. 1899.
In the initial number of his charming publication, Mr. Chapman has made good the guarantee of his prospectus, and presents to the public just such a magazine as every bird lover will delight in. The leading articles "In Warbler Time" and "The Camera as an Aid in the Study of Birds" cannot fail to interest those who would be close communers with Nature, while the illustrations amply fulfill our expectations. In fostering the work of the Audubon Society and in promoting a general interest in the birds and their protection, Bird Lore deserves the support of every lover of nature.
Bulletin of the Michigan Ornithological Club II. Nos 3-4. July-Dec., 1898.
Journal of the Maine Ornithological Society I, No. I, Jan. 1899.
The Maine ornithologists have reached the conclusion that to work successfully an official organ is required, which shall be devoted solely to the interests of their Society. Accordingly the initial number of the Journal has been issued, and with the names of such well known workers as Ora W. Knight, C. H. Morrell and others at the head, we cannot doubt that it will represent well the ornithology of the great state in which it is published. The initial number contains a report of the Society's annual meeting with several excellent papers which were read. We wish the new publication success and a substantial increase in its pages at an early date.
Maine Sportsman, VI. Nos. 66-67, Feb.-Mar., 1899.
Museum, V. Nos. 3 and 4, Jan., Feb. 1899.
Oologist XVI. Nos. 1 and 2. Jan., Feb. 1899.
Osprey III. Nos. 2, 3 and 4, Oct.-Dec. 1898.
Wilson Bulletin VI. No. 1, Jan. 1899.
# The Condor/Volume 1/Number 3

This issue of The Condor dates from 1899, when it was called the Bulletin of the Cooper Ornithological Club.
BULLETIN
— OF THE —
Cooper Ornithological Club
A Bi-monthly Exponent of Californian Ornithology
Contents
* Summer Resident Warblers of Arizona
* Spring Notes on the Birds of Santa Cruz Island, Cal., April 1898
* A Successful Day with the Duck Hawks
* Winter Birds of Shanghai
* Is the Unlimited Collecting of Birds in Breeding Season Justified?
* Breeding Habits of Least Tern in Los Angeles County, California
* Capture of a Rabbit by a Golden Eagle
* Echoes From the Field
** The Old-Squaw and Fulvous Tree Ducks at Alviso, Cal.
** A Record for Los Angeles County, Cal.
** Unusual Lining of a Red Bellied Hawk's Nest and Sonoma County Notes
** Eastern Junco and White-throated Sparrow in California
** Notes from Alameda, Cal.
** Peculiar Eggs of California Shrike and Other Notes
** Notes from Marin and San Benito Counties, Cal.
* An Account of the Taking of Four Sets of Eggs of the Ivory Gull
* General News Notes
* Editorial Notes
* Band-tailed Pigeon Nesting in Santa Clara County, Cal.
* Official Minutes of Southern Division
* Official Minutes of Northern Division
* Publications Received
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Phillips (Exeter) Academy

Edition of 1920. See also Phillips Exeter Academy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PHILLIPS (EXETER) ACADEMY, a noted American college preparatory school at Exeter, N. H., incorporated 3 April 1781, endowed by John Phillips, 9 Jan. 1782, opened 7 May 1783. The institution was the earliest of an educational character incorporated by the New Hampshire legislature, and was named in honor of its founder, John Phillips (q.v.), whose gifts to it totaled $65,000. It accommodates 300 and odd students. Like the sister institution at Andover, it has prospered greatly in recent years, and many new and commodious buildings have been erected within the past decade, the most notable of these being the great dining hall, built in 1903. It has an endowment of $400,000 and an annual income of $100,000. Its alumni number about 10,000. A marked characteristic of the school is its thorough carrying out of the principle of self-government. Consult Adams, ‘Some Famous American Schools’ (1903).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Phillipsburg

Edition of 1920. See also Phillipsburg, New Jersey on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PHILLIPSBURG, fĭl'ĭps-bėrg, N. J., town in Warren County, on the Delaware River, and on the Central ot New Jersey, the Pennsylvania, the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, Lehigh and Hudson and the Lehigh Valley railroads, about 60 miles in direct line west of Newark. It was settled in 1749, and in 1861 was incorporated. It has good water power and excellent facilities for transportation. The chief manufacturing establishments are foundries and furnaces, railroad shops for the five railroads, horseshoe works, boiler and drill works, machine shops, stove works, sheet iron works, silk mills and large coal yards. Its prominent public buildings are its municipal buildings, several business edifices, the churches and schools. It has several private business schools, public and parish schools and a public library. The government is administered under a revised charter of 1875 and is vested in a commission of five, which holds office for a term of four years. Pop. 15,652.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pilot-fish

Edition of 1920. See also Pilot fish on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer. Actually Naucrates ductor.
PILOT-FISH, any of several fishes reputed to act as guides and sentinels to sharks, or resembling species so acting. The fish traditionally so called (Naucrates auctor) is a small mackerel-like member of the family Carangidæ (q.v.), which abounds in all warm seas, and was well known in the Mediterranean where the ancient fishermen observed its constant association with sharks, and its habit of following ships for many days together. They said it acted as a guide and protector of the sharks, leading them to prey and warning them of danger; and that when a mariner lost his way on the high seas it appeared and piloted him to port. The association with sharks and other large fishes and the following of ships are still observable, but the modern explanation is that the little fish gain food and some protection
from the big ones, and, therefore, seek to swim near them. They are excellent eating. Another nearly related fish (Seriola zonata), one of the amber-fishes, is called “shark's pilot” along the south Atlantic Coast of the United States; in the West Indies several chichlids are called black, or cow, or cockeye pilots; and in Lake Champlain this name is given to a white-fish (Coregonus quadrilateralis) called Menominee or round white-fish in the Northwestern lakes. Consult Goode, ‘Fishery Industries, Sec. I’ (1884); Day, ‘Fauna of British India: Fishes’ (1889).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Phillips (Andover) Academy

Edition of 1920. See also Phillips Academy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PHILLIPS (ANDOVER) ACADEMY, a celebrated college preparatory school for boys at Andover, Mass., founded 25 April 1778, opened 30 April 1778 and incorporated 4 Oct. 1780. It owes its existence to the initiative of Samuel Phillips (1751-1802). The property, originally conveyed to the academy trustees by Samuel Phillips (the elder) and his brother John, consisted of 141 acres with several buildings upon it, in Andover, 200 acres in Jaffrey, N. H., and some $8,000 in cash. In 1785 a new academy building was erected, the gift of the three brothers, Samuel, John and William Phillips. The trustees of the academy were vested in 1807 with authority to receive and hold funds for a theological school and what is now known as the Andover Theological Seminary (q.v.) was founded the next year. The academy has grown to be one of the foremost institutions of its kind in this country, and in recent years its equipment has been very materially increased, the archæological department with ample endowment and costly building being one of the most notable of recent gifts. The larger number of the students go to Harvard and Yale on leaving the academy, and the institution is, therefore, based on the
requirements of those universities. It accommodates about 400 pupils. Its endowment now amounts to about $500,000, and outside of invested funds the academy property amounts in value to $500,000. There are 60,000 volumes in the several libraries of the institution. Consult Adams, ‘Some Famous American Schools’ (1903).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Philo Byblius, Herennius

Edition of 1920. See also Philo of Byblos on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PHILO BYBLIUS, fī'lō bib'lǐ-ūs, Herennius, Phœnician grammarian: b. Byblos, Phœnicia; flourished between 64 and 141 A.D. He is the author of a famous historical work, ‘Concerning Cities and Their Renowned Citizens.’ It is in 30 books and has proved the thesaurus of later grammarians. He also executed a translation of the alleged work of Sanchuniathon (q.v.), of which some fragments have survived and have been published in the third volume of Müller's ‘Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum,’ Vol. III. The alleged complete text of Sanchoniathon, which was discovered in a Portuguese monastery and published by Wagenfeld (1837), proved to be a forgery.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pilot, The

Edition of 1920. See also The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PILOT, The; a Tale of the Sea, published in January 1824 (the earliest edition is actually dated 1823), was James Fenimore Cooper's fourth novel and his first sea tale. He had undertaken to surpass Scott's ‘Pirate’ (1821) in seamanship, and, a sailor by profession, not only succeeded in this but produced a book on almost every count better than its model. Indeed, Cooper may be said in ‘The Pilot’ to have created a new literary type, the tale of adventure on the sea, in which, although he was to have followers and rivals in many modern languages, he still keeps a high place for vigor and variety. Smollett had already discovered the racy humors of seamen, but he had seen little else in their calling; it remained for Cooper to capture for fiction the mystery and beauty, the shock and thrill, of the sea, which in his pages has much of the proud pomp of Byron's ocean. Experts say chat Cooper's technical knowledge was sound; what is more important, he wrote a story about sailing vessels which convinces land-dwellers even in days of steam. Although based, with many realistic details, upon his own experience, ‘The Pilot’ has a large conventional element, chiefly in connection with its hero, John Paul Jones, who appears as always brooding upon a dark past and a darker fate. Yet he is not so morbid but that he can occasionally rouse himself to terrific activities in his raids along the English coast. Cooper credits him with a love affair, conventional in tone, and not important. Of the characters, only one possesses much interest or verisimilitude — Long Tom Coffin, of Nantucket who takes his place worthily beside Harvey Birch and Natty Bumppo. If he seems hardly so vivid a patriot as the spy it is because he is first of all a sailor, and belongs to the open sea as Leather-Stocking belongs to the forest. Long Tom is as real as an oak; he is also as romantic as storms and tides.