OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mackenzie, George (1777-1856)

​MACKENZIE, GEORGE (1777–1856), meteorologist, was born in 1777 in Sutherlandshire, where his relations were thriving farmers, and where he in his early days tenanted a large farm. But after a lawsuit with the factor in the court of session, in which he won 600l. damages, he gave up farming and enlisted in the Sutherland local militia. Eventually he volunteered into the Perthshire militia, in which he continued till it was disbanded; but he was retained on the staff, and awarded a pension of half a crown a day.
As early as 1802 he began to keep a register of atmospheric changes, making observations in succession at Perth, Edinburgh, Dover, London, Haddington, Plymouth, Newcastle, and Leith. Ultimately he settled at Perth, where he spent only two hours a day (usually 5 a.m. to 7 a.m.) in bed. It was fourteen years before he was able to form a tolerable classification of atmospheric phenomena. He discovered that the periodical commencement and termination of years of scarcity or abundance are undoubtedly ascertainable, with the recurrence of favourable or unfavourable seasons. In the spring of 1819 Mackenzie succeeded in forming his 'primary cycle of the winds,' and in that and the following year he received the thanks of the English board of agriculture. For nearly twenty consecutive years he circulated annually printed 'Reports' or 'Manuals' of his observations. He died at County Place, Perth, on 13 May 1866, aged 79.
Mackenzie was author of:
* 'The System of the Weather of the British Islands; discovered in 1816 and 1817 from a Journal commencing Nov. 1802,' 4to, Edinburgh, 1818. On receiving a presentation copy the French Institute accorded a special vote of thanks to Mackenzie, and desired Baron von Humboldt to make a report on it.
* 'Manual of the Weather for 1830, including a brief Account of the Cycles of the Winds and Weather, and of the Circle of the Prices of Wheat,' 12mo, Edinburgh, 1829.
* 'Elements of the Cycles of the Winds, Weather, and Prices of Corn. … Also Reports of the Weather for 1844 and 1846 … with Notices of the Weather in 1862,' 8vo, Perth (1843).
[Perthshire Advertiser, 15 May 1856; Woods's Elements and Influence of the Weather; Gent. Mag. 1856, pt. i. p. 667.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mackenzie, George (1669-1725)

​MACKENZIE, GEORGE, M.D. (1669–1725), Scottish biographer, born in Ross-shire 10 Dec. 1669, was son of the Hon. Colin Mackenzie, who was second son of George Mackenzie, second earl of Seaforth [q. v.] His mother was Jean Laurie. He studied at Aberdeen University, whence he graduated together with his brother Kenneth in 1682 (Fasti Aberd. p. 530) and at Oxford, completing his medical curriculum at Paris. Returning, he graduated M.D. at Aberdeen, and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. For a number of years he practised his profession in Edinburgh, giving his leisure to literature, and securing general esteem for his loyalty as a churchman. A victim of overwork, he died at Fortrose, Ross-shire, 28 Nov. 1725.
Mackenzie's chief work, entitled 'Lives and Characters of the most Eminent Writers of the Scots Nation,' published in 3 vols, folio, in 1703, 1711, and 1722 respectively, is elaborate and ambitious, but occasionally fanciful, and frequently inaccurate. The last volume was dedicated to John Law of Lauriston [q. v.] He also wrote the life prefixed to the 'Works of Sir George Mackenzie (1636-1692) [q. v.], and prepared a genealogical history of the families of Seaforth and name of Mackenzie. A paper by him on the Coatimundi of Brazil is in 'Phil. Trans. Abr.' vi. 653.
[Caledonian Mercury, 16 Dec. 1725; Anderson's Scottish Nation; information from Mr. George Stronach, Adv. Libr. Edinb.]
T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Davies, Evan

​DAVIES, EVAN (1805–1864), independent minister, born at Hengwm in the parish of Lledrod, Cardiganshire, in 1805, was educated in the academy at Neuaddlwyd and in the Western Academy at Exeter. On the completion of his collegiate course he settled at Great Torrington, Devonshire. In 1835 he was ordained at Wycliffe Chapel, London, as a missionary to the Chinese, and was sent to Penang under the auspices of the London Missionary Society. At the expiration of four years he was compelled to return home in consequence of failing health. In 1842 he was appointed superintendent of the Boys' Mission School at Walthamstow, and in 1844 he removed to Richmond, Surrey, where he officiated as pastor of the congregational church for thirteen years. He died at Llanstephan, near Carmarthen, on 18 June 1864.
He wrote:
* ‘China and her Spiritual Claims,’ Lond. 1845, 12mo.
* ‘Memoirs of the Rev. Samuel Dyer, sixteen years missionary to the Chinese,’ Lond. 1846, 8vo.
* ‘Revivals in Wales: facts and correspondence supplied by pastors of the Welsh churches,’ London, 1859, 12mo.
* ‘Rest: Lectures on the Sabbath.’ He also edited ‘Letters of the Rev. Samuel Dyer to his children,’ 1847; ‘Lectures on Christian Theology,’ by the Rev. George Payne, LL.D., 1850; and the ‘Works of the Rev. Dr. Edward Williams of Rotherham.’
[Congregational Year Book (1865), p. 234; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Davies, Henry

​DAVIES, HENRY, M.D. (1782–1862), physician, son of a surgeon, was born in London in 1782. He was apprenticed to a surgeon at Malling, Kent, and in 1803 was admitted a member of the College of Surgeons. He became a surgeon in the army, and after serving for several years, resigned his commission and took a house in London in 1817. He received the then easily obtained medical degree of the university of Aberdeen, 26 Sept. 1823, and became a licentiate of the College of Physicians of London 22 Dec. 1823. He gave up all practice but midwifery, became physician to the British Lying-in Hospital, and was also for some years lecturer on midwifery and the diseases of women and children in the medical school of St. George's Hospital. He edited a tenth edition of Dr. Michael Underwood's useful ‘Treatise on the Diseases of Children’ in 1846. His additions are marked by his initials, but they are rarely of much value, while he has spoiled the simplicity of the original work by numerous interpolations from other authors. He also published ‘The Young Wife's Guide,’ London, 1844. Deafness incapacitated him from practice in 1851, and he retired into the country, but returned to London in a year, and there died 9 Jan. 1862.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. iii. 279; Lancet, 1862, i. 89.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Davies, David (d.1819?)

​DAVIES, DAVID, D.D. (d. 1819?), writer on poor laws, studied at Jesus College, Oxford, and proceeded B.A. 1778, M.A. 1785, B.D. and D.D. 1800. He was appointed rector of Barkham, Berkshire. Here he occupied himself with inquiries regarding the condition of the labouring poor. These inquiries, dedicated to the board of agriculture, he published as ‘The Case of Labourers in Husbandry stated and considered’ (Bath and London, 1795). The most valuable part of this work is the appendix, which contains a number of minute particulars regarding the wages, food, &c., of the labourers in various districts of England and Scotland. Davies died about 1819.
F. W-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Davies, Catherine

​DAVIES, CATHERINE (1773–1841?), authoress of ‘Eleven Years' Residence in the Family of Murat, King of Naples,’ was born at Beaumaris, Anglesea, in 1773, being one of a family of thirty-three children. After residing at Liverpool, and subsequently in London (where lived her sister, who was ‘married to an eminent artist’), Miss Davies went to France in 1802 as governess in a private family. A few months later she took a similar situation under Madame Murat, the third sister of Bonaparte. Miss Davies retained her post when Napoleon declared Murat and his wife king and queen of Naples. The Countess of Picherno, absurdly described by Miss Davies as a niece of Byron, was at this time second governess. Miss Davies describes the inner life of Murat and his family during their struggles, and her book contains many facts not to be found elsewhere. Miss Davies settled at Beaumaris in 1818; two years later she was summoned to London as a witness in the impending trial of Queen Caroline, but was not called. For some years her health was failing, and in 1841 How & Parsons issued by subscription the ‘Eleven Years' Residence’ (in 12mo, 2s. 6d.) for her sole benefit. The preface is dated London, May 1841, and it is very probable that she died soon after.
W. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Loudon, Charles

​LOUDON, CHARLES, M.D. (1801–1844), medical writer, a native of Scotland, was born in 1801. By 1826 he had become a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in London, and in 1827 graduated M.D. at Glasgow. He then established himself as a physician at Leamington, and in 1830 was appointed one of the royal commissioners for inquiring into the employment of children in factories. He retired about 1841 to Paris, where he died on 2 Feb. 1844. About 1828 he married Miss Ryves of Castle Ryves, co. Limerick, but had no children.
Loudon was author of:
* ‘A short Inquiry into the principal Causes of the unsuccessful Termination of Extraction by the Cornea,’ 4to, London, 1826.
* ‘A practical Dissertation on the Waters of Leamington Spa,’ 8vo, Leamington Spa, 1828; 3rd edit. 1831.
* ‘The Equilibrium of Population and Sustenance demonstrated, showing, on physiological and statistical grounds, the means of obviating the fears of the late Mr. Malthus,’ 8vo, Leamington Spa, 1836.
* ‘Solution du Problème de la Population et de la Subsistance,’ 8vo, Paris, 1842, a different work from the former.
[Loudon's Works; Gent. Mag. 1844, pt. i. p. 657.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lougher, Robert

1904 Errata appended.
​LOUGHER, ROBERT (d. 1585), civilian, descended from an old Welsh family, was elected fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford, as of founder's kin in 1553, graduated B.C.L. 9 July 1558, and proceeded D.C.L., 19 Feb. 1564–5, having in the meantime been collated to the archdeaconry of Totnes, 21 Feb. 1561–2, and instituted to the Devonshire rectories of Stockleigh Pomeroy (1561), Aveton Gifford (1562), and Aldrington (1563). As proctor of the clergy of the diocese of Exeter, he signed the articles of religion drawn up in 1562–3; but disapproved of the ‘six articles,’ and was opposed to any change being made in the prayer-book. He was elected principal of New Inn Hall in 1564; was appointed regius professor of civil law, 10 Jan. 1564–5; and on 25 Feb. following was admitted a member of the College of Advocates. He was one of the disputants before Queen Elizabeth on her visit to Oxford in September 1566. He resigned the headship of New Inn Hall in 1570, and was one of the original fellows of Jesus College on its foundation in the following year. In 1572 he was returned to parliament for Pembroke. In 1574 he was appointed a master in chancery, and on 10 May 1575 was re-elected to the headship of New Inn Hall, which he held for the ensuing five years. He was one of the visitors of the diocese of Gloucester, under a commission issued by Grindal 14 July 1576, and in May 1577 was appointed official of the consistory and vicar-general in spirituals to Edwin Sandys, archbishop of York. Lougher married Elizabeth, granddaughter of John Rastall, the printer, who married a sister of Sir Thomas More. He died at Tenby between 3 and 9 June 1585, leaving an heir, John, and at least three daughters.
[Water's Chesters of Chicheley, ii. 714; Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Wood's Fasti Oxon. i. 164–5; Athenæ Oxon. i. 131; Ann. ed. Gutch, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 857; Reg. Univ. Oxon. (Oxford Hist. Soc.), i. 237; Elizabethan Oxford (Oxford Hist. Soc.); Nichols's Progr. Eliz. i. 230; Coote's Cat. Engl. Civ. p. 47; Le Neve's Fasti. Eccl. Angl. iii. 511, 589; Strype's Ann. fol. i. pt. i. pp. 327, 339; Grindal (fol.), p. 212; Archives of All Souls' Coll. 1877, pp. 130–1; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547–1880, p. 207; Haydn's Book of Dignities, ed. Ockerby, p. 395.]
J. M. R.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.186 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 151 | ii | 10-11 | Lougher, Robert: for prolocutor read proctor |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lothian, William

​LOTHIAN, WILLIAM (1740–1783), divine and historian, born on 5 Nov. 1740, was son of George Lothian, surgeon, of Edinburgh. After attending Edinburgh High School he was licensed to preach in October 1762, and was ordained minister of the Canongate, Edinburgh, in August 1764. On 15 Oct. 1779 he received the degree of D.D. from Edinburgh University. He died on 17 Dec. 1783. By his marriage, on 1 Oct. 1766, to Elizabeth Lothian (d. 1815), he had four sons and a daughter.
Lothian wrote ‘The History of the United Provinces of the Netherlands,’ 4to, London, 1780; and two sermons for ‘The Scotch Preacher,’ 12mo, Edinburgh, 1776, vol. ii.
[Hew Scott's Fasti Eccl. Scot. I. i. 86; Anderson's Scot. Nation, ii. 693.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lough, John Graham

​LOUGH, JOHN GRAHAM (1806–1876), sculptor, born in 1806, was son of a small farmer at Greenhead, near Hexham in Northumberland. He was apprenticed to a stonemason named Marshall, and afterwards worked as an ornamental sculptor and builder at Newcastle-on-Tyne. Through the friendship of the captain of a collier Lough obtained a free passage to London. Here he studied the Elgin marbles at the British Museum, and was befriended by the painter B. R. Haydon [q. v.]
In 1826 Lough exhibited a bas-relief, ‘The Death of Turnus,’ at the Royal Academy, and obtaining a commission from the Duke of Wellington, produced two statues for him, ‘Milo’ and ‘Samson.’ In 1827 Lough held an exhibition of his works in London, which attracted some attention, mainly through the efforts of Haydon. He sent a striking group, ‘Duncan's Horses,’ to the Royal Academy in 1832, and in 1834 went to Rome, where he studied for four years. On his return he found plenty of employment, and executed some important works, such as the statue of the queen in the Royal Exchange (1845), that of the prince consort at Lloyd's (1847), the colossal statue of the Marquis of Hastings at Malta (1848), the colossal bronze statue of George Stephenson at Newcastle, the monument to Southey in Keswick Church, and other important monuments or portrait busts and statues. He was given in the first instance the commission to execute the lions at the base of Nelson's monument in Trafalgar Square. Lough was patronised by his fellow-countryman Sir Matthew White Ridley, and by Mr. Mitchell Henry of Stratheden House, Rutland Gate, London, both of whom possess many works by him. Seven of his statues were at the Great Exhibition in 1851, and were favourably noticed at the time. Lough worked in a broad, powerful, and energetic style; but owing to lack of refinement his works have not sustained their original reputation. He was a familiar figure in the society of the day.
Lough married a sister of Sir James Paget, the surgeon, and died of bronchitis at his residence, 42 Harewood Square, London, on 8 April 1876.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Times, 12 April 1876; Clement and Hutton's Artists of the Nineteenth Century; Men of the Reign; information from George Scharf, esq., C.B., F.S.A.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haynesworth, William

​HAYNESWORTH, WILLIAM (fl. 1659), engraver, one of the earliest English engravers, is known by a fairly good engraved portrait of Richard Cromwell as lord protector. There are copies of this extremely scarce print in the print room at the British Museum and in the Sutherland Collection in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Haynesworth also engraved a print of Geffroy de Lusignan, a copy from a similar engraving by Jerome David.
[Strutt's Dict. of Engravers; Dodd's manuscript Hist. of English Engravers (Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 33401).]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hayter, Charles

​HAYTER, CHARLES (1761–1835), miniature-painter, born on 24 Feb. 1761, was a son of Charles Hayter, an architect and builder in Hampshire. He was brought up to his father's profession, but, developing a talent for drawing small pencil portraits, devoted himself to miniature-painting, which he practised first in his native county, and afterwards in London. He earned a considerable reputation by his portraits in water-colours on ivory and in crayons on vellum, and was a constant exhibitor at the Royal Academy between 1786 and 1832. He gave lessons in perspective to the Princess Charlotte of Wales, and dedicated to her a useful work, published in 1813, ‘An Introduction to Perspective, adapted to the capacities of Youth, in a series of pleasing and familiar Dialogues,’ &c., which went through six editions, the last issued in 1845. In accepting the dedication, the princess authorised Hayter to style himself professor of perspective and drawing to her royal highness. He was also author of ‘A New Practical Treatise on the three Primitive Colours, assumed as a perfect System of Rudimental Information,’ &c., with coloured diagrams, London, 1826, 8vo. Hayter died in London on 1 Dec. 1835. He married in 1788 Martha Stevenson of Charing Cross, and was the father of Sir George Hayter [q. v.] and of John Hayter, at one time a fashionable portrait draughtsman in crayons, who was born in 1800, and still survives.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1880; Universal Cat. of Books on Art; information from Angelo C. Hayter, esq.]
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haynes, Joseph

​HAYNES, JOSEPH (1760–1829), painter and etcher, born in 1760 at Shrewsbury, came to London early in life. He studied under John Hamilton Mortimer, A.R.A. [q. v.], and on the death of that artist in 1779 was for some time engaged in etching from his works. These etchings include ‘Paul preaching to the Britons’ and ‘Robbers and Banditti.’ Subsequently he etched for Samuel Ireland [q. v.] two subjects from pictures by Hogarth, ‘Debates on Palmistry’ and a portrait of ‘The Right Hon. James Caulfeild, Earl of Charlemount.’ At a later date he copied some of Sir Joshua Reynolds's pictures. He made a journey to Jamaica, which proved fruitless, and on his return went back to Shrewsbury. He eventually settled as a drawing-master at Chester, where he died on 14 Dec. 1829. He is also stated to have worked in mezzotint. His paintings are few, and are seldom met with, but his etchings and engravings, which have considerable merit, are numerous.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Nagler's Künstler-Lexikon; Nichols's Anecd. of Hogarth; E. G. Salisbury's Border Worthies; Bryan's Dict. of Painters, ed. Graves and Armstrong, 1866, i. 635.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haynes, John (fl.1730-1750)

​HAYNES, JOHN (fl. 1730–1750), draughtsman and engraver, apparently a native of York, drew and engraved some views of York and Scarborough for T. Gent's ‘History of Kingston-on-Hull.’ He also drew many of the architectural plates for Drake's ‘Eboracum,’ published in 1736. In 1740 he published an etching from his own drawing of ‘The Dropping Well at Knaresborough as it appeared in the Great Frost, January 1739.’ A view of the Duke of Cumberland's ‘Mandarine Yacht’ at Windsor was engraved by Haynes in 1753, and a large plan of the city of York in 1748.
[Dodd's manuscript Hist. of English Engravers (Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 33401); Upcott's English Topogr.; Gough's Brit. Topogr.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hayter, Richard

​HAYTER, RICHARD (1611?–1684), theological writer, born about 1611, was the son of William Hayter, fishmonger, of Salisbury, Wiltshire. In 1628 he entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford, as a commoner, and graduated B.A. 26 April 1632, and M.A. 29 Jan. 1634 (Wood, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 464, 474). He returned to Salisbury, lived there as a layman, and wrote ‘The Meaning of Revelation: or, a Paraphrase with Questions on the Revelation of St. John, in which the Synchronisms of Mr. Joseph Mede, and the Expositions of other Interpreters, are called into question,’ 4to, London, 1675 (another edition, 8vo, London, 1676). In April 1683 he had ready for the press ‘Errata Mori. The Errors of Henry More contained in his Epilogue annex'd to his Exposition of the Revelation of St. John,’ &c., together with another book; but neither appears to have been printed (Wood, Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iv. 138). Hayter died on 30 June 1684, and was buried in the church of St. Thomas, Salisbury.
[Hatcher's Salisbury (in Hoare's Wiltshire), p. 628.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haynes, Hopton

​HAYNES, HOPTON (1672?–1749), theological writer, was born about 1672. He entered the service of the mint as weigher and teller in 1696 or early in 1697, and was promoted to be assay-master in 1723. In April 1737, having been above forty years in the mint, Haynes was allowed to appoint a deputy; he retired on full pension, 8 Feb. 1749, retaining the auditorship of the tally office in the exchequer.
Haynes's entrance into the mint was nearly synchronous with Sir Isaac Newton's appointment as warden (19 March 1696), and it is not improbable that he was a protégé of Newton, with whom he was very intimate till Newton's death (20 March 1727). He translated into Latin (after 1708) Newton's two letters on the textual criticism of 1 John v. 7, 8, and 1 Tim. iii. 16. Through him Whiston, in 1712, communicated with Newton on the subject of baptism. Richard Baron [q. v.] describes Haynes as ‘the most zealous unitarian’ he ever knew. He attended the services of the established church, sitting down at certain parts ‘to show his dislike,’ till Samuel Say (d. 1743), presbyterian minister at Princes Street, Westminster, told him his practice was inconsistent, and he never again attended any place of worship. He died at Queen Square, Westminster, on 19 Nov. 1749, aged 77 (Gent. Mag.; Lindsey, on the authority of a funeral ring, gives the date 18 Nov.) He was twice married, and had several children by his first wife, of whom Samuel Haynes, D.D. [q. v.], was the eldest. His second wife was Mary Jocelyn (d. 22 Sept. 1750, aged 65), a member of Say's congregation. His portrait, by Highmore, is in Dr. Williams's Library, Gordon Square, London, W.C.; it has been engraved by Nugent.
He published: 1. ‘A Brief Enquiry relative to the Right of His Majesty's Royal Chapel … within the Tower,’ &c., 1728, fol. 2. ‘Causa Dei contra Novatores; or the Religion of the Bible and … the Pulpit compared. In a Letter to the Revd. Mr. Wilson,’ &c., 1747, 8vo (anon.; at p. 60 is the signature ‘A. B.’). Posthumous was 3. ‘The Scripture Account of … God; and … Christ,’ &c., 1750, 8vo (edited by John Blackburn, presbyterian minister of King John's Court, Bermondsey, afterwards of Newbury, Berkshire, died January 1762); 2nd edition 1790, 8vo (edited by Theophilus Lindsey [q. v.]); 3rd edition, 1797, 8vo; 4th edition, Hackney, 1815, 8vo, with memoir by Robert Aspland [q. v.] According to Nichols, he also wrote a tract, ‘The Ten Commandments better than the Apostles' Creed.’
[Gent. Mag. 1750, pp. 93, 524; Westein's N. T. Græce, prolegomena, 1751, p. 185; Whiston's Memoirs, 1753, p. 178; Gordon's Cordial for Low Spirits (Baron), 1763, i. xviii; Monthly Repository, 1810 p. 325, 1816 p. 336; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. 1812, ii. 150 sq.; Wallace's Antitrin. Biog. 1850, iii. 435 sq., 455 sq.; Money's Hist. Newbury Presbyterians, in Newbury Weekly News, 29 March 1888.]
A. G.