OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Jacob, Joseph

​JACOB, JOSEPH (1667?–1722), sectary, born of quaker parents about 1667, was apprenticed to a linendraper in London, and early showed a keen interest in politics. In 1688, shortly after his coming of age, he showed his zeal for the revolution by riding to meet William of Orange on his progress from Torbay. On the passing of the Toleration Act in 1689 he avowed himself a congregationalist, and studied for the ministry under Robert Trail (1642–1716), a Scottish presbyterian minister in London. As a preacher he obtained a numerous following. He conducted a weekly lecture (1697) in the meeting-house of Thomas Gouge (1665?–1700) [q. v.], but this was soon stopped on the ground of his preaching politics. In his farewell sermon he satirised Matthew Mead [q. v.] and other leading nonconformist divines. He carried away some of Gouge's hearers, and his friends built him (1698) a meeting-house in Parish Street, Southwark. Here he introduced the then novel practice of standing to sing; and enforced, on pain of excommunication, a strict code of life. Dress was regulated; wigs were not allowed; the moustache for men was obligatory. No one was permitted to marry out of the congregation or to attend the worship of any other church. The society dwindled away, and the meeting-house was given up in 1702. Jacob then hired Turners' Hall, Philpot Lane, Fenchurch Street, where he preached political sermons, introducing many personalities. Before 1715 he removed to Curriers' Hall, London Wall, near Cripplegate, sharing the use of it with a baptist congregation. He died on 26 June 1722, aged 55. The inscription on his monument in Bunhill Fields described him as ‘an apostolic preacher.’ He had good natural capacity and some learning, but his eccentricities prevented his exercising any permanent influence. His wife, Sarah Jacob, and two of his daughters were buried in Bunhill Fields. He published: 1. ‘Two Thanksgiving Sermons,’ &c., 1702, 4to. 2. ‘A Thanksgiving Sermon,’ &c., 1705, 4to.
[Wilson's Dissenting Churches of London, 1808, i. 139 sq., 236, ii. 561; James's Hist. Litig. Presb. Chapels, 1867, p. 690.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haldenstoun, James

​HALDENSTOUN or HADDENSTON, JAMES (d. 1443), prior of St. Andrews, was appointed to the priorate in 1418. He was dean of theology in St. Andrews University. He was one of an embassy from James I to the Roman court in 1425. He did much to beautify the monastery and the cathedral church of St. Andrews, and improve the services, and was zealous against heretics. Pope Martin V granted him the right of wearing the mitre, ring, pastoral staff, and other pontifical insignia in parliament. He died on 18 July 1443, and was interred in the north wall of the lady chapel of the cathedral. He is said to have written a treatise, ‘Contra Lolardos,’ another entitled ‘Processus contra Hæreticos,’ and a third, ‘De Privilegiis Claustri sui,’ but none of these seem now extant.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haldane, Daniel Rutherford

​HALDANE, DANIEL RUTHERFORD (1824–1887), physician, son of James Alexander Haldane [q. v.] by his second wife, Margaret Rutherford, daughter of Professor Daniel Rutherford [q. v.], was born in 1824 and educated at the high school and university of Edinburgh. After graduating M.D. in 1848 he studied in Vienna and Paris, and on his return lectured on medical jurisprudence and pathology in the extra-mural school at Surgeons' Hall, Edinburgh. He succeeded Dr. Alexander Wood as teacher of medicine at Surgeons' Hall, and he was also physician to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. He was an excellent teacher and very popular with students. He was successively secretary and president of the Edinburgh College of Physicians, and represented the college on the general medical council on Dr. Wood's retirement. At the tercentenary of the university of Edinburgh the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him. His death, on 12 April 1887, was the result of an accidental fall on ice on the previous Christmas-day.
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Halcomb, John

​HALCOMB, JOHN (1790–1852), serjeant-at-law, born in 1790, studied law in chambers with the future judges John Patteson and John Taylor Coleridge, was called to the bar at the Inner Temple, and went the western circuit. Halcomb, after several failures, was elected conservative member for Dover in 1831. He took some position in the house, but on the dissolution of parliament in 1835 lost his seat. In 1839 he was made serjeant-at-law, but his political ambition seems to have spoiled his career at the bar, for he ​did not realise the high expectations formed of him. He died at New Radnor on 3 Nov. 1852, leaving a widow and four sons.
Halcomb wrote: 1. ‘A Report of the Trials … in the causes of Rowe versus Grenfell, &c.,’ 1826, as to questions regarding copper mines in Cornwall. 2. ‘A Practical Measure of Relief from the present system of the Poor Law. Submitted to the consideration of Parliament,’ 1826. 3. ‘A practical Treatise on passing Private Bills through both Houses of Parliament,’ 1836.
F. W-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hakewill, James

​HAKEWILL, JAMES (1778–1843), architect, second son of John Hakewill [q. v.], born 1778, was brought up as an architect, and exhibited some designs at the Royal Academy. He is best known for his illustrated publications. In 1813 he published a series of ‘Views of the Neighbourhood of Windsor, &c.,’ with engravings by eminent artists from his own drawings. In 1816–17 he travelled in Italy, and on his return published in parts ‘A Picturesque Tour of Italy,’ in which some of his own drawings were finished into pictures for engraving by J. M. W. Turner, R.A. In 1820–1 he visited Jamaica, and subsequently published ‘A Picturesque Tour in the Island of Jamaica,’ from his own drawings. In 1828 he published ‘Plans, Sections, and Elevations of the Abattoirs in Paris, with considerations for their adoption in London.’ He also published a small tract on Elizabethan architecture. He was engaged in some works at High Legh and Tatton, Cheshire, and in 1836 was a competitor for the erection of the new houses of parliament. Hakewill is also supposed to be the author of ‘Cælebs suited, or the Stanley Letters,’ in 1812. He was collecting materials for a work on the Rhine when he died in London, 28 May 1843. He married in 1807, at St. George's, Hanover Square, Maria Catherine, daughter of W. Browne of Green Street, Grosvenor Square, herself a well-known portrait-painter, and a frequent exhibitor at the Royal Academy, who died in 1842. He left four sons, Arthur William, Henry James, Frederick Charles, a portrait-painter, and Richard Whitworth.
Hakewill, Arthur William (1808–1856), architect, the eldest son, born in 1808, was educated under his father, and in 1826 became a pupil of Decimus Burton. He was best known as a writer and lecturer. In 1835 he published ‘An Apology for the Architectural Monstrosities of London;’ in 1836 a treatise on perspective; in 1851 ‘Illustrations of Thorpe Hall, Peterborough,’ and ‘Modern Tombs; Gleanings from the Cemeteries of London,’ besides other architectural works. He died 19 June 1856, having married in 1848 Jane Sanders of Northhill, Bedfordshire.
Hakewill, Henry James (1813–1834), sculptor, the second son of James Hakewill, was born in St. John's Wood, London, 11 April 1813. He early showed a taste for sculpture, and in 1830 and 1832 exhibited at the Royal Academy, when his sculptures attracted notice. He died 13 March 1834.
[Dict. of Architecture; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1880; Brit. Mus. Cat.; private information.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haldane, Robert (1772-1854)

​HALDANE, ROBERT (1772–1854), divine, was the son of a farmer at Overtown, Lecropt, on the borders of Perthshire and Stirlingshire, and was named after Robert Haldane, then proprietor of Airthrey. He was educated at the school of Dunblane, and afterwards at Glasgow University. He then became private tutor, first in the family at Leddriegreen, Strathblane, and at a later date in that of Colonel Charles Moray of Abercairnie. On 5 Dec. 1797 he was licensed as a preacher by the presbytery of Auchterarder, but did not obtain a charge until August 1806, when he was presented to the church of Drummelzier, in the presbytery of Peebles, and was ordained on 19 March 1807. He had won some distinction as a mathematician, and when the chair of mathematics became vacant in the university of St. Andrews in 1807 he was appointed to the professorship, and resigned his charge at Drummelzier on 2 Oct. 1809. He remained in this post till 1820, when he was promoted by the crown to the pastoral charge of St. Andrews parish, vacant by the death of Principal George Hill, D.D. His predecessor had held the principalship of St. Mary's College in St. Andrews in conjunction with his ministerial office, and the same arrangement was followed in the case of Haldane, who was admitted on 28 Sept. 1820. With the office of principal was joined that of primarius professor of divinity, and Haldane exhibited conspicuous ability, both as a theologian and an administrator.
On 17 May 1827 Haldane was elected moderator of the general assembly of the church of Scotland. His early years had been spent among the dissenters, but throughout his career he adhered consistently to the established church, and upon the disruption of 1843 Haldane was called to the chair ad interim, and did much to allay the excitement at the time. To his evangelicalism and popularity as a preacher is attributed the fact that comparatively few among his parishioners left the established church at the disruption. Earnest and affectionate in his manner he was not only admired as a preacher, but he also commanded in a high degree the attention of his pupils in his academical lessons. He was regarded as an accomplished scholar and a sound theologian. His scientific attainments were also considerable, and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh some time before his death. He died at St. Mary's College, St. Andrews, on 9 March 1854, being then in his eighty-third year, and was buried in the cathedral cemetery there. His portrait is preserved in the hall of the university library at St. Andrews. He was succeeded by the Rev. John Tulloch [q. v.]
Haldane's only publication was a small work relating to the condition of the poor in St. Andrews, and a reply to strictures upon his arguments (Cupar, 1841).
A. H. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hakewill, John

1904 Errata appended.
​HAKEWILL, JOHN (1742–1791), painter and decorator, son of William Hakewill, the great-grandson of William Hakewill [q. v.], master of chancery, was born 27 Feb. 1742. His father was foreman to James Thornhill the younger, serjeant-painter. Hakewill studied under Samuel Wale [q. v.], and worked in the Duke of Richmond's gallery. In 1763 he gained a premium from the Society of Arts for a landscape drawing, and in 1764 another for a drawing from the antique in the duke's gallery. In 1771 he gained a silver palette ​for landscape-painting. He exhibited at the Society of Artists exhibition in Spring Gardens a portrait and a ‘conversation’ piece in 1765, and a landscape in 1766. In 1769, 1772, 1773 he was again an exhibitor, chiefly of portraits. His work had some merit, but he lacked perseverance, and devoted himself to house decoration. He painted many decorative works at Blenheim, Charlbury, Marlborough House, Northumberland House, &c. Hakewill married in 1770 Anna Maria Cook, and died 21 Sept. 1791, of a palsy, leaving eight children (surviving of fifteen). Three sons, Henry [q. v.], James [q. v.], and George [q. v.], were architects. A daughter Caroline married Charles Smith, by whom she was mother of Edward James Smith [q. v.], surveyor to the ecclesiastical commissioners.
L. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.145 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Herbert, Algernon

​HERBERT, ALGERNON (1792–1855), antiquary, sixth and youngest son of Henry Herbert, first earl of Carnarvon, who died in 1811, by Elizabeth Alicia Maria, elder daughter of Charles Wyndham, second earl of Egremont, was born on 12 July 1792, and entered at Eton in 1805. He went thence to Christ Church, and was matriculated on 23 Oct. 1810. He afterwards removed to Exeter College, and graduated B.A. in 1813 and M.A. in 1825. He was elected a fellow of Merton College in 1814; became sub-warden in 1826, and dean in 1828. On 27 Nov. 1818 he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple. Herbert was the author of some remarkable works replete with abstruse learning. They are, however, discursive, and his arguments are inconclusive. He died at Ickleton, Cambridgeshire, on 11 June 1855. He married, on 2 Aug. 1830, Marianne, sixth daughter of Thomas Lempriere of La Motte, Jersey; she died on 7 Aug. 1870.
His works were: 1. ‘Nimrod, a Discourse upon Certain Passages of History and Fable,’ 1826; reprinted and remodelled in 2 vols., 1828, with a third volume in the same year, and vol. iv. in 1829-30. 2. An article on ‘Werewolves,’ by A. Herbert, pp. 1-45, in ‘The Ancient English Romance of William and the Werwolf’ (ed. F. Madden, Roxburghe Club, 1832). 3. ‘Britannia after the Romans,’ 1836-41, 2 vols. 4. ‘Nennius, the Irish version of the Historia Britonum. Introduction and Notes by A. Herbert,’ 1848. 5. ‘Cyclops Christianus, or the supposed Antiquity of Stonehenge,’ 1849. 6. ‘On the Poems of the Poor of Lyons,’ and three other articles in the Appendix to J. H. Todd's ‘Books of the Vaudois’ (1865), pp. 93, 126, 135, 172.
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Herapath, William

​HERAPATH, WILLIAM (1796–1868), analytical chemist, was born at Bristol in 1796. His father was a maltster in St. Philip's parish, and after his death Herapath succeeded to the business. He soon gave it up in order to study chemistry. He was one of the founders of the Chemical Society of London, of which he was a fellow, and also of the Bristol Medical School, of which he became professor of chemistry and toxicology on its first opening in 1828. On 13 April 1835, at the trial of a woman named Burdock for poisoning by arsenic her lodger, Mrs. Clara Ann Smith, at Bristol, Herapath was examined for the prosecution, and gained considerable reputation by his analysis. He was consequently retained in many other important criminal and civil trials, and was frequently opposed to Professor Alfred Swaine Taylor, notably in the case of William Palmer of Rugeley in 1856, when he was a witness for the defence. He was severely handled by the attorney-general, Sir A. Cockburn, who denounced him as a ‘thoroughgoing partisan.’ In politics Herapath was once an ardent radical. At the time of the reform agitation of 1831 he was president of the Bristol Political Union, and exerted himself to quell the rioting of October 1831. On the passing of the Municipal Reform Act Herapath became a member of the town council, and ultimately a justice of the peace. His radicalism became cold, and he consequently lost his seat on the council. He died on 13 Feb. 1868. His eldest son, William Bird Herapath, M.D., F.R.S., a distinguished toxicologist, died on 12 Oct. of the same year. Herapath wrote ‘instructions’ for Clifton Cleve's ‘Hints on Domestic Sanitation,’ 12mo, London, 1848; and ‘A Few Words on the Bristol and Clifton Hot-wells. Together with an Analysis of the Spa,’ 12mo, Bristol (1854?), which was subsequently embodied in the ‘Handbook for Visitors to the Bristol and Clifton Hotwells,’ 12mo, Bristol (1865?).
[Western Daily Press, 15 Feb. 1868; Bristol Times and Mirror, 15 Feb. 1868; Herapath's Railway Journal, 22 Feb. 1868, p. 205; Chemical News, 1868, pp. 97, 213; Gent. Mag. 4th ser. v. 404, 544; Nicholls and Taylor's Bristol Past and Present, iii. 326, 329.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Herault, John

Jean Herault in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​[[HERAULT, JOHN (1566–1626), judge in Jersey, born in 1566 in the parish of St. Saviour, Jersey, was son of Thomas Herault and Mabel Nicolle, his wife. He entered All Souls's College, Oxford, in October 1597, but never proceeded to a degree. In 1607 he was especially named in a patent addressed to the royal commissioners for examining and expediting the proceedings of the royal courts of the Channel islands, ‘in regard of his experience in the languages and customs of those ​ isles.' In 1611 he obtained from the crown the reversion of the office of bailiff of Jersey, then held by George Paulet, and was sworn on 16 Sept. 1615. The unanimous statement of historians that he had previously officiated as greffier of the Jersey court arises from a confusion with another John Herault, who; died during his lifetime. Herault's first appointment was warmly resented by the governor of Jersey, Sir John Peyton, who contended that the power of appointment was vested in him as governor, Herault replied that the clause ruled upon had been surreptitiously foisted into Peyton's patent on the model of one erroneously or fraudulently procured by Sir Walter Raleigh. He contended successfully for the right of the crown, and was confirmed in his ottice with a fixed salary in 1614. The order in council, dated 9 Aug., having been framed after great deliberation, is still held as an organic law of much importance in the island. In 1617 another royal commission visited the island, but Herault remained victorious, another attack upon him by Peyton being decided in his favour, and the governor ordered to pay 60l. costs. In 1621, however, Herault was suspended on a fresh set of charges, and a substitute appointed. In 1624 this order was reversed, and Herault was reinstated, when the states sent a member of each section, a jurat, a rector, and a constable to welcome him and conduct him to his official seat. Herault died on 11 March 1626, when he was buried in the choir of St. Saviour's Church in his native parish.
Herault was an upright magistrate, who is recorded to have deprived his own brother of an office which he held on the discovery of a trifling malversation; but he is admitted to have been haughty and overbearing in manner. He was the first judge who ever wore robes upon the Jersey bench. His house in St. Saviour's parish was standing in the early part of the present century, but has been since removed. He died unmarried and poor, but his memory survives in Jersey as that of a vindicator of the liberties of the island. His exertions established the constitutional principle that 'the charge of the military forces be wholely in the governor, and the care of justice and civil affairs in the bailiff' (Order in Council, 9 Aug. 1614).
H. G. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Herbert, Alfred

​HERBERT, ALFRED (d. 1861), watercolour painter, was the son of a Thames waterman, who apprenticed him to a boatbuilder, but, yielding to a strong natural inclination, he became an artist. He began to exhibit with the Society of British Artists in 1844, and at the Royal Academy in 1847, his subjects being coast scenes, with fishing-boats and figures, and views in the lower reaches of the Thames. He sent an oil picture to Suffolk Street in 1855, and continued a regular contributor of water-colours at the Royal Academy until 1860. Though he was entirely self-taught, his works displayed remarkable vigour and genius, but they failed to meet with general appreciation, and he could only dispose of them to the dealers at extremely low prices. He died suddenly at the beginning of 1861, leaving a widow and seven children in distressed circumstances. The South Kensington Museum possesses two examples of his art.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Herbert, Anne

​HERBERT, ANNE, Countess of Pembroke and Montgomery (1590–1676). [See Clifford, Anne.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Herbert, Cyril Wiseman

​HERBERT, CYRIL WISEMAN (1847–1882), painter, youngest son of John Rogers Herbert, R.A. [q. v.], was born in Gloucester Road, Old Brompton, London, on 30 Sept. 1847. He was the godson of Cardinal Wiseman, and was educated at St. Mary's College, Oscott, and King's College, London. Trained like his brothers in his father's studio, he visited Italy in 1868, where he made many elaborate sketches, chiefly among the mountains in the neighbourhood of Olevano. His first picture,‘Homeward after Labour,’ representing Roman cattle driven home after the day's toil, was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1870. The next year he sent ‘An Idyll;’ in 1873, ‘On the Hill-tops:’ and in 1874, ‘Returning to the Fold,’ Welsh sheep driven home in the gloaming, which was purchased by Sir Andrew Walker and presented to the Walker Art Gallery at Liverpool. He exhibited at the Royal Academy for the last time in 1875, when he sent ‘Escaped Home,’ a collie dog returning to its mistress at a cottage door. Besides these he painted ‘The Knight's Farewell’ and some other works which were never exhibited. Early in 1882 he was appointed curator of the antique school in the Royal Academy, but he died prematurely at the Chimes, Kilburn, on 2 July 1882. His ​remains were placed in the catacombs of St. Mary's catholic cemetery, Kensal Green.
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pole, Thomas

​POLE, THOMAS (1753–1829), quaker and physician, born on 13 Oct. 1753 in Philadelphia, was youngest son of John Pole (1705–1755), a native of Wiveliscombe, Somerset, who emigrated to New Jersey. His mother's maiden name was Rachel Smith of Burlington. Thomas was brought up as a member of the Society of Friends. In 1775 he visited his relatives in England, and, with the object of attending Friends' meetings, he travelled some 6,650 miles through England and Wales, chiefly on horseback, during the next two or three years. In 1777 he studied medicine with Dr. Joseph Rickman at Maidenhead, thence passed to Reading, for the same purpose, and in 1780 removed to Falmouth, on becoming assistant to Dr. J. Fox. He settled in London in 1781, was admitted a member of the College of Surgeons there, and received the degree of M.D. from St. Andrews University in 1801. In 1789 he was made a member of the American Philosophical Society, of which Benjamin Franklin was then president. His practice was mainly confined to obstetrics and to the diseases of women and children. He lectured on midwifery, and, being a skilful draughtsman, recorded instructive cases in sketches, which were engraved.
In 1790 he published his valuable ‘Anatomical Instructor’ (1790), an illustration of the modern and most approved methods of preparing and preserving the different parts of the human body for purposes of study, with copperplates drawn by himself. A new edition appeared in 1813. Pole removed to Bristol in 1802, and soon acquired an extensive practice. There he continued his medical lectures, among his pupils being James Cowles Prichard [q. v.], and he also lectured on chemistry and other sciences.
Pole throughout his life devoted much of his time to ministerial work in the Society of Friends, and took part in many philanthropic schemes. He helped William Smith in 1812 to establish the first adult schools for poor persons of neglected education in England, and wrote in their support in 1813. In 1814 he issued an account of their origin and progress, for which James Montgomery wrote a poem. Bernard Barton, the quaker poet, bore testimony in 1826 to Pole's wide sympathies and tolerant views. Despite the strictness then prevalent in the Society of Friends, a love of art remained with him to the last, and found expression in many water-colour drawings of landscape and architecture, in monotints and silhouettes. He died at Bristol on 28 Sept. 1829. In 1784 he had married Elizabeth Barrett of Cheltenham; four children survived him.
Besides the works noticed, Pole published ‘Anatomical Description of a Double Uterus and Vagina,’ 4to, London, 1792.
E. T. W.