OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shuffle-board

See also Shuffleboard on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SHUFFLE-BOARD, or Shovel-Board (originally “shove board”), a game in which wood or metal disks are “shoved” by the hand or with an implement so that they shall come to a stop on or within certain lines or compartments marked on the “board”—a table or a floor. It was formerly very popular in England, especially with the aristocracy, under the names shove-groat, slide-groat and shovel-penny, being mentioned as early as the 15th century. It was a favourite pastime at the great country houses, some of the boards having been of exquisite workmanship. That at Chartley Hall in Staffordshire was over 30 ft. long and was made up of 260 pieces. Shuffleboard enjoys considerable vogue in the United States, the board being from 28 to 30 ft. long and from 18 to 20 in. wide, of pine, poplar or white wood, with a gutter 41/2 in. wide extending entirely round the board. The surface is slightly sanded and sometimes oiled. About 5 in. from each end of the board is drawn a line called the deuce line. Each side, whether composed of two or four persons, used four disks of polished brass or iron, generally about 2 in. in diameter and 1/2 in. thick. When two persons play they shove first from one end of the board and then from the other; but when four play one of each side remains permanently at each end. The disks, four of which are marked A and four B, are shoved alternately by each side. A disk resting between the deuce line and the end of the board is in and scores two. One protruding over the end sufficiently to be lifted by the finger is called a ship and counts three. A disk resting on the board but not crossing the line counts one. In scoring only the best of the eight disks counts, unless one side has two that are better than any of their opponents’, in which case both count. The side first scoring 21 points wins.
A variety of shufflle-board is very popular as a deck game on board steamers and yachts. It is played by pushing wooden disks by means of crutch-shaped cues, or shovels, into which the disks fit, so that they come to a stop within the lines of a large rectangle drawn with chalk on the deck and divided into squares numbered from 1 to 10 with an extra square nearest the player, numbered −10. The game is usually 21 points.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shuter, Edward

See also Edward Shuter on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
SHUTER, EDWARD (c. 1728–1776), English actor, was born in London of poor parents. He made his first appearance on the London stage in 1745 in Cibber's Schoolboy. He made a great reputation in old men's parts. He was the original Hardcastle in She Stoops to Conquer (1773), and Sir Anthony Absolute in The Rivals (1775).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shusha

See also Shusha on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SHUSHA, a town, formerly a fortress, of Russian Transcaucasia, in the government of Elisavetpol, in 39° 46′ N. and 46° 25′ E., 170 m. S.E. of Tiflis, on an isolated rocky eminence, 3865 ft. above sea-level and accessible only from one side. Pop. about 25,000, consisting of Armenians and Tatars. Shusha was formerly the capital of the khanate of Kara-bagh. The town is locally renowned for its carpets, and the district for its excellent breed of Kara-bagh horses. Leather and silk are also made.
The fortress, constructed in 1789, successfully withstood a siege by Aga Mahommed of Persia in 1795, but was constrained to surrender two years afterwards. In 1805 Ibrahim Khan of Kara-bagh invoked the protection of Russia, but the annexation was not completed until 1822.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shuya

See also Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SHUYA, a town in the government of Vladimir, 68 m. by rail N.E. of the town of Vladimir. It is one of the chief centres of the cotton and linen industries in middle Russia. It is built on the high left bank of the navigable Teza, a tributary of the Klyazma, with two suburbs on the right bank. Annalists mention princes of Shuya in 1403. Its first linen manufactures were established in 1755; but in 1800 its population did not exceed 1500. In 1882 it had 19,560 inhabitants, and 18,968 in 1897. Tanneries, especially for the preparation of sheepskins—widely renowned throughout Russia—still maintain their importance, although this industry has migrated to a great extent to the country districts. The cathedral (1799) is a large building, with five gilt cupolas. Nearly every village in the vicinity has a specialty of its own—bricks, pottery, wheels, toys, packing-boxes, looms and other weaving implements, house furniture, sieves, combs, boots, gloves, felt goods, candles, and so on. The manufacture of linen and cotton in the villages, as well as the preparation and manufacture of sheepskins and rough gloves, occupies about 40,000 peasants. The Shuya merchants carry on an active trade in these products all over Russia, and in corn, spirits, salt and other food stuffs, imported.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shwebo

See also Shwebo on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SHWEBO, a town and district in the Sagaing division of Upper Burma. The town is situated in the midst of a rice plain, 53 m. by rail N.E. from Mandalay: pop. (1901) 9626. It is of historic interest as the birthplace and capital of Alompra, the founder of the last Burmese dynasty. After British annexation it became an important military cantonment; but only the wing of a European regiment is now stationed here. The area of the district is 5634 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 286,891, showing an increase of 24% in the decade. It lies between the Katha, Upper and Lower Chindwin and Mandalay districts. The Irrawaddy forms the dividing line on the east. The physical features of the district vary considerably. The Minwun range runs down the whole eastern side, skirting the Irrawaddy. In the north it is a defined range, but at Sheinmaga, in the south, it sinks to an undulation. West of the Mu river, in the centre of the district, there is a gradual ascent to the hills which divide ​Sagaing from the Upper Chindwin. Between these ranges and on both sides of the Mu is a plain, unbroken except for some isolated hills in the north and north-east and the low Sadaung-gyi range in the south-east. The greater part of this plain is a rice- growing tract, but on the sloping ground maize, millets, sesamum, cotton and peas are raised. A good deal of sugar is also produced from groves of the tari palm. The Mu river is navigable for three months in the year, from June to August, but in the dry season it can be forded almost anywhere. A good deal of salt is produced in a line which closely follows the railway. Coal has been worked at Letkokpin, near the Irrawaddy.
The Ye-u reserved forests are much more valuable than those to the east on the Minwun and the Mudein. Extensive irrigation works existed in Shwebo district, but they fell into disrepair in King Thibaw's time. Chief of these was the Mahananda Lake. The old works have recently been in process of restoration, and in 1906 the main canal was formally opened. The rainfall follows the valleys of the Mu and the Irrawaddy, and leaves the rest of the district comparatively dry. It varies from an average of 29 to 49 in. The average temperature is 90° in the hot season, and falls to 60° or 61° in the cold season, the maximum and minimum readings being 104° and 56°.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shukria

See also Shukria clan on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SHUKRIA, a large tribe of African nomads living in the “Island of Meroë,” i.e. the country between the Atbara and the Blue Nile. The family name of the principal, branch of this tribe is Abu Sin, and Gedaref, an important town in the centre of the Shukria country, was formerly called Suk Abu Sin.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shumla

See also Shumen on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SHUMLA (Bulgarian Shumen, Turkish Shumna), a fortified town of Bulgaria, 50 m. W. of Varna, on the railway from Trnovo to Shumla Road (a name given to a station on the Varna-Rustchuk railway by the English builders of the line). Pop. (1906) 22,290, about one-third being Moslems. The town is built within a cluster of hills, northern outliers of the eastern Balkans, which curve round it on the west and north in the shape of a horse-shoe. A rugged ravine intersects the ground longitudinally within the horse-shoe ridge. From Shumla roads radiate northwards to the Danubian fortresses of Rustchuk and Silistria and to the Dobrudja, southwards to the passes of the Balkans, and eastwards to Varna and Baltchik. Shumla has, therefore, been one of the most important military positions in the Balkan Peninsula. A broad street and rivulet divide the upper quarter, Gorni-Mahlé, from the lower, Dolni-Mahlé. In the upper quarter is the magnificent mausoleum of Jezairli Hassan Pasha, who in the 18th century enlarged the fortifications of Shumla. The principal mosque, with a cupola of very interesting architecture, forms the centre of the Moslem quarter. The town has an important trade in grain and wine, besides manufactures of silk, red and yellow slippers, ready-made clothes, richly embroidered dresses for women, and copper and tin wares.
In 811 Shumla was burned by the emperor Nicephorus, and in 1087 it was besieged by Alexius I. In 1388 the sultan Murad I. forced it to surrender to the Turks. In the 18th century it was enlarged and fortified. Three times, in 1774, 1810 and 1828, it was unsuccessfully attacked by Russian armies. The Turks consequently gave it the name of Gazi (“Victorious”). In 1854 it was the headquarters of Omar Pasha and the point at which the Turkish army concentrated (see Crimean War). On the 22nd of June 1878 Shumla capitulated to the Russians.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sirhind

See also Sirhind-Fategarh on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SIRHIND, a tract of land in the Punjab, India. It consists of the north-eastern portion of the plain between the Jumna and Sutlej rivers, and is watered by the Sirhind canal. Sirhind is not an administrative division, but historically the name includes the districts of Umballa, Ludhiana, and Ferozepore, together with the states of Patiala, Jind and Nabha.
The Sirhind canal serves the Umballa and Ludhiana districts, and the Patiala, Jind and Nabha states. It draws its water-supply from the Sutlej near Rupar, where the head-works are situated. The canal, which was opened in 1882, has 538 m. of main and branch canals, and irrigates nearly 2000 sq. m.
The town of Sirhind, in the state of Patiala, had a population in 1901 of 5415. It is of very early, but uncertain, foundation, and had a period of great prosperity under the Moguls. Its ancient ruins cover a large extent, and include two fine domed tombs of the 14th century. It is held accursed by the Sikhs, owing to the barbarous murder of the son of Guru Govind by the Mahommedan governor in 1704.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sirdar

See also Sirdar and Sardar on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SIRDAR, or Sardar (Persian sardar, meaning a leader or officer), a title applied to native nobles in India, e.g. the sirdars of the Deccan. Sirdar Bahadur is an Indian military distinction; and Sirdar is now the official title of the commander-in-chief of the Egyptian army.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sirmond, Jacques

See also Jacques Sirmond on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SIRMOND, JACQUES (1559-1651), French scholar and Jesuit, was born at Riom, Auvergne, on the 12th or the 22nd of October 1559. He was educated at the Jesuit College of Billom; having been a novice at Verdun and then at Pont-à-Mousson, he entered into the order on the 26th of July 1576. After having taught rhetoric at Paris he resided for a long time in Rome as secretary to R. P. Aquaviva (1590-1608); in 1637 he was confessor to Louis XIII. He died on the 7th of October 1651. Father Sirmond was a most industrious scholar, and his criticisms were as enlightened as was possible for a man living in those times. He brought out many editions of Latin and Byzantine chroniclers of the middle ages: Ennodius and Flodoard (1611), Sidonius Apollinaris (1614), the life of St Leo IX. by the archdeacon Wibert (1615), Marcellinus and Idatius (1619), Anastasius the librarian (1620), Eusebius of Caesarea (1643), Hincmar (1645), Hrabanus Maurus (1647), Rufinus and Loup de Ferrières (1650), &c., and above all his edition of the capitularies of Charles the Bald (Karoli Calvi et successorum aliquot Franciae regum capitula, 1623) and of the councils of ancient France (Concilia antiquae Galliae, 1629, 3 vols., new ed. incomplete, 1789). An essay in which he denies the identity of St Denis of Paris and St Denis the Areopagite (1641), caused a very lively controversy from which his opinion came out victorious. His Opera varia, where this essay is to be found, as well as a description in Latin verse of his voyage from Paris to Rome in 1590, have appeared in 5 vols. (1696; new ed. Venice, 1728). To him is attributed, and no doubt correctly, Elogio di cardinale Baronio (1607).
See the Bibliothèque des Pères de la Compagnie de Jésus by Father Carlos Sommervogel, tome vii. (1896).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sirkar

See also Sarkar (country subdivision) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SIRKAR (Persian sarkar, meaning “head of affairs”), a term used in India in three distinct senses; for the government or supreme authority, for a division of territory under the Moguls, otherwise spelt circar (q.v.), and for a head servant in Bengal.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sirmio

See also Sirmio on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SIRMIO, a promontory at the southern end of the Lacus Benacus (Lake of Garda), projecting 2½ m. into the lake. It is celebrated from its connexion with Catullus, for the large ruins of a Roman villa on the promontory have been supposed to be his country house. A post-station bearing the name Sirmio stood on the high-road between Brixia and Verona, near the southern shore of the lake. On the shore below is the little village of Sermione, with sulphur baths.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Siren

See also Siren (alarm) and Siren (genus) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SIREN, a name derived from the Greek Sirens (see below) for an acoustical signalling instrument specially used in lighthouses, &c. (see Lighthouse), and applied by analogy to certain other forms of whistle. In zoology the siren (Siren lacertina), or “mud-eel” of the Americans, one of the perennibranchiate tailed batrachians, is the type of the family Sirenidae, chiefly distinguished from the Proteidae by the structure of the jaws, which, instead of being beset with small teeth, are covered by a horny sheath like a beak; there are, however, rasp-like teeth on the palate, and a few on the inner side of the lower jaw, inserted on the splenial bone. The body is eel-like, black or blackish, and only the fore-limbs are present, but are feeble and furnished with four fingers. It grows to a length of three feet and inhabits marshes in North and South Carolina, Florida and Texas. A second closely-allied genus of this family is Pseudobranchus, differing in having a single branchial aperture on each side instead of three, and only three fingers. The only species, P. striatus, is a much smaller creature, growing to six inches only, and striated black and yellow; it inhabits Georgia and Florida.
As E. D. Cope has first shown, the siren must be regarded as a degenerate rather than a primitive type. He has observed that in young specimens of Siren lacertina (the larva is still unknown) the gills are rudimentary and functionless, and that it is only in large adult specimens that they are fully developed in structure and function; he therefore concludes that the sirens are the descendants of a terrestrial type of batrachians, which passed through a metamorphosis like the other members of their class, but that more recently they have adopted a permanently aquatic life, and have resumed their branchiae by reversion. From what we have said above about Proteus and similar forms, it is evident that the “perennibranchiates” do not constitute a natural group.
See E. D. Cope, “Batrachia of North America,” Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 34 (1889), p. 223.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sirguja

See also Surguja State on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SIRGUJA, or Surguja, one of the Chota Nagpur feudatory states, which was transferred in 1905, from Bengal to the Central Provinces. It is bounded on the N. by the state of Rewa and the districts of Mirzapur and Ranchi, on the E. by Ranchi, on the S. by the Bilaspur district of the Central Provinces and the states of Udaipur and Jashpur, and on the W. by the state of Korea. It is very hilly, with elevated table-lands affording good pasturage, and cut up by numerous ravines. The rivers are the Kanhar, Rer, Mahan, Sone and Sankh, the last being formerly known as the Diamond river. Hot springs exist in the state. Extensive sál forests cover a large area, affording shelter to herds of wild elephant, bison, and many sorts of deer, and also to tigers, bears and other beasts of prey. Area, 6089 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 351,011; estimated revenue, £8000. The residence of the maharaja is at Bisrampur.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Siricius

See also Pope Siricius on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SIRICIUS, pope from December 384 to November 399, the influence of the monks, and did not treat Jerome with the favour with which he had been honoured by preceding popes, with the result that Jerome left Rome and settled at Bethlehem. Some years later, however, Siricius condemned the anti-ascetic doctrines of Jovinianus. Several of the decretal letters of Siricius are extant, in which, at the request of certain groups of Western bishops, he sets forth the rules of ecclesiastical discipline. It was under his pontificate that a general council was convened at Capua in 391, at which various Eastern affairs were brought forward. Theophilus, bishop of Alexandria, at the request of Siricius, had two important disputes settled by two councils held in 393 at Caesarea and Contantinople, relating respectively to the sees of Antioch and Bostra. The council of Capua, inspired by the pope, deferred to the council of Macedonia the affair of Bonosus, bishop of Sardinia, who had been accused of heresy. To safeguard the authority of the Holy See over the bishops of Illyricum, Siricius entrusted his powers to the bishop of Thessalonica, who was henceforth the vicar of the pope in those provinces. In 386 Siricius had protested against the attitude of Bishop Ithacius, the accuser of Priscillian, and this protest he ​resolutely maintained, although he disapproved of the doctrines taught by the Spanish doctor. It was during his pontificate that the last attempt to revive paganism in Rome was made (392-394) by Nicomachus Flavianus. Siricius died on the 26th of November 399. (L. D.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 27:7

See also our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
Encyclopædia Navigation :
| ←Previous | T — U | T — U | Next→ |
| Tzetzes — Ujvidék | Ukaz — Umarkot | Umballa — United Brethren in Christ | United Free Church of Scotland — Ur |
| Tzetzes, John U Uakari Ubangi Úbeda Udad Udaipur Udal, Nicholas Udal Udine Ueberweg, Friedrich Uelzen Ufa (government) Ufa (town) Uganda Uglich Uhde, Fritz Karl Hermann von Uhland, Johann Ludwig Uighur Uist, North and South Uitenhage Ujest Ujiji Ujjain Ujvidék | Ukaz Ukraine Ulan Ulbach, Louis Ulcer Uleåborg Ulema Ulfeldt, Korfits Ulfilas Ullathorne, William Bernard Ullmann, Karl Ulm Ulpian Ulrich Ulrici, Hermann Ulster, Earls of Ulster Ultimatum Ultramarine Ultramontanism Ulugh Beg Ulundi Ulverston Umañ Umarkot | Umballa Umbelliferae Umber Umbra Umbrella Umbria Umfraville Umpire Umra Khan Unao Uncle Unction Under-croft Underwriter Unemployment Ungava Ungulata Unicorn Uniforms Union (New Jersey) Union (South Carolina) Union League of America, The Uniontown Unitarianism United Brethren in Christ | United Free Church of Scotland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland United Methodist Church United Methodist Free Churches United Presbyterian Church United Provinces of Agra and Oudh United States, The United States Naval Academy Units, Dimensions of Units, Physical Universalist Church Universal Languages Universities University Courts Unna Unterwalden Unton, Sir Henry Unyamwezi Unyoro Upas Upholsterer Upper Sind Frontier Uppingham Upsala Ur |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 27:9

See also our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
Encyclopædia Navigation :
| ←Previous | V | V | Next→ |
| Valencia — Valerius Maximus | Valet — Valtellina | Valuation and Valuers — Van der Stappen | Van der Weyden — Varchi |
| Valencia (Ireland) Valencia (province) Valencia (city) Valencia (Venezuela) Valencia de Alcántara Valenciennes Valency Valens Valentia, Sir Francis Annesley, Viscount Valentine Valentine and Orson Valentinian I. Valentinian III. Valentinois Valentinus (pope) Valentinus and the Valentinians Valenzuela, Fernando de Valera y Alcalá Galiano, Juan Valeria, Via Valerian Valerianus, Publius Licinius Valeric Acid Valerius, Publius Valerius Flaccus, Gaius Valerius Maximus | Valet Valhalla Valkyries Valla, Lorenzo Valladolid (province) Valladolid (Mexico) Valladolid (city) Vallandigham, Clement Laird Valle, Pietro della Vallejo Vallès, Jules Valletta Valleyfield Valley Forge Vallombrosa Vallombrosians Valls Valois, Counts and Dukes of Valois, Henri de Valparaiso (province) Valparaiso (city) Valparaiso (Indiana) Valpy, Richard Vals Valtellina | Valuation and Valuers Value Valve Valves Valyevo Vámbéry, Ármin Vampire Vampyrella Van (Turkey) Van Vanadinite Vanadium Van Beers, Jan Vanbrugh, Sir John Van Buren, Martin Vance, Zebulon Baird Vancouver, George Vancouver (Washington) Vancouver (Canada) Vancouver Island Vandals Vandamme, Dominique René, Count Vanderbilt, Cornelius Vanderlyn, John Van der Stappen, Charles | Van der Weyden, Roger Vandevelde, Adrian Vandevelde, William Van Dorn, Earl Van Dyck, Sir Anthony Vane, Sir Henry Vane, Sir Henry (1613-1662) Vane Van Horne, Sir William Cornelius Vanilla Vanini, Lucilio Vanloo, Charles Andrew Vanloo, John Baptist Vannes Van Rensselaer, Stephen Vansittart, Henry van't Hoff, Jacobus Hendricus Van Wert Vapereau, Louis Gustave Vaphio Vaporization Vaquero Var Varallo Sesia Varchi, Benedetto |