OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mawe, Leonard

​MAWE or MAW, LEONARD (d. 1629), bishop of Bath and Wells, son of Simon Mawe, gentleman, of Rendlesham, Suffolk, by his wife Margery, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas Wyld of Yorkshire, by his wife Alice, daughter and heiress of John Jago of Suffolk (Wood), was born at Rendlesham, and educated at Cambridge, where he was admitted fellow of Peterhouse in 1595, and having proceeded M.A. was incorporated at Oxford in 1599. He was proctor of the university of Cambridge, 1609, was chosen master of Peterhouse, 1617, and vice-chancellor, 1621. He held a prebend at Wells, and was chaplain to Charles, prince of Wales. When Charles was in Spain in 1623, King James sent Mawe and Matthew Wren [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Ely, along with other officers and attendants, to join him, charging the chaplains to fit up a room chapel-wise, hold prayers twice a day, and generally so to manage as to commend the English service to the Spaniards (Gardiner). Mawe and the rest set sail on 3 April. During his journey through Spain he had a fall from his mule, 'lighting on his head and shoulders' (Wynn). The prince was obliged to send orders that the greater part of the company was to return to England without coming on to Madrid, and Mawe returned through France. As a reward for his services he was appointed master of Trinity College by patent in 1625. Before he left Peterhouse he gave 300l. for covering the roof of the chapel then being built there with lead. As master of Trinity College he did much towards freeing that foundation from a heavy debt (Fuller). He used all his influence to secure the election of the Duke of Buckingham as chancellor of the university in 1626, urging the members of his college to vote unanimously for the duke (Original Letters). In 1628 he received the see of Bath and Wells, being elected 24 June, and consecrated at Croydon 7 Sept. He died on 2 Sept. 1629 at Chiswick, and was buried in the church there. He was 'a good scholar, a grave preacher, a mild man, and one of gentle deportment' (Fuller). There is a portrait of him in the palace at Wells.
[Wood's Fasti Oxon. vol. i. col. 282, ed. Bliss; Registrum Univ. Oxon. ii. i. 355 (Oxf. Hist. Soc.); Fuller's Worthies, ii. 333; Le Neve's Fasti, i. 146, iii. 621, 669, 699, ed. Hardy; State Papers, ed. Hardwicke. i. 406; Cal. State Papers, Chas. I, Dom. 1627, p. 448; Sir Richard Wynn's Account of the Journey of Prince Charles ap. App. to Historia Ric. II. ed. Hearne; notices of the Spanish journey, though without mention of Mawe's name, also in Verney Papers (Camden Soc.); Ellis's Original Letters, vol. iii. pt. i. p. 229; Gardiner's Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage, ii. 330, 337 (History of England, v. 35, 43); Willis and Clark's Architectural History of Cambridge, i. 42; Godwin, De Præsuiibus Angliæ, p. 392.]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maxse, Henry Berkeley Fitzhardinge

1904 Errata appended.
​MAXSE, Sir HENRY BERKELEY FITZHARDINGE (1832–1883), governor of Heligoland, the son of James Maxse (d. 1864) of Effingham Hill, Surrey, and Caroline, daughter of the fifth Earl of Berkeley, was born in 1832, and entered the army on 1 June 1849 as a lieutenant in the grenadier guards, changing on 11 June 1852 to the 13th light dragoons, and on 6 July to the 21st foot. He became captain in the Coldstream guards on 29 Dec. 1854, and in the same year was ordered to the Crimea; he served throughout the war on the staff of the Earl of Cardigan, was present at the Alma, Balaclava (where he was wounded), and the siege of Sebastopol, and won the Crimean medal and clasps, besides Turkish medals and the decoration of the fifth class of the Medjidie. In 1855 he became a major. In 1863 he was promoted to be lieutenant-colonel in the army, out of which he sold on 22 Dec. 1813. In 1863 he went to Heligoland as lieutenant-governor, ​ and was appointed governor in February 1864. His long tenure of the government was an eventful one for the island. The reformed constitution was established in 1868, the gaming-tables were abolished in 1870, and Maxse had to face the consequent financial difficulties and complaints of the islanders. Under him also Heligoland was joined by telegraph cable to the mainland. In 1881 Maxse became governor of Newfoundland, but never really settled there. He died at St. John's on 10 Sept. 1883.
Maxse was a good German scholar, and published an English translation of Prince Bismarck's 'Letters to his Wife and Sisters, 1844 to 1870.' He was fond of acting. He was popular in Germany, where he spent his yearly vacations, and married a daughter of Herr von Rudloff.
C. A. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.197 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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| 114 | ii | 2 f.e. | Maxse, Sir Henry B. F.: for 1813 read 1873 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maxwell, James (1720-1800)

​MAXWELL, JAMES (1720–1800), 'Poet in Paisley,' was born at Auchenback, parish of Mearns, Renfrewshire, on 9 May 1720. At the age of twenty he went to England as a packman, became a weaver, and was at various times clerk, usher, school-master, and stone-breaker. In 1787 he became the recipient of a charity in the gift of the town council of Paisley, which he enjoyed till his death in the spring of 1800 (council records). He was one of the most prolific rhymers of his day, usually designating himself 'Poet in Paisley,' and on some of his title-pages adding to his name the letters S.D.P., meant to signify 'student of divine poetry.' He rarely rises above doggerel. A bibliography of his works, comprising fifty-two separate publications, is given in Brown's 'Paisley Poets,' i. 17-23. His chief works are : 1. 'Divine Miscellanies,' Birmingham, 1756. 2. ' Hymns and Spiritual Songs,' London, 1759. 3. 'A new Version of the whole Book of Psalms in Metre,' Glasgow, 1773, in which he exemplifies his objection to the employment o the organ in church by paraphrasing all references to instrumental music in worship so ​as to suit his own views. 4. A rhymed autobiography of himself, written in his seventy-sixth year, Paisley, 1795.
[William Motherwell in Paisley Magazine, 1828; Brown's Paisley Poets, i. 14-26; Autobiography as above; Holland's Psalmists of Great Britain, where specimens of his psalms are printed.]
J. C. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rudge, Thomas

​RUDGE, THOMAS (1754–1825), antiquary, born in 1754, son of Thomas Rudge of Gloucester, matriculated at Merton College, Oxford, on 7 April 1770, aged 16. He graduated B.A. in 1780, proceeded M.A. from Worcester College in 1783 and B.D. in 1784, when he was appointed rector of St. Michael's and St. Mary-de-Grace, Gloucester, and, on the presentation of the Earl of Hardwick, vicar of Haresfield in the same county. He became archdeacon of Gloucester in 1814, and chancellor of the diocese of Hereford in 1817. He died in 1825. Rudge published: 1. ‘The History of the County of Gloucester, compressed and brought down to the year 1803,’ 2 vols., Gloucester, 1803, 8vo. 2. ‘A General View of the Agriculture of the County of Gloucester,’ 1807, 8vo. 3. ‘The History and Antiquities of Gloucester,’ &c. [1815?], 8vo.
W. A. S. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ruff, William

​RUFF, WILLIAM (1801–1856), author of ‘The Guide to the Turf,’ born in London in 1801, was educated for the law, which he followed for a short period. His father was a reporter of sporting intelligence to the principal London journals, and on his father's death Ruff succeeded to his occupation, which required much bodily as well as mental vigour. The younger Ruff first reported for ‘Bell's Life’ in 1821, and inaugurated a new era in his branch of journalism. He never contracted a betting obligation, and during the quarter of a century of his professional career the utmost reliance was placed on his reports. He continued working until the summer of 1853, when his health failed. He was the author and originator in 1842 of the ‘Guide to the Turf, or Pocket Racing Companion,’ which he brought out annually up to the spring of 1854. The work had a world-wide celebrity. After 1854 the publication, which is still issued twice a year, was edited by W. H. Langley. Ruff died at 33 Doughty Street, Mecklenburgh Square, London, on 30 Dec. 1856.
[Gent. Mag. February 1857, p. 246; Post and Paddock, by The Druid, 1880, p. 174.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rufus, Geoffrey

1904 Errata appended.
​RUFUS, GEOFFREY (d. 1140), bishop of Durham and chancellor, was a clerk in the service of Henry I, who about the beginning of 1124 made him chancellor. In the great roll of 1131 Geoffrey is mentioned as owing 3,000l. 13s. 4d. ‘pro sigillo;’ this has been supposed to be part of a fine paid for the grant of his office, but more probably it represents some payments of money received by him in the ordinary course as chancellor (Foss, i. 82–5). On 6 Aug. 1133 Geoffrey was consecrated bishop of Durham by Archbishop Thurstan at York. Contrary to the usual custom, he retained the chancellorship, and, as ‘Galfridus Cancellarius Episcopus Dunelmensis,’ witnessed the charter creating Alberic de Ver chamberlain, certainly after 1 Oct. 1133 (Madox, Hist. Exchequer, i. 56). It is not unlikely that Geoffrey retained the chancellorship till the death of Henry I. Like others of the court officials, he adhered to Stephen, and in 1138, when Norham Castle was captured by King David of Scotland, refused to repurchase it at the price of his allegiance. As bishop of Durham he was at first severe to his monks, but afterwards indulgent, and at his death left the furniture of his chapel to the church (cf. Durham Wills and Inventories, i. 2, Surtees Soc.) He is supposed to have been the first prelate who exercised the regal privilege of the mint. He built Allerton Castle, and gave it to his nephew, who married a granddaughter of the Earl of Albemarle. He died on 6 May 1140, and was buried in the chapter-house at Durham, the building of which was completed in his episcopacy. Geoffrey had a daughter, who married Robert de Amundeville (John of Hexham, ap. Sym. Dunelm. ii. 316). William Cumin, who after Geoffrey's death endeavoured to usurp the bishopric, had been one of his clerks. Geoffrey was also the patron of Lawrence (d. 1154) [q. v.], prior of Durham. It is not known to what circumstance Geoffrey owed his surname of Rufus.
[Sym. Dunelm. i. 141–3, 161, ii. 309, 316 (Rolls Ser.); Chron. de Mailros, pp. 69, 72 (Bannatyne Club); Surtees's Hist. of Durham, vol. i. pp. xx–xxi; Foss's Judges of England, i. 134–6.]
C. L. K.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.240 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 390 | ii | 13 | Rufus, Geoffrey: after 1134 insert certainly after 1 Oct. 1133 |
| | | 21 f.e. | after Durham insert (Laurentius Dunelmensis, Dialogi, p. 12) |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ruding, Rogers

​RUDING, ROGERS (1751–1820), author of the ‘Annals of the Coinage,’ was second son of Rogers Ruding of Westcotes, Leicestershire, by Anne, daughter of James Skrymsher. The family had been settled at Westcotes since the beginning of the sixteenth century (see Visitation of Leicester, Harl. Soc. p. 104). Rogers Ruding was born at Leicester on 9 Aug. 1751. Matriculating from Merton College, Oxford, on 21 June 1768, he graduated B.A. in 1772, proceeded M.A. in 1775 and B.D. in 1782. He was elected fellow of his college in 1775. He was presented to the college living of Maldon, Surrey, in 1793, and afterwards became fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London and an honorary member of the Philosophical Society at Newcastle-on-Tyne. He married, on 16 May 1793, Charlotte, fourth daughter of his uncle, John Ruding, and by her had three sons, none of whom survived him, and two daughters. He died at Maldon, Surrey, on 16 Feb. 1820.
Ruding published: 1. ‘A Proposal for restoring the Antient Constitution of the Mint, so far as relates to the Expense of Coinage, together with a Plan for the Improvement of Money, and for increasing the Difficulties of Counterfeiting,’ 1798. 2. ‘Some Account of the Trial of the Pix’ (‘Archæologia,’ xvii. 164.). 3. ‘Memoir of the Office of Cuneator’ (ib. xviii. 207). 4. ‘The Annals of the Coinage of Britain and its Dependencies,’ &c., 3 vols., London, 1817–19, 4to; 2nd edit. enlarged and continued to the close of 1818, &c. (Appendix), 5 vols., London, 1819, 8vo; vol. vi., plates, 1819, 4to; 3rd edit., enlarged, to which is added an entirely new index of every coin engraved, 3 vols., London, 1840, 4to. For the first edition, which was sold off in six months, the Society of Antiquaries permitted Folkes's plates to be used [see Folkes, Martin]. The third edition was edited by J. Y. Akerman, with the aid of other numismatists. Ruding also contributed numerous articles on the coinage to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine.’
W. A. S. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rudhall, Abraham

​RUDHALL, ABRAHAM the elder (1657–1736), born in 1657, was the first of a noted family of bell-founders established at Gloucester from 1684 until 1830, during which period they cast about 4,500 church bells (Ellacombe). Rudhall, who in some instances spelt his name Ridhall, revived the lapsed glories of Gloucester bell-founders of the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. Rudhall's earliest bell, still in use at Oddington, bore as a trade mark a bell following his initials; while in later castings the figure of a bell was traced between the A. and the R. He published in the ‘Postman’ of 8 Nov. 1709 a list of the bells and peals cast by him, beginning with a ring of ten bells at Warwick; he stated that he had made altogether eight or nine hundred bells, ‘to the satisfaction of them that understand musick and good bells.’ The boast was justifiable. Rudhall's bells were distinguished for their musical tone, brought to perfection, it is said, by his son Abraham the younger. Together they furnished ten bells for St. Bride's, Fleet Street, 1710 and 1718; eight for St. Dunstan's-in-the-East; three for St. Sepulchre's. In 1715 a large broadside was printed at Oxford by Leonard Lutfield, ‘A Catalogue of Bells … cast since 1684 by Abraham Rudhall … with names of Benefactors.’ Edward Southwell, son of Sir Robert Southwell [q. v.], notes in his manuscript diary in 1715; ‘Gloucester: at night, had Mr. Rudholl, the bell-founder. A foundation ringer is one that rings at sight; not many of them. He has prick'd a ream of changes, the bobs and common hunt. 7l. per cwt. his metal. Tin-glass necessary to make sharp trebles. He casts to half a note, which is mended by the hammer. He takes the notes of them all by a blow-pipe’ (Notes and Queries, 7th ser. xi. 4). One of Rudhall's changes inspired ‘A meditation upon death, to the tune of the chimes at the cathedral in Gloucester, the music by Jefferies, organist … also the same tune set to the proper key of the bells by Mr. Abr. Rudhall’ (ib. 8th ser. iii. 134). In 1699 he was a member of the College Youths' Society of Bellringers at Bath. Rudhall died on 25 Jan. 1735–6, aged 78, and was buried in Gloucester Cathedral. He had married twice, if not three times. About 1712 his daughter Alice married William Hine [q. v.], organist of Gloucester Cathedral.
Abraham Rudhall, the younger (1680–1735), the eldest son, whose work is inseparable from that of his father, died 17 Dec. 1735, aged 55, and was buried in the churchyard of St. John the Baptist, Gloucester. He left his ‘workhouses and appurtenances’ to his son, Abel Rudhall (1714–1760), who began in 1736 to cast bells under his own name; and published in 1751 a catalogue of his castings. Three of Abel's sons successively carried on the business, viz.: Thomas Rudhall (1740?–1783), who published a list of his bells in 1774; Charles Rudhall (1746–1815); and John Rudhall (1760–1835), the last bell-founder of the name. The Gloucester foundry was nominally closed in 1828, but bells bearing John Rudhall's name are found with later dates, up to his death in 1835.
L. M. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rugge, Thomas

1904 Errata appended.
​RUGGE, THOMAS (d. 1672?), diarist, was a descendant of John Rugge, who was created archdeacon of Wells in place of John Cotterell in 1572; John Rugge was noted for his knowledge of civil law, which he studied in Germany; became vicar of Wynford in 1573, a canon of Westminster in 1576, and died in 1581. Thomas was born in London, and was a citizen throughout the civil war. In 1659 he commenced his manuscript diary, entitled ‘Mercurius Politicus Redivivus, or a collection of the most materiall Occurances and Transactions in Publick Affairs. Since Anno Dom. 1659 until [28 March 1672] serving as an annuall diurnall for future Satisfaction and Information. Together with a Table,’ &c. The table is imperfect, but the headlines to each page serve as some indication of the contents, comprised in two large quarto volumes. The diary seems to have been compiled from news-sheets, much after the manner of Narcissus Luttrell. It is fullest in the accounts it gives of doings in London, and a good half is occupied with the events of 1661–2. It ceases abruptly in 1672, when it is supposed that Rugge died. The diary has never been printed, and its independent interest is not indeed great. But it corroborates Pepys in many particulars, and it was used by Lingard during the compilation of the last volume of his ‘History.’ It belonged in 1693 to Thomas Grey, second earl of Stamford [q. v.], and was purchased by the British Museum (where it now ​forms Add. MSS. 10116, 10117) at Heber's sale in February 1836. A transcript by J. Meares of the first volume of Rugge's work (dated 1687), somewhat more complete than that in the British Museum, is in private hands.
[Kennett's Collections (Lansdowne MS. 982 f. 16); Pepys's Diary, ed. Braybrooke.]
T. S.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.240 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 392 | i | 2 | Rugge, Thomas: after 1836. insert A transcript by J. Meares of the first volume of Rugge's work, dated 1687, somewhat more complete than that in the British Museum, belongs to Mrs. Tucker, 75 Warwick Road, London, S.W. |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/St. Aubyn, John (1696-1744)

​ST. AUBYN, Sir JOHN (1696–1744), third baronet, politician, born on 27 Sept. 1696, was son and heir of Sir John St. Aubyn, second baronet (d. 20 June 1714), who married, in 1695, Mary, daughter and coheiress of Peter de la Hay of Westminster. He was entered as gentleman-commoner at Exeter College, Oxford, on 10 June 1718, and created M.A. on 19 July 1721. In May 1722 he was returned to parliament for the county of Cornwall, and sat for it until his death. In the House of Commons St. Aubyn spoke ‘but seldom, and never but on points of consequence’ (Quarterly Review, October 1875, p. 376). Joining the opposition against Walpole, he was hostile to the Septennial Act and the employment of the Hanoverian troops, and on 9 March 1742 he seconded Lord Limerick's motion for a committee to inquire into the transactions of the previous twenty years, which was defeated by 244 votes to 242. A fortnight later he seconded a motion by the same member for a secret committee of twenty-one to examine into Walpole's official acts during the last ten years, and it was carried by 252 votes to 245. In the polling for the committee he obtained the first place with 518 votes, a result pronounced by Speaker Onslow to be without precedent, but he declined to preside over the proceedings. He is said to have also declined a seat at the board of admiralty. Walpole is believed in the west country to have remarked, when speaking ​of the House of Commons, ‘All these men have their price except the little Cornish baronet.’
He was on close terms of intimacy throughout life with Dr. William Borlase [q. v.], and was a friend and correspondent of Pope.
St. Aubyn died of fever at Pencarrow, Egloshayle, Cornwall, on 15 Aug. 1744, and was buried in a granite vault in Crowan church on 23 Aug. He married at St. James's, Westminster, on 3 Oct. 1725, Catherine, daughter and coheiress of Sir Nicholas Morice, who brought him 10,000l. in cash and the manor of Stoke-Damerel, within which the town of Devonport is situate. She died at Clowance in Crowan on 16 June 1740, and was buried in the same vault. They had issue five children.
W. P. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/St. Amand, Almaric de

​ST. AMAND, ALMARIC de, third Baron de St. Amand (1314?–1382), justiciar of Ireland, was son of John de St. Amand. His ancestor, Almaric de St. Amand (fl. 1240), had a grant of Liskeard in 1222, and was heir of the lands of Walter de Verdun in Ireland. He was sheriff of Herefordshire and warden of the castles of Hereford and St. Briavel's in 1234. He was godfather to the future Edward I in 1239, and went on the crusade in 1240 (Matt. Paris, iii. 540, iv. 44). His grandson, Almaric de St. Amand, who died in 1285, left three sons. Guy, the eldest, died soon after his father. Almaric, the second son, born in 1268, served in Gascony in 1294, and in Scotland in 1300 and 1306; was summoned to parliament in 1300, and signed the barons' letter to the pope, on 12 Feb. 1301, as ‘Dominus de Wydehaye’ (Chron. Edw. I and Edw. II, i. 123); he died without issue in 1310, and was succeeded by his brother John, who is styled ‘magister,’ and presumably had received a clerkly training (Cal. Close Rolls, Edw. II, i. 284, iii. 200, 332). John de St. Amand was summoned to parliament from 1313 to 1326, and was the father of the justiciar of Ireland.
Almaric de St. Amand, born probably in 1314, had livery of his lands in 1335. He served in Scotland in 1338 and in the French wars in 1342, 1345, and 1346. In 1347 he had 200l. per annum for his services in the wars. He took part in the abortive campaign in Scotland under Sir Robert Herle in 1355 (Geoffrey le Baker, p. 126, ed. Thompson). He was lord of Gormanstown in Meath, and, after the death of Sir Thomas Rokeby [q. v.] in 1356, was appointed justiciar of Ireland on 14 July 1357 with 500l. per annum (Fœdera, iii. 361). Maurice Fitzgerald, fourth earl of Kildare [q. v.], was for a time his substitute, but St. Amand came to Ireland before the end of the year. He went back to England in 1358, and, on 16 Feb. 1359, vacated his office (ib. iii. 368, 419). During 1358 St. Amand served in France. On 15 March 1361 he was summoned to attend a council on the affairs of Ireland (ib. iii. 610). In 1368 he once more served in France, and in 1373 was steward of Rockingham Castle. He was summoned to parliament from 1370, and died in 1382. His male line became extinct with his son, Almaric de St. Amand, fourth baron, who died in 1403. A daughter of Gerard de Braybrooke, grandson of the last baron, married William Beauchamp of Powyk, who was summoned to parliament as Baron de St. Amand in 1449.
C. L. K.