OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lagerstromia

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LAGERSTROMIA (lag-ur-stru'mi-ā) (named after Magnus Lagerström, of Gothenburg), the typical genus of the tribe Lagerstromieæ. It consists of 14 East Indian and Chinese trees and shrubs, with splendid flowers. L. indica, a shrub common in Indian gardens, has crumpled petals. It is from China. The flowers of L. flos reginæ, or L. reginæ, are in panicles, at first of a pale-rose color, but afterward deepening into a fine purple. It is a large, deciduous tree, growing in eastern Bengal and Burma. Its bark and leaves are considered to be purgative and hydragogue, and the seeds to be narcotic. The timber is regarded in the E. of India and Burma as the most valuable of any except teak. It is used in the East for ship and boat building, making carts, gun carriages, etc. L. lanceolata, L. microcarpa, and L. parviflora, growing in India, L. tomentosa in Burma and Pegu, and L. hypoleuca in the Andaman Islands, have also valuable wood. L. flos reginæ, L. parviflora, and L. tomentosa yield gum resins. The bark of L. parviflora is used in India for tanning, and along with the bark of Terminalia tomentosa for dyeing skins black.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lansing

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LANSING, a city, capital of the State of Michigan, and county-seat of Ingham co., on the Grand River and on the Grand Trunk, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern and several other railroads, 85 miles N. W. of Detroit. It is the farming trade center for the surrounding region, and is engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements, flour, stoves, machinery, carriages, wagons, trunks, wheelbarrows, artificial stone and knit goods. It contains the State Capitol; State Hospital; State Library; United States government buildings; State School for the Blind; and the State Industrial School; and has electric light and street railroad plants; waterworks supplied from wells; abundant water power from the river; which is spanned by several bridges; National and State banks; about 20 churches; daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. Pop. (1910) 31,229; (1920) 57,327.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lansing, Robert

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LANSING, ROBERT, an American public official, born in Watertown, N. Y., in 1864. He graduated from Amherst College in 1886 and was admitted to the bar in 1889. Until 1892 he practiced law in Watertown. In that year he was appointed associate counsel for the United States in the Bering Sea Arbitration, and was also counsel for the United States during the Bering Sea Claims Commission, from 1896 to 1897. From 1903 he was counsel for the United States under the Alaskan Boundary Tribunal, and served as special counsel for international proceedings. He was appointed counselor of the State Department in 1914, and in the following year he was appointed Secretary of State ad interim on June 9, 1915. On June 23 of the same year he was
appointed Secretary of State. He was chosen by President Wilson as one of the commissioners to negotiate peace in Paris in 1918. He continued to act as Secretary of State on his return from Paris. His action in calling together the members of the Cabinet during President Wilson's illness occasioned the resentment of the President and on the latter's recovery in 1920 he practically asked for the resignation of Mr. Lansing. Severe criticisms made by him on the Treaty of Peace and the League of Nations Covenant were widely circulated and were never officially denied. It was generally conceded that he and the President were at variance in regard to the negotiations of the Treaty and to its final terms. On his retirement from office he continued the practice of law.
ROBERT LANSING
# Cofield v. United States/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
360 U.S. 472
Cofield v. United States
In view of all the circumstances under which this defendant entered a plea of guilty and the plea was accepted, the petition is granted and the sentence is vacated and the cause remanded with instructions to allow petitioner to withdraw his plea of guilty and plead anew.
Mr. Justice CLARK and Mr. Justice HARLAN dissent, believing that this case should not be disposed of without plenary consideration.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Coggin Graham v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
296 U.S. 620
Coggin Graham v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Company
Mr. Charles Lee Coggin, pro se, for petitioner.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Coggin Graham v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Company/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
296 U.S. 620
Coggin Graham v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Company
For opinion below, see 78 F.(2d) 471.
Petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit denied.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cogen v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
278 U.S. 221
Cogen v. United States
Argued: Nov. 20, 1928. --- Decided: Jan 2, 1929
Mr. Sanford H. Cohen, of New York City, for petitioner.
The Attorney General, for the United States.
Mr. Justice BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Coffman v. Federal Laboratories/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
323 U.S. 325
Coffman v. Federal Laboratories
Argued: Dec. 7, 1944. --- Decided: Jan 2, 1945
This is a companion case to Coffman v. Breeze Corporations, Inc. and the United States, 323 U.S. 316, 65 S.Ct. 298.
Like that case the present suit was brought by appellant against Federal Laboratories, Inc. and Breeze Corporations, Inc. to secure among other things an adjudication of the constitutional validity of the Royalty Adjustment Act of Congress of October 31, 1942, 56 Stat. 1013, 35 U.S.C.Supp. III, §§ 89-96, 35 U.S.C.A. §§ 89-96. It sought also to enjoin defendants from paying over to the Treasury of the United States royalties alleged to be due upon the license agreements involved in the Breeze suit, as required by the notices and orders of the War and Navy Departments served upon appellant and the defendants pursuant to the Act.
In addition, the bill of complaint alleges that defendants owe royalties to appellant under the license agreements, for which it prays an accounting. By way of anticipation of the defense that the Royalty Adjustment Act and the notices and orders of the War and Navy Departments require appellee to pay the royalties into the Treasury, appellant sets up the unconstitutionality of the Act.
A district court of three judges was convened to hear the cause as required by the Act of August 24, 1937, 50 Stat. 752, 28 U.S.C. § 380a, 28 U.S.C.A. § 380a, and the United States was allowed to intervene as a party in accordance with § 1 of the Act. 50 Stat. 751, 28 U.S.C. § 401, 28 U.S.C.A. § 401. The District Court, on motion of the Government, dismissed so much of the bill of complaint as sought an adjudication of the constitutional validity of the Royalty Adjustment Act and of the notice and orders issued under it. It struck from the bill of complaint the anticipatory allegations that the Royalty Adjustment Act and the orders with respect to the royalties owing appellant are unconstitutional and void, and it struck the prayer of the bill for an injunction.
For the reasons stated in our opinion in the Breeze case we hold that appellant has shown no ground for equitable relief by way of injunction. The allegations of unconstitutionality of the Royalty Adjustment Act and the orders were pleaded only as supporting the prayer for an injunction and were therefore properly stricken with that prayer. The allegations are not essential to or a proper part of the cause of action for an accounting and recovery of the royalties alleged to be due.
Since the allegations were stricken, appellee Federal has answered setting up as a separate defense the royalty adjustment orders prohibiting payment of the royalties to appellant. Upon that issue appellant will be free to contest the constitutional validity of the orders. The judgment below is accordingly affirmed.
Affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cofield v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
360 U.S. 472
Cofield v. United States
Mr.
William F. McKenna, for petitioner.
Solicitor General Rankin, Assistant Attorney General Wilkey, and Beatrice Rosenberg, for the United States.
On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Simon Le Moyne

From volume 9 of the work.
Le Moyne, Simon, a Jesuit missionary, b. at Beauvais, 1604; d. in 1665 at Cap de la Madeleine, near Three Rivers. He joined the Society in 1622, and reached Canada in 1638. He worked on the Huron mission with Chaumonot, Bressani, and the future martyrs. Second to Chaumonot alone in his mastery of the Huron-Iroquois language, he was unequalled in the knowledge of the character of the Indians, their customs and traditions, even the artifices of their savage eloquence and diplomacy. The ascendancy he thereby enjoyed made him a desirable ambassador on all delicate and arduous occasions. He was the first European to penetrate among the Onondagas, where his eloquence and acquaintance with their traditions won their admiration. They begged for a missionary to teach them about the Great Spirit (1654). His second mission was to the fierce Mohawks, the murderers of Father Jogues, jealous of the favour shown to the Onondagas. They received him well, and he journeyed to Manhattan or New Amsterdam, where the governor, Peter Stuyvesant, treated him courteously. When a fresh outburst of Mohawk jealousy threatened to disturb the peace, Le Moyne again volunteered to pacify them, visiting Ossernenon a second and third time, and, though outwardly honoured, he frequently faced death. When after two years of warfare against the French and their allies the Cayuga Iroquois sued for peace in Montreal, and craved for a "black gown", Le Moyne went to test their sincerity (1661). This was his fifth embassy and during it he was seized, tortured, and even condemned to death. He was always ready for martyrdom. He owed his preservation to the chief Garakontié, whom Bishop Laval had baptized. He consoled the Indians and French captives, many of whom owed him their release. When the regular missions were established he longed to return to the Onondagas, but death overtook him at Cap de la Madeleine. Garakontié eloquently eulogized his undaunted courage and eminent virtues.
Rochemonteix, Les Jésuites et la Nouvelle France (Paris, 1896); Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America (New York, 1908).
Lionel Lindsay.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Simon Tunsted

From volume 15 of the work.
English Minorite, b. at Norwich, year unknown; d. at Bruisyard, Suffolk, 1369. Having joined the Greyfriars at Norwich he distinguished himself for learning and piety and was made a doctor of theology. He filled several important ecclesiastical charges, being at different times warden of the Franciscan convent at Norwich, regent master of the Minorities at Oxford (1351), and twenty-ninth provincial superior of his order in England (1360). He wrote a commentary on the "Meteora" of Aristotle, improved the "Albeon" of Richard of Wallingford; and is the reputed author of another work, the "Quatuor Principalia Musicae", a clear, practical, and very valuable medieval treatise on music. Davey gives a thorough discussion of the authorship of this work, which has been ascribed by different writers on the history of music to Tunsted, to John Hanboys, and to Thomas of Tewkesbury; but the arguments brought forward by Davey show that it is certainly not the work of either Hanboys or Thomas of Tewkesbury, whilst his conclusion with regard to the first-named writer is that "the grounds for ascribing it to Tunsted are admittedly insufficient; and internal evidence point to the author being a foreigner either by birth or education".
DAVEY in Dict. Nat. Biog., s. v.; IDEM, Hist. of English Music.
Edward C. Phillips.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Simon Szymonowicz

From volume 14 of the work.
Known also by the Latin name of Somonides, b. at Lemberg, 1558; d. 1629. He studied first at Lemberg, afterwards in the Cracow Academy, and then abroad in the Netherlands and in France. On his return, he became a private tutor; among the other young men, he taught Sobieski's father and the son of John Zolkiewski, who took Moscow. He enjoyed intimate relations with the famous John Zamoyski, whose son he also educated.; after which (1614) he retired to the country where he remained until his death. He was never married. Szymonowicz may be styled the last of the Polish Humanists, to whom indeed he belongs both by his erudition and by the character of his creations. He spent the greater part of his life writing Latin poems, once much appreciated throughout Europe. The best of these are: "Flagellum Livoris", a colection of odes dedicated to Zamoyski; "Aelinopaean", in honour of one of Zamoyski's victories; "Joel Propheta", a paraphrase of the Book of Joel, inscribed to Clement VIII, whom our poet had known personally as a legate in Poland; "Hercules Prodiceus", written for his pupil, the young Thomas Zamoyski; and two dramas: "Penthesilea" and "Castus Joseph".
His first Polish verses were written in 1606, in favour of the rebellion of Zebrzydowski. He also wrote a few fugitive poems, but his fame mainly rests on his "Idyls", which appeared in 1614. They were the first and still remain the best poems of the kind in the Polish language. They faithfully follow the old classical type, so often imitated by French and Italian Humanists in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; but under this form there is a true national element and the Polish landscape and peasantry are gracefully described. Like Virgil's "Ecologues", all are short; several were composed on special occasions. Not all are uniformly beautiful, indeed the finest are often marred by weak passages. But they have the merit of simplicity, not unfrequent depth of feeling or pleasant wit and humour, profound political allusions, clarity of thought and a noble diction. His influence is visible in the writings of both the Zimorowicz, and also in Gavinski's "Idyls". More recently he has been imitated by Naruszewicz, and at times by Kniaznin and Karpinski. In the nineteenth century Mickiewicz appreciated him admirably in his course of lectures on Slavic literature, and, we may say, rediscovered him.
BIELOWSKI, Szymon Szymonowicz (Cracow, 1875); TYSZYNSKI, Szymonowicz i jegosielanki (Warsaw, 1875); WEILEWSKI, Sielanki Szymona Szymonowicza (Kutno, 1864); KALLENBACH, Szymonowicza Dramat Castus Joseph (Warsaw, 1892); URANOWICZ, Zywot S. Szymonowiera (Zloczow, 1894); CHRZANOWSKI, Tragedya S. Szymonowicza Castus Joseph (Warsaw, 1892); HAHN, Szymonowicz jakz filo of (Lemberg, 1897).
St. Tarnowski.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Simon of Cramaud

From volume 13 of the work.
Cardinal, b. near Rochechouart in the Diocese of Limoges before 1360; d. at Portiers 14 Dec., 1422. He studied law at Orleans and later enjoyed an excellent reputation as a canonist. In 1382 he became Bishop of Agen, was transferred to Béaeziers in 1383, and to Poitiers in 1385. He never occupied the See of Sens to which he was named in 1390; but the following year he became titular Patriarch of Alexandria and Administrator of the Diocese of Avignon. His appointment to the archiepiscopal See of Reims (1409) was followed by his elevation to the cardinalate in 1413, and from that date until his death he was Administrator of the Diocese of Poitiers. A very prominent figure in the Great Schism, he resolutely championed the cause of Clement VII, but was a decided opponent of his successor, Benedict XIII. In diplomatic missions and at national synods he agitated in favour of the withdrawal from the latter's obedience. As a president of the Council of Pisa in 1409 he proclaimed the deposition of both Gregory XII and Benedict XIII, and secured the election of Alexander V. At this Council of Constance an extraordinary form of papal election, which granted a vote to certain national delegates among with the cardinals, was carried largely through his efforts. In his writings, still widely scattered and to a great extent unedited, he so exaggerates the authority of the civil power to the detriment of the spiritual rights of the Apostolic See that some of his views are really schismatical. He has been rightly called a precursor of both theological and political Gallicanism.
SALEMBIER in Dict. Théol. Cath., III (Paris, 1908), s.v. Cramaud; IDEM, The Great Schism of the West (New York, 1907), 157, passim.
N. A. WEBER
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bauerschmidt

Bauerschmidt, pianist and composer, resided at Petersburg in 1794.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Baumberg

Baumberg. A German instrumental composer since the year 1783 ; some of his works have been published at Amsterdam, others at Berlin.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Baumgarten, C

Baumgarten, C. F. Organist of the Lutheran church in Savoy, and leader of the orchestra at Covent Garden Theatre, towards the close of the last century. Besides his performance on the violin and organ, he deserve:, notice as an instrumental composer and profound liar-monist.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Baumgartner, Jean Baptiste

Baumgartner, Jean Baptiste. A. celebrated violoncellist He wrote "Instruction de Musique th�orique et pratique a l'Usage du Violoncelle," published at the Hague. He composed also for his instrument, in various parts of Germany and Holland. He died at Eichstadt in 1782.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Baumann, Paul Christophe

Baumann, Paul Christophe. Director of the music and composer at Stuttgard al out the year 1740.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Baumgarten

Baumgarten. An excellent performer on the bassoon. He resided in London about the year 1784.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Bauersachs, Christian Friedrich

Bauersachs, Christian Friedrich. A. performer on the bass horn and violoncello, also composer for the above instruments. He was born at Anspach, in 1770.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Baumbach, Fr

Baumbach, Fr. A., was director of the orchestra at the theatre of Hamburg, about the year 1783. He published, from that time up to the year 1799, a great variety of vocal and instrumental pieces.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Baumgarten, Gotthilf Von

Baumgarten, Gotthilf Von, an officer in the Prussian service, composed and published several German operas between the years 1775 and 1779.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Baur, Charles Alexis

Baur, Charles Alexis, was born at Tours, in France, in 1789. Both his father and mother were professors of the harp and piano in that town, and gave their son instructions on those instruments. At the age of sixteen Baur went to Paris, and became a pupil of the celebrated Naderman. In the year 1820 he went to London, where he established himself as professor of his instrument, and published some pleasing music for the harp, piano, and flute, among which we may name "Le Caravan, by Gretry, arranged for the Harp." (Harm. Inst.) "Duet for the Harp and Flute." (Id.)
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Babylas

From volume 2 of the work.
Bishop and Martyr. He was the successor of Zebinus as Bishop of Antioch in the reign of the Emperor Gordianus (238-244), being the twelfth bishop of this Oriental metropolis. During the Decian persecution (260) he made an unwavering confession of faith and was thrown into prison where he died from his sufferings. He was, therefore, venerated as a martyr. St. John Chrysostom and the "Acts of the Martyrs" relate further concerning him, that Babylas once refused an emperor, on account of his wrongdoing, permission to enter the church and had ordered him to take his place among the penitents. Chrysostom does not give the name of the emperor; the Acts mention Numerianus. It is more probably Philip the Arabian (244-249) of whom Eusebius (Hist. eccl., VI, xxxiv) reports that a bishop would not let him enter the gathering of Christians at the Easter vigil. The burial-place of St. Babylas became very celebrated. The Caesar Gallus built a new church in honor of the holy martyr at Daphne, a suburb of Antioch, and the bones of the saint were transferred to it. When after this Julian the Apostate consulted the oracle of Apollo at the temple to his god which was near by, he received no answer because of the proximity of the saint. He therefore, had the sarcophagus of the martyr taken back to its original place of burial. In the middle ages the bones of Babylas were carried to Cremona. The Latin Church keeps his feast on January 24th, the Greek Church on September 4th.
J.P. KIRSCH
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Aunarius

From volume 2 of the work.
(Or Aunacharius).
Bishop of Auxerre in France, born 573, died 603. Being of noble birth, he was brought up in the royal court, but evinced a desire to enter the clerical state, was ordained priest by St. Syagrius of Autum, and eventually was made Bishop of Auxerre. His administration is noted for certain important disciplinary measures that throw light on the religious and moral life of the Merovingian times. He caused solemn litanies to be said daily in the chief centres of population, by rotation, and on the first day of each month in the larger towns and monasteries. He enforced a regular daily attendance at the Divine Office on the part both of regular and secular clergy. He held (681 or 585) an important synod of four bishops, seven abbots, thirty-five priests, and four deacons for the restoration of ecclesiastical discipline and the suppression of popular pagan superstitions, and caused the lives of his predecessors Amator and Germanus to be written. He was buried at Auxerre, where he has always been held in veneration. His remains were later enclosed in a golden chest, but were partially dispersed by the Huguenots in 1567. A portion, however, was placed in the hollow pillar of a crypt, and saved. His feast is celebrated 25 September.
Thomas J. Shahan.