OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Li

​540 Fan Li 范蠡. 5th cent. B.C. A native of the Yüeh State, who became Minister under Kou Chien and planned the scheme (see Hsi Shih) by which his master was enabled to reduce the rival State of Wu. After this success he withdrew from official life, declaring that Kou Chien was one with whom adversity but not prosperity might be shared; and that having spent the best part of his life in the public service, he wished to devote his remaining energies to private enjoyment. He repaired first of all to the Ch'i State, where he adopted the sobriquet of 鴟夷子皮, and afterwards to 陶 T'ao, where he took the name of 朱公. Here he seems to have amassed a large fortune; and the name 陶朱公, by which he is sometimes known, is now often used in the sense of "millionaire."
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Chü

​533 Fan Chü 范雎 (T. 叔). 3rd cent. B.C. A native of the Wei State, who began life in a subordinate capacity to an official named 須賈 Hsü Ku. He accompanied his master on a mission to the Ch'i State, and fell under suspicion of receiving bribes to divulge State secrets. Hsü Ku reported this to the Minister, 魏齊 Wei Ch'i, with the result that Fan Chü was severely beaten. He pretended to be dead, and his body was cast into a privy; but he was rescued by a night-watchman, and lived for some time in concealment under the assumed name of 張祿 Chang Lu. Attracting the attention of 王稽 Wang Chi, who had come on a mission to the Wei State, he was taken by the latter to the Ch'in State. As they neared the frontier, they met the great Wei Jan coming out; whereupon Fan Chü hid himself in the carriage, for itinerant politicians were not admitted within the State. "Ah!" cried Fan, when the Minister's cortège had passed, "Wei Jan is a clever man, but he will regret not having examined this carriage more carefully." On arriving at Ch'in, he received no employment for some time; but at length he managed to obtain an interview with King Chao Hsiang and was appointed Foreign Minister. Then he set to work to undermine Wei Jan, urging that no one ever heard of the King of Ch'in, but only of the ​Marquis of Jang (Wei Jan) and of the queen-dowager. In B.C. 266 Wei Jan fell, and Fan Chü took his place, being ennobled at the same time as Marquis. Shortly afterwards, Hsü Ku was sent on a mission to Ch'in, having no idea that the powerful Minister known as Chang Lu was none other than his old victim. Before receiving him, Fan Chü, dressed in rags, paid him a private visit. "What!" cried Hsü Ku, "Is Fan Chü reduced to this?" Thereupon, in pity, the former took off his own robe and placed it on Fan Chü's shivering body, and otherwise showed him kindness. This saved his life; but Wei Ch'i did not escape so easily. Fan Chü pursued him with such relentless vigour that he was at last driven to cut his own throat. From this time the aggressive policy of the Ch'in State was steadily pursued, and by B.C. 259 all Shansi was annexed. In the same year Fan Chü was beguiled by the King of Chao into making peace, though the Chao State was in extremities, on the ground that Po Ch'i would probably take all power out of his hands. This led to a breach between Po Ch'i and Fan Chü; and in the following year, when another campaign was organised against Chao, the former refused to conduct it, alleging ill-health as his excuse. Serious defeats ensued; a check was given to the designs of Ch'in; and from that time the influence of Fan Chü began to wane. Upon the advice of 蔡澤 Ts'ai Tsê, who succeeded him, he retired into private life, B.C. 255.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Jan

​538 Fan Jan 范冉 or 范丹 Fan Tan (T. 史雲). Died A.D. 185. A native of 外黃 Wai-huang in Honan. When young, he and a friend had only a single coat between them; and in this they used to visit their friends, one waiting outside the door until the other came out. Upon receiving an official appointment he ran away and supported himself for some time by telling fortunes. Ultimately however he rose to be a Minister of State, and was canonised as 貞節先生.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Ts'êng

​544 Fan Ts'êng 范增. B.C. 278-204. The famous counsellor, first of Hsiang Liang, and afterwards of Hsiang Chi, who is said to have advised the assassination of Liu Pang, and who smashed to atoms with his sword the jade vessels sent to him as a present by that potentate. The title 亞夫 Ya$^4$ Fu$^3$ was granted to him by Hsiang Chi; but falling under suspicion of treacherous dealings with Liu Pang, his power was curtailed; whereupon he retired in disgust, and soon afterwards died.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Shih-ch'ung

​542 Fan Shih-ch'ung 范時崇. Died A.D. 1720. Son of Fan Ch'êng-mo. On the execution of Kêng Ching-chung, he tore ​away a piece of the dead man's flesh to place on his murdered father's grave. Rose to be Viceroy of Fuhkien and Chehkiang, and died President of the Board of War.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Hsüan

​537 Fan Hsüan Fan Hsüan 范宣 (T. 宣子.) 4th cent. A.D. A clever youth, fond of solitude and of studying the Book of Rites. Extremely poor, he supported himself by farming, and proudly declined aid from an admirer, the Prefect of Yü-chang in Kiangsi. His fame attracted Tai K'uei and others from great distances, and to him and to Fan Ning is attributed the taste for classical studies which developed in Kiangnan and Chehkiang. Author of a work on the Rites and Canon of Changes, entitled 禮易論難.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Ning

​541 Fan Ning 范寕 (T. 武子). A.D. 339-441. A native of 順陽 Shun-yang in Honan. In youth a diligent student, he did not take office until over thirty years of age, when he became a Magistrate in Chehkiang. Six years later he held high office at the capital; but he attacked the powerful Minister 司馬温 Ssŭ-ma Wên, and was sent away to be Governor of Yü-chang in Kiangsi, shortly after which he retired into private life. As an author he is chiefly known by his 春秋穀梁傳集解, a work on Ku Liang's commentary to the Spring and Autumn Annals. In 647 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple; in 1530 it was removed; and in 1724 replaced.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fan Su

​ ​543 Fan Su 樊素. A concubine of the poet Po Chü-i, famous for her cherry lips. See Hsiao Man.
# A Concise History of the U.S. Air Force/The Future
## The Future

With the end of the Cold War, the Air Force adopted a new doctrine―Global Reach-Global Power. Released in June 1990, it prompted the first major Air Force reorganization since March 1946. Under Chief of Staff General Merrill McPeak, Strategic Air Command and Tactical Air Command were deactivated on June 1, 1992. Many of their assets were incorporated into Air Combat Command, headquartered at Langley Air Force Base in Virginia. The new organization represents the "global power" portion of the new Air Force, controlling ICBMs; command, control, communication, and intelligence functions; reconnaissance; tactical airlift and tankers; fighters; and bombers. Air Mobility Command and its in-flight refueling assets headquartered at Scott Air Force Base in Illinois, replaced Military Airlift Command as the "global reach" portion of the Air Force, controlling strategic airlift and tanker forces.
Global Reach-Global Power and a new doctrinal manual issued in March 1992, AFM 1-1, Basic Aerospace Doctrine of the United States Air Force, represent an Air Force committed to matching aerial forces with changing circumstances, drawing on nearly 100 years of experience. The Gulf War, like previous wars, demonstrated that the technology, leadership, training, strategy, and tactics employed for a specific set of conditions and circumstances in one war will not necessarily guarantee success ​in the next. An innovator behind fighter tactics in the Vietnam War, Colonel Robin Olds, concluded from his own experience that "no one knows exactly what air fighting will be like in the future." The U.S. Air Force proved decisive to victory in World War II and in the Gulf War and to separation from the limited conflicts in Korea and Vietnam. Future conflicts will bring new challenges for air power in the service of the nation.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Dacre, Lady

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DACRE, LADY,
Is English by birth, and in 1833, published a series of tales, written with taste, feeling, and passion, which were favourably received by the public. Another work of hers, "Trevelyan," a novel of considerable interest, appeared the following year, though by no means justifying the comparison which a leading British journal made between it and Miss Edgeworth's "Vivian." The best work of Lady Dacre is "Recollections of a Chaperone," containing several stories. Dr. Johnson has been often quoted for his saying, that it is a wonderful effort of mind to frame a good plot, even if it be indifferently filled up. The first of these stories has certainly surmounted this difficulty; the plot of "Ellen Wareham" is strikingly interesting; it has been dramatized with a success that some of our best novels have failed to obtain, when thus prepared for the stage, because their merit was of the sort that did not admit condensation. The other "Recollections" are interesting stories; the second has some admirable scenes of common life, describing the ludicrous pathos of high-flown romance, when "love in a cottage" has to descend to the common cares of cookery and children. We must not omit to notice that "Ellen Wareham" has, most unjustifiably, been taken from its rightful author, and brought out in America with the name of the late "Ellen Pickering," who being favourably distinguished by her own numerous and popular works, does not need to borrow reputation from the very different pen of Lady Dacre.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Damo

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DAMO,
Daughter of Pythagoras, the philosopher, was one of his ​favourite disciples, and was initiated by him into all the secrets of his philosophy. Her father entrusted to her all his writings, enjoining her not to make them public. This command she strictly obeyed, though tempted with large offers, while she was struggling with the evils of poverty. She lived single, in obedience to her father's wishes, and exhorted other young women, whose education she took charge of, to do the same. She was born at Crotona, in Italy, and lived about B. C. 500.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Dancy, Elizabeth

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DANCY, ELIZABETH,
Second daughter of Sir Thomas More, was born in London, 1509, and educated very carefully under her father's care. She corresponded with Erasmus, who praises the purity of her Latin style. She married, when very young, Mr. Dancy, son and heir of Sir John Dancy. Her productions and the time of her death are uncertain.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Damophila

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DAMOPHILA,
Wife of Damophilus, the Grecian philosopher, was the contemporary, relation, and rival of Sappho. She composed a poem on Diana, and a variety of odes on subjects connected with the passion of love. She is mentioned by Theophilus, in his life of Apollonius Thayneus. She flourished about B.C. 610.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Danti, Theodora

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DANTI, THEODORA,
An Italian artist, was born at Perugiain 1498, and died there in 1573. She painted small pictures in the manner of Pietro Perugino, in an excellent style. She also excelled in mathematics, in which science she instructed one of her nephews, who, with his aunt, acquired great reputation for learning.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/D'Andalo, OB Brancaleone Galeaxa

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D'ANDALO, or BRANCALEONE GALEAXA.
Nothing is known of the early youth of this lady, but that she belonged to the noble house of Saviolo of Bologna. She lived in the thirteenth century, a melancholy epoch for Italy, divided and torn to pieces by factions and princely demagogues. In 1251, her husband, Brancalcone D'Andalo, was selected by the upper council of Bologna to go to Rome, where the imbecile administration wished to confer on him the dignity of Senator, and to obtain the advantage of his services in appeasing their dissensions. He declined going until they sent hostages to Bologna. Galeana remained at Bologna to receive these noble Romans, and upon their arrival wrote to her husband a very elegant Latin letter, describing them and their reception. She then proceeded to Rome, where she found D'Andalo precipitated from his honours—the caprice of popular favour had turned—he was in a dungeon, and his life menaced. Struck with horror, she sunk not under this blow, but courageously presented herself to the council, and with a manly eloquence did this Bolognese matron appeal to the public faith; and solemnly one by one call upon the weak and perfidious individuals who had invited her husband to this snare. The good cause triumphed: Galeana had the felicity of returning home with D'Andalo, endeared to him by her virtuous exertions. She died in 1274.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Damer, Anne Seymour

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DAMER, ANNE SEYMOUR,
Only child of Field-marshal Conway, was born in 1748. Almost in childhood, she imbibed a love of literature, and became highly accomplished. An accidental conversation with Hume, respecting some plaster casts, turned her attention to sculpture, and she took lessons from Ceracchi and Bacon, and studied in Italy. She was also fond of dramatic amusements, and was an excellent amateur actress. She died May 28th., 1808. The productions of her chisel are numerous and do her honour. Among them is a bust of Nelson in Guildhall, two colossal heads on Henley bridge, and a statue in marble, of George the Third, in the Edinburgh Register office. It is not so much the excellence of her works of art that entitles this lady to admiration, as that a person of her rank, wealth, and beauty, should give up society, in a great measure, to devote herself to so arduous an occupation as that of sculpture. She was a warm-hearted politician, and exerted all her influence, which was not trifling, in favour of Fox.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Dangeville, Mary Anne Botol

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DANGEVILLE, MARY ANNE BOTOL,
A celebrated French actress, considered as superior to any of her profession in the class of characters she personated; she was the representative of the waiting-maids of French comedy. She died, March, 1796; but, more fortunate than people of higher station and greater talents, her eulogium was pronounced two years before her decease. In September 1794, M. Molé, at the Lyceum of Arts, at Paris, delivered a panegyric on this distinguished actress.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Schütt, Eduard

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Sciolto

[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Scotch Snap

​SCOTCH SNAP or CATCH is the name given to the reverse of the ordinary dotted note which has a short note after it—in the snap the short note comes first and is followed by the long one. It is a characteristic of the slow Strathspey reel rather than of Scotish vocal music, though as Burns and others wrote songs to some of these dance-tunes, it is not infrequently found in connection with words. 'Green grow the rashes,' 'Roy's wife,' 'Whistle o'er the lave o't,' and above all, Hook's excellent imitation of the Scotish style, 'Within a mile of Edinburgh,' contain examples of the snap. It was in great favour with many of the Italian composers of last century, for Dr. Burney—who seems to have invented the name—says in his account of the Italian Opera in London, in 1748, that there was at this time too much of the 'Scots catch or cutting short of the first of two notes in a melody.' He blames Cocchi, Perez and Jomelli 'all three masters concerned in the opera Vologeso' for being lavish of the snap. An example of it will be found in the Musette of Handel's Organ Concerto in G minor (1739); he also uses it occasionally in his vocal music.
[ J. M. W. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Scoring

​SCORING. The term Scoring is applied to the process of displaying the various Parts of an Orchestral Composition upon a single page, in order that the whole may be read at a glance. [See Score.]
To the copyist, this process is a purely mechanical operation. He scores an Overture, or a Symphony, by transcribing its separate Parts, one above the other, in the order indicated in one of the schemes shown at pp. 430–433; and, in so doing, has to contend with no difficulty whatever, beyond that of counting his bars correctly.
To the Composer, the Scoring of an orchestral work is a much more serious matter. He does not, as a general rule, begin the process, until he has, in great measure, determined upon the effects he intends to produce, and the office he intends to assign to his principal Instruments. Having settled these points satisfactorily, he usually writes out the more important Parts at once, without waiting to fill in those that are of less consequence; and, when the plan of the whole is thus sketched out, he proceeds to supply the minor details, at his leisure, frequently with considerable modifications of his original intention.
The autograph Scores of the great Masters exhibit this process, in all its successive phases. For instance, in the original Score of 'La Sonambula,' the Recitative which precedes 'Tutto è sciolto' is introduced by a long passage for two Valve Trumpets, which Bellini afterwards entirely crossed out.
But, it is from unfinished Scores that we derive the most valuable instruction on this important point. In the unfinished Score of Mozart's 'Requiem,' known as the Urschrift, and now preserved in the Imperial Library at Vienna, we find the Composer beginning to Score his several Movements by writing out the Vocal Parts in full, with the Basso continuo, for the Organ and Basses; the Parts for the other Instruments being only filled in where the Voices are silent, or, for the purpose of indicating, at the beginning of a Movement, some special figure in the Accompaniment, intended to be fully written out at a future time.
No less interesting and instructive is the unfinished Score of Schubert's Seventh Symphony, in E, now in the possession of the Editor of this Dictionary, and which is fully described under the head of Sketch.
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Schœlcher, Victor

From volume 3 of the work.
​SCHCELCHER, Victor, French writer and politician, son of a manufacturer of china, was born in Paris, July 21, 1804, educated at the Collége Louis le Grand, and well known as an ultra-republican. On the accession of the Emperor Napoleon III. he was expelled both from France and Belgium, but took refuge in London, where he brought out his 'Histoire des crimes du 2 Décembre' (1853), and an English pamphlet entitled 'Dangers to England of the Alliance with the men of the Coup d'Etat' (1854).
Schoelcher remained in England till August 1870, returning to Paris immediately before the Revolution of Sept. 4. As staff-colonel of the Garde Nationale he commanded the Legion of Artillery throughout the siege of Paris. After Jan. 31, 1871, he was elected to the Assemblée Nationale by the Department of the Seine, Martinique, and Cayenne, and sat for Martinique till elected a life-senator (Dec. 16, 1875).
[ G. C. ]
[ G. ]
* ↑ M. Schœlcher's statement as to Mr. Lacy's assistance should materially modify our inferences from his account of his own part in the examination of Handel's MSS., p. xxi.
* ↑ Who did not do his work well. Instead of modifying the natural over-exuberance of the author he has rather exaggerated it, and has allowed a number of sentences to pass which no literary man of any pretension should have written.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Scordatura

[App. p.791 "In the second musical example it should be mentioned that the player reads the music as if the scordatura had not been introduced, so that the first phrase sounds in the key of A."] The reel called 'Appin House' and the lively Strathspey called 'Anthony Murray's Reel' are played in the same tuning. (2) The tuning (d) employed by Biber, is a modification of (a) [App. p.791 "(c)"], a fourth being substituted for a fifth on the first string: and (3) the tuning (e) also employed by Biber, is a similar modification of the normal tuning by fifths. In these tunings the viol fingering must be used on the first strings. (4) The tuning (f) employed by Nardini in his Enigmatic Sonata, is the reverse of the last, being a combination of the common tuning for the first two strings with the viol tuning in the lower ones. (5) The tuning (g) is employed by Barbella in his 'Serenade' and by Campagnoli in his 'Notturno,' to imitate the Viola d'amore, from the four middle strings of which it is copied. Thick first and second strings should be used, and the mute put on. The effect is singularly pleasing: but the G and A on the second string are flat and dull. (6) The tuning (h) employed by Lolli, is the normal tuning except the fourth string, which is tuned an octave below the third. If a very stout fourth string is used, a good bass accompaniment is thus obtainable.
[ E. J. P. ]
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Bellini, Guisepa, Countess

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BELLINI, GUISEPA, COUNTESS,
Was born at Novara in 1776, of one of the most noble families of Italy. She was endowed with a good understanding and great benevolence of character, which a strong sentiment of piety guided and maintained. She was married in the bloom of youth to the Count Marco Bellini, whose character and disposition entirely assimilated with hers. Crowned with all worldly advantages, they were doomed to the affliction of losing their only son. This blow was sensibly felt by the bereaved parents, who thenceforth, unable to enjoy the pleasures of society and idle diversions, resolved to seek alleviation by devoting themselves to works of beneficent utility. Already extremely opulent, a large accession of fortune enabled them to mature an idea they had planned for the public benefit; when, in 1831, death removed from the poor their friend and benefactor, the Count Bellini.
The widowed countess, remembering her husband's maxim that "the best way of assisting the poor population was by giving them the abilities to maintain themselves," took counsel with the most intelligent and experienced of her fellow-citizens, and, with the assistance of able and practical heads, planned and founded a gratuitous school for arts and trades, for the benefit of the children of both sexes of the Novarese poor. This foundation she endowed with the sum of 100,000 francs. The good work was regularly established by royal permission, and concurrence of the municipal authorities, February 9th., 1838.
The countess Bellini died in 1837.