OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fernow, Berthold

Edition of 1900. The 1892 edition notes that he “has written many magazine articles on historical subjects.”
​FERNOW, Berthold, author, b. in Inowraclaw, province of Posen, Prussia, 28 Nov., 1837. He was the son of Edward Fernow, a royal councillor, and Bertha de Jachman, sister of the vice-admiral of that name. He was educated at the royal gymnasium of Our Lady at Magdeburg, Saxony, and at a similar institution at Bromberg, Posen, in 1858. He then emigrated to the United States, served during the civil war as lieutenant of the 3d U. S. colored troops, and subsequently as topographical engineer. For a time he was one of the state librarians, keeper of the historical records at Albany, N. Y., and the editor of the 12th, 13th, and 14th volumes of “Documents Relating to the Colonial History of New York” (Albany, 1877-'85); “State Archives” (vol. i., 1887); and “Albany and its Place in the History of the United States” (1887). Mr. Fernow has also contributed to Wilson's “History of New York” (4 vols., 1892-'3), and edited “Records of New Amsterdam” (7 vols., 1897-'8).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Feininger, Karl William Frederick

Edition of 1900.
​FEININGER, Karl William Frederick, musician, b. in Durlach, Baden, Germany, 31 July, 1844. He came to this country in 1853, was educated at St. Mary's college, Columbia, S. C., and afterward studied music in the conservatory at Leipsic, Germany. He led an orchestra in 1863, and in 1864-'5 served in the National army. He afterward taught music for seventeen years, and in 1874 travelled through Brazil, where he met with success as a violinist. Mr. Feininger has developed a new mode of teaching the piano, “based upon absolute knowledge of human character,” and is the author of numerous orchestral compositions, including overtures, symphonies, and choruses with orchestral accompaniment, besides many English and German songs. He has also composed an unfinished opera, “Die Brüder.” He produced his orchestral compositions with success in Berlin in 1886, those performed at his first concert, 7 Oct., including his “Academische” overture (1866); his “Narciss” overture (1868); a symphony (op. 12), which was highly praised by Franz Liszt (1870); and “Emotive Pictures” (1885).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Felch, Alpheus

Edition of 1900. The 1892 edition notes that his father was a soldier in the American Revolution.
​FELCH, Alpheus, jurist, b. in Limerick, York co., Me., 28 Sept., 1806; d. in Ann Arbor, Mich., 13 June, 1896. His grandfather, Abijah Felch, had removed to that region while it was still a wilderness, and Alpheus, who was left an orphan at three years of age, was brought up in his house. Young Felch entered Phillips Exeter academy in 1821, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1827, and in 1830 was admitted to the bar at Bangor, Me. He removed to Monroe, Mich., in 1833, and in 1843 to Ann Arbor, where he afterward resided. He was in the legislature in 1835-'7 and in 1838-'9, as one of the state bank commissioners, did much to expose frauds, made possible by a general “wild-cat” banking-law, which he had opposed, and which was afterward declared unconstitutional by the state supreme court. He was auditor-general of the state for a few weeks in 1842, and judge of the state supreme court till 1846, when he resigned to enter upon the office of governor of the state, to which he had been elected, as a Democrat, in the previous year. He resigned this also in 1847, having been chosen to the U. S. senate, where he remained until 1853, serving for four years as chairman of the committee on public lands. At the close of his term President Pierce appointed him on the commission to settle Spanish and Mexican land-claims, under the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and he became its president. The work of the commission, involving many important decisions, was finished in 1856, and its reports, consisting of forty large volumes, were deposited in the Department of the Interior at Washington. He retired from practice in 1873, and in 1879-'83 was professor of law in Michigan university. Bowdoin gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1877.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Feke, Robert

Edition of 1900.
​FEKE, Robert, artist, b. in Oyster Bay, L. I., about 1725; d. in Barbadoes, West Indies, aged about forty-four. He left home when young, was taken prisoner and carried to Spain, where he passed his time in making rude paintings. With the proceeds of these he returned home, settled at Newport, and became a portrait-painter. He was one of the earliest American artists, his first pictures bearing the date 1746. Many of his portraits are in the Bowdoin college collection, and in that of the Rhode Island historical society, Providence. One of the best is that of Lady Wanton, in the Redwood library, Newport.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Felder, John Myers

Edition of 1900.
​FELDER, John Myers, lawyer, b. in Orangeburg district, S. C., 7 July, 1782; d. in Union Point, Ga., 1 Sept., 1851. His grandfather, a native of Switzerland, came to South Carolina about 1720, and was killed during the Revolution while defending his house against an attack by Tories. John was graduated at Yale in 1804, studied at the Litchfield, Conn., law-school, and was admitted to the bar at Columbia, S. C., in 1808. He was a major of volunteers in the war of 1812, and was several times in the legislature between 1812 and 1830. He was then elected to congress as a Democrat, and served from 1831 till 1835, declining a third candidacy. From 1840 till his death he was a state senator. After reaching the head of his profession, Major Felder retired about 1830, became a successful mill-owner and planter, and in time accumulated a fortune.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Felipe

Edition of 1900.
​FELIPE, or FELIPILLO (fa-le'-pa, or fa-le-peel'-yo), Peruvian Indian, b. in Poeches, Peru, in 1508, or, according to the historian Gomara, in 1510; d. on an expedition to Chili in 1535. When Francisco Pizarro arrived at Tumbez in 1527, he asked the Indian chiefs, who received him well, for some boys to learn Spanish, so that they might serve him on his return as interpreters. He carried two boys to Spain, where they were baptized, and one of them, receiving the name of Felipe, returned with Pizarro in 1531, and was of great use in the conquest of Peru, saving the life of the conqueror and his followers at the beginning of the campaign by revealing to him a conspiracy of the natives of the island of Puna to cut the Spanish vessels adrift and kill the invaders. After the fall of Cajamarca, 15 Nov., 1532, Pizarro sent Felipillo with Hernando de Soto to treat with the Inca Atahualpa. While on this mission he fell in love with one of the Inca's wives, and, thinking that the latter's death would give him possession of the woman he loved, he began to give the Spanish chiefs an incorrect translation of Atahualpa's words in the different interviews with Soto, in which he assisted as interpreter. He thus excited a suspicion that the Inca was collecting troops and making other secret preparations for the destruction of the invaders, and this was one of the causes of Atahualpa's execution, which was decided upon partly through covetousness, partly, as Gomara says, in the belief that his death would save the lives of the Spaniards. Felipillo had even arranged with some Yanacona chiefs, enemies of Atahualpa, to confirm his calumnies about the Inca's hostile preparation. The historians Garcilaso de la Vega, Herrera, and Gomara, speaking about Felipillo, are all of opinion that he was the only native that assisted in the destruction of his emperor. In 1533 Felipillo was assigned to the service of Almagro, and accompanied him in 1534 on his expedition against Pedro de Alvarado, who had invaded the province of Quito. He deserted Almagro, and gave Alvarado information about the inferior force of the former, proposing to serve as a guide in surprising his little army, but Alvarado, who is ​supposed to have known that he was in territory already ceded to Pizarro, preferred to make an advantageous arrangement with Almagro, and caused him at the same time to pardon Felipillo's treason. In Cuzco, Felipillo incited the Inca Manco against the Spaniards by underhand intrigues, and contributed thereby to the revolt of the Indians and the burning of the city in 1535. He also took part in the dissensions between Pizarro and Almagro. When Almagro marched, in September, 1535, to the conquest of Chili, he carried Felipillo with him as interpreter, but a few days after passing the desert Felipillo fled. He was taken prisoner and strangled by Almagro's orders, who knew of his repeated treasons. The historian Gomara says that before his death Felipillo confessed that he had falsely accused Atahualpa.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fessenden, Thomas

Edition of 1900.
​FESSENDEN, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Cambridge, Mass., in 1739; d. in 1813. He was the son of Rev. William Fessenden, of Cambridge, and uncle to the first Samuel. After graduation at Harvard in 1758, he became pastor in Walpole, N. H., which charge he held from 1767 till 1813. He was author of “The Science of Sanctity” (1804), and “The Boston Self-styled Gentlemen-Reviewers reviewed” (1806). — His son, Thomas Green, author, b. at Walpole, N. H., 22 April, 1771; d. in Boston, Mass., 11 Nov., 1837. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1796, and during his college term wrote a ballad, entitled “Jonathan's Courtship,” which was reprinted in England. He studied law in Vermont with Nathaniel Chipman, occupying his leisure in writing humorous poems and other papers for the “Farmer's Weekly Museum” of Walpole, of which Joseph Dennie was then editor. He went to England in 1801, as agent for a new hydraulic machine, which proved a failure and involved him in pecuniary difficulties. While in London he became interested in the construction of a patent mill on the Thames, in which enterprise he was completely ruined. At this time he formed the acquaintance of Benjamin Douglas Perkins, patentee of the metallic tractors, which he advertised in a poem in Hudibrastic verse, entitled “Terrible Tractoration,” in which he satirized the medical faculty, who opposed the use of these instruments (published anonymously, London, 1803). Hawthorne says: “It is a work of strange, grotesque ideas, aptly expressed.” The poem was enlarged and republished in New York in 1806 as “The Minute Philosopher.” He returned to the United States in 1804 and settled in Boston, but afterward edited the “Weekly Inspector” in New York for two years, and in 1812 began to practise law in Bellows Falls, Vt. He removed to Brattleborough, Vt., in 1815, and was editor of the “Reporter” there, but from 1816 till 1822 conducted the “Intelligencer” at Bellows Falls. In the latter year he established, in Boston, “The New England Farmer,” with which he remained connected till his death. He edited, also, “The Horticultural Register” and “The Silk Manual,” and published “Original Poems”; “Democracy Unveiled” (1806); “Pills, Poetical, Political, and Philosophical; prescribed for the Purpose of purging the Public of Piddling Philosophers, Penny Poetasters, of Paltry Politicians and Petty Partisans. By Peter Pepperbox, Poet and Physician” (Philadelphia, 1809); “American Clerk's Companion” (1815); “The Ladies' Monitor” (1818); and “Laws of Patents for New Inventions ” (1822). His last satire was a little poem, entitled “Wooden Booksellers.” See an article on Mr. Fessenden, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, included in the volume entitled “Fanshawe, and other Pieces” (Boston, 1876).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Feuchtwanger, Lewis

Edition of 1900.
​FEUCHTWANGER, Lewis, chemist, b. in Fürth, Bavaria, 11 Jan., 1805; d. in New York city, 25 June, 1876. He was the son of a mineralogist, and inherited a taste for natural science, to which he devoted special attention at the University of Jena. After receiving his doctor's degree there in 1827, he came to the United States in 1829, and settled in New York, where he opened the first German pharmacy, and also practised medicine, being particularly active during the cholera epidemic of 1832. Subsequently he devoted his entire attention to chemistry and mineralogy, and became engaged in the manufacture and sale of rare chemicals. He introduced in 1829 the alloy called German silver, and was the first to call the attention of the U. S. government to the availability and desirability of nickel for small coins. In 1837 he issued, by permission of the U. S. government, a large quantity of one-cent pieces in nickel, and in 1864 he had struck off a number of three-cent pieces in the same metal, but they were not put into circulation. After the great fire of 1846 he called the attention of the authorities of New York to the fact that saltpetre would explode under certain conditions. This statement created much discussion; the expression “Will saltpetre explode?” became a byword, and a play was acted at one of the theatres in which a character representing Dr. Feuchtwanger was presented. He made two large collections of minerals, one of which he exhibited in London at the World's fair in 1851, and the other, which he bequeathed to his daughters, was for a time on exhibition at the Museum of natural history in Central park, New York. Dr. Feuchtwanger was a member of scientific societies in this country and abroad, and contributed papers to Silliman's “American Journal of Science” and to the “Proceedings” of the American association for the advancement of science. He published a ​“Popular Treatise on Gems” (New York, 1838); “Elements of Mineralogy” (1889); “Treatise on Fermented Liquors” (1858); and “Practical Treatise on Soluble or Water Glass” (1870).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Jacobs, Sarah Sprague

Edition of 1892.
​JACOBS, Sarah Sprague, author, b. in Pawtuxet, R. I., 17 March, 1813. She is the daughter of Bela Jacobs, a Baptist minister in Cambridge, Mass., taught in Georgia, New York, Rhode Island, Nova Scotia, and afterward returned to Cambridge. She is the author of “Benedetta” and many other fugitive poems, some of which were reprinted in Rufus W. Griswold's “Female Poets of America”; also of a memoir of her father (1837); and of juvenile books, one of which, entitled “Nonantum and Natick,” gives in a readable style a history of the Indian tribes of New England, and of John Eliot's missionary labors (Boston, 1853).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Jacobus, Melanchthon Williams

Edition of 1892.
​JACOBUS, Melanchthon Williams, clergyman, b. in Newark, N. J., 19 Sept., 1816; d. in Allegheny City, Pa., 28 Oct., 1876. He was graduated at Princeton in 1834, and at the theological seminary there in 1838, after which he spent an additional year in study, at the same time assisting the professor of Hebrew. He was ordained minister of the 1st Presbyterian church of Brooklyn on 15 Sept., 1839. After a successful pastorate of nearly twelve years his health failed, and he made a tour through Europe, Egypt, and the Holy Land. On his return, in 1851, he accepted the professorship of oriental and biblical literature in the theological seminary at Alleghany City, where he remained till he died. From 1858 till 1870 he filled the pastorate of the Central Presbyterian church in Pittsburg in addition to his work in the seminary. In 1869 he was moderator of the last general assembly of the old-school branch of his church, and in 1870 presided, conjointly with Rev. Dr. Philemon H. Fowler, at the opening of the first assembly of the reunited church. He was an effective public speaker, and held a high place among biblical scholars. He received the degree of D. D. from Jefferson college in 1852, and that of LL. D. from Princeton in 1867. He published “Letters on the Public School Question” and “Notes on the New Testament” (4 vols., New York, 1848-'59). These commentaries, which were designed for Sunday-school and family use, were popular among all denominations. He also published “Notes on Genesis” (2 vols., 1864-'5).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Jansen, Olaüs

This is a fictitious person. There are spelling and grammatical errors in the titles of four of the alleged literary works. The title of a fifth alleged literary work, "Geschichte und Beschreibung des Brodbaums", was copied from that of a legitimate 1784 literary work, and it relates to the breadfruit tree, which was not introduced to the Americas until 1793, i.e. 15 years after the subject's date of death: the same title also appears in the fictitious entry of Friedrich Wilhelm Nascher, who was also supposedly a naturalist. The subject's name also does not appear on the list of rectors of the University of Copenhagen for 1761-1762, and the University's rector is appointed, not elected.
​JANSEN, Olaüs, Danish naturalist, b. in Christianstadt in 1714; d. in Copenhagen in 1778. He studied in Germany, and was for several years professor at the University of Tübingen, where he acquired reputation as a naturalist. He was elected in 1761 rector of the University of Copenhagen, and in the following year a member of the Academy of sciences. Two years later he was sent by the government to travel in America and collect information on the natural productions of that country. He landed in Buenos Ayres in October, 1764, and visited successively Paraguay, Uruguay, Chili, Patagonia, Araucania, Brazil, Peru, Central America, thence, crossing the Isthmus of Panama, he journeyed through New Spain, Louisiana, and Florida, reaching Boston in 1772. On his return, which was hastened by difficulties in which he was involved with the English authorities when he was about to visit Canada, he published "Den Geist in den Naturvidenskaben og naturens almindelige laere" (Copenhagen, 1773); "Journal holden y Skibet prindsess Isabella poa rejsen til Buenos Ayres" (2 vols., 1773-'4); "Forste indledning til den Almind. naturlaere" (1774); "Neue Reisen durch Brazil und Peru" (1775); "Neue Reisen durch Louisiana und Nueva España" (1776); "Geschichte und Beschreibung des Brodbaums" (Tübingen and Copenhagen, 1776); "Anmarkningar ons Historia Naturalis och climated af Nye England og Nye Spanien" (2 vols., Copenhagen and Stockholm, 1778); and several other works, which enjoyed a high reputation during the 18th century.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Jasper, William

Edition of 1892.
​JASPER, William, soldier, b. in South Carolina about 1750; d. in Savannah. Ga., 9 Oct., 1779. He enlisted as a sergeant in the 2d South Carolina regiment, and distinguished himself in the attack on Fort Moultrie, 28 June, 1776. In the height of the engagement the flag-staff was shot away, and the flag fell to the bottom of the ditch on the outside of the works. Fearlessly leaping from an embrasure, Jasper recovered the colors, which he tied to a sponge-staff and replaced on the parapet, where he supported them until another flag-staff had been procured. In recognition of this act, Gov. Rutledge gave Jasper his own sword, and offered him a lieutenant's commission, which he declined, as he could neither read nor write. His activity and enterprise induced Moultrie to give him a roving commission, and, selecting about six men from the regiment, he often returned with prisoners before Moultrie was aware of his absence. On one occasion, actuated by sympathy for a Mrs. Jones, whose husband was a prisoner and liable to execution, with only one companion he captured a small British guard, and released the prisoners they were taking to Savannah. In the assault on Savannah, 9 Oct., 1779, Sergeant Jasper accompanied D'Estaing and Lincoln in their attack on the Spring Hill redoubt, and was mortally wounded while attempting to fasten the regimental colors to the parapet. A square in the city of Savannah and a county of Georgia bear his name.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Jacobson, John Christian

Edition of 1892.
​JACOBSON, John Christian, Moravian bishop, b. in Burkall, Denmark, 8 April, 1795; d. in Bethlehem, Pa., 24 Nov., 1870. He was educated at the college and the theological seminary of the Moravian church in Germany. In 1816 he came to the United States, and filled various offices until 1834, when he was appointed principal of the female academy at Salem, N. C. He met with great success, building up that school until it became one of the best known and most prosperous girls' schools in the south. Subsequently he took charge of the boys' boarding-school at Nazareth, Pa. On 20 Sept., 1854, he was consecrated to the episcopacy, and stood at the head of the northern district of the church until 1867, when he retired.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Jacoby, Ludwig Sigismund

Edition of 1892.
​JACOBY, Ludwig Sigismund, clergyman, b. in Altstrelitz, Mecklenburg, 21 Oct., 1813; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 21 June, 1874. He was of Jewish extraction, was converted to Christianity when about twenty-one years of age, and united with the Lutheran church. He had studied medicine, and on his arrival in the United States in 1839 he settled as a physician in Cincinnati. In 1841 he entered the Methodist Episcopal church, and in August of that year was sent by Bishop Morris to establish the first German mission in St. Louis. In 1849, at his own request, he was sent to Bremen, Germany, to introduce Methodism there, and met with good success. There, for twenty-two years, he labored as presiding elder, editor, publishing agent, and superintendent. In 1872 he returned to the United States, was stationed at St. Louis, Mo., and in 1873 was made presiding elder of the St. Louis district. He published many sermons, etc., in both English and German, his chief works being: “Geschichte des Methodismus, seiner Entstehung und Ausbreitung in den verschiedenen Theilen der Erde” (Cincinnati, 1855); “Letzte Stunden, oder die Kraft der Religion Jesu Christi im Tode” (1874); “Kurzer Inbegriff der christlichen Glaubenslehre”; and “Biblische Hand-Concordanz.”
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Jarvis, Edward

Edition of 1892.
​JARVIS, Edward, physician, b. in Concord, Mass., 9 Jan., 1803; d. in Dorchester, Mass., 31 Oct., 1884. He was descended from John Jarvis, a ship-builder who emigrated from Yorkshire, England, to Boston in 1661. He was graduated at Harvard in 1826, and at the Boston medical school in 1830, and practised in Northfield, Mass., in 1830-'2, in Concord, Mass., till 1837, in Louisville, Ky., in 1837-'42, and then in Dorchester, Mass. Dr. Jarvis made a sanitary survey of Massachusetts, by order of the government, and published a report (1855), and subsequently, by appointment of the secretary of the interior, he tabulated the mortality statistics of the United States as reported in the census of 1860, his work constituting one half of the fourth volume of the reports of the eighth census. He was a member of numerous learned societies, was president of the American statistical association from 1852 till his death, and published “Practical Physiology” (Philadelphia, 1848); “Primary Physiology for Schools” (1849); and a large number of reports on public health, mortality rates, education, insanity, and other subjects.