OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Standish, Miles

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​STANDISH, MILES, or Myles (c. 1584-1636), American colonist, was born about 1584 in Lancashire, probably of the ​Duxbury Hall branch of the family. Nothing definite is known of him before 1620, when with his wife, Rose (d. 1621), he emigrated to New England in the “Mayflower.” He became the military leader of the Plymouth colony; was sent to London in 1625 on an unsuccessful mission to secure the intervention of the Council for New England in the affairs of the colony; and in 1628 was one of the eight members of the colony who pledged themselves to pay 1800 and thus buy out the merchant adventurers. In 1631 with William Brewster and others he settled at Duxbury, where he died on the 3rd of October 1656, and where on “Captain's Hill,” near the site of his home, there is a monument to him, consisting of a stone shaft, 110 ft. high, and a bronze statue of him. Longfellow's Courtship of Miles Standish apparently has no basis in fact; Standish's second wife, Barbara, a sister of Rose, must have been summoned to Plymouth a year before the marriage of John Alden to Priscilla Mullins. Lowell's Interview with Miles Standish misrepresents him: he was not a typical Puritan.
See William Bradford's History of Plimouth Plantation. Tudor Jenks's Captain Myles Standish (New York, 1905) and Henry Johnson's Exploits of Myles Standish (New York, 1897) are popular sketches.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Standard, Battle of the

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​Standard, Battle of the, a name given to the battle of the 22nd of August 1138 near Northallerton, in which the Scottish army under King David was defeated by the English levies of Yorkshire and the north Midlands, who arrayed themselves round a chariot carrying the consecrated banners of St Peter of York, St John of Beverley, St Wilfrid of Ripon and St Cuthbert of Durham.
See C. Oman, Art of War: Middle Ages, pp. 389 sqq.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stanimaka

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​STANIMAKA, a town of Bulgaria in Eastern Rumelia; on the Derin Dere, an affluent of the Maritza, 12 m. S.S.E. of Philippopolis. Pop. (1906), 14,120. It is an important seat of the wine trade and also possesses a distillery. Sericulture is carried on under British auspices. To the south of the town are the ruins of the medieval citadel. Under its Greek name Stenimachos, the town is frequently mentioned in connexion with the Bulgarian wars from the 11th century onwards.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Standerton

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​Standerton, a town of the Transvaal, 114 m. S.E. of Johannesburg, on the railway from that city, via Newcastle to Durban, distant 369 m. Pop. (1904), 4589, of whom 2136 were white. Standerton is 5025 ft. above the sea and is built on the north bank of the Vaal, here spanned by two fine bridges. It is the chief town of a district of the same name and the centre of an important agricultural and pastoral region. A government stud farm is maintained here. In the neighbourhood are coal-fields. The name of the town is derived from that of the former owner of the site, an Adrian Stander, who fought against the British at Boomplaats in 1848. The town was laid out in 1870. Since 1903 it has been governed by a municipality.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Repton

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​REPTON, a village in the S. parliamentary division of Derbyshire, England, 8 m. S.W. of Derby, on the Midland railway. Pop. (1901) 1695. It is famous for its school, founded in 1557 by Sir John Port, of the neighbouring village of Etwall, which has valuable entrance scholarships, and two leaving exhibitions to the universities annually. The number of boys is about 300. The school buildings are modern, but incorporate considerable portions of an Augustinian priory established in 1172. There was an ecclesiastical establishment on this site in the 7th century, the first bishop of Mercia being established here. This was destroyed by the Danes in 874. In the second half of the 10th century, during the reign of Edgar, another church was founded. The existing parish church of St Wystan retains pre-Conquest work in the chancel, beneath which is a remarkably fine vaulted crypt, probably dating from the reign of Edgar, its roof supported on fluted columns. The monastery was dissolved by Henry VIII.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Requena

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​REQUENA, a town of E. Spain, in the province of Valencia; on the left bank of the river Magro, and on the railway from Valencia to Utiel. Pop. (1900) 16,236. The town was formerly a Moorish fortress, occupying a strong position in the mountainous region of Las Cabrillas (3400 ft). It is dominated by the ancient citadel of the Moors, and still has traces of the original town walls. There are three ancient parish churches; San Nicolas, the oldest, dates from the 13th century, but was partly restored in 1727. Near the town are the sulphurous springs of Fuentepodrida. The chief industries are the cultivation of grain, fruit and saffron, and the manufacture of wine and silk.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Reprieve

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​REPRIEVE (reprise, from Fr. reprendre), in English law, a term which originally meant remand to prison: later and more usually, the suspension for a time of the execution of a sentence passed on conviction of crime. The term is now seldom or never used except with reference to sentences of death. In the case of capital felonies other than murder the recording of sentence of death has the effect of a reprieve by the court. The court which can award a sentence is said to possess as of common right a discretionary power of granting a reprieve. Courts of justice, however, do not grant reprieves by way of dispensation from the penalties of the law, which is not for the judicial department, but for temporary purposes, e.g. of appeal or inquiry as to the state of mind or health of the convict, or to enable him to apply for a pardon. Under the old system of transportation it was a common practice to reprieve convicted felons as a step to induce them to consent to transportation to the American colonies (see the Old Bailey Regulations of 1662, J. Kelyng, ed. 1873, p. 1). In cases of conviction of wilful murder the reprieve, if any, is granted by the home secretary on behalf of the crown, and on convictions of murder the court seems now to have no power to reprieve except in the case of a pregnant woman.
See Hawkins, P.C. bk. 2, c. 51; Blackstone, Commentaries.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Reprisals

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​REPRISALS (Fr. représailles, from reprendre; Lat. reprehendere, to take back), properly speaking, the act of forcibly seizing something belonging to another state by way of retaliation, but currently used for the retaliation itself. They are acts of violence which are a casus belli according to the manner in which the state against which they are exercised regards them and is able to resist or resent them. Two comparatively recent cases have occurred in which this form of redress was resorted to. In the one case a demand by the British government for an indemnity for injuries inflicted on the British vice-consul and certain other British subjects by Nicaraguan authorities in the Mosquito reserve not having been complied with, British naval forces were landed on April 27th, 1895, at Corinto, where they occupied the customs house and other public buildings till an agreement was arrived at. In the other case the French government in November 1901 ordered the occupation by French naval forces of the customs house at Mytilene until redress was obtained for divers claims of French citizens. A Hague Convention of 1907 now places limitations on the employment of force for the recovery of contract debts, and forbids recourse to armed force unless “the debtor state refuses or neglects to reply to an offer of arbitration, or after accepting the offer prevents any compromise from being agreed on, or after arbitration fails to submit to the award” (art. I). (T. Ba.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Repsold, Johann Georg

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​REPSOLD, JOHANN GEORG (1771-1830), German instrument maker, was born at Wremen in Hanover on the 23rd of September 1771, and became an engineer and afterwards chief of the fire brigade in Hamburg, where he started business as an instrument maker early in the 19th century. He was killed by the fall of a wall during a fire at Hamburg on the 14th of January 1830. The business was continued by his sons Georg (1804-1884) ​and Adolf (1806-1871), and his grandsons Johann Adolf and Oskar Philipp.
J. G. Repsold introduced essential improvements in the meridian circles by substituting microscopes (on Jesse Ramsden's plan) for the verniers to read the circles, and by making the various parts perfectly symmetrical. For a number of years the firm furnished meridian circles to the observatories at Hamburg, Königsberg, Pulkova, &c.; later on its activity declined, while Pistor and Martins of Berlin rose to eminence. But after the discontinuance of this firm that of Repsold again came to the front, not only in the construction of transit circles, but also of equatorial mountings and more especially of heliometers (see Micrometer).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nocturn

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​NOCTURN, or Nocturne (Lat. nocturnus, of or belonging to the night, nox), in the Roman Church, one of the three divisions of the office of matins, corresponding with the vigils, beginning at 9 P.M. midnight and 3 A.M. respectively. The service consists of psalms, lessons and antiphons (see Breviary). The term “nocturne” is applied to a musical composition, answering to the earlier “serenade,” of a quiet, dreamy and romantic character. The name and style are said to have originated with John Field (1782–1837). The best-known compositions of this kind are the pianoforte pieces of Chopin. J. McNeill Whistler also introduced the term into painting by using the name for some of his night-pieces. A “nocturnal” is an instrument for finding the hour of the night by observation of the relative positions of the pole-star and other stars, generally the pointers of Ursa Major. The British Museum contains a fine nocturnal made about 1560 by Humfray Cole (see Navigation).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Node

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​NODE (Lat. nodus, a loop), in astronomy, one of two opposite points at which a heavenly body passes through the principal co-ordinate plane to which its motion is referred. In the case of the heavenly bodies this plane is commonly that of the ecliptic, but, in special cases, the plane through the origin parallel to the earth’s equator or the plane of a planet’s orbit is used. The ascending node is that at which the body moves from the south or negative towards the north or positive side of the plane. The moon’s nodes are the points in which its path intercepts the plane of the ecliptic. In the geometry of curves, a node is the name given to the loop formed by a continuous curve crossing itself, the point of crossing is termed a “double point,” and at it there are two non-coincident tangents to the curve; the remaining species of double points, termed “acnode,” “spinode” or “cusp,” admits of two coincident tangents (see Curve).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Noetus

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​NOETUS, a presbyter of the church of Asia Minor about A.D. 230, was a native of Smyrna, where (or perhaps in Ephesus) he became a prominent representative of the particular type of Christology now called modalistic monarchianism or patripassianism. His views, which led to his excommunication from the Asiatic Church, are known chiefly through the writings of Hippolytus, his contemporary at Rome, where he settled and had a large following. He accepted the fourth Gospel, but regarded its statements about the Logos as allegorical. His disciple Cleomenes held that God is both invisible and visible; as visible He is the Son.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nocera Inferiore

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​NOCERA INFERIORE, formerly Nocera dei Pagani (anc. Nuceria Alfaterna, q.v.), a town and episcopal see of Campania, Italy, in the province of Salerno, at the foot of Monte Albino, 23 m. E.S.E. of Naples by rail, 135 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901) 11,933 (town); 20,064 (commune). Nocera is connected with Codola on the line from Naples to Avellino by a branch railway (3 m.). In the old castle Helena, the widow of Manfred, died after the battle of Benevento, and here Urban VI. imprisoned the cardinals who favoured the antipope Clement VII. Two miles to the E. near the village of Nocera Superiore is the circular church of Sta Maria Maggiore, dating from the 4th century. Its chief feature is its dome, ceiled with stone internally, but covered externally with a false roof. It is supported by 40 ancient columns, and in its construction resembles S Stefano Rotondo in Rome. The walls are covered with frescoes of the 14th century.
At an early date the city became an episcopal see, and in the 12th century it sided with Innocent II. against Roger of Sicily, and suffered severely for its choice. A colony of Saracens introduced by Frederick II. probably gave rise to the epithet (“of the pagans”) by which it was so long distinguished, as well as to the town of Pagani, which lies about 1 m. to the west. In 1385 Pope Urban VI. was besieged in the castle of Charles of Durazzo. Nocera was the birthplace of Solimena the painter and of Hugo de’ Pagani, the founder of the Templars; and in the list of its bishops appears the name of Paulus Jovius.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Noeggerath, Johann Jacob

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​NOEGGERATH, JOHANN JACOB (1788–1877), German mineralogist and geologist, was born at Bonn on the 10th of ​October 1788. In 1814–1815 he became commissioner of mines for some of the Rhine Provinces, and in 1818 professor of mineralogy and afterwards professor of. geology, director of the Museum of Natural History and chief of the mining department in the university at Bonn. He obtained a very fine collection of minerals for the museum, was eminently successful as a teacher, and achieved a wide reputation among mining engineers. The following are his more important publications: Uber aufrecht im Gebirgsgestein eingeschlossene fossile Baumstämme und andere Vegetabilien (1819–1821); Das Gebirge in Rheinland-Westphalen, nach mineralogischem und chemischem Bezuge (4 vols., 1822–1826); Die Entstehung der Erde (1843); and Der Laacher See und seine vulkanischen Umgebungen (1870). The Carboniferous plant Noeggerathia, allied to the Zamias and Cycads, was named after him. He died at Bonn on the 13th of September 1877.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Noddy

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​NODDY, the name applied, originally by sailors, to a sea-bird, from its showing so little fear of man as to be accounted stupid. It is the Sterna stolida of Linnaeus, and the Anous stolidus of modern ornithology, having the figure of a Tern (q.v.), and belonging to the sub-family Sterninae, but is heavier in flight, with shorter wings, and the tail less deeply forked. The plumage is of a uniform sooty hue, excepting the crown of the head, which is light grey. The Noddy is very generally distributed throughout the tropical or nearly tropical oceans, but occasionally wanders into colder climates, and has been met with even in the Irish Sea. It breeds, often in astounding numbers, on low cays and coral-islets, commonly making a shallow nest of sea-weed or small twigs. Howard Saunders (Proc. Zool. Society, 1876, pp. 669-672) admits four other species of the genus: Anous tenuirostris, supposed to be confined to the southern part of the Indian Ocean, from Madagascar to West Australia; A. melanogenys, often confounded with the last, but having nearly as wide a range as the first; and A. leucocapillus, hitherto known only from Torres Strait and the Southern Pacific. These three have much resemblance to A. stolidus, but are smaller in size, and the two latter have the crown white instead of grey. The fourth species, A. caeruleus (with which he includes the A. cinereus of some authors), differs not inconsiderably, being of a dove-colour, lighter on the head and darker on the back, the wings bearing a narrow white bar, with their quill-feathers blackish-brown, while the feet are reddish and the webs yellow. Three more species—A. superciliosus from the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, A. plumbeigularis from the Red Sea, and A. galapagensis from the Galapagos—have been added by R. Bowdler Sharpe (Philos. Transactions, clxviii. pp. 468, 469), according to whom (Proc. Zool. Society, 1878, p. 272) A. cinereus of the Eastern Pacific is distinct from A. caeruleus of Australia and the Western Pacific. (A. N.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Noel, Roden Berkeley Wriothesley

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​NOEL, RODEN BERKELEY WRIOTHESLEY (1834–1894), English poet, son of Noel, Lord Barham, afterwards earl of Gainsborough, was born on the 27th of August 1834. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1858. He then spent two years travelling in the East. He married in 1863 Alice de Broë, daughter of the director of the Ottoman Bank in Beirout. The third child of this marriage, Eric, who died at the age of five, is commemorated in Roden Noel’s best-known book of verse, A Little Child’s Monument (1881). His other volumes are Behind the Veil, and other Poems (1863), not included in his collected works, Beatrice, and other Poems (1868), The Red Flag (1872), Livingstone in Africa (1874), Songs of the Heights and Deeps (1885), A Modern Faust, and other Poems (1888), Poor People’s Christmas (1890) and My Sea, and other Poems (1896). Roden Noel’s versification was unequal and sometimes harsh, but he has a genuine feeling for nature, and the work is permeated by philosophic thought. The latter part of his life was spent at Brighton, but he died at Mainz, on the 26th of May 1894. His other works include a drama in verse, The House of Ravensburg (1877), a Life of Byron (1890, “Great Writers” series), a selection of Thomas Otway’s plays (1888) for the “Mermaid” series, and critical papers on literature and philosophy.
His Collected Poems were edited (1902) by his sister, Victoria Buxton, with a notice by J. Addington Symonds, which had originally appeared in the Academy (19th of jan. 1899) as a review of The Modern Faust. The selection (1892) in the series of Canterbury Poets has an introduction by Robert Buchanan.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nocera Umbra

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​NOCERA UMBRA (anc. Nuceria Camellaria), a town and episcopal see in the province of Perugia, Italy, 12 m. by rail N. by E. of Foligno, 1706 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901) 5685 (town), 7848 (commune). It has some old churches, containing pictures and frescoes; in the cathedral is a large altarpiece by Nicolo Alunno. Three miles to the south-east of the town are mineral springs.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Saliceti, Antoine Christophe

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​SALICETI, ANTOINE CHRISTOPHE (1757–1809), French revolutionist, was born at Saliceto, in Corsica, on the 26th of August 1757, of a family of Piacenza. After studying law in Tuscany, he became an avocat at the upper council of Bastia, and was elected deputy of the Third Estate to the French states-general in 1789. As deputy to the Convention, Saliceti voted for the death of Louis XVI., and was sent to Corsica on mission to oppose the counter-revolutionary intrigues. But the success of his adversaries compelled him to withdraw to Provence, where he took part in repressing the revolts at Marseilles and Toulon. It was on this mission that he met and helped his compatriot Bonaparte. On account of his friendship with Robespierre, Saliceti was denounced at the revolution of 9 Thermidor, and was saved only by the amnesty of the year IV. He subsequently organized the army of Italy and the two departments into which Corsica had been divided, was deputy to the Council of the Five Hundred, and accepted various offices under the Consulate and the Empire, being minister of police and of war at Naples under Joseph Bonaparte (1806–1809), He died at Naples on the 23rd of December 1809—it has been alleged by poison.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Salicin

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​SALICIN, SALICINUM, C$_{13}$H$_{18}$O$_7$, the bitter principle of willow-bark, discovered by Leroux in 1831. It exists in most species of Salix and Populus, and has been obtained to the extent of 3 or 4% from the bark of S. helix and S. pentandra.
Salicin is prepared from a decoction of the bark by first precipitating the tannin by milk of lime, then evaporating the filtrate to a soft extract, and dissolving out the salicin by alcohol. As met with in commerce it is usually in the form of glossy white scales or needles. It is neutral, odourless, unaltered by exposure to the air, and has a bitter taste. It is soluble in about 30 parts of water and 80 parts of alcohol at the ordinary temperature, and in 0·7 of boiling water or in 2 parts of boiling alcohol, and more freely in alkaline liquids. It is also soluble in acetic acid without alteration, but is insoluble in chloroform and benzol. From phloridzin it is distinguished by its ammoniacal solution not becoming coloured when exposed to the air. Chemically, it is a glucoside derived from glucose and saligenin (o-oxy-benzyl alcohol), into which it is decomposed by the enzymes ptyaline and emulsin. Oxidation converts it into helicin (salicyl-aldehyde-glucose). Populin, a benzoyl salicin, is a glucoside found in the leaves and bark of Populus tremula.
Salicin is used in medicine for the same purposes as salicylic acid and the salicylates. It is also used as a bitter tonic, i.e. a gastric stimulant, in doses of five grains. The ordinary dose may go up to forty grains or more with perfect safety, though the British Pharmacopoeia limits it to twenty. The remote action of the drug is that of salicylic acid or the numerous compounds that contain it (see Salicylic Acid).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Salina

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​SALINA, a city and the county-seat of Saline county, Kansas, U.S.A., on the Smoky Hill river, near the mouth of the Saline river, about 100 m. W. of Topeka. Pop. (1905) 7829; (1910) 9688. It is served by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Missouri Pacific and the Union Pacific railways. Salina has a Carnegie library, and is the seat of Kansas Wesleyan University (Methodist Episcopal; chartered in 1885, opened in 1886) and of St John’s Military School (Protestant Episcopal). The city is the see of a Protestant Episcopal bishop. Salina is the central market of a fertile farming region. Power is furnished by the river, and among the manufactures are flour, agricultural implements, foundry products and carriages. The first settlement on the site of Salina was made in 1857. Its first railway, the Union Pacific, came through in 1867. Salina was first chartered as a city in 1870.