OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Li Wei

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​LI Wei 李蔚 (T. 景霱, 臺書, H. 坦園, 據梧居士), 1625–1684, July 22, official, was a native of Kao-yang, Chihli. An ancestor in the fifth generation, Li Yen 李儼 (T. 仲威, 1438–1503), was a chin-shih of 1478 who served as an assistant financial commissioner of Shansi. His father, Li Kuo-p'u 李國𣚴 (T. 元治, H. 續溪, 1585–1631, posthumous name 文敏), was a chin-shih of 1613, a corrector in the Hanlin Academy, and later a Grand Secretary (1626–28). For serving in that exalted position while the eunuch, Wei Chung-hsien [q. v.], was in power, Li Kuo-p'u was sometimes criticized as a member of Wei's clique. Soon after Wei's downfall in 1628, he resigned and lived in retirement at his home.
Li Wei was seven sui when his father died. As his mother had died in 1626, he was brought up by his father's concubine, née Chang 張, a native of Peking. When in 1638 Kao-yang was taken and looted by the Manchus under Dorgon [q. v.], she took Li Wei to live in Peking. In 1645, one year after the Manchus set up their Court in Peking, Li competed in the provincial examination and became a chü-jên. A year later he became a chin-shih and was selected a bachelor to study Manchu in the Hanlin Academy. Made a corrector in 1647, he rose rapidly in rank and was made a Grand Secretary in 1658 at the age of thirty-four (sui). During the ​early 1660's he was careful not to offend the powerful Manchu regents (see under Oboi), but stood aloof from them. He was much relied upon by Emperor Shêng-tsu for his advice during the years of turmoil resulting from the rebellion of Wu San-kuei [q. v.]. After the rebellion was suppressed he was appointed (1682) to direct the compilation of several official works, including the chronicles of the revolt (P'ing-ting San-ni fang-lüeh, see under Han T'an). For his part in re-editing the Ch'ing T'ai-tsung Wên Huang-ti shih-lu (see under Abahai), he was given the title of Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent. After his death he was given various posthumous honors, and was canonized as Wên-ch'in 文勤. In 1710, in memory of his services, Emperor Shêng-tsu specially raised the ranks of one of his sons and a grandson.
Li Wei left two collections of poems: 心遠堂詩集 Hsin-yüan tang shih-chi, 12 chüan (printed in 1671 and again in 1677); and Hsin-yüan t'ang shih êr-chi (二集), 4 chüan. A collection of his works in prose, entitled Hsin-yüan t'ang wên-chi (文集), 12 chüan, was printed in 1691.
A clansman of Li Wei (a descendant in the seventh generation of an uncle of Li Kuo-p'u), named Li Tien-t'u 李殿圖 (T. 九符, H. 石渠, 石臞, 露桐居士, 1738–1812, posthumous name 文肅), was a chin-shih of 1766 and a member of the Hanlin Academy, who served as governor of Anhwei (1801), of Fukien (1802–06), and of Kiangsi (1806). Li Tien-t'u's grandson, Li Hung-tsao [q. v.], likewise rose to be a Grand Secretary.
[11/256/1a; 2/7/31b; 3/3/3a; Kao-yang hsien-chih (1933), with portraits of members of the Li family and examples of their handwritings; 露桐先生年譜 Lu-t'ung hsien-shêng nien-p'u (concerning Li Tien-t'u); Wang Ch'ung-chien [q. v.], Ch'ing-hsiang t'ang wên-chi, 7/7a.]
Fang Chao-ying
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Li T'ien-fu

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​LI T'ien-fu 李天馥 (T. 湘北, H. 容齋) Mar. 12, 1635–1699, Dec. 5; official, was originally from Ho-fei, Anhwei, but registered in the examinations as a native of Yung-ch'êng, Honan. Receiving his chin-shih in 1658, he was made a corrector in 1661, and became sub-chancellor of the Grand Secretariat in 1677. He recommended Li Yin-tu (see under Ch'ü Ta-chün) and Ch'in Sung-ling (see under Ch'in Hui-t'ien) for the special examination of 1679 known as po-hsüeh hung-tz'ŭ (see under P'êng Sun-yü); both candidates were successful in the contest, and were noted for their scholarship. In 1688 he rose to the presidency of the Board of Works. In the spring of that year Chin Fu [q. v.], director-general of Yellow River conservancy, and Yü Ch'êng-lung [q. v.], governor of Chihli, were summoned to report in audience with the emperor on a conservancy program for the Yellow River. The two officials made conflicting recommendations—the former advocating the raising of a double embankment at Kao-chia-yen, Kiangsu, the latter proposing repairs in the lower reaches of the river and widening at the mouth. When the problem was referred to the nine ministers of state for final consideration Li supported the latter plan which also obtained the imperial sanction.
When in 1690 the Board of Civil Office was requested to recommend able district magistrates for higher governmental positions Li nominated P'êng P'êng [q. v.], magistrate of San-ho, Chihli; and Lu Lung-chi [q. v.], magistrate of Ling-shou, Chihli. Both became known as model local officials. After serving in turn as president of the Board of Punishments, of the Board of War, and of the Board of Civil Office, he finally, in 1692, was made a Grand Secretary. In 1697 he was concurrently director general of the compilation known as P'ing-ting Shuo-mo fang-lüeh (see under Chang Yü-shu), the official history of the conquest of Galdan [q. v.]. Falling ill in 1699, he died in December of that year, and the posthumous name, Wên-ting 文定, was conferred upon him. His collected poems to the number of one thousand—as the title 容齋千首詩 Jung-chai ch'ien-shou shih indicates—were reprinted in 1886 with a preface by Wang Shih-chên [q. v.], dated 1697. One of his sons, Li Fu-ch'ing 李孚青 (T. 丹壑), was a chin-shih of 1679; another, Li Fu-ts'ang 李孚蒼, a chü-jên of 1699.
[1/273/2b; 3/7/1a; 7/6/11b; Ho-fei-hsien chih (1801) 24/6a.]
Tu Lien-chê
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Li T'ing-i

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​LI T'ing-i 勵廷儀 (T. 令式, H. 南湖), 1669–1732, July, official, was a native of Ching-hai, Chihli. Like his father, Li Tu-no [q. v.], he was an accomplished calligrapher. Made a chin-shih in 1700 with the rank of Hanlin bachelor, he was appointed two years later to the Imperial Study, and in 1704 was made a Hanlin compiler. In 1723 he was made assistant director of the Board which compiled the official chronicles of Emperor Shêng-tsu (see under Chiang T'ing-hsi), and in the same year president of the Board of Punishments. In the latter capacity he memorialized the throne on alterations in the prison system, suggesting that the prisons be divided into inner and outer quarters, the former for hardened criminals, the latter for light offenders. At the same time he advocated the erection of suitable walls to isolate the women's quarters. But owing to errors in two judicial decisions (one made by himself, the other by a subordinate) he was deprived of his rank as President of the Board of Punishments. He was allowed, however, to continue in office, and his rank was restored to him shortly. In 1727 he acted as chief examiner in the Metropolitan examinations. The title of Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent was bestowed on him in 1729, and two years later the title of president of the Board of Civil Office was added. In May 1732 he asked to resign on grounds of ill health and died two months later. He was canonized as Wên Kung 文恭. A collection of his verse appeared under the title 雙清閣詩集 Shuang-ch'ing ko shih-chi, 8 chüan.
[1/272/3a; 3/60/4a; 29/3/3b; Ching-hai-hsien chih (1873) 6/9a.]
Tu Lien-chê
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Li Tu-no

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​LI Tu-no 勵杜訥 (T. 近公, 譫園), Sept. 3, 1628–1703, Sept. 7, calligrapher and official, was a native of Ching-hai, Chihli, although his ancestors were originally from Shaohsing, Chekiang. He married into a Tu family and used that surname until 1682 when by imperial permission he resumed the surname Li. While still a licentiate (hsiu-ts'ai) he passed first in an examination held in 1663 to select calligraphers to copy the official chronicles of Emperor Shih-tsu (see under Fu-lin). On the completion of this work he was rewarded with a position as sub-prefect of Fu-ning-chou, Fukien, but before he set out for this post he was appointed to serve in the Imperial Study. When a new tablet was ordered to be placed on one of the Palace gates, his calligraphy was selected by the emperor in preference to many others submitted by Hanlin graduates. Owing to his skill as a calligrapher, he was granted in 1680 the rank of Hanlin compiler just as if he had passed the special examination known as po-hsüeh-hung-tz'ŭ (see under P'êng Sun-yü) which was given in the previous year. Promoted to various offices, he finally rose in 1703 to a vice-presidency in the Board of Punishments, but died in the same year.
Li was noted for the conscientiousness and care with which he performed his official duties, not once having been cited for an error. In his memorials to the throne he made useful proposals for the improvement of the government service—one being that provincial governors should make annual reports. Two years after his death when Emperor Shêng-tsu stopped at Ching-hai on one of his tours to the south, the posthumous title, Wên-k'o 文恪, was conferred upon him. In 1723 his tablet was placed in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen and in 1735 he was given the honorary title of Grand Tutor. His son, Li T'ing-i [q. v.]; his grandson, Li Tsung-wan [q. v.]; and his great-grandson, Li Shou-ch'ien 勵守謙 (T. 自牧, H. 檢之, chin-shih of 1745), also became members of the Hanlin Academy. In the two and a half centuries and more of Ch'ing rule only five other families are said to have had in like manner four consecutive generations admitted to the Academy.
[1/272/2b; 3/60/1a; 26/1/20a; 29/2/6b; 32/3/32a; Ching-hai-hsien chih (1929) 酉集 69a.]
Tu Lien-chê
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Li Tz'ŭ-ming

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​LI Tz'ŭ-ming 李慈銘 (T. 愛伯, H. 蒪客, 越縵, original ming 模 T. 式侯), Jan. 21, 1830–1894, Dec. 20, official and scholar, was a native of K'uai-chi (Shaohsing), Chekiang. Endowed with great natural abilities, he began to write poetry at the age of twelve (sui). As a young man he read extensively, devoting much time to digesting and meditating on what he read. In 1859 he went to Peking in the hope of purchasing a government post, but while there became the victim of a fraud in which he lost all his money. His mother, however, by disposing of all her lands, made it possible for him to obtain a post as department director in the Board of Works. He became a chü-jên in 1870 and a chin-shih in 1880, but continued in the Board of Works until he became a censor. As such he was fearless and outspoken. Because of his frankness and straightforwardness he made many enemies, but his friends loved him. However, the situation in which he found himself made him unhappy and despondent. When the Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1894, seeing that China was doomed to defeat, he became exasperated and died of hemorrhage at the age of sixty-six (sui).
Li Tz'ŭ-ming was a voluminous writer, but for a long time only a few items appeared in print—among them a collection of his verse, 白華絳跗閣詩初集 Pai-hua chiang-fu ko shih ch'u-chi, 10 chüan, printed in 1891. His prose and verse are marked by erudition and by a distinguished literary style which set him off as one of the great writers of the late Ch'ing period. His original manuscripts were acquired by the National Library of Peking in 1927. Eleven of these, constituting his notes on the study of history, were published by the Library in 1932 under the collective title, 越縵堂讀史杞記 Yüeh-man t'ang tu-shih cha-chi, 30 chüan. A collection of short articles in prose, entitled Yüeh-man tang wên-chi (文集), 12 chüan, was, like the above, assembled by Mr. Wang Chung-min (see under Han T'an) and published by the National Library in 1930. Li's diary—in some respects the most notable of his contributions—entitled Yüeh-man t'ang jih-chi (日記), covering the years 1863–88, was reproduced by the Commercial Press, Shanghai, in facsimile in 1921. A supplement for the years 1854–63 was reproduced in facsimile by the National Library in 1936. Apart from being a record of personal and national events, it contains his elucidations of the classics, identifications and verifications of historical data, notes on his readings, critical appraisals of notable personages, and many poems and short essays.
[1/491/19a; 6/10/22b; 19/壬上/22a; Bulletin of the National Library of Peiping, vol. 6, no. 5 (1932); T'u-shu kuan hsüeh chi-k'an (Library Science Quarterly), vol. 2, no. 2, portrait.]
H. S. Tsêng
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Greece/Part IV.—Greek Literature.

See also Greek literature on Wikipedia, Greek Literature in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer. See also Byzantine Historians.
PART IV.—GREEK LITERATURE.
The history of Greek literature has had three great stages :—the Old Literature, from the earliest times to 529 A.D., when the edict of Justinian closed the schools of pagan philosophy ; the Byzantine Literature, from 529 A.D. to the taking of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 ; and the Modern Literature, which may be said to have begun with the satirical poetry of Theodorus Prodromus in the 12th century.
Sections
    Section I.—The Old Greek Literature.
       I. The Early Literature.
          The dialects • Pre-Homeric poetry • Songs of the seasons • Hymns • Epos • The Iliad and the Odyssey • The Homeric question • Cyclic poems • Hesiodic epos • The Homeric Hymns • Transition from epos to elegy • Elegy • Iambic verse • Lyric poetry • Æolian school • Dorian school • Simonides and Pindar
       II. The Attic Literature.
          Origin of drama • Tragedy • Æschylus • Sophocles • Euripedes • Comedy • Aristophanes • Literary prose • Early prose writers • Herodotus • Thucydides • Xenophon • Oratory • The Attic orators • Demosthenes • Philosophical prose. Plato. Aristotle.
       III. The Literature of the Decadence.
          Character of the creative life in Greek literature • The transition to Hellenism • The Alexandrian period • Poetry • Erudition and science • Summary • The Græco-Roman period • First part 146-30 B.C. • Second part 30 B.C. to 529 A.D. • Departments of prose literature • Verse • The Anthology
    Section II.—The Byzantine Literature.
       History • Poetry • Drama • Hymns • Anthology • Prose writings • Commentaries • Grammar • Lexicons • Music and metre • Rhetoric • Philosophy • Theology • Fiction
    Section III.—Modern Greek Literature.
       Peculiar nature of modern Greek literature • Works in the ancient language • The modern language • Earliest modern Greek works • Neo-Hellenic • The Greeks of the Renaissance before the fall of Constantinople • The Greeks after the fall of Constantinople • Early works in modern Greek. Romantic poems. • Historical poems • Early popular poems • Early prose works • Literature of the 18th century • Modern era • Poets • Sontsos • Rangabé • Other poets • Drama • History • Theology • Philosophy • Law &c. • Fiction • Female authors • Archæology • Philology • Translations • Authorities
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Denizen

See also Denization on Wikipedia; Denizen on Wikipedia, Denizen in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
DENIZEN, an alien who obtains by letters patent (ex donatione regis) certain of the privileges of a British subject. He cannot be a member of the Privy Council or of Parliament, or hold any civil or military office of trust, or take a grant of land from the Crown. The Naturalization Act, 1870, provides that nothing therein contained shall affect the grant of any letters of denization by Her Majesty. See Naturalization.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Demotica

See also Didymoteicho on Wikipedia; Demotica on Wikipedia, Demotica in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
DEMOTICA, a town of European Turkey in the province of Adrianople and sanjak of Gallipoli, situated 25 miles south of ths provincial capital, at the foot of a conical hill which rises on the right bank of the Maritza near its junction with the Kizildeki. It is the seat of a Greek archbishop ; and, besides the ancient citadel and palace on the top of the hill, it possesses several Greek churches, a mosque, and public baths. Charles XII. of Sweden resided at Demotica for more than a year after the battle of Pultowa. The town was in great part burned down in 1845.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Demurrage

See also Demurrage on Wikipedia; Demurrage on Wikipedia, Demurrage in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DEMURRAGE, in the law of merchant shipping, is the sum payable by the freighter to the shipowner for detention of the vessel in port beyond the number of days allowed for the purpose of loading or unloading. The contract between the parties generally specifies the amount per day to be paid as demurrage, and the number of days for which the ship may be detained at that rate. If it should be detained longer than the specified time of demurrage, the freighter will be entitled to damages, the measure of which will (in general, but not necessarily) be the sum agreed upon between the parties for demurrage. If no time is specified for unloading a ship, the " usual customary time" will be implied. But when there is positive contract that the goods are to be taken out by a fixed day, any delay beyond that time, not caused by the act of the shipowner himself, will make the freighter liable for demurrage, whether the delay is caused by him or not. So an agree ment to load, nob mentioning time, according to the customary manner, is an agreement to load within a reason able time according to the usage of the port ; and any delay beyond that time, though caused by circumstances beyond the control of the freighters, will make them liable. In calculating the number of lay-days (i.e., the days allowed for loading, &c., and not chargeable with demurrage), Sundays will be taken into account, unless it is otherwise specified or there is a custom to the contrary. The con tract to pay demurrage in a charter-party is between the freighters and the shipowner ; but if demurrage is mentioned in the bill of lading, the consignee will be held to take the goods under an implied obligation to pay the demurrage, and the master may sue for it in his own name. See CHARTER-PARTY.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Demurrer

See also Demurrer on Wikipedia; Demurrer on Wikipedia, Demurrer in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DEMURRER, iu English law, is an objection taken to the sufficiency, in point of law, of the pleading or written statement of the other side. In equity pleading a demurrer lay only against the bill, and not against the answer ; at common law any part of the pleading could be demurred to. And now in all cases any party may demur to any pleading of the opposite party, or to any part of a pleading setting up a distinct cause of action, ground of defence, set off, counter-claim, reply, or as the case may be, on the ground that the facts alleged therein do not show any cause of action or ground of defence, &c. (Judicature Act, 1875 Rules of Court, Order 28).
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Denain

See also Denain on Wikipedia; Denain on Wikipedia, Denain in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DENAIN, a town of France, in the department of Nord, and arrondissement of Valenciennes, 14 miles to the east of Douai, on the Scheldt Canal and the railway between Anzin and Somain. A mere village in the beginning of the present century, it has rapidly increased since 1850, and now, according to the census of 1872, possesses about 10,500 inhabitants, who are mainly engaged in coal mines, iron-smelting works, sugar factories, and distilleries. The village was the scene of the decisive victory gained, in ​1712, by Marshal Villars over the allies commanded , Prince Eugene ; and the battle-field is marked by a mono lithic monument inscribed with the verses of Voltaire Regardez dans Denain I audacieux Villars Disputant le tonnerre a 1 aigle des Cesars.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Denison Olmstead

See also Denison Olmstead on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OLMSTED, Denison (1791-1859), man of science, was bom at East Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.A., on 18th June 1791, and became a student of Yale, where he graduated in 1813, and acted as college tutor from 1815 to 1817. In the latter year he was appointed to the chair of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology in the university of North Carolina. This chair he exchanged for that of mathematics and physics at Yale in 1825; in 1836, when this professorship was divided, he retained that of astronomy and natural philosophy. He died at New Haven, Connecticut, on 13th May 1859.
His first publication (1824-25) was the Report of his geological survey of the State of North Carolina. It was followed by various text-books on natural philosophy and astronomy, but he is chiefly known to the scientific world for his observations on hail (1830), on meteors, and on the aurora borealis. For his conclusions on the last-named subject see vol. viii. of the Smithsonian Contributions.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Dendermonde

See also Dendermonde on Wikipedia, Termonde in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DENDERMONDE, in French Termonde, a town of Belgium, in the province of East Flanders, about 18 miles east of Ghent, so called from its situation at the mouth of the Dender, a right-hand affluent of the Scheldt. It is the seat of a court of primary instance, has a hospital, a lunatic asylum, two orphanages, an academy of architecture and design, a public library, and a picture gallery, and carries on the manufacture of woollens, linens, ropes, paper, tobacco, and various other branches of industry. In the old church of Notre Dame, which was raised to collegiate rank in 1106, there are two paintings by Vandyck—a Crucifixion and an Adoration of the Shepherds. Till 1264, when it passed into the possession of Robert Bethune, count of Flanders, Dendermonde was governed in direct dependence on the empire. Its name frequently occurs in the history of the various wars in the Low Countries, the most memorable occasions being in 1667, when it defended itself against Louis XIV. by laying the neighbourhood under water; in 1706, when it was besieged and captured by General Churchill; and in 1745, when it was taken by the French. The fortifications were dismantled by Joseph II. in 1784; but they were restored in 1822. The bridge over the Scheldt dates from 1825. Population in 1866, 8300.
# Epperson v. Arkansas/Concurrence Harlan

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Black Harlan Stewart
Mr. Justice HARLAN, concurring.
I think it deplorable that this case should have come to us with such an opaque opinion by the State's highest court. With all respect, that court's handling of the [p115] case savors of a studied effort to avoid coming to grips with this anachronistic statute and to ‘pass the buck’ to this Court. This sort of temporizing does not make for healthy operations between the state and federal judiciaries. Despite these observations, I am in agreement with this Court's opinion that, the constitutional claims having been properly raised and necessarily decided below, resolution of the matter by us cannot properly be avoided. See, e.g., Chicago Life Insurance Co. v. Needles, 113 U.S. 574, 579, 5 S.Ct. 681, 683, 28 L.Ed. 1084 (1885).
I concur in so much of the Court's opinion as holds that the Arkansas statute constitutes an ‘establishment of religion’ forbidden to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment. I do not understand, however, why the Court finds it necessary to explore at length appellants' contentions that the statute is unconstitutionally vague and that it interferes with free speech, only to conclude that these issues need not be decided in this case. In the process of not deciding them, the Court obscures its otherwise straightforward holding, and opens its opinion to possible implications from which I am constrained to disassociate myself.