OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pegu (capital)

Edition of 1905. See also Bago, Myanmar on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PEGU. The capital of a division of Southern Burma, on the Pegu River, at its confluence with the Irrawaddy, 40 miles northeast of Rangoon (Map: Burma, C 3). Before its destruction by Alompsa in 1757 it was a large and fine city, said to have had over 100,000 inhabitants. Its population is now about 12,000. It contains a number of interesting pagodas, a colossal recumbent figure of Buddha, and many ancient relics.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pegu (division)

Edition of 1905. See also Bago Region on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PEGU, pḗ-gōō′. A division of Lower Burma (q.v.), British India (Map: Burma, C 3). Area, 13,106 square miles. Population, in 1891, 1,522,500; in 1901, 1,819,000. It comprises the districts of Pegu, Rangoon, Hauthawaddy, Tharrawaddy, and Prome. It is watered by the Irrawaddy, the Rangoon, the Pegu, and the Sittang. The surface is uneven, attaining in the Aracan Yoma Mountains, on the west boundary, a maximum altitude of about 6000 feet. The climate is warm and humid, but not unhealthful. The soil is fertile; the river valleys are well cultivated and highly productive; and there are extensive forests of valuable trees. Rice is the principal crop, and teak timber is largely exported. The Peguans belong by race to the Mons (q.v.), one of the great groups of primitive peoples of Indo-China. Pegu was an independent Talaing kingdom until 1752; its subsequent history is merged with that of Burma (q.v.). It became British in 1852.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Penn, John (1741-88)

Edition of 1905. See also John Penn (North Carolina politician) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​PENN, John (1741-88). An American patriot, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, born in Caroline County, Va. He was admitted to the bar in 1762, and soon acquired a reputation as an eloquent and successful pleader. In 1774 he removed to Granville County, N. C., and almost immediately became prominent there. Having espoused the Patriot cause, he was, in September, 1775, chosen a delegate to the Continental Congress, and next year signed the Declaration of Independence. He was rechosen delegate in 1777, and once again in 1779. In 1780, after the disastrous defeat of Camden, he was given almost dictatorial power in North Carolina, and did much to assist General Greene in his campaign against the invaders under Cornwallis. In 1784 he was appointed receiver of taxes for North Carolina by Robert Morris, but found his duties so disagreeable that he soon resigned.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Penn, Richard

Edition of 1905. See also Richard Penn (governor) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​PENN, Richard (c.1735-1811). A British colonial Governor in America, born in England. He was a grandson of William Penn, and was educated at Saint John's College, Cambridge. He began the study of law, but went to Pennsylvania in 1763, became a member of the Council in 1764, and remained, probably, until 1769. When his brother John, who was Lieutenant-Governor, returned to England in 1771, Richard was sent out in his stead, and served until August, 1773. He was very popular with both colonists and Indians. With Arthur Lee he carried the petition of the Congress to England. When examined before the House of Lords as to the ability and disposition of the colonists to resist the acts of Parliament, he was sharply reproved by the Ministers for his obvious sympathy with resistance. From 1784 until 1809, he represented various boroughs in Parliament.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Penn, Sir William

Edition of 1905. See also William Penn (Royal Navy officer) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​PENN, Sir William (1621-70). A British sailor, probably born in Bristol, England. He was brought up to the sea, and under the Commonwealth held many important naval commands. In 1649 he was appointed vice-admiral of the Irish fleet, and in 1650-51 cruised along the coast of Southern Europe and in the Mediterranean, seeking Prince Rupert. In 1652 he was appointed vice-admiral of the fleet under Gen. Robert Blake (q.v.), and participated in the victory off Portland (February 18, 1053), and those of June 3d and July 31st. After the conclusion of the Dutch War Penn entered into negotiations with the Stuarts, but these proving fruitless, he accepted the command of a fleet sent against the Spanish possessions in America, and on May 17, 1655, captured the island of Jamaica. In 1660 he was knighted by the King and appointed a commissioner of the navy. Five years later he won, though nominally under the command of the Duke of York, a victory over the Dutch near Lowestoft (June 3, 1665). Consult: Granville Penn, Memorials of the Professional Life and Times of Sir William Penn, and Dixon, Life of William Penn.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Penn, William

Edition of 1905. See also William Penn on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
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WILLIAM PENN AFTER THE PAINTING BY BENJAMIN WEST
# The Mummy (Loudon)/Volume 3

THE MUMMY!
A TALE
of
THE TWENTY-SECOND CENTURY.
"Why hast thou disquieted me, to bring me up?"
1 Sam., xxviii. 15.
IN THREE VOLUMES.
VOL. III.
LONDON:
HENRY COLBURN, NEW BURLINGTON STREET.
1827.
* Chapter I.
* Chapter II.
* Chapter III.
* Chapter IV.
* Chapter V.
* Chapter VI.
* Chapter VII.
* Chapter VIII.
# The Mummy (Loudon)/Volume 3/Advert

I.
THE O'BRIENS and THE O'FLAHERTY'S; a National Tale. By Lady Morgan. 4 vols. "A plague o' both your houses!" — Shakspeare.
II.
FLIRTATION; a Novel. 3 vols, post 8vo. "Are not they in the actual practice of Guilt, who care not whether they are thought Guilty or not?"—Spectator.
III.
HERBERT LACY; a Novel. By the Author of "Granby." 3 vols.
IV.
The RED ROVER. By the Author of "The Spy" "The Prairie," &c. 3 vols.
V.
SIR MICHAEL SCOTT; a Romance. By Allan Cunningham. 3 vols.
VI.
CONFESSIONS of an OLD MAID. In 2 vols. small 8vo.
"Now, good maids, you do me wrong; marry, do you, if you think I could say aught to shock your self-love; trust me. I respect your delicacy too much to be guilty of such misdoing."—Old Play.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sealsfield, Charles

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Sealsfield on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SEALS'FIELD, Charles. The name assumed by Karl Postl (1793-1864), an Austrian novelist and traveler in the United States, Mexico, and Central America, in early life secretary of a religious Order in Prague, and ordained priest. He fled in 1822 to the United States, where he traveled extensively, mainly in the Southwest. For a short time (1829-30) he was editorially connected with the Courrier des Etats-Unis. He afterwards resided mainly in Switzerland. In 1828 he published Tokeah, or The Wild Rose, and later some remarkable descriptive novels: Der Legitime und die Republikaner (1833, a rewriting of Tokeah); Der Virey und die Aristokraten (1834, rewritten as Morton, 1846); Das Kajütenbuch (1840); and the social studies Lebensbilder aus beiden Hemisphären (1835-37), Deutsch-amerikanische Wahlverwandtschaften (1835-37), and Süden und Norden (1842-43).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Seasons

Edition of 1905. See also Season on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SEASONS (OF. seson, seison, saison, Fr. saison, from Lat. satio, a sowing, from serere, to sow; connected with OChurch Slav, sēti, Lith. segir, Goth, saian, OHG. sāen, säen, AS. sāwan, Eng. sow) . Divisions of the year based upon climatic conditions. The changes of the seasons are due to two causes: (1) the inclination of the earth's rotative axis to the plane of the ecliptic (q.v.); (2) the varying length of the day as compared with the night, resulting from the inclination of the axis. As a result of the first of these causes, the sun's rays fall more obliquely on the earth in the winter than in the summer. The number of rays striking a surface varies as the sine of the angle of inclination. Thus the greater the obliquity the less the number of rays. In the summer the sun rises to a greater elevation each day than at other seasons, and therefore the number of rays falling on the earth's surface in that season will be greater than in the winter. The second cause is obvious. Since the heat of the earth is due primarily to solarization, it follows that the hot season should occur when the days are longest. Within the tropics the difference in the obliquity of the sun's rays is never so great as to make one part of the year very sensibly colder than another. There are, therefore, either no marked seasons, or they have other causes altogether, and are distinguished as the wet and dry seasons. (See Rain.) But in the temperate zones the year is naturally divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. In the Arctic and Antarctic regions spring and autumn are very brief, and the natural division of the year is simply into summer and winter, and this is very much the case also in regions of the temperate zones lying near the Arctic and Antarctic circles. In subtropical regions the distinction of four seasons is in like manner very imperfectly marked. This distinction is everywhere somewhat arbitrary as to the periods of the year included in each season, which really vary according to latitude, and partly according to the other causes which influence climate (q.v.), the seasons passing one into another more or less gradually, and their commencement and close not being determined by precise astronomical or other phenomena. The greatest heat of summer is never reached till a considerable time after the summer solstice (q.v.), when the sun's rays are most nearly vertical, and the day is longest; the greatest cold of winter is in like manner after the winter solstice, when the day is shortest, and the sun's rays are most oblique. The reason in the former case is that as summer advances the earth itself becomes more heated by the continued action of the sun's rays, and in the latter, that it retains a portion of the heat which it has imbibed during summer, just as the warmest part of the day is somewhat after midday, and the coldest part of the night is toward morning.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Seal (mark)

Edition of 1905. See also Seal (emblem) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SEAL (OF. seel, scel, Fr. sceau, from Lat. sigillum, seal, mark, diminutive of signum, sign, mark, token). By ancient common law a seal must consist of a piece of wax, lead, or other tenacious metal or substance, stamped with words or a device, according to the fancy of the person adopting it. At present two of the most common devices are: a circular bit of paper stamped in some manner and attached to the instrument by mucilage; the impress of a design or words in the paper of the instrument itself by means of a die.
Introduced at a time when practically only the clergy could write, and used for a long time instead of signatures on private writings, etc., as well as legal instruments, seals did not originally invest an instrument with any distinctive solemnity, but after the art of writing became a common accomplishment and most private writings, not of a legal nature, were signed instead of sealed, the courts began to attach a peculiar and
arbitrary efficacy to a sealed legal instrument as distinguished from one bearing merely a signature. After feoffment as a means of transfer of land was abolished, all conveyances were required to be under seal. The most important effect ascribed to the use of a seal was that it conclusively imported consideration for a promise or obligation contained in a sealed instrument.
However, today in the United States the matters of the necessity for a seal on various instruments and the kind of a seal required when necessary are almost wholly regulated by statutes. In New York and Connecticut the word ‘seal’ or the Latin abbreviation ‘L.S.,’ written on the instrument, are recognized as sufficient substitutes for seals; and in Arkansas, California, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, Virginia, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and West Virginia, a scroll executed with a pen will be sufficient. In New Jersey, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming any device or flourish with the pen will be recognized as a seal if intended as such.
In the following States the common-law distinction between sealed and unsealed instruments has been abolished by statutes: Arkansas, California, North Dakota, South Dakota, Mississippi, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
It is not necessary for individuals to use seals in Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, Ohio, Utah, and Washington. Most States, however, require a seal on instruments executed by corporations. Public officers are usually required to have official seals and all important public documents must be impressed with the proper seal.
The courts will usually recognize without proof the seals of nations and of the various States of the United States, the seals of superior courts and of public officers within their own State, including notarial seals. See Contract; Consideration; Notary Public, and consult “History and Use of Seals in England,” in vol. xviii. of Archæologia (London); Blackstone, Commentaries; Parsons, On Contracts.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sea-Swallow

Edition of 1905. See also Sea swallow on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SEA-SWALLOW. A small gull or tern (qq.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sea-Trout

Edition of 1905. See also Sea trout on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SEA-TROUT. One of various fishes, as (1) the weakfish (q.v.), and (2) in Great Britain the trout (Salmo trutta).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sea-Urchin

Edition of 1905. See also Sea urchin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SEA-URCHIN. The name applied to species of the echinoderm class Echinoidea. The sea-urchin of the coast north of Cape Cod (Echinus or Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis) is common among rocks, ranging from low-water mark to fifty or more fathoms. It eats seaweeds, and is also a scavenger, feeding on dead fish and the like. Certain kinds are known to bore for a little way into limestone rocks or coral reefs, where they are protected from the waves. Sea-urchins have scattered over the surface, among the spines, microscopic button-like bodies called sphæridia, which are thought to be organs probably of taste or smell. They evidently react to odors. The eggs are numerous and small. After hatching the young sea-urchin enters the free-swimming larval or pluteus stage, passing through a complicated metamorphosis. On the other hand, certain forms (Anochanus Sinensis) have a direct development, the larval stage being suppressed. A Chilean form and also a South Pacific species of Hemiaster carry their young in brood-pouches, and they also directly develop, for no pluteus sea-urchin larvae were captured by the Challenger expedition in the Southern Ocean. The large sea-urchin of the Mediterranean is an article of food, and the Indians of the northwest coast eat the large local species. See Echinoidea; Echinodermata.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sea-kale

Edition of 1905. See also Crambe maritima on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SEA-KALE, or Crambe (Crambe maritima). A perennial plant of the natural order Cruciferæ native to European seacoasts. Its blanched sprouts are eaten like asparagus. Sea-kale is especially popular in England, but is grown to a limited extent elsewhere. Sea-kale is generally propagated by offsets or cuttings of the roots, and sometimes by seed. A plantation remains productive for several years.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sea-leopard

Edition of 1905. See also Leopard seal on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SEA-LEOPARD. A seal (Ogmorhinus leptonyx) of the monk-seal group, widely distributed in the southern oceans. It grows to be ten feet long and is the largest of the southern hair-seals, excepting the elephant-seal (q.v.). It takes its name from its spotted gray-and-white coat.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Badinguet

Edition of 1905. See also Napoleon III on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BADINGUET, bȧ′dăN′gā̇′. Napoleon III., often so called because the garments in which, in 1846, he escaped from the Castle of Ham, belonged to a mason of that name. His party came to be known thereafter as the ‘Badingueux.’
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bache, Benjamin Franklin

Edition of 1905. See also Benjamin Franklin Bache on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BACHE, Benjamin Franklin (1801-81). An American surgeon, great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin. He established at Xew York a laboratory which supplied the medical depart- ment of the Navy, and rendered important ser- vice to the Union armies during the Civil War, by nmning the laboratory at his own expense.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Badham, Charles

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Badham on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BADHAM, băd′am, Charles (1813-84). An English classical scholar, professor of classics and logic at the University of Sydney, New South Wales, from 1867 until his death. He was born at Glasgow, Scotland, and received his early education under Pestalozzi. He graduated at Oxford (1837). His chief publications are: Criticism Applied to Shakspere (1846), and annotated editions of the Greek classics, including the Iphigenia and Helena of Euripides (1851); and the Philebus, Euthydemus, and Laches of Plato. In his criticisms he followed the methods of Porson.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bache, Hartman

Edition of 1905. See also Hartman Bache on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BACHE, Hartman (1707-1872). An American engineer, bom in Philadelphia. He graduated at the United States Military Academy, and was appointed colonel of engineers in 1863. In 1805 he was brevetted brigadier-general. He was long employed in topographical surveying, and among his engineering works numbered the Delaware Breakwater and the Brandywine Lighthouse. He retired from active service in 1807.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Badia y Leblich, Domingo

Edition of 1905. See also Ali Bey el Abbassi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BADIA Y LEBLICH, bȧ-dē′ȧ ē̇ lā̇-blēch′, Domingo (1766-1818), known also by the name Ali-Bei-el-Abbassi. A Spanish traveler. He was born at Barcelona, and studied the Arabic language, physical science, and mathematics at Valencia. Partly out of personal curiosity and partly as an emissary of the Spanish Government, he determined to visit the Barbary States in the disguise of a Mussulman. He went for a short time to London to study commerce and politics, and spared no labor to make himself familiar with the manners and customs of the people he was about to visit. In 1803 he sailed for Africa, where he represented himself, under the name of Ali-Bei, as a descendant of the Abbassides. His talents gained for him such esteem that he was invited to the court of the Emperor of Fez and Morocco. After a two years' residence in Morocco, he set out on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1805, and after sojourning some time in Tripoli, Cyprus, and Egypt, arrived at the ‘holy place’ in 1807, being the first Christian to visit it since the institution of Islam. Subsequently he visited Jerusalem and the chief places in Palestine and Syria, and in the autumn of 1807 arrived at Constantinople, whence he had soon to flee, the reality of his Mohammedanism being suspected. His long journey had been a bold masquerade, carried out with exquisite art. He deceived Moslem emperors and scholars; and in Cairo, Châteaubriand spoke of him as the most cultured and polished Mussulman he had ever met. After his return to Spain he was made Intendant of Segovia and Prefect of Cordova by Joseph Bonaparte. On the expulsion of the French, Ali was compelled to leave the country. He went to Paris, where in 1814 he published an account of his travels, under the title Voyages d'Ali-Bei en Afrique et en Asie pendant les années 1803-07. The work was translated into the principal European languages. Four years after the publication Badia y Leblich set off on another journey to the East, but died suddenly at Aleppo.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Badghis

Edition of 1905. See also Badghis Province on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BADGHIS, bäd-gēz′, or BADGHIZ (Pers., ‘the place where the wind rises’). A region in the northwestern part of Afghanistan, bounded by the Heri-Rud and the Persian and Russian frontiers. It is mountainous in the centre, taking in a portion of the Paropamisus Range. The southeastern portion is less elevated and fertile. It is inhabited by Jamshidis and Hazaras.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bache, Franklin

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​BACHE, Franklin (1702-1804). An American physician and chemist, bom at Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated, in 1810, at the University of Pennsylvania; in 1814, at the medical department of the same university. In the latter year he was appointed a surgeon in the United States Army. From 1814 until his death, he was professor of chemistry at the Jefferson Medical College, and in 1854-55 was president of the American Philosophical Society. He published a System of Chemistry (1810); Introductory Lectures on Chemistry (1841-52), and other works: and, with G. Wood, prepared a Pharmacopœia (1830), which was the basis of the present-day United States Pharmacopcria and United States Dispensatory.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Badger State

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ BADGER STATE. See States, Popular Names of.