OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/J

See also J on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
J (jay), the tenth letter, is a compound vocal consonant nearly equal to dzh, as in jar. It is a variation, originating about 1600, of I used as y in yet. It is classified as a diphthongal palatal, because compounded of d and zh and made by the point of the tongue on the back of the hard palate.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Patent

See also Patent on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pat′ent, the privilege granted by a government to an inventor, of the exclusive right to his invention for a term of years. The royal grant in England was made by letters-patent or open letters, called so because they were not sealed. The system of giving patents is common in Europe and the United States, though Switzerland and Holland have no patent laws and Prussia does not favor them. The United States Patent-Office is a branch of the Department of the Interior, and has its records, models and drawings at Washington. The first American law of patents was passed in 1790; the present law in 1870. Any invention, both new and useful, can receive a patent. It is necessary only that it should be new in the United States, its previous use in foreign countries not preventing a patent. Any person who is the first inventor of anything that admits of a patent can obtain one, whether a resident of the country or a foreigner. The patents are given for seventeen years and cannot be renewed. About 30,000 patents are applied for yearly in America.
PATENTS AND THE CONTROL OF PRICES
A decision by the U. S. Supreme Court in 1913 declared it unlawful for a manufacturer to fix the retail price of his product by refusing to sell to retailers who fail to adhere to this price. The case was one in which a manufacturer of a patented article claimed that his patent gave him the absolute control of the sale of the article, including the price.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Patagonia

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​Pat′ago′nia, as the most southern country of South America was once called, extends south from the Argentine republic 1,000 miles to the Straits of Magellan, which separate it from Tierra del Fuego. The Andes divide the country into two parts, the eastern area of which now belongs to the Argentine republic and the western to Chile. To-day Patagonia is but a geographical term. The western portion is rugged and mountainous, with islands and cliffs along the Pacific coast, which give it a wild outline. The strip of shore along the Pacific from the Andes is so narrow that there are no rivers longer than 13 miles. The temperature varies from 50° to 33°, summer and winter, and is very damp. Coal is mined at Punta Arenas, where Chile has a colony and penal settlement. Eastern Patagonia is not so desolate, but has high plains in some places covered by grass, forests, and shrubs, yet along the Atlantic coast everything is wild. The rivers here are the Negro, Chubut, Deseado, Chico, Santa Cruz and Gallegos, all rising in the Andes. Some horses and cattle are raised, and wild fowl and animals are found in some regions. The inhabitants are Indians, almost a race by themselves, who are tall and straight, hardy, strong and muscularly developed. Some Europeans are found at the settlements at Patagones, on the Chubut and the Santa Cruz. Magellan sailed along the entire coast in 1520, and the great plain was explored by De Isla in 1535. See works on Patagonia by Falkner, Snow, Pritchard and Musters.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Peabody, Mass.

See also Peabody, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Peabody, Mass., a city in Essex County, on the Boston and Maine Railroad, two miles from Salem. It includes several villages, and is a manufacturing center of considerable importance. It has a good system of public schools. Peabody Institute with a library of about 40,000 volumes is here, as is Eben Dale Sutton Reference Library. Essex County Agricultural Society and Peabody Historical Society have their permanent quarters in Peabody. The latter in 1902 presented Peabody Institute with a small safe containing pictures of the town and articles written by the leading citizens and municipal officials, to be opened on or after June 6th, 2002. Peabody became a separate town under the name of Danvers in 1855. The present name was adopted in 1868 in honor of George Peabody who was born, and for some years lived there. The city government is administered by town-meeting. Population 15,721.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Peace Societies

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​Peace Societies, societies formed for the promotion of peace among the nations of the world. The first peace society in the world was founded in New York City in August of 1815. In other states similar societies were formed about the same time. The American Peace Society was organized in New York City on May 8th, 1828. Shortly after this the local society of New York ceased to exist. The first peace society in Europe was the English Peace Society founded in London on June 14th, 1816. Not many years after the organization of these first societies societies in one form or another with like purposes were forming in all parts of practically all civilized countries; and it is largely to the influences these societies exerted that The Hague conferences owe whatever success they attained. One of ​the most active peace societies of the present day is the Peace Society of the City of New York organized on January 23d, 1906. The remarkable success of the National Arbitration and Peace Congress, held in New York City on April 14th-17th, 1907, in which many distinguished foreigners took active part, was due in large measure to the wisely directed efforts of this society.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pasteur Institute

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​Pas′teur Institute. This is an institution partly supported and controlled by the French government, which as its chief aim prosecutes researches in cancer, tuberculosis, appendicitis and other prevalent maladies. Its name is taken from Louis Pasteur, who carried on his later researches there. Pasteur indicated the possibility of a science of stereo-chemistry; and was the first to show that the fermentations of milk, butter etc. are due to living micro-organisms. He showed the possibility of vaccination against disease and of sterilizing substances like milk which may convey it. Pasteur Institute became short of funds to continue its valuable researches; but early in 1907 it was the recipient of a legacy of 30,000,000 francs [nearly $6,000,000] under the will of M. Osiois, one of the executors of which was M. Emile Loubet, former president of the French republic.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Patapsco

See also Patapsco River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pataps′co, a river of Maryland, flowing into Chesapeake Bay, 14 miles below Baltimore. It is 80 miles long, and admits large vessels as far as Baltimore.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer

See also Elizabeth Peabody on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Peabody, George

See also George Peabody on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Peabody, George, an American merchant and banker, was born at South Danvers, Mass., Feb. 18, 1795. When 11 he began his business life in a grocery, was next a clerk in Thetford, Vt., and afterwards partner of a dry-goods house in Georgetown, D. C. This business was removed to Baltimore in 1815, and had branches at Philadelphia and New York in 1822. In 1837 he settled in London, starting a banking house and making a large fortune, partly by investing heavily in government bonds during the Civil War. In 1851 he supplied the money needed to fit up the American department of the Great Exhibition at London. His fame rests, not on his wealth, but on his benevolence, as during his lifetime he gave away five and a half million dollars. Among these gifts were $10,000 to the Grinnell expedition to the north pole under Dr. Kane; $200,000 to found Peabody Institute at South Danvers; $50,000 to an institution at North Danvers; $1,000,000 to Peabody Institute at Baltimore; $25,000 each to Phillips Academy, Andover, and Kenyon College, at Gambier, O.; $150,000 each to Harvard and Yale; and $3,500,000 as a fund for educational purposes in the south. He also spent $2,500,000 in building model homes for the poor of London, of which in 1889 there were eighteen groups in different parts of the city, accommodating 20,000 people, while the rents and interest brought in $150,000 net profit. He was offered the title of baron by Queen Victoria, but declined, asking only for “a letter from the queen, which I may carry to America and deposit as a memorial of one of her most faithful sons.” The letter was given with the queen's portrait, and both are deposited in Peabody Institute, South Danvers (now called Peabody in honor of its illustrious citizen). He died at London, Nov. 4, 1869, his body being sent to America in an English warship. There are statues of Peabody at London and Baltimore. See Life by Hanaford, and Beneficent and Useful Lives by Cochrane.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Peace River

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​Peace River, a great river in Alberta, is formed by the junction of the Findlay and Parsnip in the center of northern British Columbia 1,000 miles to the west. It flows into Lake Athabasca. Peace River practically passes through the center of a vast district, and in the development of this will play an important part, since navigation is practically without a dangerous rapid or obstacle of any kind throughout its whole course, with the exception of that at Vermillion Chutes (five miles above where the Little Red River joins the Peace). It runs through a country of vast natural resources, as timber, asphalt, copper, salt and fish. The agricultural possibilities are unsurpassed in the northwest. The Hudson Bay Company has a large and excellently equipped flour-mill at Fort Vermillion, 670 miles north of the United States boundary and where there is a settlement of 500 people. Considerable wheat, oats and barley were grown there in 1906. Wheat has been successfully raised for over twenty years. Peace River Valley is a tract 75 miles in width on each side of the river and seven or eight hundred miles long. The soil is claimed to be as good as that on the Saskatchewan.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Parrish, Maxfield

See also Maxfield Parrish on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Par′rish, Maxfield, an American artist, was born at Philadelphia in 1870. As an illustrator, he is known by magazine covers and posters. He designs in elaborately detailed ground or background, flat tints and strong but delicate outline. His illustrations to Mother Goose in Prose were signally successful.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lasso

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​Las′so, a thin, plaited rope of rawhide used for catching wild animals. One end is fastened to the saddle of the hunter, and the other, ending in a ring, forms a loose, sliding noose, which, after being whirled around in the right hand, is thrown over the object. In Mexico, where it is called la reata, and in the United States, where it is called a lariat, it often is made of plaited hair.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Laredo, Tex.

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​ Lare′do, Tex., a city on the Rio Grande, the capital of Webb County, connected with Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, by two bridges across the river. It lies 75 miles west of San Diego and 150 southwest of San Antonio, and is the center of an important area in the coal, iron and brick as well as wool-exporting trade. The growing of Bermuda onions has been a steadily increasing industry, since the Laredo vegetable is superior to the original article. Laredo also has considerable commerce with Mexico, and Nuevo Laredo (Mex.), just across the border, has 8,000 people. Laredo was originally settled by Spaniards and Mexicans as a frontier town of Mexico. Population 14,855.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lark

See also Lark on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* PRAIRIE HORNED LARK
Lark, the popular name of birds common in Europe, Asia and Africa. There is one species in Australia. The European skylark is the lark of the poets. It sings blithely and rapturously while on the wing. An attempt has been made to introduce it into the United States, but it is very destructive to green crops and for that reason an undesirable addition to our fauna. There are about 100 different species of larks, but only one—the horned lark—lives in the United States. There however are several geographical varieties of this single species. They are about one fifth smaller than the robin, are brownish and sandy above an d whitish below, with a black patch on the breast and under the eye, the tail black. The throat is a clear yellow, a pale yellow line runs over the eye, and the head is surmounted by a pair of sharp horns made of black feathers. They live on the ground, rarely choosing a perch higher than a fence. The nest is built on the ground. They sing while on the wing, soaring high and repeating their song, which is not very attractive, several times before alighting. The one called the shorelark belongs to northeastern North America, but sometimes wanders as far as North Carolina, and is a familiar winter resident in the eastern coast-states. The prairie horned lark is found much farther south, but though once belonging exclusively to the prairie country is now widely distributed. See Meadowlark.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Larkspur

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​ Lark′spur, a showy garden and wild flower, grows in the temperate and cool ​regions of the northern hemisphere and comprises both annual and perennial species. The lovely flowers are deep blue or purple, having many blossoms along a slender stem. The rocket larkspur of Switzerland and the branching larkspur are annuals, and the barlows and the great flowered are perennials. Many new species have been developed by cultivation. The stavesacre yields an alkaloid extract called delphinine, which is very poisonous even in small doses. There are over 25 species in the United States. Dwarf larkspur, known as stagger-weed because of its effect on cattle, grows in open woods, and bears long loose clusters of vivid blue or white flowers. Growing in the same range is the tall larkspur, which sometimes reaches a height of five feet, its flowers of intense blue being on long terminal racemes. The Carolina larkspur, from one to three feet in height, has blossoms of blue, pink and white.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lasalle

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​Lasalle (lȧ-săl′), in Lasalle County, Ill., is at the head of steam navigation on Illinois River. It also is the terminus of the Illinois Canal, and has fine railroad connections. Bituminous coal is mined, there are manufactories of glassware, castings, brick and metallic ware, but the town is most noted for its zinc works, rolling mill and large cement mills. Lasalle was first settled in 1837. Population 11,537.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lares and Penates

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​ Lares and Penates (lā′rēz and pē-nā′tēz), the tutelary or protecting divinities supposed to preside particularly over the destinies of the household, usually having a place in images on the hearth. The Lares originally were of the Etruscan religion and the Penates were of the times of the old Latins, but later these terms were used together as denoting the worship of ancestors and the home altar, the hearth.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Last Rose of Summer, 'Tis the

See also The Last Rose of Summer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Last Rose of Summer, 'Tis the. Words by Thomas Moore. Tune The Groves of Blarney, which is a variation of The Young Man's Dream, by R. A. Millikin of Cork. This beautiful song appears in the collection of Irish songs arranged for voice, piano, violin and 'cello by Beethoven. It also is the subject of Mendelssohn's Phantasie in E, op. 15, and is a leading feature in Flotow's opera of Martha.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Larva

See also Larva on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Lar′va (plural, larvæ), the young of nearly all insects, the larval stage being that which follows the hatching of the egg. The larvæ of beetles are grubs; of flies, maggots; of butterflies and moths, caterpillars. The term worm is misleading; worms are not insects, and do not, like larvæ, come from the egg. Some larvæ are almost like the full-grown insect, as grasshoppers, wanting only wings; others appear very unlike the adult, as caterpillar and moth or butterfly. Larvæ live only to eat, numerous insects in the larval state working untold harm on vegetation. As the creature grows too large for its skin, this is dispensed with; molting, as the process is called, taking place from four to 20 times, according to the species. Cast-off skins are frequently to be found. See Metamorphosis. Consult Cragin: Our Insect Friends and Foes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Last of the Mohicans, The

See also The Last of the Mohicans on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Last of the Mohicans, The, A Narrative of 1757 is a novel by Fenimore Cooper. It is a tale of the disappearance of the Mohicans, a tribe of Indians, before the inroads of civilization. See Leather-Stocking Tales.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lassalle, Ferdinand

See also Ferdinand Lassalle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Lassalle (lä′sȧl′), Ferdinand, the originator of the social democratic movement in Germany, was born on April 11, 1825, at Breslau, of Jewish extraction. He attended the Universities of Breslau and Berlin, afterwards going to Paris, where he met Heine. Returning to Berlin in 1846, he took part in the revolution of 1848 as supporter of a democratic republic, and spent six months in prison. In 1861 he published a legal work on the philosophy of law, called System of Acquired Rights. In 1862 his lecture on the working class called particular attention to his views, and in 1863 his Open Letter to a committee of workingmen at Leipsic still more clearly expounded his theories of a social democracy. His success encouraged him to found the Universal German Workingmen's association at Leipsic. He was mortally wounded in a duel, and died at Geneva on Aug. 31, 1864. See W. H. Dawson's German Socialism and Ferdinand Lassalle and George Meredith's Tragic Comedians.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Caucasus

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Caucasus (ka' kȧ-sŭs), a mountain range which occupies the isthmus between the Black and Caspian Seas, its general direction being from west-northwest to east-southeast. It is about 750 miles long by 150 miles broad. There are at least six peaks over 16,000 feet high; Mt. Elburz, 18,000 feet, is the highest. There are but few glaciers, very little perpetual snow and no active volcanoes, though Elburz and other peaks are of volcanic formation; while there are hot springs and mud volcanoes at each extremity of the range. There are but two roads across the Caucasus, the Derbend Pass and the fine military road built by the Russians through the Dariel Gorge. The Caucasus has been called the mountain of languages, from the many tongues, distinct from one another, having little or no likeness to any other languages on the globe, which are spoken in this narrow area. Some 16 or more distinct and well marked races, including the Georgians, Circassians, etc., are found in the region of the Caucasus. For over 50 years this region resisted the advance of Russia; but with the capture of Schamyl, the prophet-chief of the Lesghians, who had withstood the armies sent against him for 20 years, the power of the Caucasians was shattered. Since 1871 the country has been wholly under the dominion of Russia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Catskill Mountains

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​Catskill Mountains, a group of mountains in New York, west of the Hudson River and south of the Mohawk. They form part of the Alleghenies, and cover an area of about 5,000 square miles, some peaks being 4,000 feet high. The scenery among the deep valleys with their precipice-like walls is fine and often grand.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cattle

See also Cattle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cattle, a term sometimes used to include all domestic quadrupeds, but usually applied to those of the bovine family, the ox and the cow, the most useful to man of all domestic animals and probably the first to be domesticated. In all ages and in all countries the ox has been employed as a beast of burden and of draught. Its chief value, however, is found in the fact that, aside from grains, it furnishes to mankind the chief articles of food, meat, milk, butter and cheese. The cow is the poor man's dependence in every clime and, as the basis of the meat and dairy industries, is a large factor in the commerce of the world. Modern husbandry has been wonderfully successful in improving the breeds of cattle along two distinct lines, developing certain breeds for the production of beef and other breeds for dairy purposes. Among the former the most notable are the Shorthorn or Durham, Hereford, hornless Angus, Galloway and Redpolled breeds. All of these breeds are characterized by heavy, square bodies, frequently reaching a live weight of two thousand pounds or more, and are fattened for market at a much earlier age than formerly. Among the dairy breeds are the Holstein, noted for the production of large quantities of milk, the Jersey, celebrated for the rich quality of the milk given, the Ayrshire and the Alderney. Each of these breeds has its champions, and for each special qualities of superiority are claimed. See Agriculture, Butter, Dairy-Factories, Milk and Meat-Packing.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Catullus, Gaius Valerius

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​Catullus (kȧ-tŭl′ŭs), Gaius Valerius, a celebrated Roman lyric and elegiac poet, supposed to have been born at Verona, Italy, B. C. 87, and to have died about B. C. 54. What is known of his life is chiefly derived from his writings, which consist, to some extent, of amatory poems addressed to one Lesbia, of his journeyings and pleasant home life at a villa (modern Sirmio), on Lake Benacus (now Lago di Garda). He is known to have had Cicero, Cæsar, Cinna and Cornelius Nepos among his intimate friends. He has great versatility and sprightliness, with the Greek lyric spirit and beauty of expression.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Castor and Pollux

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Cas′tor and Pol′lux, often called Sons of Zeus, were, according to Homeric story, the brothers of Helen of Troy; but another tradition makes them only half-brothers of Helen, their father being Zeus; while still a third account makes only Pollux Zeus’s son, and so he alone was immortal. Castor was famous for his skill in managing horses; Pollux for his powers in boxing. Both received divine honors at Sparta as patrons of travelers by sea. They assisted at the battle (496 B. C.) of Lake Regillus. Zeus placed the brothers among the stars. They are the principal stars in the constellation of Gemini or the twins. Their names are also given to the electric appearance known as St. Elmo’s Fire.