OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Beete

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Beete | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Beete, f., ‘beetroot.’ This word, like the names of many other edible vegetables, has come from Lat.; bêta was borrowed even before the 8th cent. and naturalised in Germ., for it appears as bieȥa (the ie from ê, comp. Priester, Brief, Ziegel, Rieme, Spiegel, OHG. Pietar, from Lat. Petrum, &c.), with the permutation of t to ȥ; whence MidHG. bieȥe. The ModHG. Beete may have ​been based anew on Lat. bêta, or have been taken from the LG. bete, thus displacing the older bieȥe, which is still found in Bav. From Lat. and Rom. bêta (Ital. bieta, F. bette), AS. bête (whence E. beet) is also derived. In another group of words borrowed from Lat., Lat. ê became î (comp. Feier, from fêriae); hence the dial. beisse (ei from MidHG. î) also appears occasionally for beete, bieȥe.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Beffchen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Beffchen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Beffchen, n., ‘a clergyman’s bands,’ diminut. of beffe (LG.), ‘amess, cap worn by officials in Rom. Cath. churches,’ the origin of which is obscure. In MidHG. both words are wanting; the latter is found even in MidLG.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Butte

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Butte. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Butte, feminine, ‘flounder,’ first occurs in Modern High German, from Low German butte; compare the corresponding Dutch bot, Middle English but. Origin obscure.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Butzen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Butzen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Butzen, masculine, ‘core, snuff (of candles),’ first occurs in Modern High German; cognate with the equivalent Swiss bœ̄ke, feminine (bätzi, bätzgi). The structure of the word resembles Modern High German (dialectic) Großen; see under Griebs. Probably, therefore, represents *bugze, *bûgaȥ (Swiss bœ̄ke, from *bauggyô)?.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bär

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Bär. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bär (1.), masculine, ‘(paving) beetle,’ from Middle High German bęrn, ‘to strike, beat,’ whence also Middle High German bęr, feminine, ‘blow, stroke.’ Old High German bęrjan, Gothic *barjan, agrees by the permutation of consonants with Latin ferio, ‘I strike,’ as well as Old Bulgarian borją, ‘I fight’ (Old Icelandic berjask, ‘to fight’); it is based on the root bher, ‘to strike.’
Bär (2.), masculine, ‘bear.’ The Latin name of the animal (ursus) descends from the pre-Aryan period, just as Greek ἄρκτος and Indian ṛkša-s (ursus for *urcsus). It is remarkable that the Teutons have abandoned this old Aryan term for ‘bear’ (ṛksós, Teutonic orhsa-s), since they have retained other names of animals. In Middle High German we have bër, Old High German bëro, Anglo-Saxon bëra, English bear, björn, ‘bear’ (Gothic *baíra). The Teutonic beron- is a substantive form based upon an Aryan adjective bhero-, equivalent to Lithuanian bėras, ‘brown’ (Latin furvus?), from the root of which, bher and Modern High German Biber, braun, may also be derived; in using the adjective as a substantive the Aryan ṛksos is understood. Note that Braun is the name of the bear in the Old German animal fables.
Bär (3.), masculine, ‘brood-boar,’ from the equivalent Middle High German and Old High German bêr, masculine, which, with Old Saxon bêr-swîn, Anglo-Saxon bâr, English boar, points to Gothic *baira-.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Burzel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Burzel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Burzel, masculine, ‘purslane,’ from Middle High German and Old High German burzel, corrupted from the corresponding Latin portulaca.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Buße

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Buße. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Buße, feminine, ‘penance, atonement,’ from Middle High German buoęe, Old High German buoęa, feminine, ‘spiritual and legal atonement, compensation, relief’; Old Saxon bôta, ‘healing, relief’; Anglo-Saxon bôt, English boot (‘use, gain, advantage’); also English bote (‘wergeld’), firebote, fireboot (‘a free supply of fuel’), housebote (‘prison expenses,’ then ‘a free supply of wood for repairs and fuel’), Gothic bôta, ‘use.’ Under the cognate adjectives besser, best (compare büßen in Lücken büßen, ‘to repair,’ Old High German buozzen; Anglo-Saxon bétan), will be found the necessary remarks on the evolution in meaning of the stem bat contained in these words. Compare vergüten, ‘to make atonement, give compensation’ (Ersatz); Ersatz denotes a substitute of equal worth. Compare also etwas gut machen, ‘to make good a loss,’ &c. See besser.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bärlapp

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Bärlapp. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bärlapp, masculine, ‘club-moss’; original sense ‘bear's paw’; compare the Latin-Greek term lycopodium formed from it; allied to Old High German lappo, literally ‘palm of the hand.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Butter

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Butter. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Butter, feminine, ‘butter,’ from the equivalent Middle High German buter, feminine, masculine, late Old High German butera, feminine; the same medial dental appears in Dutch boter, Anglo-Saxon butere, English butter. This necessitates the assumption that the High German word was first introduced into Germany about the 10th century. It is derived, though changed in gender (der Butter, however, is common to the Upper German dialects), from the ​ Romance-Middle Latin butyrum (whence French beurre, Italian burro), late Greek-Scythian βούτυρον. Yet the art of making butter was known in Germany ere the introduction of the term from the South of Europe. Butter was called Aufe, as is still the case in Alemannian; compare Anke and Kerne; perhaps the process in the south was different, and with the new method came the new term. The art of making cheese may have found its way earlier, even before the middle of the 9th century, from the South of Europe to the North. See Käse.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bußaar

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Bußaar. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bußaar, Bussard, masculine, ‘buzzard’; the first form is a popular corruption of the second, which first occurs in Modern High German, from French busard, ‘mouse-hawk, buzzard.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Busch

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Busch. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Busch, masculine, ‘bush, thicket, plume (of a helmet),’ from Middle High German busch, bosch, Old High German busc, masculine, ‘bush, shrubbery, thicket, wood, cluster’; compare English bush, Dutch bos, ‘cluster,’ bosch, ‘copse,’ bussel, ‘cluster.’ There are similar forms in Romance, Italian bosco, French bois, which are traced back to. a Middle Latin buscus, boscus. — Allied to Büschel, ‘cluster,’ from Middle High German büschel, masculine.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Busen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Busen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Busen, masculine, ‘bosom,’ from the equivalent Middle High German buosen, buosem, Old High German buosam, buosum, masculine.; compare Old Saxon bôsm, Dutch boezem, Anglo-Saxon bôsm, English bosom; in East-Teutonic (Gothic, Scandinavian) the corresponding word (Gothic *bôsma-) is wanting. It may perhaps be allied to Bug, Middle High German buoc, ‘arm, shoulder’ (pre-Teutonic bhâghu-); but since a pre-Teutonic bhâghsmo, bhâksmo- does not occur in the cognate languages, nothing can be cited in favour of that explanation; at all events, Busen is not allied to biegen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Fliege

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Fliege | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Fliege, f., ‘fly, fluke (of an anchor),’ from the equiv. MidHG. fliege, OHG. flioga, f.; comp. Du. vlieg, AS. fleóge, equiv. to E. fly, which is based upon AS. flŷge, OHG. fliuga, MidHG. fliuge, ‘fly’; hence a mutated form (Goth. *fliugjô), besides an unmutated Goth. *fliugô; in OIc. with a different gradation fluga, f., ‘fly, moth’; akin to fliegen (Goth. *fliugan). For an older term for ‘fly’ see under Mücke.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Fliete

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Fliete | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Fliete, f., ‘fleam, lancet,’ from the equiv. MidHG. vliete, vlieten, OHG. flietuma; further derived from Gr. and MidLat. phlebotomum, ‘lancet, an instrument for opening veins,’ whence also the equiv. cognates AS. flŷtme, Fr. flamme, E. fleam, Du. vlijm.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Fledermaus

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Fledermaus | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Fledermaus, f., ‘bat,’ from the equiv. MidHG. vlëdermûs, OHG. flëdarmûs, f.; corresponds to Du. vledermuis; E. flittermouse does not occur in AS., and may be due to the influence of MidEurop. Teutonic. That the animal was thought to be a mouse is shown by AS. hreape-, hrêremûs; the E. term bat, MidE. backe, Dan. aftenbakke (aften, ‘evening’), is unique. Fledermaus, lit. ‘fluttering mouse,’ from OHG. flëdarôn, MidHG. vlëdern, ‘to flutter.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Fleisch

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Fleisch | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Fleisch, n., ‘flesh, meat, pulp (of fruit),’ from the equiv. MidHG. vleisch, OHG. fleisk, n.; it has the same meaning in West Teut. and Scand. Strange to say, a Goth. *flaisk, *flaiskis, n. (or þl- comp. fliehen), is not recorded, the term used being leik or mims, n. Comp. Du. vleesch, AS. flœ̂sc, E. flesh; OIc. flesk is used only of ‘pork,’ and more especially of ‘ham’ and ‘bacon,’ while kjǫt was the common Scand. word for ‘meat.’ It may well be imagined ​that the Scand. specialised meaning of the word was the oldest, and that the meaning common to West Teut. was established only by generalisation; comp. OIc. flikke, AS. flicce, E. flitch (dial. flick), as well as AS. (Kent.) flœc for flœ̂sc, ‘meat.’ Russ. poltĭ, Lith. páltis, ‘flitch,’ cannot, on account of their vowel-sounds, be cognates. The k of the OTeut. word is probably a suffix; comp. Du. vleezig, ‘plump’?. — eingefleischt, ‘incarnate,’ simply ModHG. formed like the Lat. incarnatus, ‘embodied.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Fleiß

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Fleiß | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Fleiß, m., ‘industry, application, diligence,’ from MidHG. vlîȥ, OHG. flîȥ, m. ‘diligence, zeal, care,’ OHG. also ‘contest,’ from OHG. flîȥȥan, MidHG. vlîȥen, ‘to be zealous, apply oneself, ModHG. befleißen, partic. be-, geflissen. Comp. Du. vlijt, ‘diligence,’ AS. flitan, ‘to emulate, quarrel, contend,’ E. to flite. On the evolution of meaning see Krieg. ‘To emulate’ seems to have been the lit. meaning of the merely West Teut. root flī̆t (Goth. fl- or þl-? — see fliehen). No further references have been discovered.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Fleck

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Fleck | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Fleck, Flecken, m., n., with many senses which are historically the same, ‘spot, stain, patch,’ from MidHG. vlëc, vlëcke, m., ‘piece of stuff, patch, rag, piece of land, place, spot, differently coloured spot, stain, blemish,’ OHG. flëc, flëccho; Du. vlek, f., ‘spot of dirt,’ vlek, n., ‘village’; Goth. *flikka- or *flikkan- (or rather *þl-) is wanting; comp. OIc. flekkr (gen. plur. flekkja), m., ‘a fleck, spot, stain,’ as well as flík, f., ‘rag, piece of stuff.’ Its connection with Scand. flikke, AS. flicce, E. flitch, is dubious. See flicken.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Flederwisch

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Flederwisch | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Flederwisch, m., first occurs in early ModHG. with a reference to flëdern, ‘to flutter.’ In MidHG. once vëderwisch, Du. vederwisch; prop. ‘a goosewing for dusting,’ or rather Flederwisch, ‘whisk for fanning away.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Flieder

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Flieder | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Flieder, m., ‘elder,’ simply ModHG. from. LG.; comp. Du. vlier, ‘elder.’ Earlier forms are not recorded; the word did not originate in either Scand., E., or HG.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Flechte

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Flechte | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Flechte, f., ‘plait, braid (of hair), wattle, lichen,’ from late MidHG. vlëhte, t., ‘plait, lock of hair,’ allied to the following word.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Flegel

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Flegel | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Flegel, m. (Suab. Pflegel), ‘flail, churl,’ from MidHG. vlęgel, OHG. flęgil, m., ‘flail’; comp. Du. vlegel, E. flail; probably from MidLat. flagellum, ‘quo frumentum teritur’ (whence also Fr. fleau, ‘flail’). On account of its meaning it cannot be connected with the Teut. root flah, ‘to flay’ (OIc. flá, ‘to flay’). Yet it may be primit. allied to Lith. plakù, plàkti, ‘to strike,’ Lat. plango, Gr. πλήγνυμι, ‘to strike.’
# An Essay Concerning Human Understanding/Book IV/Chapter IX

1. General propositions that are certain concern not existence. Hitherto we have only considered the essences of things ; which being only abstract ideas, and thereby removed in our thoughts from particular existence, (that being the proper operation of the mind, in abstraction, to consider an idea under no other existence but what it has in the understanding,) gives us no knowledge of real existence at all. Where, by the way, we may take notice, that universal propositions of whose truth or falsehood we can have certain knowledge concern not existence : and further, that all particular affirmations or negations that would not be certain if they were made general, are only concerning existence ; they declaring only the accidental union or separation of ideas in things existing, which, in their abstract natures, have no known necessary union or repugnancy.
2. A threefold knowledge of existence. But, leaving the nature of propositions, and different ways of predication to be considered more at large in another place, let us proceed now to inquire concerning our knowledge of the existence of things, and how we come by it. I say, then, that we have the knowledge of our own existence by intuition ; of the existence of God by demonstration ; and of other things by sensation.
3. Our knowledge of our own existence is intuitive. As for our own existence, we perceive it so plainly and so certainly, that it neither needs nor is capable of any proof. For nothing can be more evident to us than our own existence. I think, I reason, I feel pleasure and pain : can any of these be more evident to me than my own existence ? If I doubt of all other things, that very doubt makes me perceive my own existence, and will not suffer me to doubt of that. For if I know I feel pain, it is evident I have as certain perception of my own existence, as of the existence of the pain I feel : or if I know I doubt, I have as certain perception of the existence of the thing doubting, as of that thought which I call doubt. Experience then convinces us, that we have an intuitive knowledge of our own existence, and an internal infallible perception that we are. In every act of sensation, reasoning, or thinking, we are conscious to ourselves of our own being ; and, in this matter, come not short of the highest degree of certainty.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Häring

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Häring. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Häring, Hering, masculine, ‘herring,’ from the equivalent Middle High German hœ̂rinc (-ges), masculine, Old High German hâring, masculine; compare Dutch haring, Anglo-Saxon hœ̂ring, masculine, English herring; a specifically West Teutonic word (in Old Icelandic sild), whose â (œ̂) is also attested by Frisian dialects and by the Modern High German pronunciation with œ̂. The Old High German, Middle High German, and Middle Dutch variant hęring points to a connection with Old High German hęri, ‘army,’ and thus regards the fish as ‘one that comes in shoals,’ as Heerling, ‘small army.’ Whether the older form hâring (Anglo-Frisian hœ̂ring) is related to these cognates is uncertain. The Teutonic word found its way into Romance (French hareng).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Höcker

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Höcker. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Höcker, masculine, ‘hump,’ from Middle High German hocker, hogger, hoger, masculine, ‘hump, humpback’; a substantive peculiar to High German, formed from an adjective hogga-, ‘hump-backed,’ and based on Old High German hovar, Middle High German hover, ‘humpback,’ Anglo-Saxon hofer (compare Lithuanian kuprà, feminine, ‘humpback, hump’); hogga- represents hubga, Sanscrit kubja (for kubjha?), ‘humpbacked’; compare Greek κυφός, ‘bent, bowed, stooping,’ for κυφφό-ς, kubghás?.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Höker

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Höker. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Höker, see Hocke.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hämmling

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hämmling. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hämmling, Hemmling, masculine, ‘eunuch,’ Modern High German simply, a derivative of Hammel.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Höhe

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Höhe. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Höhe, feminine, ‘height, summit, elevation,’ from Middle High German hœhe, Old High German hôhî, feminine; compare Gothic hauhei, feminine, ‘height.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Höhle

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Höhle. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Höhle, feminine, ‘cavity, cave, burrow,’ from Middle High German hüle, Old High German holî, feminine, ‘excavation, cave’; allied to hohl.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hölle

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hölle. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hölle, feminine, ‘hell,’ from the equivalent Middle High German hęlle, Old High German hęlla, feminine, from hallja; compare Gothic halja, Anglo-Saxon and English hell, Old Saxon hęlla; a common Teutonic term applied by Christianity to ‘hades, infernum’; the Scandinavian hel shows that the earlier word upon which it is based was also used in prehistoric times for a heathen ‘infernum.’ Compare also Old Icelandic Hel, the goddess of the dead. It was possible for Christianity to adopt the old heathen word in all the Teutonic languages; in this case it is quite unnecessary to assume the diffusion of a Gothic or other term (compare Heide). It is usually connected with the root hel, hal, ‘to cover for concealment,’ hence Hölle, ‘the hiding-place.’ See hehlen, Hülle.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hübel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hübel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hübel, masculine, ‘hillock,’ from Middle High German hübel, masculine (compare Dutch heuvel), ‘hill’; perhaps cognate with Lithuanian kùpstas, ‘lump,’ or the same as Middle High German and Upper German bühel (see under biegen).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hüfte

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hüfte. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hüfte, feminine, from the equivalent Middle High German huf (plural hüffe), Old High German huf (plural huffi), feminine, ‘hip’; compare Gothic hŭps (nominative plural hŭpeis), masculine, Anglo-Saxon hype (hop-), masculine and feminine, English hip, and the equivalent Dutch heup, feminine; Teutonic hŭpi-, from pre-Teutonic kŭbi; allied to Greek κύβος, masculine, ‘hollow near the hips’?. Others compare Lithuanian kùmpis, ‘spring or hand of pork’ (allied to Lith kùmpas, ‘crooked’).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hüfthorn

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hüfthorn. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hüfthorn, see Hifthorn.