OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/herrschen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/herrschen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ herrschen, vb., from MidHG. hersen, hêrsen, OHG. hêrisôn, ‘to rule, reign,’ but also hêrrisôn even in OHG., from its association with hêrro, ‘lord’ (for ModHG. sch after r from an older s, comp. Hirsch, Kirsche). The origin of the meaning ‘to rule’ cannot be explained from the posit. hehr, OHG. hêr, ‘august, exalted, venerable, glad,’ but from the originally compar. hêrro, ‘lord.’ Thus OHG. hêrisôn, ‘to be lord and master, dominari,’ is related to hêrro, hêriro, ‘lord,’ as Goth. *hairiza (compar.) is to *hairisôn, vb.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/heucheln

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/heucheln | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ heucheln, vb., ‘to feign, dissemble,’ ModHG. only, prop. a MidG. word (the corresponding UpG. word is gleißnen), allied to an early ModHG. hanchen, ‘to duck, stoop,’ from MidHG. hûchen, ‘to crouch’; comp. the further cognates under hocken. The variation of meaning ‘to stoop, dissemble,’ is exhibited in an OTeut. root lut, AS. lûtan, ‘to bend, bow,’ to which lot, ‘deceit,’ and Goth. liuta, ‘hypocrite,’ are allied.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/hetzen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/hetzen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ hetzen, vb. ‘to infuriate, provoke, chase, hunt,’ from MidHG. and OHG. hętzen, ‘to chase, hunt, incite’; by permutation from *hatjan; comp. Haß. The subst. Hetze, f., is merely a ModHG. formation from the vb.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/heuer

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/heuer | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ heuer, adv., from the equiv. MidHG. hiure, OHG. hiuru, adv., ‘in this year’; derived from hiu jâru (see Jahr), the chief accent being placed on the pron. Respecting hiu see heute, in which the component parts are equally obscure.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/heulen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/heulen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ heulen, vb., ‘to howl, yell, scream,’ from MidHG. hiulen, hiuweln, ‘to howl, cry, OHG. hiuwilôn, hiwilôn, ‘to shout for joy.’ Also allied to OHG. hûwila, hiuwila, MidHG. hiuwel, f., ‘owl’ (as ‘the howling bird’), and hence more remotely to OHG. hûwo, m., ‘owl.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bläuel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Bläuel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bläuel, masculine, ‘beetle, rolling-pin,’ derived from the following word.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Blüte

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Blüte. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Blüte, feminine, ‘blossom, bloom, prime,’ from the plural of the equivalent Middle High German bluot, plural blüete, Old High German bluot, plural bluoti, feminine; Gothic *blôþs, Anglo-Saxon blêd. See blühen, Blume, Blust, Blut, and Blatt.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bocher

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Bocher. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bocher, Jewish, ‘youth, student,’ from Hebrew bachûr, ‘youth.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bocksbeutel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Bocksbeutel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bocksbeutel, masculine, ‘old prejudice,’ first occurs in Modern High German, and connected instinctively by Germans with Bock; it is, however, of Low German origin, bocks- representing bôks (‘of the book’). The women of Hamburg used to carry their hymn-books at their side in a satchel, which they were always fond of wearing. When applied to a sort of bottle, Bocksbeutel has a different origin, and means properly ‘the scrotum of the buck.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Blume

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Blume. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Blume, feminine, ‘blossom, flower,’ from Middle High German bluome, masculine, feminine, Old High German bluoma, feminine (bluomo, masculine); compare Old Saxon blômo, Gothic blôma, Anglo-Saxon blôma, English bloom. -man-is a derivative suffix; the root blô (see blühen) shows that Blume is literally ‘the blooming plant.’ The following are also Teutonic cognates of Blume: — Dutch bloesem (besides bloem), Anglo-Saxon blôstm, blôstma, English blossom; perhaps their s belongs, however, to the root; this is indicated by Middle Dutch blôsen, ‘to bloom,’ which points to the close connection between English blossom and Latin florere for *flôsê-re, flôs (flôr-is for *flôsis). A root bhlô without this s appears in Old Irish bláth, ‘blossom,’ English dialectic blooth, ‘flower.’ See further the following word, also Blüte and Blatt.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bodmerei

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Bodmerei. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bodmerei, feminine, ‘money advanced on the security of the ship's keel or bottom’ (i.e. the ship itself), from Dutch bodmerîe, English bottomry (whence French bomerie).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bock

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Bock. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bock, masculine, ‘buck, he-goat, ram,’ from ​the equivalent Middle High German bock (genitive bockes), Old High German boc, masculine; corresponds to Dutch bok, Anglo-Saxon bucca, English buck, Old Icelandic bukkr and bokkr (Gothic *bukks, *bukka, masculine) Like so many names of animals (compare e.g. Aue, Geiß), Bock too may have descended from primitively Aryan times; comp; Old Irish bocc, from primitively Keltic bucco-. Although it is not quite impossible that the whole Teutonic class was borrowed from Keltic, yet it seems more probable, on account of Armenian buc, ‘lamb,’ and Zend bûza, ‘he-goat’ (Aryan primitive form bhûga), that it was only primitively akin to Keltic French bouc may be derived from Teutonic or Keltic. Another Old Teutonic word (related to Latin caper, Greek κάπρος) is preserved in Modern High German Habergeiß. — Bock, ‘mistake,’ Modern High German only, seems to be a pun due to Modern High German Verstoß, ‘blunder.’ The origin of the phrase einen Bock schießen (‘to commit a blunder’) is not clear; note, however, that eine Lerche schießen is ‘to tall head over heels.’ — Bock (whence French boc), for Bockbier, which first occurs in Modern High German, is an abbrev. of Einbock (now Eimbocker Bier); compare the origin of Thaler.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Blut

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Blut. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Blut, neuter, ‘blood, race,’ from the equivalent Middle High German bluot, Old High German bluot, neuter; it corresponds regularly to Dutch bloed, Anglo-Saxon blôd, English blood. An Old Teutonic word meaning ‘blood,’ which is common to all the dialects; compare Gothic blôþa- (for *blôda-). Pre-Teutonic bhlâto- does not appear in any cognate language with the same meaning. The Aryan languages have no common word for blood. With respect to the Teutonic word, it is still undecided whether it belongs to a root blô, ‘to bloom.’ Compare also English to bleed (for *blodjan). For Blutegel see Igel. Blut- in compounds like blutjung, blutarm, has nothing to do with Blut, but is dialectic with the meaning ‘bare, naked’; Upper German and Low German blutt.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Boden

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Boden. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Boden, masculine, ‘bottom, ground, soil, loft,’ from the equivalent Middle High German boden, bodem, genitive bodemes (the dialectic Modern High German bodem is stil used, compare the proper name Bodmer), Old High German bodam, masculine, which still exists in the cognate dialects and languages. Old High German bodam points, however, not to Gothic *buþma-, but, with a remarkable irregularity, to *budna-, the corresponding Anglo-Saxon botm, English bottom, exhibiting a further irregularity in the dental. Gothic *budna- seems probable, since the non-Teutonic languages of the Aryan stock point to bhudhmen, bhudhnó- as the stem; Greek πυθμήν, ὁ (for *φυθμήν, see bieten), ‘bottom’; Latin fundus (for *fudnus), Sanscrit budhná- (for *bhudhná-, by the same rule as in Greek). It is a primitively Aryan word, with the meaning ‘bottom, ground,’ but is not connected, however, with a strong verb in any Aryan language. — Bodensee obtained its name during the Carolovingian period (formerly Lacus Brigantînus, ‘Lake Constance’) from the imperial palace at Bodema (now Bodmann), which may be the plural of the substantive Boden.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Blust

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Blust. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Blust, masculine (Suabian and Swiss, bluešt, neuter), from the equivalent Middle High German bluost, feminine, ‘blossom'; Gothic *blôs-ts is connected perhaps with the Aryan root bhlôs, ‘to bloom,’ preserved in Anglo-Saxon blôs-tma, Latin flôrere (for *flôsere). See Blume and Blüte.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Dunst

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Dunst. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Dunst, masculine, ‘vapour, fume, mist,’ from Middle High German dunst, tunst, masculine, feminine, ‘steam, vapour,’ Old High German tunist, dunist, dunst, ‘storm, breath’; respecting the Middle German initial d. compare Dust, dunkel. Corresponds to Anglo-Saxon dûst (for *dunst), English dust. Teutonic duns-, for dwuns-, is based upon an Aryan root dhwens, which still appears in Sanscrit dhvans, ‘to fall to dust’ (dhvasti, ‘falling to dust’).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Durst

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Durst. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Durst, masculine, ‘thirst,’ from the equivalent Middle High German and Old High German durst, masculine; compare Middle Low German and Dutch dorst, Anglo-Saxon þyrst, English thirst; Gothic þaurstei, feminine, ‘thirst.’ The final t of the Old High German and English words is a derivative, as may be inferred from Gothic þaúrseiþ mik, ‘I am thirsty.’ The further comparisons made under Darre, dörren, dürr, amply prove that the short form þors, from pre-Teutonic tṛš, signifies ‘to be thirsty’; compare especially Old Indian tṛšṇaj, ‘thirsty,’ tṛšnâ, feminine, ‘thirst,’ tṛš, strong verb (3rd personal singular tṛšyati, Goth þaurseiþ), ‘to pant, be thirsty'; tṛšú-s, ‘panting.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Durchlaucht

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Durchlaucht. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Durchlaucht, ‘Serene Highness,’ simply Modern High German with Middle German vowel au; Middle High German and Middle German durchlûht, participle for Middle High German durchliuhtet, ‘illustrious,’ from durhliuhten, ‘to shine, light through, illuminate.’ See Erlaucht, leuchten.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Döbel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Döbel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Döbel, masculine, ‘peg, wedge,’ from Middle High German tübel. masculine, ‘pin, plug, nail’; Old High German tubilî, neuter, ‘plug’ Compare English dowel, Dutch deuvik, ‘plug.’ The Teutonic root dub, upon which it is based, appears in Swedish dubba; so, too, perbups in Lithuanian dùbti, ‘to get hollow,’ daubà, důbě, ‘pit.’ The d of the Modern High German word is due to Middle German influence.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Düfte

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Düfte. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Düfte, Deute, Tüte, feminine, ‘paper bag, screw’; merely Modern High German from Low German tüte (akin to Dutch tuit, ‘pipe’?); respecting the Low German and Dutch ü sound, see under Büse. In Swabian and Bavarian the terms are gugge, gucken.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Dünkel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Dünkel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Dünkel, masculine, ‘fancy, imagination, arrogance, prejudice,’ simply Modern High German. Related to the verb dünken, from Middle High German dunken (preterite dûhte), ‘to seem, appear to,’ Old High German dunchan (chiefly impersonal with dative), ‘to seem’ (preterite dûhta); Gothic þugkjan, þûhta, mostly impersonal with dative ‘to seem’; Anglo-Saxon þyncan, English to think, which, however, really represents the meanings of Anglo-Saxon þencan, Old High German, Middle High German and Modern High German denken. Dünken appears to have been originally a strong verb, of which denken was perhaps the factitive form. The Teutonic þunk, þank, is based upon an old Aryan root tng, teng, and this, again, appears in Old Latin tongêre, ‘to know’ (compare Prænestine tongitio, ‘notion’). Compare denken, Dank.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Dusel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Dusel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Dusel, masculine, ‘dizziness,’ simply Modern High German, from Low German dusel, ‘giddiness’; a genuine High German word would have had an initial t, as Old High German tusig, ‘foolish,’ shows; the latter corresponds to Anglo-Saxon dysig, ‘foolish,’ English dizzy. To the root dus (dhus) contained in this class, belong Thor, thöricht, with the genuine High German t initially. A different gradation of the same root dus, from Aryan dhus, appears in Anglo-Saxon dwœ̂s, Dutch dwaas, ‘foolish.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Dutzend

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Dutzend. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Dutzend, neuter, ‘dozen,’ from the equivalent late Middle High German totzen, with an excrescent final d (see Jemand, Mond); from French douzaine (compare Italian dozzina), whence also English dozen, Dutch dozijn; ultimately derived from Latin duodecim.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Dust

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Dust. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Dust, masculine, ‘dust, powder,’ simply Modern High German, from Low German dust; corresponds to English dust (but see further Dunst). The final t is probably a derivative; dus, the root, may be the weakest form of an Aryan dhwes; Old Indian dhvas, dhvaṅs, seems to have been always nasalised; it signifies ‘fly about like dust, scatter dust when running swiftly,’ which is in harmony with the meaning of Dust, ‘dust.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Düne

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Düne. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Düne, feminine, ‘down, dune,’ simply Modern High German from the equivalent Low German düne (Old Saxon *dûna), Dutch duin (whence French dune); respecting Modern High German ü from Dutch ui, compare Büse, Süden. Akin to Anglo-Saxon dûn, ‘hill,’ English down (‘plateau’), So too English down, adverb; for Anglo-Saxon adûne, ofdûne, ‘from the mountain, towards the valley,’ corresponds exactly to Middle High German ze tal (compare French à mont, ‘up the stream’). Likewise Greek θύραζε, ‘before the door,’ has the general meaning ‘outside’; Middle High German ze bërge is ‘aloft, upwards’; compare Modern High German die, Haare stehen einem zu Berge, ‘one's hair stands on end.’ The düne group (English down) seems to have spread from English into Dutch and Low German (compare besides Bake, Boot, Prahm). Hence the assumption that Anglo-Saxon dûn is of Keltic origin is not to be discarded — Old Irish dûn, ‘hill’ (compare the Old Keltic names of towns ending in dûnum, Augustodiunum, Lugdunum); though the attempt to show that it is primitively allied to Greek θῖν (nominative θίς), ‘sea-beach,’ and Sanscrit dhánu-s, ‘dry land, continent, inhospitable land,’ cannot be recommended; Anglo-Saxon dûn would be pre-Teutonic dhûnâ (the indubitable form of the cognate word in Indian).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/ob

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/ob | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ ob (1.), prep. and adv., ‘over, above,’ from MidHG. obe, ob, prep. and adv., ‘aloft, above, across,’ so too OHG. oba; comp. AS. ufe-weard, ‘upper.’ ModHG. ob has been retained chiefly in compounds such as Obacht and Obdach. Allied to oben.
ob (2.), conj., ‘whether, if,’ from MidHG. obe, ob, op, conj., ‘if, as if, although, whether,’ so too OHG. oba, with the earlier variant ibu, ‘if, whether’; corresponding to OSax. ef, of (AS. gif, E. if). Goth. ibai, iba, ‘whether then, perhaps, probably, lest perhaps,’ with the corresponding negative nidai, niba, ‘unless.’ The OHG. form is the dat. and instrum. of iba, f., ‘doubt, condition,’ OIc. ife, efe, m., and if, ef, n., ‘doubt.’ Hence the lit. meaning of the conj. is ‘in doubt, on condition.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/nähen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/nähen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ nähen, vb., ‘to sew, stitch,’ from the equiv. MidHG. nœjen, OHG. nâjan; corresponding only to Du. naaijen; Goth. *naian is wanting, neither is the word found in the other Teut. languages. The verbal stem nê contained in nähen was at one time more widely diffused in the Teut. group, as may be inferred from the common Teut. Nadel (nêþlô-); comp. further Naht. In the non-Teut. languages a root nê, ‘to spin,’ is found, which is usually connected with the root of nähen; comp. Lat. neo, Gr. νέω, ‘I spin,’ νῆμα, ‘thread,’ νῆτρον, ‘spindle’; to this is allied a root snâ in OIr. snáthe, ‘thread,’ snâthat, ‘needle’ ​(comp. Schnur). The cognates were probably borrowed in pre-historic times by one tribe from another (comp. mahlen), so that nähen may not be a genuine Teut. word.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/nähren

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/nähren | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ nähren, vb., ‘to nourish, support, foster,’ from MidHG. nęrn, nęrigen, OHG. nęren, nęrian; prop. causative of genesen, hence ‘to cause to recover, make healthy, heal, rescue, keep alive.’ The modern gene is found as early as MidHG. The word corresponds to OSax. nęrian, AS. nęrigan, Goth. nasjan, ‘to rescue.’ The change of s (for z) to West Teut. and Scand. r at the end of the stem in causative vbs. is normal (comp. lehren); allied to OIc. nœ́ra. See nahrhaft and genesen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/oben

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/oben | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ oben, adv., ‘above, aloft,’ from MidHG. obene, OHG. obana, adv., ‘above, from above’; so too OSax. oƀan, oƀana, ‘down from above,’ AS. ufan, ‘from above,’ E. preserved only in ab-ove. Allied to ober.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/oder

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/oder | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ oder, conj., from the equiv. MidHG. oder, OHG. odar, ‘or, else’; the OHG. and MidHG. ordinary form are without r; ​OHG. odo, earlier ëddo, MidHG. ode, od. This abnormal r is, according to some, a compar. suffix; according to others it is simply an suffix due to the influence of OHG. wëdar, MidHG. wëder, ‘neither.’ OHG. ëddo, ëdo, correspond further to Goth. aíþþau, ‘or,’ which is a compound of Goth. iþ, ‘and’ (Lat. et), and þau, ‘or.’ E. or has no connection with this word, since it originated in AS. âhwœþer; Goth. aíþþau is AS. oþþe and ëþþa, ‘or,’ which became obsolete ar an early period.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/nur

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/nur | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ nur, adv., ‘only, simply,’ from MidHG. newœre, OHG. niwâri (OSax. ne wâri); lit. ‘it would not be, if it were not.’ MidHG. and the ModHG. dials. have numerous intermediate forms between n-wœre and ModHG. nur, espec. nœ̂r, neur, niur, nuor. For the negative ne see nicht.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/nütze

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/nütze | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ nütze, adj., ‘useful,’ from MidHG. nütze, OHG. nuzzi, adj., ‘profitable’; Goth. un-nuts, ‘useless’; comp. AS. nytt, ‘useful.’ Allied to genießen, where other derivatives and cognates of the str. vb. are adduced.