OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, William (1626?-1694)

Work attributed by Fenwick to Thomas Seccombe
​HOWARD, WILLIAM, third Lord Howard of Escrick (1626?–1694), second son of Edward, first lord [q. v.], matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in 1646, and afterwards went to an inn of court (Clarendon, iii. 634). In 1653 he was a soldier in Cromwell's life-guards, and a ‘great preacher’ of the anabaptists (Thurloe, v. 393), but his views were republican, and he took part in the plots of 1655-6 (Clarendon, iii. 634). Committed to the Fleet in 1657, he successfully petitioned Richard Cromwell for release in 1658 (Addit. MS. 5716, f. 15). In 1660 Hyde described him as anxious to serve the king, likely to be useful among the sectaries, and surprisingly well acquainted with recent royalist negotiations (Clar. State Papers, iii. 658). He sat for Winchelsea in the convention parliament, but in 1674 was discovered in secret correspondence with Holland, spent several months in the Tower, and was only set free on making a full confession (Letters to Sir J. Williamson, Camd. Soc. ii. 31). Succeeding his brother as Lord Howard in 1678, he sat on the lords' committees which credited Oates's information, and furthered the trial of his kinsman, Lord Stafford. In 1681 he was again sent to the Tower on the false charge preferred by Edward Fitzharris [q. v.] of writing the ‘True Englishman.’ Algernon Sidney's influence procured his release (February 1682) and his admission to the counsels of the opposition. He was arrested on the first rumours of the Rye House plot, and, turning informer at Russell's trial (July 1683), gave accounts of meetings at Hampden's and Russell's houses, which mainly led to Russell's conviction. His evidence similarly ruined Sidney (Evelyn, ii. 190). He was pardoned, and died in obscurity at York in April 1694. Howard was very keen-witted (Clarendon), and ‘a man of pleasant conversation,’ but ‘railed indecently,’ says Burnet, ‘both at the king and clergy.’ By his wife Frances, daughter of Sir James, and niece of Sir Orlando Bridgman, he had six children, including Charles, fourth baron, on whose death in 1715 the title became extinct.
[Masters's Corpus Christi Coll. Cambridge; Causton's Howard Papers, pp. 656-8; Dalrymple's Memoirs, i. 19, 25; Wiffen's Russell Memoirs; Grey's Rye House Plot, 1685; Lingard's Hist. x. 33; Luttrell's Relation; Burnet's History; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. xii. 109.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, William (d.1308)

​HOWARD, Sir WILLIAM (d. 1308), judge, was perhaps the son of John Howard of Wiggenhall, Norfolk (living 1260), by Lucy, daughter of John Germund. The family, which was probably of Saxon origin, belonged to the class of smaller gentry, and was settled in the neighbourhood of Lynn, Norfolk. The name Howard, Haward, or Hayward, is said to have been compounded of haye (hedge) and ward (warden), and to have denoted originally an officer whose principal duty it was to prevent trespass on pasture-land. Howard was counsel to the corporation of Lynn, and appears as justice of assize for the northern counties in 1293, and was in the following year commissioner of sewers for the north-west of Norfolk. He was summoned to parliament as a justice in 1295, and on 11 Oct. 1297 was appointed a justice of the common pleas. In the following year he purchased Grancourt's manor, East Winch, near Lynn, where he had his principal seat. In 1305, and again in 1307, he was one of the commissioners of trailbaston. He must have died or retired in the summer or autumn of 1308, the patent of his successor, Henry le Scrope, being dated 27 Nov. in that year. In or about the reign of Henry VII a figure of him kneeling in his robes with the legend 'Pray for the soul of William Howard, chief justice of England,' was inserted in one of the stained-glass windows in the church of Long Melford, Suffolk. He does not seem, however, to have held the office of chief justice (Dugdale, Orig. 44, Chron. Ser. 34). Howard married, first, Alice, daughter of Sir Robert Ufford, ancestor of the first earls of Suffolk; secondly, Alice, daughter of Sir Edmund de Fitton of Fitton in Wiggenhall St. Germains, Norfolk. By his first wife he had no issue; by the second two sons, Sir John and Sir William. By the marriage of Sir Robert Howard, a lineal descendant of Sir John, with Margaret, daughter and coheir to Thomas de Mowbray, duke of Norfolk, part of the estates of the duchy passed to their son, Sir John, first duke of Norfolk of the Howard family [q. v.]
[Henry Howard's Memorials of the Howard Family, 1834, App. i.; Ellis's Letters of Eminent Literary Men (Camden Soc.), 115; Cal. Inq. post mortem, i. 171; Promptorium Parvulorum (Camden Soc.); Blomefield's Norfolk, ed. Parkin, ix. 190 et seq.; Genealogist, ed. Marshall, ii. 337 et seq.; Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 265; Dugdale's Chron. Ser. pp. 31, 33; Parl. Writs, i. 29 (3); Madox's Exch. ii. 91; Rot. Parl. i. 178, 218; Collins's Peerage, ed.Brydges, i. 51 et seq.; Foss's Lives of the Judges.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard de Walden (Ellis)

​HOWARD de Walden, Lord (1799–1868), diplomatist. [See Ellis, Charles Augustus.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, Walter

1904 Errata appended.
​HOWARD, WALTER (1759–1830?), called the 'Heir of Poverty,' born on 19 May 1759, was son of William Howard, by Catherine Titcombe of St. Helier, Jersey, and grandson of Charles Francis Howard of Overacres, and lord of Redesdale, Northumberland. His father claimed kinship with the ducal family of Norfolk; in 1750 he sold Overacres, the seigniories of Redesdale and Harbottle, and the advowson of Elsdon, Northumberland, to the Earl of Northumberland, and thenceforward appears to have been supported by Edward Howard, duke of Norfolk (1686-1777) [q.v.] Walter was sent by the duke to the college at St. Omer, but, being a ​protestant, he was soon withdrawn. In 1773 he was placed with a wine merchant at Oporto. In 1777 his father and the duke died. He returned to England, and found that Duke Edward had bequeathed him an annuity of 45l. The new duke, Charles (1720–1786) [q.v.],became his friend, and continued the allowance previously made to his father. In 1793 he was much embarrassed by debts. The eleventh duke, Charles (1746–1815) [q. v.], seems to have satisfied himself from a pedigree in the College of Arms that Howard's claims to kinship with him were fictitious. On 21 Dec. 1795 Howard was released from a debtor's prison, and by the duke's steward established at Ewood, Surrey, on a small property. The duke ordered him to be called ‘Mr. Smith.’ When he went to London to complain of this grievance, the duke refused to see him, and would not allow him to resume occupation of Ewood. Howard now devoted himself to correct the College of Arms pedigree of the ducal family, and to regain the Ewood property. He wrote to the lord chancellor, and tried to address the court of chancery in July 1809, and even attempted to address the House of Lords. Thomas Christopher Banks [q. v.] wrote a foolish pamphlet in his support, and drew up for him a petition to the king. Howard presented a petition to the prince regent on 25 April 1812, and waylaid the prince in Pall Mall on 12 May, for which he apologised in another letter. He was taken into custody on presenting himself at Norfolk House, and, after examination before a magistrate, was committed to prison. He obtained some allowance from the twelfth duke, Bernard Edward (1765-1842) [q. v.], and is believed to have died in 1830 or 1831. By his wife, Miss Jane Martin of Gateside, Westmoreland, he left no issue.
[Howard Papers, edited by H. K. S. Causton (1867), chiefly compiled from papers presented to the author by Howard's widow out of gratitude for the interest manifested by Mr. Causton and his father in her husband's case.]
G. G.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.161 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trail, Walter

​TRAIL, WALTER (d. 1401), bishop of St. Andrews, belonged to the family of Trail of Blebo, Fifeshire. He was educated and graduated with distinction at the university of Paris, and afterwards became doctor of civil and of canon law. In the ‘Calendar of Petitions to the Pope,’ 1342–1419, he is referred to in 1365 as Walter Trayle of the diocese of Aberdeen, holding a benefice in the gift of the abbot and monastery of Aberbrothoc, and frequently afterwards as receiving church appointments in Scotland. He spent several years at Avignon as referendarius from Scotland at the court of Clement VII, and was there in 1385 when the see of St. Andrews fell vacant. He at once was appointed to the bishopric by the pope, who said that ‘he was more worthy to be a pope than a bishop, and that the place was better provided for than the person.’ In 1390 he assisted at the funeral of Robert II at Scone, and crowned Robert III, under whose feeble reign he exercised a great influence on the affairs of the country. In the following year he was sent as ambassador to France to effect a treaty between France, England, and Scotland, when a year was spent in fruitless negotiations. The ‘Wolf of Badenoch’ [see Stewart, Alexander, Earl of Buchan], who had been excommunicated for destroying Elgin Cathedral in 1390, was absolved by Bishop Trail in the Black Friars' Church, Perth (Registrum Moraviense, pp. 353, 381). In 1398, when the king made his brother Robert Stewart Duke of Albany [q. v.] and his son David Stewart Duke of Rothsay [q. v.]—the first dukedoms conferred in Scotland—Trail preached and celebrated. He died in 1401 in the castle of St. Andrews, which he had built or repaired, and was buried in the cathedral in a tomb which he had erected for himself. On his monument was the following inscription:
Hic fuit ecclesiæ directa columna, fenestra Lucida, thuribulum redolens, campana sonora.
Trail receives a high character from Fordun and Wynton, and ‘was of such excellent worth that even Buchanan speaks in his praise.’
[Fordun's Chron.; Wynton's Chron.; Cal. of Petitions to the Pope, 1342–1419; Cal. Doc. relating to Scotland; Exchequer Rolls of Scotland; Book of Procurat. of English Nat. at the Univ. of Paris; Keith's Scottish Bishops; Lyon's St. Andrews.]
G. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trahaearn ap Caradog

​TRAHAEARN ap CARADOG (d. 1081), Welsh prince, was, according to the heralds (Lewis Dwnn, i. 266; History of Powys Fadog, i. 72), the son of Caradog ap Gwyn ap Collwyn. Originally lord of Arwystli (the region around Llanidloes), he became in 1075, on the death of his cousin Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, ruler of the greater part of North Wales. His claim was at once contested by Gruffydd ab Cynan [q. v.], representing the old line of Gwynedd, who defeated Trahaearn at Gwaeterw in the region of Meirionydd, but was himself worsted at Bron yr Erw later in the year and forced to return to Ireland. In 1078 Trahaearn defeated at ‘Pwllgudic’ Rhys ab Owain (d. 1078?) [q. v.] of South Wales, who was soon afterwards slain. His power brought about a coalition between Gruffydd ap Cynan and Rhys ap Tewdwr, who in 1081 led a joint expedition against him from St. David's, and defeated him and his allies at Mynydd Carn (South Cardiganshire), in which Trahaearn fell. The battle is commemorated in a poem by Meilyr Brydydd (in ‘Myvyrian Archaiology,’ 2nd edit. p. 142). Robert of Rhuddlan's epitaph attributed to him a victory over ‘Trehellum’ (Ord. Vit., viii. 3). Trahaearn left four sons, of whom Meurig and Griffri were slain in 1106. Llywarch became lord of Arwystli, and died about 1128, and Owain was grandfather of the Hywel ab Ieuaf who ruled the district in Henry II's reign.
J. E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Traherne, John Montgomery

​TRAHERNE, JOHN MONTGOMERY (1788–1860), antiquary, born on 5 Oct. 1788, was the eldest son of Llewelyn Traherne of Coedriglan, St. George's-super-Ely, Glamorganshire, by Charlotte, daughter of John Edmondes. The Trahernes traced descent on the female side, through the Herberts of Swansea (progenitors of the earls of Pembroke and Powis), from Einion ap Collwyn.
Traherne matriculated from Oriel College, Oxford, on 11 Dec. 1806, proceeding B.A. in 1810 and M.A. in 1813. He was ordained deacon in 1812 and priest in 1813, and on 21 March 1844 was installed chancellor of Llandaff, an appointment which he retained until 1851.
He was one of the chief authorities of his time on the genealogies and archæology of Glamorganshire. In 1840 he edited ‘The Stradling Correspondence: a Series of Letters written in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, with Notices of the Family of Stradling of St. Donat's Castle’ (London, 8vo). The bulk of the letters in this collection were addressed to Sir Edward Stradling [q. v.]
Besides contributions to archæological journals, Traherne's assistance was frequently acknowledged by other workers in the same field (cf. Dillwyn, Swansea; Francis, Neath). He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society on 21 Dec. 1813, of the Geological Society in 1817, of the Royal Society on 29 May 1823, and of the Society of Antiquaries on 15 Feb. 1838. He was also an honorary member of the Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and of the Society of Antiquaries, Copenhagen.
Traherne died, without issue, on 5 Feb. 1860 at Coedriglan, where he had resided throughout his life, and was buried at St. Hilary, near Cowbridge, Glamorganshire. He married, on 23 April 1830, Charlotte Louisa, third daughter of Thomas Mansel Talbot of Margam, who survived him.
Besides the work mentioned, Traherne published: 1. ‘Lists of Knights of the Shire for Glamorgan and of Members for the Boroughs,’ 1822, 12mo. 2. ‘Abstract of Pamphlets relative to Cardiff Castle in the Reign of Charles I,’ 1822, 12mo. 3. ‘Historical Notices of Sir Matthew Cradock, Knt., of Swansea, in the Reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII,’ Llandovery, 1840, 8vo. Traherne's collections of manuscripts passed on his death to his friend Sir Thomas Phillipps [q. v.], and are now at the free library, Cardiff.
D. Ll. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Traill, Thomas Stewart

​TRAILL, THOMAS STEWART (1781–1862), professor of medical jurisprudence, son of Thomas Traill (d. 1782) and his wife Lucia, was born at Kirkwall in Orkney, of which place his father was minister, on 29 Oct. 1781. He graduated in medicine in the university of Edinburgh in 1802, where he was a fellow student of Lord Brougham and Sir David Brewster. He settled in Liverpool in 1803, and continued in practice there till 1832, when he was appointed to the chair of medical jurisprudence in the Edinburgh University. He was admitted a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh on 7 May 1833, and became its president on 2 Dec. 1852. He died at Edinburgh on 30 July 1862. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1819.
Traill took great pleasure in lecturing, and delivered many lectures in Liverpool, where he was prime mover in founding the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, of which he was the first secretary, and assisted in establishing the Royal Institution and the Liverpool Mechanics' Institution. He had a very tenacious memory, but trusted too much to it. He was editor of the eighth edition of the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ to which he contributed many articles, but much of the work, owing to his ill-health, was edited by Adam Black. He wrote:
* ‘De usu aquæ frigidæ in typho externo,’ Edinburgh, 1802, 8vo.
* ‘Outlines of a Course of Lectures on Medical Jurisprudence,’ Edinburgh, 1836, 12mo; 2nd edit. 1840, and Philadelphia, 1841; 3rd edit. 1857.
He contributed a ‘List of Animals met with on the Eastern Coast of West Greenland’ to Scoresby's ‘Journal of a Voyage to the Northern Whale Fishery,’ furnished an article on the ‘Thermometer and Pyrometer’ to the ‘Library of Useful Knowledge,’ section ‘Natural Philosophy’ (vol. ii. 1832), and published a translation of Schlegel's ‘Essay on the Physiognomy of Serpents,’ London, 1844, 8vo. He also contributed nearly seventy papers on various scientific subjects to different journals between 1805 and 1862.
[Gent. Mag. 1862, ii. 372; Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, v. 30; Proc. Liverpool Lit. and Phil. Soc. xvii. 3; Hist. Sketch Royal Coll. Physicians, Edinburgh; Hew Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scot.; British Museum Cat.; Index Cat. Surgeon-General United States Army; Royal Soc. Cat.]
B. B. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lyon, Hart

​LYON, HART (more correctly Hirsch Löbel or Lewin) (1721–1800), chief rabbi, born at Resha, Poland, in 1721, was son of Rabbi Arjeh Löb (1690–1755), by his wife, a daughter of Rabbi Lewi Ashkenasi, called Chacham Lewi. His father, a well-known Jewish theologian, was rabbi successively of Resha, Glogau, and Amsterdam. At an early age the son distinguished himself by his knowledge of rabbinical literature, and wrote in 1751 with much vigour against Rabbi Jonathan Eybeschütz, who was regarded as an adherent of the Polish Pseudo-Messiah, Sabbathai Zewi. After the death of Aaron Hart [q. v.] in 1756 he was elected chief rabbi of the London congregation of German and Polish Jews, and assumed office in the next year. He was known in this country as Hart Lyon. In 1760 there was published at Altona a Hebrew work by Jacob Kimchi, entitled ‘Shaalah-u-Theshouvah,’ in which the officers of Lyon's synagogue entrusted with the duty of superintending the slaughter of animals by Jewish butchers were charged with neglecting the strict scriptural law. Lyon defended the orthodoxy of his officers, but the wardens of his synagogue refused him permission to make a public reply to Kimchi's charges. Lyon consequently resigned his post in 1763, and accepted an offer of the rabbinate of Halberstadt. He was afterwards called to Mannheim, and ultimately to Berlin, where he was the friend of Moses Mendelssohn, and where he died in 1800. He was both learned and witty. His name figures with that of his father and his son in ‘The Memorial of the Dead,’ which still forms part of the ritual of the chief London synagogue. A manuscript containing the commentary of Gersonides (Ralbag) on Averroes, which Mendelssohn gave him in 1773, is preserved in the London Beth Hammidrash (Neubauer, Cat. No. 43), together with three manuscript volumes of rabbinical ‘Responsa’ by himself (ib. Nos. 24–6). A portrait by Turner was engraved by Fisher.
The son, called Rabbi Saul Berlin (d. 1790), published at Berlin ‘Mizpah yokteel,’ an attack on a learned Talmudical work by Rabbi Raphael Cohen, and a collection of rabbinical ‘Responsa,’ which he falsely pretended to print from the manuscript of an early rabbi, Asher ben Jechiel. The fraud caused him to leave Berlin for London, where he died 19 June 1790 (Steinschneider, Catalogue, p. 2505).
[Dr. H. Adler on the Chief Rabbis of England, in Papers read at the Anglo-Jewish Exhibition (1887), pp. 278, 280–4; Landshuth's Berliner Rabbiner; Graetz's Geschichte der Juden, xi. 45 sq.; Carmoly's Revue Orientale, iii. 219; Auerbach's Geschichte der Israelit. Gemeinde Halberstadt, pp. 89 sq.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lyon, John (1702-1790)

​LYON, JOHN (1702–1790), antiquary, was born in 1702. He was elected scholar of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1727, graduated B.A. in 1729, M.A. in 1732, and accumulated his degrees in divinity on 22 Oct. 1751 (Dublin Graduates, as ‘Lyons’). On 2 Aug. 1740 he became minor canon of St. Patrick's, Dublin (Cotton, Fasti, ii. 199). He was made prebendary of Rathmichael in the same cathedral on 12 April 1751 (ib. ii. 172), of Ta-sagart on 15 Nov. 1771 (ib. ii. 163), and ​of Malahidert on 23 June 1787 (ib. ii. 155). In 1764 he was elected curate of St. Bride, Dublin, and subsequently obtained the rectory of Killeshill, co. Tyrone (Nichols, Illustr. of Lit. vii. 778). He was buried in St. Patrick's Cathedral on 12 June 1790; his wife was buried there on 24 Feb. 1790.
Lyon, although he never published anything, was reputed a learned ecclesiologist. ‘There is no one,’ says Monck Mason, ‘to whom the Irish antiquarian is more indebted; to his diligence we chiefly owe the preservation of whatever remains of the ecclesiastical antiquities of Dublin.’ For several years he was engaged, under the auspices of Swift, in investigating the antiquities of St. Patrick's, and received several grants of money for the prosecution of his researches. Swift in his last illness was confided to Lyon's care. Some manuscripts of Swift which remained in his hands were communicated to Sir Walter Scott by his nephew, Thomas Steele (ib. v. 397). He also left valuable manuscript remarks upon Hawkesworth's ‘Life of Swift,’ which have proved of the greatest use to succeeding biographers.
[Mason's St. Patrick's Cathedral, pp. 407–9 and note A, p. lxiii; Scott's Swift, 1824, i. 46, 451.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lynn, Walter

​LYNN, WALTER (1677–1763), medical writer and inventor, born at Southwick House, near Oundle, Northamptonshire, in 1677, was younger brother of George Lynn ​the elder [q. v.] He graduated B.A. from Peterhouse, Cambridge, in 1698, and took the degree of M.B. in 1704. In 1712 he was elected a member of the Gentleman's Society at Spalding, and his name appears among the ‘extra regular members’ in the account of the society in ‘Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica,’ vol. iii. He is there described as ‘performer in music and author.’ In 1714 he published an ‘Essay towards a more easie and safe Method of Cure in the Small Pox.’ In 1715 he printed ‘Some Reflections upon the Modern Practisers of Physick in relation to the Small Pox.’ A satire entitled ‘Nyktopsia, or the Use and Abuse of Snuffers,’ 1726, is also attributed to him (Watt). The preface is signed ‘W. L.,’ and the name in full is written in a contemporary hand in the British Museum copy. But Lynn's chief claim to remembrance is his relation with the steam-engine. In 1726 he printed ‘The Case of Walter Lynn, M.B., in relation to divers Undertakings of his, particularly for the Improvement of an Engine to raise Water by Fire, &c.’ He states that he intended to present a petition to parliament for a reward, but the journals do not contain any record of it. The ‘Case,’ which gives some personal details, does not disclose the nature of his improvements in the steam-engine. He states that his invention had been submitted to ‘Sir Isaac Newton, Sir Christopher Wren, Mr. Wren, Brook Taylor, and since then to a noble peer, who has seen and observed things well both at home and abroad.’ At the end of the ‘Case’ there is a certificate signed by Sir Christopher Wren and his son, and by Brook Taylor, stating that they had examined Lynn's proposals, and believed them worthy of encouragement. Lynn died in March 1763, aged 85, and was buried at Grantham on 19 March.
[The Case is printed in full in Notes and Queries, 7th ser. vii. 241, from an apparently unique copy in the possession of Mr. W. E. A. Axon. See also the Genealogist, vol. i.; Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, vi. 72.]
R. B. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lyon, Agnes

​LYON, Mrs. AGNES (1762–1840), Scottish poetess, eldest daughter of John Ramsay L'Amy of Dunkenny, Forfarshire, was born at Dundee early in 1762. In 1786 she became the wife of the Rev. Dr. James Lyon of Glamis, Forfarshire, and died 14 Sept. 1840. She was a woman of some talent and fancy, and wrote poetry, filling four manuscript volumes, which she directed at her death to remain unprinted, unless the family needed pecuniary assistance. The song beginning ‘You've surely heard of famous Niel,’ by which she is solely remembered, was written at the request of Niel Gow [q. v.] for his air, ‘Farewell to whisky.’ In some collections it is very incorrectly printed; in Dr. Rogers's ‘Scottish Minstrel’ it is given from the original manuscript. It is of no great merit, and only survives because of its subject and the air to which it is set.
[Scottish Minstrel, as above; Drummond's Perthshire in Bygone Days.]
J. C. H.