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# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Adams, Ezra Eastman

Edition of 1900.
​ADAMS, Ezra Eastman, author, b. in Concord, N. H., 29 Aug., 1813; d. in Oxford, Pa., 3 Nov., 1871. He was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1836, and in 1840 became chaplain to the seamen at Havre, France. After ten years of assiduous labor, he made an extensive tour in Europe, and then re- turned to America. In 1854 he became pastor of the Pearl st. Congregational church in Nashua, N. H., whence in 1860 he went to Philadelphia and entered the service of the foreign evangelical so- ciety. Soon afterward he took charge of an enter- prise that developed into the Broad st. church of that city. From 1867 till his death he was pro- fessor of theology in Lincoln university, near Ox- ford, Pa., and in 1870 he began editorial work on the " Presbyterian." He wrote poems of merit.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Adams, Hannah

* related authors: Hannah Adams.
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Edition of 1900.
​ADAMS, Hannah, author, b. in Medfield, Mass., in 1755; d. in Brookline, 15 Nov., 1832. She was the first woman in America who made literature a profession. Showing at an early age a fondness for study, she acquired a fair knowledge of Greek and Latin from divinity students boarding with her father, who was himself a man of literary tastes. He became bankrupt when she was in her seventeenth year, and she and her brothers and sisters were obliged to provide for themselves. During the war of the revolution she supported herself by making lace, and afterward by teaching. She was a woman of varied learning and indomitable perseverance. Her principal work was a “View of Religious Opinions” (1784), in which she gave a comprehensive survey of the various religions of the world. It was divided into: 1. An Alphabetical Compendium of the Denominations among Christians; 2. A Brief Account of Paganism, Mohammedanism, Judaism, and Deism; 3. An Account of the Different Religions of the World. The work passed through several editions, and was reprinted in England. In the fourth edition she changed the title to “Dictionary of Religions.” She wrote also a “History of New England” (1799) and “Evidences of Christianity” (1801). Her writings brought her little pecuniary profit, yet they secured her many friends, among them the Abbé Grégoire, with whom she carried on an extensive correspondence, and also received his aid in preparing her “History of the Jews” (1812). In 1814 she published a “Controversy with Dr. Morse,” and in 1826 “Letters on the Gospels.” She was simple in her manners and of rare modesty. A voyage from Boston to Nahant, about ten miles, was her only journey by water, and a trip to Chelmsford her farthest by land. During the closing years of her life she enjoyed an annuity provided by friends in Boston, and at her death was buried in Mount Auburn, the first person whose body was placed in that cemetery. Her autobiography, edited with additions by Mrs. Hannah F. Lee, was published in Boston in 1832.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Adams, Henry A.

Edition of 1900.
​ADAMS, Henry A., Jr., naval officer, b. in Pennsylvania in 1833. He entered the naval school at Annapolis in 1849, and was graduated in 1851; became a passed midshipman in 1854, and a master the following year, when, while attached to the sloop of war “Levant,” he took part in the engagement with the forts at the mouth of Canton river, China. He was commissioned as lieutenant in 1856, and was on the “Brooklyn” at the passage of forts St. Philip and Jackson, and the capture of New Orleans in April, 1862. Commissioned as lieutenant-commander and transferred to the North Atlantic blockading squadron, he participated in both the attacks on Fort Fisher, and received the encomium from Admiral Porter in his official despatch of 28 Jan., 1865, “I recommend the promotion of Lieut.-Com. H. A. Adams, without whose aid we should have been brought to a standstill more than once. He volunteered for anything and everything.” After the taking of Richmond he was one of the party that accompanied President Lincoln on his entry into the city. He was commissioned as commander in July, 1866, and was ordered to the store-ship “Guard,” of the European squadron, where he remained during 1868-'9, and was afterward assigned to duty in 1870 in the navy-yard at Philadelphia.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Adams, Herbert Baxter

Edition of 1900.
​ADAMS, Herbert Baxter, educator, b. in Amherst, Mass., 16 April, 1850. His early training ​was in the Amherst schools and in Phillips Exeter academy. He was graduated at Amherst in 1872, and received the degree of Ph. D. at Heidelberg, Germany, in 1876. He was fellow in history in Johns Hopkins university from 1876 to 1878, associate from 1878 to 1883, and was appointed associate professor in 1883. He has been secretary of the American historical association since its foundation in 1884. In 1873 he went to Europe and devoted three years to travel and study. His principal writings are “The Germanic Origin of the New England Towns”; “Saxon Tithing-Men in America”; “Norman Constables in America”: “Village Communities”; “Methods of Historical Study,” and “Maryland's Influence upon Land Cessions to the United States.” All these papers are published in the “Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science,” edited by Prof. Adams, 4 vols. (Baltimore, 1883-'86).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Adams, Isaac

Edition of 1900.
​ADAMS, Isaac, inventor, b. in Rochester, N. H., in 1803; d. in Sandwich, N. H., 19 July, 1883. His education was limited. At an early age he was a factory operative, and afterward learned the trade of cabinet maker, but in 1824 went to Boston and sought work in a machine shop. In 1828 he invented the printing-press that bears his name. It was introduced in 1830, and came into almost universal use, being still so popular as to warrant its manufacture in more than thirty different sizes. He improved it in 1834, making it substantially what it now is. The distinctive feature of his presses is that the impression is given by lifting a flat bed with its form against a stationary platen. The sheets are fed by hand. He engaged with his brother Seth in the manufacture of these and other machines, and acquired a competency. He was a member of the Massachusetts senate in 1840. His last years were spent in retirement.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Adams, Eliphalet

Edition of 1900.
​ADAMS, Eliphalet, clergyman, b. in Dedham, Mass., 26 March, 1677; d. in New London, Conn., 4 Oct., 1753. He was the son of Rev. William Adams, the second minister of Dedham, Mass., was graduated at Harvard college in 1694, preached in various places without settlement for ten years, and in 1709 was ordained a Congregational minister in New London, Conn. He was a man of learning, and was an eminent Hebraist. A diary kept by him for several years is preserved in the "Massachusetts Historical Collection," iv, 1. Having become interested in the welfare of the Lidians in the region, he acquired their language. As a preacher he was popular, and various of his sermons were delivered before bodies educational and political. Many of them were published, the principal ones being, one on the death of Rev. James Noyes, of Stonington, 1706; election sermons, 1710 and 1713; a discourse occasioned by a storm, 1717; Thanksgiving sermon, 1721; on the death of Gov. Saltonstail, 1724; on the ordination of Rev. William Gager, 1725; on the ordination of Thos. Clap, 1726, and a discourse before young men, 1727.
# Anderson v. Shipowners' Association of Pacific Coast

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
272 U.S. 359
Anderson v. Shipowners' Association of Pacific Coast
Argued: Oct. 28, 29, 1926. --- Decided: Nov 22, 1926
Mr. H. W. Hutton, of San Francisco, Cal., for petitioner.
Mr. C. F. Eldridge, of San Francisco, Cal., for respondents.
Mr. Justice SUTHERLAND delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Anderson v. St. Louis Coke & Iron Corporation/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
296 U.S. 656
Anderson v. St. Louis Coke & Iron Corporation
For opinion below, see 79 F.(2d) 336.
Petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit denied.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Anderson v. Philadelphia Warehouse Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
111 U.S. 479
Anderson v. Philadelphia Warehouse Company
Preston K. Erdman and Edward Harvey, for plaintiff in error.
R. C. McMurtree and Geo. Junkin, for defendant in error.
WAITE, C. J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Anderson v. Santa Anna

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
116 U.S. 356
Anderson v. Santa Anna
Argued: January 4, 1886. ---
Mr. Justice HARLAN, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Anderson v. St. Louis Coke & Iron Corporation

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
296 U.S. 656
Anderson v. St. Louis Coke & Iron Corporation
Mr. Ford W. Thompson, of St. Louis, Mo., for petitioners.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Anderson v. Smith/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
226 U.S. 439
Anderson v. Smith
Argued: December 17, 1912. --- Decided: January 6, 1913
Charles P. Anderson was one of several workmen engaged in tearing down an old building in Georgetown in the District of Columbia. The building had been demolished as far as the first floor, and it became necessary to take down a large door frame. While Anderson was engaged with others in that work the frame fell upon him and caused injuries from which he died. An administratrix was appointed and brought this action against the employer of Anderson to recover damages, basing the right of action upon alleged negligence in failing 'to provide a reasonably fit, proper, and safe place' for Anderson to work, and also in failing 'to furnish reasonably fit and proper machinery, reasonably adequate and sufficient tackle or implements, or a reasonably safe and proper number of men for the removal of such door frame.' At the trial, on the close of the evidence for the plaintiff, the court, being of opinion that there was an utter failure of the proof to sustain the allegations of negligence, directed the jury to return a verdict for the defendant, and the judgment entered on the verdict was affirmed by the court of appeals of the District. (35 App. D. C. 93). This writ of error was then prosecuted.
Without attempting to state the evidence, we think there is no room whatever for the contention that the court below erred in affirming the action of the trial court in taking the case from the jury. We say this because, adopting the view most favorable to the plaintiff of the evidence, it affords not even a shadow of ground for concluding that the injury suffered was caused by the failure of the master to perform the positive duty resting on him to exercise reasonable care to provide a safe place for the work or proper appliances.
Affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Anderson v. Smith

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
226 U.S. 439
Anderson v. Smith
Argued: December 17, 1912. --- Decided: January 6, 1913
Messrs. Leonard J. Mather and John Doyle Carmody for plaintiff in error.
Messrs. H. Prescott Gatley, Samuel Maddox, and Barry Mohun for defendant in error.
Memorandum opinion, by direction of the court, by Mr. Chief Justice White:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Grover, Lafayette

Edition of 1892.
​GROVER, Lafayette, governor of Oregon, b. in Bethel, Oxford co., Me., in 1823. He was educated at Bowdoin college, and afterward studied law in Philadelphia, where he was admitted to the bar in 1850. He soon after settled in Salem, Oregon. He was elected prosecuting attorney of the territory in 1851, and in 1853 auditor of public accounts. He also served three terms in the territorial legislature, saw some service in the Indian wars of Oregon, and in 1854 was appointed a commissioner to adjust the claims of citizens against the United States. Two years later he became one of the commissioners to investigate claims arising out of the Indian war of 1855-'6. In 1857 he was an active member of the convention that framed the constitution of the state, and was elected, as a Democrat, its first representative in congress, taking his seat in February, 1859. He subsequently resumed the practice of law, but from 1867 till 1870 was engaged in the milling business. He was chairman of the state central Democratic committee, was elected governor of the state in 1876, and re-elected in 1874 for the term ending September, 1878. Gov. Grover resigned his office, 1 Feb., 1877, having been elected to the U. S. senate to succeed James K. Kelly, and took his seat, 8 March, 1877. He was succeeded in 1883 by Joseph N. Dolph. In 1876 Gov. Grover refused to issue a certificate of election as presidential elector to Dr. J. W. Watts, Republican, and gave it instead to E. A. Cronin, Democrat, who had received the next highest number of votes, on the ground that the former had held the office of postmaster when he was chosen. On 19 Dec. the governor published an elaborate argument in defence of his action, but it was annulled by the electoral commission, who decided that Watts's ineligibility merely created a vacancy in the electoral college, which the other members from Oregon were empowered to fill.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Gutheim, James Koppel

Edition of 1892.
​GUTHEIM, James Koppel, clergyman, b. in Menne, Westphalia, 15 Nov., 1817; d. in New Orleans, La., 11 May, 1886. He came to the United States in 1843, and was called as minister of a Cincinnati synagogue in 1846. In 1850 he assumed charge of a synagogue in New Orleans; but in 1863, refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the Union, he left New Orleans, and preached in Montgomery, Ala., and Columbus, Ga. At the close of the civil war he returned to New Orleans and was called to the New York Temple Emanuel in 1868. In 1872 he became minister of the New Orleans Temple Sinai, where he preached until his death. He took much interest in educational and charitable work, and was at one time president of the New Orleans board of education. The state senate adjourned on the day of his funeral.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Grover, Cuvier

Edition of 1892.
​GROVER, Cuvier, soldier, b. in Bethel, Me., 24 July, 1829; d. in Atlantic City, N. J., 6 June, 1885. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1850, entered the 1st artillery, and served on frontier duty till 1853, and on the Northern Pacific railroad exploration from 14 April, 1853, till 17 July, 1854. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant, 3 March, 1855, and captain of the 10th infantry, 17 Sept., 1858, and served at various western stations. He became brigadier-general of volunteers, 14 April, 1862, and was transferred to the Army of the Potomac, where he took part in many battles. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel on 5 May for services at the battle of Williamsburg, Va., and on 31 May, colonel, for gallantry at Pair Oaks. At the second battle of Bull Run his brigade fought under Gen. Hooker, and distinguished itself by a bayonet charge. Being transferred to the Department of the Gulf, he took command of a division of the 19th corps from 30 Dec., 1862, till July, 1864, was in command of the right wing of the army besieging Port Hudson, La., in May, 1863, was promoted major, 31 Aug., 1863, and commanded a division in the Shenandoah campaign from August to December, 1864. He was wounded at the battle of Cedar Creek on 19 Oct., 1864, and brevetted major-general of volunteers the same day for gallantry at Winchester and Fisher's Hill. On 13 March following he was also brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, and major-general, U. S. army. He was mustered out of the volunteer service, 24 Aug., 1865, and again returned to frontier duty until 7 Nov., 1866, when he was transferred to Jefferson barracks, Mo., until 6 Feb., 1867. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 38th infantry, 28 July, 1866, assigned to the 3d cavalry in 1870, and made colonel of the 1st cavalry, 2 Dec., 1875, which rank he held during the remainder of his life.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Grow, Galusha Aaron

Edition of 1892.
GROW, Galusha Aaron, statesman, b. in Ashford (now Eastford), Windham co., Conn., 31 Aug., 1824. When ten years old he removed to Susquehanna county, Pa., where he attended a district-school and pursued a preparatory course in Franklin academy, Harford. He was graduated at Amherst in 1844, studied law in Montrose, and was admitted to the bar of Susquehanna county, 19 April, 1847. He soon afterward settled in Towanda, and became a partner of David Wilmot. He practised law until the spring of 1850, when feeble health compelled him to seek out-door pursuits, and he engaged in farming, surveying, and gathering hemlock bark for tanneries. In the fall of 1850 he received and declined a unanimous nomination to the legislature, tendered by the Democratic party. A few weeks later, David Wilmot, Free-soil, and James Lowrey, Pro-slavery, candidates of the Democratic party for congress, withdrew from the contest on an agreement that the two branches of the party should unite upon Mr. Grow as a candidate. The conventions reassembled, placed Mr. Grow in nomination, and, after an exciting campaign of one week, he was elected over John C. Adams, Whig. He took his seat in congress in December, 1851, being its youngest member, and continued to represent the “Wilmot district” for twelve successsive years, although he had severed his connection with the Democratic ​party on the repeal of the Missouri compromise. His period of service was distinguished by the legislation on the Missouri compromise, the Kansas troubles, and the Homestead and Pacific railroad bills, as well as the election of Speaker Banks and the presidential campaigns of Fremontand Lincoln. He rendered important services on the committees on Indian affairs, agriculture, and territories, being a member of the latter six years and its chairman four. His first speech was delivered upon the homestead bill, a measure which he continued to urge at every congress for ten years, when he had at last the satisfaction of signing the law as speaker. At the convening of the first or extra session of the 37th congress, 4 July, 1861, he was elected speaker, and held the position until 4 March, 1863, when, on retiring, he received a unanimous vote of thanks, the first vote of the kind given to any speaker in many years. He was a delegate to the National Republican conventions of 1864 and 1868, and chairman of the Pennsylvania state committee during the latter campaign. In 1857 he was a victim of the National hotel poisoning. He spent the summer of 1870 in California, Oregon, and British Columbia, and in 1871 he settled in Houston, Tex., as president of the International and Great Northern railroad of Texas, remaining there until 1875, when he returned to Pennsylvania and took an active part in the state election of that year and the presidential campaign of 1876. In the autumn of 1876 he declined the mission to Russia.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Guernsey, Alfred Hudson

Edition of 1892.
​GUERNSEY, Alfred Hudson, editor, b. in Vermont in 1825. He was for several years editor of “Harper's Magazine,” and from 1872 till 1876 was an associate editor of the “American Cyclopaedia,” to which he contributed numerous articles. He has also written largely for periodicals, mainly on historical subjects, and is author, jointly with Henry M. Alden, of “Harper's Pictorial History of the Great Rebellion,” Mr. Guernsey writing the eastern campaigns (2 vols., New York, 1862-'5), and of “The Spanish Armada” (1882).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Gurowski, Adam

Edition of 1892.
​GUROWSKI, Adam, Count, author, b. in the palatinate of Kalisz, Poland, 10 Sept., 1805; d. in Washington, D. C., 4 May, 1866. He was a son of the Count Ladislas Gurowski, who was an ardent admirer of Kosciusko, and who lost the greater part of his estates through having participated in the insurrection of 1794. Having been expelled in 1818, and again in 1819, from the gymnasia of Warsaw and Kalisz for revolutionary demonstrations, young Gurowski continued his studies at various German universities. Returning to Warsaw in 1825, he became identified with those opposed to Russian influence, and was in consequence several times imprisoned. He was active in organizing the revolution of 1830, in which he afterward took part. On its suppression he escaped to France, where he lived for several years and adopted many of the views of Fourier. He was also a member of the national Polish committee in Paris, and became conspicuous in political and literary circles. His estates had meantime been confiscated and he himself condemned to death; but in 1835 he published a work entitled “La vérité sur la Russie,” in which he advocated a union of the different branches of the Slavic race. The book being favorably regarded by the Russian government, Gurowski was recalled, and, although his estates were not restored, he was employed in the civil service. In 1844, finding that he had many powerful enemies at court, he left secretly for Berlin and went thence to Heidelberg. Here he gave himself to study, and for two years lectured on political economy in the University of Berne, Switzerland. He then went to Italy, and in 1849 came to the United States, where he engaged in literary pursuits and became deeply interested in American politics. From 1861 till 1863 he was translator in the state department at Washington, being acquainted with eight languages. Before coming to this country he had published “La civilisation et la Russie” (St. Petersburg, 1840); “Pensées sur l'avenir des Polonais” (Berlin, 1841); “Aus meinem Gedankenbuche” (Breslau, 1843); “Eine Tour durch Belgien” (Heidelberg, 1845); “Impressions et souvenirs” (Lausanne, 1846); “Die letzten Ereignisse in den drei Theilen des alten Polen” (Munich, 1846); and “Le Panslavisme” (Florence, 1848). During his residence in the United States he published “Russia as it Is” (New York, 1854); “The Turkish Question” (1854); “A Year of the War” (1855); “America and Europe” (1857); “Slavery in History” (1860); and “My Diary,” notes on the civil war (3 vols., 1862-'6).