OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Spring Balance

Edition of 1905. See also Spring scale on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SPRING BALANCE. An instrument used to determine the weight of a body by the extension or compression of a spring. In the usual form of spring balance a spring of coiled wire is contained in a metal case and incloses a central rod to which is attached at one end a hook, and at the other a projection which extends through a slit in the case and moves over a graduated scale. The central rod can also be connected by means of a rack and toothed wheel with an axle on which is fastened a pointer moving over a circular scale or dial. The spring balance measures the amount of attraction of the earth at any particular place; consequently, readings at the equator would be different from those at the poles or other places on the earth's surface. The ordinary balance, on the other hand, would give the weight for a body irrespective of its position. The force of the spring varies with temperature, which alters the length and elasticity of the wire and renders impossible precise measurements.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Stagnelius, Erik Johan

Edition of 1905. See also Erik Johan Stagnelius on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STAGNELIUS, stȧg-nā'lḗ-ụs, Erik Johan (1793-1823). A Swedish poet born on the island of Onland, and educated at Upsala and Lund. He was deeply interested in Gnosticism and treated all sides of this question in his books. He is considered a master of form. He published the epic poem Wladimir den store (1817), the philosophico-religious Liljor i Saran (1821), Martyrene, his best drama (1821), and the tragedy Bacchanterna (1822).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Springer, Alfred

Edition of 1905. See also biographical sketch by William B. Jensen (Univ. of Cincinnati); and the disclaimer.
​SPRING′ER, Alfred (1854—). An American chemist, born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He studied chemistry at the University of Heidelberg, and then settled in the practice of his profession in Cincinnati. He published studies on Glycocholic Ether (1879), Pentachloramyl Formate (1881), and Reduction of Nitrates by Ferments (1883), in which he announced his discovery of denitrifying ferments among the microörganisms of the soil, and forming a sort of link between the plants and their nitrogenous constituents; also, A Latent Characteristic of Aluminum (1891) and Increase of Segmental Vibrations (1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Springer, Anton

Edition of 1905. See also Anton Heinrich Springer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SPRINGER, Anton (1825-91). A German art critic and historian. He was born at Prague, and studied at the university of his native city and at Tübingen. He taught successively at Prague, Bonn, Strassburg, and Leipzig. His historical works include: Geschichte des Revolutionszeitalters (1849); Oesterreich, Preussen und Deutschland (1851); and Geschichte Oesterreichs seit dem Wiener Frieden (1863-65). His principal works on art are: Die Baukunst des christlichen Mittelalters (1854); Geschichte der bildenden Künste im 19. Jahrhundert (1858); Bilder aus der neueren Kunstgeschichte (1867); Raffael und Michelangelo (1877); Grundzüge der Kunst geschichte (1888; 4th ed., as Handbuch der Kunstgeschichte, 1895); and Albrecht Dürer (1892). Consult the posthumous Aus meinem Leben (Berlin, 1892).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Springfield (Illinois)

Edition of 1905. See also Springfield, Illinois on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SPRING′FIELD. The capital of Illinois, and the county-seat of Sangamon County, 185 miles southwest of Chicago; on the Illinois Central, the Chicago and Alton, the Chicago, Peoria and Saint Louis, the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern, the Saint Louis, Chicago and Saint Paul, the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton, and the Wabash railroads (Map: Illinois, C 4). It is regularly laid out with wide streets. The most prominent edifice is the State Capitol, a handsome building begun in ​1867, and completed twenty years later. It is 399 feet long and 286 feet wide, and has a massive dome 364 feet high. Other interesting structures are the old Capitol, now used as the county court-house, and the Lincoln residence, now under State supervision. The Lincoln Monument and Mausoleum of gray granite, the cost of which was borne by several States, is situated a little more than a mile from the heart of the city. There are the Bettie Stuart Institute (female), Concordia Seminary, Saint Agatha's School, and the Academy of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart. The State Library has 50,000 volumes, and the Public more than 42,000 volumes. There are also the State Historical Library, that of the Illinois State Museum of Natural History, and the Supreme Court Library. Other noteworthy features are the City Hall, Post-Office, Governor's Mansion, the High School, and the Odd Fellows' Buildings, the Orphanage of the Holy Child, the Springfield and Saint John's Hospitals, and the David Prince Sanitarium.
Springfield is the centre of a rich farming and coal-mining region, which also has important horse-breeding interests. Its industries in the census year 1900 had an invested capital of $5,030,438, and an output of $6,612,286. The Illinois Watch Company maintains a very large establishment here, and there are also engine works, boiler works, car shops, foundries and machine shops, lumber mills, woolen mills, breweries, and manufactories of soap, saddlery, flour, mattresses, brick, clothing, etc. The government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. The subordinate officials, with the exception of the school board, which is chosen by the council, are appointed by the mayor. For maintenance and operation, the city spends annually about $375,000, the principal items being: Schools, $106,000; interest on debt, $52,000; fire department, $45,000; police department, $32,000; municipal lighting, $23,000; and streets, $21,000. The water-works are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 24,963; in 1900, 34,159. First settled in 1819, and laid out in 1823, Springfield was incorporated as a town in 1832, and was chartered as a city in 1840. In 1837 it was chosen as the State capital, and the State Legislature assembled here for the first time in 1839. Consult Power, History of Springfield (Springfield, 1871).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Stahl, Ernst

Edition of 1905. See also Christian Ernst Stahl on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STAHL, stäl, Ernst (1848— ). A German botanist, born near Strassburg, and educated there, at Halle, and at Würzburg. He became professor in Strassburg in 1880, and professor and director of the botanical gardens at Jena the following year. He visited Ceylon and Java in the winter of 1889-90. Among his books are Entwickelung und Anatomie der Lenticelien (1873), Einfluss des Lichtes auf den Geotropismus einiger Pflanzenorgane (1884), Zur Biologie der Myxomyceten (1884), and Regenfall und Blattgestalt (1893).
# The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803/Volume 3/Act of taking possession

ACT OF TAKING POSSESSION OF LUZON
In the island called by the natives "Luzon the greater," in a town and river of the same called Manila, on the sixth of June in the year one thousand five hundred and seventy, the honorable Martin de Goite, his Majesty's master-of-camp in these Western Islands, declared before me, Hernando Riquel, chief government notary, and in the presence of the undersigned witnesses, that, inasmuch as—a thing well and generally known—his Excellency being in this river of Manila, with the men and ships accompanying him, and having made peace and drawn his blood with two chiefs, styling themselves kings of this said town (by name Soliman and Raxa respectively), and without giving them cause or treating them in a manner that would make the said natives change their attitude, the above said chiefs began war treacherously and unexpectedly, without advising him beforehand; and wounded and seized certain Indians accompanying us. After that they discharged the artillery in their fort, two balls from which struck the ship "San Miguel," on board of which was the said master-of-camp. He, in order to guard himself from the injury which the said ​Moros were doing him in starting the war, and to prevent their artillery from harming his men, attacked the said fort of the Moros, and captured it by force of arms and is now in possession of it. And inasmuch as the said fort and town of Manila have been won in lawful and just war, and since, according to the said natives, Manila is the capital of all the towns of this said island: therefore in his Majesty's name, he was occupying and did occupy, was taking and did take, royal ownership and possession, actual and quasi, of this said island of Luzon and of all the other ports, towns, and territories adjoining and belonging to this said island. Moreover, as a sign of real occupation, he ordered his ensign to raise the flag of his company on the fort built by the natives, had the artillery found in the said fort taken for his Majesty, and performed other acts and duties as a sign of real occupation. And when he had thus taken the said possession in his Majesty's name, he asked me, the aforesaid notary, to certify and attest it, and to draw up a statement so that the proceeding might be clearly set forth. In fulfilment of that demand, I, the said Hernando Riquel, certify, as an actual witness, to whomsoever may see this present, that the said master-of-camp took and seized in his Majesty's name the said possession in the manner above specified. And in affirmation of the above I draw up this statement, which the said master-of-camp signed; witnesses to all the abovesaid being the sergeant-major Juan de Morones, the high constable Graviel de Rrivera, the ensign-in-chief Gaspar Ramirez, and many other soldiers in the said fort.
Martin de Goite
​Collated with the original, which is in my possession.
Hernando Riquel
[Endorsed: "Possession taken of the island of Luçon in his Majesty's name." "Possession of Luzon."]
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# The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803/Volume 3

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
1493-1803
Fray Martin de Rada, O.S.A. [From painting in possession of Colegio de Agustinos Filipinos, Valladolid]
The PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1493–1803
Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and their Peoples, their History and Records of the Catholic Missions, as related in contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts, showing the Political, Economic, Commercial and Religious Conditions of those Islands from their earliest relations with European Nations to the beginning of the Nineteenth Century
TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINALS
Edited and annotated by Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson, with historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne. With maps, portraits and other illustrations
Volume III—1569–1576
The Arthur H. Clark Company Cleveland, Ohio MCMIII
COPYRIGHT 1903 THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
CONTENTS OF VOLUME III
ILLUSTRATIONS
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# The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803/Volume 3/Documents of 1569

DOCUMENTS OF 1569
Sources: MSS. in the Archivo general de Indias, at Sevilla.
Translations: The first two documents are translated by Arthur B. Myrick; the others, by Alfonso de Salvio.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Tieck, Ludwig

Edition of 1905. See also Ludwig Tieck on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TIECK, Ludwig (1773-1853). A German romantic novelist, translator, and critic, brother of
the preceding, born in Berlin. After studies at Halle, Göttingen, and Erlangen and four years of literary work in Berlin, Tieck went to Jena in 1799 and joined the Schlegels and Novalis in their romantic agitation. Leaving Jena, he went to Dresden, moved to Frankfort on the Oder, visited Italy (1805), England and France (1817), and in 1825 became director of the Dresden Court Theatre after having since 1819 been the centre of a literary circle there. Royal favor brought him in 1841 back to Berlin, where his dramatic talents were used in the production of several Greek plays. Tieck's significant literary career opens with Abdallah (1795), Sternbalds Wanderungen (1798), and William Lovell (1795-96), all novels of ‘storm and stress.’ His youthful imagination ran riot also in mediæval legends and fairy tales, e.g. the three volumes of Volksmärchen (1797), among which were versions of Puss in Boots, Bluebeard, and Red Riding Hood. A comedy, The World Topsy-Turvy (1799), Die verkehrte Welt, proclaimed even more emphatically his period of romantic revolt. To this year belong also the ultra-romantic Phantasien über die Kunst, full of enthusiasm and of a mystic religiosity. His Romantische Dichtungen (2 vols., 1799 and 1800) were the first work to show the direct influence of association with the Schlegels. They were followed by an admirable translation of Don Quixote (1799-1801) and by Kaiser Octavianus (1804), his longest novel. This period of rapid production was succeeded by a nervous breakdown. After his recovery his work is less mystic, less erratic, more artistic, e.g. Phantasus (1812-17), and an edition of Ulrich von Lichtenstein's Frauendienst (1812), but Tieck did not reach the complete maturity of his genius till his visit to England, the direct results of which are Shakespeares Vorschule (1823-29), Dramaturgische Blätter (1826), and his noble continuation of Schlegel's translation of Shakespeare. Indirectly the same influence is seen in the Novellenkranz (1831-35; 12 vols., 1853). Tieck's Works are in 28 volumes (1828-54). Some tales and novels are translated by Carlyle and by Thirlwall. Consult the German studies by Köpke (Leipzig, 1855), Friesen (Vienna, 1871), and Steiner (Berlin, 1893). Carlyle's Essay on Tieck was published in 1823 and introduced him to English readers.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Timocreon

Edition of 1905. See also Timocreon on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TIMO′CREON (Lat., from Gk. Σοφοκλῆς, Timokreōn). A Greek lyric poet of the early fifth century B.C., born at Ialysus, in Rhodes. His works are lost, but his name has survived through his hatred for Themistocles, whom he bitterly attacked. The statesman was defended, however, by his friend Simonides, whose sarcastic epigram on Timocreon's gluttony and bibulous habits has been preserved by Athenæus. Tradition says that Timocreon excelled in drinking songs, to which he gave a satiric tone. Fragments are in Bergk, Poetæ Lyrici Græci, vol. iii., 4th ed. (1887).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Thielmann, Johann Adolf, Baron

Edition of 1905. See also Johann von Thielmann on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
THIELMANN, tēl'mȧn, Johann Adolf, Baron (1765-1824). A Prussian general, born at Dresden. He entered a Saxon regiment in 1782, served through the Rhine campaigns, and was engaged on the side of Prussia in the battle of Jena in 1806. He was next sent by Saxony as Ambassador to Napoleon I., became his ardent admirer, and did much to bring about the Franco-Saxon Alliance. He served with the French as major in the campaign of 1807; fought at Friedland in that year, was made major-general, and operated against the Austrians in Saxony. In the Russian campaign of 1812 he commanded a brigade of cavalry and for exceptional bravery in the battle af Borodino was made a baron. As commander of Torgau in the early part of 1813 he entered into communications with the Allies, and on being ordered by the Saxon King to deliver the town to the French, resigned his post and went over to the enemy. He was given command of a Saxon corps which participated in the invasion of France in 1814. He next joined the Prussian Army (1815), and led the Third Army Corps at Ligny and at Wavre, contributing materially to the victory at Waterloo.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Thomas, Calvin

Edition of 1905. See also Calvin Thomas (linguist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
THOMAS, Calvin (1854—). An American educator, born near Lapeer, Mich. He graduated at the University of Michigan in 1874, and studied philology for a time at the University of Leipzig. In 1878 he became instructor in German at his alma mater, where in 1881 he was made assistant professor and in 1886 professor of Germanic languages and literature. In 1896 he accepted the same chair at Columbia University. His publications include A Practical German Grammar (1895) and Goethe and the Conduct of Life (1886). In addition he edited, among other German works, Goethe's Faust (first part, 1892; second part, 1897); Hermann und Dorothea (1891); and Torquato Tasso (1888).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tiedge, Christoph August

Edition of 1905. See also Christoph August Tiedge on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TIEDGE, tēd'ge, Christoph August (1752-1841). A German poet, born at Gardelegen, Prussian Saxony. After studying jurisprudence at Halle, he occupied positions as secretary and tutor at Magdeburg, Ellrich, and Halberstadt, and in 1799 settled in Berlin. There he met Elisa von der Recke, whom he accompanied on a journey to Italy in 1804-06, remaining afterward her faithful companion, first in Berlin and from 1819 on at Dresden, where, placed beyond material care by his friend's last will, he continued to live until death. Some singable lyrics, of which “Schöne Minka, ich muss scheiden” is still unforgotten, first established his reputation, and Urania über Gott, Unsterblichkeit und Freiheit (1800; 18th ed., 1862), a lyric-didactic poem, inspired by the ethics of Kant, enjoyed wide popularity in the beginning of the nineteenth century. A kind of sequel to it were the Wanderungen durch den Markt des Lebens (1833). Among his other poetical efforts, the Elegien und vermischte Gedichte (1803) met with the greatest success.
After his death the Tiedge Foundation was established in Dresden for the purpose of caring for the poet's grave and of granting subventions to poets and artists or their widows and children. Administered by the Saxon Ministry of Public Instruction, its funds amounted to more than 662,000 marks, in 1901. Consult: Falkenstein, Tiedges Leben und poetischer Nachlass (Leipzig, 1841); Eberhard, Blicke in Tiedges und Elisas Leben (Berlin, 1844); and Kern, Beiträge zu einer Charakteristik des Dichters Tiedge (ib., 1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Thorbecke, Heinrich

Edition of 1905. See also Heinrich Thorbecke on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
THORBECKE, tōr′bĕk-e, Heinrich (1837-90). A German Arabic scholar. He was born at Meiningen, and studied at Munich and Leipzig. He was appointed professor at Heidelberg (1873) and at Halle (1875). He is especially noted for his knowledge of Arabic poetry. He published: Antarah, ein vorislamitischer Dichter (1867); Al-Harīri's Durrat-al-gawwas (1871); Al-A'schā's Lobgedicht auf Mahammed (1875); Ibn Duraid's Kitāb al-malāhin (1882); Die Mufad-dali-jāt (1885); Mihail Sabbag's Grammatik der arabischen Umgangssprache in Syrien und Aegypten (1886).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tieck, Christian Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Christian Friedrich Tieck on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TIECK, tēk, Christian Friedrich (1776-1851). A German sculptor, born in Berlin, pupil of Schadow there, and of David d'Angers in Paris. In 1801-05 he was employed at Weimar, where he associated with Goethe, and designed his bust, which he afterwards also executed in marble for the Walhalla. In 1805 he went to Italy, returning to Germany in 1809, at the invitation of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria. For this patron he executed at Munich and Carrara a large number of busts, including those of the Prince himself, of Schelling, of Humboldt, and of his brother, Ludwig Tieck. In 1819 he began his celebrated series of mythological sculptures for the Royal Theatre at Berlin, and in 1820 he was made professor at the Berlin Academy. This work occupied him until 1829, when he began the series for the Berlin Museum, which include the bronze group of “Horse Tamers” upon the roof, and a statue of Schinkel in the corridor. Tieck was one of the principal representatives of the school founded by Rauch. His technique, however, was less naturalistic than that of Rauch, and smoother and more detailed in execution.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tieffenbrucker

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
TIEFFENBRUCKER, tē'fen-brụk'ẽr. A well-known violinmaker of the sixteenth century. See Duiffopruggar, Caspar.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tilden, Samuel Jones

Edition of 1905. See also Samuel J. Tilden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TIL′DEN, Samuel Jones (1814-86). An American lawyer and statesman, born at New Lebanon, N. Y. He attended Yale College and the University of the City of New York, where he graduated in 1837; studied law, and in 1841 was admitted to the bar of New York City. As a lawyer he rose to the first rank. In 1846 he was a member of the State Legislature, in which he devoted his attention particularly to the subject of the State canals, and in the same year served as a member of the State Constitutional Convention. In 1867 he again sat as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. Having been elected again to a seat in the Legislature, he took the lead in 1872 in the impeachment proceedings against Barnard and Cardozo, two of Tweed's corrupt and subservient judges. He contributed to the exposure of the frauds of the Tweed Ring, and took the leading part in the prosecution of its guilty members. By 1868 he had become the acknowledged leader of the Democratic Party in New York, and his activity in overthrowing the Tweed Ring led to his election in 1874 as Governor of New York. His administration (1875-76) was marked by economy in the management of the State canals. In June, 1876, he was nominated by the Democratic National Convention at Saint Louis for President of the United States, and in the ensuing Presidential election received a majority of the popular vote, and according to the final count came within one vote of receiving a majority of the electoral vote. Because of alleged frauds in the elections of Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida, the votes of those States, which were nominally given for the Democratic Party and which would have turned the election in Tilden's favor, were claimed by the Republicans, and the excitement which followed threatened to disturb the peace of the country. Finally Congress created an Electoral Commission (q.v.), consisting of five justices of the Supreme Court, five Senators, and five Representatives, to settle the dispute, and by a strict party vote of 8 to 7 it gave its decision in favor of Tilden's opponent, Rutherford B. Hayes (q.v.). Tilden thereupon promptly requested his friends to accept the decision with good grace, though many of his supporters continued to believe and to assert that he had rightfully been elected President. In 1880 and in 1884 the Democratic Party wished to nominate Tilden again for the Presidency, but each time he refused to be a candidate. He lived his remaining years in retirement near Yonkers, N. Y., dying on August 4, 1886. He bequeathed the greater portion of his fortune of about $5,000,000 to philanthropic purposes, chiefly for the establishment and endowment of a public library in the city of New York. The will was contested and only about $2,000,000 went to the establishment of the Tilden Foundation of the New York Public Library (q.v.). Tilden's biography was written by John Bigelow (New York,
1895), and his writings were edited by the same author (2 vols., 1885).