OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Haynes, Samuel

​HAYNES, SAMUEL (d. 1752), historical writer, was the son of Hopton Haynes [q. v.] He was educated at King's College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. in 1723. He proceeded M.A. in 1727 and D.D. in 1748. ​For some time he travelled as tutor to James Cecil, sixth earl of Salisbury, who in 1737 presented him to the valuable rectory of Hatfield. In 1743 he became canon of Windsor, and in 1747 rector of Clothall, Hertfordshire, holding both livings until his death, which took place on 9 June 1752. Haynes was for some years engaged in preparing an edition of the valuable State Papers (preserved at Hatfield) which dealt with the career of William Cecil, lord Burghley. Oldys wrote in his ‘Diary’ on 5 Feb. 1737–8 that Haynes was then engaged on the work, ‘that he had two or three transcribers at work,’ and ‘intended to publish a volume at a time.’ On 26 March following Oldys discussed the work at Ames's house, and was invited to assist in the undertaking, but declined on the ground that many papers were to be ‘stifled’ because they dealt too freely with Elizabeth's ‘girlish frolics’ (Oldys, Diary, pp. 19, 26). The original design seems to have been to bring the work down to 1612. But Haynes completed only one volume, which was published, by subscription, under the title, ‘Collection of State Papers relating to Affairs in the Reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth, from 1542 to 1570. Transcribed from the Original Letters and other Authentick Memorials left by W. Cecill, Lord Burghley, and now remaining at Hatfield House,’ London, 1740, fol. An edition by William Murdin, in 2 vols. fol., which brought the date of the published papers down to 1596, appeared in 1759.
[Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire, ii. 364, iii. 505; Le Neve's Fasti Angl. iii. 408; Cooper's Mem. of Cambr. i. 228; Chalmers's Biog. Dict. xvii. 269; Grad. Cantabr. p. 225; Watt's Bibl. Brit. i. 478; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 140; Gent. Mag. 1752, p. 289; Hist. MSS. Comm. Cal. of the MSS. at Hatfield House, pt. i. introd. p. vii.]
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dryander, Jonas

​DRYANDER, JONAS (1748–1810), botanist, was born in Sweden in 1748. He was sent by his uncle, Dr. Lars Montin, to whom his education was entrusted, first to the university of Gottenburg and afterwards to that of Lund, where he graduated in 1776, his thesis being published as ‘Dissertatio Gradualis Fungos regno vegetabili vindicans,’ Lund, 4to, 1776. Attracted by the fame of Linnæus, he then proceeded to Upsala, and having subsequently acted as tutor to a nobleman he came to England, and in 1782, on the death of his friend Solander, succeeded him as librarian to Sir Joseph Banks at Dean Street, Soho. Dryander afterwards became librarian to the Royal Society, and was one of the original fellows, the first librarian, and a vice-president of the Linnean Society, founded by his friend, Sir J. E. Smith, in 1788. When the society was incorporated in 1802, Dryander was the chief author of its laws. He was the main author of the first edition of Aiton's ‘Hortus Kewensis,’ published in 1789, and of part of the second edition, issued between 1810 and 1813, and he edited Roxburgh's ‘Plants of the Coromandel Coast,’ between 1795 and 1798; but his ‘magnum opus’ was the ‘Catalogus Bibliothecæ Historico-Naturalis Josephi Banks, Baronetti,’ London, 1796–1800, 5 vols., of which Sir James Smith writes that ‘a work so ingenious in design and so perfect in execution can scarcely be produced in any science.’ Dryander died at the Linnean Society's house in Soho Square 19 Oct. 1810. A portrait of him by George Dance, 1796, was lithographed by W. Daniell in 1812, and his services to botany were commemorated by his friend Thunberg in the genus Dryandra, a group of South African Proteaceæ.
G. S. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Drury, Robert (1587-1623)

​DRURY, ROBERT (1587–1623), jesuit, born in Middlesex in 1587, was son of William Drury [q. v.], D.C.L., judge of the prerogative court (who was converted to the catholic faith in articulo mortis), and his wife, Mary, daughter of Sir Richard Southwell of Woodrising, Norfolk, a relative of Father Robert Southwell the poet. He was educated in London, and at the age of fourteen was sent to the English College at Douay, where he began his course of humanities, which he completed at St. Omer. On 9 Oct. 1605 he entered the English College, Rome, for his higher course. After receiving minor orders he joined the Society of Jesus in October 1608, and subsequently he repaired to Posna to finish his theology, arriving there 28 Feb. 1611–12. In 1620 he was rector of the college at St. Omer, and afterwards was sent on the mission to his native country, where he became a distinguished preacher. He was professed of the four vows 8 Sept. 1622. Occasionally he went under the names of Bedford and Stanley.
He lost his life on Sunday, 5 Nov. (N.S.) 1623, at the ‘Fatal Vespers’ in Blackfriars. On the afternoon of that day about three hundred persons assembled in an upper room at the French ambassador's residence, Hunsdon House, Blackfriars, for the purpose of participating in a religious service by Drury and William Whittingham, another jesuit. While Drury was preaching the great weight of the crowd in the old room suddenly snapped the main summer-beam of the floor, which instantly crashed in and fell into the room below. The main beams there also snapped and broke through to the ambassador's drawing-room over the gate-house, a distance of twenty-two feet. Part of the floor, being less crowded, stood firm, and the people on it cut a way through a plaster wall into a neighbouring room. The two jesuits were killed on the spot. About ninety-five persons lost their lives, while many others sustained serious injuries. The bigotry of the times led some people to regard this calamity as a judgment on the catholics, ‘so much was God offended with their detestable idolatrie’ (Lysons, Environs, iv. 410). Father John Floyd met the reproach by publishing ‘A Word of Comfort to the English ​Catholics,’ St. Omer, 1623, 4to. A quaint and apparently accurate account of the accident is given in ‘The Doleful Even-Song’ (1623), written by the Rev. Samuel Clarke, a puritan; and another description will be found in ‘The Fatall Vesper’ (1623), ascribed to William Crashaw, father of the poet (Cat. of the Huth Library, i. 365).
There is a eulogium of Drury in the preface to a book called ‘F. Robert Drury's Reliquary’ (1624), containing his prayers and devotions. Stow says that he was reputed by his fellow-churchmen to be a man of great learning, and generally admitted to be of good moral life (Survey of London, ed. 1633, p. 380).
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Drury, William (fl.1641)

​DRURY, WILLIAM (fl. 1641), dramatist, was an English gentleman (‘nobilis Anglus’) ‘of singular parts and learning,’ and it has been conjectured that he was a nephew of William Drury the civilian [q. v.] He was for some time imprisoned in England on account of his adherence to the catholic religion, but about 1616 he was released through the intercession of Count Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador in London. In October 1618 he began to teach poetry and rhetoric at the English College at Douay. He wrote three Latin plays in verse, which were exhibited with great applause, first privately in the refectory of the college, and afterwards publicly in the quadrangle. These are: 1. ‘Alvredus sive Alfredus, Tragi-Comœdia ter exhibita in seminario Anglorum Duaceno ab ejusdem collegii Juventute, Anno Domini m.dc.xix.,’ Douay, 1620, 16mo (on the history of Alfred the Great and his subsequent deliverance of his people). At the end of the volume is a poem entitled ‘De venerabili Eucharistia ab apibus inventa et mirabiliter servata, de qua scribit Cæsarius, lib. 9, cap. 8. Carmen elegiacum.’ 2. ‘Mors, comœdia.’ Printed with the preceding work, Douay, 1620, 16mo. Death and the Devil, in person, play the principal parts in this curious drama, or rather farce, of which Douce speaks in laudatory terms in his book on Holbein's ‘Dance of Death’ (edit. 1858, p. 156). 3. ‘Reparatus, sive Depositum. Tragico-Comœdia.’ First published, together with the two preceding works, in Drury's ‘Dramatica Poemata,’ Douay, 1628, 12mo; reprinted at Antwerp, 1641, 12mo.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Drury, Robert (1567-1607)

​DRURY, ROBERT (1567–1607), catholic divine, born of a gentleman's family in Buckinghamshire in 1567, was educated in the English College of Douay, then temporarily removed to Rheims, where he arrived 1 April 1588. He received the minor orders at Rheims on 18 Aug. 1590, and on the 17th of the following month he, with several other students, was sent to the college lately founded at Valladolid by Philip II of Spain for the education of the English clergy. After being ordained priest there, he was sent in 1593 to England, where he zealously laboured on the mission, chiefly in London and its vicinity. He was one of the appellant priests who opposed the proceedings of the archpriest Blackwell [see Blackwell, George]; and his name occurs among the signatures attached to the appeal of 17 Nov. 1600, dated from the prison at Wisbech (Dodd, Church Hist. ii. 259). He was also one of the thirteen secular priests who, in response to the queen's proclamation, subscribed the celebrated protestation of allegiance (31 Jan. 1602–3), which was drawn up by William Bishop [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Chalcedon (Butler, Hist. Memoirs of the English Catholics, 3rd edit. ii. 56–65). In 1606 the government of James I imposed upon catholics a new oath, which was to be the test of their civil allegiance. About this time Drury was apprehended, brought to trial, and condemned to death for being a priest and remaining in this realm, contrary to the statute of 27 Eliz. He refused to save his life by taking the new oath, and consequently he was drawn to Tyburn, hanged, and quartered on 26 Feb. 1606–7. ‘A true Report of the Arraignment, Tryall, Conviction, and Condemnation of a Popish Priest named Robert Drewrie’ appeared at London, 1607, 4to, and is reprinted in the ‘Harleian Miscellany,’ vol. iii.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dry, Richard

​DRY, Sir RICHARD (1815–1869), Tasmanian statesman, born at Elphin, near Launceston in the island of Tasmania, on 15 June 1815, was educated at a private school in Campbell Town. In February 1844 he was nominated to a seat in the old council by Sir John Eardley Wilmot, then the lieutenant-governor, and afterwards formed one of the ‘patriotic six’ who opposed Wilmot's financial schemes. They resigned in 1846, as a protest against Wilmot's unconstitutional government, but were subsequently reappointed when Sir William Thomas Denison succeeded Wilmot as lieutenant-governor. Dry became one of the prominent members of the anti-transportation league, and in 1851, when representative institutions were first introduced into Tasmania, he was elected member for Launceston. On 30 Dec. 1851 Dry was chosen speaker of the new legislative council, and soon afterwards an address to the queen strongly remonstrating on the influx of criminals was adopted by the majority of the council. After further struggles on the part of the colonists, it was at length officially notified, in May 1853, that transportation had absolutely ceased. In 1855 Dry resigned the office of speaker, and visited Europe for the sake of his health. He was knighted by letters patent in March 1858. In 1862 he was elected to the legislative council as member for Tamar, and in November 1866 became colonial secretary and premier, in the place of James Whyte, whose government Dry had successfully opposed on the question of direct taxation. He died in office on 1 Aug. 1869, in his fifty-fifth year, and was buried in Hagley Church, the chancel of which was erected to his memory by his fellow-colonists. Fenton states that Dry ‘was perhaps the most popular statesman Tasmania ever possessed.’ This was in great measure due to his tact and conciliatory demeanour, which secured him the respect of his supporters and opponents alike. Dry inherited a large estate at Quamby from his father, who had left Ireland during the political troubles of the 18th century, and amassed a considerable fortune in the land ​of his adoption. Dry married Clara, daughter of George Meredith of Cambria, Great Swan Port, but left no issue.
G. F. R. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Paradise, John

​PARADISE, JOHN (1743–1795), linguist and friend of Dr. Johnson, was born at Salonica in Macedonia in April 1743, being the son of Peter Paradise (d. 1 Feb. 1779), English consul in that town, who married a daughter of Philip Lodvill [q. v.] He was educated at Padua, but resided for the greatest part of his life in London. His talent for the acquisition of languages was remarkable; he knew ancient and modern Greek, Latin, Turkish, French, Italian, and English. On 14 April 1769 he was created M.A. of Oxford University, and on 3 July 1776 the degree of D.C.L. was conferred on him. He was elected F.R.S. on 2 May 1771. His house was always open to literary men, and he entertained the leading personages of that date. Johnson frequently dined with him, and on one occasion met Dr. Priestley there at dinner. When Johnson started an evening club at the ‘Essex Head’ in Essex Street, Strand, London, in December 1783, Paradise was one of the constant attendants. Sir Joshua Reynolds, when analysing the qualities of its members, enumerated him among the ‘very learned.’ A letter from Johnson to him, dated from Lichfield, 20 Oct. 1784, acknowledged his ‘great and constant kindness,’ and he was one of the mourners at Johnson's funeral. Paradise was a friend of Sir William Jones, and two Greek lines by him are mentioned in a letter written by the Duchess of Devonshire in October 1782 (Life of Sir W. Jones, i. 466). Paradise is described as very silent, modest, and amiable. He lived at one time in Charles Street, Cavendish Square, but he died at Great Titchfield Street, London, on 12 Dec. 1795.
He married ‘a beautiful and lively American,’ with a very ‘neat and small figure,’ who once made Barry the artist dance a minuet with her. She was passionate, and her anger sometimes prevailed over her good sense. Some particulars of an altercation with Mary Moser are given in Smith's ‘Nollekens and his Times’ (i. 347–9). She was once so irritated by Baretti that she turned the boiling water of her tea-urn upon him. On another occasion, when a servant brought her a dirty plate, she threatened, in the presence of a large dinner party at her own house, to break his head with it should he bring another one in the same state. A rout at her house in February 1782, when Pacchierotti the singer was present, is described in a letter from Fanny Burney (Diary and Letters, ii. 116–22), and Charlotte Burney gives an account of a ball at her house on Twelfth night, January 1784, when she showed bad manners. About 1805 she went with her children to America, where she owned considerable property.
W. P. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pardoe, William

​PARDOE, WILLIAM (d. 1692), baptist divine, was apparently a native of Worcester, where, on 6 May 1650 and 13 Aug. 1652, his name appears as an assistant sequestrator (Cal. State Papers, Committee for Compounding, p. 237; and Committee for Advance of Money, p. 106). Before 1660, however, he had joined the baptists, and in that year signed the ‘Briefe Confession or Declaration of Faith set forth by many of us who are falsly called Anabaptists.’ He travelled about at this time, preaching in Leicestershire, Yorkshire, and neighbouring counties, and was at length apprehended and put in prison at Leicester in August 1675. From the gaol he corresponded with his friend Lawrence Spooner of Curborough, who was afterwards converted and baptised by him. During his imprisonment Pardoe commenced writing ‘Ancient Christianity revived; being a Description of the Doctrine, Discipline, and Practice of the Little City Bethania. Collected out of her great charter, the Holy Scriptures, and confirmed by the same, for the satisfaction and benefit of the house of the poor. By one of her Inhabitants, who desireth to worship God after the way which some men call heresie,’ London, 1688. The book was afterwards finished in Worcester gaol. It was dedicated to his ‘much esteemed friends of the baptist churches of Leominster, Worcester, and Lichfield.’ On 1 Oct. 1683 a large meeting was held at Spooner's house. Pardoe was apparently present, but informers were there, and some of the worshippers were imprisoned for some weeks.
Pardoe became pastor of a baptist church in Lichfield about 1688. The letter, undated, in which he speaks of preaching at Dudley, and of a severe illness at Bristol, which ‘makes him think his travelling will not be long,’ was probably written earlier. He died in August 1692.
Pardoe is spoken of as a ‘worthy, humble, self-denying preacher,’ useful and very successful as a minister. His sentiments were identical with those of the particular baptists, except that he accepted universal redemption. Besides ‘Ancient Christianity revived,’ he wrote while in Leicester gaol (June 1675) another devotional work, entitled ‘The Mariner's Compass.’
Another William Pardoe, of Worcester, who was probably a relative, was several times imprisoned between 4 July 1670 and 29 May 1685 as a quaker at Worcester, and in 1681 was distrained upon for goods of the value of 100l., which were afterwards redeemed by a person unknown to him (Besse, Sufferings, ii. 69, 77, 83, 84, 89).
[Four of Pardoe's letters to Lawrence Spooner were printed from the originals in the Baptist Magazine, 1810–11, pp. 56, 289, 413, 503; Spooner's Manuscript Journal (published by a descendant, Samuel James, in An Abstract of Gracious Dealings, &c.), 10th ed. London, 1842, pp. 71, 73, 74, 78, 81, 82, 96; Wood's Hist. of Gen. Bapt. p. 156; Ivimey's Hist. of Baptists, ii. 208, 580; Whiston's Memorials, ii. 575; Taylor's Hist. of Gen. Bapt. i. 236; Crosby's Hist. of Engl. Bapt. iii. 114.]
C. F. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pardon, George Frederick

​PARDON, GEORGE FREDERICK (1824–1884), miscellaneous writer, descended from a Cornish family, was born in London in 1824. He was educated at a private school, and at the age of fifteen entered the printing office of Stevens & Pardon in Bell Yard, Temple Bar. Soon afterwards he contributed articles to the ‘Old Monthly’ and the ‘Sunbeam,’ periodicals edited by Heraud. In 1841–2 he sub-edited the ‘Evening Star,’ and became intimate with most of the radical leaders. From 1847 to 1850 he edited ‘The People's and Howitt's Journal,’ and in the summer of the latter year he joined the staff of John Cassell [q. v.] as editor of the ‘Working Man's Friend.’ In 1851 he projected the ‘Illustrated Exhibitor,’ a weekly description of the Great Exhibition, which was revived in 1862, and afterwards merged in the ‘Magazine of Art.’ In 1851 he also projected and edited for Cassell the ‘Popular Educator’ and others of Cassell's educational publications. In 1854–5 he was engaged as editor of the ‘Family Friend’ and the ‘Home Companion;’ and he assisted in launching ‘Orr's Circle of Sciences.’ In 1861–2 he wrote for Messrs. Routledge a ‘Guide to the Exhibition,’ the ‘Popular Guide to London,’ besides numerous handbooks to chess, draughts, and card games, still published separately, and as a volume entitled ‘Hoyle Modernised.’ Under the pseudonym of ‘Captain Crawley’ he produced ‘The Billiard Book,’ ‘Games for Gentlemen,’ and about twenty other volumes descriptive of games, sports, and pastimes. Most of them were reproduced in America. For the ninth edition of the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica’ he wrote the articles on ‘Billiards’ and ‘Bagatelle.’ Among Pardon's other works are:
* ‘The Faces in the Fire; the Shadows on the Wall; with other Tales and Sketches,’ London, 1856, 8vo.
* ‘Dogs, their Sagacity, Instinct, and Uses,’ illustrated by Harrison Weir, London, 1857 and [1877], 8vo.
* ‘Stories about Animals,’ London [1858], 8vo.
* ‘Stories about Birds,’ London [1858], 8vo.
* ‘Tales from the Operas,’ London, 1858, 12mo.
* ‘Boldheart the Warrior, and his Adventures in the Haunted Wood: a ​
       Tale of the Times of good King Arthur,’ illustrated by Gustave Doré,’ London, 1859, 8vo.
* ‘Caleb Worthington's Wish.’
* ‘Illustrious Women who have distinguished themselves for Virtue, Piety, and Benevolence,’ London, [1868], 8vo.
* ‘Noble by Heritage,’ a novelette, London, 1877, 8vo; in addition to ‘The Little Traveller,’ ‘Parlour Pastimes,’ and numerous books for boys.
Pardon died suddenly on 5 Aug. 1884, at the Fleur de Lis Hotel, Canterbury, while on a visit to that city.
In 1847 he married Rosina Wade (she died in 1889), and he had three sons, Charles Frederick, Sydney Herbert, and Edgar Searles, all of whom were engaged in literature and journalism. His eldest son Charles Frederick Pardon, who died on 18 April 1890, edited ‘Wisden's Cricketer's Almanack’ (1887–90), and wrote, conjointly with A. S. Wilks, a work entitled ‘How to play Solo Whist.’
[Private information; Times, 6 Aug. 1884, p. 8, col. 2; Men of the Time (1884), p. 860.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Parent, Étienne

​PARENT, ÉTIENNE (1801–1874), Canadian journalist, was born of French Canadian parents at Beauport, near Quebec, 2 May 1801. After being educated at the seminary of Quebec and the college of Nicolet, he went home, intending to engage in agriculture on his father's farm; but he had already acquired some reputation as a scholar and essayist, and in 1822 he accepted the editorship of the ‘Canadien,’ the chief organ of the French Canadian party. He resigned the editorship in 1825 to study for the bar, to which he was called three years later. He very soon left the bar to assume the united posts of French translator and librarian to the legislative assembly of Lower Canada. In 1831 he resumed the editorship of the ‘Canadien,’ which he now retained till 1842. For the violent attacks made by his paper on the executive government, then mainly in the hands of an oligarchy of English settlers, Parent was imprisoned in 1837. He, however, continued to press for an extension of political liberty, and after the union of the two provinces of Canada in 1841 Parent was elected to the lower house of the Canadian legislature for the county of Saguenay. He resigned his seat in 1842, on being appointed clerk to the executive council. He held this office till 1847, when he was promoted to the assistant-secretaryship for Lower Canada. Parent frequently contributed papers to the press, and delivered occasional public lectures on political economy and social science. Of the latter the best known are ‘De l'importance et des devoirs du commerce,’ ‘De l'intelligence dans ses rapports avec la société,’ and ‘Considérations sur le sort des classes ouvrières.’ These lectures were published in the ‘Foyer Canadien.’ Parent died at Ottawa on 23 Dec. 1874.
[Morgan's Sketches of Celebrated Canadians; Canadian Parliamentary Debates.]
G. P. M-y.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Parfew, Robert

​PARFEW or PURFOY, ROBERT (d. 1558), bishop of St. Asaph, Hereford. [See Warton.]