OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Garnet, Henry Highland

Edition of 1900.
​GARNET, Henry Highland, clergyman, b. in New Market, Md., 23 Dec., 1815; d. in Monrovia, Liberia, 13 Feb., 1882. He was a pure-blooded negro of the Mendigo tribe, of the Slave Coast, and born in slavery. His parents escaped with him to Bucks county, Pa., where they remained a year, and in 1826 settled in New York city. He was educated in Canaan academy, N. H., and the Oneida institute, near Utica, N. Y., where he was graduated with honor in 1840. He taught in Troy, N. Y., studied theology under Dr. Nathaniel S. S. Beman, was licensed to preach in 1842, and was pastor of a Presbyterian church in Troy for nearly ten years. For a short time he also published “The Clarion,” a newspaper. In 1846 he was employed by Gerrit Smith to distribute a gift of land among colored people. He went to Europe in 1850 in the interest of the free-labor movement, and lectured in Great Britain on slavery for three years. In 1851 he was a delegate to the peace congress at Frankfort, He went to Jamaica as a missionary for the United Presbyterian church of Scotland in 1853, but returned to the United States on account of failing health, and in 1855 entered on the pastorate of Shiloh Presbyterian church in New York city. In 1865 he accepted a call to a church in Washington, D. C. After a successful pastorate of four years he resigned to become president of Avery college, but gave up that post soon afterward, and returned to Shiloh church. President Garfield offered him the appointment of minister and consul-general to Liberia, and after the accession of President Arthur the nomination was made and confirmed by the senate. He arrived at Monrovia on 23 Dec., 1881, and entered auspiciously upon his diplomatic duties, but soon succumbed to the climate. A memorial school, organized by his daughter, Mrs. M. H. Garnet Barboza, was endowed in honor of him at Brewersville, Liberia.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Genth, Frederick Augustus L. C. W.

Edition of 1900.
​GENTH, Frederick Augustus L. C. W., chemist, b. in Waechtersbach, Hesse-Cassel, 17 May, 1820; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 2 Feb., 1893. He studied at the Hanau gymnasium and at the University of Heidelberg, under Liebig at Giessen, and finally under Bunsen at Marburg, where he received the degree of Ph. D. in 1846. For three years he acted as assistant to Prof. Bunsen, and soon afterward came to the United States, where he continued to reside. In 1872 he was called to the chair of chemistry and mineralogy in the University of Pennsylvania. He has also held the office of chemist to the geological survey of Pennsylvania and also to the board of agriculture of that state. Prof. Genth was a member of many scientific societies in the United States, and was elected in 1872 to membership in the National academy of sciences. Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr., alluded to Genth as having “no superior in this country as an analytical ​chemist,” and he has greatly enriched the literature of chemistry with his very many and careful analyses of minerals. His name is associated with the ammonia cobalt bases which he discovered in 1846, and, in joint authorship with Dr. Wolcott Gibbs, he has contributed to the “Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge” a monograph on “Researches on the Ammonia-Cobalt Bases” (Washington, 1856). Prof. Genth is the author of nearly 100 separate papers on subjects in chemistry and mineralogy, and has published “Tabellarische Übersicht der wichtigsten Reactionen welche Basen in Salzen zeigen” (Marburg, 1845), also the same in relation to “Acids” (1845); “Minerals of North Carolina,” being appendix “C” of the “Report on the Geology of North Carolina” (Raleigh, 1875); also “First and Second Preliminary Reports on the Mineralogy of Pennsylvania” (Harrisburg, 1875-'6), and “Minerals and Mineral Localities of North Carolina” (Raleigh, 1881).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Geronimo

Edition of 1900.
GERONIMO, a chief of the Chiricahuas, belonging to the Apache tribe of North American Indians. As Geronimo had for some time been at the head of a band of “hostiles,” Lieut.-Gen. Sheridan ordered the pursuit, capture, and destruction of the chief and his followers. The expedition was commanded by Gen. George Crook, and a meeting with Geronimo was effected on 25 March, 1886. Gen. Crook demanded his unconditional surrender, with the members of his band; but the Indian declared that he would give himself up only on condition that the band should be sent east for a period not exceeding two years, with the privilege of taking their families with them, and that they should ultimately be returned to the reservation ​on the original status. The terms were accepted, and the party set out for Fort Bowie. On 29 March the Indians escaped to the mountains. Gen. Sheridan became dissatisfied, and, as Gen. Crook asked to be relieved, Gen. Nelson A. Miles took his place. The instructions given to the latter called for the ceaseless pursuit of the hostile Indians, and suggested “the active and prominent use” of the “regular troops” of the command. Then began one of the most exhausting and prolonged Indian campaigns on record. The Chiricahuas were followed with such sleuth-like pertinacity that even the endurance of the red men found its limit. The hardy old chief was given no time to rest or recruit; his followers were forced to keep moving until they yielded. But, even when reduced to such straits, Geronimo succeeded in making terms with his captors. When the news was received in Washington, it was supposed that the surrender was unconditional, and the president consequently ordered that the band should be kept as prisoners until they could be tried for their crimes or otherwise disposed of. It was subsequently ascertained that the “hostiles” had stipulated that they should be sent out of Arizona, and Gen. Miles had ordered them taken to Fort Marion, at St. Augustine. This order was countermanded by the president, and Geronimo and his fourteen adult companions were sent to Fort Pickens, Fla., where they now are (1887).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Gerry, Samuel Lancaster

Edition of 1900.
​GERRY, Samuel Lancaster, artist, b. in Boston, Mass., 10 May, 1813. He was mostly self-taught, and, with the exception of three years abroad, his professional life has been passed chiefly in Boston. He was an original member of the Boston art club, and its president in 1858. Among his works are “The Gorge of the Rhine,” “The Old Man of the Mountain,” “Pasture Gate,” “Land of Beulah” (now owned by Wellesley college), “Over the River,” “Bridal Tour of Priscilla and John Alden,” “The Artist's Dream” (1878), and “American Tourists,” sent, to the exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Gerhard, William Paul

Edition of 1900.
​GERHARD, William Paul, sanitary engineer, b. in Hamburg, Germany, 30 July, 1854. He was educated at the gymnasium in Kiel and at the polytechnic school in Carlsruhe, where he was graduated as a civil engineer in 1875. After a year of military service he became an assistant engineer in Hamburg. In September, 1877, he came to the United States and settled in St. Louis, Mo., where he held the offices of assistant engineer in the department of public works, then in the department of water-works, and finally in the sewer department. During 1880 he assisted James B. Eads in the preparation of the plates of the “History of the St. Louis Bridge,” and in 1881 became chief assistant to George E. Waring in Newport. He removed to New York in 1883, where for two years he was chief engineer of the Durham house-drainage company, and since has practised sanitary engineering, devoting himself particularly to the sanitation of buildings and towns. He is a member of scientific organizations both in Germany and in the United States. During 1885-'6 he edited “Building,” and, besides articles on his specialties contributed to technical journals, he has published reports on the sanitary plumbing and drainage of tenement-houses in the annual volumes of the Rhode Island and Connecticut state boards of health. His larger works include “Anlagen von Haus-Entwässerungen” (Berlin, 1880); “Diagram for Sewer Calculations” (London and New York, 1882); “House-Drainage and Sanitary Plumbing” (New York, 1883); “Hints on the Drainage and Sewerage of Dwellings” (1884); “Sanitary Questions” (1884); “Prinzipien der Haus-Kanalization” (Leipsic, 1885); “A Guide to Sanitary House-Inspection” (New York, 1885); “The Prevention of Fire” (1886); “Notes embodying the Recent Practice in Sanitary Drainage of ​Buildings” (1887); “Domestic Sanitary Appliances” (Springfield, 1887); and “The Disposal of Household Wastes” (1887).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Gerhardt, Karl

Edition of 1900. Supplement
GERHARDT, Karl, sculptor, b. in Boston, Mass., 7 Jan., 1853. He is of German parentage, and in early life was a machinist in Chicopee, Mass., and then a designer of machinery in Hartford, Conn. His first works were a bust of his wife and “A Startled Bather,” which so strongly indicated talent that he was sent to Paris for study. In his second year he contributed to the salon, where he also exhibited in 1884 “Echo,” a statuette, and “Eve's Lullaby,” a life-size group. His other works include a bust of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, taken in the last days of his illness; busts of Samuel L. Clemens (1883) and the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher (1886); a statue of Nathan Hale (see vol. iii., p. 31) in the state capitol at Hartford (1885); an equestrian statue of Gen. Israel Putnam in Brooklyn, Conn. (1887); a statue of Josiah Bartlett, signer of the Declaration of Independence, in Amesbury, Mass. (1888); Welton Fountain, Waterbury, Conn. (1888); statue of Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren (see vol. vi., p. 362) at Gettysburg, Pa. (1888); and tablet to John Fitch, in the state capitol in Hartford, Conn. (1888).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Geiger, Emily

Edition of 1900.
​GEIGER, Emily, Revolutionary heroine, b. about 1760. At the period when Gen. Greene retreated before Lord Rawdon from Ninety-Six, S. C., during the Revolutionary war, and had passed Broad river, he was anxious to send an order to Gen. Sumter, who was then encamped on the Wateree, to join him and attack Rawdon, who had divided his forces. But no one could be found willing to run the risk of traversing a section of country that was infested by revengeful Tories. At length a young girl, Emily Geiger by name, offered her services, greatly to the surprise of the American officer, who at once accepted them. He accordingly wrote a letter, which he gave to the girl, but at the same time informed her of its contents, that she might be able to deliver the message orally in case of accident. Emily set out on horseback, and met with no adventures until the second day, when she was intercepted by Lord Rawdon's scouts. Not being skilled in the art of telling falsehoods, she was suspected and placed in confinement, and an old Tory matron was sent for, that she might be searched. Emily utilized the interval by eating the letter, and, nothing suspicious being afterward found on her, she was allowed to proceed. By taking a circuitous route, she succeeded in reaching her destination and discharging her mission. In consequence, Sumter soon joined the main army at Orangeburg. Emily Geiger married a wealthy planter named Threrwits, who lived on the Congaree river, S. C.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Tafel, Johann Friedrich Leonhard

Edition of 1889.
​TAFEL, Johann Friedrich Leonhard, educator, b. in Sulzbach, Würtemberg, Germany, 6 Feb., 1800. He was graduated at Tübingen in 1820, and was professor for many years at the gymnasia of Stuttgart, Ulm, and Schorndorf, introducing the Hamiltonian interlinear method of teaching languages, and editing several periodicals, among which was the “Beobachter,” a daily paper devoted to the interests of the Liberal party (1849-'53). He came to this country in 1853, was for three years professor in Urbana university, Ohio, and then removed to St. Louis, Mo. He is the author of several text-books of ancient and modern languages, translated into German the works of Xenophon and Dion Cassius, and select novels of Charles Dickens, William M. Thackeray, and James Fenimore Cooper, and published “Staat und Christenthum” (Tübingen, 1851); “Der Christ und der Atheist” (Philadelphia, 1856); and with his son, Ludwig H. Tafel, a “German-English and English-German Pocket Dictionary” (1870). — His son, Rudolph Leonhard, educator, b. in Ulm, Germany, 24 Nov., 1831, came to the United States in 1847, and in 1860-'1 was teacher of French and German in Washington university, St. Louis, Mo. He held the chair of modern languages and comparative philology there from 1862 till 1868, and since the last-named year has been a Swedenborgian minister in London, England. He has published “Latin Pronunciation and the Latin Alphabet” with his father (New York, 1860); “Investigation into the Laws of English Pronunciation and Orthography” (1862); and “Emanuel Swedenborg as a Philosopher and Man of Science ” (Chicago, 1867).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Taft, Alphonso

Edition of 1889.
TAFT, Alphonso, jurist, b. in Townshend, Vt., 5 Nov., 1810. He was graduated at Yale in 1833, was tutor there in 1835-'7, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1838, and after 1840 practised in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he won reputation in his profession. He was early a member of the city council, and also for many years of the Union board of high-schools. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention in 1856, and in the same year a candidate for congress, but was defeated by George H. Pendleton. He was judge of the superior court of Cincinnati from 1866 till 1872, when he resigned, to associate himself in practice with two of his sons. In 1875 he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for the governorship, but a dissenting opinion that he had delivered on the question of the Bible in the public schools was the cause of much opposition to him. The opinion that defeated his nomination was unanimously affirmed by the supreme court of Ohio, and is now the law of the state. He became secretary of war, on 8 March, 1876, on the resignation of Gen. William W. Belknap, and on 22 May following was transferred to the attorney-generalship, serving till the close of President Grant's administration. Judge Taft was appointed U. S. minister to Austria, 26 April, 1882, and in 1884 was transferred to Russia, where he served until 1 Aug., 1885. He has been a trustee of the University of Cincinnati since its foundation, and in 1872-'82 served on the corporation of Yale, which gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1867.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Techotlalatzin

Edition of 1889.
​TECHOTLALATZIN (tetch-ot-lah-lah-tseen'), king of Texcoco, d. in 1409. He was the youngest son of King Quinatzin, whom he succeeded on the throne in 1357. During his reign one of his dependent chiefs, Tzompan, cacique of Xaltocan, revolted against his rule; but he asked assistance from King Huitzilihuitl of Mexico, and with his aid routed the rebel. From that date a mutual alliance began between the monarchies of Texcoco, Tlaltelolco, and Chapultepec. He was succeeded by his son Ixtlilxochitl I.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Taft, William Howard

Edition of 1900. Father's name was “Alphonso”
TAFT, William Howard, jurist, b. in Cincinnati, 15 Sept., 1857, is a son of Judge Alfonso Taft (q.v.). He was graduated from Yale, being second in the class of 1878, and from Cincinnati law-school two years later. He was appointed assistant prosecutor of Hamilton county in 1881, and collector of internal revenue the year following, resigning the office in March, 1883. In January, 1885, he was assistant solicitor of Hamilton county, and two years later became, by appointment of the governor, judge of the superior court of Cincinnati. In 1888 Judge Taft was elected to the same office for a term of five years. In February, 1890, he was appointed solicitor-general of the United States, and in March, 1892, he was made U.S. circuit judge for the 6th judicial district, which position he still occupies. Since 1896 Judge Taft has been dean and professor of the law department of the University of Cincinnati.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Tecto, Juan de

Edition of 1889.
​TECTO, Juan de, Flemish missionary, b. in Ghent in 1468; d. in Honduras in 1526. He was graduated as D. D. in Paris, and was for several years professor of theology in the Sorbonne university, and afterward chaplain of Emperor Charles V., and guardian of a convent of Franciscans at Ghent. In 1522 he obtained from Charles V., who was much attached to him, permission to go to the New World, and fixed his residence at Texcoco, where he founded missions for the Indians and learned their language. He accompanied Cortes in his expedition to Hibueras in 1525, and as, owing to the rebellion of Cristobal de Olid, no provisions were obtainable, Tecto, exhausted, fell behind the army, and was found later by a patrol leaning against a tree, where he had died of hunger. According to Bernal Diaz del Castillo, he was sent by Cortes to report to the emperor about the conquest of Hibueras, and died at sea, off the coast of Spain. Tecto is the author of two valuable works: “Primeros rudimentos de la doctrina Cristiana en lengua Mexicana,” a manuscript which was utilized by Fray Pedro de Gante for his “Catecismo Mexicano”; and “Apología del bautismo administrate á los gentiles Mexicanos con sola el agua y la forma Sacramental,” which is cited by Torquemada in his “Monarquía Indiana.”
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Taft, Lorado

Edition of 1889.
​TAFT, Lorado, sculptor, b. in Elmwood, Peoria co., Ill., 29 April, 1860. He was graduated at Illinois state university, Champaign, Ill., in 1879, studied at the École des beaux arts, Paris, during 1880-'3, and afterward with Marius Jean Antoine Mercié and others for two years. He has executed several busts and medallions, a statue of Schuyler Colfax, which was unveiled in Indianapolis in 1888, and reliefs for Michigan regimental monuments on the Gettysburg battle-field. He is engaged on a statue of Gen. Grant for Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Mr. Taft is instructor in sculpture at the Chicago art institute.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Tammany

Edition of 1889.
​TAMMANY, Indian chief, lived in the 17th century. He was chief of the Delawares, and was variously called Temane, Tamenand, Taminent, Tameny, and Tammany. According to one account, he was the first Indian to welcome William Penn to this country, and was a party to Penn's famous treaty. Another story places his wigwam on the present site of Princeton college, and another says that he lived in the hills of northeastern Pennsylvania, and that he died at an advanced age near a spring in Bucks county, Pa. He was a sagamore, and belonged to the Lenni Lennape confederacy of New York and Pennsylvania, which warred perpetually against the Six Nations and the Manhattan Indians. The tradition is that the evil spirit sought to gain a share in the administration of his kingdom, but Tammany refused to hold intercourse with him. The enemy then resorted to strategy, and attempted to enter his country, but was foiled by the chief, and at length determined to destroy him. A duel was waged for many moons, during which forests were trampled under foot, which have since remained prairie lands. Finally Tammany tripped his adversary, threw him to the ground, and would have scalped him, but the evil spirit extricated himself and escaped to Manhattan, where he was welcomed by the natives, and afterward made his home with them. Tammany appears to have been a brave and influential chieftain, and his nation reverenced his memory by bestowing his name upon those that deserved that honor. He is now chiefly known as the patron of a Democratic political organization in New York city called the Tammany society.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Teall, Francis Augustus

Edition of 1889.
​TEALL, Francis Augustus, editor, b. in Fort Anne, Washington co., N. Y., 16 Aug., 1822. He entered a printing-office in 1836, afterward supplemented his common-school education by the study of languages, and in 1841 went to New York city. Here he worked at the case, with Walt Whitman as a fellow-compositor, and was soon advanced to the place of proof-reader. In this capacity he has rendered much critical service of an editorial character on a large variety of works. Among other interesting things that received his attention were the original proofs of Edgar A. Poe's “Raven” and “Bells.” He assisted Ephraim G. Squier in preparing his “Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley” (Washington, 1848), and John R. Bartlett in the first edition of his “Dictionary of Americanisms,” and made the analytical index to the American edition of Napier's “Peninsular War.” For some time he was on the editorial staff of the “American Whig Review,” and in 1853 succeeded Mr. Whitman as editor of a newspaper at Huntington, L. I. He acted as proof-reader, contributor, and associate editor on the different editions of the “American Cyclopaedia,” and noted the pronunciation of the titles in the volume of index to the second edition and in the text of the condensed edition. Since 1882 he has been employed in the compilation of the “Century Dictionary.” The University of Rochester gave him the degree of A. M. in 1875.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Adonis (plants)

See also Adonis (plant) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ADONIS, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Ranunculaceae, known commonly by the names of pheasant’s eye and Flos Adonis. They are annual or perennial herbs with much divided leaves and yellow or red flowers. Adonis autumnalis has become naturalized in some parts of England; the petals are scarlet with a dark spot at the base. An early flowering species, Adonis vernalis, with large bright yellow flowers, is well worthy of cultivation. It prefers a deep light soil. The name is also given to the butterfly, Mazarine or Clifton Blue (Polyommatus Adonis).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Adrar

See also Adrar on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ADRAR (Berber for “uplands”), the name of various districts of the Saharan desert, Northern Africa. Adrar Suttuf is a hilly region forming the southern part of the Spanish protectorate of the Rio de Oro (q.v.). Adrar or Adrar el Jebli, otherwise Adghagh, is a plateau north-east of Timbuktu. It is the headquarters of the Awellimiden Tuareg (see Tuareg and Sahara). Adrar n’Ahnet and Adrar Adhafar are smaller regions in the Ahnet country south of Insalah. Adrar Temur, the country usually referred to when Adrar is spoken of, is in the western Sahara, 300 m. north of the Senegal and separated on the north-west from Adrar Suttuf by wide valleys and sand dunes. Adrar is within the French sphere of influence. In general barren, the country contains several oases, with a total population of about 10,000. In 1900 the oasis of Atar, on the western borders of the territory, was reached by Paul Blanchet, previously known for his researches on ancient Berber remains in Algeria. (Blanchet died in Senegal on the 6th of October 1900, a few days after his return from Adrar.) Atar is inhabited by Arab and Berber tribes, and is described as a wretched spot. The other centres of population are Shingeti, Wadan and Ujeft, Shingeti being the chief commercial centre, whence caravans take to St Louis gold-dust, ostrich feathers and dates. A considerable trade is, also done in salt from the sebkha of Ijil, in the north-west. Adrar occupies the most elevated part of a plateau which ends westwards in a steep escarpment and falls to the east in a succession of steps.
Adrar or Adgar is also the name sometimes given to the chief settlement in the oasis of Tuat in the Algerian Sahara.