OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Labrouse, Clotilde Suzette Courcelles

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LABROUSE, CLOTILDE SUZETTE COURCELLES,
A Celebrated French visionary, was born May 8th., 1747, of respectable parents, in the town of Vauxains, in Perigord, in the department of Dordogne. From the age of four she displayed deep religious fervour, and her greatest happiness was in the performance of her religious duties, to which, notwithstanding the remonstrances of her mother, and the raillery of her young companions, she devoted the most of her time. From her earliest years she regarded herself as an especial instrument to make known the will of God. ​She fasted, wore a girdle lined with sharp points, slept on the floor in winter, cut off her beautiful hair, and gave up music, of which she was very fond. She had offers of marriage from a young man of great piety and immense fortune, whom she liked, but refused to marry, as she said an internal voice commanded her to do, that she might not fail in the great mission which had devolved on her.
Her strongest desire was to travel to convert mankind, but this she was prevented from doing till 1779; she then escaped from her home, and arrived safely in Paris, where she passed some time under the protection of the Duchess de Bourbon. Here she was visited by ail classes of people, and regarded as a prophetess. She predicted various events, and carried on a profound argument with the Abbé Maury, in which she came off victorious. Leaving Paris, where she had been very successful, she returned to Perigord, and went from there to Rome, to convert the pope and cardinals "to the principles of liberty and equality; of the civil constitution of the clergy; and to persuade the pope to abdicate his temporal power." Suzette preached at the different places through which she passed; but when she reached Boulogne, in October, 1792, she was ordered by the pope's legate to leave the city. She took refuge in Viterbo; but the pope had her seized, and confined in the castle of San Angelo. She was not ill-treated, however, and when the Directory, in 1796, requested her liberation, she replied that she did not wish to leave Italy till 1800, when she had predicted that there would be a sign in heaven which would open the eyes of the pope himself. But when the French took Rome, in 1798, she returned to Paris, where she was surrounded by a number of disciples, although the year 1800 passed without the sign. Her followers, many of whom were learned men, remained steadfast, however, and Suzette continued to have visions till she was seventy-four. She died in 1821. Pontard, Bishop of Paris, remained faithful to her to the last,
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Lacombe, Rose

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LACOMBE, ROSE,
One of the terrible heroines or rather furies of the French revolution, born about 1768, was an actress of high reputation, and very beautiful. She was one of the leaders in that crowd of ferocious women who attacked the Hotel-de-Ville, and obliged the king and his family to return from Versailles to Paris. She founded a club of women, in which she was the chief speaker; and joined in the attack on the Tuilleries, in which she shewed such intrepidity, that the city of Marseilles decreed to her a civic crown. She entered with her whole soul into all the scenes of savage cruelty which disgraced those times. After having been the recognised leader and orator of the republican women for some time, she suddenly lost nearly all her influence by falling violently in love with, and endeavouring with her usual reckless impetuosity, to save, but in vain, a young nobleman who was imprisoned. The latter part of her life was passed in a small shop, where she gained her livelihood by the sale of petty articles. The time or manner of her death is not known.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Lafayette, Madame

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LAFAYETTE, MADAME.
Belonged to the noble family of Noailles, and was married, when ​quite young, to General Lafayette. When, in 1793, he was imprisoned at Olmutz by the Austrians, she was confined in Paris, and only saved from the guillotine by the death of Robespierre. The first use she made of her freedom was to proceed to Vienna, where, through the compassion of Prince de Rossenberg, she succeeded in obtaining an audience of the emperor. She pleaded earnestly for the release of her husband on the grounds of common justice and humanity, and urged her strong desire to see him restored to his family. The emperor said it was out of his power to grant her request, but he was willing that she and her two daughters, (then about twelve and fifteen years of age,) should enliven the prisoner by taking up their abode with him. This indulgence was gratefully accepted, and the long-separated friends were restored to each other.
Madame Lafayette was deeply affected at the emaciated figure and pale countenance of her husband. She found him suffering under annoyances much worse than she had feared.
She wished to write to the emperor; but this was refused. She made applications for redress in other quarters, but received no answer, except, "Madame Lafayette has submitted to share the captivity of her husband. It is her own choice."
At length, her health, already impaired by sixteen months imprisonment in Paris, began to give way. She solicited permission to go to Vienna, to breathe pure air, and consult a physician. During two months she received no reply; but, at last, she was informed that the emperor permitted her to go out, upon condition that she never returned to the prison.
Being desired to signify her choice in writing, she wrote as follows:—
"I consider it a duty to my family and friends to desire the assistance necessary for my health; but they well know it cannot be accepted by me at the price attached to it. I cannot forget that while we were on the point of perishing, myself by the tyranny of Robespierre, and my husband by the physical and moral sufferings of captivity, I was not permitted to obtain any intelligence of him, nor to acquaint him that his children and myself were yet alive; and I shall not expose myself to the horrors of another separation. Whatever then may be the state of my health, and the inconveniences of this abode for my daughters, we will gratefully avail ourselves of his Imperial Majesty's generosity. In permitting us to partake this captivity in all its circumstances."
After this, Madame Lafayette, fearful of being separated from her husband, refrained from making any complaint; although the air of the prison was so fœtid, that the soldiers, who brought food, covered their faces when they opened the door.
She remained with him till he was set at freedom, after four years' captivity, by the Intervention of Bonaparte. Madame Lafayette's health suffered so much from the close confinement, that she died soon after her release. In 1807.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Mary II., Queen of England

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MARY II., QUEEN OF ENGLAND.
And wife of William the Third, with whom she reigned jointly, was born at St. James' Palace, Westminster, on the 30th. of April, 1662. She was the daughter of James the Second, by Anne Hyde, his first wife. She married, November 4th., 1677, at the age of fifteen, William, Prince of Orange, and sailed two weeks after for the Hague. Here she lived, fulfilling her duties as a wife and princess, to the admiration of all who knew her, till February 12th., 1689; when, accepting a solemn invitation from the states of England, she followed her husband, who had arrived the preceding November, to London.
The throne was declared vacant by the flight of James the Second, and William and Mary were crowned as next heirs, April 11th., 1689.
Though Mary was declared joint possessor of the English throne ​with her husband, King William, yet the administration of the government was left entirely to him. This arrangement cost Mary no sacrifice; indeed she desired it should he made, that all rule and authority should be vested in him, remarking—"There is but one command which I wish him to obey, and that is, 'Husbands love your wives.' For myself, I shall follow the injunction, 'Wives be obedient to your husbands in all things.'" She kept the promise thus voluntarily made; and all her efforts were directed to promote her husband's happiness, and make him beloved by the English people. He had great confidence in her abilities; and when, during his absence in Ireland and on the continent, she was left regent of the kingdom, she managed parties at home with much prudence, and governed with a discretion not inferior to his own.
Mary was strongly attached to the Protestant religion and the Church of England, and was evidently led to consider its preservation a paramount duty, even when opposed to the claims of filial obedience. The unfriendly terms on which she lived with her sister, afterwards Queen Anne, have been alluded to as a blemish in the character of Mary; but political jealousies, and the foolish attachment of Anne to overbearing favourites, may sufficiently account for this coolness. Mary was, in truth, an amiable and excellent queen, and by her example made industry and domestic virtue fashionable. Her letter to Lady Russell, in which she deplores the bustle and pomp of royalty, because it separated her so much from her husband, is a beautiful proof how the best feelings of the woman were always prominent in her heart.
Mary died of the small-pox, at Kensington, in the year 1675, being in her thirty-third year. The people were sincere mourners; but to her husband the blow was almost overwhelming. For several weeks he was incapable of attending to business. To Archbishop Tennison, who was striving to console him, William said—"I cannot do otherwise than grieve, since I have lost a wife who, during the seventeen years that I have lived with her, never committed an indiscretion."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Mary Leczinska

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MARY LECZINSKA,
Daughter of Stanislaus, of Poland, married Louis the Fifteenth of France, in 1725. She was an amiable and virtuous princess. She bore to Louis the Fifteenth two sons and eight daughters; and died, universally regretted, in 1768, aged sixty-five.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Mary, daughter of Henry the Seventh

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MARY,
Daughter of Henry the Seventh, and wife of Louis the Twelfth of France. He died soon afterwards, and she married Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, by whom she had a daughter, the mother of Lady Jane Grey. She died in 1534, aged thirty-seven.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Mary, mother of Mark the Evangelist

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MARY,
Mother of Mark, the Evangelist. She had a house in Jerusalem, where it is thought that the apostles retired, after the ascension of our Lord, and where they received the Holy Ghost. After the imprisonment of Peter, the faithful assembled at this house, and were praying there, when Peter, delivered by the angel, knocked at the door.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Mary, wife of Cleophas

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MARY,
The wife of Cleophas, was mother of James, Jude, Joses, Simeon, and Salone. Cleophas and Joseph, the husband of the Virgin Mary, were probably brothers, which made these Marys sisters. Her children are therefore represented as the brothers of our Lord. She early believed in the Saviour, attended to His preaching, and ministered to His support. She witnessed His crucifixion, and prepared spices to embalm His body; and went, with Mary Magdalene and Salome, "early to the sepulchre." It was this Mary who, with Salome, saw the vision of the angel, and heard from him those cheering words, "Be not afraid; ye seek Jesus of Nazareth; he is risen," etc.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Mary Magdalene

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MARY MAGDALENE
Seems to have been an inhabitant of Magdala, otherwise called Dalmanutha. The city is supposed to have been situated somewhere on the eastern coast of the sea of Galilee. Wherever it was, it probably gave the surname of Magdalene to this Mary. It has been asserted by some writers, that she was a plaiter of hair to the women of the city, but all we certainly know of her is contained in the New Testament. We are there taught she had been a great sinner, that she repented, came to the feet of Jesus, while he "sat at meat in the Pharisee's house, and began to wash his feet with tears, and did wipe them with the hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and anointed them with precious ointment." Her penitence and humility are graphically portrayed; and she has ever since that time been as a star of hope to the fallen sisterhood, proving. ​that from the lowest depths of degradation the true penitent may be raised, if she will, like Mary Magdalene, turn from her sins and love the Lord Jesus Christ. From the moment when Mary Magdalene heard those sweet words from the Saviour, "Thy sins are forgiven," she seems to have devoted herself to his followers; and at the cross, and at the sepulchre, she proved that her faith was as firm and devoted as her love was true and holy. According to the apostle St. John, Mary Magdalene was the first person who reached the sepulchre on the eventful morning, "when it was yet dark;" she first discovered that the stone was taken away from the sepulchre; and to her the risen Saviour first made himself manifest. This female disciple was honoured above even the beloved John; for he and all the other disciples were taught by her that Jesus had risen from the tomb.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Mary and Martha

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MARY AND MARTHA
Sisters of Lazarus, whom Jesus raised from the dead; lived with their brother at Bethany, a village near Jerusalem. Jesus had a particular affection for this family, and often resorted to their house. One day Martha, preparing an entertainment for him, while Mary sat at his feet, listening to his words, wished her sister's assistance, and said to Jesus, "Do you not see. Lord, that my sister leaves me to minister alone? Bid her come to help me." But Jesus said, that "Mary had chosen the better part, that should not be taken from her."
Six days before the passover, Jesus came to Bethany, and was at meat in the house of Simon. Martha attended, and Lazarus was one of the guests. Mary took a pound of spikenard, the most precious perfume of the kind, and poured it over the head and feet of Jesus.
​The sisters were of one mind in the reverence and love they bore him; yet the characters of the two are in striking contrast—Martha was active, Mary contemplative. Martha seems to have been a creature of impulse; Mary was slower of apprehension, and, of course, less sudden in her resolves and movements. Martha had the most fervent faith; Mary the most humble piety. "Jesus loved Martha and her sister, and Lazarus." What a beautiful illustration is here! showing that the sweet, pure affections of domestic life arc sanctified by the best blessings of heaven. See St. John, chap. xi.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wednesbury

See also Wednesbury on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WEDNESBURY, a market town and municipal and parliamentary borough of Staffordshire, England, in the Black Country, 121 m. N .W. from London by the London & North-Western railway, and on the northern line of the Great Western. Pop. (1901) 26,554. An overhead electric tramway connects with Walsall, 3½ m. N. The town is ancient, but of modern growth and appearance as an industrial centre. The church of St Bartholomew, however, is a fine Perpendicular building, standing high. It is traditionally supposed to occupy the site of a place of the worship of Woden or Odin, and the name of the town to be derived from this god through the form Wodensborough. A church was built, probably in the 11th century, and from 1301 to 1535 the advowson, tithes, &c., belonged to the abbot of Halesowen. The present church was several times restored in the 18th and 19th centuries. The chief public buildings are the town hall (1872), art gallery (1891), and free library (1878). Coal, limestone and ironstone are mined. A special kind of coal, giving an intense heat, is largely used in forges. There are great iron and steel works, producing every kind of heavy goods used by railway and engineering works, such as boiler plates, rails, axles, tubes, bolts and nuts. Stoneware potteries are also important. Similar industries, with brick-making, are practised at Darlaston, an urban district (pop. 15,395), within the parliamentary borough. Wednesbury returns one member to parliament. The town is governed by a mayor, 4 aldermen, and 12 councillors. Area, 2287 acres.
Here Ethelfleda, widow of Æthelred of Mercia, in 916 constructed a castle. The place is not mentioned in Domesday, but appears to have belonged to the barony of Dudley. After the Conquest it became a demesne of the crown, and it was bestowed by Henry II. on the Heronvilles. It received parliamentary representation in 1867, and became a municipal borough in 1886.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wegscheider, Julius August Ludwig

See also Julius Wegscheider on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WEGSCHEIDER, JULIUS AUGUST LUDWIG (1771-1849), German theologian, was born at Kübelingen, Brunswick, on the 17th of September 1771, studied theology at Helmstadt, was tutor in a Hamburg family 1795-1805, Repetent at Göttingen, professor of theology at Rinteln in Hesse (1806-1815), and at Halle from 1815. In 1830 he (with his colleague Wilhelm Gesenius) was threatened with deposition for teaching rationalism, and though he retained his office he lost his influence, which passed to F. A. Tholuck and Julius Müller. He died on the 27th of January 1849.
His chief works were Uber die von de neuesten Philosophie geforderte Trennung der Moral von der Religion (1804); Einleitung in das Evangelium Johannis (1806); and Institutiones Theologicae dogmaticae (1815), to which W. Steiger's Kritik des Rationalismus in Wegscheider's Dogmatik (1830) was a reply.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Weed, Thurlow

See also Thurlow Weed on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WEED, THURLOW (1797 – 1882), American journalist and politician, was born in Cairo, Greene county, New York, on the 15th of November 1797. He began to earn his own living the age of eight. From 1811 to 1818 he worked as an apprentice and journeyman printer in Onondaga Hollow, Utica, Auburn, Cooperstown, Albany and New York City. His first independent enterprises, the Republican Agriculturist, established at Norwich, N.Y., in 1818, and the Onondaga County Republican, established at Manlius, N.Y., in 1821, proving unsuccessful, he became editor of the Rochester Telegraph in 1822. Entering politics as an opponent of the Democratic machine, which he termed the Albany Regency, Weed was in 1824 elected to the Assembly on the John Quincy Adams ticket, serving for a single session (1825). Two years later, during the excitement over the disappearance of William Morgan (see Anti-Masonic Party), he retired from the Telegraph and threw himself with enthusiasm into the attack on the Masonic order, editing for a time the Anti-Masonic Enquirer. In 1830 he established and became editor of the Albany Evening Journal, which he controlled for thirty-five years. Supporting the Whigs and later the Republicans, it was one of the most influential anti-slavery papers in the northeast; and Thurlow Weed himself became a considerable force in politics. In 1863 he retired from the Journal and settled in New York City. In 1867 he assumed editorial control of the Commercial Advertiser, but was soon compelled to resign on account of ill-health. He died in New York City on the 22nd of November 1882.
See The Life of Thurlow Weed (vol. i., Autobiography, edited by his daughter, Harriet A. Weed; vol. ii., Memoir, by his grandson, Thurlow Weed Barnes, Boston and New York, 1884). The Memoir is especially full for the period 1850 – 1867.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Week

See also Week on Wikipedia; Week in the 9th Edition; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikôn, probably = change, turn), the name given to periods of time, varying in length in different parts of the world, but shorter than a “month.” The month may be divided in two ways: a fractional part may be taken (decad or pentad), as in East Africa or Ancient Egypt (moon-week), or the week may be settled without regard to the length of the month (market-week, &c.). The seven-day week (see Calendar) originated in West Asia, spread to Europe and later to North Africa (Mahommedan). In other parts of Africa three, four (especially in the Congo), five, six and eight (double four) day weeks are found, and always in association with the market; the same applies to the three-day week of the Muyscas (S. America), the four-day week of the Chibchas, the five-day week of Persia, Malaysia, Java, Celebes, New Guinea and Mexico; in ancient Scandinavia a five-day period was in use, but markets were probably unknown. That the recurrence of the market determined the length of the week seems clear from the Wajagga custom of naming the days after the markets they visit, as well as from the fact that on the Congo the word for week is the same as the word for market. Among agricultural tribes in Africa one day of the week, which varies from place to place, is often a rest-day, visiting the market being the only work allowed.
Lasch in Zts. für Socialwissenschaft, ix. 619 seq., and N.W. Thomas in Journ. Comparative Legislation, xix. 90 seq., refer to the week in connexion with the market.  (N. W. T.)