OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Germinal Insurrection

Edition of 1906. See also Insurrection of 12 Germinal, Year III on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERMINAL INSURRECTION. A name given to the bread riots against the Convention at Paris, which occurred on April 1, 1795 (12th Germinal, Year III.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/German Catholics

Edition of 1906. See also German Catholics on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERMAN CATHOLICS. The name given to a sect which originated in Germany in 1844, and had a short existence. In that year Johannes Czerski (q.v.) undertook to found the ‘Christian-Apostolic Catholic Congregation,’ at Schneidemühl, in Posen. The confession of faith drawn up by Czerski rejected certain doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, but retained the Nicene Creed, the seven sacraments, and prayer for the dead; it declared the Bible the only sure source of Christian faith. About the same time Johannes Ronge (q.v.) uttered his protest against the exhibition of the holy coat (q.v.) at Treves, and the following year was called to take charge of a large ‘German Catholic’ congregation at Breslau. Ronge's confession of faith was far more radical than that of Czerski, and had a decided rationalistic tendency. The movement spread with remarkable rapidity, and many similar congregations were formed. In March, 1845, a conference was held at Leipzig and an organization effected. Among the prominent members of this gathering was Robert Blum (q.v.). The movement was forbidden in Austria and Bavaria. By the end of 1846 there were 60,000 German Catholics, more than half of them in Silesia. A second council was held at Berlin in 1847, at which liberal and rationalistic tendencies were still more marked. The decline of the association was due to two causes — the active part which many of its members took in politics, and the continual controversy between the adherents to the rationalistic confession of Ronge and those who preferred the more evangelical one of Czerski. Alter the Revolution of 1848 it rapidly went to pieces. In 1850 it was united with the Free Congregations (q.v.). In 1863 Ronge and Czerski attempted to revive the movement by the ‘Religious Reform Union.’ It is now practically dead. Consult: Günther, Bibliothek der Bekenntnissschriften der deutschkatholischen Kirchen (Jena, 1845); Bauer, Geschichte der Gründung und Fortbildung der deutschkatholischen Kirche (Meissen, 1855); Kampe, Wesen des Deutschkatholicismus (Tübingen, 1850); id., Geschichte der religiösen Bewegung der neuern Zeit (Leipzig, 1852-60).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Germander

Edition of 1906. See also Teucrium on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERMAN'DER (from Fr. germandrée, Sp. camedris, camedreo, from Lat. chamœdrys, wall-germander, from Gk. χαμαίδρυς, chamaidrys, germander, from χαμαί, chamai, on the ground + δρῦς, drys, oak), Teucrium. A genus of numerous and widely distributed species of plants of the order Labiatæ. The common germander, or wall-germander (Teucrium chamœdrys), often found on ruined walls in Great Britain, has probably been introduced from the south of Europe. It is a small, almost shrubby perennial, with wedge-shaped ovate, serrate leaves, and whorls of large reddish-purple flowers. It is bitter, somewhat aromatic, and was formerly much used in medicine, particularly as a principal ingredient in a once famous gout medicine called Portland powder. Similar medicinal virtues were ascribed to Teucrium botrys, a small annual species common on dry hills in Germany, having aromatic fragrance and yellow flowers. Cat-thyme (Teucrium marum), a native of the south of Europe, abounds in a pungent volatile oil, has a camphor-like smell, and, like catmint and valerian-root, is greatly relished by cats. It is often used as a sternutatory. Two species are rather abundant in the United States — wood-sage, or American germander (Teucrium Canadense), in low ground in the eastern part of the United States, and Teucrium occidentale in the West.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Germersheim

Edition of 1906. See also Germersheim on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERMERSHEIM, gĕr′mẽrs-hīm. A fortified town in the Bavarian Palatinate, Germany, situated a short distance from the Rhine, and nine miles southwest of Speyer. It has some manufactures. Population, in 1900, 5868. The Romans had a station here under the name of Vicus Julii. The French were defeated here by the Austrians in 1703.
# The New International Encyclopædia/German Baptists

Edition of 1906. See also the disclaimer.
GERMAN BAPTISTS. See Baptists.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Germinie Lacerteux

Edition of 1906. See also Germinie Lacerteux on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERMINIE LACERTEUX, zhâr′mḗ′nḗ′ lȧ′sâr′tẽ′. A realistic romance by Edmond and Jules de Goncourt (1865), in which the authors aim to present, as they say, a ‘clinic of love.’ The story is that of a poor country girl who comes to Paris, and through the fault of another is launched upon a career to the dangers of which her temperament renders her peculiarly liable, and which finally brings her to death on a hospital cot. The study is based on actual observation by the authors. It was dramatized by Edmond de Goncourt, and produced at the Odéon in 1889.
# The New International Encyclopædia/German y Llorente, Bernardo

Edition of 1906. See also Bernardo Germán de Llórente on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERMAN Y LLORENTE, Hâr-män′ ḗ lyô-rān′tắ, Bernardo (1685-1757). A Spanish painter, born at Seville. He studied under his father and Cristobal Lopez. He painted the portrait of the Infant, Don Philip, with such success that in 1717 he was called to Madrid by Philip V., who desired to make him Court painter, but he declined the honor, preferring an independent life. In 1735 he was made a member of the
Academy of Saint Ferdinand. The works of this artist resemble closely those of Murillo in their grace, correctness of drawing, and groupings, and in other countries they have been sold as original Murillos. He so frequently painted the Virgin as a shepherdess that he was called the ‘Painter of Shepherdesses.’ One of these paintings is in the Church of San Ildefonso, Madrid, and another in the Prado.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Germinal

Edition of 1906. See also Germinal (French Republican Calendar) and Germinal (novel) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GERMINAL, zhâr′mḗ′nȧl′ (Fr., relating to buds). (1) The name for the seventh month of the year in the French Republican calendar, from March 21st to April 19th during the years I.-III., and from March 22d to April 20th during the years VIII.-XIII. (2) One of the Rougon-Macquart novels by Zola (1885), dealing pessimistically with the question of labor as shown in the mines. Etienne, a type of laborer who has fallen under the influence of socialistic ideas, is contrasted with the rich Grégoire, indifferent to the problems of the workmen. The story introduces strongly drawn characters, and its descriptions of the collier's life and of the scenes of the strike are among Zola's best work.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Algebra

See also Algebra on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Al'gebra is a branch of mathematics which deals chiefly with “functions” or general values instead of special values as in arithmetic. The ancient Egyptians practised simple equations, an example being this: “Its whole added to its seventh gives 19, how much is it?” In other words, they solved the equation ${\frac {x}{7}}+x=19$. The Greeks added something to algebra; thus Euclid, about 300 B. C., knew that (a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab. Other steps in advance were made in Alexandria and Persia. But algebra was only used as a help to arithmetic until Viéte or Vieta, a Frenchman, in 1591 made of it an independent science. As to the usefulness of algebra, it can only be said that it is needful to all advanced work in mathematics. Its value to the professional man or workman may not be great, except that it is well for every man to know a little of each of the branches of truth.
The teaching of algebra might well follow the historical order; and begin with simple equations as did the Egyptians. For here algebra is of obvious use in making the problems of arithmetic more simple. Let one ask the following “catch” question: “A goose weighs six pounds and half its own weight, what is the weight of the goose?” The answer is seldom given rightly without setting x for the weight of the goose, thus: $x=6+{\frac {x}{2}}$ which gives the answer 12 pounds. It is better to begin, however, with practical questions. The most important modern change in the teaching of algebra has been brought about by Professor Chrystal, who has called attention to the nature of general functions as the real object of study in this science. A knowledge of general functions, such as the following for a quadratic equation, ax² + bx + c = d, has always been implied in the teaching of algebra; but it has only lately been insisted upon. It has been usual to teach the use of root signs and signs for brackets as if they formed a part of algebra; but in reality these operations belong to pure arithmetic.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Algeciras International Conference

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Algeciras (ăl' je-sē' ras) International Conference, on Morocco matters, held at Algeciras, Spain (opposite Gibraltar), in January, 1906. The Conference, after a period of extreme diplomatic tension between the European powers, caused by the exception taken by Germany to the trade control of Morocco by the Franco-British-Spanish agreement, settled matters more agreeably to Germany and signed a "General Act" embodying a concession for a state bank at Tangier, the suppression of the illicit traffic in arms, the control of the police, together with provision for an open door as regards trade and the exactions of the Customs. Later in the year, Morocco was disturbed by serious tribal disputes in the Mogador district, and by much unrest in the southern Franco-Moroccan frontier.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alfonso X

See also Alfonso X of Castile on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alfonso X of Leon and Castile, was engaged during his reign in putting down revolt, in fighting the Moors, and in two attempts to make himself emperor of Germany. Era, 1221–1284.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alfred the Great

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Alfred the Great, king of the West Saxons, was born at Wantage, Berkshire, in 849. The youngest of four sons, he succeeded to the crown on the death of his brother Ethelred at the age of 22. He had already given proof of ability as a general in driving back the constant invasions of the Danes, the most terrible warriors of Europe, and a large part of his reign was spent in preserving the liberty of his country against these northern foes. At first he was unsuccessful, and by 878 the invaders had overrun the entire kingdom of the West Saxons, while Alfred was driven into its forests. But he refused to be beaten, and soon the tide of fortune turned. Building a stronghold on an island in the wastes of Somersetshire, still known as Athelney (the island of the nobles), he made frequent sallies against the enemy, and soon found himself at the head of an army with which he totally defeated them. He then built England's first fleet and soon grew so powerful, both by land and sea, that he was recognized as sovereign of all England. During the years of peace which followed Alfred busied himself in rebuilding the cities which had suffered in the wars, in training the people in the use of arms and in founding those wise laws and institutions which helped so much in making England great and happy in later years. In an age of ignorance he was a fine scholar, and did much in founding schools and encouraging literature. Toward the close of his reign, after a hard contest of three years, he was again victorious over his old enemies, the Danes. He died in 901, leaving his country in peace and prosperity as the result of that wise and energetic rule which endeared him to all Englishmen as their best and greatest ruler.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alger, Russell Alexander

See also Russell A. Alger on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alger (ăl' jēr), Russell Alexander, American general, politician and ex-secretary of war in President McKinley's administration, was born in Lafayette, Ohio, February 27, 1836, and was educated at Richfield Academy, Ohio, studied law, and was called to the bar. Removing to Michigan, he entered the army as captain in the Second Michigan Cavalry (1861), and two years later became colonel of the Fifth Michigan Cavalry, and subsequently reached the rank of brevet major-general of volunteers. He was severely wounded at the battle of Boonsboro, Md., July 8, 1863, and performed meritorious service at Gettysburg and in the Shenandoah valley. After the war he became interested in the lumber business in Detroit, and owner of extensive timber tracts. In 1885–6 , he was governor of Michigan, and on March 5, 1897, was appointed United States secretary of war. In 1901 he was elected to the United States senate, where he served until his death, January 24, 1907.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alfonso XIII

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Alfonso XIII, king of Spain, is the son of Alfonso XII of Spain and of Maria Christina, Archduchess of Austria. Alfonso XIII was born on May 17, 1886, shortly after the death of his father, and during his minority his mother acted as regent. Before he ascended the throne, there were serious uprisings in the Philippine Islands and in Cuba. In 1898 war broke out between the United States and Spain, and as a result of it Spain lost Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines. The young king took the oath of office May 17, 1902, and shows strong tendencies towards progressiveness in government. In 1906, he married the Princess Victoria Eugenia, daughter of the late Prince Henry of Battenburg and Princess Beatrice, youngest child of Queen Victoria of England. An heir to the throne was born May 10, 1907. Another son was born June 22, 1908.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Algiers

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Algiers (ăl-jeerz’), capital of Algeria, is divided into two parts. The newer portion, along the harbor, is European; the older, on the hillside above, is Arab. It is an important French coaling station on the Mediterranean. Population (1906), 138,240.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alfonso V

See also Alfonso V of Aragon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alfonso V of Aragon, also ruler, of Sicily, Sardinia and Naples, was born in 1385. His determination to conquer Naples, after long wars, at great odds, was finally successful. Alphonso was one of the best kings of his name. He was brave, showed great generalship, was generous, loved books, and gave encouragement to law and justice. He died at Naples in 1458.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alfonso VI

See also Alfonso VI of Castile on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile (1030–1109), inherited only a part of his father's kingdom, in which his brother and sister shared, but by a series of wars he conquered the greater part of their territories, and fought the Moors vigorously.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Baldwin, Hon. Robert

See also Robert Baldwin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Baldwin, Hon. Robert, born in city of Toronto, 1804, of Irish descent. His father, the Hon. W. W. Baldwin, was a member of the Parliament of Upper Canada. Practiced law very successfully and profitably from 1825 to 1848. First elected to the Upper Canada Legislature in 1829. The executive, although in a minority, rejected year after year the legislation of the Legislative Assembly. He became the champion of responsible government. Lord Durham supported him and oligarchical rule was doomed. He was a member of the executive council in 1836. In 1840 he became solicitor general. In 1842 be became attorney-general in Upper Canada. Mr. Lafontaine was attorney-general in Lower Canada. Hence, the name of "Baldwin-Lafontaine Government." Held the position until 1851. Died 1858. Called the father of responsible government in Canada.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Baldwin, James Mark

See also James Mark Baldwin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bald'win, James Mark (1861), American psychologist, was born at Columbia, S. C., in 1884 graduated from Princeton, and subsequently studied at Leipsic, Berlin and Tübingen. In 1886–87 he was instructor in German in his alma mater, and in the two following years he was professor of philosophy at Lake Forest University, occupying the same chair from 1889 to 1903 in the University of Toronto, Canada. Subsequently he devoted himself to psychological studies, gaining prominence in the science and making a number of contributions to its varied branches; while at the same time filling the chair of psychology at Princeton. In conjunction with Professor Cattell of Columbia he founded the Psychological Review, and in 1901 became editor-in-chief of the Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology. His other publications, besides his translations from French and German, include A Handbook of Psychology, in two volumes (1888), Elements of Psychology (1893), The Story of the Mind and Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development (1897–98). He made many original discoveries and reasearches in his own special department of work, and contributed a number of articles to reviews and encyclopædias.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Balfour, Rt. Hon. Gerald W.

See also Gerald Balfour, 2nd Earl of Balfour on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Balfour, Rt. Hon. Gerald W., another nephew of the late Marquis of Salisbury and brother of Arthur J. Balfour, entered the English Parliament in 1885, and in the third Salisbury administration he was appointed chief secretary for Ireland, having much to do with the passing of the Irish Land Bill (1895) and the extension of local government to Ireland in 1898, including the creating of a department of agriculture and technical instruction on the island. Subsequently, he was president of the English Board of Trade.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Baliol, John

See also John of Scotland on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Baliol (bā' lǐ-ŭl or băl'-y ŭl), John, king of Scotland, was born in 1249. Through his mother he was connected with the royal family, and on the death of the heir to the throne, the Maid of Norway, he became a competitor for the throne with Robert Bruce. The question was left to Edward I of England to decide. He chose John Baliol, who swore obedience to him as his feudal lord. In consequence of his oath, he soon found he had no real power, but had to endure whatever Edward I put upon him. In 1295 he made a treaty with France, which was then at war with England. Immediately Edward invaded Scotland, and taking Baliol prisoner, compelled him to give up his crown. In 1302 he was allowed to settle on some estates of his in Normandy, where he died in 1315.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Balearic Isles

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Bal′ear′ic Isles (băl′ē-ăr′ǐk), a group of islands lying off the Mediterranean coast of Spain. They are Majorca or Mallorca, Minorca, Iviza, Formentera, Cabrera and several islets. From 1232 to 1344 they formed the kingdom of Mallorca, but in 1349 were united with the kingdom of Aragon. They now form a Spanish province, Balleares, with an area of 1,935 square miles, where vines, olives and fruit trees are abundant. Port Mahon, in Minorca, is one of the finest harbors in Europe. The Phœnicians and Greeks visited the islands in early times. Later they were subject to Carthage, but were added to the Roman empire in 123 B. C. The natives were famous slingers and their name, Baleares, comes from the Greek word meaning "to throw." Population, 311,649.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Balfour, The Right Hon. Arthur James

See also Arthur Balfour on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Balfour, The Right Hon. Arthur James, an English statesman and prime-minister (1902–05), was born July 25, 1848. He was educated at Cambridge University, and in 1874 entered parliament as a member of the Conservative party, and during 1878–80 he was private secretary to his uncle, Lord Salisbury. He was president of the local government board (1885), secretary for Scotland (1886) and chief secretary for Ireland (1887), and then filled the important position of leader of the Conservative party in the House of Commons. In July, 1902, on the retirement of Lord Salisbury, Mr. Balfour became prime minister, a post he held until the close of 1905, when he resigned the premiership and was succeeded by the Liberal leader, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. He is a fine scholar, a man of letters, a metaphysician and a brilliant debater. He has shown himself cool, clear-sighted, quick to think, speak and act. He is the author of quite a well-known work called a Defense of Philosophic Doubt. Besides this work he has published (1905) a volume of essays and addresses. In the election .of 1906 Mr. Balfour lost his seat for Manchester, but now sits in the English House of Commons as a member for the city of London.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Balboa, Vasco Nunez de

See also Vasco Núñez de Balboa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Balboa (bäl-bō' ä), Vasco Nunez de, a Spanish conqueror, was born in 1475. He crossed the ocean and began farming in St. Domingo, but fell into debt and to escape his creditors smuggled himself on board a ship and joined an expedition to Darien in 1510. An insurrection which took place there gave him the chief place in the new colony. Rumors reached him here of a great western ocean, and in 1513 he set out in search of it. On September 25, 1513, he first saw the Pacific Ocean from a peak of Darien. Owing to intrigues against him, Balboa was obliged to give up his command, but undertook many successful expeditions while in a subordinate position. Davilla, however, who succeeded him as commander, envious of his success, accused him of plotting a rebellion, and had him beheaded in 1517.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Balfour, Francis Maitland

See also Francis Maitland Balfour on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Balfour, Francis Maitland (1851–1882), brother of Arthur. A highly gifted young naturalist, educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. His investigations, especially in the line of embryology, were of great importance. Between 1879 and 1882 he brought together all that was known about the developmental stages of animals in his Comparative Embryology, a work of almost priceless value to students of embryology. In 1882 he and his single guide were killed on the Alps by slipping while attempting to climb one of the spurs of Mont Blanc.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Balder

See also Balder on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Balder, the beautiful god of light in the Norse mythology. He was the son of Odin and Frigg and was beloved of gods, men and nature. Through a charm Balder was made incapable of injury from any object save the mistletoe. Loke, the god of fire, jealous of Balder, found out through deceit the one thing which could injure him, and persuaded the blind god Hoder to throw at him a weapon made of mistletoe. Balder was slain, and the twilight of the gods began. A messenger was sent to the lower world to beg for the return of Balder. The promise was given that he would be permitted to return if all things, both animate and inanimate, would weep for him. Loke, in the disguise of a giantess, refused to weep and so Balder remained in the lower world. See Anderson's Norse Mythology, and Bulfinch's Age of Fable.