OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Woodward, Samuel

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​WOODWARD, SAMUEL (1790–1838), English geologist and antiquary, was born at Norwich on the 3rd of October 1790. He was for the most part self-educated. Apprenticed in 1804 to a manufacturer of camlets and bombazines, a taste for serious study was stimulated by his master, Alderman John Herring and by Joseph John Gurney. Becoming interested in geology and archaeology, he began to form the collection which after his death was purchased for the Norwich museum. In 1820 he obtained a clerkship in Gurney's (afterwards Barclay's) bank at Norwich, and Hudson Gurney and Dawson Turner (of Yarmouth), both fellows of the Royal Society, encouraged his scientific work. He communicated to the Archaeologia articles on the round church towers of Norfolk, the Roman remains of the country, &c., and other papers on natural history and geology to the Mag. Nat. Hist. and Phil. Mag. He died at Norwich on the 14th of January 1838. He was author of A Synoptical Table of British Organic Remains (1830), the first work of its kind in Britain; An Outline of the Geology of Norfolk (1833); and of two works issued posthumously, The Norfolk Topographer's Manual (1842) and The History and Antiquities of Norwich Castle (1847).
His eldest son, Bernard Bolingbroke Woodward (1816–1869), was librarian and keeper of the prints and drawings at Windsor Castle from 1860 until his death. The second son, Samuel Pickworth Woodward (1821–1865), became in 1845 professor of geology and natural history in the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, and in 1848 was appointed assistant in the department of geology and mineralogy in the British Museum. He was author of A Manual of the Mollusca (in three parts, 1851, 1853 and 1856).
S. P. Woodward's son, Horace Bolingbroke Woodward (b. 1848), became in 1863 an assistant in the library of the Geological Society, and joined the Geological Survey in 1867, rising to be assistant-director. In 1893–1894 he was president of the Geologists' Association, and he published many important works on geology. Samuel Woodward's youngest son, Henry Woodward ​(b. 1832) became assistant in the geological department of the British Museum in 1858, and in 1880 keeper of that department. He became F.R.S. in 1873, LL.D. (St Andrews) in 1878, president of the Geological Society of London (1894–1896), and was awarded the Wollaston medal of that society in 1906. He published a Monograph of the British Fossil Crustacea, Order Merostomata (Palaeontograph. Soc. 1866-1878); A Monograph of Carboniferous Trilobites (Pal. Soc. 1883–1884), and many articles in scientific journals. He was editor of the Geological Magazine from its commencement in 1864.
See Memoir of S. Woodward (with bibliography) in Trans. Norfolk Nat. Soc. (1879), and of S. P. Woodward (with portrait and bibliography), Ibid. (1882), by H. B. Woodward.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Woolsack

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​WOOLSACK, i.e. a sack or cushion stuffed with wool, a name more particularly given to the seat of the lord chancellor in the House of Lords. It is a large square cushion of wool, without back or arms, covered with red cloth. It is stated to have been placed in the House of Lords in the reign of Edward III. to remind the peers of the importance of the wool trade of England. The earliest legislative mention, however, is in an act of Henry VIII. (c. 10 s. 8): “The lord chancellor, lord treasurer and all other officers who shall be under the degree of a baron of a parliament shall sit and be placed at the uppermost part of the sacks in the midst of the said parliament chamber, either there to sit upon one form or upon the uppermost sack.” The woolsack is technically outside the precincts of the house, and the lord chancellor, wishing to speak in a debate, has to advance to his place as a peer.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Woollett, William

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​WOOLLETT, WILLIAM (1735–1785), English engraver, was born at Maidstone, of a family which came originally from Holland, on the 15th of August 1735. He was apprenticed to John Tinney, an engraver in Fleet Street, London, and studied in the St Martin's Lane academy. His first important plate was from the “Niobe” of Richard Wilson, published by Boydell in 1761, which was followed in 1763 by a companion engraving from the “Phaethon” of the same painter. After West he engraved his fine plate of the “Battle of La Hogue” (1781), and “The Death of General Wolfe” (1776), which is usually considered Woollett's masterpiece. In 1775 he was appointed engraver-in-ordinary to George III.; and he was a member of the Incorporated Society of Artists, of which for several years he acted as secretary. He died in London on the 23rd of May 1785.
In his plates, which unite work with the etching-needle, the dry-point and the graver, Woollett shows the greatest richness and variety of execution. In his landscapes the rendering of water is particularly excellent. In his portraits and historical subjects the rendering of flesh is characterized by great softness and delicacy. His works rank among the great productions of the English school of engraving. Louis Fagan, in his Catalogue Raisonné of the Engraved Works of William Woollett (1885), has enumerated 123 plates by this engraver.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Woolman, John

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​WOOLMAN. JOHN (1720-1772), American Quaker preacher, was born in Northampton, Burlington county, New Jersey, in August 1720. When he was twenty-one he went to Mount Holly, where he was a clerk in a store, opened a school for poor children and became a tailor. After 1743 he spent most of his time as an itinerant preacher, visiting meetings of the Friends in various parts of the colonies. In 1772 he sailed for London to visit Friends in the north of England, especially Yorkshire, and died in York of smallpox on the 7th of October. He spoke and wrote against slavery, refused to draw up wills transferring slaves, induced many of the Friends to set their negroes free, and in 1760 at Newport, Rhode Island, memorialized the Legislature to forbid the slave trade. In 1763 at Wehaloosing (now Wyalusing), on the Susquehanna, he preached to the Indians; and he always urged the whites to pay the Indians for their lands and to forbid the sale of liquor to them.
Woolman wrote Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes (1754; part ii., 1762); Considerations on Pure Wisdom and Human Policy, on Labor, on Schools and on the Right Use of the Lord's Outward Gifts (1768); Considerations on the True Harmony of Mankind, and How it is to be Maintained (1770); and A Word of Remembrance and Caution to the Rich (1793}; and the most important of his writings, The Journal of John Woolman: Life and Travels in the Service of the Gospel (1775), which was begun in his thirty-sixth year and was continued until the year of his death. The best known edition is that prepared, with an introduction, by John G. Whittier in 1871. The Works of John Woolman appeared in two parts at Philadelphia, in 1774-1775, and have been republished; a German version was printed in 1852.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Barclay, Florence Louisa

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​BARCLAY, FLORENCE LOUISA (1862–1921), English novelist, was born at Limpsfield, Surrey, Dec. 2 1862, the daughter of the Rev. S. Charlesworth, rector of the parish, and niece of Maria Louisa Charlesworth, author of Ministering Children. On March 10 1881 she married the Rev. Charles Barclay, vicar of Little Amwell, Herts. Her first novel, The Wheels of Time, appeared in 1908, but she is best known by its successor, The Rosary (1909), which reached a circulation of close on a million copies and was translated into many languages. The combination of religious feeling and strong love interest which characterized most of her novels appealed to a very wide public, and she enjoyed for some years an immense popularity, the total circulation of her books exceeding 2,500,000. Later novels included The Mistress of Shenstone (1910), specially filmed in America; The Following of the Star (1911); The Broken Halo (1913); In Hoc Vince (1915); Returned Empty (1920). She died at Limpsfield March 10 1921.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Barthou, Louis

BARTHOU, LOUIS (1862–), French statesman, advocate, author, journalist, and lecturer, was born at Oleron Aug. 25 1862. He was elected to Parliament in 1889, and five years later he became Minister of Public Works. He was successively Minister of the Interior (Aug. 1896 to June 1898) ; Minister of Public Works (March-Oct. 1906 and in the subsequent Clemenceau Cabinet until July 1909); Minister of Justice from July 1909 until March 1913; prime minister from May 22 to Dec. 2 1913; Minister of State in the Painleve Ministry during the World War, subsequently succeeding Ribot as Minister for Foreign Affairs; Minister of War Jan. 16 1921. His most notable political achievement was the manner in which he pushed through the Three Years’ Service Bill, which was a response to German military preparations before the war of 1914. He was elected a member of the French Academy in 1918.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bascom, John

BASCOM, JOHN (1827–1911), American educationist and philosophical writer (see 3.458), died Oct. 3 1911 at Williamstown, Mass.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bang, Hermann Joachim

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​BANG, HERMANN JOACHIM (1858-1912), Danish author (see 3.315), died Jan. 29 1912. In 1910 a volume of essays appeared, Masker og Mennesker, followed in 1911 by a volume of short stories, En deilig Dag. His collected works were published in six volumes in Copenhagen and Christiania (1912).
See F. Poppenberg, Nordiske Porträts—Hermann Bang (1912).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Barton, Clara

BARTON, CLARA (1821–1912), American philanthropist (see 3.452), died at Glen Echo, Md., April 12 1912. She is the only woman whose name has been taken by a post of the G.A.R.
See Mrs. Corra Bacon-Foster, Clara Barton, Humanitarian (1918), which outlines her career with extracts from records, letters, and contemporary papers.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Banerjea, Sir Surendranath

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​BANERJEA, SIR SURENDRANATH (1848-), Indian orator, political reformer and journalist, was born Nov. 10 1848, a member of the Rarhi sub-caste of Kulin Brahmans, and the second son of a medical practitioner in Calcutta. Passing for the Indian civil service at the open competition of 1870, he was posted to Sylhet as assistant magistrate but, at the expiry of two years, was compulsorily retired on a small compassionate pension, on account of a technical irregularity—a decision since admitted generally to have been unduly harsh. He then opened a small school in Calcutta which soon expanded into the well-known Ripon College. His work as a political reformer began in 1876 when he founded the Calcutta Indian Association, and three years later he became editor of the Bengalee newspaper. In subsequent years he became the centre of many stormy episodes. He was one of those who established the Indian National Congress in 1883, and presided over the Poona session of 1895 and again at the meeting at Ahmedabad in 1902.
From 1876 to 1899 he served on the Calcutta corporation, when he resigned with 27 other leading commissioners as a protest against the changes introduced by the Calcutta Municipal Act. In 1893 he was elected to represent the corporation on the Bengal Legislative Council, and was twice returned to the central Legislature as member for Bengal. He gave evidence in 1897 before the Royal Commission on Indian Expenditure and frequently visited England in connexion with deputations and political missions. Vehemently opposing the administrative partition of Bengal effected by Lord Curzon in 1905, he supported the boycott of foreign goods and the movement in favour of “national” education which arose from the upheaval. He always exhibited, however, a preference for constitutional agitation, and was among the first to welcome the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms. Severing his association with the Congress, which had passed under “extremist” control, he formed an “Indian Liberal” organization, and came to London in 1919 to present the case for his party before the Joint Parliamentary Committee, subsequently accepting office as Minister for Local Government and Sanitation in Bengal. A knighthood was conferred upon him in Jan. 1921. Possessed of a remarkable knowledge of the English language and literature, he had earned by his eloquence the title of the Gladstone of India.
    (H. E. A. C.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Baruch, Bernard Mannes

BARUCH, BERNARD MANNES (1870–), American financier, was born in Camden, S.C., Aug. 19 1870. He graduated from the College of the City of New York in 1889. For many years he was a member of the New York Stock Exchange but sold his seat in 1917. He first came into national prominence when appointed by President Wilson as a member of the advisory committee of the Council of National Defense in 1916, and after America's entrance into the World War he held many important positions. He was chairman of the Committee on Raw Materials, Minerals and Metals, and was in charge of purchases by the War Industries Board. He was also appointed a member of the commission in charge of all purchases made for the Allies. He became chairman of the War Industries Board in 1918 but resigned at the close of the year. In 1919 he was a member of the Supreme Economic Council of the Peace Conference in Paris and in the same year was appointed by President Wilson as a member of the Industrial Conference in Washington. He wrote The Making of the Reparation and Economic Sections of the Treaty (1920).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Barton, Sir Edmund

BARTON, SIR EDMUND (1840–1920), Australian statesman and judge, was born at Sydney, N.S.W., Jan. 18 1849. He was educated at the Sydney grammar school and the university of Sydney, where he won many distinctions, and was called to the N.S.W bar in 1871, becoming Q.C. in 1889. At the age of 30 he entered the N.S.W. Legislature as representative for Sydney University, and remained a member of either the Assembly or the Legislative Council for many years. During 1883-7 he was Speaker of the Assembly and in 1889 and again in 1891 he was for a time Attorney General. In 1897, after the death of Sir Henry Parkes, he became senior representative for N.S.W. to the Federal Convention. He was a keen supporter of Federation and in 1900 led the delegation sent to London with the Australian Commonwealth bill. In 1901 he became the first Prime Minister of federated Australia, holding also the portfolio of External Affairs. His two years of office were much troubled by party strife. He had been a life-long supporter of Preference, but his majority over Sir George Reid and the Free Traders was small and the Labour party held the balance. In 1903 he was glad to resign office and accept the appointment of Senior Puisne Judge of the High Court of Australia. In 1901 he was sworn of the Privy Council and in 1902 he was created G.C.M.G.
He died suddenly at Medlow Bath, near Sydney, Jan. 6 1920. Known affectionately as the “Father of Australia,” Edmund Barton inspired through his long career as a politician a deep personal devotion. His magnificent talents were used more for the advancement of his ideals and the help of his friends than in the service of his personal ambitions. Like a genial Dr. Johnson in conversation, he made easy captives of British statesmen on his visits to London. One of his sons was the first Rhodes scholar from N.S.W. to Oxford.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bantock, Granville

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​BANTOCK, GRANVILLE (1868–), English musical composer, born in London Aug. 7 1868, was intended for the Indian civil service and later for the career of a chemical engineer, but abandoned both for music; he entered the Royal Academy of Music in 1889. There he gained many prizes and was the first holder of the Macfarren scholarship. In 1893 he founded the New Quarterly Musical Review, a pioneer publication on modern lines, and during the following two years he toured America and Australia as conductor of a Gaiety company, after which, in 1897 he became musical director at the Tower, New Brighton. Three years subsequently he was elected director of the school of music at the Midland Institute, Birmingham, and in 1908 he succeeded Elgar as professor of music at Birmingham University. A prolific composer in nearly all forms, among his best known works are The Great God Pan (1903); Omar Khayyam (1906); Pierrot of the Minute (1908); the truly choral symphony Atalanta in Calydon (1912); Fifine at the ​Fair (1912); and the fine Hebridean Symphony (1916) for the publication of which the Carnegie Trust made themselves responsible. His great choral symphonies, for instance, Atalanta, a colossal work for unaccompanied choirs, occupying about 45 minutes in performance, and its companion, Vanity of Vanities (1914), are remarkable examples of his work. Bantock was largely instrumental in establishing the Birmingham competition festivals in 1912 and in increasing their efficiency.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Roche, Sir Boyle

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​ROCHE, SIR BOYLE, Bart. (1743–1807), Irish soldier and politician, famous for his “ bulls,” came of a branch of the family of the Viscounts Fermoy. He served in the American War, and sat in the Irish parliament from 1777 onwards, being created a baronet in 1782 for his loyalty to the government. He supported the Union, and one of his recorded “bulls”—many, however, being only fastened on him—was his declaration that he would have “the two sisters” (England and Ireland) “embrace like one brother.” Sir Boyle Roche was a characteristically witty and genial Irishman, and was master of the ceremonies at Dublin Castle.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rochefort (Belgium)

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​ROCHEFORT, a small town of Belgium, situated on the Lomme, a tributary of the Lesse, in the S.E. of the province of Namur close to the Ardennes. Resident pop. (1904) 3068, which in July and August is doubled. It is of ancient origin, its position at the point where the route to St Hubert crossed that from Liége to Bouillon having made it at all times a place of some importance. The ruins of the old castle, which gave the place its name and a title to a long line of counts who had the right of coining their own money, still exist. This castle underwent many sieges and suffered much in the earlier wars, especially at the hands of Marshal de Chatillon in 1636. Rochefort is noted for its healthiness, and is a favourite place of residence. It also attracts every summer a large number of visitors and tourists, who visit it on account of the remarkable grottoes in its neighbourhood. One of these is situated in the town itself and is known by its name. This grotto contains six halls or chambers, the largest of which is called the Sabbat, and is remarkable for its great height. But th'e most famous are the grottoes of Han, situated three miles from Rochefort at Han sur Lesse. Here the river Lesse passes by a subterranean and undiscovered passage under the hill called Boème or Boine. The endeavour to trace the course of the river led to the discovery of the grottoes, which consist of fifteen separate halls, connected by passages more or less short and emerging on the river in a dark and extensive cavern forming a sort of side creek or bay. Except in flood-time, when the exit has to be used, the entrance is near the point where the river disappears at what is called the gap or hole of Belvaux, and the exit is made by boat from the cavern last described, which leads out to the open river. A beautiful effect is afforded by the passage from the complete darkness of this cavern into the light. The finest stalactites are in the three halls called the Mysterieuses, the Vigneron and the Draperies. In the last-named is “ the tomb,” which looks as if chiselled out of white marble. The central hall—called the Salle d'Armes—is immense, and one of the river channels flows through it. Electric light has been introduced. Near Rochefort are the famous red marble quarries of St Remy, and the old Cistercian abbey of that name is now a Trappist seminary.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rochester (New Hampshire)

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​ROCHESTER, a city of Strafford county, New Hampshire, U.S.A., on the Cochecho and Salmon Falls rivers, about 30 m. E. by N. of Concord. Pop. (1890) 7396; (1900) 8466, of whom 1651 were foreign-born; (1910 U.S. census) 8868. Area, about 34 sq. m. Rochester is served by four lines of the Boston & Maine railroad. The rivers furnish excellent water-power for various manufactures. Rochester, named in honour of Lawrence Hyde, earl of Rochester, was incorporated as a town by a royal charter in 1722, but no settlement was made here until 1728. From parts of the original town Farmington and Milton were erected in 1798 and 1802 respectively, and in 1846 part of Rochester was annexed to Barrington. It was the birthplace of John Parker Hale. Rochester was chartered as a city in 1891.
See F. McDuffee, History of the Town of Rochester, New Hampshire (Rochester, 1892).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rochester (Minnesota)

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​ROCHESTER, a city and the county seat of Olmsted county, Minnesota, U.S.A., on the Zumbro river, about 70 m. S.E. of St Paul. Pop. (1890) 5321; (1900) 6843; (1905, state census) 7233 (1905 foreign-bom); (1910 census) 7844. It is served by the Chicago & North-Western and the Chicago Great Western railways. The city has a public library (1865), and is the seat of St John's School and the Academy of Our Lady of Lourdes (both Roman Catholic), of a state hospital for the insane (1878), originally planned (1877) as an inebriate asylum, liquor dealers being taxed for its erection, and of St Mary's Hospital (1889), a famous institution founded and maintained by the Sisters of St Francis. There is valuable water-power, and the city has grain elevators and various manufactures. Rochester was first settled in 1854, and was chartered as a city in 1858.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tremolite

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​TREMOLITE, a member of the amphibole group of rock-forming minerals (see Amphibole). It is a calcium and magnesium meta silicate, CaMg$_3$(SiO$_3$)$_4$, crystallizing in the monoclinic system with an angle of 55° 49' between the perfect prismatic cleavages. It occurs sometimes as distinct crystals, but more usually as long bladed and fibrous forms. The colour is white or grey, but when iron is present it is green, then forming a passage to actinolite. The hardness is 5½ and the specific gravity 3.0. Tremolite is a characteristic mineral of crystalline limestones, especially dolomitic limestones, but also occurs as an alteration-product of olivine in basic igneous rocks. Typical specimens have long been known from the white crystalline dolomite of Campolongo in the St Gotthard region, Switzerland, near to which is the Tremola Valley, after which the mineral was named in 1796. Fine crystals are found in crystalline limestone at Gouverneur, Pierrepont and other places in New York, and at several localities in Sweden. (L. J. S.)