# The Tribes of Burma/Bibliographical notes/Kachins
#### THE KACHINS.THE KACHINS.

References :
ANDERSON = "Narrative of Two Expeditions to Western China." J. Anderson, London, 1876.
STRETTELL= "The Ficus Elastica in Burma Proper," G. W. Strettell, Rangoon, 1876.
GRAY = "Diary of a Journey to the Bor Khamti Country." J. Errol Gray, Simla, 1893.
HERTZ (W. A.) = "Report on a visit to the Hukawng Valley." W. A. Hertz, Rangoon, 1907.
WEHRLI = "Beitrag zur Ethnologic der Chingpaw (Kachin)von Ober Burma." (Vol. XVI, Int. Archiv fur Ethn.). Hans Wehrli, Leiden, 1904.
DALTON = "Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal." E. T. Dalton, Calcutta, 1872.
| Serial No. | Head. | Brief description. | Authority. | Page. |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 1 | Present habitat. | Extreme north of Upper Burma and Shan States. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol, I, Parti. Wehrli ... | 331 3 |
| 2 | Origin and movement. | Country north of head waters of Irrawaddy. Southward movement. | Comparative Grammar of the Languages of Further India. C. S. Forbes, London, 1881. Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... Burma Census Report, 1891, Vol. I, App. Burma Census Report, 1901, Part I, App. | 71 371, 374 7 xiii lvii |
| 3 | Political and social divisions | Five parent tribes (Marips, Lahtawngs, Lepais, Nhkums, Marans). Sub-tribes, Families. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol, I, Part I. Burma Census Report, 1891, Vol. I, App. Wehrli ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 373, 375, 381 vi, viii, x 12 402, 403 23 |
| 4 | Allied tribes | Nagas, Singphos of Assam, etc. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 381 16 |
| 5 | Language and dialects. | Kachin group of Tibeto-Burman branch. Dialects Grammars, Vocabularies, etc. | Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. III, Part II. Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. III, Part II. Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Grammar of the Kachin Language. Hanson, Rangoon, 1896. Handbook of the Kachin or Chingpaw Language. H. F. Hertz, Rangoon, Kachin Vocabulary. A. Symington, Edinburgh, 1892. | 499 502 660 |
| 6 | Religion ... | Spirit worship; nats; conception of after life. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Gray ... ... Wehrli ... ... | 416 9 48 |
| 7 | Birth ceremonies and infanticide. | Propitiation of nats if labour difficult. Naming of child, etc ... Infanticide unknown ... | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Burma Census Report, 1891, Vol. I, App. Wehrli ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol I, Part I. | 398 400 xiv 59 403 |
| 8 | Magic and witchcraft. | Mediums, tumsas, altars, divinations, omens. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 420, 426 56 |
| 9 | Totems and tribal marks. | Existence of totemism doubtful. | Burma Census Report, 1901, Part I. | 133 |
| 10 | Marriage customs and ceremonies. | Idea of abduction. Prohibited decrees of consanguinity. Dowry, marriage feasts. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... Anderson ... ... | 404, 407 26, 60 146 |
| 11 | Death and burial ceremonies. | Announcement of death; body buried, not burnt (except in Hukawng valley), conical thatched cover erected over and trench dug round grave. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Gray ... ... W. A. Hertz ... Strettell ... ... Dalton ... ... | 408 23 17 137 12 |
| 12 | Clothing ... | Women—sleeveless jacket, skirt, head-dress varying ; rings round waist. Men—jacket and either waist-cloth or Shan trousers, according to locality. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Strettell ... ... Wehrli ... ... Mandalay to Momien. J. Anderson, London, 1876. Dalton ... ... | 397 68, 90, 188 42 407 11 |
| 13 | Personal ornaments. | Women—earrings (tube or square shaped), torques, rings below knee. Men—rings below knee; Kachin bags ornamented. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 397 43 |
| 14 | Painting and tattooing. | Women in far north occasionally tattooed from knee downwards in a succession of parallel rings. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. W. A, Hertz ... Gray ... ... Wehrli ... ... Strettell ... ... Dalton ... ... | 385 10 5 44 171 11 |
| 15 | War ... | Raids ; stockades ; pitfalls ; use of pdngyis; methods of defence; decapitation of foes. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... Dalton ... ... | 428 39 11 |
| 16 | Hunting ... | Portion of game killed reserved for nats. Blood sprinkled towards jungle. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 428 55 |
| 17 | Agriculture ... | Taungya the commonest form. Offering to nats. Huts built on taungya. Harvest festivals ... | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Gray ... ... Wehrli ... ... Strettell ... ... | 426 8, 9 45 149 |
| 18 | Habitations... | Long, oblong, of bamboos and thatch. Several families frequently living together. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. W. A. Hertz ... Gray ... ... Wehrli ... ... A. R. Colquhoun, Across Chryte, London, 1883. | 436 3 1 41 348 |
| 19 | Government... | Kumsa Kachins governed by Duwas. Kumlao Kachins democratic. Office of Duiaa hereditary. Tribute paid to him. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 412 34 |
| 20 | Laws ... | No recognized legal rules. Conception of "debts," Law of inheritance. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 415 33, 37 |
| 21 | Covenants, oaths, ordeals. | Rice boiling and hot water ordeals. Oaths ... ... | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 427 65 |
| 22 | Morals ... | Character described (lazy, vindictive, treacherous, but not wholly devoid of good qualities). | Upper Burma Gazetteer. Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 439 23 |
| 23 | Property ... | Land held by the community. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. | 416 |
| 24 | Slavery ... | Slaves obtained by raiding. Marriage between slaves and free. Treatment of off-spring. Share of outturn, | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Gray ... ... W. A. Hertz ... Wehrli ... ... Dalton ... ... | 432 4 11, 28 36 10 |
| 25 | Divisions of time. | Hours, seasons, months, etc. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I,Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 434 67 |
| 26 | Trade ... | Exports and imports ... | Wehrli ... ... | 47 |
| 27 | Mediums of exchange. | Opium used as a medium of exchange, also India rubber. | Gray ... ... Wehrli ... ... | 18 48 |
| 28 | Writing and drawing. | Rough drawing on village posts. Legend that writing was given on a hide which they eat. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 433 65 |
| 29 | Music and poetry. | Musical instruments. One stringed violin and pipe. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 438 69 |
| 30 | Arts, e.g., pottery, weaving, dyeing. | Weaving. Warp kept stretched by weaver's body. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 437 47 |
| 31 | Implements .. | Da, slung across shoulder, spears, bows and guns. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Gray ... ... Wehrli ... ... | 431 5 44 |
| 32 | Medicine | Simple knowledge of herbal remedies. In dangerous illness nats propitiated. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. 1, Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 408 57 |
| 33 | Food | Rice, maize and nearly any form of animal food. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. 1, Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 435 44 |
| 34 | Miscellaneous, folklore, etc. | Origin of death Story of flood | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Wehrli ... ... | 408 417 70 |
| 35 | Anthropome-tric data. | Cephalic index ... 78.1 Facial index ... 121.0 Height standing... 158.7 | Anthropometric data from Burma. B. Gupta, Calcutta, 1906. | 30 |