OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Drury, Byron

Layout 4
​DRURY. (Commander, 1845. f-p., 18; h-p., 1.)
Byron Drury is son of the late Rev. Henry Drury, of Harrow; of the school at which place that gentleman, and his father, Dr. Drury, were masters for about 70 years.
This officer entered the Royal Naval College in 1828; and embarked, 13 Aug. 1830, as a Volunteer, on board the Aetna surveying vessel, Capt. Edw. Belcher. He afterwards served for upwards of three years, latterly as Midshipman, in the Rainbow 28, Capt. Sir John Franklin, on the Mediterranean station; and, joining next the Racehorse 18, Capt. Sir Jas. Everard Home, took an active part, as Mate, in the siege of Para, in 1835, where he was for several days in action with the enemy’s batteries. With Sir Gordon Bremer, in the Alligator 28, Mr. Drury subsequently assisted in surveying the harbour at Port Essington, in South Australia, during the formation of that place into a settlement. On eventually proceeding to India, he there became, 30 Nov. 1839, Acting-Lieutenant of the same vessel, in which he continued until his removal, 6 July, 1841, to the Calliope 26, Capt. Augustus Leopold Kuper. He had, previously to that event, borne a part in most of the hostilities against the Chinese – had commanded a division of boats at the first capture of Canton – and had been officially promoted, by commission dated 8 June, 1841. While in the Calliope, he rendered himself particularly useful by his valuable exertions in surveying and sounding the channels in the Yang-tse-Kiang, preparatory to the ascent of the fleet to Nanking. Mr. Drury’s next appointments appear to have been – 30 Sept. 1843, to the Shearwater steamer, Capt. Chas. Gepp Robinson, employed in surveying the coast of Scotland – and, 10 Feb. 1845, to the Herald 28, Capt. Henry Kellett, fitting for the Pacific. He was superseded from the latter ship on promotion to his present rank, 22 May, 1845; and, since 23 Feb. 1846, has been reborne on the books of the Shearwater, in the capacity of Additional-Commander.
He married, 9 June, 1846, Helen Stewart, daughter of Robert Morris, Esq., of Moorburn, Ayrshire. Agent – J. Hinxman.
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "errata", but no corresponding <references group="errata"/> tag was found
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "errata", but no corresponding <references group="errata"/> tag was found
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "errata", but no corresponding <references group="errata"/> tag was found
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "errata", but no corresponding <references group="errata"/> tag was found
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Drury, Henry

Layout 4
​DRURY. (Captain, 1841. f-p., 19; h-p., 29.)
Henry Drury is son of the late Mr. Drury, Ordnance Storekeeper at Cork; and nephew of Vice-Admiral Wm. O’Brien Drury, who distinguished himself in command of the Powerful in the action off Camperdown, as he had done on other occasions, and died Commander-in-Chief in the East Indies, 6 March, 1811.
This officer entered the Navy, 24 July, 1799, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board L’Engageante, guard-ship at Cork, bearing the flag of Sir Robt. Kingsmill; and, on next joining La Determinée frigate, armée en flûte, Capt. Alex. Becher, was wrecked, off Jersey, 24 March, 1803. Between the latter date and his promotion to the rank of Lieutenant, which took place 14 Sept. 1807, he further served, as Midshipman, on the Channel, Mediterranean, and Irish stations, in the Dreadnought and Neptune 98’s, Capts. Edw. Brace and W. O’B. Drury, Fisgard 38, Capt. Lord Mark Robt. Kerr, and Dryad 36, Capt. Adam Drummond. He then joined the Monmouth 64, bearing his uncle’s flag in the East Indies; and, after a brief attachment to three other ships (the Cornwallis 50, Capt. Fleetwood Pellew, Russel 74, Capt. Thos. Gordon Caulfeild, and Fox 32, Capt. Henry Hart), was successively invested with the acting-command, in 1810-11, of the Hesper sloop, Minden 74, and Akbar 50 – the latter employed in the hostilities against Java. Capt. Drury, whose second promotal commission bears date 10 Sept. 1811, was subsequently appointed, for the usual period of three years – 10 June, 1831, to the Coast Guard – and, 1 Aug. 1836, to the Victory 104, Capt. Thos. Searle, guard-ship at Portsmouth. Since the date of his Post-promotion, 23 Nov. 1841, he has been on half-pay.
He is married, and has issue eleven children. Agents – Messrs. Chard.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Driffield, Joseph Bligh

Layout 4
​DRIFFIELD. (Lieut., 1824. f-p., 17; h-p., 17.)
Joseph Bligh Driffield, born 6 May, 1800, at Lichfield, co. Stafford, is son of the late Lieut.-Colonel Driffield, R.M.; and grandson of the late Admiral Sir Rich. Rodney Bligh, G.C.B.
This officer entered the Navy, 30 July, 1813, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Medway 74, Capt. Aug. Brine; under whom, on proceeding to the Cape of Good Hope, he assisted at the capture, in July, 1814, of the United States’ brig-of-war Syren, of 18 guns and 137 men. From 1816, in which year he left the Medway, until Sept. 1821, his name was borne on the books of the Queen Charlotte 100, successive flag-ship at Portsmouth of Admirals Sir Edw. Thornbrough, Sir Geo. Campbell, and Sir Jas. Hawkins Whitshed; during which period he appears to have been occasionally lent, among other ships, to the Prince Regent yacht, Capt. Sir Michael Seymour, and to the Vengeur 74, Capt. Thos. Alexander. He then, having passed his examination 1 Sept. 1819, joined the Rosario 10, Capt. Fred. Marryat; and, proceeding soon afterwards to North America, in the Salisbury 50, flag-ship of Rear-Admiral Wm. Chas. Fahie, was there confirmed to a Lieutenancy, 10 May, 1824, in the Doterel 18, Capt. Rich. Hoare. After effecting the capture, in the boats of that sloop, of four smuggler-boats and of two schooners, in the Bay of Fundy, Mr. Driffield returned to England, and was paid off, in Aug. 1825. We afterwards find him appointed – 17 March, 1826, to the Parthian 10, Capt. Henry Byam Martin, in the Mediterranean – 5 Nov. 1827, to the Primrose 18, Capt. Thos. Saville Griffinhoofe, off the coast of Africa, where he was sent in charge of a prize to Siena Leone – 3 Nov. 1830, and 27 Dec. 1831, to the Undaunted 46, and Jaseur 18, commanded on the Cape station by Capts. Edw. Harvey and Arch. Sinclair – 9 Nov. 1833, for a short period, to the Excellent gunnery-ship at Portsmouth, Capt. Thos. Hastings – and, 25 Oct. 1841, as Senior Lieutenant, to the North Star 26, Capt. Sir Jas. Everard Home, fitting at Portsmouth. He was discharged from the latter ship in consequence of ill health in the following December; and since that period has been on half-pay.
Lieut. Driffield married, 31 March, 1835, Emily, daughter of Rear-Admiral Chas. Carter, R.N.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Drew, Josias

Layout 4
​DREW. (Lieut., 1815. f-p., 20; h-p., 18.)
Josias Drew was born, 28 Dec. 1790, at Devonport. His father was a naval officer.
This officer entered the Navy, 19 May, 1803, as Sec.-cl. Boy, on board the Imogene 18, Capt. Henry Vaughan. After visiting the coast of Africa, he proceeded to the West Indies, where, on becoming Midshipman of the Demerara 10, Lieut.-Commander Thos. Dutton, he was unfortunately taken captive, 14 July, 1804, by the French privateer Grand Décidé of 22 guns and 150 men, at the close of a sanguinary action, in which the British vessel lost a third of her crew in killed and wounded. On being exchanged, in the following December, Mr. Drew joined the Alligator 28, troop-ship, Capts. Robt. Henderson, Fras. Augustus Collier, Thos. Sharp, and Hugh Cameron; under the first of whom, and Capt. John Palmer, he afterwards served in the Pheasant 18. Returning with convoy to England in Sept. 1806, he next became attached to the Rattler 18; in which vessel, under Capts. Jas. John Chas. Agassiz, Henry Higman, Alex. Gordon, John Thomson, and Henry Bourne, he appears to have been very actively employed, on the North American and West India stations, part of the time as Master’s Mate and Acting-Master, until Oct. 1814. During that period, we find him serving in the boats at the capture, on 2 and 19 May, 1813, of the United States privateers Gallynippe, of 2 guns and 55 men, and Alexander, of 18 guns and 70 men. Having passed his examination 7 Feb. 1810, Mr. Drew, on leaving the Rattler, became Acting-Lieutenant of the Niemen 38, Capt. Sam. Pym, with whom he continued until paid off in May, 1815 – previously to which he had, on 22 Feb. in the same year, been officially promoted. With the exception of a command, from Oct. 1840, to Aug. 1843, of the Dove Revenue-vessel, he has been in charge, since 25 April, 1836, of a station in the Coast Guard.
Lieut. Drew married, 12 March, 1827, Mary, eldest daughter of Jas. Leverson, Esq., of Treheveris, in the parish of Kenwyr, co. Cornwall, by whom he has issue four children.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Drummond, James Robert

Layout 4
​DRUMMOND. (Commander, 1838, f-p., 15; h-p., 6.)
The Honourable James Robert Drummond, born 15 Sept. 1812, is second son of Viscount Strathallan, by Lady Amelia Sophia Murray, daughter of John, fourth Duke of Atholl, and sister-in-law of Vice-Admiral Sir Adam Drummond, K.C.H.
This officer entered the Navy 2 Feb. 1826; and obtained his first commission 27 Dec. 1832. He was afterwards appointed – 14 March, 1834, to the President 52, Capt. John M‘Kerlie, on the North America and West India station – and, 25 Aug. following, to the Winchester 52, as Flag-Lieutenant, in the East Indies, to Hon. Sir Thos. Bladen Capel. Assuming his present rank 9 June, 1838, he was invested with the command, 18 Dec. 1841, of the Scout 18; in which sloop we find him serving on the Mediterranean station, until paid off in 1845. He has not since been afloat. His elevation to the rank he now holds took place 8 June, 1846. Agents – Messrs. Chard.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Drummond, Edgar Atheling

Layout 4
​DRUMMOND. (Lieutenant, 1846.)
Edgar Atheling Drummond, born 21 Aug. 1825, is second son of Andw. Robt. Drummond, Esq., of Cadlands, co. Hants (great-grandson of Wm. Drummond, fourth Viscount Strathallan, who was slain at Culloden, in the cause of the Chevalier, in 1745), by the Lady Elizabeth Frederica Manners, daughter of John Henry, present Duke of Rutland. He is nephew of Wm. Chas. Drummond, Esq., a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army; and of the Rev. Henry Perceval, son of the Right Hon. Spencer Perceval, the ill-fated Chancellor of the Exchequer.
This officer passed his examination 11 Nov. 1845; and after an intermediate servitude as Mate, on the Home and West India stations, of the Vanguard 80, Capt. Geo. Wickens Willes, and Agincourt 72, flag-ship of Sir Thos. John Cochrane, was promoted, 28 Aug. 1846, to a Lieutenancy in the Vestal 26, Capt, Chas. Talbot, also in the East Indies, where he is still employed.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Drummond, Patrick

Layout 4
​DRUMMOND. (Lieutenant, 1815.)
Patrick Drummond entered the Navy, 14 May, 1807, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Rosamond sloop, Capt. Jas. Whitley Deans Dundas, stationed in the North Sea. We subsequently find him attached for nearly two years to the Dryad 36, Capts. Adam Drummond and Edw. Galwey; under the latter of whom he served on the Walcheren expedition in Aug. 1809. From March, 1810, until he invalided in Sept. 1814, Mr. Drummond further officiated, as Midshipman, on the Home and Mediterranean stations, of the Tonnant 80, Capts. Sir Chas. Hamilton and Sir John Gore, Indefatigable 44, Capt. John Fyffe, Revenge 74, Capt. Sir J. Gore, Iphigenia 36, Capt. Andw. King, and San Josef 110, flagship of Sir Rich. King. He obtained his commission 6 April, 1815; and was afterwards appointed, 8 June, 1821, to the Nimrod 18, commanded on the Leith station by Capt. Chas. Nelson, in which sloop, however, he continued but a short period.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Drury, Augustus Vere

Layout 4
​DRURY. (Captain, 1814, f-p., 17; h-p., 35.)
Augustus Vere Drury died 9 Feb. 1845. He was second son of the late Capt. Rich. Vere Drury, of the Army, Ordnance Storekeeper at Tipnor, near Portsmouth, by Frances, only daughter of Sir Geo. Vandeput, Bart.; and nephew of the late Admiral Thos. Drury.
This officer entered the Navy, 14 Feb. 1793, as Midshipman, on board the Fox 32, commanded by his uncle, Capt. Thos. Drury; in which frigate, and in the Jupiter 50, Commodore John Willet Payne, and St. Albans and Resolution, flag-ships of Admiral Vandeput, he served his time, on the Newfoundland, Mediterranean, Home, and North American stations. Attaining the rank of Lieutenant 28 Sept. 1799, he was afterwards successively appointed, chiefly on the Home station, to the Asia 64, bearing the flag of Admiral Vandeput, Royal George 100, Capt. Wm. Domett, Polyphemus 64, Capt. John Lawford, Hecla bomb, Capt. John Sykes, and Moselle 18, Capt. John Snrman Garden. He served in the Polyphemus at the battle of Copenhagen, 2 April, 1801; and was First of the Hecla at the bombardment of Havre de Grace, in Aug. 1804. In March, 1807, Mr. Drury obtained command in North America of the Bream 4; and, on 3 July following, he was removed to that of the Sylvia cutter, of 10 18-pounder carronades and 50 men. After conveying the British Ambassador home from Copenhagen, he ultimately sailed for the East Indies; on his passage whither he recaptured the Seaflower brig of 14 guns, and took L’Hirondelle schooner of 6 guns, with despatches on board containing intelligence which eventually led to the reduction of the Isle of France. On 6, 7, and 11 April, 1810, we find Mr. Drury effecting the destruction, in the Straits of Sunda, of three armed vessels, carrying in the whole 6 guns and 132 men. He also took, after an action of two hours, a pirate of 10 guns .and 100 men; and on the 26th of the month last mentioned, with 12 of his men on the sick-list, compelled the Dutch national brig Echo, of 8 6-pounders and 46 men, to surrender, at the close of a sharp engagement of 20 minutes, in which the enemy lost 3 killed and 7 wounded, and the British 4 killed and 3 wounded. The Echo, at the time, was in company with two transports, both of which were likewise taken. For these services Capt. Drury was rewarded with a Commander’s commission, dated 2 May, 1810. He returned to England in Jan. 1811; and was next appointed, 17 June, 1812, to the Dover 18. After cruizing for two years on the Baltic, Mediterranean, and American stations, and obtaining the thanks of the Admiralty for his activity on a Particular Service, he was advanced to Post-rank 7 June, 1814; from which period he remained on half-pay until his death.
Capt. Drury married, first, in 1803, Maria, ​daughter of Capt. Chas. Smythe, and niece of Sir Wm. Smythe, Bart., of Hill Hall, co. Essex; and, secondly, in 1833, Jane, daughter of Sir Geo. Williams, Bart., by whom he has left issue two daughters. Agents – Messrs. Chard.
# A Practical Treatise on Brewing/Appendix/Of the Colour of London Porter

OF THE COLOUR OF LONDON PORTER.
London porter has of late years become of nearly the same colour as Dantzic black beer, which is, perhaps, another improvement of the present day. This alteration in the colour is said to have been adopted merely to humour the public taste. It is very doubtful, however, if the public have been consulted upon the subject, or ever had any voice in the matter. Owing to the causes already mentioned, porter of a brilliant colour, as formerly, is seldom now to be seen; and the common porter, as generally drunk out of pewter pots, is often so muddy as to be complained of as being unpleasant to the eye. It is just possible, that, to please the public taste as to colour, it may become necessary to make it (the porter) as black as ink; and this may also be a means of preventing the public from judging whether that which they drink is muddy, or grey, or sometimes even both.
This opinion, however, is merely a surmise, which may or may not be the case. It cannot, however, be considered by the public as any very great improvement, inasmuch as it is even now occasionally called, in common parlance, black beer, or black strap.
​Porter was originally made in imitation of three descriptions of beer, much in use about the beginning of the last century. These different qualities were called pale, amber, and brown, and were mixed with each other in the pewter pots in such proportions as to please the different palates of the drinkers, who ordered one, two, or three threads, as they termed it, according to their respective tastes.
A brewer, however, of that day, to save the trouble of having to blend these three different qualities together, thought of brewing a beverage which should partake of the flavour of the whole when mixed, and in this he succeeded. The principal consumers were porters and other hard labourers, whence it got the name of porter, which it has retained from that time, and from its excellence has been celebrated all over the world as London porter.
It seems, therefore, to be a pity, should its new colour, although given by brewers solely to please the public, be the means of changing its original and respectable designation into one so discreditable as that of black strap.
# A Practical Treatise on Brewing/Appendix/Reports concerning Beer Sent to Calcutta

REPORTS
CONCERNING BEER SENT TO CALCUTTA.
In 1832, I brewed a small gyle of pale beer for the India market. The first worts were boiled one hour, the second one hour and a-half. I beg leave to subjoin the report made upon it in Calcutta.
"Calcutta, 8th August, 1832.—Report on two hogsheads of Black’s pale ale, examined in the custom-house godowns of Messrs. Lyall, Matheson and Co.—Two hogsheads of Black’s pale ale.—This pale ale, of superior quality, is well adapted for the India market, both in colour, body, and flavour.
(Signed)"John Browne and Co., "Coopers to the Honourable Company."
Watson and Co., and I beg leave, also, to insert a short extract of their letter to me, of date, Calcutta, 9th April, 1833.
"We wrote to you on the 17th of November, to which we refer you.—Your beer is now ripe, and confirms what we then wrote you; it is really most excellent, and, as such, We are disposing of it in small quantities, so as it may be known."
This, at all events, proves that long boiling is not essential to the preservation of beer; and I have come to the conclusion, that long boiling can do no good, but may do harm. Unless, therefore, longer time should be required for strength, one hour’s boiling will sufficiently break the first Worts, and two hours, at the utmost, will do the same by any other wort.
"London, Dec. 3. 1839.
"My Dear Sir,
"In answer to your note, I can only say with regard to your beer supplied me when 'in the Castle Huntly' the quality was highly approved of, not only by your acquaintance, but also the principal tasters in Calcutta, and by every one who drank it.
"I had some of Hodson’s, and Ind and Smith's, but your’s was preferred, not only on board, but ​in Calcutta, where it brought me Rs. 10 per hogshead more than either of the others. The advice I was recommended to give you was not to imitate the brewing of others, but to adhere strictly to your own plan, when you must succeed.
"Yours, very truly, (Signed)"D. Grassick."
The beer was brewed in Spitalfields.
# A Practical Treatise on Brewing/Appendix/Spontaneous Fermentation

SPONTANEOUS FERMENTATION.
It being a disputed point whether the vinous fermentation would take place, in worts or wash, when the air is excluded, without any addition of yeast or other ferment, we shall here introduce minutes of an experiment, which was made under our notice, and which appears very conclusive. The quantities operated upon were but small, being only two pints of distiller’s wash. One pint at a gravity of 75.2 by Bates’ instrument, was put into a common wine bottle, which was well corked, and a piece of bladder tied tightly over the cork, so as to exclude all extraneous matter: the gravity of the other pint was 41.5 by the same instrument, and was put into another bottle, and treated precisely as above, no yeast was employed. The two bottles were then suspended in a distiller’s wash-back, which had just been pitched at a temperature of 66°, with the usual quantity of yeast.
| Date of observation 1839 | No. 1 Bottle | No. 1 Bottle | No. 2 Bottle | No. 2 Bottle |
| Date of observation 1839 | Degrees of temperature. | Gravity. | Degrees of temperature. | Gravity. |
| 5, P. M. Jan. 24 | 52 | 75.2 | 54 | 41.5 | Bottles placed in square. |
| 25 | 68 | 75.0 | 66 | 41.5 | Wash-back 71°, no appearance of fermentation in either bottle. |
| 26 | 70 | 73.2 | 70 | 41.1 | Back in which bottles were placed 80°. No. 1 bottle a creamy head. No. 2 a frothy head, and on drawing the cork a hissing noise was heard, fermentation in both pretty strong. |
| 28 | 66 | 49.6 | 68 | 17.8 | No. 2 bottle, the gas, on cutting the string of the bladder over the cork, forced it out violently, and the contents commenced working over like brisk beer. |
| 29 | 62 | 34.2 | 62 | 15.2 | A frothy light yeasty head on both bottles, on No. 1 being uncorked, carbonic acid gas escaped, which blew out a candle. No. 2 also discharged gas with considerable force, and a portion of yeast adhered to the bottoms of the cork. |
| 30 | 58 | 27.8 | 60 | 13.0 | No. 1 bottle still a yeasty-like head. No. 2, head nearly disappeared; carbonic acid still apparent in each. |
| Feb. 1 | | 25.4 | | 11.4 | Went to still. |
The above samples were carefully distilled in a retort, and the relative products according to the attenuation were not far different from the washback in which they had been placed, and which had been fermented in the regular way, and was rather below 0. The bottle No. 1, produced at the rate of a gallon of spirits for every 5.4 attenuated; and ​No. 2 at the rate of a gallon for every 5 attenuated; while the back produced a gallon for every 4.5 attenuated.
The above experiment was made in the Government Experimental Distillery in the year 1840, by two experienced revenue officers, and under the author’s inspection, while employed by Dr. Birkbeck in conducting certain operations then under investigation.
# A Practical Treatise on Brewing/Appendix/Saccharometer

SACCHAROMETER.
All Saccharometers now in use are graduated to a scale of barrels containing 36 imperial gallons each. If gravities, therefore, be reckoned by barrels containing only 32 gallons, the calculations must be very erroneous. An Irish barrel contains only 32 gallons, and yet many brewers in Ireland, in calculating the gravities obtained from the malt, multiply by their own barrels, and thus persuade themselves that they are getting much greater lengths than the malt could possibly produce. Thus, suppose brewing 30 qrs. of malt, they have 100 Irish barrels in the gyle-tun at 30 lbs. gravity per Long’s instrument (which is equal to 83.4 by Bate’s), they reckon they have 3,000 lbs., or 100 lbs. per qr. Instead of this, however, they have 400 gallons less than 100 barrels, leaving only within a fraction of 89 imperial barrels; they ought, therefore, to multiply 89 by 30, which would make only 2,670, instead of 3,000 lbs. Divide, therefore, 2,670 by 30, which will give the true gravity per qr., or 89 lbs., instead of 100 per Long’s instrument (or 247.4 by Allan’s or Bates’).
Saccharometers which have been long in use will, from the friction used in cleaning them, become lighter, and consequently show considerably higher ​gravities than those actually produced. This is a point seldom thought of. They should, therefore, be occasionally tried by dipping them in the water used for brewing, at a temperature of 60°, when, if the water do not cut the stem of the instrument at the proper point indicated as the water line, the instrument should be adjusted. Many Irish brewers, by calculating in the above-mentioned erroneous manner, are led to believe that their practice must be far superior to that pursued in the Sister Island, or that their malt must be of better quality. Neither of which, however, is the case.
# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 107

Chap. CVII.—Of the Postures of Women and young People.
It is not becoming in women and young people to have their legs too much asunder, because it denotes boldness; while the legs close together shew modesty.
Layout 2