OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Raimondi, Marcantonio

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​RAIMONDI, MARCANTONIO, an Italian engraver; born in Bologna, Italy, late in the 15th century. A goldsmith by trade, he early turned to engraving, and received his first great stimulus from woodcuts of Albrecht Dürer, which he saw at Venice about 1505. At Rome, where he worked from 1510, he was chiefly engaged in engraving Raphael's works, as “Lucretia,” the “Massacre of the Innocents,” the “Three Doctors of the Church,” “Adam and Eve,” “Dido,” “Poetry,” the “Judgment of Paris,” etc., and subsequently those of Raphael's pupil, Giulio Romano. He is accounted the best among the engravers of the great painter. He died some time before 1534.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Raleigh

* related portals: North Carolina.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
RALEIGH, a city, capital of the State of North Carolina, and county-seat of Wake co.; on the Southern, the Seaboard Air Line and the Norfolk Southern railroads, 28 miles S. E. of Durham. Here are the State Capitol, United States Government Building, State Penitentiary, State Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, State Asylum for the Insane, Home for Incurables, Rex Hospital, State Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baptist Female College, Male Academy, Shaw University (Bapt.), Peace Institute (Pres.), St. Augustine's School (P. E.), St. Mary's School (P. E.), and, near the city, the University of North Carolina, and Wake Forest College (Bapt.). The city contains electric street railroads, gas and electric lights, waterworks, National and savings banks, and daily and weekly newspapers. It has a large trade in cotton and tobacco, and its industries include flour mills, phosphate works, foundries and machine shops, brick making plants, car and car wheel shops, ice factory, etc. Pop. (1910) 19,218; (1920) 24,418.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Rambouillet, Catherine de Vivonne, Marquise de

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​RAMBOUILLET, CATHERINE DE VIVONNE, MARQUISE DE, a French social leader; born in Rome, Italy, in 1588. In 1600, when only 12 years old, she married Charles d'Angennes, son of the Marquis de Rambouillet, to whose title and estates he succeeded on the death of the latter in 1611. Her residence at Paris, the Hôtel Rambouillet, for more than 50 years formed the center of a circle which exercised great influence on French language, literature, and civilization. She died in Paris in 1665.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Rail Wagon

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​RAIL WAGON, a combination vehicle so constructed as to be readily convertible for use on any ordinary roadway or on a railroad track. It was invented by Joseph C. Brown, of Toledo, O., in 1898.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Paleopolis

From volume 11 of the work.
(Palæopolis)
A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Ephesus. The history of this city is unknown. In the sixth century it is mentioned by Hierocles (Synecdemus, 660, 4). It is found in the "Notitiæ Episcopatuum", as late as the thirteenth century, among the suffragan sees of Ephesus. It is now the town of Baliambol in the vilayet of Smyrna. Le Quien (Oriens christianus, I, 729) mentions seven bishops of this city known by their presence at the councils: Rhodon at Ephesus, 431; Basilicus at Chalcedon, 451; Eusebius at Constantinople, 536; George at Constantinople, 692; Gregory at Nicæa, 787; Peter at Constaninople, 869; Julian at Constaninople, 879.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pall

From volume 11 of the work.
A heavy, black cloth, spread over the coffin in the church at a funeral, or over the catafalque at other services for the dead. In the centre of it there is generally a white or red cross. It must always be black, but its material and ornamentation may vary. Symbols of death, such as skulls, cross-bones etc., forbidden on the altar and ministers' vestments, are allowed on palls. The pall is in universal use, though not prescribed. Where, however, there is no catafalque or bier, absolution may not be given except a black cloth be extended on the floor of the sanctuary (S. R. C. 3535, 5)
ANDREW B. MEEHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Palm in Christian Symbolism

From volume 11 of the work.
In pre-Christian times the palm was regarded as a symbol of victory (Aulus Gellius, "Noct. Att.", III, vi). It was adopted b the early Christians, and became a symbol of the victory of the faithful over the enemies of the soul. The palm, says Origen (In Joan., XXXI), is the symbol of victory in that war waged by the spirit against the flesh. In this sense it was especially applicable to martyrs, the victors par excellence over the spiritual foes of mankind; hence the frequent occurrence in the Acts of the martyrs of such expressions as "he received the palm of martyrdom." On 10 April 1688 it was decided by the Congregation of Rites that the palm when found depicted on catacomb tombs was to be regarded as a proof that a martyr had been interred there. Subsequently this opinion was acknowledged by Mabillon, Muratori, Benedict XIV and others to be untenable; further investigation showed that the palm was represented not only on tombs of the post-persecution era, but even on pagan tombs. The general significance of the palm on early Christian monuments is slightly modified according to its association with other symbols (e.g., with the monogram of Christ, the Fish, the Good Shepherd). On some later monuments the palm was represented merely as an ornament separating two scenes.
MAURICE M. HASSETT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Palma Vecchio

From volume 11 of the work.
(JACOPO NIGRETI)
Born at Serinalta near Bergamo, about 1480; d. at Venice, 30 July 1528.
Like Giorgione and Lotto, he studied under Giovanni Bellini, from whom he drew the inspiration for his altar-pieces, introducing, however, more freedom of arrangement. His works are strong and broad rather than graceful. Imitating Giorgione, Palma treated sacred subjects as "tableaux de genre", wherein the sometimes exuberant strength, animation, and limpid, transparent colouring deserve admiration while they lack religious sentiment. Among these productions are: the "Madonna with St. George and St. Lucy", painted for San Stefano, Vicenza; "Saint Peter with six saints" (Accademia of Venice); "Adoration of the Shepherds" (Louvre); "Meeting of Jacob and Rachel" (Dresden Museum). His favourite subjects were the so-called "Holy Conversations", i.e., the Holy Family or the Madonna surrounded by saints. Examples are to be seen at Rome, in the Colonna and Borghese Galleries, at Florence, in the Uffizi and Pitti Palaces, at Dresden, Munich, and Vienna. One of his most beautiful "conversations" is that of the Holy Family with St. John Baptist and St. Lucy, in the Accademia of Venice. His master-piece is the altar-piece in Santa Maria Formosa, Venice. It is a triptych representing St. Barbara between St. Anthony the Hermit and St. Sebastian. Palma was also a remarkable portrait painter, excelling especially in portraits of women, most of whom were court ladies. Worthy of note are: the "Bella", in the collection of Baron Alphonse de Rothschild; the "Violante", in the museum of Vienna; the "Three Sisters", in the museum of Dresden. His portraits of men are also excellent, especially that of an unknown man (museum of Berlin), and Palma himself (Pinacothek, Munich). He received the surname Vecchio to distinguish him from his nephew, Jacopo Palma Giovane (1544-1628).
VASARI, Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, ed. MILANESI, V (Florence, 1880), 243-96; BLANC, Hist. des peintres de toutes les Ecoles: Ecole vénitienne (Paris, 1865-77); MÜNTZ, Hist. de l'art pendant la Renaissance, III (Paris, 1895), 612-14; BRYAN, Dict. painters and engravers, IV (London, 1904); PÉRATÉ, Palma Vecchio in Hist. gén. de l'art, ed. MICHEL, IV (Paris, 1909), 437-40.
GASTON SORTAIS
# Colas Breugnon/Foreword

TO THE READER
The readers of "Jean-Christophe" certainly never expected this new volume, but they cannot be more surprised than I am myself. I had sketched out other works,—a play and a novel on subjects of the day, in somewhat the same tragic key as "Jean-Christophe," but I had to break off abruptly, throwing aside all my notes and well-planned scenes, for this trifling work which only came into my head the day before. This book is a reaction from the constraint of "Jean-Christophe," which, like an outgrown cuirass, fitted well enough at first, but had become too tight for me; I felt an absolute need of something gay, in the true Gallic spirit—even perhaps verging on impropriety.
On returning to my native place for the first time since my youth, the renewed contact with the soil of Burgundy woke a past within me which I had believed silent forever; and roused all the Colas Breugnons under my skin, so that I was forced to speak for them—as if their tongues had not wagged enough in their lifetime!
They took advantage of the circumstance that one of their descendants chanced to have the pen of a ready writer (something that they had always coveted) and turned me into their secretary. To my protestations, "Now, Grandad, you had your day, it is my turn to speak now," they only answered: "Young one, you can talk when we have finished. In the first place you have nothing more interesting to say, so sit down, and listen with all your ears: you might do that much for the old ​man; when you stand where I am now you will know that silence is the worst of death."
How could I help writing what was dictated to me? Now it is all over and I am free again—at least I suppose so—and can take up the thread of my own thoughts, if some one of these old chatter-boxes does not take it into his head to start up from the tomb and impart to me his message to posterity.
I am afraid that the society of my Colas Breugnon will not amuse my readers as much as the author; but they must take the book for what it is; something perfectly frank and straightforward which has no idea of transforming or explaining the world either politically, or metaphysically. He is just a true Frenchman, who laughs because he is well and hearty and life is sweet to him.
One cannot escape the Maid of Orleans at the beginning of a French story, so, as she used to say, "Take kindly to it"!
Romain Rolland.
    May, 1914.
PREFACE AFTER THE WAR
When the War broke out this book was already printed and ready to appear, so I have left it untouched. The grandchildren of Colas Breugnon have just emerged as heroes and victims of a bloody epic, only to show an unquenchable flame to the world. Let me hope that the people of Europe, full of courage in spite of their sufferings, may find some solace in these reflections of "a little lamb caught between the wolf and the shepherd."
R. R.
    November, 1918.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Philipp Johann Gustav von Jolly

From volume 8 of the work.
German physicist, born at Mannheim, 26 September, 1809; died at Munich, 24 December, 1884. His family came originally from France at the end of the seventeenth century. After attending the gymnasium and lyceum at Mannheim, Jolly went to the University of Heidelberg in 1829, where he studied chiefly mathematics and physics. From 1832 to 1833 he was at Vienna, taking up the technological branches, working as a mechanician, and visiting factories and mining plants. Returning to Heidelberg in 1834, he took the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and began his career as a teacher of mathematics, physics, and technology. He became extraordinary professor of mathematics in 1839, and ordinary professor of physics in 1846. In 1854 he was called to the University of Munich to succeed Ohm as professor of physics. His principal work was in experimental physics, for which he devised numerous new apparatus, and modified and improved the older forms. His studies of osmosis, of the problems of gravitation, of the density of the earth, of the composition of the air, et., suggested the design of the Jolly balance (1864), of a special eudiometer (1879), of an improved mercury air-pump, of the Jolly air thermometer. The following are some of his published works:
WILLIAM FOX
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Philip Repington

From volume 12 of the work.
(Also Repyngdon).
Cardinal-priest of the title of SS. Nereus and Achilleus, Bishop of Lincoln (1404-1419); died early in 1424. The place and date of his birth are uncertain, but he was educated at Broadgates Hall, Oxford, and became an Augustinian canon of St. Mary de Pre, Leicester. In his early life he was infected with Wyclifism, and was suspended at the Council of Blackfriars, 12 June, 1382, being excommunicated at Canterbury on 1 July. Recanting his heretical views, he was restored to the communion of the Church during the autumn of the same year. In 1394 he became abbot of his monastery, and was Chancellor of the University of Oxford for the years 1397, 1400, 1401 and 1402. On the accession of Henry IV he became confessor and chaplain to the king, with whom he lived in great intimacy, and on 19 Nov., 1404, he was appointed Bishop Of Lincoln by papal provision, being consecrated on 29 March following. Pope Gregory XII created him a cardinal in Sept., 1408, but as the Council of Pisa on 5 June, 1409, deposed Gregory and annulled all his acts since May, 1408, Repington's cardinate was invalidated until the Council of Constance, when he was reinstated. In 1419 Cardinal Repington resigned his bishopric, probably for court reasons, and this resignation was accepted by the pope on 21 November. The date of his death is unknown, but it occurred before 1 August, 1424, when his will was proved. His "Sermons on the Gospels" are extant in several manuscripts in Oxford, Cambridge, and British Museum.
EDWIN BURTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Philip the Arabian

From volume 12 of the work.
(Philippus)
Emperor of Rome (244-249), the son of an Arab sheik, born in Bosra. He rose to be an influential officer of the Roman army. In 243 the Emperor Gordianus III was at war with Persia; the administration of the army and the empire were directed with great success by his father-in-law Timesitheus. Timesitheus, however, died in 243 and the helpless Gordianus, a minor, appointed Marcus Julius Philippus as his successor. By causing a scarcity of provisions Philip increased the exasperation of the soldiers against the emperor and they proclaimed Philip emperor. Philip now had Gordianus secretly executed. However, as he erected a monument to Gordianus on the Euphrates and deified him, he deceived the Senate and obtained recognition as emperor. He abandoned the advantages Timesitheus had won from the Persian King Sapor. He withdrew from Asia, and recalled a large number of divisions of the army from Dacia, Rhaetia, and Britain to northern Italy to protect it against incursions from the East. On account of invasions by the Capri he hastened to the lower Danube, where he was successful in two battles. Consequently on coins he bears the surname of Carpicus Maximus. Philip gave high offices of State to his relations who misused these positions. He also made his son Philip, when seven years of age, co-ruler. The most important event of his reign was the celebration of the thousandth year of the existence of Rome in April, 248.
The insecurity of his authority in the outlying districts showed itself in the appearance of rival emperors proclaimed by the legions stationed there. The Goths sought to settle permanently in Roman territory; and as the army of the Danube could not defend itself without a centralized control, the soldiers, at the close of 248, forced Decius, sent to suppress the mutinies, to accept the position of emperor. Decius advanced into Italy, where he defeated Philip near Verona. Philip and his son were killed. During Philip's reign Christians were not disturbed. The emperor also issued police regulations for the maintenance of public morality. A statement of St. Jerome's caused Philip to be regarded in the Middle Ages as the first Christian Emperor of Rome.
MOMMSEN, Rom. Gesch. V (Berlin, 1885); for further bibliography, see PERTINAX.
KARL HOEBER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Philip Michael Ellis

From volume 5 of the work.
Ellis, Philip Michael, first Vicar Apostolic of the Western District, England, subsequently Bishop of Segni, Italy, b. in 1652; d. November 16, 1726. He was the son of the Rev. John Ellis, Rector of Waddesdon, Buckinghamshire, a descendant of the Ellis family of Kiddall Hall, Yorkshire, and Susannah Welbore. Of six brothers, John, the eldest, became Under-Secretary of State to William III; William, a Jacobite Protestant, was Secretary of State to James II in exile; Philip became a Benedictine monk and Catholic bishop; Welbore became Protestant Bishop of Kildare and afterwards of Meath, Ireland; Samuel was Marshal of King's Bench; and Charles an Anglican clergyman. Philip, while still a Westminster schoolboy, was converted to the Catholic Faith, and when eighteen years old went to St. Gregory's, Douai, where he was professed, taking the name of Michael in religion (November 30, 1670). After ordination he returned in 1685 to the English mission where he became one of the royal chaplains. In 1688 he was appointed Vicar Apostolic of the newly created Western District and was consecrated by Msgr. d'Adda, the papal nuncio (May 6). At the revolution in 1688 he was imprisoned, but being soon liberated he retired to Saint-Germain and afterwards to Rome. In 1696 he was named assistant prelate at the pontifical throne; and in Rome his knowledge of English affairs made him so useful that his repeated petitions for leave to return to his vicariate were refused. In 1704 he resigned the vicariate, and in 1708 was made Bishop of Segni, being enthroned on October 28 His first care was to rebuild the ruined monastery of S. Chiara and open it as a diocesan seminary. This he enriched with many gifts and a large legacy. A curious survival of his English title survives in an inscription at Segni to "Ph. M. Mylord Ellis". Eleven sermons preached in 1685 and 1686 before James II, Queen Mary of Modena, and Queen Henrietta Maria, were published in pamphlet form, some of which have been reprinted (London, 1741; 1772). The Acts of his synod at Segni in 1710 were also published by order of Clement XI.
EDWIN BURTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Philip O'Sullivan Beare

From volume 11 of the work.
Born in Ireland, c. 1590; died in Spain, 1660, son of Dermot O'Sullivan and nephew of Donal O'Sullivan Beare, Lord of Dunboy. He was sent to Spain in 1602, and was educated at Compostella by Vendamma, a Spaniard, and Father Synnott, an Irish Jesuit. He served in the Spanish army. In 1621 he published his "Catholic History of Ireland", a work not always reliable, but valuable for the Irish wars of the author's own day. He also wrote a "Life of St. Patrick", a confutation of Gerald Barry and a reply to Usher's attack on his "History".
MAGEE, Irish Writers of the Seventeenth Century (Dublin, 1846); O'SULLIVAN, Catholic History of Ireland, ed. KELLY (Dublin, 1850); O'SULLIVAN, History of Ireland, tr. BYRNE (London, 1904).
E. A. D'Alton.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Philip of the Blessed Trinity

From volume 12 of the work.
(ESPRIT JULIEN).
Discalced Carmelite, theologian, born at Malaucene, near Avignon, 1603; died at Naples, 28 February, 1671. He took the habit at Lyons where he made his profession, 8 September, 1621. Choosing the missionary life, he studied two years at the seminary in Rome and proceeded in February, 1629, to the Holy Land and Persia, and thence to Goa where he became prior, and teacher of philosophy and theology. After the martyrdom of Dionysius, a Nativitate, his pupil, and Redemptus a Cruce, 29 Nov., 1638, Philip collected all available evidence and set out for Rome to introduce the cause of their beatification which, however, only terminated in 1900. He did not return to the mission, but was entrusted with important offices in France, in 1665, was elected general of the order with residence in Rome, and three years later, re-elected. While visiting all the provinces of his order, he was caught in a terrific gale off the coast of Calabria, and reached Naples in dying condition.
Besides the classical languages he spoke fluently French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Persian, and Arabic. Of his numerous works the following have lasting value: "Summa philosophiae", 4 vols., Lyons, 1648, in which he follows not only the spirit but also the method of St. Thomas Aquinas; "Summa theologiae thomisticae", 5 vols., Lyons, 1653; "Summa theologiae mysticae", Lyons, 1656; reprinted in 3 vols., Paris, 1884; "Itinerarium orientale", Lyons, 1649, also in Italian and French; "Decor Carmeli religiosi", the lives of the saints and saintly members of his Order, Lyons, 1665; "Theologia carmelitana", Rome, 1665. The two last named and some smaller works dealing to some extent with historical matters of a controversial nature, called forth a reply from Pierre-Joseph de Haitze, under the titles "Des Moines empruntéz", and "Des Moines travestis".
HENRICUS A SS.SACRAMENTO, Collectio Scriptorum Ord. Carmel. Excalc.II (Savona, 1884), 110.
B. Zimmerman.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Icteridæ

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ICTERIDÆ (ik-ter′ē-dē), a name for orioles; a family of Passeres, insessorial birds. The bill has the commissure angulated, with no notch; the primaries nine; the legs stout; the plumage usually brilliant; the notes sharp, often melodious, in other cases harsh. Subfamilies three, Agelainæ, Icterinæ, and Quiscalinæ. About 20 genera and 100 species are known, all American. The Baltimore oriole or hang-nest is the Icterus galbula. It is a favorite bird in the eastern part of North America and is a migratory bird, arriving in late spring and leaving again in midsummer or up to early fall. Its plumage is black and orange.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Iliad

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ILIAD, a celebrated epic poem in the Greek language, consisting of 24 books. Its composition is generaly ascribed to Homer. It is, however, a matter of dispute as to whether the poem is a homogeneous whole, or a series of ballads or rhapsodies on different episodes in the Trojan War, united into a continuous poem. It is said that Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, first collected and arranged the “Iliad” and “Odyssey.” The chief subject of the poem is the wrath of Achilles, and the consequent troubles thence arising. The action is confined to the 10th and last year of the siege of Troy. See Homer.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ilicin

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ILICIN (ī′lis-in), a bitter principle extracted from the leaves of the holly. It has been recommended as a febrifuge, in doses of from 6 to 20 grains.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ida

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​IDA, a high mountain range in Asia Minor, extending from Phrygia through Mysia into Troas. The city of Troy was situated at its base. It is the scene of many ancient legends. The S. part of the range was called Gargarus, the highest peak of which is about 4,700 feet above sea. Here there was a temple of Cybele. From Ida flow several famous streams, as the Granicus, Simois, and Scamander. There is another Ida in Crete, now called Psiloriti.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ilfracombe

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ILFRACOMBE, a watering place of England, finely situated on the picturesque rocky coast of North Devon, on a cove or inlet of the Bristol Channel. Ilfracombe was in the 14th century a port of some consequence.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ili

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ILI (il′ē), a river of central Asia, partly in Chinese territory, but mostly in Russian. It is formed in Chinese Kuldja by two streams, the Tekes and Kunges, rising in the Thian-shan Mountains, and flows W., falling into Lake Balkash by several mouths after a course of 800 or 900 miles, half of which is navigable.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Icteria

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ICTERIA (ik-ter′ē-ä), a genus of birds placed by Swainson under his sub-family Braohypodiæ (short-footed thrushes). I. virens, or viridis (I. polyglotta of Wilson) the yellow-breasted chat, is found in the United States. It has great powers of imitating the sounds which it hears.