OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Uccello

From volume 15 of the work.
Painter, born at Florence, 1397; died there, 1475. His real name was Paolo di Dono, but from his love of painting birds he received the nickname of Uccello, and has been most frequently called by that name ever since. He was apprenticed to Ghiberti, and was one of the assistants engaged in preparing the first pair of bronze gates made for the baptistery in Florence. Vasari tells us that his special love was for geometry and perspective. Manetti taught him geometry, but where he learned painting we do not know, nor are we acquainted with the reasons which led him to leave the botega of Ghiberti and set up for himself. Vasari scoffs at Uccello's study of perspective, regarding it as waste of time, and saying that the artist became "more needy than famous". His skill in foreshortening and proportion, and in some of the complex difficulties of perspective, was quite remarkable, and his pictures for this reason alone are well worth careful study, for they display an extraordinary knowledge of geometric perspective. His most important work is the colossal equestrian figure of Sir John Hawkwood, a chiaroscuro in terraverde, intended to imitate a stone statue, seen aloft, standing out from the wall of the cathedral. One of the most precious possessions of the National Gallery, London, is a battle-picture by this artist. For a long time this was wrongly entitled the "Battle of Sant' Egidio of 1416", but it really represents the rout of San Romano of 1432. Instead of Malatesta, the picture gives us a representation of Nicolò da Tolentino. Mr. Herbert Horne gave considerable attention to the history of this picture some twelve years ago, and was able to arrive at a very accurate determination regarding it. There are very few paintings by Uccello in existence, although he must have painted a considerable number. There is a panel by him in the Louvre, containing his own portrait, associated with those of Giotto, Donatello, Brunelleschi, and Manetti, representing perspective associated with painting, sculpture, architecture, and geometry. Many of the frescoes he executed for Santa Maria Novella have been destroyed. The only other picture of his that need be mentioned here is a predella in a church near Urbino, relating to the theft of a pax, which is attributed to him by many critics. He is said to have studied the works of Pisanello with great advantage, and it is probable that it was from Pisanello that he first learned painting, but he may be practically regarded as one of the founders of the art of linear perspective. There are very few dates known in his history beyond those of his birth and death. But we know that in 1425 he was at work at Venice, in 1436 painting his portrait of Sir John Hawkwood, and in 1468 residing at Urbino.
GEORGE CHARLES WILLIAMSON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Tyana

From volume 15 of the work.
A titular metropolitan see of Cappadocia Prima. The city must first have been called Thoana, because Thoas, a Thracian king, was its founder (Arrianus, "Periplus Ponti Euxini", vi); it was in Cappadocia, but at the foot of Taurus and near the Cilician Gates (Strabo, XII, 537; XIII, 587). The surrounding plain received the name of Tyanitis. There in the first century A.D. was born the celebrated magician Apollonius. Under Caracalla the city became the "Antoniana colonia Tyana". After having taken sides with Queen Zenobia of Palmyra it was captured by Aurelian in 272, who would not allow his soldiers to pillage it (Homo, "Essai sur le règne de l'Empereur Aurélien", 90-92). In 371 Valens created a second province of Cappadocia, of which Tyana became the metropolis, which aroused a violent controversy between Anthimus, Bishop of Tyana, and St. Basil, Bishop of Caesarea, each of whom wished to have as many suffragan sees as possible. About 640 Tyana had three, and it was the same in the tenth century (Gelzer, "Ungedruckte . . . Texte der Notitiae episcopatum", 538, 554). Le Quien (Oriens christ., I, 395- 402) mentions 28 bishops of Tyana, among whom were Eutychius, at Nice in 325; Anthimus, the rival of St. Basil; Aetherius, at Constantinople in 381; Theodore, the friend of St. John Chrysostom; Eutherius, the partisan of Nestorius, deposed and exiled in 431; Cyriacus, a Severian Monophysite. In May, 1359, Tyana still had a metropolitan (Mikelosich and Müller, "Acta patriarchatus Constantinopolitani", I, 505); in 1360 the metropolitan of Caesarea secured the administration of it (op. cit., 537). Thenceforth the see was titular. The ruins of Tyana are at Kilisse-Hissar, three miles south of Nigde in the vilayet of Koniah; there are remains of a Roman aqueduct and of sepulchral grottoes.
S. VAILHÉ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Tynemouth Priory

From volume 15 of the work.
Tynemouth Priory, on the east coast of Northumberland, England, occupied the site of an earlier Saxon church built first in wood, then in stone, in the seventh century, and famous as the burial-place of St. Oswin, king and martyr. Plundered and burnt several times by the Danes, and frequently rebuilt, it was granted in 1074 to the Benedictine monks of Yarrow, and, with them, annexed to Durham Abbey. In the reign of William Rufus, Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, re-peopled Tynemouth with monks from St. Albans, and it became a cell of that abbey, remaining so until the Dissolution. The Norman Church of Sts. Mary and Oswin was built by Earl Robert about 1100, and 120 years later was greatly enlarged, a choir 135 feet long with aisles being added beyond the Norman apse, while the nave was also lengthened. East of the choir and chancel was added about 1320 an exquisite Lady-chapel, probably built by the Percy family, which had lately acquired the great Northumberland estates of the de Vescis. The first prior of the re-founded monastery was Remigius, and the last was Robert Blakeney, who on 12 Jan., 1539, surrendered the priory to Henry VIII, he himself, with fifteen monks and four novices, signing the deed of surrender, which is still extant, with the beautiful seal of the monastery appended to it. A pension of £80 was granted to Blakeney, and small pittances to the monks; and the priory site and buildings were bestowed first on Sir Thomas Hilton, and later, under Edward VI, on the Duke of Northumberland. Colonel Villars, governor of Tynemouth Castle under William III and Anne, had a lease of the priory, and id irreparable damage to the remaining buildings. Practically nothing is now left except the roofless chancel, one of the most beautiful fragments of thirteenth-century architecture in England.
D.O. HUNTER-BLAIR
# Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Culbertson

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Concurring Opinions

    Burton
    Frankfurter
United States Supreme Court
337 U.S. 733
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Culbertson
Argued: Feb. 7, 1949. --- Decided: June 27, 1949
Mr. Arnold Raum, Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
[Argument of Counsel from page 734 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Be jamin L. Bird, Fort Worth, Tex., for respondents.
Mr. Chief Justice VINSON delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Court Holding Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
324 U.S. 331
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Court Holding Company
Argued: Feb. 26, 1945. --- Decided: March 12, 1945
Mr. Samuel O. Clark, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., for petitioner.
Mr. Maurice Kay, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Culbertson/Concurrence Burton

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Burton Frankfurter
United States Supreme Court
337 U.S. 733
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Culbertson
Argued: Feb. 7, 1949. --- Decided: June 27, 1949
Mr. Justice BURTON, concurring, states that, upon remand of the cause to the Tax Court, there is nothing in the facts which have been presented here which, as a matter of law, will preclude that court from finding that the 1940 and 1941 income was properly taxable on a partnership basis. The physical absence of some of the Culbertson boys from the ranch does not necessarily preclude them or others from the obligations or the benefits of the partnership for tax purposes. Their contributions of capital, their participation in the income and their commitments to return to the ranch or otherwise to render service to the partnership are among the material factors to be considered. A present commitment to render future services to a partnership is in itself a material consideration to be weighed with all other material considerations for the purposes of taxation as well as for other partnership purposes.
Mr. Justice JACKSON would affirm on the opinion of the court below, being of the view that the ordinary common-law tests of validity of partnerships are the tests for tax purposes and that they were met in this case.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Connelly

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
338 U.S. 258
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Connelly
Argued: Oct. 21, 1949. --- Decided: Nov 7, 1949
Mr. Ellis N. Slack, Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
Mr. Caesar L. Aiello, Washington, D.C., for respondents.
Mr. Justice MINTON delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Benetti

Benetti. An Italian bass singer, engaged at the king's theatre for the season of 1824.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Benedikt

Benedikt, a pianist at Dresden, was a pupil of C. M. Von Weber. He was said to have great firmness of finger.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Benelli, Antonio

Benelli, Antonio. An Italian tenor singer and composer. He sang, about the year 1798, in England ; and in the following year was engaged at Dresden, where he remained in 1810, and published some sonatas.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Benelli, Signor

Benelli, Signor. An Italian singer, and director of the king's theatre for the season of 1824.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Benevento, Giuseppe J. U

Benevento, Giuseppe J. U. An Italian composer at Venice between the years 1680 and 1727, during which time he brought out eleven operas.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Benedictus

Benedictus. (L.) A movement belonging to a mass, or Catholic morning service.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Benedictus, Joh. Baptista

Benedictus, Joh. Baptista, a mathematician at Venice, died at Turin in 1590. He wrote some works on music.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Beneken

Beneken. See BENECKEN.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Benelli, Alemanno

Benelli, Alemanno. See MELONI.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/B/Benevento Di San Raffale, Lb Comte

Benevento Di San Raffale, Lb Comte. An excellent amateur violinist at Turin. He published six duos for the violin, in London and Paris, about the year 1770. He also wrote some letters or. music.
# Chinese Fairy Book (Richard Wilhelm)/5

V
THE MAGIC CASK
ONCE upon a time there was a man who dug up a big, earthenware cask in his field. So he took it home with him and told his wife to clean it out. But when his wife started brushing the inside of the cask, the cask suddenly began to fill itself with brushes. No matter how many were taken out, others kept on taking their place. So the man sold the brashes, and the family managed to live quite comfortably.
Once a coin fell into the cask by mistake. At once the brushes disappeared and the cask began to fill itself with money. So now the family became rich; for they could take as much money out of the cask as ever they wished.
Now the man had an old grandfather at home, who was weak and shaky. Since there was nothing else he could do, his grandson set him to work shoveling money out of the cask, and when the old grandfather grew weary and could not keep on, he would fall into a rage, and shout at him angrily, telling him he was lazy and did not want to work. One day, however, the old man's strength gave out, and he fell into the cask and died. At once the money disappeared, and the whole cask began to fill itself with dead grandfathers. ​Then the man had to pull them all out and have them buried, and for this purpose he had to use up again all the money he had received. And when he was through, the cask broke, and he was just as poor as before.
Note: "The Magic Cask" is a traditionally narrated tale. In Northern China wooden casks or barrels are unknown. Large vessels, open at the top, of earth or stone are used to hold water and other liquids.
# Chinese Fairy Book (Richard Wilhelm)/48

XLVIII
FOX-FIRE
ONCE upon a time there was a strong young farmer who came home late one evening from market. His way led him past the gardens of a wealthy gentleman, in which stood a number of tall buildings. Suddenly he saw something shining floating in the air inside the gardens, something which glowed like a ball of crystal. He was astonished, and climbed the wall around the gardens, but there was not a human being in sight; all he saw was, at a distance, something which appeared to be a dog, looking up at the moon. And whenever it blew its breath out a ball of fire came out of its mouth, and rose to the moon. And whenever it drew its breath in the ball sank down again, and it caught it in its jaws. And so it went on without a stop. Then the farmer realized that it was a fox, who was preparing the elixir of life. He hid in the grass and waited until the ball of fire came down again, at about the heighth of his own head. Then he stepped hastily from his hiding-place, took it away and at once swallowed it. And he could feel it glow as it passed down his throat into his stomach. When the fox saw what had happened he grew angry. He looked furiously at the farmer, but feared his strength. For this reason he did not dare attack him, but went angrily on his way.
​From that time on the farmer-boy could make himself invisible, was able to see ghosts and devils, and had intercourse with the spirit-world. In cases of sickness, when people lay unconscious, he could call back their souls, and if some one had committed a sin he could plead for them. He earned much money owing to these gifts.
When he reached his fiftieth year, he withdrew from all things and would no longer exercise his arts. One summer evening he was sitting in his courtyard, enjoying the cool air. While there he drank a number of goblets of wine, and by midnight had fallen fast asleep. Suddenly he awoke, feeling ill. It seemed as though some one were patting him on the back, and before he knew it, the ball of fire had leaped out from his throat. At once a hand reached for it and a voice said: "For thirty long years you kept my treasure from me, and from a poor farmer-lad you have grown to be a wealthy man. Now you have enough, and I would like to have my fire-ball back again!"
Then the man knew what had happened, but the fox was gone.
Note: The thought underlying the story is the belief that the fox prepares the elixir of life out of his own breath, which he allows to rise to the moon. If a thief can rob him of the elixir he gains supernatural powers.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Schuster, Arthur

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SCHUSTER, ARTHUR, a British scientist, born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, in 1851. He was educated at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Geneva, Owens College, Manchester, and Heidelberg. He was chief of the “Eclipse” expedition to Siam, 1875. In 1892 he was president of Section A of the British Association and later became president of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, and of the Physical Society, London. He received the Royal medal of the Royal Society in 1893 and became president of the British Association in 1915. His works include “Theory of Optics”; “Progress of Physics”; “Britain's Heritage of Science.”
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Schooner

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SCHOONER, a vessel of two, three, or more masts and fore-and-aft-sails — i. e., extended on boom and gaff. The masts have but one splice, the topgallant, if any, forming part of the topmast stick. When a schooner has none but fore-and-aft sails, she is termed a fore-and-aft schooner; if carrying a square foretopsail and fore-topgallant sail, a topsail schooner. This latter rig, formerly common, has now become rare. Square-rigged vessels have also lower fore-and-aft sails, denominated spencers or trysails, but these are small and are brailed up to the gaff when furled, instead of being lowered like those of a schooner.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Schouler, James

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SCHOULER, JAMES, an American lawyer; born in Arlington, Mass., March 20, 1839; was graduated at Harvard University in 1859; admitted to practice at the Massachusetts bar in 1862; and in the Supreme Court of the United States in 1867; became Professor of Law in Boston University and lecturer at Johns Hopkins University. He published “The Law of Domestic Relations”; “The Law of Bailments”; “The Law of Personal Property”; “Law of Wills”; “Americans of '76” (1905): and “Ideals of the Republic” (1908).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Schreiner, Olive

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SCHREINER, OLIVE, a South African novelist; born in Basutoland, 1863. She is the daughter of a Lutheran minister, and was married in 1890 to Mr. Cronwright, an Englishman of the colony. She published her first and most noted book, “The Story of an African Farm,” under the pseudonym “Ralph Iron,” at the age of 20; “Dreams” (1890); “Dream Life and Real Life” (1893); “Trooper Peter Halket” (1897); “An English South African's View of the Situation” (1899); “Women and Labour” (1911); etc. She died in 1920.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Schurz, Carl

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SCHURZ, CARL, an American statesman; born in Liblar, near Cologne, Prussia, March 2, 1829; he was a student at
Bonn in 1847-1848. In the early part of 1848 he participated in the revolutionary movements in the Palatinate and at Baden, and on the defeat of the insurrection fled to Switzerland to escape arrest.
About 1852 he came to the United States, and settled in Madison, Wis. He soon identified himself with the Republican party. He advocated the election of Frémont in 1856 by public speeches in the German language. He afterward made political speeches in English, and achieved a high reputation as an orator. In 1860 he addressed the people of various States advocating the election of Abraham Lincoln. In 1861 he was appointed minister to Spain, but when the Civil War broke out he resigned that he might return and join the Union army. He took part in the second battle of Bull Run, and commanded a division at Chancellorsville, May, 1863, and a corps at Gettysburg, July 1-3 of that year. He resigned from the army in 1865, and in 1866 became editor of the Detroit “Post.” In 1868 he went to St. Louis, and in 1869 was elected United States Senator from Missouri. He supported Mr. Greeley for President in 1872, and Mr. Hayes in 1876, and was Secretary of the Interior, under the latter, from 1877 to 1881. In 1881-1884 he was editor of the New York “Evening Post,” and was conspicuous in the “Mugwump” movement of 1884. In 1892 he became president of the National Civil Service Reform League. He afterward wrote several books, among them a “Life of Henry Clay.” He died May 14, 1906.
CARL SCHURZ
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Schopenhauer, Arthur

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SCHOPENHAUER, ARTHUR, a German philosopher; born in Danzic, Feb. 22, 1788; son of Johanna Schopenhauer, the popular novelist and littérateur. He studied at Göttingen, attended the lectures of Fichte at Berlin, spent some time at Weimar and Dresden, and led a very
restless life till 1831, when he settled at Frankfort-on-the-Main. He despised his countrymen and their philosophies, and studied French and English literature and latterly Oriental religions. He became an enthusiast for Buddha and the Vedas, and enjoyed tracing all Western accomplishments to Eastern sources. The principal work of Schopenhauer is
entitled “The World as Will and Idea.” It appeared in 1819, and after being neglected for many years attracted a good deal of attention and received some sharp criticism. The practical upshot of his system, which makes will the one sole reality, is intolerable melancholy, taking from man all that constitutes his greatness, his goodness, or his bliss. God — futurity — the soul — mere names, illusions; and the world of men is to him hopelessly bad. The style is brilliant; but the general effect of the work on the average mind is depressing. He published several other works of philosophy, of which the most important is “The Two Sound Problems of Ethics.” He died in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Sept. 21, 1860.
ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Schnitzer, Edward

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SCHNITZER, EDWARD, better known as Emin Pasha, an African explorer; born in Oppeln, Germany, March 28, 1840. Studying medicine, he graduated in 1864. Proceeding to Turkey, he practiced his profession. He adopted the name of Emin, and Turkish habits and customs, entering the Egyptian medical service as Dr. Emin Effendi. In 1878 he was appointed by Gordon Pasha governor of the Equatorial Province. He showed himself an enlightened ruler and a bitter foe to slavery. He added greatly to the anthropological knowledge of central Africa and published valuable geographical papers. He entered the German service, 1889, and commanded an expedition to central Africa; made treaties with the Arabs of Tabora, and founded three large German stations on Victoria Lake; established a chain of military posts from Mpwapwa to the interior; in 1891 pressed onward into the heart of central Africa, and in 1892 S. toward the equator. He was murdered by Arab slave traders in the Kongo Free State, Oct. 20, 1892.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Schnitzler, Arthur

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SCHNITZLER, ARTHUR, an Austrian dramatist and short-story writer, born in Vienna, in 1862. He was educated in his native city and in 1885 received the degree of M.D. from the University of Vienna. He practiced medicine until 1893, when he published with great success, “Anatole,” a sequence of seven one-act dramas of modern life in Vienna. These, as well as later creations of his, have been played successfully, not only on Austrian and German stages, but also in many other countries, including the United States. Among his other dramatic works were “Der Grüne Kakadu” (1899); “Paracelsus” (1899); “Lebendige Stunden” (1902); “Der Einsame Weg” (1904); “Der Ruf des Lebens” (1905); “Comptess Mizzi” (1909); “Das Weite Land” (1911); “Professor Bernhardi” (1913); etc. Among his fictional
works should be mentioned: “Sterben” (1895); “Der Weg ins Freie” (1908); etc. A collection of his writings were published in seven volumes in Berlin, in 1912.