OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Cottenham, Charles Christopher Pepys, earl of

Edition of 1879. See also Charles Pepys, 1st Earl of Cottenham on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COTTENHAM, Charles Christopher Pepys, earl of, an English chancellor, born April 29, 1781, died April 29, 1851. He was educated at Cambridge, studied law, was called to the bar in 1804, appointed solicitor general to Queen Adelaide in 1830, and solicitor general to the king in 1833. In July, 1831, he entered parliament through the interest of Earl Fitzwilliam. In 1834 he became master of the rolls, in 1835 a commissioner of the great seal, and in 1836 lord high chancellor of England, which office he held till September, 1841. On Oct. 5, 1845, by the death of his elder brother, Sir William Weller Pepys, the baronetcy conferred on his father in 1801 devolved on him. In August, 1846, he again became lord chancellor, retiring in June, 1850, when he was made an earl. In politics he was a consistent liberal.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Coriander

Edition of 1879. See also Coriander on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CORIANDER, the fruit of coriandrum sativum, an annual umbelliferous plant. It is a native of Italy, but now grows wild in most parts of Europe, and is brought from thence to the United States. The flowers emit a disagreeable odor when bruised, but the fruit has a pleasant fragrance. The fruits, or seeds as they are called, are about an eighth of an inch in diameter and globular in shape. They have an aromatic odor and taste. Their virtue depends on a volatile oil, which is obtained by distillation. Coriander is used in medicine only to correct the action and cover the taste of other drugs, and render them acceptable to the stomach. It may be given in the dose of half a drachm or more. Confectioners use it as a flavoring article.
Coriander.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Cork (bark)

Edition of 1879. See also Cork (material) and Quercus suber on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CORK (Lat. cortex, bark), the soft elastic bark of a species of oak (quercus suber) which grows abundantly in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Algeria, and the south of France. Commerce is indebted to Portugal for its largest supply. When the tree is 15 years old the barking is commenced, and may be repeated every eight or ten years afterward, the cork increasing in quantity though not in quality at each operation. Trees thus barked will, it is said, live 150 years. The cork is removed from the trees in July and August. This is done by making incisions around the tree and longitudinally to the root, when the pieces are easily detached. These are then soaked in water, pressed under heavy weights, dried before a fire, and stacked or packed in bales for exportation. The cork cutters divide the sheets of cork into narrow strips, and, after cutting these of the proper length, round them into a cylindrical form with a very sharp, thin-bladed knife. Of late
years, however, corks are made in vast numbers by a machine of American invention, with which a man will make more in a day than he could by hand in 20 days. The hand-made corks, however, are the best. Spanish black is made from the burnt parings of cork. Cork and its uses were known among the ancients, but it does not appear to have been common until the 15th century, when glass bottles first came into general use. Cork is employed in various ways, but especially for stopping vessels containing liquids, and, on account of its buoyancy in water, in the construction of life boats. It is also used in the manufacture of life-preservers and cork jackets. This invention appears to be of very early date, as Plutarch in his life of Camillus refers to it. About 6,000 tons of cork bark are annually shipped from cork-producing countries, and an equal quantity used for home consumption.
Cork Oak (Quercus suber).
Cork Tree — Cutting Bark.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Corinth (Mississippi)

Edition of 1879. See also Corinth, Mississippi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CORINTH, a village and the capital of Alcorn co., Mississippi, in the N. E. corner of the state, near the Tennessee line; pop. in 1870, 1,512, of whom 679 were colored. The village, being at the junction of the Memphis and Charleston and the Mobile and Ohio railroads, was a position of great strategical importance during the civil war, and had been early occupied by the confederates, who constructed there defensive works. It was still further strengthened by Gen. Beauregard after his retreat from the battle of Shiloh (April 6, 7, 1862). Gen. Halleck slowly followed him thither, and began those operations which at the time were designated as “the siege of Corinth.” There was some fighting in the vicinity, at Farmington (May 21), and an attempt was made to flank Corinth and to cut the railroad S. of it, when the confederates evacuated the position, and retreated to Tupelo, pursued by Gen. Pope, though without material results. Corinth was now occupied by the Union troops, who enlarged the defensive works; and in the autumn it was held by Gen. Rosecrans with 20,000 men. The confederates, under Van Dorn and Price, with about 40,000 men, undertook to recapture the place. On Oct. 3 they attacked a strong outpost, which they carried, inflicting considerable loss; and on the 4th they endeavored to take Corinth by storm. The assault was made in two columns at different points. Each column gained some advantage at first; but when they reached the main defensive line both were swept back in utter rout. The whole confederate force fled in disorder, and were pursued for several miles with great slaughter, and without making a show of resistance. The entire Union loss was 315 killed, 1,812 wounded, and 232 prisoners, taken on the 3d. The confederate loss, as stated by Rosecrans, was 1,423 dead left behind and buried on the field, probably 5,000 wounded, and 2,248 prisoners, besides large quantities of small arms and ammunition.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Coriolanus

Edition of 1879. See also Gaius Marcius Coriolanus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CORIOLANUS, the name bestowed by the Roman people on the patrician Cneius Marcius, for the conquest of the Volscian town of Corioli. He was a leading member of the senate during the dissensions which followed soon after the establishment of the tribunes. Having been rejected as candidate for the consulship, he was so exasperated against the people, that during the great famine which then occurred he proposed in the senate the retention of grain sent from Sicily until the plebeians should consent to sacrifice the new magistracy created for the defence of their rights (491 B. C.). For this he was impeached by the tribunes and condemned to exile by the assembly of the people, to which his case was referred by the senate. He left Rome, made his way to Antium, the capital of the Volsci, against whom he had fought bravely a few years before, took the command of their army, ravaged the Roman colonies, conquered the towns of the Latins, their allies, and compelled this people to join him. He penetrated to Rome, and ravaged from his camp at the Cluilian dike the lands of the plebeians, sparing those of his own order. The terrified plebs now entreated the senate to revoke the decree of banishment; the senators refused to compromise the dignity of Rome, but were finally compelled to yield. Five consular and other distinguished citizens carried the decree of recall into the camp of Coriolanus; but he demanded the restitution to the Volsci of all the lands formerly conquered from them, and the acceptance of this condition within 30 days. Before the expiration of this term the Romans, reduced to extremity, sent one embassy after another to the haughty exile. He refused to listen to the senators or to the priests, but could not resist the reproaches of his mother Veturia, and the tears of his wife Volumnia, who led an embassy of matrons. “Thou hast saved Rome,” said he to his mother, “but lost thy son.” He then returned with his army into the land of the Volsci, who, according to some historians, punished his defection with death; according to others, he was suffered to live quietly among them. The matrons of Rome, it is said, mourned his death for a whole year, in a temple erected to Fortuna Muliebris, to commemorate their merits. The history of Coriolanus contains so many improbabilities that its authenticity has been seriously questioned by modern critics.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Corinth, Gulf of

Edition of 1879. See also the disclaimer.
CORINTH, Gulf of. See Lepanto.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Corigliano

Edition of 1879. See also Corigliano Calabro on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CORIGLIANO, a town of S. Italy, in the province and 26 m. N. E. of the city of Cosenza, situated near the mouth of a river of the same name;
pop. about 13,000. It is poorly built, and the streets are narrow. It contains an aqueduct, five churches, six convents, and a few public buildings. Licorice is made here on a large scale, and there is considerable trade in timber, wine, oranges, lemons, and olives. The best manna of Calabria is produced in the neighborhood. On an eminence overlooking the town is a feudal castle with massive towers and a deep trench. Near by is the site of the ancient city of Sybaris, famed for the voluptuousness of its inhabitants.
# The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger

* "The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger" in The Strand Magazine with illustrations by Frank Wiles (1927)
* "The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger" in The Case Book of Sherlock Holmes (1927)
# The Adventure of the Resident Patient

* "The Adventure of the Resident Patient", as originally published in The Strand Magazine (August 1893)
* "The Resident Patient" in Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes
# The Adventure of the Reigate Squire

* "The Adventure of the Reigate Squire", as originally published in The Strand Magazine (June 1893)
* "The Reigate Puzzle" in Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes
# The Adventure of the Speckled Band

* related portals: Mystery.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
* "The Adventure of the Speckled Band", as originally published in The Strand Magazine
* "The Adventure of the Speckled Band", as collected in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
# The Adventure of the Stockbroker's Clerk

* "The Adventure of the Stockbroker's Clerk", as originally published in The Strand Magazine (March 1893)
* The Stockbroker's Clerk in Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes
# The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire

* related portals: Mystery.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
* "The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire", as originally published in The Strand Magazine with illustrations by H. K. Elcock (January 1924)
* "The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire" in The Case Book of Sherlock Holmes (1927)
# The Adventure of the Three Gables

* "The Adventure of the Three Gables" in The Strand Magazine with illustrations by Howard Elcock (October 1926)
* "The Adventure of the Three Gables" in The Case Book of Sherlock Holmes (1927)
# The Adventure of the Retired Colourman

* "The Adventure of the Retired Colourman" in The Strand Magazine with illustrations by Frank Wiles (1927)
* "The Adventure of the Retired Colourman" in The Case Book of Sherlock Holmes (1927)
# The Adventure of the Three Garridebs

* related portals: Mystery.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
* "The Adventure of the Three Garridebs" in The Strand Magazine with illustrations by Howard Elcock (January 1925)
* "The Adventure of the Three Garridebs" in The Case Book of Sherlock Holmes (1927)
# The Adventure of the Yellow Face

* "The Adventure of the Yellow Face", as originally published in The Strand Magazine (February 1893)
* The Adventure of the Yellow Face in Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes
# Stoehr v. Wallace

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
255 U.S. 239
Stoehr v. Wallace
Argued: Jan. 4 and 5, 1921. --- Decided: Feb 28, 1921
Mr. Louis Marshall, of New York City, for appellant.
Messrs. Solicitor General Frierson, of Chattanooga, Tenn., and George L. Ingraham and John Quinn, both of New York City, for appellees.
Mr. Justice VAN DEVANTER delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Stoddard v. Chambers

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
43 U.S. 284
Stoddard v. Chambers

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Stoffela v. Nugent

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
217 U.S. 499
Stoffela v. Nugent
Argued: and submitted April 28, 1910. --- Decided: May 16, 1910
Messrs. J. J. Darlington, John J. Hawkins, and Thomas Armstrong, Jr., for appellant.
Mr. Engene S. Ives for appellee.
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Terrorism Act 2000/Schedule 2

Layout 2
SCHEDULE 2 Proscribed Organisations
The Irish Republican Army.
Cumann na mBan.
Fianna na hEireann.
The Red Hand Commando.
Saor Eire.
The Ulster Freedom Fighters.
The Ulster Volunteer Force.
The Irish National Liberation Army.
The Irish People’s Liberation Organisation.
The Ulster Defence Association.
The Loyalist Volunteer Force.
The Continuity Army Council.
The Orange Volunteers.
The Red Hand Defenders.
Note
The entry for The Orange Volunteers refers to the organisation which uses that name and in the name of which a statement described as a press release was published on 14th October 1998.
# Terrorism Act 2000/Schedule 16

Layout 2
SCHEDULE 16 Repeals
Part I Acts
Part II Orders
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Müller, Johannes von

Edition of 1879. See also Johannes von Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Johannes von, a Swiss historian, born in Schaffhausen, Jan. 3, 1752, died in Cassel, May 29, 1809. He completed his studies at Göttingen, where Schlözer diverted his attention from theology to history. He was professor of Greek in Schaffhausen from 1772 to 1774, when he removed to Geneva, where for a time he supported himself by teaching. In 1781 he accepted a professorship in Cassel, but returned to Switzerland in 1783 to prosecute historical labors, lecturing occasionally, but generally depending upon friends and incurring large debts. From 1786 to 1807 he was in the service, in various capacities, of the elector of Mentz, the emperor, and the king of Prussia, and received several titles and patents of nobility. After the occupation of Berlin by the French, he incurred the displeasure of his German friends by his subserviency to Napoleon, and by holding office under his brother, King Jerome of Westphalia. This sentiment, however, subsequently gave way to
a general acknowledgment both of his extraordinary merits as a writer and the noble traits of his character. His most celebrated work is Die Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft (4 vols., 1780-1805), extending to 1489, and continued to the end of the 16th century by Glutz-Boltzheim (vol. v., 1816) and J. J. Hottinger (vols. vi. and vii., 1825-'9). A French translation by Monnard and Vulliemin extends to the 19th century (19 vols., Paris, 1837-'51). Among his other writings are minor political essays; Essais historiques, published in French under the auspices of Frederick the Great (Berlin, 1780); Reisen der Päpste (new ed., Aix-la-Chapelle, 1831; French translation, 1859), written against the anti-papal reforms of Joseph II., although he was a Protestant; and Vierundzwanzig Bücher allgemeiner Geschichten, lectures delivered in Switzerland (3 vols., Tübingen, 1811; often republished). His complete works have been published in 27 vols. (Stuttgart, 1810-'19), and 40 vols. (1831-'5). Among his biographers are Heeren (1809), Wachler (1809), and Woltmann (1810).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Müller, Johann Gotthard von

Edition of 1879. See also Johann Gotthard von Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER. I. Johann Gotthard von, a German engraver, born at Bernhausen, near Stuttgart, May 4, 1747, died in Stuttgart, March 14, 1830. He prepared himself for the church, but attended at the same time the academy of fine arts. He studied engraving in Paris, where he remained from 1770 to 1776, when he was admitted to the French academy of fine arts, and was appointed by Duke Charles to found a school of art at Stuttgart, which under his guidance produced many excellent artists. Among his best prints are the “Battle of Bunker Hill,” after Trumbull's picture, Raphael's Madonna della Seggiola, St. Catharine after Leonardo da Vinci, and a portrait of Louis XVI. II. Johann Friedrich Wilhelm, son of the preceding, born in Stuttgart in 1782, died near Dresden, May 3, 1816. After a careful training under his father he completed his studies in Paris, where besides other works he executed engravings of “St. John” and “St. Cecilia” after Domenichino. After preparing in Rome for the engraving of Raphael's Madonna di San Sisto, he devoted the remainder of his life to that masterpiece, his reproduction of which is one of the finest achievements of the art. In 1814 he was appointed professor in the academy at Dresden, but his health being impaired by overwork, he retired. He engraved in all only 18 plates.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Müller, Johann Heinrich Jakob

Edition of 1879. See also Johann Heinrich Jakob Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Johann Heinrich Jakob, a German physicist, born in Cassel, April 30, 1809. He studied in Darmstadt, Bonn, and Giessen, and became a teacher at Darmstadt. In 1844 he was appointed professor of physical sciences at Freiburg, Baden. His principal work, Lehrbuch der Physik und Meteorologie (2 vols., Brunswick, 1842; 7th ed., 1868-'9), was originally a version of Pouillet's Éléments de physique; and he published a supplement to it, Lehrbuch der kosmischen Physik (1856; 3d ed., 1872). Among his other works are: Grundriss der Physik und Meteorologie (1846; 10th ed., 1869-'70; with two supplements); Grundzüge der Krystallographie (1845; 2d ed., 1869); Die constructive Zeichnungslehre (2 vols. 1868); and Anfangsgründe der geometrischen Disciplin für Gymnasien, &c. (3d ed., 1869).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Müller, Johannes

Edition of 1879. See also Johannes Peter Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Johannes, a German physiologist, born in Coblentz, July 14, 1801, died in Berlin, April 28, 1858. He was the son of a poor shoemaker, and was about to be apprenticed to a saddler when his talents attracted the attention of his teacher, and he prepared himself for the Roman Catholic priesthood. After attending in 1819 the university of Bonn, he took the degree of M. D. and went to Berlin, where under the influence of Hegel and Rudolphi he was induced to reject all systems of physiology which were not founded upon a severe philosophical observation of nature. Returning to Bonn in 1824, he lectured as private professor on anatomy, physiology, embryology, and related subjects; and in 1826 he became extraordinary professor of
physiology and anatomy. In 1833 he was appointed to the chair of anatomy in the university of Berlin, then considered the first in Europe in that department of science. He founded the physico-chemical school of physiology, raising it from a speculative to a positive science, and reformed the study of medicine. He generally passed his vacations on the shores of the Mediterranean, where he became a favorite with the Italians. His publications, numbering upward of 100, embrace nearly every subject in comparative anatomy and physiology, not one of which failed to receive new and valuable illustrations from his hand. His most important work is the Handbuch der Physiologie (Coblentz, 1833), which has been translated into English by Dr. W. Baly (“Elements of Physiology,” 2 vols., London, 1837-'42), and into several other languages. Among his other works are: De Respiratione Fœtus (Leipsic, 1823), a prize dissertation; Zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Gesichtsinnes des Menschen und der Thiere (1826; English translation by Baly, 1848); Grundriss der Vorlesungen über die Physiologie (Bonn, 1827); Grundriss der Vorlesungen über allgemeine Pathologie (1829); and Ueber die organischen Nerven der erectilen männlichen Geschlechtsorgane, &c. (Berlin, 1835). He also wrote numerous dissertations on subjects not altogether physiological. Among these are: Horæ Ichthyologicæ (Berlin, 1849); Ueber die phantastischen Gesichtserscheinungen (Coblentz, 1826); Der Tabak in geschichtlicher, botanischer, chemischer und medizinischer Hinsicht (Berlin, 1832); Ueber die fossilen Reste der Zeuglodonten, &c. (1848); and Ueber Synopta digitata und über die Erzeugung von Schnecken in Holothurien (1852). His latest investigations were devoted to infusoria, and his Terminologia Entomologica was published at Brünn in 1850. He also founded several influential periodicals for the promotion of physiology, anatomy, and other sciences.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Müller, Johann

Edition of 1879. See also the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Johann. See Regiomontanus.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Müller, Otto

Edition of 1879. See also Otto Müller (novelist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Otto, a German novelist, born at Schotten, Hesse-Darmstadt, June 1, 1816. He began his career as a librarian and a journalist, and resided in various places till 1856, when he settled in Stuttgart. He early published a series of novels, and in 1845 appeared his Bürger, ein deutsches Dichterleben, which was followed by Georg Völker and other political novels. In 1854 appeared his admirable Charlotte Ackermann. Among his subsequent novels are Der Klosterhof (1859), Aus Petrarca's alten Tagen (1862), Erzählungen und Charakterbilder (1865), Der Wildpfarrer (1866), Der Professor von Heidelberg (1870), Der Fall von Konstanz (1872), and Der Majoratsherr
(1873). His Ausgewählte Schriften appeared in Stuttgart (12 vols., 1874).
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Müller, Gerhard Friedrich

Edition of 1879. See also Gerhard Friedrich Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Gerhard Friedrich, a Russian historian, born at Herford, Westphalia, Oct. 18, 1705, died in Moscow in October, 1783. He studied at Leipsic, became in 1725 a teacher in St. Petersburg, and in 1730 was appointed professor of history. In 1733 he accompanied Gmelin and De Lisle de la Croyère to Siberia, and returned in February, 1743, having spent the interval in studying the geography and antiquities of that country. In 1747 he was appointed historiographer of the Russian empire, in 1754 secretary of the academy of sciences, in 1766 keeper of the archives at Moscow, and afterward councillor of state. He is best known by his Sammlung Russischer Geschichte (9 vols., 1732-'64). His other writings include Histoire des voyages et découvertes des Russes (2 vols., Amsterdam, 1766). He has been called the father of Russian history, wrote French, Latin, Russian, and German with equal ease, and was the first to found a literary journal in the Russian language.
# The American Naturalist

Monthly scientific journal, established 1867 and still active today.
THE AMERICAN NATURALIST, AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
* Volume 10 (1876)
** Number 2
*** The History of the Origin and Development of Museums
* Volume 11 (1877)
* Volume 12 (1878)
** Aspidium spinulosum (Swartz) and its varieties
* Volume 31 (1897)
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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