OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Divers voyages touching the discouerie of America

DIVERS
voyages touching the discouerie of America, and the Ilands adiacent vnto the same, made first of all by our Englishmen, and afterward by the Frenchmen and Britons:
And certaine notes of advertisements for obseruations, necessarie for such as shall heereafter make the like attempt,
With two mappes annexed heereunto for the plainer understanding of the whole matter.
Imprinted at London for Thomas VVoodcocke, dwelling in paules Church-yard, at the signe of the blackebeare.
1582.
* The names of certaine late ⁠writers of Geographie, with the yeere ⁠wherein they wrote
* The names of certaine late trauaylers, ⁠both by sea and by lande, which ⁠also for the most part haue written of ⁠their owne trauayles and voyages
* A verie late and great probabilitie of a passage, by the Northwest part of America in 58. degrees of Northerly latitude
* To the right worshipfull and most vertuous Gentleman master Phillip Sydney Esquire
* A Latine copie of the letters patentes of King Henrie the seuenth, graunted vnto Iohn Gabote and his three sonnes
* The same letters patents in english
* A note of Sebastian Gabotes voyage of discouerie, taken out of an old Chronicle written by Robert Fabian somtime Alderman of London
* A declaration of the Indies and landes discouered, and subdued vnto the Emperour, and the king of Portugale
* The booke made by the right worshipfull Master Robert Thorne in the yeere 1527. in Siuill to Doctour Iey, Lorde ambassadour for King Henrie the eight to Charles the Emperour
* To the most Christian king of Fraunce, Fraunces the first. The relation of Iohn Verarzanus a Florentine, of the lande by him discouered in the name of his Maiestie, written in Diepe the eight of Iuly 1524.
* The discouerie of the Isles of Frisland, Iseland, Engrouel and, Estotiland, Drogeo and Icaria, made by M. Nicolas Zeno, Knight, and M. Antonio his brother.
* The true and last discouerie of Florida made by Captaine Iohn Ribault in the yeere 1562. Dedicated to a great noble man of Fraunce, and translated into Englishe by one Thomas Hackit.
* Notes in writing besides more priuie by mouth that were giuen by a Gentleman, Anno, 1580, to M. Arthure Pette and to M. Charles Iackman, sent by the merchants of the Muscouie compaine for the discourie of the northeast strayte
* Notes framed by a Gentleman heretofore to bee giuen to one that prepared for a discouerie, and went not: And not vnfitt to be committed to print, considering the same may stirre vp considerations of these and of such other thinges, not vnmeete in such new voyages as may be attempted hereafter.
* The names of certaine commodities growing in part of America, not presently inhabited by any Christians frõ Florida Northward, gathered out of the discourses, of Verarzanus, Thorne, Cartier, Ribalt, Theuet, and beft, which haue bin personally in those Countreys, and haue seene these things amongst many others.
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This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Divers doth use

Divers doth use, as I have heard and know, When that to change their ladies do begin, To mourn and wail, and never for to lin, Hoping thereby to pease their painful woe. And some there be, that when it chanceth so That women change and hate where love hath been, They call them false and think with words to win The hearts of them which otherwhere doth grow. But as for me, though that by chance indeed Change hath outworn the favor that I had, I will not wail, lament, not yet be sad, Nor call her false that falsely did me feed, But let it pass, and think it is of kind That often change doth please a woman's mind.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Divehi romanization table

Divehi
Letters of the Alphabet Consonants (see Note 1)
| ހ | h | ތ | t (see Note 4) |
| ށ | ś or ḫ (see Note 1) | ލ | l |
| ނ | n (see Note 2) | ގ | g |
| ރ | r | ޏ | ñ |
| ބ | b | ސ | s |
| ޅ | ḷ | ޑ | ḍ |
| ކ | k | ޖ | j |
| އ | ʼ or ẖ or omit (see Note 3) | ޗ | c |
| ވ | v | ޒ | z |
| މ | m | ޓ | ṭ |
| ފ | f | ޕ | p |
| ދ | d | ޔ | y |
| Vowels (see Note 5) |||||
| ައ | a | ެއ | e |
| ާއ | ā | ޭއ | ē |
| ިއ | i | ޮއ | o |
| ީއ | ī | ޯއ | ō |
| ުއ | u | ް◌ | omit (see Note 6) |
| ޫއ | ū | | |
| Divehi Equivalents to Represent Arabic Letters |||||
| ޘ | (ث) th | ޟ | (ض) ḏ |
| ޙ | (ح) ḥ | ޠ | (ط) ̤t |
| ޚ | (خ) kh | ޡ | (ظ) ẓ |
| ޛ | (ذ) dh | ޢ | (ع) ʻ (ayn) |
| ޝ | (ش) sh | ޣ | (غ) gh |
| ޞ | (ص) ṣ | ޤ | (ق) q |
1. Romanize ށް as ḫ when it doubles the following consonant or is used as a glottal stop.
| aḫvana | ައ ްށަވ ަނ | ‬ |
| maśaḫ | ަމ ަށ ްށ |
2. When used in medial position without ް◌ (sukūn), romanize ނ as ṁ.
| aṁga | އ ަނގ | ‬ |
| haṁdu | ހ ުނދ |
3. Romanization of ‫އ‬.
    (a) When used in the initial position with any vowel sign, do not romanize.
| ata | ައ ަތ |
| idu | ިއ ުދ |
| umuru | ުއ ުމ ުރ |
| egahugi | ެއ ަގުހިގ |
    (b) When used in the medial position with any vowel sign, romanize as ’.
| ha’hūnu | ަހިއޫހ ުނ | ‬ |
| fa’isa | ަފިއ ަސ |
| k’īn | ްކީއ ްނ |
    (c) When a consonant follows ‫ ްއ‬ in medial position, double it in romanization.
| cappalu | ަޗ ްއ ަޕ ުލ | ‬ |
| appacci | ައ ްއ ަޕ ްއިޗ |
    (d) When used in final position with ް◌ (sukūn), romanize as h.
| boh | ޮބ ްއ | ‬ |
| biheh | ިބ ެހ ްއ |
4. Romanize ‫ ްތ‬ followed by another ‫ ތ‬as t.
| atteri | ައ ްތ ެތިރ | ‬ |
5. Only the vowel forms that appear at the beginning of a syllable are listed. When the vowels follow a consonant, ‫ އ‬is not used and the vowel signs are added to the consonant forms. Do not distinguish between the two in romanization.
6. ް◌ (called sukūn) generally indicates omission of an inherent vowel associated with a consonant. For its other uses, see Notes 1, 3, and 4.
# Ditson v. California/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
371 U.S. 541
Ditson v. California
The motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis and the petition for writ of certiorari are granted. In view of the suggestion of mootness by reason of the execution of the petitioner, the judgment of the Supreme Court of California is vacated and the cause is remanded for such proceedings as that court may deem appropriate.
[NOTE: Upon petition by the State for rehearing or clarification, the above opinion was withdrawn and, upon the prior suggestion of mootness, the petition for writ of certiorari was dismissed. 372 U.S. 933, 83 S.Ct. 885.]

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Divers voyages touching the discouerie of America/Chapter 11

The names of certaine commodities growing in part of America, not presently inhabited by any Christians frõ Florida Northward, gathered out of the discourses, of Verarzanus, Thorne, Cartier, Ribalt, Theuet, and best, which haue bin personally in those Countreys, and haue seene these things amongst many others.
Imprinted at London at the three Cranes in the Vine- tree, by Thomas Dawson. 1582.
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# Ditty

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Ditty."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Ditty, a poem by Robert Louis Stevenson
* Ditty, a poem by Thomas Hardy
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Wang Hua-chên

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​WANG Hua-chên 王化貞 (T. 肖乾, H. 乾山), d. 1632, Ming official, a native of Chu-ch'êng, Shantung, received his chin-shih degree in 1613, and started his career as a second class secretary in the Board of Revenue. In 1620 he assisted in the defense of Kuang-ning, in Liaotung, where he earned praise for his compromises with the Mongol invaders. In the following year he was raised to the post of military administrator at Kuang-ning and delighted the Court officials with impressive projects for recovering the territory lost to the Manchus. His plans for fortifying the left bank of the Liao river, for hiring 400,000 Mongol mercenaries, and for attacking the Manchus through Korea (see under Mao Wên-lung), were all bitterly opposed by Hsiung T'ing-pi [q. v.], and his undertakings uniformly went down in failure. When Kuang-ning was taken in March 1622 and the Chinese troops fled through Shanbaikuan, he was put under arrest and condemned to death. His execution was postponed by friends at Court, but was finally carried out in 1632. The only literary works attributed to him appear to be treatises on medical science, and these seem not to have been preserved.
[M.1/259/12a; K'ai-kuo fang-lüeh; Ming t'ung-chien (see bibl. under Wang Chih-ts'ai) 78/1a; Chu-ch'êng hsien-chih (1764) 32/2b, 13/3a.]
George A. Kennedy
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Wang Hung-hsü

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​WANG Hung-hsü 王鴻緒 (T. 季友, H. 儼齋, 橫雲山人, original ming 度心), Sept. 22, 1645–1723, Sept. 14, official and calligrapher, was a native of Hua-t'ing, Kiangsu. He was the youngest brother of Wang Hsü-ling [q. v.]. After taking the chin-shih degree and becoming a Hanlin compiler in 1673, he held various official posts at Court and educational positions in the provinces. In 1682 he was made one of the chief editors of the official history of the Ming Dynasty (明史 Ming-shih) with which he was connected off and on for the ensuing forty years. After mourning the death of his father, he returned to Peking in 1689 but was soon ordered to retire owing to a charge of corruption brought against him by the president of the Censorate, Kuo Hsiu [q. v.]. Kuo accused him of being in collusion with Kao Shih-ch'i [q. v.], Wang Hsü-ling, and others who had received bribes. In 1694 Wang Hung-hsü was recalled to Peking as a co-director for the compilation of the Ming-shih. Not long after, he was made president of the Board of Works, and in 1708 president of the Board of Revenue. During this time and in later years he acted as a spy for Emperor Shêng-tsu, submitting secret reports about other officials, sometimes with scandalous details. However, early in 1709 he was again forced to retire, this time for having taken the side of Maci [q. v.] in support of Yin-ssŭ [q. v.] on the question of the succession to the throne.
In 1714 Wang Hung-hsü submitted to the throne 208 chüan of biographical sketches intended for the Ming-shih, which he had compiled at home with a staff under his direction. The next year he was recalled to Peking for editorial work. In a private capacity, during the following years, he expanded his draft of the Ming-shih to include not only biographies but also other sections, using, without recognition, the manuscripts of many historians, especially that of Wan Ssŭ-t'ung [q. v.], who had died in 1702 after almost completing a draft of the history. In 1723 Wang submitted to the throne his draft of the Ming-shih, entitled Ming-shih kao (稿), 310 chüan. Although the work was based on the labors of Wan and other historians, Wang treated it as his own work and had his name inscribed on the margin of every page of the manuscript as though it constituted a part of his collected works. He did spend some time in editing it, but the changes and omissions which he made were frequently unwarranted.
Wang Hung-hsü was a celebrated calligrapher. His collected poems, entitled 橫雲山人集 Hêng-yün-shan-jên chi, 27 chüan, were printed in 1719.
[1/277/3a; 3/58/16a pu-lu; 29/2/12a; Hua-t'ing hsien-chih (1879) 16/14a; Wên-hsien ts'ung-pien (see bibl. under Dorgon), nos. 2, 3; Ch'ên Shou-shih, "A Study of the Ming-shih kao" (in Chinese), Kuo-hsüeh lun-ts'ung (Chinese Classical Review, Tsinghua University), 1927; Li Chin-hua, Ming-shih tsuan-hsiu k'ao (A History of the Compilation of the Ming Dynastic History), Harvard-Yenching Monograph Series, no. 3 (1933).]
Tu Lien-chê
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Plaise

Edition of 1802.
​PLAISE, or Pleuronectes platessa, L. a well-known fish, caught in numbers on the British and Dutch coasts; sometimes weighing 15lbs.; though, in general, not exceeding eight or nine pounds.—The best and largest of these fish are taken off Rye, on the coast of Sussex.
Plaise differ from flounders, by their flat size; and having behind the left eye, a row of six tubercles. The upper part of the body and fins are of a clear brown, marked with large bright orange-coloured spots; and the belly is white. They cast their spawn in the beginning of February.
The flesh of plaise, while fresh, is equally tender, wholesome, and as easily digested as that of flounders; but, if the former be kept for several days, it is supposed to become purgative, and is consequently detrimental to health.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Ploughing

Edition of 1802.
​PLOUGHING, in rural economy, denotes the stirring and turning over of land with the plough.
This is one of the most essential operations in the culture of the earth, and requires to be performed with the greatest care. Whatever, therefore, may be the design of the farmer, or the destination of the ground, thus moved, it ought never to be ploughed in a wet state; because the soil cannot be improved by such labour. Farther, the plough ought to be carried to a considerable depth into the soil; and, if one turning be not sufficient, it will be advisable to pass another plough over the same furrow, so that the land may be effectually stirred; when, being thus exposed to the air, its fertilizing properties will not only be considerably augmented, but all perennial weeds will be completely eradicated.—Deep ploughing, however, is unnecessary for land that has been recently manured with lime or marle; but, on exhausted soils, it is uncommonly beneficial, and has, therefore, been generally recommended by the most skilful husbandmen.
Ploughing increases the food of plants; as it opens the soil for the reception of vegetable aliment from the air; and, the surface being consequently enlarged, a greater portion of land is thus exposed to its influence. Farther, by breaking up the ground, if it be too solid, and rendering it firm, in case it be too light, this operation greatly ​tends to improve the earth; and, as weeds and other vegetable substances are thus reduced to a state of putretaction, it promotes the nourishment of the new roots. Lastly, ploughing removes too great humidity, by forming the land into ridges (which see), and contributes to the eradication of weeds; as it first causes their seeds to vegetate; and, afterwards tearing up the young plants, exposes their roots to the drought; in consequence of which, they are deprived of their vegetative power.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pitch

Edition of 1802.
​PITCH, an adhesive gummy-resinous substance, which is prepared by inspissating Tar, or the liquid drawn from Fir and Pine-trees.
Considerable quantities of pitch are manufactured in Britain; but, as they are inadequate to the demand for this article in the building of ships, &c. the deficiency is supplied by foreign markets. The best pitch is imported from Sweden and Norway: it is of a glossy black colour; perfectly dry; uncommonly brittle; and generally employed by ship-builders:—being less pungent and bitter than tar, it is frequently used in medicine, and chiefly in the preparation of warm adhesive plasters. In some cases, however, it excites blisters, though in general it only reddens the part to which it is applied, and from which consequently exudes a slight degree of moisture. On account of these stimulating properties, plasters of pitch are often useful in colds, coughs, rheumatisms, and similar complaints.
Pitch-plaster is prepared by melting together six ounces of white resin, seven ounces of ship-pitch, and five ounces of yellow wax; and afterwards forming them into a plaster.—See Scald-head.
Pitch pays on importation the sum of 13s. 7 1/2d. per last of 12 barrels (each containing 31 1/2 gallons), provided it be brought in British ships: but, in foreign vessels, it is subject to the duty of 14s. 4 1/2d. per last; or 12s. 1 1/2d. if imported from any of the British Plantations in America, or from any American State, in English ships.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pit-coal

Edition of 1802.
​Pit-coal. See Coal.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pleurisy

Edition of 1802.
​PLEURISY, or Pleuritis, is an inflammation of the membrane, called the pleura, which lines the cavity of the chest, and covers internally the ribs, intercostal muscles, and lungs.
The characteristic signs of this dangerous disorder are, fever; a hard, full, and tense pulse; an acute pain in the side affected, that increases both on inspiring and attempting to lie down; straitness and oppression of the chest; with a painful cough, which is at first dry, afterwards humid, and frequently accompanied with the expectoration of mucus streaked with blood.—Those causes that produce inflammation of the lungs (see p. 133, of the present volume) are likewise apt to occasion pleurisy; beside which may be mentioned, the disuse of blood-letting, after a person has strangely been accustomed to lose blood, at stated periods; also keeping the body too warm; a plethoric habit; and worms.
Beside a most rigorous abstinence from animal food, heating liquors, and every kind of irritation, either by the indulgence in passions, or exercise of body or mind, the first remedy to be employed in a pleurisy, is copious bleeding, either with the lancet, or by means of leeches. These evacuations should be repeated after 12 or 14 hours, if the violence of the pain do not abate: and, if the symptoms still continue, or the blood present what is termed a buffy coat, the operation must be performed a third, or even a fourth time; with a view to save the patient's life.—Blisters, fomentations, and warm cabbage, or other leaves, have often with advantage been applied to the painful side. With similar success, gentle emetics, and purgatives, have been administered in partictilar cases; and, if the patient neither perspire nor pass any urine, small but frequent doses of camphor and nitre have generally procured relief.—In other respects, the treatment, as well as the diet and regimen, varies but little from that already stated under Inflammation of the Lungs, to which article the reader is referred.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pistol

Edition of 1802.
​Pistol. See Gun and Fire-arms.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Plane-Tree

Edition of 1802.
​PLANE-TREE, or Platanus, L. a genus of trees, comprising two species, viz.
1. The orientalis, or Eastern Plane-tree, which is a native of Asia, and the Levant, where it attains a stupendous height, so that it is usefully employed in ship-building.
2. The occidentalis, or Western Plane-tree, which is indigenous in Virginia, and other parts of North America, where it grows to an uncommon size; instances having occurred, of trees measuring eight or nine yards in circumference; and which, when felled, produced twenty loads of wood.
Both these species are highly esteemed for their beautiful and majestic appearance: and, though their leaves decay early in autumn, they are industriously cultivated in their native countries, especially along public walks, and other places of resort, on account of their agreeable, cooling shade.—The plane-tree is very hardy, aqd will flourish in any common soil or exposure: it may be easily propagated by seed, cuttings, or layers, which should be committed to the ground in autumn. For this purpose, the soil ought to be somewhat moist, and in a shady situation; it should be formed into beds about four feet in width, which must be well dug and raked for the reception of the seed, cuttings, &c. These should be placed four inches apart: in the succeeding spring, the young plants will appear; and, at the end of one or two years, they may be removed into nurseries, where they are to remain, till of a sufficient size to be finally transplanted.
This deciduous tree, particularly the American species, grows rapidly, and is one of the greatest ornaments of modern plantations: its wood is excellent for various articles of domestic furniture, especially for tables; because, at a certain age, it abounds with veins, and when rubbed with oil, surpasses in beauty that obtained from the finest walnut-tree.—The dry leaves and branches of the Western Plane-tree, according to Dambourney's experiments, afforded a decoction of a very bright red-brown tint; ​which, on adding different ingredients, either assumed various shades, or remained unaltered; so that they may with advantage be employed in dyeing.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Plant

Edition of 1802.
​PLANT, an organic fibrous body, consisting of roots and other parts: though capable neither of sensation, nor spontaneous motion, it attaches itself to other bodies, in such manner as to derive nourishment from them, and to propagate itself by seeds.
The constituent parts of plants are the roots, stems, branches, rind or bark, leaves, flowers, and seeds; which greatly vary, both in figure and size, according to the nature of particular trees, shrubs, &c.: as, however, the principle of vegetation is throughout analogous, we forbear to enter into a minute description of the various appearances, that have induced botanists to divide the vegetable kingdom into orders, classes, genera, species, and varieties.
All plants, however minute, are propagated by seed: and so easy is their cultivation, that in many instances they may be reared by parting their roots, or depositing layers, cuttings, &c. of the parent-stock, in such soils as are most congenial to their nature. Hence botanists consider them as an inferior class of animals; a conjecture, that is strongly corroborated by the regular circulation of the sap throughout all their parts; and by the sleep of plants, or the faculty which they possess of assuming, at night, a position different from that in which they appeared during the day.—This opinion, respecting the animal life of plants, has been carried to a still greater extent, by an eminent philosopher, whose name we have frequently cited, and who has minutely described the absorbent and umbilical vessels; the pulmonary and aortal arteries; as well as the veins, muscles, nerves, brain, and other parts relative to the physiology of vegetation.
Consistently with, and prior to the Linnæan classification, plants have been divided into male, that is, such as produce no fruit, possessing only the farina; and into female, or those which bear fruit, and also have the pistil, while they are destitute of the farina. And, as the fecundating dust is specifically heavier than the air, provident Nature has so arranged their organization, that in those plants, the pistils of which are larger than the stamina, the flowers are spontaneously nodding, in order that the farina may be more easily received. For a similar purpose, in aquatic plants, or such as naturally vegetate under water, the flowers emerge above the surface a short time before they blow. There are, however, many vegetables, in which the anthers or males bend into contact with the stigmas or females; and, as the former recede, others approach.—We could pursue this account of the amatorial attachment of plants to a greater extent, if it were compatibie with the design of this work.—See also Botany; Bulb; Leaves; Planting; and Tree.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Transmigration

See also Transmigration on Wikipedia; Transmigration in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TRANSMIGRATION.See Metempsychosis.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Transubstantiation

See also Transubstantiation on Wikipedia; Transubstantiation in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TRANSUBSTANTIATION.See Eucharist.