OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rhodes (island)

Edition of 1905. See also Rhodes on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RHODES (Lat. Rhodus, from Gk. Ῥόδος). An island now belonging to Asiatic Turkey and long an important, wealthy, and independent State of ancient Greece. It lies off the southwest coast of Asia Minor, from the nearest point of which it is distant about 12 miles. It is 49 miles long and 21 miles in greatest breadth, and is traversed in the direction of its length—from northeast to southwest—by a chain of mountains, which reach in Mount Ataÿros (the ancient Atabyrion) a height of 4070 feet. The present population is about 30,000, of whom two-thirds are Greeks. The island is governed by a Turkish pasha, but is in general neglected, and shows few traces of its ancient prosperity. Its climate is temperate and its valleys are fertile, producing oil, oranges, citrons, etc.
Rhodes rose into importance at a very early period. It is certain that Ialysus was a place of trade during the second millennium B.C., for Mycenæan vases have been found in its necropolis. When the island first appears in history it is peopled by Dorians who dwell in three cities, Lindus, near the centre of the east coast, with a good harbor, and still a town; Camirus, on the west coast; and Ialysus, also on the west coast, near the northern end of the island. These cities, with Calymna, Cos, and Halicarnassus, formed the Doric Hexapolis which later, by the expulsion or withdrawal of Halicarnassus, became a Pentapolis. During the seventh and sixth centuries B.C. the island shared in the commercial prosperity of the Greek States of Asia Minor. A colony was planted at Phaselis, on the east coast of Lyeia, and, alone of the Asiatic Greeks, the Rhodians took part in the first colonizing of Sicily, where they settled Gela, according to the tradition, about B.C. 690. A hundred years later, after an unsuccessful attempt at Lilybæum, another band settled the Lipari Islands. Secure from attack by land, and on friendly terms with the unaggressive naval powers of Phœnicia and Egypt, the island maintained its independence till the Persian conquest, and did not finally yield till after the Ionian revolt, at the beginning of the fifth century B.C. The Rhodians were among the Greeks who served with Xerxes, though their contingent was small. After the Greek victories, they joined the Delian League, thus passing ultimately into the Athenian empire. They revolted in B.C. 411, and in 408 the three cities combined to found a new capital of the island. This city, Rhodes (q.v.), henceforth represents the island. Excavations were begun on the Acropolis of Lindus in 1902 by Danish scholars, and in the first season the Propylæa and ancient Temple of Athena were discovered.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Richmond, Charles Lennox, third Duke of

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RICHMOND, Charles Lennox, third Duke of (1735-1806). An English diplomat and statesman. He was born in London, and succeeded to the peerage on the death of his father, the second Duke, in 1750. He was educated at Westminster School, later proceeding to Leyden University, where he graduated in 1753. He entered the army, saw active service in France, and was mentioned for his bravery at the battle of Minden in 1759, where he served as colonel of his regiment. He received a Court appointment, but, disagreeing with George III., resigned and joined the opposition Ministry. In 1765 he was sent to Paris as Ambassador Extraordinary, became a Privy Councilor, and the following year was appointed Secretary of State for the South. He was a strong supporter of the American colonies in their demands for redress of grievances; in 1770 he introduced conciliatory resolutions which were carried by a majority, and in 1775 during a debate on American affairs defended the attitude of the colonists, declaring that their resistance was “neither treason nor rebellion, but perfectly justifiable in every possible political and moral sense.” In 1778 he moved the resolution for the withdrawal of the troops from America. In 1782 he received the appointment of master-general of ordnance with a Cabinet seat, and was created a knight of the Garter. He was reinstated in royal favor, and his later career was marked by subserviency to Court interests.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Richards, Ellen Swallow

Edition of 1905. See also Ellen Swallow Richards on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RICHARDS, Ellen Henrietta (Swallow) (1842— ). An American sanitary chemist, born at Dunstable, Mass. She studied at Vassar (1867-70), and then entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a special student. In 1875 she married Robert Hallowell Richards (q.v.), and in 1884 she was appointed instructor in sanitary chemistry in the Institute of Technology. She wrote: Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning (1882); Food Materials and Their Adulterations (1886); Home Sanitation (1887, with Talbot); The Cost of Living (1899); and Air, Water, and Food (1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Richibucto

Edition of 1905. See also Richibucto on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RICHIBUCTO, rĭsh′ĭ-bŭk′tō̇. A town and port of entry of Kent County, New Brunswick, Can., on Richibucto Harbor and on the Inter-Canadian Railway, 25 miles east of Kent Junction (Map: New Brunswick, E 3). It is the eastern terminus of the Kent Northern Railway. It has shipbuilding, lumber, and fishing industries. Population, in 1901, 4000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Richmond, Legh

Edition of 1905. See also Legh Richmond on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RICHMOND, Legh (1772-1827). An English writer and evangelical divine, born in Liverpool. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge (1794); was ordained to the curacy of Brading and Yaverland in the Isle of Wight (1799); became chaplain to the Lock Hospital, London (1805), and the same year rector of Turvey in Bedfordshire. He was an earnest evangelical preacher. Between 1809 and 1814 he contributed to the Christian Guardian three famous village tales—“The Dairyman's Daughter,” “The Young Cottager,” and “The Negro Servant.” All three were reprinted in 1814 as The Annals of the Poor. Before 1849 4,000,000 copies of the Dairyman's Daughter had been issued in nineteen languages. Richmond published also Fathers of the English Church, and after his death appeared Domestic Portraiture. Consult the Life by Grimshaw (London, 1828; ed. by G. T. Bedell, Philadelphia, 1846).
# The New York Times/1918

Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New York Times/1918/
# The New York Times/1918/01/16/149 Deaths in Camps Caused by Pneumonia

Published Wednesday, January 16, 1918
Weekly Report Shows Fewer Fatalities, but Increase in Hospital Admission Rate.
WASHINGTON, Jan. 15.—Pneumonia caused 149 of the 235 deaths reported among the National Guardsmen and national army men training in this country in the week ended Jan. 11. The weekly report of the Division of Field Sanitation, made public tonight, shows that eighty-eight guardsmen died, as compared with 109 the week before, and 147 national army men as against 167 the previous week.
Both the hospital admission and non-effective rates in the guard and national army camps increased for the week, with pneumonia generally prevalent. Among the guardsmen there were 342 new cases of pneumonia, and in the national army 340. The meningitis situation continued to improve in both the guard and national army, while measles continued to decline in most camps. Epidemics of German measles and mumps prevailed in many camps, with scarlet fever increasing in the national army and decreasing in the national guard.
Camp Doniphan, Okla., led the guard camps in the number of new cases of pneumonia, with 50, and Camp Wheeler, Ga., was second with 47. Camps MacArthur, Texas; Bowie, Texas, and Beauregard, La., were above the average in the number of new cases with 45, 46, and 36 cases respectively.
Camp Travis, Texas, headed the national army camps with new cases of pneumonia with 94, against 72 the week before. Camp Pike, Ark., was second with 41 cases, and Camps Lee, Va., and Taylor, Ky., reported 24 and 34 new cases respectively. The week before there were 59 new cases at Camp Lee.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1918/01

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# The New International Encyclopædia/Eads, James Buchanan

Edition of 1905. See also James Buchanan Eads on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ EADS, ēdz, James Buchanan (1820-87). An eminent American engineer and inventor. He was born in Lawrenceburgh, Ind., but removed to Saint Louis in 1833; became a clerk on a Mississippi steamboat in 1839; and, having studied engineering by himself, set out to solve some of the problems of navigation on that river. By the outbreak of the Civil War he had achieved fame and a fortune, and was accounted such an authority on everything pertaining to the Mississippi and its navigation that, soon after the fall of Fort Sumter, he was called to Washington to consult with President Lincoln and his Cabinet as to the practicability of maintaining a fleet of light ironclads on the Western rivers. Later in the year 1861 he obtained the Government contract for the construction of such a fleet, and achieved the remarkable feat of placing in the water, fully equipped, seven ironclad river gunboats, largely of his own designing, in the short space of one hundred days. It was with these gunboats, a month before the struggle between the Merrimac and the Monitor, that the capture of Fort Henry was effected. From 1867 until 1874 Eads was engaged in the construction of the steel arch bridge across the Mississippi at Saint Louis, which ranks as one of the finest bridges in the world. After the completion of this work he began studying the problem of deepening the channel at the mouth of the Mississippi, and finally persuaded the Government to allow him to undertake the enterprise at his own risk. His plan, which provided for the construction of jetties, was carried out successfully, and was the crowning achievement of his career. The latter years of his life were spent in extensive engineering operations both in America and Europe, and the planning of a ship-railway across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. In 1884 he received the award of the Albert medal conferred by the British Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, he being the first American to receive the award. Consult How, James B. Eads (Boston, 1900), one of the “Riverside Biographies.”
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dyer, John

​DYER, John (c.1700-58). An English clergyman and poet. He began but rejected the law, turned painter, and in pursuit of his art wandered through South Wales and the English counties adjacent. After studying in Italy he returned to England to take orders, became vicar of Calthorp (Leicestershire) in 1741, was appointed to Belchford (Lincolnshire) in 1751, and in 1752 received the living of Coningsby, to which in 1755 that of Kirkby-on-Bane was added. His writings include chiefly: Grongar Hill (1727), still found in many anthologies; The Ruins of Rome (1740), of which Johnson well remarks that "the title raises greater expectation than the performance gratifies;" and The Fleece (1757), referred to by Wordsworth in his sonnet "To the Poet, John Dyer."
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dīpavansa

Edition of 1905. See also Dipavamsa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DĪPAVANSA, dē'pȧ-vän'sȧ (Pāli, dipa, island + vaṁsa, lineage). The title given to the oldest chronicle history of the island of Ceylon. It is written in the Pāli language and dates from the fourth century of our era. An account is given in this old record of Buddha and the history of Buddhism in Ceylon down to the year A.D. 302. Like the other Ceylonese chronicle, the Mahāvansa (q.v.), to which it is akin, the
Dīpavansa is based on an older source. A record is preserved in the scholiast on the Mahāvansa that King Dhātusena (A.D. 459-477) caused the Dīpavansa to be publicly read at an annual festival held in honor of Mahinda, the apostle who introduced Buddhism into Ceylon. The text of the Dīpavansa has been edited and translated by Oldenberg, The Dīpavaṁsa: An Ancient Buddhist Historical Record (London, 1870); Geiger, Dīpavaṁsa und Mahāvaṁsa (Erlangen, 1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Eagle (standard)

Edition of 1905. See also Aquila (Roman) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ EAGLE. A military standard, adopted by the Romans, and even by nations preceding them in history. The Persians, in the time of Cyrus the Younger, bore an eagle on a spear as a standard. The Romans for some time used the eagle, the wolf, the boar, the horse, and the minotaur for standards, but afterwards abandoned the last four and confined themselves to the eagle. The Roman eagle, sometimes of gold, but more frequently of silver, was about as large as a pigeon with extended wings, and was borne on the top of a spear, with a cross-bar or a shield to support it. Some of the eagles were represented as holding thunderbolts in their talons, and usually bore the name of the legion to which they severally belonged.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Eagan, Charles Patrick

Edition of 1905. See also Charles P. Eagan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ EAGAN, ē′gan, Charles Patrick (1841 — ). An American soldier, born in Ireland. He entered the Federal Army from civil life in 1862, with rank of first lieutenant, and upon the close of the Civil War was mustered out (1865). In 1866 he was appointed to the United States Army, with rank of second lieutenant, and by 1898 had risen to the grade of brigadier-general and commissary-general. As such he served during the Spanish-American War, at which time he was found to have issued among the rations designed for the United States forces in Cuba canned meats said to be in a condition so unwholesome as to render them unfit for food. In 1899 he was tried by court-martial for using violent and abusive language before the War Investigation Committee regarding General Miles, commander-in-chief of the army. He was sentenced to a suspension of six years from duty and military honors, and later was retired at his own request.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Eagle, Black

Edition of 1905. See also Order of the Black Eagle on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ EAGLE, Black. An Order of chivalry in Prussia. It was founded by the Elector of Brandenburg, January 18, 1701—the day of his coronation as King of Prussia. The number of knights, in addition to the royal family, was originally thirty, but it is now unlimited. The Order is conferred for distinguished merit in the military or civil service of the State, and carries with it a patent of nobility. The insignia consist of a Maltese cross of blue enamel, and a black eagle displayed between the arms of the cross. On a circular plaque in the centre is the royal cipher F.R., with a laurel branch below and the words Suum cuique (“To each his own”). The cross is suspended by a broad ribbon of orange color hung across the left shoulder, and with it is worn an embroidered silver star fastened on the left breast. The centre of the star shows a black flying eagle with a laurel wreath and thunderbolt, and the same legend as the cross. Only reigning princes and Knights of Saint John may wear any other Order with the eagle, which is the highest decoration in Prussia.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dülken

Edition of 1905. See also Dülken on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​DÜLKEN, dụl′ken. A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, Germany, 20 miles west of Dusseldorf. It is a thriving industrial town, with iron-foundries and manufactures of machinery, silk, velvet, cotton, and linen. Population, in 1900, 9517.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Eadmund

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ EADMUND, ĕd′mŭnd. See Edmund.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kongo

See also Congo River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kongo. See Congo, The.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kordofan

See also Kurdufan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kordofan. See Egypt and Sudan.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kruger, Stephanus Johannes Paulus

See also Paul Kruger on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Kru′ger, Stephanus Johannes Paulus, a Boer statesman and former president of the S. J. P. KRUGER South African Republic, was born in Cape Colony in 1825. When a child he went with his parents and others on the famous trek or march across the country beyond the Vaal River, to form a new settlement beyond English jurisdiction. Kruger grew to manhood amid the scenes of the African frontier. He took part in all disturbances for years, at one time holding office under the British government until dismissed under charges, after which he became an agitator for independence. In 1883 he was elected president of the South African Republic, and was re-elected in 1888, 1893 and 1898. He was active meantime in efforts to obtain an outlet upon the coast. Kruger was illiterate, but possessed much native ability. He ably conducted the diplomatic negotiations which preceded the Boer War, and on Oct. 9, 1899, issued the ultimatum which led to the opening of hostilities. Under the leadership of Kruger and his generals the war was prosecuted with energy and aggressiveness, the English forces were defeated in several serious engagements, and not until Lord Roberts was sent with reinforcements which augmented the English army to 200,000 men were the Boers forced to give way in the unequal contest. After the loss of Bloemfontein, Johannesburg and Pretoria, President Kruger embarked for Holland, whence he appealed ineffectually to the European powers to intervene in behalf of the Boers. He died on July 14, 1904.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Koch, Dr. Robert

See also Robert Koch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Koch, Dr. Robert, a distinguished German physician and student of bacteria in their relation to diseases. He is widely known for his investigations on the disease germs of consumption and cholera. He was born at Klausthal, Hannover, in 1843, and took his M. D. from Göttingen in 1866. In 1882 he announced the discovery of the disease germ (Bacillus tuberculosis) which produces tuberculosis or consumption of the lungs. The following year he was sent by his government to Egypt and India to study into the cause and prevention of cholera. While in Calcutta, he discovered the comma bacillus, which is the disease germ of cholera. In 1890 he proposed the injection of a lymph into the body to combat the germs of tuberculosis, and great hopes were entertained for this method of treatment. Several years are required to complete the treatment, and it has not been successful. Dr. Koch is on the medical faculty of the University of Berlin, and engaged in the Institute of Hygiene.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kubelik, Jan

See also Jan Kubelík on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Kubelik, Jan, a renowned violinist, was born at Miehle, Bohemia, in 1880. His father was a market-gardener, but gave a good musical education to his son, who graduated at Prague Conservatory. He appeared in Berlin and London in 1900, and subsequently made successful tours of the Continent and the United States. He has received decorations from the pope and from Servia, and is an honorary member of the philharmonic societies of London and Prague.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kublai-Khan

See also Kublai Khan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Kublai-Khan (ko͞o′blī-kän), the grand khan of the Mongols and the founder of the Mongol dynasty in China, was born in Tartary in the early part of the 13th century and died at Peking in 1294. He was an able and energetic prince, and, after overthrowing the Sung dynasty of southern China, compelled Korea, Cochin-China, Burma, Java and some Malabar states in India to acknowledge his supremacy. He encouraged men of letters, made Buddhism the religion of the state, and manifested great interest in the welfare of his people. He established himself at Kaanbaligh or City of the Khan, modern Peking, and there founded the new dynasty of Yuen, the first foreign race of kings that ever ruled over China. Kublai's dominions extended from the Arctic Ocean to the Strait of Malacca and from Korea to Asia Minor and the confines of Turkey, a territory the extent of which had never before and has never since been governed by any monarch in Asia. The splendor and magnificence of his court inspired the graphic pages of Marco Polo, who spent considerable time in Peking during his reign, and at a later date the imagination of Coleridge. See Yule's Marco Polo; Howorth's History of the Mongols; and Curtin's.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Krypton

See also Krypton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Kryp′ton. See Argon.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Kurdistan

See also Kurdistan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Kur′distan′. See Koordistan.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Krupp, Alfred

See also Krupp#Alfred Krupp on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Krupp (krŏŏp), Alfred, the head of the large iron and steel works at Essen, Prussia, was born at that place in 1812. His father had founded a small forge there in 1810, and at his death in 1848 Alfred took control, finding “more debts than fortune.” Krupp established the first Bessemer steelworks in Germany and the first forging hammer. The first steel gun manufactured at Essen was a three-pounder muzzleloader. To Krupp belongs the credit of introducing steel as a material in the construction of guns. In 1862 he exhibited a cast-steel block weighing 20 tons, which showed what the Essen works were capable of doing in the manufacture of heavy ordnance. He showed a similar block of 50 tons at Paris in 1867 and one of 52 tons at Vienna in 1873. At the Düsseldorf exhibition of 1880 he exhibited a steel gun of 100 tons. Krupp also acquired large mines and collieries, and his works have continued to increase in extent until they cover over 1,000 acres. The total number of men employed at the works and in the mines is about 20,000. Krupp died on July 14, 1887, and his funeral was attended by 60,000 people. His son Alfred succeeded him, and under him was manufactured, in 1888-90, the 135-ton gun for the fortifications at Cronstadt. He died on Nov. 22, 1902. See Alfred Krupp by Bädeker.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ku Klux Klan

See also Ku Klux Klan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ku Klux Klan was a secret organization which terrorized the freed negroes and not seldom the “carpet-baggers” and northerners during the five or six years subsequent to the Civil War. Its origin may have been directly out of the old patrol kept in slave-holding days; but it was excused chiefly by the violence of some negroes, unused as they were to their newfound freedom. But the Klan did not limit itself to the original attempt at playing upon the superstitious fears of the negroes. The white sheets, masks and cardboard hats were a safe ​disguise which tempted the worst spirits to lynchings, whippings and similar excesses, until the better class of southerners withdrew, and it became a blot and scourge. After 1872 the organization became little more than a name, although isolated attempts were often made to trade upon the terrors of its reputation.