OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kitt

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​ Kitt, m., from the equiv. MidHG. küte, küt, m., ‘cement, putty,’ OHG. chuti, quiti, ‘glue, birdlime,’ which makes it probable that the Goth. form was *qidus; comp. also AS. cwidu, ‘resin of trees.’ Prim. allied to Lat. bitumen, Sans. jatu, ‘resin of trees’; common type getú. Allied also to OIc. kváða, Swed. kåda, ‘resin,’ MidE. code, ‘pitch.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Klafter

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​ Klafter, n., m., and f., ‘fathom,’ from MidHG. klâfter, f., m., and n., OHG. ​chlâftra, f., ‘length of the outstretched arms, fathom’; for a similar development of meaning comp. Elle, Faden, also Spanne and Fuß. Goth. *klêftra or *klêftri, f., is wanting, so too the corresponding forms in the cognate languages. Its connection with AS. clyppan, E. to clip, ‘to embrace,’ Swiss χlupfel, ‘armful of hay’ (Teut. root klē̆p), makes it probable that the word is related to Lith. glěbti, ‘to encircle with the arms,’ glėbýs, ‘armful,’ glóbti, ‘to embrace’ (root glêb). The MidHG. variant lâfter (lâhter), f. and n., ‘fathom,’ is obscure.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Klammer

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​ Klammer, f., ‘cramp, clamp, brace,’ from the equiv. MidHG. klammer, klamer, klamere, f., OHG. *klamara, f., is wanting; Scand. klǫmbr (gen. klambrar), f., ‘vice,’ and MidHG. klamere point to a Goth. *klamra or *klamara, f., which is connected with the Teut. root klam, ‘to press together,’ appearing in Klamm. The equiv. MidHG. klampfer, f., and the ModHG. dial. forms Klamper (Bav.) and Klampfer (Carinthian) are abnormal; comp. also E. clamp and the equiv. Du. klamp, m.; the labial following the m presents some difficulties. Comp. the next word.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kittel

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kittel | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kittel, m., ‘smock-frock,’ from MidHG. kitel, kittel, m., ‘smock-frock, shirt, chemise.’ AS. cyrtel, E. kirtle, OIc. kyrtell, on account of the medial r and the abnormal dental correspondence, cannot be compared (they are allied to kurz). Its connection with χιτών is impossible. The origin of the HG. word has not been explained. The strong suspicion that it has been borrowed cannot be proved.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kitze

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​ Kitze (1.), f., from the equiv. MidHG. kitze, kiz, n., OHG. chizzî, kizzîn, n., ‘kid’; from Teut. *kittîn, n., with the original dimin. suffix -îna, which appears in Küchelein and Schwein. Goth. *kidi (kidjis), n., may be deduced from OIc. kið, n., ‘she-goat,’ whence E. kid is borrowed (an E. word cognate with Scand. must have had an initial ch). Further, the assumed Goth. *kidi and *kittein, with medial dentals, are related to each other, just as the forms assumed under Ziege, tigô and tikkein, with medial gutturals. The close correspondence between Kitze and Zicke proves that they are related; both are pet names for Geiß, ‘goat’ (comp. Swiss gitzi for OHG. chitzî).
Kitze (2.), Kietze, f., ‘kitten, kid, fawn,’ not found in MidHG. and OHG., but probably existing in the vernacular, as is indicated by the specifically HG. tz compared with LG. tt (kitte); comp. MidE. chitte, ‘kitten,’ from an unrecorded AS. *citten (E. kitten); MidE. kitlung, E. kitling, are probably borrowed from Scand. ketlingr, ‘kitten.’ The cognates are related by gradation to Katze.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Klaff

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​ Klaff, m., ‘crash, yelp, bark,’ from MidHG. klaf (gen. klaffes) and klapf, m., ‘report, crack,’ OHG. klaph, m., anaklaph, ‘shock’; MidHG. klaffen, klapfen, ‘to ring, resound,’ ûf klaffen, ‘to break asunder, open, gape,’ OHG. chlaphôn; Goth. *klappôn is wanting; AS. clappian, E. to clap. ‘Resounding’ is the prim. meaning of the stem klapp, while ‘cracking, bursting, gaping’ is the derivative sense; comp. Klapp and klopfen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Klage

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​ Klage, f., from the equiv. MidHG. klage, OHG. chlaga, f., ‘complaint,’ prop. ‘a wail as an expression of pain’; wanting in all the early periods of the OTeut. languages except OHG.; adopted as a legal term in ModIc. in the form of klögun. ModHG and MidHG. klagen, from OHG. chlagôn. The pre-Teut. root is probably glak or glagh; yet cognates are wanting.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Klampe

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Klampe | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Klampe, f., ‘clamp,’ not yet found in MidHG.; from LG.; comp. Du. klamp, ‘cramp, cleats.’ The strictly HG. form is Klampfe (Bav., Austr.), ‘cramp’; comp. Du. klamp, E. clamp, and the equiv. Scand. klampi.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kladde

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​ Kladde, f., ‘rough draft, day-book,’ ModHG. only, from LG. kladde, ‘impurity, dirt,’ then ‘rough draft’; further details for the elucidation of the LG. word (comp. klaterig) are wanting.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Klamm

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Klamm | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Klamm, m., ‘spasm in the throat,’ from MidHG. klam (gen. klammes), m., ‘cramp, oppression, fetter’; corresponding to AS. clom (o before m, or rather mm, for a), m., f., and n., ‘firm grip, talon, claw, fetter’;. also OHG. chlamma, MidHG. klamme, f. ModHG. klemmen, ‘to squeeze,’ from MidHG. klęmmen (OHG. bichlęmmen), ‘to seize with the claws, squeeze in, press together’; comp. AS. beclęmman, OIc. klemma. — ModHG. Klemme, f., ‘defile,’ from MidHG. klemme, klemde, f., ‘narrowness, cramping,’ OHG. not yet found.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XLIII

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CHAPTER XLIII.
Of Magistrates.
The greater the number of those who constitute the tribunal, the less is the danger of corruption; because the attempt will be more difficult, and the power and temptation of each individual will be proportionably less. If the sovereign, by pomp and the austerity of edicts, and by refusing to hear the complaints of the oppressed, accustom his subjects to respect the magistrates more than the laws, the magistrates will gain indeed, but it will be at the expence of public and private security.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XLV

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CHAPTER XLV.
Of Education.
FINALLY, the most certain method of preventing crimes is, to perfect the system of education. But this is an object too vast, and exceeds my plan; an object, if I may venture to declare it, which is so intimately connected with the nature of government, that it will always remain a barren spot, cultivated only by a few wise men.
A great man, who is persecuted by that world he hath enlightened, and to whom we are indebted for many important truths, hath most amply detailed the principal maxims of useful education. ​This chiefly consists in presenting to the mind a small number of select objects; in substituting the originals for the copies, both of physical and moral phænomena; in leading the pupil to virtue by the easy road of sentiment, and in withholding him from evil by the infallible power of necessary inconveniences, rather than by command, which only obtains a counterfeit and momentary obedience.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XLVI

CHAPTER XLVI.
Of Pardons.
AS punishments become more mild, clemency and pardon are less necessary. Happy the nation in which they will be considered as dangerous! Clemency, which has often been deemed a sufficient substitute for every other virtue in sovereigns, should be excluded in a perfect legislation, where punishments are mild, and the proceedings in criminal cases regular and expeditious. This truth will seem cruel to ​those who live in countries, where, from the absurdity of the laws, and the severity of punishments, pardons, and the clemency of the prince, are necessary. It is indeed one of the noblest prerogatives of the throne, but, at the same time, a tacit disapprobation of the laws. Clemency is a virtue which belongs to the legislator, and not to the executor of the laws; a virtue which ought to shine in the code, and not in private judgment. To shew mankind, that crimes are sometimes pardoned, and that punishment is not the necessary consequence, is to nourish the flattering hope of impunity, and is the cause of their considering every punishment inflicted as an act of injustice and oppression. The prince in pardoning, gives up the public security in favour of an individual, and, by his ill-judged benevolence, proclaims a public act of impunity. Let, then, the executors of the laws be inexorable, but let the legislator be tender, indulgent and humane. He is a wise architect, who erects his edifice on the foundation of self-love, and contrives, that the interest of the public shall be the interest of each ​individual; who is not obliged by particular laws, and irregular proceedings, to separate the public good from that of individuals, and erect the image of public felicity on the basis of fear and distrust; but, like a wise philosopher, he will permit his brethren to enjoy, in quiet, that small portion of happiness, which the immense system, established by the first cause, permits them to taste on this earth, which is but a point in the universe.
A small crime is sometimes pardoned, if the person offended chuses to forgive the offender. This may be an act of good-nature and humanity, but it is contrary to the good of the public. For although a private citizen may dispense with satisfaction for the injury he has received, he cannot remove the necessity of example. The right of punishing belongs not to any individual in particular, but to society in general, or the sovereign. He may renounce his own portion of this right, but cannot give up that of others.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XLIV

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CHAPTER XLIV.
Of Rewards.
YET another method of preventing crimes is, to reward virtue. Upon this subject the laws of all nations are silent. If the rewards, proposed by academies for the discovery of useful truths, have increased our knowledge, and multiplied good books, is it not probable that ​rewards, distributed by the beneficent hand of a sovereign, would also multiply virtuous actions. The coin of honour is inexhaustible, and is abundantly fruitful in the hands of a prince who distributes it wisely.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XVIII

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CHAPTER XVIII.
Of Oaths.
THERE is a palpable contradiction between the laws and the natural sentiments of mankind, in the case of oaths, which are administered to a criminal to make him speak the truth, when the contrary is ​his greatest interest. As if a man could think himself obliged to contribute to his own destruction; and as if, when interest speaks, religion was not generally silent; religion, which in all ages hath, of all other things, been most commonly abused; and indeed, upon what motive should it be respected by the wicked, when it has been thus violated by those who were esteemed the wisest of men? The motives which religion opposes to the fear of impending evil, and the love of life, are too weak, as they are too distant, to make any impression on the senses. The affairs of the other world are regulated by laws entirely different from those by which human affairs are directed; why then should you endeavour to compromise matters between them? Why should a man be reduced to the terrible alternative, either of offending God, or of contributing to his own immediate destruction? The laws which require an oath in such a case, leave him only the choice of becoming a bad christian, or a martyr. For this reason, oaths become, by degrees, a mere formality, and all ​sentiments of religion, perhaps the only motive of honesty in the greatest part of mankind, are destroyed. Experience proves their inutility: I appeal to every judge, whether he has ever known that an oath alone has brought truth from the lips of a criminal; and reason tells us, it must be so; for all laws are useless, and in consequence, destructive, which contradict the natural feelings of mankind. Such laws are like a dike, opposed directly to the course of a torrent; it is either immediately overwhelmed, or, by a whirlpool formed by itself, it is gradually undermined and destroyed.
# An Essay on Crimes and Punishments/Chapter XLVII

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CHAPTER XLVII.
CONCLUSION.
I conclude with this reflection, that the severity of punishments ought to be in proportion to the state of the nation. Among a people hardly yet emerged from barbarity, they should be most severe, as strong impressions are required; but in proportion as the minds of men become softened by their intercourse in society, the severity of punishments should be diminished, if it be intended, that the necessary relation between the object and the sensation should be maintained.
From what I have written results the following general theorem, of considerable utility, though not conformable to custom, the common legislator of nations. ​That a punishment may not be an act of violence, of one, or of many against a private member of society, it should be public, immediate and necessary; the least possible in the case given; proportioned to the crime, and determined by the laws.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schwager

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schwager. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schwager, masculine, ‘brother-in-law,’ from Middle High German and Middle Low German swâger, masculine, ‘brother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law’ (with regard to the variation in meaning see Neffe); Old High German *swâgar is not recorded; a specifically German word, unknown to the Old Teutonic dialects. Since the word is cognate with Schwaher and Schwieger, and has also an archaic gradation, an Aryan form swêkró-s may be assumed for Schwager (note Old Icelandic svœ́ra, from *swâhrjon, ‘mother-in-law’). See the following word.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schwamm

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schwamm. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schwamm, neuter, ‘sponge, fungus,’ from the equivalent Middle High German swam (mm), swamp (b), masculine, Old High German swam (mm), swamb, masculine; compare Gothic swamms, ‘sponge,’ Old Icelandic svǫppr, ‘‘sponge.’ Within these groups, which are very possibly connected together, we must distinguish three words, probably of different origin, of which the Gothic stems were swamma-, *swamba-, and *swampu-. In Modern High German the first two forms lave been united; to the second form Greek σομφός (for σξο-), ‘spongy, loose, porous,’ is primitively allied; the first is formed from schwimmen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schwalch

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schwalch. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schwalch, masculine, ‘gullet, opening in a furnace,’ from Middle High German swalch, masculine, ‘gullet,’ allied to schwelgen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schwan

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schwan. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schwan, masculine, ‘swan,’ from the equivalent Middle High German swane, swan, masculine, Old High German swan, masculine (swana, feminine); corresponding to Dutch zwaan, Anglo-Saxon swǫn, English swan, Old Icelandic svanr, masculine, ‘swan’; Gothic *swans is by chance not recorded. Probably allied to the Sanscrit root svan, ‘to rustle, resound’ (compare Hahn, allied to Latin canere), Latin sonare (for *svonare); properly only of the singing swan?.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schwanz

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schwanz. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schwanz, mn., ‘tail, trail, train,’ from the equivalent Middle High German swanz, masculine (for Old High German *swanz a form zagal, Middle High German zagel, equivalent to English tail, is used). Through the medium of the intensive forms swangezen, swankzen, Middle High German swanz is connected with schwingen: Middle High German swansen, ‘to shake to and fro,’ Dutch swanselen, ‘to reel.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schwarm

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schwarm. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schwarm, masculine, ‘swarm, cluster, throng,’ from Middle High German swarm, Old High German swaram, masculine, ‘swarm (of bees)’; allied to the Sanscrit root svar, ‘to rustle, resound.’ Compare Anglo-Saxon swearm, ‘swarm (of bees),’ English swarm, Old Icelandic svarmr. See schwirren.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schwalbe

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schwalbe. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schwalbe, feminine,‘swallow,’ from the equivalent Middle High German swalwe, Old High German swalawa, feminine; a common Teutonic term; corresponding to the equivalent Dutch zwaluw, Anglo-Saxon swealwe, English swallow, Old Icelandic svala (genitive svǫlu), feminine, ‘swallow.’ No certain explanation can be given of the primary form swalwôn, feminine; perhaps it represents swalgwôn-, pre-Teutonic swalkuân, to which Greek ἀλκύων is also traced.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schwang

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schwang. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schwang, masculine, only in the phrase im Schwange sein, ‘to be in vogue,’ from Middle High German swanc (g or k), masculine, ‘swinging motion, swinging, stroke, cut’; allied to schwingen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schwank

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schwank. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schwank, masculine. ‘prank, drollery, farce,’ from late Middle High German swanc (g or k), masculine, ‘prank, trick, an anecdote about it,’ identical with Middle High German swanc, ‘swing, stroke, cut’ (see Schwang), Old High German swanch, masculine, allied to swingan (just as Old High German chlanch to chlingan; see Klang).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schwall

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schwall. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schwall, masculine, ‘swell, billow, flood,’ from Middle High German swal(ll), masculine, ‘swollen mass’; allied to schwellen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/trollen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry trollen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ trollen, verb, ‘to roll about, loll, trip,’ from Middle High German trollen, ‘to run with short steps’; perhaps allied to Middle High German trolle, ‘booby, uncouth person’ (literally ‘ghost-like monster’). French trôler, ‘to stroll about,’ is a German loan-word.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/trächtig

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry trächtig. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ trächtig, adjective, ‘pregnant,’ is connected with the subsidiary meaning of traht, ‘pregnancy.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/träge

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry träge. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ träge, adjective, ‘indolent, lazy,’ from Middle High German trœge, adjective (trâgo, adverb), Old High German trâgi, adjective (trâgo; adverb), ‘slow, loth, wearied, lazy’; corresponding to Dutch traag, Anglo-Saxon trâg, ‘reluctant, difficult.’ The assumed primitively Teutonic *trêgu-z, ‘reluctant, loth,’ belongs to an Old Teutonic root trē̆g, ‘to be sad, disheartened,’ which appears in Gothic trîgo, ‘sadness,’ Old Icelandic tregr, ‘reluctant, slow’ (trege, ‘pain’), Anglo-Saxon trëga, ‘pain,’ Old Saxon trâgi, ‘vexation’ (allied to trëgan, strong verb, ‘to be sorry’). Old Swedish trögher (Modern Swedish trög), ‘lazy,’ has a graded form, ô, of the root vowel ē̆. Sanscrit drâgh, ‘to torment,’ has also been ​supposed to contain the Aryan root drē̆gh. The following word is not allied.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/trödeln

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry trödeln. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ trödeln, verb, ‘to deal in second-hand goods, dawdle, loiter,’ from Middle High German *tretelen, which, with the nasalised form trendeln, is derived from the same root. Compare Middle High German tredel-, trendelmarket, equivalent to Modern High German Trödelmarkt, ‘rag-fair.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/trübe

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry trübe. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ trübe, adjective, ‘turbid, gloomy, dull, dim,’ from Middle High German truëbe, adjective (truobe, adverb), Old High German truobi, adjective, ‘obscure, gloomy, dull’; allied to trüben, ‘to darken, tarnish, cast a gloom over,’ Middle High German truëben, Old High German truoben, ‘to darken, sadden.’ Compare Anglo-Saxon drôf, ‘dirty, troubled,’ Dutch droef, ‘dull, sad,’ Gothic drôbjan, ‘to confuse, lead astray, excite commotion,’ Anglo-Saxon drêfan, ‘to disturb, agitate, trouble.’ In the non-Teutonic languages there are no certain cognates of the Teutonic root dr(illegible text)b, ‘to confuse.’ —