OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Davis, Nathan

​DAVIS, NATHAN (1812–1882), traveller and excavator, was born in 1812. He spent many years of his life in Northern Africa, and published his experiences in: 1. ‘Tunis, or Selections from a Journal during a Residence in that Regency,’ Malta, 1841, 8vo. 2. ‘A Voice from North Africa, or a Narrative illustrative of the … Manners of the Inhabitants of that Part of the World,’ Edinburgh [1844?], 8vo; another ed. 16mo, dated 1844, Edinburgh. 3. ‘Evenings in my Tent, or Wanderings in Balad, Ejjareed, illustrating the … Conditions of various Arab Tribes of the African Sahara,’ 2 vols., London, 1854, 8vo. 4. ‘Ruined Cities within Numidian and Carthaginian Territories,’ London, 1862, 8vo. For many years he lived in an old Moorish palace, ten miles from Tunis, where he extended his hospitality to various travellers. In 1852 he edited the ‘Hebrew Christian Magazine,’ and afterwards became a nonconformist minister. From 1856 to 1858 he was engaged on behalf of the British Museum in excavations at Carthage and Utica. At the end of 1858 fifty-one cases of antiquities sent home by him were received at the museum. Other cases arrived in 1857 and 1860. The chief antiquities discovered were Roman mosaic pavements (now in the British Museum; see B. M. Guide to the Græco-Roman Sculptures, pt. ii.) and Phœnician inscriptions (see the Inscriptions in the Phœnician Character discovered … by Nathan Davis, published by the trustees of the British Museum, London, 1863, fol.) Davis describes his explorations ​in ‘Carthage and her Remains,’ London, 1861, 8vo. He also published ‘Israel's true Emancipator’ (two letters to Dr. Adler), London, 1852, 8vo, and (in conjunction with Benjamin Davidson) ‘Arabic Reading Lessons,’ London [1854], 8vo. Shortly before his death Davis revisited Tunis, but the journey tried his strength, and he died at Florence on 6 Jan. 1882 of congestion of the lungs.
[Brit. Mus. Cat.; Martin's Handbook of Contemporary Biog. 1870; Times, 14 Jan. 1882, p. 6, col. 5; Athenæum, 1882 (i.) 65; Men of the Time, 9th ed.; Meyer's Conversations-Lexikon, v.; (Parliamentary) Accounts, Estimates, &c., of the Brit. Mus., 16 May 1860, pp. 13, 14, and 6 May 1861, p. 14; Edwards's Lives of the Founders of the Brit. Mus. pp. 666–8.]
W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Davis, James

​DAVID, JAMES (d. 1755), satirical writer, a Welshman, was a member of Jesus College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. on 13 Oct. 1726, M.A. on 9 July 1729. Turning his attention to medicine, he proceeded M.B. on 7 Dec. 1732. He practised as a physician at Devizes, Wiltshire, and died on 13 July 1755 (Gent. Mag. xxv. 333). The year before his death he published anonymously ‘Origines Divisianæ; or the Antiquities of the Devizes: In some familiar Letters to a Friend wrote in the years 1750 and 1751,’ 8vo, London, 1754, a well-written jeu d'esprit aimed at the absurd etymologies of Musgrave, Stukeley, Wise, Baxter, and Willis. It was reprinted as the work of ‘Dr. Davies’ in vol. ii. of ‘The Repository,’ 12mo, London, 1777–83. Owing to a misstatement by George Hardinge the piece has been wrongly ascribed to Dr. Sneyd Davies (Nichols, Lit. Illustr. i. 682). The doctor's jokes deceived the author of ‘Chronicles of the Devizes,’ who has reproduced some of the choicest as hard facts in what professes to be a grave biography of Davis. Among the Additional MSS. in the British Museum are three of Davis's letters to Professor John Ward, but wholly upon antiquarian subjects.
[Addit. MSS. 6210, f. 33, 6211, f. 8; Monthly Review, x. 231–7; Waylen's Chronicles of the Devizes, pp. 13, 345–6.]
G. G.
# Deepsouth Packing Co. v. Laitram Corp.
## Dissenting Opinion

    Blackmun
Supreme Court of the United States
406 U.S. 518
Deepsouth Packing Co., Inc. v. Laitram Corp.
Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
No. 71-315. Argued: April 11, 1972. --- Decided: May 30, 1972.
Petitioner is not foreclosed by 35 U.S.C. § 271 (a), which proscribes the unauthorized making of any patented invention within the United States, from making the parts of shrimp deveining machines (for which respondent was adjudged to have valid combination patents) to sell to foreign buyers for assembly by the buyers for use abroad. The word "makes" as used in § 271 (a) does not extend to the manufacture of the constituent parts of a combination machine, and the unassembled export of the elements of an invention does not infringe the patent. Radio Corp. of America v. Andrea, 79 F. 2d 626. Pp. 519-532.
443 F. 2d 936, reversed and remanded.
WHITE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which DOUGLAS, BRENNAN, STEWART, and MARSHALL, JJ., joined. BLACKMUN, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which BURGER, C. J., and POWELL and REHNQUIST, JJ., joined, post, p. 532.
Harold J. Birch argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs were C. Emmett Pugh and William W. Beckett.
Guy W. Shoup argued the cause and filed a brief for respondent.
Edward S. Irons and Mary Helen Sears filed a brief as amici curiae urging reversal.
# Deep in Earth

Written in an autograph album in 1847, the year of his wife's death. This poem was first published in 1914.
Deep in earth my love is lying  And I must weep alone.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Argalus

​A'RGALUS (Ἄργαλος), the eldest son of Amyclas, and his successor in the throne of Sparta. (Paus. iii. 1. § 3.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Arganthonius

​ARGANTHO'NIUS (Ἀργανθώνιος), king of Tartessus in Spain, in the sixth century b. c., received in the most friendly manner the Phocaeans who sailed to his city, and gave them money in order that they might fortify their city. He is said to have reigned 80 years. and to have lived 120. (Herod. i. 163; Strab. iii. p. 151; Lucian, Macrob. 10; Cic. de Senect. 19; Plin. H. N. vii. 48; Val. Max. viii. 13, ext. 4.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Argas

​ARGAS (Ἀργᾶς), who is described as νόμων πονηρῶν καὶ ἀργαλέων ποιητής. (Plut. Dem. 4 ; Athen. xiv. 638, c. d., comp. iv. p. 131, b.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Argeia 1.

​ARGEIA (Ἀργεία). 1. A surname of Hera derived from Argos, the principal seat of her worship. (Paus. iii. 13. § 6.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Arganthone

​ARGANTHO'NE (Ἀργανθώνη), a fair maiden in Mysia, who used to hunt alone in the forests. Rhesus, attracted by the fame of her beauty, came to her during the chase; he succeeded in winning her love, and married her. After he was slain at Troy by Diomedes, she died of grief. (Parthen. Erot. 36; Steph. Byz. s. v. Ἀργανθώνις.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Argeiphontes

​ARGEIPHONTES (Ἀργειφόντης), a surname of Hermes, by which he is designated as the murderer of Argus Panoptes. (Hom. Il. ii 103, and numerous other passages in the Greek and Latin poets.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Argeia 2.

​2. Argeia also occurs as the name of several mythical personages, as—a. The wife of Inachus and mother of Io. (Hygin. Fab. 145 ; comp. Apollod. ii. 1. § 3.) b. The wife of Polybus and mother of Argus, the builder of the ship Argo. (Hygin. Fab. 14.) c. A daughter of Adrastus and Amphithea, and wife of Polyneices. (Apollod. i. 9. § 13, iii. 6. § 1 ; Hygin. Fab. 72.) d. A daughter of Autesion and wife of Aristodemus, the Heraclid, by whom she became the mother ot Eurysthenes and Procles. (Herod, vi. 52; Paus. iv. 3. § 3; Apollod. ii. 7. § 2.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Arianus

​ARIA'NUS (Ἀριανός), a friend of Bolis, was employed by him to betray Achaeus to Antiochus the Great, b. c. 214. (Polyb. viii. 18, &c.) [See p. 8, a.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Ariapeithes

​ARIAPEITHES (Ἀριαπείθης), a king of the Scythians, the father of Scyles, was treacherously killed by Spargapeithes, the king of the Agathyrsi. Ariapeithes was a contemporary of Herodotus, for he tells us that he had from Tinines, the guardian of Ariapeithes, an account of the family of Anacharsis. (Herod. iv. 76, 78.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Ariarathes

​ARIARA'THES (Ἀριαράθης.) There are a great many Persian names beginning with Aria—, Ario—, and Art—, which all contain the root Ar, which is seen in Ἀρταῖοι, the ancient national name of the Persians (Herod. vii. 61), and Ἄριοι or Ἄρειοι, likewise an ancient designation of the inhabitants of the table-land of Persia. (Herod. 3.93, 7.62.) Dr. Rosen, to whom we are indebted for these remarks, (in Quarterly Journal of Education, vol. ix. p. 336,) also observes that the name Arii is the same with the Sanscrit word Arya, by which in the writings of the Hindus the followers of the Brahmanical law are designated. He shews that Arya signifies in Sanscrit "honourable, entitled to respect," and Arta, in all probability, "honoured, respected." In Aria-rathes, the latter part of the word apparently is the same as the Zend ratu, "great, master" (Bopp, Vergleichende Gramamatik, p. 196), and the name would therefore signify "an honourable master." (Comp. Pott, Etymologische Forschungen, p. xxxvi., &c.)
Ariarathes was the name of several kings of Cappadocia, who traced their origin to Anaphas, one of the seven Persian chiefs who slew the Magi. [Anaphas.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Giffard, George Markham

​GIFFARD, Sir GEORGE MARKHAM (1813–1870), lord justice of appeal, fourth son of Admiral John Giffard, and Susannah, daughter of Sir John Carter, was born at his father's official residence, Portsmouth dockyard, 4 Nov. 1813. He was educated at Winchester College and at New College, Oxford, where he was elected to a fellowship in 1832 and took the degree of B.C.L. on 4 March 1841, entered at the Inner Temple, of which he eventually became a bencher, and was called to the bar in November 1840. He rapidly obtained an excellent equity practice, and was for many years a leading chancery junior counsel. In 1859 he became a queen's counsel, and attached himself to the court of Vice-chancellor Sir William Page Wood, and, in spite of a severe illness which kept him from his work for many months after he received silk, he soon obtained a leading position in that court. When Vice-chancellor Wood in March 1868 became a lord justice of appeal, Giffard succeeded him, and was again his successor on his promotion from the court of appeal to the woolsack in December, when he also became a member of the privy council. After an illness of some length he died at his house, 4 Prince's Gardens, Hyde Park, London, on 13 July 1870. He was both quick and learned, indifferent to rhetorical display, terse in argument, and a refined and cultivated scholar. He was a decided liberal in politics, but never contested any constituency. In 1853 he married Maria, second daughter of Charles Pilgrim of Kingsfield, Southampton.
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gibson, William Sidney

​GIBSON, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1814–1871), miscellaneous writer, born at Parson's Green, Fulham, in 1814, was for some years on the staff of a Carlisle newspaper. He entered Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar by that society in 1843. The same year he was appointed registrar of the Newcastle-upon-Tyne district court of bankruptcy. When the Bankruptcy Act of 1869 (32 & 33 Vict. c. 71) abolished this among other like courts, Gibson retired on a pension, and devoted himself entirely to antiquarian and literary studies. He died at the Grosvenor Hotel, London, 3 Jan. 1871, and was interred in the disused burial-ground of the Old Priory, Tynemouth, ‘for which a special permission had been obtained from the home office during the lifetime of the deceased.’ He was an honorary M.A. of Durham, and a fellow of the London Society of Antiquaries and many other learned societies.
Gibson wrote: 1. ‘The Certainties of Geology,’ 1840. 2. ‘Prize Essay on the History and Antiquities of Highgate,’ 1842 (written for a Highgate society). 3. ‘The History of the Monastery founded at Tynemouth in the Diocese of Durham,’ 2 vols., 1846–7 (a review of this, which originally appeared in the ‘Newcastle Guardian,’ was republished, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1846). 4. ‘An Essay on the Filial Duties,’ 1848. 5. ‘A Letter to the Lord Chancellor on the Amendment of the Law of Bankruptcy,’ 1848. 6. ‘Descriptive and Historical Notices of some remarkable Northumbrian Castles, Churches, and Antiquities, in a Series of Visits to the ruined Priory of Finchale, the Abbey Church of Hexham, &c., with Biographical Notices of Eminent Persons’ (three series, 1848–54; the second series entitled ‘Dilston Hall,’ &c.). 7. ‘Remarks on the Mediæval Writers on English History, intended as a popular Sketch of the Advantages and Pleasures derivable from Monastic Literature,’ 1848. 8. ‘Marvels of the Globe,’ two lectures, 1856. 9. ‘Lectures and Essays,’ two series, 1858–63. 10. ‘A Memoir of Northumberland, descriptive of its Scenery, Monuments, and History,’ 1860, and, in a different form, 1862. 11. ‘Descriptive and Historical Guide to Tynemouth, with Notices of North Shields, &c.,’ Tynemouth and North Shields, 1861. 12. ‘A Memoir of Lord Lyndhurst,’ 1866; new edition, 1869. Gibson also wrote ‘A Memoir of the Life of Richard de Bury, Bishop of Durham,’ articles for Colburn's ‘New Monthly Magazine’ and other periodicals, and was an early contributor to ‘Notes and Queries.’
F. W-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Giffard, Ambrose Hardinge

1904 Errata appended.
​GIFFARD, Sir AMBROSE HARDINGE (1771–1827), chief justice of Ceylon, eldest son of John Giffard (1745-1819), high sheriff of Dublin in 1794, accountant-general of customs in Dublin, and a prominent loyalist, was born at Dublin in 1771. His mother was Sarah, daughter of William Norton, esq., of Ballynaclash, co. Wexford. The Giffards were an ancient Devonshire family; but the grandfather of the chief justice, who was the disinherited grandson of John ​Giffard of Brightleigh, settled in Ireland. Giffard received his Christian names from his relative, Ambrose Hardinge. After studying for the law he was called to the bar of the Inner Temple, and was appointed chief justice of Ceylon in April 1819. Giffard's leisure was devoted to literature, and a selection of poems was published at Ceylon about 1822. Specimens are reproduced in the 'Traditions and Recollections' of the Rev. J. Polwhele. Owing to the eastern climate Giffard's health failed, and he was granted leave of absence, but he died on 30 April 1827, while on the homeward voyage, in the Lady Kennaway, East Indiaman. Before his death a knighthood was conferred upon Giffard, but the title was never gazetted. He married in 1808 Harriet, daughter of Lovell Pennell, esq., of Lyme Regis, and left five sons and five daughters. Admiral Sir George Giffard (1815–1888) was his third son.
[Gent. Mag. 1827; Burke's Peerage, s. v. 'Halsbury.']
G. B. S.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.134 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 290 | ii | 5-4 f.e. | Giffard, Sir Ambrose H.: for Norton read Morton |
| 291 | i | 2-3 | for his relative read his father's intimate friend |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Giffard, Henry Wells

​GIFFARD, HENRY WELLS (1810–1854), captain in the navy, son of Admiral John Giffard (d. 1851), entered the navy in 1824; was a midshipman of the Asia at the battle of Navarino, 20 Oct. 1827; was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on 4 March 1831; and after serving in the Mediterranean and on the East Indian station was made commander on 22 Feb. 1838. In 1839 he commissioned the Cruiser of 16 guns, in which he went out to China and took part in the capture of Chusan and Canton. He was advanced to post-rank on 8 June 1841; but continuing in command of the Cruiser, was present at the reduction of Amoy and Chinghae. He returned to England in 1842, and in 1846–7 was captain of the Penelope, bearing the broad pennant of Sir Charles Hotham, on the coast of Africa. In June 1852 he was appointed to the Tiger, paddle-wheel frigate, for service in the Mediterranean, and in 1854 attached to the fleet in the Black Sea. On 11 May the Tiger, in company with two other steamers, was detached from the fleet off Sebastopol, and early on the following morning in a dense fog took the ground close under a cliff a little to the south of Odessa. As soon as she was discovered from the shore, the Russians brought up a battery of field-pieces, and from the edge of the cliff opened a plunging fire of shot, shell, and carcasses, to which ​the Tiger's guns were unable to reply. The ship was soon set on fire, shell and shrapnel were sweeping her decks, resistance was impossible, and Giffard, severely wounded in the leg, was carried down to the surgeon. Under these circumstances he ordered the ship to be surrendered, and the officers and men, becoming prisoners of war, were hastily sent ashore; Giffard, whose leg had just been amputated, being passed into a boat through a maindeck port. Every care and attention seems to have been shown to the wounded, but the shock to Giffard's system, added to the anxiety and depression of spirits, proved fatal, and he died on 1 June. ‘He died as he lived, a religious man, much regretted by all,’ is the comment of one of the Tiger's officers. He was buried at Odessa with military honours.
Giffard married, in 1846, Ella Emilia, daughter of Major-general Sir Benjamin C. Stevenson, G.C.H., and left issue, among others, Vice-admiral George Augustus Giffard, C.M.G. (b. 1849), who, as a lieutenant of the Alert, served in the Arctic expedition of 1875–6.
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gibson, William (1808-1867)

​GIBSON, WILLIAM, D.D. (1808–1867), Irish presbyterian divine, son of James Gibson, a merchant in Ballymena, co. Antrim, was born there 8 May 1808. He attended school in his native town and in the Belfast Academical Institution, where he took the medal for classics in 1829. His collegiate training was obtained partly in Belfast and partly in Edinburgh. In 1833 he was licensed, and in 1834 ordained minister of First Ballybay, co. Monaghan. In 1835 a pamphlet which he wrote on ‘The Position of the Church of Ireland and the Duty of Presbyterians in reference to it’ had a wide circulation. In 1840 he became colleague to the Rev. Samuel Hanna, D.D., in Rosemary Street Church, Belfast. In 1842 he was the chief means of establishing the ‘Banner of Ulster,’ a newspaper devoted principally to the interests of Irish presbyterianism. In 1847 he was appointed professor of Christian ethics in the assembly's college, Belfast. In 1859 he became moderator of the general assembly. He died suddenly in June 1867. His chief work was ‘The Year of Grace, a History of the Ulster Revival of 1859,’ Edinburgh, 1850.
T. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Giffard

​GIFFARD. [See also Gifford.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Allen, Thomas (1803-1833)

​ALLEN, THOMAS (1803–1833), topographer, son of a map engraver, was born in 1803, and died of cholera on 7 July 1833. In 1827 he published a quarto volume, ‘The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Lambeth and the Archiepiscopal Palace,’ with illustrations, chiefly drawn and etched by himself. He afterwards published, in parts, the ‘History and Antiquities of London, Westminster, and Southwark’ (1827 and 1828), illustrated by engravings on copper by himself and woodcuts; ‘A New and Complete History of the County of York’ (1828 to 1831), with engravings after Whittock; ‘A History of the Counties of Surrey and Sussex’ (1829 to 1830), with engravings after Whittock; and he began in 1830 a ‘History of the County of Lincoln,’ with engravings after his own drawings, which was completed after his death and published in 1834. He also published guide-books to London and the Zoological Gardens, contributed some plates and articles to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine,’ and projected ‘A Historical and Topographical Atlas of England and Wales,’ which he did not live to attempt.
[Gent. Mag. xcix. pt. ii. p. 356, ciii. pt.ii. p. 86.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Allen, John (fl.1764)

​ALLEN, JOHN (fl. 1764), nonconformist divine, became minister in 1764 of the Baptist church in Petticoat Lane, having been previously a preacher at Salisbury. On settling in London he opened a linendraper's shop in Shoreditch. He failed in business, and passed some time in the King's Bench. He was acquitted on a trial for forgery; but his church gave him up for bad behaviour. His next congregation, at Broadstairs, Newcastle, had also to dismiss him; and he retired to New York, where he preached to large congregations till his death at an uncertain date. ‘It is to be feared that he was deficient in principle,’ or rather in practice; but he published a good many tracts, which have been frequently reprinted, some of them with commendatory prefaces by W. Romaine. One of these was the ‘Spiritual Magazine,’ which originally appeared in sixpenny numbers in 1752, and professes to contain a ‘compleat body of divinity.’ Others are:
* ‘The Door of Knowledge opened in a Spiritual Campaign;’
* ‘The Christian Pilgrim; or the Travels of the Children of Israel Spiritualised;’
* ‘A Chain of Truths; or a Dissertation upon the Harmony of the Gospels;’
* ‘A compendious Descant of the Autogenial and Theanthropos Glories of Christ; or the Crown of Crowns set upon the head of King Jesus.’
Allen called himself a ‘strict Trinitarian,’ and was a high Calvinist, with an attachment for some of Hutchinson's opinions. His works, we are told, were in high repute with supralapsarians.
[Wilson's Dissenting Churches, iv. 426.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Allen, Joseph William

​ALLEN, JOSEPH WILLIAM (1803–1852), landscape painter, the son of a schoolmaster, was born in Lambeth and educated at St. Paul's School. He was some time usher in a school at Taunton, but gave up teaching for art. He painted first in water-colours, latterly for the most part in oils. He found his first employer in a dealer. Afterwards he took to scene-painting, and was associated in this work with Charles Tomkins and Clarkson Stanfield. He painted much of the scenery of the Olympic for Madame Vestris. Allen took an active part in establishing the Society of British Artists, and latterly exhibited only in the Suffolk Street Gallery. An important painting by him in 1842 attracted much attention, and was sold for three hundred guineas. In the following year he painted a companion picture, ‘Leith Hill,’ which was hardly less successful. He was drawing-master in the City of London School from its foundation. He died in August 1852, leaving a widow and large family. ‘His works were of some merit,’ his subjects well chosen, and not without artistic feeling, but ‘crude and unfinished.’ This is Redgrave's criticism, which agrees with that of Nagler. Ottley's praise is not modified by any censure. He etched some landscapes, of which a specimen may be seen, as well as a characteristic water-colour drawing, in the print-room of the British Museum.
E. R.