OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Manby, George William

Edition of 1905. See also George William Manby on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MAN'BY, George William (1765-1854). An English inventor of life-saving apparatus, born in Suffolk. He served seven years in the militia, and in 1803 was appointed barrack-master at Yarmouth. In 1807 he began working on his life-saving apparatus, by which in 1808 he saved the crew of the stranded brig Elizabeth. He twice received grants of money from Parliament, to which were added honorary distinctions from many foreign governments. It was estimated that by the time of his death nearly 1000 persons had been rescued from stranded ships by means of his apparatus. His publications include An Essay on the Preservation of Shipwrecked Persons, with a Descriptive Account of the Apparatus (1812).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Braun, Alexander

Edition of 1905. See also Alexander Braun on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRAUN, broun, Alexander (1805-77). A German botanist. He was professor of botany in the universities of Freiburg, Giessen, and Berlin, successively, and was director of the Berlin Botanical Garden. He carried out numerous researches, chiefly on the morphology of plants. Among his works are: Betrachtungen über die Erscheinung der Verfüngung in der Natur, insbesondere in der Lebens- und Bildungsgeschichte der Pflanzen (1851), a treatise on the lower cryptogams, and Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattung Selaginella (1865).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Braun, Julius

Edition of 1905. See also Julius Braun (historian) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRAUN, Julius (1825-69). A German archæologist. He was born in Karlsrühe and studied at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin. At first a lecturer in the University of Heidelberg, he afterwards went to Tübingen, and finally to Munich, where he lectured in the Academy of Arts. Both in his books and in his lectures he maintained the thesis that the really fundamental principles of art and religion were derived from the Egyptians, and were transmitted, through the Semites, Greeks, and Romans, to the Germanic and other northern peoples. The following are some of his more important publications: Studien und Skizzen aus den Ländern der alten Kultur (1854); Geschichte der Kunst in ihrem Entwicklungsgange, etc. (1873); Naturgeschichte der Sage (1865); Historische Landschaften (1867); Gemälde der mohammedanischen Welt (1870).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Brandt, Heinrich von

Edition of 1905. See also Heinrich von Brandt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRANDT, Heinrich von (1789-1868). A Prussian general. He was born at Lakin, in West Prussia, and after pursuing legal studies in Berlin, entered the army as ensign in 1807. The Peace of Tilsit made him a subject of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and as such he fought in Spain and in the Napoleonic campaign in Russia. He was wounded in the battle of Leipzig and taken prisoner by the Russians, who forced him into the Polish Army. He entered the Prussian Army in 1816, and became a member of the General Staff. He was connected with the Polish insurrections of 1831 and 1848, the latter of which he helped to suppress. He retired from the army in 1857, with the rank of general of infantry. In 1849 he had been elected to the Prussian Upper Chamber, and in the following year he was a member of the Erfurt Parliament. He was the author of a number of works on military subjects, including Geschichte des Kriegswesens (Berlin, 1830-35); Grundzüge der Taktik der drei Waffen (Berlin, 1833); Der kleine Krieg (Berlin, 1850).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Brattleboro

Edition of 1905. See also Brattleboro, Vermont on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRATTLEBORO, brăt′t’l-bŭr′ṓ. A village, in a town of the same name, in Windham County, Vt., on the Connecticut River, 60 miles north of Springfield, Mass., and on the Boston and Maine and the Central Vermont railroads (Map: Vermont, D 10). It has a picturesque site, and contains a fine public library and the State Asylum for the Insane. The principal manufactures include children's carriages and toys, and organs, the factory of the Estey Organ Company being located here. Brattleboro was chartered in 1713 and derives its name from William Brattle of Massachusetts, one of the original grantees. Population, in 1890, 5467; in 1900, 5297. Consult Burnham, Brattleboro (Vt.): Early History with Biographical Sketches (Brattleboro, 1880).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Brandt, Hermann Carl George

Edition of 1905. See also Hermann Carl George Brandt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRANDT, Hermann Carl George (1850— ). A German-American scholar, born at Vilsen, Germany. He graduated in 1872 at Hamilton College, was an instructor there in 1874-76, and from 1876 to 1882 was associate professor of German at the Johns Hopkins University. In 1883 he was appointed professor of German language and literature at Hamilton. His publications include a German-English and English-German dictionary; an edition (1879) of the Nathan der Weise of Lessing; a German Grammar (1884; several subsequent editions); and a useful German Reader (1889).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bratton, Henry de

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
BRAT'TON, Henry de. See Bracton.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Braun, August Emil

Edition of 1905. See also August Emil Braun on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRAUN, August Emil (1809-56), A German archæologist, born in Gotha. He studied in Göttingen, Munich, and Berlin. With Gerhard he went to Rome in 1833, and in a short time was made librarian, and subsequently secretary to the Archæological Institute. Later he founded there a galvano-plastic establishment, from which issued many reproductions of antique art objects and casts of modern works. Among his many valuable works on art may be mentioned Il giudizio di Paride (1838); Kunst vorstellungen des geflügelten Dionysos (1839); Griechische Götterlehre (1851-55); Vorschule der Kunstmythologie (1854), translated into English by Grant (1856); and an admirable
guidebook, Die Ruinen und Museen Roms (1854), translated into English, 1855.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Brandt, Marianne

Edition of 1905. See also Marianne Brandt (contralto) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRANDT, Marianne, family name Marie Bischof (1842— ). A German operatic singer. She was born in Vienna, and was educated at the conservatory in that city. She first attracted attention as Recha in La Juive, and soon afterwards accepted an engagement in Gratz. After 1868 she was associated for many years with the Royal Opera in Berlin. In 1882 she went to New York, where she sang for several seasons in grand opera. Gifted with a rich contralto voice of extraordinary compass, and possessing exceptional histrionic gifts, Marianne Brandt was regarded, in her prime, as one of the greatest German contraltos of the century. As an admirable interpreter of Wagnerian roles, she contributed largely to the success of the music festivals held in Bayreuth in 1876 and 1882.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Brandt, Max August Scipio von

Edition of 1905. See also Max von Brandt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRANDT, Max August Scipio von (1835— ). A German diplomat. He is the son of Heinrich von Brandt (q.v.), and was born in Berlin, October 8, 1835. After serving in the army, he was made in 1860 member of a diplomatic mission dispatched to the Far East. From 1862 to 1875 he was in Japan as the diplomatic representative, successively, of Prussia, of the North German Confederation, and of the German Empire. From 1875 to 1893 he was minister at Peking, He is author of Aus dem Lande des Zopfes (Leipzig, 1894); Die Zukunft Ostasiens (Stuttgart, 1895); Sittenbilder aus China (Stuttgart, 1895).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Brandt, Josef von

Edition of 1905. See also Józef Brandt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRANDT, Josef von (1841— ). A Polish painter, born at Szczebrzeszyn, near Warsaw. He at first devoted himself to engineering, and it was not until 1862 that he seriously took up painting under Piloty and Franz Adam in Munich. His subjects are taken principally from the military life of the Seventeenth Century, although several of his most charming productions deal also with the life of the Polish peasantry. The following is a partial list of his more important works: “Polish Peasants Before an Inn” (1870); “Episode from the Relief of Vienna” (1870); “Cossack Camp in Seventeenth Century” (1872); “Polish Fair” (1872); “Battle of Vienna in 1683” (1872); “Tartar Battle” (1878); “Critical Moment” (1884); “Cossacks Caught in the Snow in the Ukraine” (1885).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Phœnissæ

Edition of 1905. See also The Phoenician Women on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PHŒNIS′SÆ (Lat., from Gk. Φοίνισσαι, Phoinissai, Phœnician Women). A play by Euripides, so called from its chorus of Phœnician captives at Thebes. The myth which forms the subject of the play is the same on which the Seven Against Thebes is based.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pidgin

Edition of 1905. See also Chinese Pidgin English on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PIDGIN (Chinese corruption of Eng. business), or Pigeon English. A mixed language much in use in the ports of China, as a medium of oral communication between foreigners who cannot speak Chinese (merchants, sea-captains, sailors, etc.) and such Chinese servants, shopkeepers, compradores, boatmen, etc., as they may have to converse with. It is also occasionally used by natives from different ports whose own dialects are so different as to be mutually unintelligible. It consists of a mixture of English words, mostly monosyllabic, with corrupted Chinese, Portuguese, Malay, and other terms and expressions, arranged according to Chinese idiom. These words are “uninflected” except to the extent that vowel-endings such as o or ee are frequently added after certain consonants which the Chinese in common with the Japanese are unable to pronounce without a following vowel; for example: washee for wash; largee for large; s'posee for suppose; wifo for wife. Owing to the inability of the Chinese to pronounce initial r, l takes its place, and ‘rice’ becomes lice; ‘American’ becomes Melican; ‘friend’ becomes flen’, and ‘try’ becomes tli. Among the corrupted Chinese words are bobbery, noise, disturbance, abuse, scold, either noun or verb, as “you makee too muchee bobbery”; “how fashion you bobbery my?” Chop is a mark, brand, or device; chop-chop means ‘quick! make haste!’ and the same chop occurs in chop-sticks or ‘hasteners’ used in eating. Chow-chow means food or eat; and maskee (probably of Malay or Portuguese origin), ‘never mind! no matter!’ Belong takes the place of ‘be’; my is equivalent to I, me, my, mine (“no belong my” = I didn't do it, or it is not mine). Savey means ‘know’; ‘not’ is replaced by no, and the opening sentence of Hamlet's famous soliloquy, “To be or not to be! That is the question,” is simply rendered by “Can do, no can do! How fashion?” Joss-pidgin means religious ceremony, and Joss-pidgin man, a priest, clergyman, or missionary. In the same way a tourist or sightseer becomes a look-see man, and ‘get’ is expressed by catchee. Consult Leutzner, Wörterbuch der englischen Volkssprache Australiens und der englischen Mischsprachen (Halle, 1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Phœnix (Alabama)

Edition of 1905. See also Phenix City, Alabama on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PHŒNIX. A city in Lee County, Ala., on the Chattahoochee River, opposite Columbus, Ga., and on the Central of Georgia Railroad (Map: Alabama, D 3). It is a residential place, and is also of considerable importance as a commercial centre. Among the chief buildings are the city hall and the fraternal society hall. Settled about 1860, Phœnix was first incorporated in 1883. It is governed under a charter of 1894, which provides for a mayor, elected every two years, and a council. Population, in 1890, 3700; in 1900, 4163.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pidgin, Charles Felton

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Felton Pidgin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PIDGIN, Charles Felton (1844—). An American writer, statistician, and inventor, born in Roxbury, Mass. He received an academic education, was in the mercantile business in Boston from 1863 to 1873, and in June of the latter year became chief clerk of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor. Among many other machines and appliances for the mechanical tabulation of statistics, he invented an electrical adding and multiplying machine, an addition register, a self-counting tally sheet, and automatic multiple tabulating machine. He wrote the librettos for a number of musical comedies, and cantatas, and the words for more than sixty songs, and, in addition to many magazine articles, published: Practical Statistics; or the Statistician at Work (1888); and the novels, Quincy Adams Sawyer and Mason's Corner Folks (1900), and Blennerhasset, or the Decrees of Fate (1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Phrynichus

Edition of 1905. See also Phrynichus (tragic poet) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PHRYNICHUS, frĭn′ĭ-kŭs (Lat., from Gk. Φρύνιχος) A Greek tragic poet of Athens, an older contemporary of Æschylus. He won his first victory in B.C. 511 and his last in 476, when Themistocles was his choragos. Like Æschylus, he is said to have died in Sicily. In all the accounts of the rise and development of the tragedy, Phrynichus is ranked immediately after Thespis, and according to some critics he should be regarded as the real inventor of tragedy. He was the first to bring female characters on the stage; for the light satyr plays of his predecessors, he substituted plays on serious subjects taken both from the heroic age and from the history of his own time; and he was the first to introduce an actor distinct from the leader of the chorus, and thus to open the way for the development of the dialogue. In his works, how- ever, the lyrical choruses still retained the principal place, and these are said to have been so celebrated that they were sung even in the time of Aristophanes. Of his plays, the most import- ant were Φοινίσσαι, which dealt with the defeat of the Persian invaders (B.C. 480), and is said to have been copied by Æschylus in The Persians, and Μιλήτον ἄλωσις, on the capture of Miletus by the Persians. According to Herodotus, the Athenians were so moved by the latter tragedy that they fined the poet one thousand drachmas for recalling to them the disasters of their kinsmen, and passed a law forbidding further performances of the piece. Only a few fragments and the titles of nine of his plays are extant. Consult: Nauck, Tragicorum Græcorum Fragmenta (Leipzig, 1856).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Phœnician Language

Edition of 1905. See also Phoenician language on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​PHŒNICIAN LANGUAGE. The language spoken by the inhabitants of Phœnicia. It belonged to the Hebræo-Phœnician division of the Semitic family of languages, and represents in general an archaic stage of Hebrew and Moabitic, although it differs from the North Semitic group in certain particulars, such as having kūn (like the Arabic kāna) for the copula instead of hāyā, as in Hebrew. Phœnician spread widely from its home as Punic colonies were founded in the islands of the Mediterranean and Ægean, in Southern and Western Asia Minor, Southern France, and especially in Northern Africa. The diffusion gave rise to variations both of dialect and script, which were, however, comparatively slight. The sources of our knowledge are the inscriptions, coins, and seals, the transliteration of Phœnician phrases in Plautus's comedy of the Pœnulus, and the proper names and words found in the Old Testament, in the inscriptions of Assyria and Egypt, and in classical writers. The inscriptions are by far the most important source. Although they are very numerous, the vocabulary is relatively scanty on account of their monotonous content. They cover the period from about B.C. 600 to A.D. 200. The longest are the inscriptions found at Sidon in 1855 of twenty-two lines, at Marseilles in 1845 of twenty-one lines, and at Larnaka in 1879 of twenty-nine lines. The passage in the Pœnulus and the words and names in other foreign sources are of value in fixing the vocalization and pronunciation of Phœnician, since the alphabet, like all the Semitic scripts, excepting the Assyro-Babylonian and Ethiopic, writes only the consonants. The alphabet, which itself seems derived from the South Arabian script, is of importance as the ancestor of the Græco-Roman family of alphabets. (See Plate of Alphabets.) Phœnician literature seems to have been very scanty, consisting chiefly of annals, and at least one work, by Mago, on agriculture, and has been entirely lost with the exception of Greek translations of the voyage of Hanno (q.v.) and fragments asserted to be translations of the histories of Sanchuniathon (q.v.). Consult: Schröder, Die phönizische Sprache (Halle, 1869); Bloch, Phönizisches Glossar (Berlin, 1891); Gesenius, Scripturæ Linguæque Phœniciæ Monumenta Quotquot Supersunt Edita et Inedita (3 vols., Leipzig, 1887); Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (Paris, 1881-87). See Semitic Languages.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Phœnix (Arizona)

Edition of 1905. See also Phoenix, Arizona on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PHŒNIX. A city, the county-seat of Maricopa County, Ariz., and capital of the Territory, 100 miles northwest of Tucson; on the Maricopa and Phœnix and the Santa Fé, Prescott and Phœnix railroads (Map: Arizona, B 3). Among the more prominent points of interest are the Capitol building, insane asylum, agricultural experiment station, city hall, court-house, and high school and central school buildings. The city is a popular winter resort. It has extensive commercial interests, controlling an important trade in live stock, grain, hay, honey, wines, oranges, and other fruits. Settled in 1870-75 Phœnix was incorporated in 1881. The government, under a charter revised last in 1893, is vested in a mayor, who holds office for two years, and a council which exercises some powers of confirmation and election in administrative offices, though the majority are filled by popular election. Population, in 1890, 3152; in 1900, 5544.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Phœnix (bird)

Edition of 1905. See also Phoenix (mythology) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PHŒ′NIX (Lat., from Gk. φοίνιξ, phoinix). The name of a mythical Egyptian bird frequently mentioned by classical writers. Herodotus (ii. 73), who says he heard the story at Heliopolis and saw a picture of the bird there, relates that the phœnix, on the death of his father, embalms the body in an egg made of myrrh and conveys it from Arabia to the Temple of the Sun at Heliopolis. According to Pliny (Nat. Hist., x. 2), there is only one phœnix at a time, and when he perceives that his end is near, he builds in Arabia a nest of twigs of cassia and frankincense and dies upon it. From the body is generated a worm which develops into the new phœnix. The young bird then conveys his father's body to Heliopolis and burns it upon the altar there (Tacitus, Ann., vi. 28). According to Horapollo (ii. 57) the phœnix casts himself upon the ground and receives a wound, from the ichor of which springs his successor. But the most familiar version of the birth and death of the phœnix is that in which the bird burns itself upon a nest or pyre of odoriferous woods, and the young phœnix springs from the ashes. The interval between the bird's appearances at Heliopolis is variously stated; the period usually named is 500 years, but 1461 and 7006 years are also given. According to Tacitus (Ann., vi. 28) the phœnix appeared four times in Egypt: (1) under Sesostris (q.v.); (2) under Amasis; (3) under Ptolemy III.; and (4) in the year B.C. 34.
In Greek and Roman art it was common to represent the phœnix as an eagle; but by the Egyptians, who called it Bennu, the bird was depicted as a heron with two long feathers growing from the back of its head and sometimes with a tuft hanging from its breast. It symbolized the morning sun rising out of the glow of dawn, and hence it was looked upon as the sacred bird of the sun-god Rê. It also represented the new sun of to-day springing from the body of the old sun of yesterday, which had entered the lower world and become one with Osiris. Hence the phœnix or bennu was regarded as a manifestation of Osiris and became a symbol of the resurrection, continuing to serve as such even in early Christian times. It has been supposed by some scholars that the phœnix is mentioned in Job xxix. 18 and Psalm ciii. 5, but the identification is very doubtful. Consult: Kirchmayer, “On the Phœnix,” in Collectanea Adamantæa, No. xv., vol. ii. (Edinburgh, 1886); Wiedemann, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians (New York, 1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sophron of Syracuse

Edition of 1905. See also Sophron on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SOPHRON (Lat., from Gk. Σώφρων) OF SYRACUSE (B.C. 460–420). A Greek writer of mimes. Though from time immemorial the Greeks of Sicily had practiced the mimes at their public festival, Sophron was the first to reduce them to the form of a literary composition. They consisted in the representation of scenes from actual life, chiefly in the lower classes, brought out by a dramatic dialogue, interspersed with numerous colloquial forms of speech. These pieces of Sophron, which were in the Doric-Greek dialect and in a kind of cadenced prose, were great favorites with Plato, who made use of them for the dramatic form of his dialogues (Quint., i. 10, 17; Diog. Laert., iii. 13). It is said that Theocritus borrowed his second and fifteenth idyls from Sophron. Very unsatisfactory fragments have been preserved. Consult Botzon's collection (Marienburg, 1867) and his De Sophrone et Henarcho Mimographis (Lyck, 1856).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Smike

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​SMIKE. A miserable, half-witted drudge at Squeers's school, in Dickens's Nicholas Nickleby, befriended by Nicholas, and at last found to be Ralph Nickleby's son.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Smith, Joseph

Edition of 1905. See also Joseph Smith on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SMITH, Joseph, Jr. (1805-44). The founder of Mormonism. He was born in Sharon, Vt., December 23, 1805. Of illiterate and neuropathic ancestry and dissatisfied with the ‘clash of creeds’ in Palmyra, N. Y., whither his parents had removed in 1815, Smith at fourteen claimed to receive a series of visions concerning the founding of a new Church and the writing of a religious history of the aborigines of America. The ‘translation’ of this Book of Mormon began in 1827; the various ‘witnesses’ to the book formed the nucleus of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, which was founded in 1830 and of which Smith was successively first elder, prophet, seer, and revelator. (For a description of the origin of the Book of Mormon, see Mormons.) In 1831 Smith moved with his followers to Kirtland, Ohio, where he absorbed the Church Joint Stock Company of Sidney Rigdon (q.v.), an ex-Campbellite minister. The prophet succeeded in neither his community store-house nor the Kirtland Safety Society Bank, and fled to Independence, Mo., where he founded the city and temple of Zion. Characteristic alike of Smith's activity and his ambition were his putting himself at the head of the first presidency of the Church in 1834, his choice of his own adherents as the Twelve Apostles in 1835, his proselyting in the East in 1838, his assisting the persecuted saints to escape from Missouri in 1839, and finally his running for President of the United States in 1844. Driven from Missouri on the charge of fostering polygamy, Smith, as Mayor of Nauvoo, Ill., and head of the Nauvoo Legion, was accused of attempting to found a military Church. He was indicted for perjury and adultery and was murdered in Carthage jail on June 27, 1844. In spite of
the opposition of his son, Joseph Smith, third, he was succeeded in the presidency of the Church by Brigham Young (q.v.). See Mormons.