OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/St. George, John

​ST. GEORGE, Sir JOHN (1812–1891), general, born on 18 Jan. 1812, was the eldest son of Lieutenant-colonel John St. George of ​Parkfield, Birkenhead, by Frances, daughter of Archibald Campbell, M.D. He obtained a cadetship at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, in 1826, and was commissioned as second lieutenant in the royal artillery on 19 May 1828. He became first lieutenant on 11 July 1829, captain on 1 April 1841, and lieutenant-colonel on 17 Feb. 1854. He served in Canada, the West Indies, China, and Ceylon, and was for two years (1844–1846) instructor in practical artillery at the Royal Military Academy.
In 1855 he was ordered to the Crimea. He arrived there in March, and on 4 Aug. he succeeded to the command of the siege train. Sir Richard Dacres, in his report of the artillery operations which preceded the fall of Sebastopol, said that he had received the greatest assistance from him (London Gazette, 2 Nov. 1855). He was made brevet colonel and C.B. on 4 Feb. 1856; he also received the Crimean medal with one clasp, the Turkish medal, the fourth class of the Medjidie and of the Legion of Honour.
He commanded the royal artillery in Malta for two years, becoming colonel in the regiment on 29 Aug. 1857. In 1859 he was made president of the ordnance select committee, and remained so till December 1863, when he was appointed director of ordnance. He held the latter office for five years, and he was thus for nearly ten years continuously at headquarters, in positions of the highest responsibility at the most critical period in the history of artillery. He became major-general on 30 Sept. 1865, having been given the temporary rank previously as director of ordnance.
In October 1868 he went to St. Petersburg as British delegate to the conference held there, at the instance of the Russian government, on the subject of explosive bullets, which had for some years been coming into use. The result was the declaration of 11 Dec., by which the powers represented renounced them. This was his last military employment. He was promoted lieutenant-general on 29 March 1873, and general on 1 Oct. 1877, and was placed on the retired list on 1 July 1881. He was made K.C.B. on 2 June 1869, and received the G.C.B. on 25 May 1889. He became a colonel-commandant R.A. on 31 Jan. 1872, and in 1884 he was appointed to the honorary office of master-gunner of St. James's Park.
He took an active interest in the order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, of which the English langue was reorganised in 1831. He was made a knight of justice in 1861, and was chancellor when the order received a royal charter in 1888. He was also a member of the order of the friendly brothers of St. Patrick.
He married, on 15 Aug. 1860, Elizabeth Marianne, daughter of Thomas Evans of Lyminster House, Arundel, and left one son. He died in London on 17 March 1891, and was buried at Brompton cemetery.
E. M. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/St. Faith's, John of

John St Faith in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​ST. FAITH'S, JOHN of (d. 1359), theological writer, was educated at the Carmelite house of St. Faith, near Norwich, and studied at Oxford. He was made governor of the Carmelites of Burnham Norton, Norfolk, and died there, 18 Dec. 1359. He ​wrote numerous commentaries on the gospels, with indices, sixty-three sermons, a concordance to the works of Thomas Aquinas, on Aristotle's ‘De Cælo et Mundo,’ and a ‘Tabula Juris.’ Many of the ‘incipits’ are given by Bale and Tanner, but the works are not known to exist.
Other learned Carmelites educated at St. Faith's were Benedict of St. Faith's (fl. 1400), who left Norfolk for Italy, was patronised by Cardinal Henricus Minutulus, and is said to have died at Naples.
Peter of St. Faith's (d. 1452), prior of St. Faith's, of noble birth, studied at Cambridge, and became a master in theology. After Henry V's victory over France many Carmelites went to Paris, and Peter was made a doctor of the Sorbonne. On 13 Sept. 1428 he was present at a diocesan synod at Norwich, when William Whyte was charged with heresy (Fascic. Zizan. Rolls Ser. p. 417). In 1450 he was presented to the rectory of Taverham, Norfolk (Blomefield, Norfolk, xi. 473). He died at Norwich, 8 Nov. 1452. He wrote commentaries on St. Peter's Epistles, capitular sermons on Peter Lombard, and other works mentioned by Tanner but not known to be extant.
Robert of St. Faith's (d. 1386) was sent by Urban VI as papal nuncio to Spain and England. He wrote much against the schismatics, but the names of his works are lost. He died in Spain in 1386.
William of St. Faith's (d. 1372) left Norwich for Cambridge, where he became a doctor of divinity. He died in 1372, and was buried at St. Faith's. Bale (vi. 45) and Pits (p. 510) attribute to him numerous theological works, none of which are known to be extant.
M. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/St. Aubyn, Catherine

1904 Errata appended.
​ST. AUBYN, Miss CATHERINE (d. 1836), amateur artist, second daughter of Sir John St. Aubyn, fourth baronet, of Clowance in Cornwall, and sister of Sir John St. Aubyn (1758–1839) [q. v.], is known by a few privately printed etchings which she produced in 1788 and 1789. These comprise portraits of Lady St. Aubyn and Dolly Pentreath [see Jeffery, Dorothy], from pictures by Reynolds and Opie in her father's possession; a portrait of her sister, Mrs. Robert White; and a view of St. Michael's Mount. Two drawings by her of St. Michael's Mount were engraved by William Austin (1721–1820) [q. v.] Miss St. Aubyn married, on 26 June 1790, her cousin John Molesworth (d 1811), rector of St. Breocke, Cornwall, second son of Sir John Molesworth, bart., of Pencarrow, and died on 21 Oct. 1836. Her eldest son John (d. 1844), who took the name St. Aubyn, succeeded to the St. Aubyn estates.
F. M. O'D.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.241 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 120 | ii | 1 | St. Aubyn, Catherine: after Catherine insert afterwards Mrs. Molesworth |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Squire, William

​SQUIRE, WILLIAM (d. 1677), controversialist, was son of a proctor in the archbishop of York's court. He entered Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in 1647, and graduated B.A. in 1650. He was ​incorporated at Oxford in 1652, entering himself a ‘batler’ at Brasenose, and graduated M.A. on 25 April 1653. Soon afterwards he became chaplain at All Souls' and a fellow of University College. By the interest of Sheldon, bishop of London, he was presented to the rectory of Raulaston or Rolleston, Derbyshire, in 1675, and on 23 July of the same year was appointed canon of Lichfield. He died at Rolleston in 1677, and on 4 Sept. was buried in the chancel of the parish church under a black marble stone.
Squire published two theological treatises, viz.: 1. ‘The Unreasonableness of the Romanists requiring our Communion with the present Romish Church; or, a Discourse … to prove that it is unreasonable to require us to joyn in Communion with it,’ 1672, 8vo. 2. ‘Some more Considerations proving the Unreasonableness of the Romanists in requiring us to return to the Communion of the present Romish Church,’ 1674, 8vo.
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. iii. 114–15; Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Le Neve's Fasti Eccles. Anglic. i. 612.]
G. Le G. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Regulus

​REGULUS or RULE, Saint (fl. 8th cent.?), was the legendary founder of the see of St. Andrews. He is a leading character in the story of the journeyings of the relics of St. Andrew, a story which has three principal versions—that of a Colbertine manuscript (the oldest and simplest of the three), that of St. Andrews priory, and that of the Aberdeen breviary. These versions vary considerably in detail, but the main outline of the story is that when in 345 Constantius invaded Patras, where St. Andrew was martyred, Bishop Regulus, custodian of the relics, concealed a part of them in obedience to a vision; he was directed in a second vision to found a church in the west. After some wandering, Regulus reached Scotland, and on a hill called Rigmond (Kil-rymont, or St. Andrews) met the king of the Picts at the head of an army. The king was Ungus, son of Urguist, who had already been warned in a vision to offer the tenth part of his inheritance to St. Andrew in order that he might be victorious in the war he was waging against the Britannic nations in the plain of Merse, or, according to the St. Andrews version, against Æthelstan, king of the Saxons. The relics of St. Andrew were landed at a harbour called Matha—that is, Mordurus or Muckross. The king then dedicated that place to St. Andrew, to be head of all the Pictish churches, and made a grant of Kilrymont and a large territory to God and St. Andrew, together with the sites of many other churches which the legend specifies.
Skene identifies Ungus or Hungus, son of Urguist, the benefactor of Regulus, with Angus McFergus, who reigned 731–761, and led in 740 an expedition against Eadbert, king of Northumbria. The ‘Register of St. Andrews,’ however, attributed the foundation of St. Andrews to a later Angus McFergus, who reigned 822–834. It is impossible to reconcile the dates of either Angus with those assigned in legend to Regulus, who is said to have left Patras for Scotland in the fourth century. But no reliance can be placed on that part of the story; there is doubtless some confusion between the founder of the Scottish see of St. Andrews and another St. Regulus or Rieul, a Greek of the fourth century, who was first bishop of Senlis.
The cult of St. Andrew in the eighth century in Scotland was perhaps due to the wanderings of Acca [q. v.]; the latter had ruled over Hexham, which was dedicated to St. Andrew, and the church there claimed to possess his relics. St. Regulus is commemorated in the Aberdeen breviary on 30 March. When 30 March fell in Lent, St. Regulus's feast was commemorated on 17 Oct. On the preceding day the feast of an Irish saint, Riaghail, is celebrated, and it has been suggested that this name is the Celtic form of the Latin Regulus. In Scotland St. Regulus is patron of churches at Monifeth, Kennethmont, Meikle Folla, and Ecclesgreg.
M. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Reginald Godfreyson

Ragnall Guthfrithson in the ODNB.
​REGINALD, called Godfreyson (d. 944?), king of the Danes, was great-grandson of Ivar Beinlaus and son of the Godfrey who invaded England in 918; his mother was an Englishwoman. He had four brothers—Olaf ​[see Olaf Godfreyson], Lachtin (d. 947), Albdan or Halfdene (d. 926), and Blacar (d. 948) (War of the Gaedhil, p. 279, Rolls Ser.). He is possibly the Reginald Godfreyson mentioned by Gaimar (L'Estorie des Engles, ii. 112, Rolls Ser.), who took York in 923, and next year entered into a treaty with Edward the elder, and made personal submission to him (A.-S. Chron. ii. 84, Rolls Ser., but cf. Sym. Dunelm. vol. ii. p. xxix, Rolls Ser.). In 943, probably in succession to his brother, Olaf Godfreyson, he was ruling in Northumbria as joint king with Olaf Sitricson [q. v.], with whom he accepted Christianity, and allied himself closely with King Edmund (A.-S. Chron. p. 90). When, however, King Edmund had returned to Wessex next year, the two Danish kings made a raid into the midlands to win back their lost territory. King Edmund drove them from the country and annexed Northumbria (ib.) The date of Reginald's death is not known. Several of the Irish annals mention a son who was slain in 942 (Annals of the Four Masters, ii. 646–7, ed. O'Donovan).
A. M. C.-e.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Reginald (d.1097)

​REGINALD or RAINALD (d. 1097), abbot of Abingdon, Berkshire, was a secular clerk and one of the chaplains of William, duke of Normandy. He became a monk of Jumièges, and Duke William, then king of England, gave him at Rouen the abbacy of Abingdon on 19 June 1085 (Historia de Abingdon, ii. 15, 40), his predecessor Æthelhelm, also formerly a monk of Jumièges, having died on 10 Sept. 1084 (ib. p. 11). The king sent him to Walkelin, bishop of Winchester, to be installed in his office. He was received at Abingdon on 18 July, and on 15 Aug. was hallowed by Osmund [q. v.], bishop of Sarum. The tenants of the abbey had vigorously resisted the Conqueror's rule, and the house had accordingly suffered (ib. i. 486, 493; Norman Conquest, iv. 33, 37–8, 469); but some return to prosperity seems to have begun under Abbot Æthelhelm, and it increased during the earlier years of Reginald's abbacy. In 1087 Gilbert of Ghent presented the monastery with a house in the Strand, London, with a chapel dedicated to the Holy Innocents, which he had given to it in Æthelhelm's time, but had resumed at his death. It became the abbot's London lodging (Historia de Abingdon, ii. 15–16). On the accession of William Rufus, Reginald helped him in the distribution of his father's treasure among the minsters and other churches of England and the poor (ib. p. 41). At this time Rufus held him in high esteem, and gave a charter to him and his house. Though Reginald disposed of some of the convent's property to his son and personal friends, he set about rebuilding the church of the monastery with much earnestness, using materials and treasure collected for that purpose by his predecessor; and, in order to insure the co-operation of the villeins on the conventual estates, gathered them together and announced that several customs that pressed hardly upon them should be done away, provided that they would give the full tithes of their harvest for the restoration of the church. Robert of Oily or d'Oilgi [q. v.] was led by a dream to restore certain land that he had unjustly taken from the house in Abbot Æthelhelm's time, and also gave a large sum towards the building. After a time, however, enemies of the abbot set the king against him, so that his former regard for him was changed to hate; and he deprived the convent of much of its property. The king having crossed to Normandy in November 1097, Reginald followed him, probably on the convent's business, and died there before the end of the year (ib. p. 42).
His son William he caused to be well educated and to take holy orders. He presented him to the convent living of Marcham, near Abingdon, with some of the convent property. When taken with his last sickness in the time of Abbot Faricius, he assumed the monastic habit at Abingdon, and restored to the convent the church and land that he had received from his father (ib. p. 131).
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Reginald of Coldingham

​REGINALD of Coldingham or of Durham (fl. 1170), hagiologist, was probably either a native of Coldingham or was sent from his monastery of Durham as a monk to the cell at Coldingham. He was commissioned by Prior Thomas of Durham (1156–1162) and by Ailred of Rievaux [see Ethelred, (1109?–1166)] to visit the hermit Godric [q. v.] at Finchale, near Durham, with a view to writing the hermit's life. Godric reluctantly allowed Reginald to undertake the task. When Godric's end drew near, Reginald took care of the bed-ridden saint, and wrote down all that he said while it was still fresh in his memory. Godric blessed Reginald's completed work, and forbade any one to see the biography before his death in 1170. Under Reginald's care the life of Godric was twice rewritten with enlargements, the third and last recension being dedicated to Hugh de Pudsey [q. v.], bishop of Durham.
At the suggestion, and partly with the help, of Ailred of Rievaux, Reginald next compiled his life of St. Cuthbert, which is brought down to 1173. The work is preceded by a letter addressed to Ailred, who died in 1166, before the completion of the work. The lives of Godric and Cuthbert ​have both been edited for the Surtees Society. Two other works by Reginald are known: a life of Oswald, king and martyr, addressed to Henry, sub-prior of Durham (of which the greater part has been printed in Sym. Dunelm. ed. Arnold, Rolls Ser. vol. i. App. iii.); and a life of St. Ebba of Coldingham, which Capgrave abbreviated; the original is extant in Bodleian MS. Fairfax 6, ff. 164–73.
M. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Regimorter, Assuerus

​REGIMORTER or REGEMORTER, ASSUERUS, M.D, (1614–1650), physician, son of the Rev. Ambrose Regemorter, was born in London in December 1614, and baptised at the Dutch church in Austin Friars, 6 Jan. 1615. He was educated at the school of Thomas Farnaby [q. v.], and afterwards studied medicine at Leyden, where he graduated M.D. 11 Feb. 1636, maintaining a thesis on ague. On 29 March 1636 he was incorporated M.D. at Oxford. He began practice in London, and became a licentiate of the College of Physicians, 30 Sept. 1639, a candidate or member, 22 Dec. 1642, and a fellow, 11 Nov. 1643. He delivered the Gulstonian lectures in 1645, and was a censor in 1649. He was one of the three physicians who about 1644 began the investigation of rickets. At the end of the preface to the famous 'Tractatus de Rachitide,' published in 1650, his initials are the last, following those of Francis Glisson, M.D. [q. v.], and George Bate, M.D. [q. v.] He and Bate had numerous conferences with Glisson, who was the real author of the book, as is stated in the preface. Regimorter lived in Lime Street, London, and had a large practice as a physician. He died 25 Nov. 1660, and left 20l. to the College of Physicians. He had a son, Ahasuerus, who was born in 1649, and entered Wadham College, Oxford, 22 July 1664.
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Regondi, Giulio

​REGONDI, GIULIO (1822–1872), guitarist and concertina-player, was, according to his own account, born at Geneva in 1822. His earliest recollections dated from Lyons, where he lived with a man whom he regarded as his father, a teacher of languages, who had been professor at the gymnasium in Milan in 1822. During this period at Lyons Regondi, who early showed great aptitude for music, was compelled, by being locked in his room, to practice five hours daily on the guitar, and he advanced so rapidly that his father, yielding to the advice of a Dr. Young, took him to all the principal European courts, excepting that of Spain, before he was ten years old. The pair arrived in England in June 1831, and some time was passed in Dublin, where Regondi became friendly with Mrs. Hemans, who in 1834 wrote a poem about him (cf. Musical World, 1872, p. 334). In 1841 Regondi made a concert-tour with the violoncellist, Josef Liedel, which culminated in six very successful concerts at Vienna, Regondi himself playing an instrument described as a melophone (cf. Hanslick, Geschichte des Concertwesens, Vienna, 1869, p. 341).
​Five years later Regondi again toured abroad, now with Madame Dulcken, the pianist; but after his return he seems never to have quitted England again. An accomplished linguist, and capable of becoming a fine player on any instrument, he was the first to devote serious attention to the concertina, and is said to have shown Sir Charles Wheatstone [q. v.], its patentee, the complete capabilities of the instrument. For it Regondi wrote two concertos, and Molique wrote another for him. Regondi also arranged for it an enormous mass of music. His piece, ‘Les Oiseaux,’ enjoyed a great vogue. He also published a concertina ‘Tutor’ and a ‘New Method,’ Dublin, 1857. Regondi died in London on 6 May 1872, after a long period of ill health. He was buried at Kensal Green.
R. H. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Reginald (d.1200)

Contains subarticle Reginald (fl. 1125).
​REGINALD (d. 1200), abbot of Walden, became prior of that house in 1164. Through the liberality of its benefactors, notably of William de Mandeville, third earl of Essex [q. v.], Reginald was enabled to raise the priory to the position of an abbey in 1190. The elevation of the house at the expense of the Mandeville estates brought upon it the enmity of the heir, Geoffrey FitzPeter. But the latter, after showing much hostility, also became a benefactor of the abbey (Dugdale, Mon. Angl., iv. 145 seq.) Reginald appointed vicars to his dependent churches, but conceded to William de Mandeville, during his lifetime, the right of nominating the clergy of seven. He has been placed in the lists of the chancellors of England, but this seems to be a mistake.
Another Reginald (fl. 1125) was, according to Leland's uncorroborated testimony (Itinerary, ii. 44), chancellor in Henry I's reign, and afterwards prior and benefactor of the Cluniac house of Montacute in Wiltshire. His name does not appear in the accredited lists of the priors and benefactors of that house.
[Dugdale's Monast. Angl. iv. 133 sq. v. 163–5; Spelman's Glossarium Archaiologicum, p. 110; Newcourt's Repertorium, ii. 622; Willis's Mitred Abbeys, ii. 82; Foss's Judges of England, p. 550, ed. 1870; Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors, i. 51.]
A. M. C.-e.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Reginald Fitzjocelin

​REGINALD FITZJOCELIN (1140?–1191), archbishop-elect of Canterbury. [See Fitzjocelin.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Middleton, John (1827-1856)

​MIDDLETON, JOHN (1827–1856), landscape painter, born at Norwich in 1827, was from early days a student in the Norwich school of landscape painters, working under John Crome [q. v.] and Joseph Stannard [q. v.] He practised almost entirely at Norwich, but was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy and the British Institution in London from 1847 till his death. His landscapes were noted for their effective rendering of the seasons of the year, especially the early spring. Middleton was unfortunately a victim to consumption, of which he died on 11 Nov. 1856, at Surrey Street, Norwich, in his thirtieth year.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1880; Norwich Mercury, 15 Nov. 1856.]
L. C.