OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Drew, Thomas

​DREW, Sir THOMAS (1838–1910), architect, born at Victoria Place, Belfast, on 18 Sept. 1838, came of a good Limerick family. His father. Thomas Drew, D.D. (d. 1870), a militant Orange divine, was long rector of Christ Church, Belfast, subsequently becoming rector of Seaforde, co. Down, and precentor of Down cathedral. A sister Catherine (d. Aug. 1901) was a well-known journalist in London. Thomas was educated in his native town, and in 1854 was articled to (Sir) Charles Lanyon, C.E. [q. v.], and showed great aptitude for architectural design. In 1862 he entered the office, in Dublin, of William George Murray, R.H.A. Next year he began to write for the 'Dublin Builder,' and subsequently acted for a tune as editor, introducing antiquarian features. In 1864 he was awarded a special silver medal by the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland for his set of measured drawings of the Portlester chapel in St. Audoen's Church, Dublin. In 1870 he was elected associate of the Royal Hibernian Academy and full member next year. In 1875 he began independent practice in North Frederick Street, Dublin, subsequently removing to Upper Sackville Street, and again to No. 6 St. Stephen's Green, a house designed by himself. His office was latterly at 22 Clare Street. In 1889 Drew was elected fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and in 1892 president of the Royal Institute of Architects of Ireland. A fluent and witty speaker, he delivered from 1891 an annual lecture on St. Stephen's Day, in Christ Church cathedral, on its history and fabric. He was also instrumental in establishing in the crypt a museum of Irish antiquities. In 1895-7 he was president of the Royal Society of the Antiquaries of Ireland.
Drew was elected tenth president of the Royal Hibernian Academy on 18 Oct. 1900, on the death of Sir Thomas Farrell, the sculptor, and was knighted by the lord- ​lieutenant of Ireland, Earl Cadogan. In 1905 Dublin University gave him the honorary degree of LL.D.
Drew died in Dublin on 13 March 1910, and was buried in Dean's Grange cemetery, co. Dublin. He married in 1871 Adelaide Anne, daughter of William Murray, formerly architect of the board of works, Ireland, and a collateral descendant of Francis Johnston [q. v.] founder of the Royal Hibernian Academy. She survived him. Among the chief buildings designed by Drew were the Rathmines town hall, the law library at the Four Courts, Dublin, and Clontarf presbyterian church in 1889, the Ulster bank, College Green, Dublin, in 1891 , and Belfast cathedral in 1899. He was consulting architect to the three principal cathedrals of Ireland, and also restored Waterford cathedral. In ecclesiastical design he was noted for 'a robust and virile Gothic.' He built for himself a noble residence, Gortnadrew, near Monkstown, where he formed a good collection of miniatures, Waterford glass, and Georgian mantels.
[Irish Builder and Engineer, Jubilee issue, 1909, and 19 March and 2 April 1910; Belfast Newsletter, Irish Times, 14 March 1910.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Drummond, George Alexander

​DRUMMOND, Sir GEORGE ALEXANDER (1829–1910), senator in the parliament of Canada, and president of the bank of Montreal, born in Edinburgh on 11 Oct. 1829, was son of George Drummond, a member of the city council, by his wife Margaret Pringle. Educated at the Edinburgh High School and attending the university for several terms, he emigrated in 1854 to Canada, and became manager for John Redpath & Son of Montreal, pioneers of the sugar refining industry. In 1879 he founded the Canada Sugar Refining Company, and became the first president. At the same time he interested himself in many other enterprises and was president of the Cumberland Railway Co., the Canada Jute Co., and the Intercolonial Coal Co. While president of the Montreal Board of Trade, a semi-official organisation of business men (1886-8), he induced the government to assume the cost of deepening the ship channel from Montreal to Quebec, so as to make it navigable by large ocean-going steamers. In 1882 he was elected director of the bank of Montreal, vice-president in 1887, and president in 1905, the position of highest distinction open in Canada to men engaged in finance.
Drummond began a political career in 1872, when he contested unsuccessfully the constituency of Montreal West. From 1880 until his death he was senator in the parliament of Canada. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1904 and C.V.O. in 1908. As philanthropist, he was best known as president of the Royal Edward Institute for the prevention of tuberculosis, and he endowed the home for incurables conducted by the sisters of St. Margaret.
Deeply interested in art, Drummond was president of the Art Association of Montreal 1896-9, and was a discriminating and successful collector of pictures. His collection includes first-rate examples of the work of Constable, Corot, Cuyp, Daubigny, Franz Hals, De Hooge, Israels, Jacob Maris, Matthew Maris, William Maris, Mauve, Troyon, Vandyck, Velasquez, Watts, Lorraine, and Rubens. He was owner of five pictures by Turner, namely, 'Port of Ruysdael,' 'Sun of Venice,' 'Zurich,' 'Duolley Castle,' and 'Chepstow.' The collection is maintained intact in Montreal by his widow, and is easily accessible by visitors.
In later years he spent a large part of his time at Huntleywood, his country place near Montreal, where he was a successful breeder of cattle and sheep. He was devoted to golf, and was president of the Canadian Golf Association. He died in Montreal on 2 Feb. 1910, and was buried in Mount Royal cemetery. Sir George Drummond was twice married: (1) in 1857 to Helen, daughter of John Redpath of Montreal, having by her two daughters and five sons; and (2) in 1884 to Grace Julia, daughter of A. D. Parker, of Montreal, having by her two sons.
Portraits by Sir George Reid, Troubetski, and Robert Harris are in possession of the family; a fourth, by Joliffe Walker, is owned by the Mount Royal Club, Montreal.
[Private information.]
A. M.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Transfusion

Edition of 1802.
​TRANSFUSION of Blood, an operation by which that fluid may be conduced from one animal body into another.
This singular and daring attempt was first undertaken by Libavius, at Halle, early in the 17th century: he recommended experiments to be made on calves, sheep, dogs, and other animals. After these had been successfully performed, a whimsical notion of prolonging human life, by the practice of transfusion, was publicly maintained, with almost general approbation by Lower, in England; Hoffman, in Germany; Denis, in France, and other bold physicians. But, when several persons unfortunately fell victims to such experiments, the flattering prospect completely vanished, till the late John Hunter resumed the subject, and treated it in a manner peculiar to his penetrating genius.
In performing the process of transfusion, the vein, which is usually chosen for blood-letting, was opened, and a quill, or other tube introduced in a perpendicular direction: the corresponding vein was then pierced in a healthy person, or more frequently in robust animals; and a similar tube was accommodated to the orifice in a slanting way; both tubes were then passed one into another, and thus the blood was gradually ransfused; the vein being tied up, as is usual after venesection.
This operation is certainly ingenious; but, as it requires equal judgment and dexterity, we doubt whether it will ever become an useful branch of the healing art, in the present state of society: nay, it appears to us, that it cannot be performed with safety, since the introduction of the late inoculations, excepting in very desperate cases, such as hydrophobia, or other internal poisons, in which the whole mass of the blood is in a dissolved or tainted state. Besides, this essential fluid is, in every person, of a peculiar nature adapted to his own constitution; and consequently cannot, with reasonable hopes of success, be transfused into another: hence the visionary idea of renovating the animal spirits by artificial means, and of prolonging human life beyond the period appointed by Nature, must necessarily be defeated.—See also Life, Longevity, &c.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Train-oil

Edition of 1802.
​Train-oil. See Oil.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Transplantation

Edition of 1802.
​TRANSPLANTATION, denotes the act of removing either Cuttings, layers, roots, or entire young plants, from one soil into another.
For this purpose, Mr. Forsyth directs the side-shoots of trees to be cut-in, at different lengths, from ​one to three feet, according to their size, in the year before they are to be transplanted; allowing them to grow rude, that is, without being nailed in, or cutting either the side or fore-right shoots, during the whole summer. In the course of the winter, the ground ought to be opened around their roots, and the strong ones cut-in; after which they must be covered with soil. Thus, fine young fibres will strike forth; and, in the succeeding autumn, or during the winter (the sooner the better), they may be transplanted as standards; care being taken to place them, like all other trees which are to be removed into different soils, in a similar aspect, or towards the same point of the compass; but, if cuttings are designed to be planted against a wall, Mr. F. advises only the roots to be divided; as by such method a considerable saving will not only result, in time and money, but the trees also will bear fruit, in the fust year after their removal. He remarks, that he has often transplanted old plum-trees that had been headed down, and consequently made very fine roots; which he divided, and "thereby obtained four or five trees from one, cutting them so as to form them into fine heads."—See also Fruit-trees, Orchard, (vol. iii. p. 315), and Planting.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Timothy-Grass

Edition of 1802.
​TIMOTHY-GRASS, or Phleum, L. a genus of plants, comprehending eight species, four being indigenous; of which the following are the principal, namely:
1. The nodosum, or Knotty Timothy-grass, grows chiefly on the dry, hilly, pastures in the vicinity of Bath, and flowers in the month of June.—This species, in the opinion of Mr. Sole, is well calculated for dairy-pastures; as it affords a large quantity of rich milk, and is eagerly eaten by cows. It is also relished by sheep and other cattle; though disliked by horses, where they find the meadow or fescue-grasses.
2. The pratense, or Common Timothy-grass, thrives generally in moist pastures, and flowers in July, The culture of this grass has been strongly recommended by Mr. Rocque, in the 4th vol. of the Museum Rusticum et Commerciale. According to him, it is eaten by horses and cows, preferably to any other pasture-grass; though Dr. Pultney observes, that it is disliked by sheep, and is not relished by horses or cows: Mr. Sole, and the Rev. Mr. Swayne, likewise, remark, that the Common Timothy-grass is very coarse, of little value for cattle, and does not deserve to be cultivated in England. Notwithstanding such diversity of opinion, we appeal to the authority of Linnæus, who expressly states, that Common Timothy-grass should be sown on lands, which have been newly drained; as it is very luxuriant, attains the height of 3 or 4 feet, and prospers in wet and marshy situations. Farther, we learn from Bechstein, that its stalk grows to the height of 6 feet; that horses, and swine, are exceedingly partial to this grass; consequently, that ​it merits the attention of farmers, who wish to improve moist meadows over-grown with moss.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/To the King

Edition of 1802.
to
THE KING,
sir,
ANIMATED by the gracious approbation, with which Your Majesty was pleased to receive the outline of the present Work, the Editor was encouraged to solicit the Royal Sanction, and to avail himself of every resource, both native and foreign; with a view to render the Domestic Encyclopædia worthy of the attention, and patronage, it now claims from a beneficent Sovereign.
If the numerous useful Facts, contained in these volumes, have been carefully selected; if the various objects of Rural and Domestic Economy have been elucidated with new and interesting discoveries; if the Familiar and Commercial Arts have also been attended to, with sufficient precision; and, if the Natural History of Man, Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, has been concisely stated, together ​with the economical purposes to which these objects are individually subservient—the Editor will not regret such deficiencies as may be discovered in the physiological articles occurring in this Work; because he could not, consistently, extend it beyond the prescribed limits.
May Your Majesty, therefore, continue under the tutelary auspices of Providence so favourably situated, in your public and domestic concerns, as to bestow occasionally a few moments of leisure on the perusal of those essential topics, on which the prosperity and happiness of your brave and loyal subjects principally depend:—Such is the unfeigned wish and prayer of
* Your Majesty's
* most dutiful
* and most humble servant,
* A. F. M. WILLICH.
* James-Street, Covent-Garden,
* May 1, 1802.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Treacle

Edition of 1802.
​TREACLE, the Venice, or Mithridate, Theriaca Andromachi, a celebrated medley of drugs, composed of 60 ingredients; prepared; pulverized; and, with honey, formed into an electuary: it was reputed among the ancients to be a specific against poisons, and was formerly employed in intermittent, malignant, and other fevers. At present, however, it is superseded by the opiate electuary, which consists of purified opium, 6 drams; caraway-seeds, long-pepper, and ginger, of each 2 oz.; and three times their weight of the syrup of white poppy, boiled to the consistence of honey. The solid substances are to be pulverized, and the opium first separately incorporated with the syrup, over a moderate fire; when the other ingredients should be gradually added.—This composition is very powerful: the doses vary according to the age, sex, strength, and other circumstances; so that they ought to be regularly prescribed.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Tin

Edition of 1802.
​TIN, or Stannum, one of the imperfect metals, which is obtained principally from the county of Cornwall, where it is sometimes dug up in a native or pure state; though more frequently mixed with a large portion of arsenic, sulphur, and iron. The crude ore is first broken to pieces, and washed; then roasted in an intense heat, which dissipates the arsenic; and afterwards fused in a furnace, till it be reduced to a metallic state.
Tin is the lightest and most fusible of all metals: it is of a greyish-white colour; has a strong, disagreeable taste; and, when rubbed, emits a peculiar odour. it is also remarkably malleable; and, when beaten into very thin plates, or tinfoil, is employed in covering Looking-glasses. Farther, tin readily unites with copper, forming the compositions known under the names of Bronze, and Bell-metal: by immersing thin plates of iron into melted tin, they become coated, and are then termed Block-tin, or Latten; which is manufactured into tea-canisters, and various culinary utensils.
Tin is likewise of use in medicine, both in the form of filings, and in a state of powder, especially as a vermifuge: it has often successfully expelled the tape-worm, which had resisted the power of many other drugs; but, the doss varying from a few grains to an ounce, it is one of those remedies which must be prescribed by the experienced practitioner.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Tincture

Edition of 1802.
​TINCTURE, in general, denotes a solution of the more volatile and active parts of various bodies, from the three kingdoms of Nature, by means of a proper solvent: see Menstruum. This term is, however more particularly applied to those spirituous preparations, which contain the resinous parts of vegetables, as well as their flavour and colour.
The usual solvents, employed for extracting the medicinal virtues of plants, are water, and rectified spirit of wine; the latter of which is frequently used for obtaining the aciive principles from resins and the essential oils, that yield them imperfectly to the former. With a view to make a tincture or elixir, the vegetable or other matter is usually bruised, put into a matrass, and the spirit is poured on it, to the depth of about two inches. The glass is then closed, and placed in a sand-heat for five or six days, or till the spirit become perfectly impregnated, and acquire a deep colour.—The quantity of a tincture, to be administered for one dose, varies according to its constituent parts; though it seldom exceeds a tea-spoonful, which is taken at such times as the nature of the complaint may require.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Traveller's-Joy

Edition of 1802.
​TRAVELLER's-JOY, Honesty, Virgin's Bower, or Great Wild-Climber, Clematis Vitalba, L. a hardy, indigenous shrub, growing in hedges and shady places, in calcareous soils, where it flowers in June and July.—It is easily propagated by layers or cuttings.
The fibrous stalks of this vegetable may be converted into paper:—the whole plant is very acrid to the touch; on which account it is frequently employed as a caustic, and for cleansing old ulcers.—Both leaves and branches may, with advantage, be used in dyeing; and Dambourney obtained from the latter alone a yellow decoction.—Bechstein observes, that the hard, compact, yellow, and odoriferous wood of this shrub, furnishes an excellent material for veneering.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Budding

Edition of 1802.
​Budding. See Engrafting.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bug

Edition of 1802.
​BUG, in zoology, a species of cimex, too well known to need any description. Of the various recipes for the extirpation and prevention of these vermin, the following have been found, by experience, to be the most effectual:
1. Take of the highest rectified spirit of wine, half a pint; newly distilled oil, or spirit of turpentine, half a pint: mix them together, and crumble into it half an ounce of camphor, which will dissolve in a few minutes: shake the whole well together, and with a piece of sponge, or a brush dipped into it, anoint the bed, or furniture, in which those vermin harbour and breed; and it will infallibly kill and destroy both them and their nits. Should any bug, or bugs, happen to appear after once using it, the application must be repeated, and at the same time some of the mixture poured into the joints and holes of the bedstead and head-board. Beds that have much wood-work, require to be first taken down, before they can be thoroughly cleared of these vermin; but others may be perfectly cured without that trouble.—It is advisable to perform this work in the day-time, lest the spirit contained in the mixture take fire from the candle, while using it, and occasion serious damage:
2. Or, Take an ounce of quicksilver, and the whites of six or eight eggs; beat them together till the quicksilver appears like a black sediment at the bottom of the bason; then rub it over all the joints and crevices of the bed with a painter's brush. This will have the desired effect, while it gives a varnish to the furniture, and imparts no disagreeable smell.
3. Or, mix the pulp of the bitter apple with a solution of vitriol, and apply the composition carefully to all the crevices, which serve as a nursery to the bugs. The solution alone has proved effectual: but, if applied to stone walls, it may be mixed with lime, which will give it a lively yellow colour, and ensure success.—The boiling any kind of wooden work in an iron caldron, with a solution of vitriol, effectually prevents it from taking the worm, and preserves it from rottenness and decay.
4. Professor Kalm mentions, that from repeated trials he has been convinced that sulphur, if properly applied, will entirely destroy bugs and their eggs, in beds or walls, even though they were ten times more numerous than the inhabitants of an ant-hill. And Dr. Forster, his translator, adds that a still more effectual remedy is, to wash the infected furniture with a solution of arsenic.
5. The cheapest, and most pleasant remedy, has lately been discovered by J. G. L. Blumhof, of Gottingen; who asserts in the Economical Journal (in German), for June 1797, that the green leaves and twigs of the Bird's-Cherry, or Prunus Padus, L. if placed in the crevices and holes of places frequented by bugs, mice, and rats, will effectually expel them.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bugle

Edition of 1802.
​BUGLE, or Ajuga, L. a genus ​of plants, comprising three species, all of which are natives; but we shall only mention the reptans, or common bugle, which grows in woods and moist pastures, in many parts of Britain. It has creeping suckers, and bears blue, red, and white blossoms in May. Its roots are astringent, and strike a black colour with vitriol of iron.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Burdock, or Clot-burr

Edition of 1802.
​BURDOCK, or Clot-burr, the Arctium Lappa, L. a well-known plant growing on the road sides, on rubbish and ditch-banks, bearing purplish blossoms in July and August.
The blackish, but internally white root of this vegetable, might be very advantageously employed in washing, on account of its saponaceous property. Before the flowers appear, the tender stems stripped of their rind, are boiled and used like asparagus; or eaten with vinegar and the yolk of eggs, rather than oil, in the form of salad.—The plant is browsed upon by cows and goats, but refused by sheep and horses; nor is it relished by swine.
Böhmer mentions the root of the burdock, among those vegetables from which starch may be extracted; and Schaefer obtained from the stalks a whitish green paper. Boys catch bats with its flowers. See the article Bat, p. 185.
In medicine, says Dr. Withering, decoctions of the burdock-root are esteemed, by judicious physicians, as equal, if not superior to those of sarsaparilla. The fresh root has a sweetish bitter, and somewhat austere taste; is aperient, diuretic, and sudorific; and said to act without irritation, so as to be safely used in acute diseases. The seeds have a bitterish, sub-acrid taste, and are recommended as powerful diuretics, when taken either in the form of an emulsion, or a powder, in doses not exceeding one dram.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Burdock, the Lesser

Edition of 1802.
​BURDOCK, the Lesser, or Xanthium strumarium, L. likewise a native plant growing on dung, and grounds highly manured: the thornless stem is a foot and a half high, thick, often spotted; the haves heart-shaped, lobed, on long foot-stalks; flowers from June to September.—The leaves are bitter and astringent: they are eaten by horses and goats, but refused by cows, sheep, and swine.—A decoction of the whole plant yields a bright yellow colour; which, however, is more lively, when the flowers alone are employed.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bur-reed

Edition of 1802.
​Bur-reed: See Burweed.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Dine

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* Y
* Z
* Gen
* Ex
* Lev
* Num
* Dt
* Jos
* Jdg
* Ru
* 1-2 Sam
* 1-2 Ki
* 1-2 Chr
* Ezra
* Neh
* Est
* Psm
* Prv
* Job
* Song
* Ecc
* Isa
* Jer
* Lam
* Ezek
* Dan
* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
* Zeph
* Hag
* Zech
* Mal
* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Dine : (Gen. 43:16). It was the custom in Egypt to dine at noon. But it is probable that the Egyptians took their principal meal in the evening, as was the general custom in the East (Luke 14:12).