OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Banks, Isabella

​BANKS, ISABELLA, known as Mrs. Linnæus Banks (1821–1897), novelist, daughter of James Varley, a chemist in Marriott's Court, Brown Street, Manchester, who died in 1842, and of his wife Amelia Daniels, was born in Oldham Street, Manchester, on 25 March 1821. In early life she was in charge of a school at Cheetham, near Manchester, Her first literary effort, a poem entitled 'A Dying Girl to her Mother,' appeared in the 'Manchester Guardian' on 12 April 1837. On 27 Dec. 1846 she married at the Collegiate Church, Manchester, George Linnæus Banks [q. v.], a poet and journalist of Birmingham. She assisted him in his work, and contributed to the periodicals edited by him. Her first novel, ' God's Providence House,' was published in I860. Her best-known work, 'The Manchester Man,' in three volumes, appeared in 1876. It gives an interesting and life-like picture of Manchester in the first quarter of the century and of the riots of 1819. By 1881 it was in a fourth edition, and a one-volume edition was published later. Other novels dealt also with life in Manchester and its neighbourhood, and Mrs. Banks was often called the 'Lancashire novelist,' She received a pension from the civil list in 1895, and died at Dalston on 5 May 1897. Her husband predeceased her on 3 May 1881. A portrait of Mrs. Banks is given in 'Manchester Faces and Places' (iv. 41).
She occasionally lectured, and despite delicate health worked hard throughout her life. Mrs. Banks had a real love of good literature, and took great interest in the Shakespeare tercentenary celebration (1864), on the committee of which her husband was an active and enthusiastic worker. She herself baptised, with water from the Avon, the memorial oak presented by the queen and planted by Samuel Phelps, the actor, on Primrose Hill. Her skill as a designer was considerable; she produced original fancy-work patterns every month for forty-five years.
Other works by Mrs, Banks are: 1. 'Ivy Leaves : a Collection of Poems,' 1844. 2. 'Daisies in the Grass : Songs and Poems ' Twith her husband), 1865. 3, 'Stung to the Quick,' 1867, 3 vols.; 1893. 4, 'Glory: a Wiltshire Story,' 1877, 3 vols.; 1892. 5. 'Ripples and Breakers' (a collection of her later poems), 1878, 1893. 6. 'Caleb Booth's Clerk,' 1878, 3 vols. 7. 'Wooers and Winners: Under the Scars,' 1880, 8 vols. 8. 'More than Coronets,' 1881, 1882, 9. 'Through the Night: Short Stories,' 1882. 10. 'The Watchmaker's Daughter: Short Stories,' 1882. 11. 'Forbidden to Marry,' 1883, 3 vols.; under the title 'Forbidden to Wed,' 1885. 12, 'Sibylla, and other Stories,' 1884, 3 vols. 13. 'In his own Hand,' 1885, 3 vols.; 1887. 14. 'Geoffrey Ollivant's Folly,' 1886, 15. 'A Rough Road,' 1892, 16. 'Bond-slaves,' 1893, 17. 'The Slowly Grinding Mills,' 1893, 3 vols, 18. 'The Bridge of Beauty,' 1894. A uniform edition of the novels was commenced in 1881, but only three volumes were published.
[Manchester Faces and Places, iv. 40 (December 1892); Biograph, 1879, i. 200-7; Manchester Guardian, 6 May 1897; Allibone's Dict. Suppl, i. 87-8; Times, 6 May 1897; Men of the Time, 14th ed. p. 50.]
E. L.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Chaff-Cutter

Edition of 1802.
​Chaff-Cutter. See Straw-Cutter.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Charlock, the Jointed

Edition of 1802.
​Charlock, the Jointed, or White flowered. See Wild Radish.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Charr

Edition of 1802.
​CHARR, the Red, or Case-charr, Salmo alpinus, or umbla minor, a species of fish but seldom found in British lakes, though abundantly in the colder ones of the Lapland Alps. It delights in clear and pure waters, and rarely wanders into running streams.
According to Mr. Pennant, the largest and most beautiful of these fish are caught in the lake of Windermere, Westmoreland. It spawns about Michaelmas, and chiefly in the river Brathay, which forms a confluence with another, called the Rowthay, when both disgorge themselves into the lake. The former has a black rocky bottom; but that of the latter, a bright sand, which is never visited by the charr. These fish are said to be in the highest perfection about May, and to continue so the whole summer, yet are seldom caught after April. In the spawning season, they will take bait, but at no other time, and are commonly caught in breast-nets, about twenty-four fathoms long, and five broad.—They are likewise taken, though in smaller quantities, in lakes or pools at the foot of Mount Snowden, in Wales, where this fish is called torgoch, and esteemed a greater delicacy than the trout.
The flesh of the charr is very red, and, when potted, delicious eating; hence, numbers of them are annually sent to London.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Chewing

Edition of 1802.
​CHEWING, or mastication, is the action of the teeth, by which solid food is broken, and divided into smaller particles: thus, being at the same time mixed with the saliva, it is better prepared for digestion, both on account of its pulpy state, and the solvent nature of the fluids, secreted by the salival glands, during the exertion of the adjacent muscles. Hence it is obvious, that those persons, who are in the habit of swallowing their meals with expedition, and afterwards inundate the stomach with large potations, do themselves a double injury: 1. Because their food passes through the stomach, only half digested—affording but a scanty supply of real nourishment; and 2. Their saliva is, against the order of Nature, constantly determined to other emunctories, so that it will, sooner or later, produce cutaneous, and painful diseases.
Chewing-Ball for horses, a kind of medicated bolus, for restoring ​a proper appetite: it is prepared of asaifœtida, liver of antimony, bay, or juniper-wood, and the pellitory of Spain; which, after being dried in the sun, and wrapped in a strong linen cloth, are fastened to the bit of the bridle, in order to induce the animal to chew the bag. Such balls, it is said, may also be made of Venice treacle, and successfully used for the same purpose. See Ball, p. 152, Horse-balls.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Chickling Vetch

Edition of 1802.
​Chickling Vetch. See Vetch.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Cheese Rennet

Edition of 1802.
​CHEESE RENNET, or Yellow Bed-Straw, Galium verum, L. is a native plant growing on the sides of fields and roads. It has a firm, erect, square stem; short branches, terminating in spikes of small yellow blossoms, appearing in July and August.
The flowers of this plant coagulate boiling milk; and it is, we ​apprehend erroneously, supposed that the best Cheshire cheese is prepared by their influence. When boiled in alum-water, says Dr. Withering, they tinge wool yellow. The roots dye a very fine red, not inferior to madder. They also impart a similar colour to the bones of animals fed upon them. According to the experiments related by Succow, the German chemist, a decoction of the whole plant, when in blossom, on adding vitriol of iron and spirit of salt, produced a fine green colour, which was likewise imparted to wool and silk.
Sheep and goats eat the yellow bed-straw; but it is refused by horses, swine, and cows. In France, the flowers are prescribed in hysteric cases. The juice of the plant has been successfully used in Britain; and, from an account given in the Edinburgh Medical Commentaries, it appears to be an efficacious remedy for the cure of scorbutic complaints.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Chest

Edition of 1802.
​CHEST, in commerce, a kind of measure, which contains an uncertain quantity of various commodities. Thus, a chest of sugar holds from 10 to 15 cwt.; a chest of glass from 2 to 300 cubic feet; of Castile soap, from 2 1/2 to 3 cwt.; of indigo, from 1 1/2 to 2 cwt.; computed at five score to the hundred.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Chick, or Chicken

Edition of 1802.
​CHICK, or CHICKEN, the young of the gallinaceous order of birds, especially of the common hen.
From the importance of this bird, as constituting a delicate and agreeable food, especially to invalids, the means of hatching, and rearing it, have long exercised the ingenuity of speculators. We shall, however, confine our present account to those modes only, which are the most simple, and have been attended with the greatest success.
The manner in which they are hatched in ovens, by the Egyptians, is too well known, to require a detailed description: by this contrivance, six or seven thousand chickens are produced at one time: these, as the spring is uncommonly mild, being indeed much warmer than our summer, will thrive without "clutching." Similar success has attended the experiments of M. Reaumur. In order to remedy the severity of a northern climate, that would have otherwise destroyed the chickens as soon as hatched, he resorted to an expedient, which he called "a woollen hens" namely, he put them in a warm basket, and covered them over carefully with dry animal wool.
Another method of hatching and rearing chickens, we shall extract from the 13th volume of "Dodsley's Annual Register" (for 1770, p. 105, Chronicle). It was laid before a learned society, by a gentleman, to whom a gold medal was awarded for his contrivance.—The chickens should be taken away from the hen, the night after they are hatched, and be re-placed with new eggs, on which she will continue to sit, for a second and third brood. When first removed from the hen, they are to be fed for a fortnight with eggs, boiled hard, chopped fine, and mixed with bread, in the same manner as larks and other birds are reared. After this period, they are to be supplied with oatmeal and treacle, so mixed as to crumble; a food of which the chickens are so fond, and thrive so rapidly, that, at the end of two months, they will be as large as full grown fowls.—We apprehend, however, this ingenious method would render the chickens more expensive, than we can purchase them, in the most extravagant London markets: hence it appears to be calculated only for the curious and speculative epicure. See Egg and Hen.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Armoury

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Armoury The place in which armour was deposited when not used (Neh. 3:19; Jer. 50:25). At first each man of the Hebrews had his own arms, because all went to war. There were no arsenals or magazines for arms till the time of David, who had a large collection of arms, which he consecrated to the Lord in his tabernacle (1 Sa,. 21:9; 2 Sam. 8:7-12; 1 Chr. 26:26, 27).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Arnon

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Arnon, swift, the southern boundary of the territory of Israel beyond Jordan, separating it from the land of Moab (Deut. 3:8, 16). This river (referred to twenty-four times in the Bible) rises in the mountains of Gilead, and after a circuitous course of about 80 miles through a deep ravine it falls into the Dead Sea nearly opposite Engedi. The stream is almost dry in summer. It is now called el-Mujeb. The territory of the Amorites extended from the Arnon to the Jabbok.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Armenia

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Armenia: high land, occurs only in Authorized Version, 2 Kings 19:37; in Revised Version, "Ararat," which is the Hebrew word. A country in western Asia lying between the Caspian and the Black Sea. Here the ark of Noah rested after the Deluge (Genesis 8:4). It is for the most part high table-land, and is watered by the Aras, the Kur, the Euphrates, and the Tigris. Ararat was properly the name of a part of ancient Armenia. Three provinces of Armenia are mentioned in Jeremiah 51:27, Ararat, Minni, and Ashchenaz. Some, however, think Minni a contraction for Armenia. (See ARARAT.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Armour

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Armour: is employed in the English Bible to denote military equipment, both offensive and defensive.

### Offensive

The offensive weapons were different at different periods of history. The "rod of iron" (Psalm 2:9) is supposed to mean a mace or crowbar, an instrument of great power when used by a strong arm. The "maul" (Proverbs 25:18; cognate Hebrew word rendered "battle-axe" in Jeremiah 51:20, and "slaughter weapon" in Ezekiel 9:2) was a war-hammer or martel. The "sword" is the usual translation of hereb, which properly means "poniard." The real sword, as well as the dirk-sword (which was always double-edged), was also used (1 Samuel 17:39; 2 Samuel 20:8; 1 Kings 20:11). The spear was another offensive weapon (Joshua 8:18; 1 Samuel 17:7). The javelin was used by light troops (Numbers 25:7,8; 1 Samuel 13:22). Saul threw a javelin at David (1 Samuel 19:9,10), and so virtually absolved him from his allegiance. The bow was, however, the chief weapon of offence. The arrows were carried in a quiver, the bow being always unbent till the moment of action (Genesis 27:3; 48:22; Psalm 18:34). The sling was a favourite weapon of the Benjamites (1 Samuel 17:40; 1 Chronicles 12:2. Comp. 1 Samuel 25:29).

### Defensive

Of the defensive armour a chief place is assigned to the shield or buckler. There were the great shield or target (the tzinnah), for the protection of the whole person (Genesis 15:1; Psalm 47:9; 1 Samuel 17:7; Proverbs 30:5), and the buckler (Heb. mageen) or small shield (1 Kings 10:17; Ezekiel 26:8). In Psalm 91:4 "buckler" is properly a roundel appropriated to archers or slingers. The helmet (Ezekiel 27:10; 1 Samuel 17:38), a covering for the head; the coat of mail or corselet (1 Samuel 17:5), or habergeon (Nehemiah 4:16), harness or breat-plate (Revelation 9:9), for the covering of the back and breast and both upper arms (Isaiah 59:17; Ephesians 6:14). The cuirass and corselet, composed of leather or quilted cloth, were also for the covering of the body. Greaves, for the covering of the legs, were worn in the time of David (1 Samuel 17:6). Reference is made by Paul (Ephesians 6:14-17) to the panoply of a Roman soldier. The shield here is the thureon, a door-like oblong shield above all, i.e., covering the whole person, not the small round shield. There is no armour for the back, but only for the front.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Army

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Army The Israelites marched out of Egypt in military order (Ex. 13:18, "harnessed;" marg., "five in a rank"). Each tribe formed a battalion, with its own banner and leader (Num. 2:2; 10:14). In war the army was divided into thousands and hundreds under their several captains (Num. 31:14), and also into families (Num. 2:34; 2 Chr. 25:5; 26:12). From the time of their entering the land of Canaan to the time of the kings, the Israelites made little progress in military affairs, although often engaged in warfare. The kings introduced the custom of maintaining a bodyguard (the Gibborim; i.e., "heroes"), and thus the nucleus of a standing army was formed. Saul had an army of 3,000 select warriors (1 Sam. 13:2; 14:52; 24:2). David also had a band of soldiers around him (1 Sam. 23:13; 25:13). To this band he afterwards added the Cherethites and the Pelethites (2 Sam. 15:18; 20:7). At first the army consisted only of infantry (1 Sam. 4:10; 15:4), as the use of horses was prohibited (Deut. 17:16); but chariots and horses were afterwards added (2 Sam. 8:4; 1 Kings 10:26, 28, 29; 1 Kings 9:19). In 1 Kings 9:22 there is given a list of the various gradations of rank held by those who composed the army. The equipment and maintenance of the army were at the public expense (2 Sam. 17:28, 29; 1 Kings 4:27; 10:16, 17; Judg. 20:10). At the Exodus the number of males above twenty years capable of bearing arms was 600,000 (Ex. 12:37). In David's time it mounted to the number of 1,300,000 (2 Sam. 24:9).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Arpad

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Arpad (Isa. 10:9; 36:19; 37:13), also Arphad, support, a Syrian city near Hamath, along with which it is invariably mentioned (2 Kings 19:13; 18:34; Isa. 10:9), and Damascus (Jer. 49:23). After a siege of three years it fell (B.C. 742) before the Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser II. Now Tell Erfud.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Armour-bearer

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Armour-bearer An officer selected by kings and generals because of his bravery, not only to bear their armour, but also to stand by them in the time of danger. They were the adjutants of our modern armies (Judg. 9:54; 1 Sam. 14:7; 16:21; 31:6).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Armoni

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Armoni Inhabitant of a fortress, the first-named of the two sons of Saul and Rizpah. He was delivered up to the Gibeonites by David, and hanged by them (2 Sam. 21:8, 9).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Aroer

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Aroer:Ruins.
(1.) A town on the north bank of the Arnon (Deut. 4:48; Judg. 11:26; 2 Kings 10:33), the southern boundary of the kingdom of Sihon (Josh. 12:2). It is now called Arair, 13 miles west of the Dead Sea.
(2.) One of the towns built by the tribe of Gad (Num. 32:34) "before Rabbah" (Josh. 13:25), the Ammonite capital. It was famous in the history of Jephthah (Judg. 11:33) and of David (2 Sam. 24:5). (Comp. Isa. 17:2; 2 Kings 15:29.)
(3.) A city in the south of Judah, 12 miles south-east of Beersheba, to which David sent presents after recovering the spoil from the Amalekites at Ziklag (1 Sam. 30:26, 28). It was the native city of two of David's warriors (1 Chr. 11:44). It is now called Ar'arah.