OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Epperson v. Arkansas/Concurrence Stewart

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Black Harlan Stewart
Mr. Justice STEWART, concurring in the result.
The States are most assuredly free ‘to choose their own curriculums for their own schools.’ A State is entirely [p116] free, for example, to decide that the only foreign language to be taught in its public school system shall be Spanish. But would a State be constitutionally free to punish a teacher for letting his students know that other languages are also spoken in the world? I think not.
It is one thing for a State to determine that ‘the subject of higher mathematics, or astronomy, or biology’ shall or shall not be included in its public school curriculum. It is quite another thing for a State to make it a criminal offense for a public school teacher so much as to mention the very existence of an entire system of respected human thought. That kind of criminal law, I think, would clearly impinge upon the guarantees of free communication contained in the First Amendment, and made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth.
The Arkansas Supreme Court has said that the statute before us may or may not be just such a law. The result, as Mr. Justice BLACK points out, is that ‘a teacher cannot know whether he is forbidden to mention Darwin's theory at all.’ Since I believe that no State could constitutionally forbid a teacher ‘to mention Darwin's theory at all,’ and since Arkansas may, or may not, have done just that, I conclude that the statute before us is so vague as to be invalid under the Fourteenth Amendment. See Cramp v. Board of Pub. Instruction, 368 U.S. 278, 82 S.Ct. 275, 7 L.Ed.2d 285.
# Epton v. New York

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Concurring Opinion

    Stewart

## Dissenting Opinion

    Douglas
United States Supreme Court
390 U.S. 29
Epton v. New York
On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Court of Appeals of New York
No. 502, Misc. Argued: N/A --- Decided: January 22, 1968
19 N.Y. 2d 496, 227 N.E. 829, certiorari denied in No. 502, Misc.; and appeal dismissed in No. 771, Misc.
Eleanor Jackson Piel for petitioner in No. 502, Misc., and for appellant in No. 771, Misc.
Frank S. Hogan, H. Richard Uviller and Michael Juviler for respondent in No. 502, Misc., and for appellee in No. 771, Misc.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

* ↑ Together with No. 771, Misc., Epton v. New York, on appeal from the same court.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Pound (disambiguation)

See also Pound (disambiguation) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
In the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, pound may refer to:
* Pound, a structure for restraining stray animals.
* Pound, a weight.
* Pound, the money of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Portland (Oregon)

See also Portland, Oregon on Wikipedia; the 11th edition; and the disclaimer. Written by G. H. Atkinson.
​PORTLAND, the largest city of Oregon, in the United States, the capital of Multnomah county and the seat of the United States courts for Oregon, is situated at the head of ship navigation (river craft ascend 126 miles farther) on the west bank of the Willamette, 12 miles above its junction with the Columbia river and about 120 from the ocean. It is a well-built and rapidly-growing city, laid out on a piece of level ground gradually rising from the river bank, and enclosed on the west by a semi-circle of fir-clad hills. Except in the business parts, the streets, which are remarkably well kept, are planted with maple trees; and a park about 200 feet broad runs through nearly the whole length of the city from north to south. Besides the schools, several of which are especially noteworthy, the public buildings comprise a county courthouse, a United States custom-house and post-office, three public halls, three theatres, and spacious markets. In 1883 no less than $4,039,100 were expended on building enterprises, $2,000,000 of this sum being for business and manufacturing establishments. Portland is the natural centre of the rapidly developing railway system of Oregon and the neighbouring Territories (see Oregon, vol. xvii. p. 824). It is the terminus of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company's system, which forms the connecting link with tide water of the Northern Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads, thus making Portland virtually the Pacific coast terminus of these two transcontinental lines. Vessels drawing from 19 to 21 feet of water can load at its wharves, and, though it is still dependent on San Francisco for a large proportion of its foreign supplies, it trades directly with Great Britain, China, the Sandwich Islands, the South-American republics, &c. Wheat, flour, tinned salmon, and lumber are the principal articles of export. In 1883 the value of the exports amounted to $10,984,963 and that of the imports to $27,668,787. The manufacturing establishments—foundries, saw-mills, breweries, soap-works, boot and shoe factories, &c.—had in 1883 an aggregate production valued at $11,423,000, or an increase on the production in 1880 of $8,521,000. The valuation of property for the purposes of taxation was $9,622,750 in 1877 and $19,397,750 in 1883. The population, which was only 2874 in 1860 and 8293 in 1870, had increased by 1880 to 17,577, or, including the suburban city of East Portland, 20,511; and it is estimated that the present (1884) total is about 40,000. A separate district is inhabited by the Chinese, who number several hundreds.
Portland was laid out in 1845, and became a city in 1851. In December 1872 it was visited by a destructive fire, and it had hardly ​recovered when, on 2d August 1873, a more disastrous conflagration destroyed about twenty blocks in one of the most crowded parts of the city, and caused a total loss of 1,345,400.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Poppy Oil

See also Poppyseed oil on Wikipedia; Poppyseed oil on Wikipedia; Poppy Oil in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
POPPY OIL is obtained by pressure from the minute seeds of the garden or opium poppy, Papaver somniferum (see Opium, vol. xvii. p. 787). The white-seeded and black-seeded varieties are both used for oil-pressing; but, when the production of oil is the principal object of the culture, the black seed is usually preferred. The qualities of the oil yielded by both varieties and the proportion they contain (from 50 to 60 per cent.) are the same. By cold pressure seeds of fine quality yield from 30 to 40 per cent. of virgin or white oil (huile blanche), a transparent limpid fluid with a slight yellowish tinge, bland and pleasant to taste, and with almost no perceptible smell. On second pressure with the aid of heat an additional 20 to 25 per cent. of inferior oil (huile de fabrique or huile russe) is obtained, reddish in colour, possessed of a biting taste, and a linseed-like smell. The oil belongs to the linoleic or drying series, having as its principal constituent linolein; and it possesses greater drying power than raw linseed oil. Its specific gravity at 15° C. is 0·925; it remains limpid at −15° C., but forms a thick white mass at −20° C., which does not again become fluid till the temperature rises to −2° C. Poppy oil is a valuable and much used medium for artistic oil painting. The fine qualities are largely used in the north of France (huile de œillette) and in Germany as a salad oil, and are less liable than olive oil to rancidity. The absence of taste and characteristic smell in poppy oil also leads to its being much used for adulterating olive oil. The inferior qualities are principally consumed in soap-making and varnish-making, and for burning in lamps. The oil is very extensively used in the valley of the Ganges and other opium regions for food and domestic purposes. By native methods in India about 30 per cent. of oil is extracted, and the remaining oleaginous cake is used as food by the poor. Ordinary poppy-oil cake is a valuable feeding material, rich in nitrogenous constituents, with an ash showing an unusually large proportion of phosphoric acid. The seed of the yellow horned poppy, Glaucium luteum, yields from 30 to 35 per cent. of an oil having the same drying and other properties as poppy oil; and from the Mexican poppy, Argemone mexicana, is obtained a non-drying purgative oil useful as a lubricant and for burning.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Port au Prince

See also Port-au-Prince on Wikipedia; Port-au-Prince on Wikipedia, Port au Prince in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
See Edgar La Selve (professor in the Port au Prince lyceum), in Tour du Monde, 1879, and Spenser St John, Hayti, or the Black Republic, 1884.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Pound

See also Animal shelter on Wikipedia; Animal pound and Animal shelter at Wikipedia; Pound in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer. For other senses of "pound" in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., see Pound (disambiguation).
POUND, an enclosure in which cattle or other animals found straying are retained until they are redeemed by the owners, or when taken in distraint until replevined, such retention being in the nature of a pledge or security to compel the performance of satisfaction for debt or damage done. A pound belongs to the township or village and should be kept in repair by the parish. The pound-keeper is obliged to receive everything offered to his custody and is not answerable if the thing offered be illegally impounded. By the statute 1 and 2 Phil. and Mary c. 12 (1554), no distress of cattle can be driven out of the hundred where taken unless to a pound within 3 miles of the place of seizure. Where cattle are impounded the impounder is bound to supply them with sufficient food and water (12 and 13 Vict. c. 92, and 17 and 18 Vict. c. 60); any person, moreover, is authorized to enter a place where animals are impounded without food and water more than twelve hours and supply them without being liable to an action for such entry, and the cost of such food is to be paid by the owner of the animal before it is removed. The statute 2 Will. and Mary, sess. 1 c. 5 (1690), gives treble damages and costs against persons guilty of pound breach; and by 6 and 7 Vict. c. 30 (1843) persons releasing or attempting to release cattle impounded or damaging any pound are liable to a fine not exceeding £5, awardable to the person on whose behalf the cattle were distrained, with imprisonment with hard labour not exceeding three months in default. In the old law books a distinction is drawn between a common pound, an open pound, and a close pound; these terms have now, however, lost much of, if not all, their significance. By statute 11 Geo. II. c. 19 (1738), which was passed for the benefit of landlords, any person distraining for rent may turn any part of the premises upon which a distress is taken into a pound pro hac vice for securing of such distress.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Poppæa Sabina

See also Poppaea Sabina on Wikipedia; Poppaea Sabina on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
POPPÆA SABINA. See Nero.
# Enough Rope/Philosophy

Philosophy
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# Enough Rope/Part 1

PART ONE
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# Enough Rope/Paths

Paths
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# Enough Rope/Observation

Observation
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# Enough Rope/One Perfect Rose

One Perfect Rose
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# Enough Rope/Pattern

Pattern
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# Enough Rope/Part 2

PART TWO
Layout 2
# Enough Rope/Pictures in the Smoke

Pictures in the Smoke
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# Enough Rope/Nocturne

Nocturne
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# Enough Rope/Now at Liberty

Now at Liberty
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# Executive Order 1205

more info.
Amends Executive Order 1195, April 26, 1910.
Signed by President William H. Taft Friday, May 13, 1910
General Orders, No. 103, War Dept., June 6, 1910
It is hereby ordered that the executive order of April 26, 1910, reserving a tract of public land, situate at Beaver Dam, Alaska, for the use of the Signal Corps, United States Army, in the operation and maintenance of military telegraph lines in Alaska, be, and the same is hereby, amended so as to give the latitude and longitude of said reserved tract, respectively, as follows: Latitude, 61° 13′; longitude, 145° 28′.
The White House,
    May 13, 1910.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 12019

more info.
See the Notes section for a listing of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Jimmy Carter Thursday, November 3, 1977
Federal Register page & date: 42 FR 57945, Monday, November 7, 1977
Executive Order 12019 of November 3, 1977
Establishing the Defense Meritorious Service Medal
By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States of America, and as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, it is hereby ordered as follows:

#### Section 1.

There is hereby established a Defense Meritorious Service Medal, with accompanying ribbons and appurtenances, for award by the Secretary of Defense to any member of the Armed Forces of the United States who has rendered outstanding non-combat meritorious achievement or service while assigned to the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a specified or unified command, a Defense agency, or other such joint activity as may be designated by the Secretary of Defense.

#### Sec. 2.

The Defense Meritorious Service Medal, with accompanying ribbons and appurtenances, shall be of appropriate design approved by the Secretary of Defense and shall be awarded under such regulations as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe. These regulations shall place the Defense Meritorious Service Medal in an order of precedence after the Medal of Honor, the Distinguished Service Cross, the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the Distinguished Service Medal, the Silver Star Medal, the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit Medal, and the Bronze Star Medal, but before the Meritorious Service Medal.

#### Sec. 3.

No more than one Defense Meritorious Service Medal shall be awarded to any one person, but for each succeeding outstanding meritorious achievement or service justifying such an award a suitable device to be worn with that medal may be awarded under such regulations as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe.

#### Sec. 4.

The Defense Meritorious Service Medal or device may be awarded posthumously and, when so awarded, may be presented to such representative of the deceased as may be deemed appropriate by the Secretary of Defense.

## Notes

Shortcut: WS:USEO
Amended by:
* Executive Order 13666, April 18, 2014
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1202

more info.
Signed by President William H. Taft Friday, May 6, 1910
1910 CSR 110
The engineers detailed by the French Government to observe certain public works in the United States may be employed as junior engineers in the Engineer Department at Large, without examination under civil-service rules.
The White House,
    May 6, 1910.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1203

more info.
Signed by President William H. Taft Wednesday, May 11, 1910
1910 CSR 113
Miss Helen M. Bullis may be appointed special inspectress in the Immigration Service, Department of Commerce and Labor, without examination under the civil-service rules.
The White House,
    May 11, 1910.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1204

more info.
Signed by President William H. Taft Thursday, May 12, 1910
1910 CSR 113
Henry Suberkrup may be appointed to the position of guard to act as musical instructor to the prisoners at the United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth, Kans., without examination under the civil-service rules, in view of the Attorney General's report of the desirability of undertaking the musical instruction of prisoners at that institution and of Mr. Suberkrup's availability and fitness for the position, the Civil Service Commission concurring.
The White House,
    May 12, 1910.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# European Treaties bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648/Preface

PREFACE
The colonial dependence of the American settlements upon various European governments brings it about, as a necessary consequence, that several of the treaties between European governments, and several of the bulls issued by the popes in virtue of their powers of international regulation, are fundamental documents for some of the earlier portions of American history. Other treaties, or individual articles in treaties, of the period before independence, though not of fundamental importance to that history, have affected it in greater or less degree. In the period since the United States became independent, though the treaties most important to their history have been those made by their own government, not a few of the treaties concluded between European powers have had an influential bearing on the course of their development and their public action.
Taken altogether, therefore, European treaties, and the earlier papal bulls, form an important portion of the original material for American history. Yet access to authentic and exact texts of them is far from easy. In a few cases, as the researches made for this volume have shown, they do not exist in print. Of those which have been printed, there are many which the student cannot possess except by buying several large and expensive series of volumes; and there are some which, though existing in print, are not to be found in these series, but in volumes which have escaped the attention of most students of American history.
In view of these considerations, it was a natural thought, to a department of historical research in an endowed institution, to serve the interests of historical scholars and of libraries by bringing together in one collection those treaties and parts of treaties, between European powers, which have a bearing on the history of the United States and of the lands now within their area or under their government as dependencies. Of this task, the first-fruits are presented in this volume, extending through the Treaty of Westphalia, 1648. The second volume, embracing treaties from that date to 1713, the date of the Treaties of Utrecht, is in preparation.
Extraordinary pains have been taken by Dr. Davenport to find, in European archives, all the treaties and articles which her volume, as defined in her introduction, ought to contain, and to secure perfect accuracy in texts. The index has been made by Mr. David M. Matteson.
J. Franklin Jameson.
Washington, October 13, 1917.
# Executive Order 1768

more info.
Signed by President Woodrow Wilson Wednesday, April 23, 1913
1913 CSR 115
Schedule B of the civil-service rules specifying classified positions which may be filled upon noncompetitive examination is hereby amended by adding at the end thereof under part II, Interstate Commerce Commission, a new section to be numbered 3, as follows:
The White House
       April 23, 1913.

## Notes
### Amends

* Executive Order 1180, March 23, 1910
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 176

more info.
Amends Executive Order 89, May 6, 1896. Revoked by Executive Order 204, February 19, 1903.
Signed by President Theodore Roosevelt Saturday, June 28, 1902
Section 1 of Rule V is hereby amended by adding thereto the following as a proviso:
    Provided, That in order to secure a sufficient number of eligibles to meet the needs of the service, foreign-born persons who have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States may be admitted to examinations for the position of copperplate map engraver.
Approved.
White House,
    June 23, 1902.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1776

more info.
Signed by President Woodrow Wilson Wednesday, May 7, 1913
1913 CSR 115; 1914 CSR 113
The Executive orders of November 30, 1908, and October 15, 1912, bringing the positions of postmaster of the fourth class into the competitive classified service, are hereby amended by adding thereto the following:
No person occupying the position of postmaster of the fourth class shall be given a competitive classified status under the provisions of said orders unless he has been appointed as a result of open competitive examination, or under the regulations of November 25, 1912, or of January 20, 1909, or until he is so appointed.
At any post office of the fourth class where the present postmaster was appointed otherwise than as above set forth, appointment shall be made in accordance with the regulations approved November 25, 1912, as amended this date; and for this purpose the Civil Service Commission shall hold an open competitive examination for each such office having an annual compensation of as much as $180, such examinations for all such post offices to be held by States as requested by the Postmaster General; provided that in the event that for any such examination less than three persons apply, the Civil Service Commission may in its discretion authorize selection in accordance with the provisions of the regulations as amended this date governing selections for appointment to offices having annual compensation of less than $180; and in like manner the regulations of November 25, 1912, as amended this date, shall be applied to each office where the annual compensation is less than $180 and where the present incumbent was appointed otherwise than as above set forth.
The White House
       May 7, 1913.

## Notes
### Amends

* Executive Order 983, November 30, 1908
* Executive Order 1624, October 15, 1912

### Amended by

* Executive Order 2119, January 12, 1915
* Executive Order 2384, May 22, 1916

### Revoked by

* Executive Order 10869, March 9, 1960

### See related

* Executive Order 1778, May 7, 1913
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1777

more info.
Signed by President Woodrow Wilson Wednesday, May 7, 1913
1913 CSR 113
The list of classified positions excepted from examination under civil-service Rule II, clause 3, is hereby amended so as to omit the position of chief post-office inspector in the Post Office Department.
The White House
       May 7, 1913.

## Notes
### Revokes

* Executive Order 1151, January 4, 1910
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse