OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Washington (Indiana)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​WASHINGTON, a city of Indiana, the county-seat of Daviess co. It is on the Evansville and Indianapolis, and the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern railroads. Its industries include the manufacture of lumber, flour, plows, etc. It has the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern railroad shops. Pop. (1910) 7,854; (1920) 8,743.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/New York University

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, a coeducational non-sectarian institution in New York City; founded in 1831; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 518; students, 9,765; volumes in the library, 142,000; productive funds, ​$1,200,000; income, $762,192; number of graduates, 26,154; president, Elmer Ellsworth Brown, LL. D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/New York Barge Canal

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NEW YORK BARGE CANAL, a gigantic engineering construction, which connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. The term canal is employed in a more extended sense than usual, as it includes not only the artificially created waterway, but the intervening lakes and rivers which are utilized as links in the system.
There are four main branches of the canal, the largest or Erie branch, which, starting at Buffalo, extends across New York State until it joins the Hudson; the Oswego branch which extends from midway on the line of the Erie to Lake Ontario; the Champlain, running from the head of Lake Champlain and tapping the eastern terminus of the Erie, and the Cayuga and Seneca, which extends from the Erie to the lakes of those names.
The Barge Canal is really an enormous development of the old Erie Canal, the usefulness of which had been steadily dwindling because of its lack of adaptation to the demands of modern commerce. Various measures for its improvement proved simply makeshifts. The locks, for instance, were lengthened in 1884, but this measure was inadequate to solve the problem. The first radical step in the line of recasting the whole system was taken in 1894, by an article of the Constitutional Convention held in that year, submitting to the people a proposition for its enlargement. It was found, however, that this was like sewing new cloth on an old garment, and in 1900 the whole matter was taken up in earnest, and after overcoming determined opposition an expenditure of $101,000,000 for the canal was authorized in 1903 by a popular vote. Actual construction was not under way, however, until 1905, and in the interval since that date many additional millions have been required to bring the work to completion.
The entire length of the Barge Canal is 801.3 miles. Of this, 358.7 miles is made up of the lakes and rivers along its course, and 442.6 miles represent artificial construction. The dimensions of the canal, although the minimum size is fixed by law, vary considerably. The artificial channel is 75 feet wide at bottom and 123 to 171 feet wide at the surface. The width is from 150 to 200 feet in the natural waterways. The depth is 12 feet.
The operation of the locks is electrical. The locks are built of concrete, both sides and floor, except where natural rock makes this unnecessary. Terminal and dockage facilities are located at more than fifty points along the canal, and legislation has been adopted that secures connection at desired places between the canal and adjacent railway lines. How important this gigantic waterway promises to prove to the public is indicated by the fact that three-fourths of the population of the State, whose products demand transportation, live within half an hour's walk of the Barge Canal system. The total cost exceeds $140,000,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Newark (New York)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
NEWARK, a village of New York in Wayne co., 30 miles S. E. of Rochester. It is situated on the State barge canal and on the New York Central, West Shore, and Pennsylvania railroads. It
is the center of a productive agricultural region. Its chief industries are fruit preserving and nursery products. There are also manufactories of paper boxes, wagons, automobile wheels, etc. It contains a public library and a State Asylum for Feeble-Minded. Newark was the home of the Fox sisters, from whose performances grew modern spiritualism. Pop. (1910) 6,227; (1920) 6,964.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Newark (New Jersey)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
NEWARK, the largest city of New Jersey, and the county-seat of Essex co. It is on Newark Bay and extends to the mouth of the Passaic river. It is on the Pennsylvania, the Lehigh Valley, Central of New Jersey, Lackawanna, and the Erie railroads. The city has an area of about 24 miles. Surrounding it are a number of smaller suburban communities, including Belleville, Bloomfield, Montclair, the Oranges, Harrison, Irvington, and others. These are all connected with the city by trolley and steam railway lines. The city is pre-eminently a manufacturing center. There were in 1920 over 2,300 manufacturing establishments. The total capital invested in manufacturing was over $275,000,000. There were nearly 125,000 operatives employed. The total value of the raw material used in 1918 was $230,000,000 and the value of the finished product was $375,000,000. There were over 250 distinct lines of manufacture represented. In 1910 Newark ranked eleventh in the cities of the United States and in aggregate value of manufactured products. It is the chief city for the manufacture of fine jewelry in the United States. It produces the largest and best grades of leather for shoes, carriages, and upholstery. The first malleable iron produced was manufactured in Newark. Among the chief manufactures in addition to those mentioned are cut glass, celluloid, patent leather, chemicals, paints and varnish, and foundry products. Newark is a great insurance center. It has three large important insurance companies, which had a total income in 1918 of $252,542,844. There were in 1918 nine National banks, one city bank, 10 trust companies, 5 savings institutions. There were over 150,000 depositors in the savings banks. The total bank clearings in 1918 amounted to $950,000,000. There are 28 city banks and 6 county banks within the city limits. It has an excellent system of public schools. There were in 1918 67 of these. The value of school property was about $12,000,000. The number of pupils enrolled in the schools constituted 75,000. In addition there were 26 parish schools and 7 private schools. The water supply of the city is taken from the Pequanac river in the north Jersey hills. There are excellent hospital facilities in the city. Among the notable buildings are the home buildings of the life and fire insurance companies, banks, city buildings and a large number of handsome private residences. Newark is administered by the commission form of government which was brought about by referendum on Oct. 9, 1917. The city was first settled in 1666 by a number of Congregationalists from Connecticut. Pop. (1910) 347,469; (1920) 414,524.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Newbern

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
NEWBERN, a city, port of entry, and county-seat of Craven co., N. C.; at the junction of the Neuse and Trent rivers; and on the Atlantic Coast Line and the Norfolk Southern railroads; 108 miles E. S. E. of Raleigh. It has steamship communication with Norfolk, Baltimore, and New York. Here are a public library, and several National and State banks. The city exports fish, cotton, turpentine, lumber, vegetables, and naval stores. It has grist and sawmills, turpentine distilleries, carriage and tobacco factories, manufactories of agricultural implements, etc. During the early part of the Civil War Newborn was strongly fortified by the Confederates, but on March 14, 1862, it fell into the hands of General Bumside, after a sharp action. Pop. (1910) 9,901; (1920) 12,198.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/New York, College of the City of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NEW YORK, COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF, a college maintained by the city of New York in exactly the same manner as the various State colleges are supported by the States. The State Legislature granted to the Board of Education of New York City power to establish the college in 1847, although it was called at that time the Free Academy, and was not granted the power to confer collegiate degrees until 1854. The institution is situated on 137th Street on Washington Heights. The present buildings were erected in 1907, and together constitute one of the finest groups of public buildings to be found in the city. In 1911 Mr. Adolph Lewisohn gave the college a large stadium, which is used for athletic purposes and also for large public celebrations. Outside of this benefaction the college buildings were entirely paid for by the taxpayers of New York City.
The institution has no professional schools and no graduate department, but simply the arts and science course. In this it is in marked contrast to the State University. Two degrees are granted, each in accordance with the type of course chosen by the student, either Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science. The college also maintains a preparatory school, and night schools for teachers and others who cannot attend regular college classes. In 1919 students numbered 10,763, and faculty 270. In December, 1914, Dr. Sidney E. Mezes, President of the University of Texas, was made President of the college.
©Ewing Galloway :
COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, LOOKING THROUGH THE GATE FROM AMSTERDAM AVENUE :
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/New York Public Library

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY, a library formed by the consolidation in 1895 of the Astor Library, the Lenox Library, and the Tilden Trust. The Astor Library was incorporated in 1849 by John Jacob Astor, who bequeathed $400,000 to establish a Free Public Library. Other gifts at various times increased the endowment of the library to about $1,000,000 at the time of the consolidation. The Lenox Library was incorporated in 1870. It was composed chiefly of the library of James Lenox, which had an endowment of about $500,000. The Tilden Trust was incorporated in 1887 and was comprised of the private library of Samuel Jones Tilden, who left to it the bulk of his estate amounting to about $2,000,000. The new building was erected at the corner of 5th Avenue and 42d Street, and was begun in 1902 and completed in 1911. It is the second largest library in the United States, Congressional Library being the first, Boston the third. In 1900 the New York Free Circulating Library was consolidated with the New York Public Library and a number of smaller libraries were united with the New York Public Library. In 1901 Andrew Carnegie made available about $5,000,000 for the construction of branch libraries throughout the city. The library contained in 1920 2,639,129 bound volumes. Branches are maintained in all parts of the city.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Newark (Ohio)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
NEWARK, a city and county-seat of Licking co., O.; at the junction of three branches of the Licking river, on the Ohio canal, and on the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis, the Baltimore and Ohio and electric railroads; 33 miles N. E. of Columbus. In the vicinity are petroleum refineries, coal mines, and sandstone quarries. The city contains railroad car shops, machine, stove, boiler, and other industrial plants, and glassworks. Pop. (1910) 25,404; (1920) 26,718.
# Crime and Punishment/Part III

PART III
# Crime and Punishment/Part II

PART II
# Constitution of the United States of America/Annotated/Introduction/Lower Court Rulings

Online at https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/intro.4-4-2/ALDE_00000018/
From time to time, lower court rulings on constitutional law are widely recognized by constitutional scholars to have had a lasting influence on interpretations of the Constitution, perhaps even coming to be adopted or relied upon by the Supreme Court. Examples of influential lower court rulings include Judge Learned Hand’s opinion on the First Amendment and incitement in Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten, and Judge Frank Easterbrook’s opinion on the First Amendment and prohibitions on certain sexually explicit material in American Booksellers Ass’n, Inc. v. Hudnut. Such influential lower court rulings, which may include opinions by future or retired Supreme Court Justices, are included in the Constitution Annotated.

## References in the original work

* ↑ See 244 F. 535 (S.D.N.Y. 1917), rev’d, 246 F. 24 (2d Cir. 1917).
* ↑ See 771 F.2d 323 (7th Cir. 1985), aff’d sub nom., 475 U.S. 1001 (1986).
* ↑ See, e.g., McAuliffe v. City of New Bedford, 29 N.E. 517 (1892) (Holmes, J.) (discussing the constitutional rights of public employees); Hayburn’s Case, 2 U.S. (Dall.) 409, 410 n.2 (1792) (discussing the circuit court rulings issued by Members of the Supreme Court).
# Constitution of the United States of America/Annotated/Introduction/Introductory Materials in the Constitution Annotated

Online at https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/intro.5-2/ALDE_00000022/
This part of the Constitution Annotated includes broad introductory essays covering historical background, providing authorization information, addressing ratification and overarching constitutional issues, and more. A few key introductory essays are summarized below:
* Historical Note on the Adoption of the Constitution. This essay provides a brief introduction to the formation of the U.S. Constitution. It discusses the general rationales for the Nation’s Founding document and how the Constitution was drafted, introducing readers to historical themes discussed in various places throughout the document. More detailed background on individual clauses of the Constitution is provided within the essays on individual articles and amendments.
* Basic Principles Underlying the Constitution. These essays introduce basic themes and concepts that commonly arise in constitutional interpretation, regardless of the particular question. Specifically, the essays discuss the threshold question of what agents of the government interpret the Constitution before addressing federalism, separation of powers, and individual rights. By providing insights into these common issues, which recur in later essays, the Constitution Annotated can avoid both omitting such critical, overarching concepts from specific annotations and repeating introductory discussions of these concepts at each point where they are mentioned.
* Ways to Interpret the Constitution. These essays describe current, widely accepted modes of constitutional interpretation. They are intended to introduce readers to the different methods that courts and other commentators may apply when construing the Constitution, such as originalism, textualism, and common-law constitutionalism. By providing readers with a basic understanding of key approaches to reading the Constitution, these essays help inform the more specific discussions of individual articles and amendments that follow.

## References in the original work

* ↑ Intro.6.1 Continental Congress and Adoption of the Articles of Confederation.
* ↑ Intro.7.1 Overview of Basic Principles Underlying the Constitution to Intro.7.5 Interpreters of the Constitution
* ↑ Intro.8.1 Interpreting the Constitution Generally to Intro.8.9 Historical Practices and Constitutional Interpretation
# Constitution of the United States of America/Annotated/Introduction/Information Included in the Constitution Annotated

Online at https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/intro.4-2/ALDE_00000003/
One key aspect of the methodology for the Constitution Annotated is its criteria for determining what source materials are to be considered in drafting its annotations. Lacking such criteria, the Constitution Annotated would risk being inconsistent in its treatment of particular topics, thereby undermining its overall goal of providing objective, comprehensive, coherent, accessible, and authoritative information about how the Constitution has been construed. The following essays explain the overarching rules for determining when to incorporate particular types of sources within the Constitution Annotated.
# Corneli v. Moore Ghio

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
257 U.S. 491
Corneli v. Moore Ghio
Argued: Dec. 15, 1921, --- Decided: Jan 30, 1922
Suits by Charles Corneli against George H. Moore, Collector of Internal Revenue, by George J. Ghio against George H. Moore, Collector of Internal Revenue, by William H. Bryan against Joshua W. Miles, Collector of Internal Revenue for the District of Maryland, and another, and by Walter A. Eastes against George F. Crutchley, Collector of Internal Revenue for the Sixth District of Missouri, and others. From a decree in each case dismissing the bill, each plaintiff appeals. Affirmed.
Messrs. Elliott W. Major and Glendy B. Arnold, both of St. Louis, Mo., for appellants Corneli, Ghio, and Eastes.
Mr. Julian S. Jones, of Baltimore, Md., for appellant Bryan.
Mr. Solicitor General Beck, of Washington, D. C., and Mrs. Mabel Walker Willebrandt, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellees.
[Argument of Counsel from page 492 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice McKENNA delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cornell Steamboat Company v. Coughlin/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
274 U.S. 751
Cornell Steamboat Company v. Coughlin
Messrs. Horace L. Cheyney and P. M. Brown, both of New York City, for respondents Goldrick and others.
Messrs. Leo J. Curren and George V. A. McCloskey, both of New York City, for respondent Coughlin.
Mr. Mark Ash, of New York City, for respondent Empire Brick & Supply Co.
Petition for a writ of certiorari to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit denied.

## Notes

* ↑ No opinion filed in the Circuit Court of Appeals.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cornelius v. Kessel

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
128 U.S. 456
Cornelius v. Kessel
Conrad Krez, for plaintiff in error.
FIELD, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cornell Steamboat Company v. Phcenix Construction Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
233 U.S. 593
Cornell Steamboat Company v. Phcenix Construction Company
Argued: April 27, 1914. --- Decided: May 11, 1914
Mr. E. Crosby Kindleberger for defendant in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 593-595 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Chief Justice White delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cornell Steamboat Company v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
321 U.S. 634
Cornell Steamboat Company v. United States
Argued: March 1, 2, 1944. --- Decided: April 3, 1944
Mr. Robert S. Erskine, of New York City, for appellant.
Mr. Robert L. Pierce, of Washington, D.C., for appellees United States and Interstate Commerce Commission.
Mr. Christopher E. Heckman, of New York City, for appellee National Water Carriers Ass'n, Inc.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cornell Steamboat Company v. Coughlin

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
274 U.S. 751
Cornell Steamboat Company v. Coughlin
Messrs. Robert S. Erskine and John M. Woolsey, both of New York City, for petitioner.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collins v. Hardyman

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Burton
United States Supreme Court
341 U.S. 651
Collins v. Hardyman
Argued: Jan. 8, 9, 1951. --- Decided: June 4, 1951
Mr. Aubrey N. Irwin, Glendale, Cal., for petitioners.
Messrs. A. L. Wirin, Loren Miller, Los Angeles, Cal., for respondents.
Mr. Justice JACKSON delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collins v. Loisel (259 U.S. 309)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
259 U.S. 309
Collins v. Loisel
Argued: April 28, 1922. --- Decided: May 29, 1922
Messrs. Guion Miller and Edgar Allan Poe, both of Baltimore, Md., for appellant.
Mr. Robert H. Marr, of New Orleans, La., for appellee.
Mr. Justice BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collins v. Gilbert

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
94 U.S. 753
Collins v. Gilbert
ERROR to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Western District of Pennsylvania.
This suit was brought by Gilbert & Gay against Thomas Collins upon his acceptance of a certain draft for $8,000, drawn by P. F. Collins & Co., to their own order, and by them indorsed in blank.
The firm of P. F. Collins & Co. consisted of P. F. Collins and John M. Moorhead, who were, as sub-contractors, engaged in grading seven miles of the Connecticut Western Railroad, then in process of construction. The contractor with the railroad company was one Barnes, who was to pay them monthly for work done, less fifteen per cent, retained to secure the proper completion of their contract with him; but they were unable to proceed with the work unless he advanced the retained percentage. He agreed to do so, if they would give him as security for their execution of the contract, to be held by him for that purpose, an acceptance of Thomas Collins to the amount of $8,000.
The draft accepted by him was accordingly given to Barnes, for whom it was discounted by the plaintiffs. The jury found for the plaintiffs; and judgment having been rendered upon the verdict, the case was brought here.
The errors assigned are grounded upon the exclusion by the court below of certain evidence offered by Collins, a statement of which is given in the opinion of the court.
Argued by Mr. Richard T. Merrick for the plaintiff in error, and by Mr. Hill Burgwin for the defendants in error.
MR. JUSTICE CLIFFORD delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse