OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New York Times/1894/2/26/Alexander Isaac Cotheal obituary

From The New York Times, Feb. 26, 1894
Alexander Isaac Cotheal, an old resident of New-York, died at his residence, 62 West Thirty-sixth Street, yesterday morning. Mr. Cotheal was born in this city Nov. 5, 1804. He was educated here, and resided in the city all his life.
He was the eldest son of the late Henry Cotheal, a New-York merchant and the last male descendant of an old family. His grandfather was Isaac Cotheal of Revolutionary fame.
Mr. Cotheal was unmarried. Two sisters, widows, survive him—Mrs. Samuel Lawrence and Mrs. James R. Swords—who lived with him. He had seen the growth of New-York from the Battery to its present development.
At the age of twenty-one he entered the counting house of his father and uncle, at that time a well-known shipping firm. He retired from business early in life, however, and devoted himself to literary and scientific pursuits. He was a persistent student.
Mr. Cotheal was a member of various societies, social, literary, and scientific. He was a Director in the American Oriental Society, one of the founders of the American Geological Society, and President of the American Ethnological Society. He also filled various offices in the St. Nicholas Society, and at his death was the oldest member.
Mr. Cotheal was the author of "A Sketch of the the [sic!] Language of the Musquito Indian," and a translation of the rare Arabic text of "Attaff the Generous." He was a great student of Oriental languages.
In 1852, he made a visit to Nicaragua, and in 1871 was appointed Consul General of Nicaragua in the United States, which office he held at the time of his death. He was a life-long member of Trinity Parish, having attended originally St. Paul's Chapel, and latterly Trinity Chapel.
The funeral will be held from the residence Wednesday morning. There will be services in Trinity Chapel, and the burial will be in Trinity Cemetery.
# The New York Times/1894

Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New York Times/1894/
# The New International Encyclopædia/Concomitance

Edition of 1905. See also Concomitance (doctrine) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CONCOM′ITANCE (ML. concomitancia, from Lat. concomitari, to accompany, from com-, together + comitari, to accompany, from comes, companion), Sacramental. In the Roman Catholic Church, a term which implies that the body and blood of Christ, sacramentally, accompany each other, so that under either form, whether wine or bread, both are sacramentally received. Hence the laity in that communion, although they are not permitted to take the cup, still are held to receive Christ's body and blood.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Concone, Giuseppe

Edition of 1905. See also Giuseppe Concone on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CONCONE, kṓn-kō′nắ, Giuseppe (1810-61). An Italian vocal teacher, born in Turin. He is widely known for his vocal exercises—solfeggi and vocalizzi—which are unusually attractive for works of their kind, and at the same time excellent for their special purpose. For about ten years Concone resided in Paris as a teacher. Returning to Turin in 1848, he was at the time of his death organist and choirmaster of the Court choir.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Comstock, Theodore Bryant

Edition of 1905. See also Theodore B. Comstock on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COMSTOCK, Theodore Bryant (1849-1901). An American geologist, born at Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. He graduated at the Pennsylvania State College in 1868, and at Cornell in 1870, and in 1873 accompanied Capt. W. A. Jones's Wyoming and Yellowstone Park expedition as geologist. From 1875 to 1879 he was professor of geology and paleontology at Cornell, where he established the department of economic geology. He acted in 1879-84 as general manager of a mining company at Silverton, Cal., and from 1884 to 1889 occupied the chair of mining engineering and physics at the University of Illinois. He was assistant State Geologist of Texas in 1889-91; in the latter year founded the Arizona School of Mines, which he directed until 1895, and from 1893 to 1895 was president of the University of Arizona. In 1886 he was elected secretary of the geological and geographical section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He published an Outline of General Geology (1878); Classification of Rocks (1877); and other works.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Concomitant Variation, Method of

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ CONCOM′ITANT VARIATION, Method of. See Induction.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Comstock Lode

Edition of 1905. See also Comstock Lode on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COMSTOCK LODE. A remarkable compound fissure vein, rich in gold and silver, located in Storey County, Nev., on the eastern slope of Mount Davidson, a northeastern spur of the Sierras, at a point about 20 miles east of the California State line. Its discovery in 1859, when it received the name Washoe, created great excitement and led to the building up of Virginia City. The vein is about four miles in length, and varies in width from zero at the ends to 3000 feet at the middle point. It occupies a zone of displacement in igneous rocks, chiefly andesites of Tertiary age. The ore, which is of high grade, containing both silver and gold in proportion of three of the former to two of the latter, occurs in great pockets known as bonanzas, chiefly along the eastern portion of the vein. The excavations along this fissure vein have been carried to great depths, approximating 3500 feet, until operations became difficult through the inflow of hot water with a temperature of 170° F. The Sutro Tunnel, with a length of four miles, was driven with a view to draining this water, but with only partial success. The richness of the ore of this lode may be realized from the value of the product, the total value during the years 1860-90 having been $340,000,000; the greatest output for a single year was $38,000,000 in 1877. Since 1890 the production has declined.
Besides its economic value, the Comstock Lode is of great interest in other directions. One of the earliest classifications of igneous rocks (q.v.) was attempted in connection with the study of the geologic relations of the ore bodies by Von Richthofen in 1868; and Van Hise, Iddings, and Becker have at a later period perfected the modern classification of igneous rocks with aid of considerable information derived from the Comstock Lode and Sutro Tunnel. Also many important observations have been made on the relation between the size of grain and the rate of cooling, and upon the rate of development of crystallization in igneous rocks. Again, experiments have here been carried on by Carl Barus with the object of determining the temperature variations and electric manifestations in the deeper workings. For more precise information on the geologic features and methods of mining of the Comstock Lode, the reader is referred to the two following works: Becker, "Geology of the Comstock Lode and Washoe District," with folio atlas; being Monograph of the United States Geological Survey, vol. iii. (Washington, 1882); Lord, “Comstock Mining and Miners,” Monograph of the United States Geological Survey, vol. iv. (Washington, 1883).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Conclave

Edition of 1905. See also Papal conclave on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CONCLAVE (Fr., Sp., Port., It., Lat., room which may be locked, from com-, together + clavis, key, Gk. κλείς, kleis, key, from κλεῖν, klein, to shut). Either the place where the cardinals assemble for the choice of a pope, or the assembly itself. In 1179 a Lateran Council decreed in its first canon that a two-thirds vote of the cardinals was essential for a choice. This decree was developed; and the regulations which are, substantially, still in force established by Gregory X. at the Council of Lyons in 1274. These rules are intended to provide against unnecessary delay or precipitation in election, and against any external interference with absolute freedom of choice. The large hall is divided into a number of small apartments, two rooms being allotted to an ordinary cardinal and three to one of princely rank. People are allowed to enter freely during the first day, at the end of which all entrances are absolutely closed except one, which remains under the strict supervision of officials designated for the purpose. Food and other necessaries are handed through a window, and are subjected to a rigorous examination, in order to prevent communication with the outer world, the cardinals not being allowed to leave the place, or to receive or send out letters, until a new pope is chosen. Consult: Zöpffel, Die Papstwahlen (Göttingen, 1871); for a more popular treatment, Trollope, The Papal Conclaves, as They Were and as They Are (London, 1876). A full and graphic description of a typical conclave, that which elected Alexander VII., will be found in Shorthouse, John Inglesant (London, 1881). See Pope.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Concord, Book of

Edition of 1905. See also Book of Concord on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CONCORD, Book of (translation of Ger. Concordienbuch, Lat. Liber Concordiæ). A collection of confessions of faith published in 1580, generally accepted by the Lutheran Church. Its contents are: (A) The three ecumenical creeds—the Apostles, the Nicene, and the Athanasian. (B) The six particular confessions of the Lutheran Church—(1) the Augsburg Confession; (2) the Apology of the Augsburg Confession; (3) the Schmalkald Articles; (4 and 5) the Larger and Smaller Catechisms of Luther; (6) the Formula of Concord. The last-named division, the Formula of Concord, appeared in 1580, after protracted conferences, and was acceded to by 86 of the States of the German Empire. Its topics are: The Rule of Faith and the Creed; Original Sin; Free Will; Justification; Good Works; The Law and the Gospel; The Third Use of the Law; The Lord's Supper; The Person of Christ; The Descent of Christ into Hell; The Customs of the Church; Predestination and Election; and an appendix concerning heresies and sectaries. The best editions are: In German, Jubilee edition (Saint Louis, 1880); in Latin, that of S. F. Francke (Leipzig, 1847); in English, that of H. E. Jacobs (Philadelphia, 1882).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Concord, Temple of

Edition of 1905. See also Temple of Concordia, Agrigento on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CONCORD, Temple of (so called). A Doric temple at Girgenti, the ancient Agrigentum, in Sicily, and one of the most perfectly preserved of ancient temples. Its 34 columns are still standing.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anthropology

See also Anthropology on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
An'thropol'ogy, a wide and comprehensive term, otherwise expressed as the science of man, and treating of man's nature, origin, history, etc, especially as a social animal, living in groups either by nature or from choice or necessity. Sociology is a term somewhat akin to it, though specifically dealing with society as a whole, its structure and organizations, the laws of its development, as shown in the evolution of man in communities, and of what we know as actual civilization. Again akin to what is termed anthropology is ethnography, which treats of the races of men in the geographical groups or tribes in which they are met; while ethnology deals with tie customs, languages and institutions of mankind in general. Anthropology, in the main, embraces what is usually dealt with in the two latter sciences. The physical aspect and characteristics of the race, varied as they are by climate and temperature, including the cranium, limbs, facial features, height and shape of the body and other descriptive details, belong to the classification of physical anthropology; while the industrial and utilitarian arts in which man employs himself or is employed, together with the tools with which he works, are covered by the term technology. Men in their lawless, vicious state as criminals, felons and outlaws of society, transgressing its laws and defying its proprieties and conventionalities, are studied and treated of under criminal anthropology, by investigators in police offices and prisons, who endeavor to set forth the hereditary, congenital and other causes that create the criminal classes and leave the imprint of crime upon them as a distinct physiognomical and racial type.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antigo, Wis.

See also Antigo, Wisconsin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
An'tigo, Wis., a city, the seat of Langlade County, on the Spring Brook River and on the Chicago & Northwestern R. R., 206 miles northwest of Milwaukee. Settled in or about the year 1878, the city was incorporated in 1884. Lumbering and agriculture are the chief industries of the region, together with its commercial trade. Besides its railroad shops, it has foundries, breweries, flour mills and extensive woodenware establishments, etc. Population, 7,196.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antilles

See also Antilles on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Antilles (än-tĭl' lēz or ŏn-tēl'), a cluster of islands, forming a half circle and generally called the West Indies. They are about 360 in number. They are very fertile, but fierce hurricanes blow over them, and their climate is very hot. Their chief products are sugar, coffee, tobacco and cotton. They are divided into the Windward Islands, the Leeward Islands and the Great Antilles. See West Indies, Cuba, Jamaica, Bahamas, etc.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antimony

See also Antimony on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
An'timony, a brittle metal of a bluish-white color. It may easily be reduced to a powder. When heated to about 800° it melts, and when cooled it forms crystals. It burns in the air with a white light, and gives off fumes known as the flowers of antimony. It does not tarnish or rust, and so is much used in alloys, such as type-metal. The finely-divided metal, called antimony black, is used to give casts an appearance of iron. There are a number of useful compounds of antimony: tartar emetic, the tartrate which is used in medicine; glass of antimony, a mixture of oxide and sulphide, used for coloring glass and porcelain yellow; and butter of antimony, the chloride, an oily liquid, which, mixed with olive oil, is used by gunmakers to give a brown color to gun barrels. The principal source of the metal is the sulphide, called stibnite or gray antimony ore. It is smelted in France, where it is found abundantly, in Germany and in England which receives its supply from Singapore and Borneo. Antimony is found in America, in California, Nevada, Mexico and New Brunswick.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anti-Cyclone

See also Anticyclone on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Anti-Cyclone. See Cyclone.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antietam

See also Battle of Antietam on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Antie'tam (ăn-tē' tam), a creek in Maryland, where was fought one of the great battles of the Civil War, September 17, 1862, between the Union army, with 57,614 men in the field, under General McClellan, and the Confederate, with 38,000 men, under General Lee. The battle raged with great slaughter from early morning until dark. The result was not decisive, the Union loss being over 11,000 and the Confederate loss about 10,000. McClellan did not renew the attack, and on the 18th Lee retreated in safety. But the moral effect was to encourage the north, and on the strength of Antietam President Lincoln issued his proclamation abolishing slavery.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antigone

See also Antigone on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Antigone (an-tig' o-nē), one of the tragic characters in Greek fable. She was the daughter of Œdipus, king of Thebes. When her father was driven from his throne, she followed him to Attica and cared for him. After his death she returned to Thebes, where Hæmon, son of Creon, the new tyrant of Thebes, fell in love with her. She attempted to bury the body of her brother, who had been slain in war with Creon, and for this offense was ordered to be buried alive or shut up in a cave. Hæmon slew himself by her side. The story of Antigone has been told by several Greek poets; but only the tragedy of Sophocles is now in existence.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anticosti

See also Anticosti Island on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
An'ticos'ti. An immense island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 140 miles long by 30 miles wide. Not suitable for agriculture. It is now owned by Menier, the French chocolate manufacturer.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antigua

See also Antigua on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Antigua (ȧntē' gwȧ), British West Indies, one of a group of islands (the Windward) which compose the Lesser Antilles, situated to the east of Porto Rico and separating the Caribbean Sea from the Atlantic. It is 54 miles in circumference, enclosing an area of 108 square miles or, with its dependent islands of Barbuda and Redonda, 170 square miles in all. Antigua is the seat of government in the Leeward Islands
Colony of Britain, and has, besides a nominated governor and executive council, a legislative council consisting of eight official and eight unofficial members. The chief town is St. John (population, 1911, 9,262); the population of the colony with its dependencies, 38,899. It has a local telephone line 90 miles in extent, is connected with the West India and Panama Telegraph Company's cable, and is reached by periodic steam vessels, direct from England, New York and Canada. Its chief exports embrace sugar, cotton and pineapples.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anthropometry

See also Anthropometry on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
An'thropom'etry, the science of the measurement of the human body, is of use in the study of different races of men and also of special groups, such as school-children and even criminals. It is of service also in medicine both for the purpose of a more exact knowledge of the symptoms of disease and for the more reliable use of measurements of the average rate and variation of the circulation of the blood, respiration, etc. It is not only necessary to have these measurements in large numbers; but to have them under different conditions. Francis Galton of England was perhaps the pioneer of the science of anthropometry. It was only in 1875 that measurements of average height, weight, girth of chest, etc., were ordered to be made for the British Association. In connection with education, the measurements by Galton, Karl Pearson, Cattell, Edward Thorndike and others are worthy of notice. Many such measurements have been collected by President Stanley Hall in his recent work on Adolescence (1908). The system of identifying criminals by means of thumb-marks and other physical measurements is an example of the application of anthropometry in another field. Physical statistics are often collected by the doctors in charge of large gymnasiums. But scientists now endeavor to measure mental as well as physical traits; and although such measurements are indirect, they represent a greater degree of exactness than mere opinion.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Polar Bear

See also Polar Bear on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Po′lar Bear. See Bear.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Polar Circle

See also Polar circle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Polar Circle. See Arctic Circle.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Poles

See also Pole on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Poles (Greek polos, a turning point), in geography are the two extremities of the axis round which the earth revolves, the north pole being 90° north of the equator and the south pole 90° south. In astronomy the poles, which for distinction are called celestial poles, are those points in the heavens to which the earth’s axis is directed and round which the heavens seem to revolve. Unfortunately no stars mark the exact position of the celestial poles, and therefore the polestar is used for this purpose, its exact position being determined by noting the point between its upper and lower culminations. The term poles also has a wider application as denoting the extremities of a line passing through the center of a great circle perpendicular to its plane. Thus we have the poles of the horizon (which are the zenith and the nadir), the poles of the ecliptic and the poles of a meridian. In the same sense the terrestial and celestial poles are spoken of as the poles of the equator and the equinoctial, respectively. Poles in physics denote those points of a body at which its attractive or repulsive force is concentrated.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Polk, James Knox

See also James K. Polk on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Polk (pōk), James Knox, eleventh president of the United States, was born in Mecklenburg County, N. C., Nov. 2, 1795. He was educated at the University of North Carolina, and after studying law was admitted to the bar at Columbia, Tenn., in 1820. Three years after this he was chosen a member of the legislature, and in 1825 was elected to Congress as a Democrat. In 1835 he was made speaker of the house of representatives, a position which he filled with credit and ability. In 1844 he was the Democratic candidate for the presidency against Henry Clay, and was elected by a popular majority of only 38,000 but by an electoral vote of 175 to 105. The principal feature of Polk’s administration was the Mexican War, by which the United States acquired Texas, California and New Mexico (then including Arizona). Texas was annexed just before Polk’s inauguration; and soon after he became president he sent General Taylor to occupy the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande, Mexico claiming that this territory never belonged to Texas. In March, 1846, Taylor advanced to the Rio Grande and built Fort Brown, opposite the Mexican port of Matamoras. General Arista, the Mexican commander, then crossed the Rio Grande to attack Taylor, but was defeated at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and forced to recross the river. War was at once declared by Congress against Mexico and was prosecuted with energy and vigor until the City of Mexico was occupied by General Scott in September, 1847. During Polk’s administration, by a compromise treaty with England, the northern boundary line of Oregon territory — now the state of Washington — was fixed at 49°. The low-tariff act of 1846 was a favorite measure of Polk’s, being passed in the senate by the casting vote of Vice-president Dallas. Other features of his administration were the admission of Wisconsin as a state in 1848; the adoption of the subtreasury system by which the funds of the government are kept in vaults in Washington instead of being deposited in banks; and the creation of the interior department, its secretary being added to the cabinet. On the expiring of Polk’s term he retired to his home, Nashville, Tenn., where he died, June 15, 1849.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pole-Vaulting

See also Pole vault on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Pole-Vault′ing is one of the sports called field-events. It consists in leapirig over a bar by means of a pole. Usually this is 16 feet long. The contestant grasps the pole above his head, measures the height of the bar with his eye, and runs forward. At a certain distance from the bar he thrusts the pole into the ground, leaps up, and throws himself forward and up over the bar, at the same time flinging the pole behind him. Generally three trials at different heights are made. The highest record is 12 feet nine inches.