# Defensive Ferments of the Animal Organism

Published by John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd., in London.
DEFENSIVE FERMENTS OF THE ANIMAL ORGANISM
DEFENSIVE FERMENTS OF THE ANIMAL ORGANISM
against substances out of harmony with the body, the blood-plasma and the cells; their demonstration, and their diagnostic significance for testing the functions of different organs
BY
EMIL ABDERHALDEN
Director of the Physiological Institute of the University at Halle a/S.
With ii Text Figures and one Plate
THIRD ENLARGED EDITION
ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
J. O. GAVRONSKY, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., M.D., Halle a/S.
AND
W. F. LANCHESTER, M.A.
LONDON:
JOHN BALE, SONS & DANIELSSON, Ltd.
OXFORD HOUSE
83-91, GREAT TITCHFIELD STREET, OXFORD STREET, W.
1914
All Rights Reserved
TO
MY FAITHFUL COLLABORATORS.
Contents.
* PAGE
* Means of defence of unicellular organisms against substances out of harmony with the cell................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2
* Progressive decomposition of the units of nutrition................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8, 32
* The co-operation of different unicellular organisms................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10
* Division of labour in multicellular organisms................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................11
* The value of milk to the suckling................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13–15
* The transformation of nutritive material into products in harmony with the body, plasma, and cells................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16, 23
* The specific structure of each cellular species................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17, 24
* The signification of digestion in cell-metabolism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16
* Observations, in the fields of physiology and pathology, suggesting a specific structure in different cellular species................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16
* Hermaphroditismus verus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
* Results of experiments on transplantation................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
* Cell-specific therapy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................19
* Distinction between substances that are in, or out of, harmony with (a) the body; (b) the blood; and (c) the cells................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
* Demonstration of the probability of the existence of cell constituents, that are specific to the species and the organs................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
* Cell constituents specific to the species and to "function"................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
* Transformation of the units of a given cellular species into constituents of other cells................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................29
* The regulation of the harmony of the metabolic processes in the organism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31, 42
* Inter-relations of different cellular species................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................35
* The invasion of cells out of harmony with the body. Means of defence of the organism against such cellular species................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42
* Means of defence of the animal organism against substances out of harmony with the blood plasma................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................45
* Preliminary study on the ferments normally contained in the blood................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................49
* Methods for the study of ferments................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................49
* The formation of defensive ferments................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................55
* 1. After introduction of albuminous substances out of harmony with the body and the plasma, and their initial stages of decomposition, with special reference to anaphylaxy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................58
* 2. After introduction of carbohydrates out of harmony with the body and the plasma................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72
* 3. After introduction of fats................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................80
* 4. After introduction of nucleo-proteids and nucleins................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................83
* A survey of the significance of defensive ferments................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
* Origin of defensive ferments................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................87
* Demonstration of substances that are in harmony with the body but not with the plasma................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................90
* Biological diagnosis of pregnancy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................91
* Question of specificity of defensive ferments................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................96
* Sero-diagnosis of organic functions................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................106
* Doubt concerning the uniformity of the so-called proteolytic ferments................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................108
* Study of the correlations of particular organs................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................112
* Defensive ferments which appear in the constituents of the blood corpuscles................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................114
* The application of the methods in pathology................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................116, 133
* Their application in infectious diseases................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................116
* Methods................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................147
* 1. The dialysation process................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................147
* Testing of the dialysing tubes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................156
* Preparation of the substrates (organs)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................162
* Means of obtaining blood serum................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................173
* Performance of the experiment................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................176
* Sources of error in the dialysation process................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................189
* 2. The optical method................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................202
* The application of the optical method................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................203
* Preparation of peptones................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................204
* Standardization of the peptone................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................210
* Literature................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................215
* Personal researches................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................215–224,240
* Complete list of works of other authors................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................224
* Literature in connection with problems related to our subject................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................224
* Researches, published during the year 1912, and up to November 15, 1913, in which the dialysation process and the optical method have been made use of................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................227–240
* Personal researches during the years 1912–13................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................240–242
* Preface to the English Edition
* Preface to the Third Edition
* Preface to the Second Edition
* Preface to the First Edition
* Defensive Ferments of the Animal Organism
    Section I
    Section II
    Section III
    Section IV
    Section V
* Methods in Use
    I. The Dialysation Process
       Performance of the Experiment
       Sources of Error in the Dialysation Process
    II. The Optical Method
       Preparation of Peptones for use in the Optical Method
* Literature
* Appendix
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1950, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 73 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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