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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Massa Carrara

From volume 10 of the work.
DIOCESE OF MASSA CARRARA (MASSENSIS).
Diocese in Central Italy (Lunigiana and Garfagnana). The city is located on the Frigido, in a district rich in various mines but especially famous for its pure white marble, which the Romans preferred to those of Paros and Pentelius. Massa Carrara is the "Mansio ad Taberna Frigida" of the "Tabula Peutingeriana". In the ninth century it belonged to the bishops of Luni, and was confirmed to them by Otto I and by Frederick Barbarossa, though really at that time subject to the Malaspina, counts of Lunigiana. It passed from Lucca to Pisa, was held by the Visconti and the Fieschi, again by Lucca, and was later a free commune under the protectorate of Florence. In 1434 it took the marquis Antonio Alberico Malaspina for its lord; in 1548 the marquisate passed to the House of Cybò, through the marriage of Lorenzo of that name with Riccarda Malaspina. In 1568, Carrara became a principality, and in 1664 a duchy. The most famous prince of the house of Cybò was Alberico I, who endowed his little state with a model code of law. The daughter of Alderamo, the last of the Cybòs, married Rinaldo Ercole d'Este, and by this marriage the duchy became united with that of Modena; in 1806 it was given to Elisa Bacchiochi, and in 1814 to Maria Beatrice, daughter of Rinaldo Ercole, at whose death the duchy returned to Modena. The name of Carrara comes from Carraria, a stone quarry. An academy of sculpture founded by Duchess Maria Teresa (1741) has its seat at Carrara in the old but magnificent ducal palace. The fine cathedral dates from 1300. Carrara is the birthplace of the sculptors Tacca, Baratta, Finelli, and Tenerani, and of the statesman Pellegrino Rossi. The see was created in 1822 at the instance of Duchess Maria Beatrice, and its first bishop was Francesco Maria Zappi; it was then suffragen of Pisa, but since 1855 has been suffragen of Modena. The sanctuary of Santa Maria dei Quercioli, founded in 1832, is in the Diocese of Carrera. The latter has 213 parishes, 155,400 inhabitants, one religious house of men, seven of women, and four educational institutes for male students, and as many for girls.
CAPPELLITTI, Le Chiese d'Italia, SV (Venice, 1857); FARSETTI, Ragionamento storico intorno alla citta de Modena; VIANI, Memorie della famiglia Cybò.
U. BENIGNI
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Malaga

From volume 9 of the work.
Diocese of Malaga (Malacitana).
Diocese in Spain, by the Concordat of 1851 made a suffragan of Granada, having previously been dependent on Seville. Malaga was the Malaka of Strabo and Ptolemy and the Malaca fæderatorum of Pliny. It was important during the Carthaginian period, because a municipium under Roman rule, and under the Visigoths was made an episcopal see. The earliest known bishop was Patricius, consecrated about 290, and present at the Council of Eliberis. Hostegesis governed the see from 845 to 864. After the battle of Guadalete the city passed into the hands of the Arabs, and the bishopric was suppressed. Malaga then became for a time a possession of the Caliphate of Cordova. After the fall of the Omayyad dynasty, it became the capital of a distinct kingdom, dependent on Granada. In 1487 Ferdinand and Isabella besieged the city, which after a desperate resistance was compelled to surrender; and with the Christian religion, the episcopal see was restored. The first bishop after the restoration was Pedro Diaz. The see was vacant from 1835 to 1848. The present incumbent is Bishop Juan MuÒoz y Herrera, born at Antequera, in the Diocese of Malaga, 6 October, 1835.
The city of Malaga is the capital of the maritime province of the same name, and next to Barcelona, is the most important seaport on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. It lies in the southern base of the Axarqua hills, on the left bank of the Guadalmedina. The climate is mild and equable, the mean annual temperature being about 66ƒ Fahrenheit. For its broad sky and broad expanse of bay the city has been compared to Naples. Since 1892 the harbour, which had been obstructed, has been cleared and improved, and from it are shipped the quantities of produce - grapes, oranges, almonds, oil, and wine - for which this district is famous. The cathedral, in the GrÊco-Roman style, stands on the site of an ancient Moorish mosque. It was begun in 1528 and completed in 1719. Since the concordat of 1851 the Cathedral Chapter has numbered 20 canons and 11 beneficed clerics. There are in the diocese (1910) 520,000 Catholics, a few Protestants: 123 parishes, 481 priests, and 200 churches and chapels. The Augustinian Fathers have a college at Ronda; the Piarists are engaged in teaching at Archidona and the Brothers of St. John of God have schools at Antequera, at which place there is also a Capuchin monastery. In the town of Malaga there are convents for women, including Bernardines, Cisterians, Augustinians, Poor Clares, Carmelites and Dominicans. The Little Sisters of the Poor maintain homes for the aged and infirm at Malaga, Antequera and Ronda.
Blanche M. Kelly.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Mystical Body of the Church

From volume 10 of the work.
The analogy borne by any society of men to an organism is sufficiently manifest. In every society the constituent individuals are united, as are also the members of a body, to effect a common end; while the parts they severally play correspond to the functions of the bodily organs. They form a moral unity. This, of course, is true of the Church, but the Church has also a unity of a higher order; it is not merely a moral but a mystical body. This truth, that the Church is the mystical body of Christ, all its members being guided and directed by Christ the head, is set forth by St. Paul in various passages, more especially in Ephesians 4:4-13 (cf. John 15:5-8). The doctrine may be summarized as follows:
G. H. Joyce.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Myriophytum

From volume 10 of the work.
A titular see of Thracia Prima and suffragan of Heraclea. The early history of this city is not known. We find it mentioned for the first time in connection with an earthquake which destroyed it in the year 1063 of our era (Muralt, "Essai de chronologie byzantine", II, 8). It was visited by John Cantacuzene about 1350 (Hist., III, 76). As a suffragan of Heraclea we find it, under the title of Peristasis and Myriophytum, mentioned first in a "Notitia episcopatuum" of the end of the fifteenth century (Gelzer, "Ungedruckte . . . Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum", 633). The title of Peristasis existed already in 1170 (Parthey, "Hieroclis Synecdemus", 103). In the sixteenth century Myriophytum displaced Peristasis, and the diocese took the name of Myriophyturn and Peristasis (Le Quien, "Oriens christianus", I, 1151). No change has since taken place, except that among the Greeks in 1908 it was elevated to an autocephalous metropolitan see. To-day Myriophytum is a rather busy port on the Sea of Marmora; the city numbers 5000 Greeks and 400 Turks. The schismatic archdiocese includes only ten parishes with about 22,000 souls, of whom Peristasis alone includes about 6000.
DRAKOS, Thrakika (in Greek Athens, 1892), 72-93.
S. VAILHÉ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Nabo (Nebo)

From volume 10 of the work.
(Septuagint, Nabau).
A town mentioned in several passages of the Old Testament, v.g., Numbers 32:3; Jeremias 48:1, 22; I Paralipomenon 5:8; Isaias 15:2, etc. In Numbers 32:3, it is mentioned between Saban and Beon, the latter being an abbreviation of Baalmeon. In the same chapter, verse 38, it is again mentioned between Cariathaim and Baalmeon, and it is found associated with the same names on the Mesa Stone (line 14). These and other indications show that the town was situated in the vicinity of Mt. Nebo, but the precise location cannot be determined. It belonged to the rich pasture lands which the tribes of Ruben and Gad asked of Moses in the distribution of the territory (Numbers 32). The town had reverted to the Moabites at the time when Isaias prophesied against it (Isaias 15:2; cf. Jeremias 48:1, 22). Mesa (lines 14-18) boasts of having taken it from the Israelites. According to St. Jerome (Comment. in Isaias 15:2, in P.L., XXIV, 168), the sanctuary of the idol Chemosh was in Nabo.
James F. Driscoll.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Nacolia

From volume 10 of the work.
(Nacoleia).
A titular metropolitan see in Phrygia Salutaris. This town, which took its name from the nymph Nacola, had no history in antiquity. It was there that Valens defied the usurper Procopius; under Arcadius it was occupied by a garrison of Goths who revolted against the emperor. At first dependent on Synnada, the see became autocephalous between 787 and 862, and metropolitan between 1035 and 1066. Seven of its bishops are known, among them being Constantine, one of the chief supporters of Iconoclasm under Leo the Isaurian, who feigned to abjure his error before the patriarch, St. Germanus, and was condemmed as an heresiarch at the Second Council of Nicaea (787). Nacolia is the modern village of Seyyid el-Ghazi, chief town of Nahié, in the Villayet of Brusa, about twenty-two miles southeast of Eski Sheir. The name of the village is derived from Seyyid (Sidi) el-Battal, an Arab sheikh who was slain in 739 by troops of Leo the Isaurian, and buried in a tekke of Bektashi dervishes founded by the mother of the Seljukian sultan, Aladdin the Great. Seyyid el Ghazi contains some unimportant ruins.
Ramsay in Journal of Hellenistic Studies, III (1882), 119 sq.; Le Quien, Oriens Christ., I 839; Cuinet, La Turquie d'Asie, IV, 213; Radet, En Phrygie (Paris, 1895), 22.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Santa Cruz de la Sierra

From volume 13 of the work.
(SANCTAE CRUCIS DE SIERRA).
Diocese in Bolivia, erected on 6 July, 1605, as suffragan of Lima, but since 2 July, 1609, it has been dependent on La Plata (Charcas). Its first bishop was Mgr. Antonio Calderón. The diocese comprises the departments of Santa Cruz (area 126,000 sq. miles) and Beni (district of Mojos), which lie immediately west of Matto Grosso, Brazil. The rural and wooded portions of these regions are inhabited by the Moxos Indians, among whom flourishing missions were established in the seventeenth century by the Jesuits under Father Cipriano Baraza.. The converted Indians numbered over 50,000 at the time of the suppression of the society, after which the missions declined rapidly; but though many of the Moxos are now pagan, the converted Indians are fervent Catholics (see MOXOS INDIANS). The town of Santa Cruz (population 18,000), formerly called also San Lorenzo de la Frontera, was founded in 1575 on the Rio Piray, on the eastern slope of the Andes. The diocese contains about 250,000 Catholics; 103 priests; 54 parishes; and 74 churches and chapels. The present bishop, Mgr. Belisario Santistevan, was born in the Diocese of Santa Cruz de la Sierra on 2 January, 1843; and on 26 June, 1890, appointed titular Bishop of Dansara and coadjutor to Mgr. Baldivia, whom he succeeded on 1 June 1891.
Sinopsis estad. y geograf. de la republ. de Bolivia (La Paz, 1903); BALLIVAN, Docum, para la hist. geograf. de la repub. de Bolivia (La Paz, 1906).
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Santa Maria

From volume 13 of the work.
(SANCTAE MARIAE).
A Brazilian see, suffragan of Porto Alegre. The latter, formerly known as the See of Sao Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, was recently made an archdiocese and divided, three new sees, Pelotas, Santa Maria, and Uruguayana, being separated from it by Pius X on 15 August, 1910. Santa Maria, containing twenty-two parishes, comprises the central and northern portions of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The climate is mild, the country well wooded and fertile, and there are many colonies of German and Italian emigrants among the inhabitants, who are chiefly engaged in agriculture and cattle-raising. The population is almost entirely Catholic. The most important town is Cachoeira or the Rio Jacuhy, 120 miles west of Porto Alegre, with which it communicates by steamboat and rail. The other main centres of population are Rio Pardo, Santa Maria, Passo Fundo, and Cruz Alta. By a Decree of the S. C. of the Consistory, 6 Feb., 1911, Mgr. Lima de Valverde was appointed first Bishop of Santa Maria.
GALANTI, Compendio de Historia de Brazil (Sao Paulo, 1896-1905).
A. A. MacErlean.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Sappa

From volume 13 of the work.
(SAPPENSIS, SAPPATENSIS, ZAPPATENSIS).
Diocese in Albania, established in 1062, by Alexander II. In 1491 Innocent VIII joined to it the See of Sarda (Sardoniki), and the united sees were suffragans of Antivari until the end of the eighteenth century. The See of Sarda comprised also the Diocese of Daynum (Dagnum, Dagno, Danj; Daynensis), founded as suffragan of Antivari about the second half of the fourteenth century and united with Sarda by Martin V in 1428. The exact number of bishops of Sappa is unknown. The first Bishop of Sappa mentioned is Paulus about 1370. The most famous bishops of Sappa were George Blanko (1623-35), deliverer of his fatherland from the Turks, and Lazarus Vladanja of Scutari (1746-49). The present, forty-first, Bishop of Sappa is Mgr. James Serecci, suffragan of Scutari. He has his residence at the village of Nensat (Nensciati). His diocese comprises about 22,000 inhabitants of various creeds, of whom 17,280 are Catholics. By the Albanian Council in 1703 the Bishop of Sappa obtained some parishes pertaining to the Diocese of Pulati. The ecclesiastical students of this diocese are educated at the seminary of Scutari. The Diocese of Sappa also includes the Franciscan monastery at Trosan (Trosciani), where the Minorites have a "Collegium seraphicum" for their students of philosophy.
FARLATI-COLETI. Illyricum sacrum, VII (Venice, 1819), 229-32, 271-91; GAMS, Series episcoporum ecclesiae catholicae (Rastisbon, 1873 and 1886), 405-406, 415-416; THEINER, Monumenta Slavorum, I, nos. 233, 219; HOFFER in Zeitschrift fur kath. Theol. (Innsbruck, 1895), 360 (1896), 164; MIHACEVIC, Serafinski Perivoj, XXIII, 126; MARKOVIC, Dukljansko-barska metropolija (Agram, 1902), 47-50.
Anthony Lawrence Gancević.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Santa Marta

From volume 13 of the work.
(SANCTA MARTHAE).
Diocese in Colombia, erected in 1535, its first bishop being Alfonso do Tobes; suppressed by Paul IV in 1562; it was re-established by Gregory XIII — 15 April, 1577, as suffragan of Santa Fe de Bogotá; it became suffragan of Cartagena in 1900, at which time it comprised the State of Magdalena and the territories of Sierra Nevada y Motilones and Goajira. In 1905 the north-eastern portion of the diocese was formed into the Vicariate Apostolic of Goajira. Magdalena was first visited. by Alonso de Ojeda in 1499. Santa Marta, the second town founded by the Spaniards in America, was established by Rodrigo de Bastidas 29 July, 1525; it was sacked in 1543 and again in 1555; while Sir Francis Drake reduced it to ashes in 1596. St. Louis Bertrand labored at Santa Marta for a time, and baptized 15,000 pagans there. The town is situated at the mouth of the Río Manzaneres, on the Gulf of Santa Marta, 46 miles north-east of Barranquilla, and contains about 6000 inhabitants, an episcopal palace, public college, and conciliar seminary. Simón Bolívar d. 17 Dec., 1830, at San Pedro, a few miles distant. A diocesan synod was held at Santa Marta in 1881. The present bishop, Mgr. Francisco Simón y Rodenas, O.F.M., was b. at Orihuela, 2 Oct., 1849; appointed as successor of Mgr. Caledon to the see, 11 June, 1904; and enthroned, 14 Nov. following. The diocese has an area of 20,400 square miles, and contains 8 deaneries, 42 parishes, 40 secular priests, 3 convents of the Presentation Sisters of Tours with 15 nuns, and about 100,000 inhabitants, practically all Catholics. The Sisters of Charity established a hospital and school at Santa Marta in 1883.
MOZANS, Up the Orinoco and down the Magdalena (New York, 1910).
A. A. MacErlean.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Santa Agata dei Goti

From volume 13 of the work.
(S. AGATHAE GOTHORUM)
In the Province of Benevento, Southern Italy; the city, situated on a hill at the base of Monte Taburno, contains an ancient castle. In the vicinity are many antiquities and inscriptions belonging to the ancient Saticula, a town taken from the Samnites by the Romans and made a Latin colony in 313. The present name is derived possibly from a body of Goths who took refuge there after the battle of Vesuvius (552); the church of the Goths in Rome, too, was dedicated to St. Agatha. In 866 Emperor Louis II captured it from the Byzantines who had taken it from the Duchy of Benevento; in 1066 it fell into the hands of the Normans. It was almost completely destroyed by an earthquake in 1456. Besides the Saticulan inscriptions there are two Christian inscriptions of the sixth century. It had already been an episcopal see for a long time when the first bishop, Madelfridus, was appointed (970); a metrical epitaph of his successor, Adelardus, is preserved in the Church of the Misericordia. Of the other bishops we may mention Felice Peretti (1566), later Sixtus V; Feliciano Ninguarda, O.P. (1583), visitor of the monasteries in Germany; Giulio Santucci, a Conventual (1595), and distinguished theologian; Filippo Albini (1699), who reformed the discipline and studies of his clergy; St. Alphonsus Liguori (1762-75). The diocese is suffragan of Benevento; it contains 26 parishes, 63 churches and chapels, 93 secular and 14 regular priests, 30,500 inhabitants, 3 houses of religious men and 6 of nuns, 1 institute for young boys, and 3 for young girls.
CAPPELLETTI, Le chiese d'Italia, XIX (Venice, 1870); ANON., Memorie istoriche della citta di S. Agata dei Goti (Naples, 1841).
U. BENIGNI
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Santa Catharina

From volume 13 of the work.
(FLORIANOPOLIS; FLORIANOPOLITANA).
Diocese; suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Porto Alegre (São Pedro do Rio Grande), in Brazil, South America, created in 1906. Its jurisdiction comprises the whole territory of the State of Santa Catharina, with a Catholic population of 405,800 out of a total of about 500,000 in 1909. It is conjectured that in 1515 Juan Díaz Solís and Vicente Yañez Pinzón were the first white men who explored this territory, landing in the Bay dos Perdidos; Sebastian Cabot in 1525 and Diego García in 1526 disembarked on the Island of Santa Catharina, then known as the Island of Patos, and thence they proceeded to the River Plate. Santa Catharina was constituted as a state of the Brazilian Union 11 Jun., 1891, having adhered to the republic on 17 Nov., 1890. The diocese comprises the following vicariates: Florianopolis, Santo Antonio, Blumenau, Brusque, Cresciuma, São Francisco, Itajahy, Joinville, Garopaba, Lages, Laguna, Tijucas, Tubarão, Urussanga, and Villa Nova. The residence of the bishop is Florianopolis, the capital of the state, situated on the western shore of Santa Catharina Island, with a magnificent harbor, pleasant climate, and a population of 18,000.
Besides the cathedral, there are at Florianopolis 12 churches, 2 monasteries (Franciscans and Jesuits), and 2 nunneries (Sisters of the Divine Providence, and Sisters of the Immaculate Conception). The diocese maintains an excellent high school in the state capital, known as the Gymnasio de Santa Catharina. There is also a college for girls, in charge of the Sisters of the Divine Providence, called Collegio Coração de Jesus. The same sisters have an asylum for orphan girls. Florianopolis has 12 Catholic cemeteries, 1 Protestant, and 1 municipal. The Franciscan Friars publish two periodicals in the diocese, one entitled "L'Amico", in the city of Blumenau, and another, "Sineta de Céo", in the city of Lages. There is another Catholic publication, edited in Florianopolis by the Associação Protectora des Desamparados Irmão Joaquim, under the name of "A Fe". The present bishop. of Santa Catharina, Rt. Rev. João Becker, was b. 24 Feb., 1879, and appointed 3 May, 1908.
Julian Moreno-Lacalle.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Santa Severina

From volume 13 of the work.
(SANCTA SEVERINAE)
Diocese in the Province of Catanzaro in Calabria, Southern Italy. Situated on a rocky precipice on the site of the ancient Siberena, it became an important fortress of the Byzantines in their struggles with the Saracens. It is not known whether it was an episcopal see from the beginning of the Byzantine domination; when It became an archbishopric, probably in the tenth century, its suffragan sees were Orea, Acerenza, Gallipoli, Alessano, and Castro. The Greek Rite disappeared from the diocese under the Normans, but was retained in the cathedral during a great part of the thirteenth century. The earliest known bishop was one Giovanni, but his date is uncertain. From 1096, when the name of Bishop Stefano is recorded, the list of prelates is uninterrupted. Among them we may mention Ugo (1269), formerly prior of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem; Jacopo (1400), who died in repute of sanctity; Alessandro della Marra (1488), who restored the episcopal palace and the cathedral; Giov. Matteo Sertori, present at the Lateran Council; Giulio Sertori (1535), legate to Ferrara under Charles V and Philip II; Giulio Antonio Santorio (1566), later a cardinal, and Fausto Caffarello (1624), both renowned for learning and piety; Gian Antonio Parravicini (1654), even as parish priest of Sondrio in Valtellina was distinguished for his zeal in combatting and converting heretics; Francesco Falabello (1660), who suffered much in defense of the rights of his church; Carlo Berlingeri (1678), a zealous pastor; Nicolo Carmini Falco (1743), the learned editor of the history of Dio Cassius.
In 1818 the territories of the suppressed dioceses of Belcastro and S. Leone were united to Santa Severina. Belcastro, considered by some authorities to be the ancient Chonia, had bishops from 1122; the most noted was Jacopo di Giacomelli (1542), present at the Council of Trent. Bishops of S. Leone are known from 1322 till 1571, when the diocese was united to that of S. Severina. The archdiocese has now only one suffragan see, Caritati, and contains 21 parishes with 42,000 inhabitants, 80 priests, 4 convents, and 2 houses of nuns.
CAPPELLETTI, Le chiese d'Italia, XXI (Venice, 1857).
U. BENIGNI