OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Essays, civil and moral (Harvard Classics)/Of Revenge

IV
OF REVENGE
Revenge is a kind of wild justice; which the more man's nature runs to, the more ought law to weed it out. For as for the first wrong, it doth but offend the law; but the revenge of that wrong putteth the law out of office. Certainly, in taking revenge, a man is but even with his enemy; but in passing it over, he is superior; for it is a prince's part to pardon. And Solomon, I am sure, saith, It is the glory of a man to pass by an offence. That which is past is gone, and irrevocable; and wise men have enough to do with things present and to come; therefore they do but trifle with themselves, that labor in past matters. There is no man doth a wrong for the wrong's sake; but thereby to purchase himself profit, or pleasure, or honor, or the like. Therefore why should I be angry with a man for loving himself better than me? And if any man should do wrong merely out of ill-nature, why, yet it is but like the thorn or briar, which ​prick and scratch, because they can do no other. The most tolerable sort of revenge is for those wrongs which there is no law to remedy; but then let a man take heed the revenge be such as there is no law to punish; else a man's enemy is still before hand, and it is two for one. Some, when they take revenge, are desirous the party should know whence it cometh. This is the more generous. For the delight seemeth to be not so much in doing the hurt as in making the party repent. But base and crafty cowards are like the arrow that flieth in the dark. Cosmus, duke of Florence, had a desperate saying against perfidious or neglecting friends, as if those wrongs were unpardonable; You shall read (saith he) that we are commanded to forgive our enemies; but you never read that we are commanded to forgive our friends. But yet the spirit of Job was in a better tune: Shall we (saith he) take good at God's hands, and not he content to take evil also? And so of friends in a proportion. This is certain, that a man that studieth revenge keeps his own wounds green, which otherwise would heal and do well. Public revenges are for the most part fortunate; as that for the death of Cæsar; for the death of Pertinax; for the death of Henry the Third of France; and many more. But in private revenges it is not so. Nay rather, vindictive persons live the life of witches; who, as they are mischievous, so end they infortunate.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Townshend, Second Viscount

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Townshend was slow in forming, but resolute in adhering to, his opinion, and, like most other men of that stamp, was impatient of contradiction. His manners have been styled "coarse, rustic, and seemingly brutal," but these defects were not visible in his domestic life. Never did minister leave office with cleaner hands; he did not add one acre to his estate nor leave large fortunes to his younger children.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Trachis

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TRACHIS, a city of ancient Greece, at the foot of Mount Œta, a little to the north-west of Thermopylæ. As commanding the approach to Thermopylae from Thessaly, it was a place of great military importance. According to Homer, it was one of the places subject to Achilles, and was famed in legend as the scene of Hercules's death—an event which forms the subject of Sophocles's play The Trachinian Women. In historical times it first attained importance on the foundation of Heraclea by the Spartans in 426 B.C. The Thessalians, jealous of the establishment of a Spartan outpost on their borders, attacked Heraclea, and in 420 the Heracleots were defeated by them with heavy loss. In the winter of 409-8 Heraclea sustained another disastrous defeat. In 395 the Thebans expelled the Spartans, and restored the city to the old Trachinian and Œtæan inhabitants. In later times Heraclea was one of the mainstays of the Ætolian power in northern Greece. In 191 B.C., after the defeat of Antiochus at Thermopylæ, Heraclea was besieged and taken from the Ætolians by the Romans under the consul Acilius Glabrio. From Livy's account of the siege (xxxvi. 24), it appears that the citadel was outside the town, which lay on the low ground between the rivers Karvunaria (Asopus) and Mavra-Neria (Melas). There are still traces of the citadel on a lofty rock above.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Town, Township

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TOWN, TOWNSHIP. See Borough, City, Municipality, and United States, pp. 731, 827.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tourneur, Cyril

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# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Townshend, Charles

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The universal tribute of Townshend's colleagues allows him the possession of boundless wit and ready eloquence, set off by perfect melody of intonation, but marred by an unexampled lack of judgment and discretion. He shifted his ground in politics with every new moon, and the world fastened on him the nickname, which he himself adopted in his "champagne" speech, of the Weathercock. His official knowledge was considerable; and it would be unjust to his memory to ignore the praises of his contemporaries or his profound knowledge of his country's commercial interests. The House of Commons recognized in him its spoilt child, and Burke happily said that "he never thought, did, or said anything " without judging its effect on his fellow-members. Charles Townshend is the subject of a memoir by Mr Percy Fitzgerald.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Toxicology

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TOXICOLOGY.See Poisons.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Avernus

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​AVERNUS, a lake of Campania in Italy, near Baiae, occupying the crater of an extinct volcano, and about a mile and a half in circumference. From the gloomy horror of its surroundings, and the mephitic character of its exhala tions, it was regarded by ancient superstition as an entrance to the infernal regions. It was especially dedicated to Proserpine, and an oracle was maintained on the spot. In 214 B.C., Hannibal with his army visited the shrine, but not so much, according to Pliny, for purposes of piety, as in hope of surprising the garrison of Puteoli. By some critics the Cimmerians of Homer were supposed to have been the inhabitants of this locality, and Virgil in his ^Eneid adopted the popular opinions in regard to it. Originally there seems to have been no outlet to the lake, but Agrippa opened a passage to the Lucrine, and turned this " mouth of hell " into a harbour for ships. The channel, however, appears to have become obstructed at a later period. In the reign of Nero it was proposed to construct a ship-canal from the Tiber through Avernus to the Gulf of Baise, but the works were hardly commenced. The plan of connecting the lake with the Gulf of Baiaa was brought forward as late as 1858, but only to be abandoned. The Lago d Averno is now greatly frequented by foreign tourists, who are shown what pass for the Sibyl s Grotto, the Sibyl s Bath, and the entrance to the infernal regions, as well as the tunnel from Cumae, and ruins variously identified as belonging to a temple or a batliing-p .ace.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Aversa

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AVERSA, a town of Italy, province of Terra di Lavoro, situated in a beautiful plain covered with orange-groves and vineyards, about midway between Naples and Capua. It is the seat of a wealthy bishopric, and its foundling hospital and lunatic asylum, the latter founded by Murat, are very celebrated. Aversa owed its origin to the Normans, and dates from 1030, the people of the ancient city of Atella being transported thither. Population, 21,176.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Aven

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In the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Aven may refer to:
* Avon, various rivers.
* Baalbek, a city of ancient Syria.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Avenzoar

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​AVENZOAR [ABU MERWAN ABDALMALEC IBN ZOHR], an eminent Arabian physician, who flourished about the end of the llth or beginning of the 12th century, was born at Seville, where he exercised his profession with great reputation. His ancestors had been celebrated as physi cians for several generations, and his son was afterwards held by the Arabians to be even more eminent in his pro fession than Avenzoar himself. He was contemporary with Averroes, who, according to Leo Africanus, heard his lectures and learned physic of him. This seems probable, because Averroes more than once gives Avenzoar very high and partly deserved praise, calling him admirable, glorious, the treasure of all knowledge, and the most supreme in physic from the time of Galen to his own. Avenzoar, not withstanding, is by the generality of writers reckoned an empiric ; but Dr Freind observes that this character suits him less than any other of the Arabian physicians. Aven zoar belonged, in many respects, to the Dogmatists or Rational School, rather than to the Empirics. He was a great admirer of Galen ; and in his writings he protests emphatically against quackery and the superstitious re medies of the astrologers. He shows no inconsiderable knowledge of anatomy in his remarkable description of inflammation and abscess of the mediastinum in his own person, and its diagnosis from common pleuritis as well as from abscess and dropsy of the pericardium. In cases of obstruction or of palsy of the gullet, his three modes of treatment are ingenious. He proposes to support the strength by placing the patient in a tepid bath of nutritious liquids, that might enter by cutaneous imbibition, but does not recommend this. He speaks more favourably of the introduction of food into the stomach by a silver tube ; and he strongly recommends the use of nutritive enemata. From his writings it would appear that the offices of physi cian, surgeon, and apothecary were already considered as distinct professions. He wrote a book entitled The Method of Preparing Medicines and Diet, which was translated into Hebrew in the year 1280, and thence into Latin by Para- vicius, whose version, first printed at Venice 1490, has passed through several editions.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Avella

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​AVELLA, a town of Italy, in the province of Principato Ulteriore, in a fine situation, and commanding most extensive prospects. It is distant about 20 miles from Naples, and contains 3714 inhabitants. Near it are the remains of the ancient Abella.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Avellino

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​AVELLINO, a fortified city of Italy, in the province of Principato Ulteriore, at the foot of Mount Vergine, and 28 miles E. of Naples. It is the see of a bishop, and has a cathedral, several parish churches, a royal college, &c., with manufactories of cloth, paper, maccaroni, and sausages, and extensive dye-works. It has a considerable trade in corn, chestnuts, and hazel-nuts. The city has at various times suffered severely from earthquakes. Population, 20,492.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Aventinus

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​AVENTINUS [JOHANN THURMAYR], author of the Annals of Bavaria, was born in the year 1466 at Abens- berg. He studied first at Ingoldstadt, and afterwards in the university of Paris. In 1503 he privately taught rhetoric and poetry at Vienna, and in 1507 he publicly taught Greek at Cracow, in Poland. In 1509 he read lectures on some of Cicero s works at Ingoldstadt, and in 1512 was appointed preceptor to Prince Ludwig and Prince Ernst, sons of Albert the Wise, duke of Bavaria, and travelled with the latter of these princes. After spending several years in the collection of materials he undertook to write the Annales Boiorum, or Annals of Bavaria, being encouraged by the dukes of that territory, who settled a pension upon him, and gave him hopes that they would defray the expenses of publication. He finished, but did not publish, his work in 1528, and in the following year he was imprisoned on suspicion of heresy. He was soon released from confinement, but the indignity he had suf fered seriously affected him. He died in 1534 at Ratisbon. His history, which has gained for him considerable repu tation as a writer, was published, but with some important omissions, in 1554, by Ziegler, professor of poetry in the university of Ingoldstadt. These passages, which were adverse to the Roman Catholics, were all restored in the edition published at Basle in 1580, by Nicholas Cisner. Besides his other writings, Gesner attributes to him a curious work, entitled Numerandi per digitos manusque Veterum Gonsuetudines.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Autochthones

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​AUTOCHTHONES, in Greek Mythology, the first human beings who appeared in the world, and who, as their name implies, were believed to have sprung from the earth itself. Instead of one pair as the first parents of the whole race, each district of Greece had its own autochthones, who, according to the prominent physical features of the neighbourhood, were supposed to have been produced from trees, rocks, or marshy places, the most peculiar, and apparently the most widely-spread belief being that which traced the origin of mankind to the otherwise unproductive rocks. Whether the first appearance of mankind was regarded as having been simultaneous in the various districts or not, at what time or times such appearance was made with refer ence, for example, to the origin of the gods who also had sprung from the earth (Pindar, Nem. vi. 1 ; Hesiod, Works and Days, 108), and whether the first men possessed the full human form, are questions which there is no material to answer satisfactorily. On the last point it is to be observed that Erysichthon at Athens was said to have had legs in the form of serpents, and that this is taken to denote his origination from a marshy place. Similarly the earth-born giants, who made war against the gods, had legs in the form of serpents. In Thebes, the race of Sparti were believed to have sprung from a field sown with dragons teeth. The Phrygian Corybantes had been forced out of the hill-side like trees by Rhea, the great mother, and hence were called SevSpo^uets, But whatever the primitive form of men was believed to have been, it is clear from AEschylus (Prometheus, 447, foil.) that they were supposed to have at first lived like animals in caves and woods, till by the help of the gods and heroes they were raised to a stage of civilisation. The practice of describing legendary heroes and men of ancient lineage as "earth- born," y^yevct?, strengthened greatly the doctrine of autochthony, and nowhere so much as in Attica.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Autolycus of Pitane

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​AUTOLYCUS of Pitane, in Æolis, was one of the earliest Greek writers on mathematics and astronomy. As he is said to have given instruction to Arcesilaus, he probably flourished about the middle of the 4th century B.C. His extant works consist of two treatises ; the one, epl /avou,u,V?7s ox^cupas, contains some simple propositions on the motion of the sphere, the other, Trepl eVtroAwv /cat Suo-ewv, in two books, discusses the rising and setting of the fixed stars. Neither treatise is of much scientific value. There are several Latin versions of Autolycus, and a French translation by Forcadel, 1572.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Austin

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In the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Austin may refer to:
* John Austin, an English jurist;
* Sarah Taylor Austin, his wife, an English writer;
* St Austin, better known as St Augustine of Canterbury; or
* Austin, the capital of Texas, one of the United States.
See also Austen.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Australasia

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​AUSTRALASIA, one of the six great geographical divisions of the globe, is situated, as its name indicates, south of Asia, between the equator and 50 S. lat., and 110 3 and 180 E. long. It comprises the island-continents of New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, and the conterminous archipelagoes of New Britannia, Solomon Islands, New Hebrides, Loyalty Islands, and New Caledonia which will be treated of under special headings.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Automaton

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​AUTOMATON (from auro s, self, and /xaw, to seize), a self-moving machine, or one in which the principle of motion is contained within the mechanism itself. Accord ing to this description, clocks, watches, and all machines of a similar kind, are automata, but the word is generally applied to contrivances which simulate for a time the motions of animal life. If the human figure and actions be represented, the automaton has sometimes been called specially an androides. Ye have very early notices of the construction of automata, e.g., the tripods of Vulcan, and the moving figures of Daedalus. 400 years B. c. , Archytas of Tarentumis said to have made a wooden pigeon that could fiy ; and during the Middle Ages numerour instances of the construction of automata are recorded. Regiomontanus is said to have made an iron fly, which would nutter round the room and return to his hand, and also an eagle, which flew before the Emperor Maximilian when he was entering Nuremberg. Roger Bacon is said to have forged a brazen head which spoke, and Albertus Magnus to have had an an droides, which acted as doorkeeper, and was broken to pieces by Aquinas. Of these, as of some later instances, e.g., the figure constructed by Descartes and the automata exhibited by Dr Camus, not much is accurately known. But in the 18th century, Vaucanson, the celebrated mechanician, exhibited three admirable figures, the flute-player, the tambourine-player, and the duck, which was capable of eating, drinking, and imitating exactly the natural voice of that fowl. The means by which these results had been produced were clearly seen, and a great impulse was given to the construction of similar figures. Knauss exhibited at Vienna an automaton which wrote ; a father and son named Droz constructed several ingenious mechanical figures which wrote and played music ; Kaufmann and Maelzel made automatic trumpeters who could play several marches. The Swiss have always been celebrated for their mechanical ingenuity, and they construct most of the curious toys, such as flying and singing birds, which are frequently met with in industrial exhibitions. The greatest difnculty has generally been experienced in devis ing any mechanism which shall successfully simulate the human voice. No attempt has been thoroughly suc cessful, though many have been made. The figure ex hibited by Fabermann of Vienna is, perhaps, as yet the best. No notice of automata can be complete without at least a reference to Kempelen s famous chess player, which for many years astonished and puzzled Europe. This figure, however, was no true automaton, although the mechanical contrivances for concealing the real performer and giving effect to his desired movements were exceedingly ingenious.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Austerlitz

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​AUSTERLITZ, a small town of Moravia, 12 miles E.S.E. of Brünn, containing a magnificent palace belonging to the prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg, and a beautiful church. It has been rendered memorable by the great victory obtained in its vicinity, on the 2d December 1805, by the French under Napoleon, over the united forces of Austria and Russia under their emperors. Population, 3450.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Auto-da-fe

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​AUTO-DA-FE (Act of Faith), a public solemnity of the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal, at which the sentences of the court were read; those who were declared innocent were formally absolved, and the condemned were handed over to the secular power for punishment. The day chosen was usually some Sunday between Trinity and Advent. The first auto-da-fe was held by Torquemada at Seville in 1481; the last was probably that mentioned by Llorente, the historian of the Inquisition, as having been solemnised in Mexico in 1815. See Inquisition.
# Dream Song

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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Dream Song I, a poem by Paul Laurence Dunbar.
* Dream Song II, a poem by Paul Laurence Dunbar.
* Dream Song, a poem by Sara Teasdale.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tellicherri

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TELLICHERRI, a seaport town of India, in Malabar district of Madras, situated in 11° 44' 53" N. lat. and 75° 31' 38" E. long. It is a healthy and picturesque town, built upon a group of wooded hills running down to the sea, and is protected by a natural breakwater of rock. The town with its suburbs occupies about 5 square miles, and was at one time defended by a strong mud wall. The citadel or castle still stands to the north of the town. The East India Company established a factory here in 1683 for the pepper and cardamom trade. For two years (1780-82) the town withstood a siege by Hyder’s general Sardár Khán, and in the subsequent wars with Mysore Tellicherri was the base of operations for the ascent of the Gháts from the west coast. In 1881 the population was 26,410.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tellurium

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TELLURIUM. See Selenium and Tellurium.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Telesphorus

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​TELESPHORUS, bishop of Rome from about 128 till about 137, succeeded Sixtus I. and was followed by Hyginus. Eusebius in his History gives the Chronology of the martyrdom of Telesphorus as the first year of Antoninus Pius (138) and in his Chronicle as the eighteenth year of Hadrian (135).
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Teinds

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TEINDS.See Tithes.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Telpherage

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TELPHERAGE. See Traction.