OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Introduction/24

[Sidenote: Spread of Islam in the surrounding tribes at Medina after the Hegira I-VI.]
24. During the six eventful years of Mohammad's sojourn at Medina, from the Hegira to the truce of Hodeibia, where he was every year attacked or threatened by other hostile Arab tribes, acting always in self-defence, he had converted several members or almost entire tribes residing round Medina.
Among them were the following:—
    1. The Bani Aslam.
    2. Joheina.
    3. Mozeina.
    4. Ghifár.
    5. Saad-bin-Bakr.
    6. Bani Ashja.
We never find a single instance even in the Magházis (accounts of the campaigns of Mohammad, however untrustworthy they be) of Mohammad's converting any person, families, or branches of tribes by the scimitar in one hand and the Koran in the other.

## Footnotes

* ↑ The Bani Aslam tribe settled north of Medina in the valley of Wady-al-Koraa. They were a branch of the Kozaaite tribes descended from Himyar.
* ↑ Joheina were a branch of Kozaa, the descendants of Himyar. This tribe inhabited in the vicinity of Yenbo, north of Medina.
* ↑ Mozeina were a tribe of the Moaddite stock of Mecca. They inhabited in Najd, north-east of Medina.
* ↑ Ghifár were sons of Moleil-bin-Zamra, the descendants of Kinána, one of the Moaddite tribes.
* ↑ Saad-bin-Bakr were a branch of Hawazin. Mohammad had been nursed among them.
* ↑ The Bani Ashja were a branch of the Ghatafán of the Meccan stock of the Moaddites. The Bani Ashja appear all to have been hostile to Mohammad. They fought against the Prophet at the siege of Medina with four hundred warriors in their contingent. Sir W. Muir says, "The Bani Ashjâ, who had joined in the siege of Medina, gave in their adhesion shortly after the massacre of the Coreitza; they told Mahomet that they were so pressed by his warring against them, that they could stand out no longer.—K. Wackidi, page 60." Muir's Life of Mahomet, Vol. IV, 107, footnote. This story is altogether false. We never hear of Mohammad warring against Bani Ashja; on the contrary, they had themselves invaded Medina.
# A Desk-Book of Errors in English/Y

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Y
yappy: A slang term used as an equivalent of "foolish" which is to be preferred.
yes: Discard such vulgarisms as yeh and yep and pronounce as a single syllable, and not with ​affectation, as, sometimes in England ya-as, or with a Yankee drawl ye-es. Avoid, too, the objectionable habit of using this word as the sole response in conversation; a habit which is indeed fatally destructive of conversation, which should partake more or less of an interchange of ideas. "Yes! she would reply encouragingly ... and 'yes!' conclusively, like an incarnation of stupidity dealing in monosyllables." (Meredith, "Beauchamp's Career," vol. iii. ch. 10, p. 185.) Also, when speaking in English do not inject the German "Ja!" when you wish to signify assent. This practice is rapidly gaining ground among the middle class.
Yid: A Jew: an appellation common among the vulgar and therefore one to be avoided.
you even when used in relation to one person, is still grammatically plural, always requiring the plural verb; as, "You were fortunate," not "You was fortunate"; "If you were to curse you would sin," not "If you was to curse," etc.
you and I, you or I: Phrases in which the objective pronoun me and the first personal pronoun I are often confused; as, "This will not do for you and I," instead of "This will not do for you and me.'" The rule is very simple, viz.: use I or me in such connection just as if the words "you and" or "you or" were omitted. "They were not citizens as (you and) I"; "He is not so tall as (you or) I."
​you don't say? Compare is that so?
your's truly: An incorrect form, yours being a possessive pronoun does not need the sign of the possessive after it.
# A Desk Book on the Etiquette of Social Stationery

Layout 2
A DESK BOOK ON THE ETIQUETTE OF SOCIAL STATIONERY BY JEAN WILDE CLARK
EATON, CRANE AND PIKE COMPANY NEW YORK  PITTSFIELD, MASS.
Copyright 1910 by Eaton, Crane and Pike Company
Price, $1.00
CONTENTS
Etiquette of Stationery, 1
Monograms, 7
The Letter on the Desk, 17
Special Letters, 27
The Formal Invitation, 37
Weddings, 44
Card Etiquette, 60
You and Your Writing Paper, 71
Index, 87
A Complete Wedding Invitation and A Diagram of Sizes of Writing Papers and Envelopes
in Pocket inside back cover
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Desk-Book of Errors in English/Z

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Z
zeugma: "Is the joining of two or more words (as nouns) to a third (as a verb) with which only one or a part of them can be made to agree except by using the nouns in different senses, or by taking the verb in different senses in relation to the different nouns, or by letting the underlying logical relation overrule the grammatical—in Greek a very common figure, but in English quite unusual and ordinarily a violation of the principles of construction and a grave fault in diction. "The control, as well as the support, which a father exercises over his family were, by the dispensation of Providence, withdrawn"; control is properly exercised, but support is not; the verb-form were is made plural to accord, not with the grammatical relation of control and support, but with the logical relation underlying as well as regarded as equivalent to and."—Standard Dictionary. Compare with and.
# A Desk-Book of Errors in English/V

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V
vain, vein: Words of similar pronunciation whose spelling is sometimes confused by the careless. Vein is the Latin vena, blood-vessel, from veho, carry, and is therefore totally distinct from vain, which is from the Latin vanus, empty.
valuable is occasionally misused for valued. Valuable is said correctly only of things that have monetary value or derive worth as from their character or quality. One may have valued friends and valuable art- treasures, but not valuable friends nor valued art-treasures.
venal, venial: Discriminate carefully between these words. One who is venal is ready to sell his influence or efforts for some consideration from sordid motives; he is mercenary. But one who is venial has committed only a slight or trivial fault. A man who has sold his vote for preferment is a venal politician; a starving man who has stolen a loaf of bread for his family has been guilty of a venial offense.
ventilate should not be used for "expose" or "explain."
veracity, truth: Do not confound these words. Truth is applied to persons and facts; veracity only to persons and to statements made by them. One should not speak of the veracity of anything that has occurred. A man of integrity may have a reputation ​for veracity; if so, there is no doubt that he told the truth or that the account he gave was true.
verbal nouns, especially such as could be replaced by a noun pure and simple, etymologically coordinate, should be preceded by a possessive in sentences of this character: "The cause of Henry ('s) dying was appendicitis." Dying is here equivalent to death; and we should (if we substituted the pronoun) certainly say "the cause of his dying" rather than "the cause of him dying."
verse: The chief meaning of this word is a single line of poetry; sometimes it is used as a synonym for stanza. Some grammarians advocate the use of verse instead of stanza, and the familiar character of the word seems to argue in favor of this use.
very: Excepting where a participle is used solely as an adjective, it is now thought to be more grammatical to interpose an adverb between the participle and this word. Thus, "very greatly dissatisfied" is preferred to "very dissatisfied," whereas "very tired" is accepted as correct. Compare real.
vest: In the sense of waistcoat, this word, which is in better usage a synonym for undervest, is not used by precise speakers.
vice. Compare crime.
vicinity should not be used for "neighborhood."
visit: A term sometimes misused. Do not say "The actor has just visited, with much abuse, the ​head of the critic," when you mean that he abused him roundly. This is an erroneous application of the word, which is confounded with the Scriptural usage "to send judgment from heaven upon" as punishment.
vocation. Compare avocation.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Bit
### Bit.
#### 蜜$^{-4}$

    Honey.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Bai
### Bai.
#### 眉$^{-1}$

    The eyebrows.

#### 楣$^{-1}$

    Eaves of a house; the cross beam over a door.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Bau
### Bau.
#### 邜$^2$

    A horary character, from 5 to 7 o'clock A.M.

#### 昴$^2$

    The name of a constellation.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Bie
### Bie.
#### 苗$^{-1}$

    Sprouts; grain growing; off-spring.

#### 描$^{-1}$

    To sketch or draw pictures.

#### 廟$^3$

    A temple.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Bo
### Bo.
#### 畆$^2$

    The Chinese acre of land.

#### 𡚸$^2$

    A female.

#### 牡$^2$

    The male of animals.

#### 戊$^3$

    An astronomical character; flourishing.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Bi
### Bi.
#### 米$^2$

    Rice.

#### 未$^3$

    A horary character, from 1 to 3 o'clock P.M.

#### 味$^3$

    Taste; scent; relish.

#### 汆$^3$

    To float on the surface of water; to swim.

#### 篾$^{-4}$

    Reeds for making baskets.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Bio
### Bio.
#### 妙$^3$

    Delicate; small; excellent.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Au
### Au.
#### 喉$^{-1}$

    The throat.

#### 歐$^1$

    To spit out; vomit.

#### 甌$^1$

    An earthen cup; bowl.

#### 拗$^2$

    To sieze and drag with the hand; to break; obstinate; perverse.

#### 嘔$^2$

    To vomit; to nauseate; to spit.

#### 毆$^2$

    To strike or beat; to wrangle; beat unjustly.

#### 後$^{-3}$

    After; behind.

#### 奧$^{3-}$

    Obscure; deep.

#### 懊$^{3-}$

    Indignant; vexed; avaricious.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Be
### Be.
#### 馬$^2$

    A horse.

#### 麥$^4$

    Wheat.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ballard

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ballerina

From volume 1 of the work.
​BALLERINA. (Ital.), a female ballet-dancer.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ballo in Maschera, Il

From volume 1 of the work.
​BALLO IN MASCHERA, IL. Opera in four acts, libretto by Somma, music by Verdi. Produced at Rome in 1859 [App. p.530 "Feb. 17"]; at Paris, Théâtre des Italiens, Jan. 13, 1861; and in London, Lyceum, June 15, 61.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Banchieri, Adriano

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Band

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ballets

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Baltazarini

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Baltzar, Thomas

From volume 1 of the work.
​BALTZAR, Thomas, born at Lübeck about 1630; the finest violinist of his time, and the first really great performer heard in England. He came to this country in 1656, and stayed for some time with Sir Anthony Cope, of Hanwell, Oxon. Evelyn heard him play March 4, 1656, and has left an account which may be read in his Diary under that date. Anthony Wood met him on July 24, 1658, and 'did then and there to his very great astonishment, heare him play on the violin. He then saw him run up his fingers to the end of the Fingerboard of the Violin, and run them back insensibly, and all with alacrity, and in very good tune, which he nor any in England saw the like before … Wilson thereupon, the public Professor, … did, after his humoursome way, stoop downe to Baltzar's Feet, to see whether he had a Huff on; that is to say, to see whether he was a Devill or not, because he acted beyond the parts of a man. ….Being much admired by all lovers of musick, his company was therefore desired; and company, especially musicall company, delighting in drinking, made him drink more than ordinary, which brought him to his grave.' At the Restoration [App. p.530 "Soon after"] Baltzar was appointed leader of the King's celebrated band of twenty-four violins, but died soon after, and was buried in the cloister of Westminster Abbey. He is entered on the Register as 'Mr. Thomas Balsart, one of the violins in the King's Service July 27, 1663.'
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Banderali, Davidde

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Kunst der Fuge, Die

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Kuntzsch, Johann Gottfried

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Köchel, Ludwig

From volume 2 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Köhler, Louis

​KÖHLER, Louis. See vol. ii. p. 733a, and add date of death, Feb. 16, 1886.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Kupsch, Karl

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Kömpel, August

From volume 2 of the work.
[ P. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Kéler Béla

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Köhler

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Kücken, Friedrich

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Habert, Susan de

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HABERT, SUSAN DE,
Wife of Charles Jardin, an officer of the household of Henry the Third of France, who became a widow in 1585, at the age of twenty-four, when she devoted herself to literature, especially philosophy, divinity, and the languages. She was a pious as well as learned woman. She died in 1633.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hachette, Jeanne

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HACHETTE, JEANNE,
Or Jeanne Foucquet, a heroine of Beauvais, in Picardy, France, who successfully headed a body of women in an assault upon the Burgundians, who besieged her native place in 1470. When the Burgundians ascended their ladders to plant their standards on the walls, Jeanne, with a battle-axe, drove some of them back, and seized their flag, which she deposited in a church, after the battle. Louis the Eleventh of France recompensed her for her bravery; she afterwards married Collin Pillon, and she and her descendants were exempted from taxation. In commemoration of her intrepid conduct, there is an annual procession at Beauvais, on the 10th. of July, in which the women march at the head of the men.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hahn-Hahn, Ida Maria Louisa Frederica Gustava, Countess of

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HAHN-HAHN, IDA MARIA LOUISA FREDERICA GUSTAVA, COUNTESS OF.
This lady is the daughter of the Count Von Hahn-Hahn, an officer in the service of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. She was born at Tressow, in that duchy, in the year 1806, and married in 1826 another German count of the same name as her other, belonging to a collateral branch of the same family. This marriage not proving a happy one, the countess sued for a divorce, which she obtained in 1829. The natural current of her affections being thus checked, and turned inward, it is not surprising that she should have sought solace in mental activity, and given expression to her inward experiences and strong passionate emotions in literature. At first she wrote only poetry, three volumes of which were published from 1835 to 1837. After that period, however, she became known as a novelist of great and varied imagination, and strong graphic powers of description. Her pictures of aristocratic life in Germany were so new and fresh, and withal so pervaded by a constantly abiding sense of individuality, that we seem to read in every page the author's own thoughts and experiences. These works were poured forth with marvellous rapidity, "The Countess Faustina," "Ulrick," "Sigismund Forster," and "Cecil," were quickly translated into English, and became highly popular with a class of readers, who prefer the exciting, the romantic, and the imaginative to that which is pure and elevating in moral teaching. The Countess Hahn-Hahn has travelled much, and aridly described what she has seen, and thought, in her works entitled, "Beyond the Mountains," "Letters on a Journey," "A Northern Tour," Reminiscences of France," Oriental Letters," and "From Babylon to Jerusalem," in which last work we may read the inward process of her change of faith to Roman Catholicism, a religion which she seems to have embraced with all the fervour of her ardent nature. It was early predicted that she would end her life in a convent, and the fulfilment of this prophecy appears very likely.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Halket, Lady Anne

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HALKET, LADY ANNE,
Whose extensive learning and voluminous theological writings place her in the first rank of female authors, was the daughter of Mr. Robert Murray, of the family of Tullibardine, and was born at London, January 4th., 1622. Her father was preceptor to Charles the First, and her mother sub-governess to the Duke of Gloucester and the Princess Elizabeth. Lady Anne was carefully educated by her parents in every polite and liberal science; but theology and physic were her favourite studies; and she became such a proficient in the latter science, and also in surgery, that the most eminent professional men, as well as invalids of every rank, both in this country and on the continent, sought her advice.
Being a staunch royalist, her family and herself suffered with the misfortunes of Charles. She married, in March, 1656, Sir James Halket, to whom she bore four children, all of whom died young excepting her eldest son Robert. It was to him she addressed her admirable tract, "The Mother's Will to the Unborn Child," under the impression that she should not survive its birth. She died in 1699. During her lifetime there were published of her writings no less than twenty-one volumes, chiefly on religious subjects. She was a woman of the most singular and unaffected piety, and of the sweetest simplicity of manner; this, together with her great talents and learning, procured her the universal esteem of her contemporaries. She left thirty-six books in manuscript, containing "Meditations."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Gwenissa

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GWENISSA,
Commonly spoken of as Gwenissa the Fair, was the daughter of the Emperor Claudius, and was given in marriage to Arviragus, King of the Iceni, in order to cement the union formed between that monarch and the Romans. Arviragus, however, did not long remain true either to his professions of friendship for the invaders of Britain, nor of love for the beautiful Gwenissa, for whom he had divorced his first wife, the famous Queen Boadicea. On the breaking out of hostilities between her husband and father, Gwenissa was much afflicted, and, it is said, by her importunities brought about an accommodation of their differences, on which account she was called "the winner of peace." This peace was, however, but of short duration; the King of the Iceni joined a confederacy against the Romans, became reconciled to Boadicea, and the deserted Gwenissa, overcome by the extremity of her grief, expired in childbirth, prematurely brought on by the anguish of her mind. She is said to have been as good as she was beautiful, and to have performed many acts of generosity and kindness for which her memory cherished in Britain.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Gwynne, Eleanor

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Gwynne, Eleanor,
Better known as Nell Gwynn, (her real name was Margaret Symcott,) rose from an orange-girl of the meanest description, to be the mistress of Charles the Second. She first gained her bread by singing from tavern to tavern, and gradually rose to be a popular actress at the Theatre Royal. She is said to have been exceedingly pretty, but below the ordinary height. In her elevation she shewed great gratitude to Dryden, who had befriended her in her poverty. She was also faithful to her royal lover, and after his death retired flora the world, and passed the remainder of her life in seclusion. She died in 1691, and was pompously interred in the parish church of St. Martin's in the Fields; Dr. Tennison, then vicar, afterwards Bishop of Canterbury, preaching her funeral sermon. This sermon, it was reported, was shortly afterwards brought forward by Lord Jersey to impede the Rev. Doctor's preferment; but Queen Mary, having heard the objection, answered gravely, "What then? I have heard as much; this is a sign that that poor unfortunate woman died penitent; for, if I can read a man's heart through his looks, had she not made a pious and Christian end, the doctor could never have been induced to speak well of her." This repentance is not recorded of any other mistress of the profligate king. "Poor Nelly" was the victim of circumstances, not the votary of vice; and of the inmates of that wicked and corrupt court, she only has won pity and forgiveness from posterity. She deserves this, for she was pitiful to others. In the time of her prosperity she never forgot to relieve distress; and at her death she left a fund for annual distribution at Christmas among the poor debtors, which is to this day distributed in the prisons of London. From Nell Gwynne descended the Dukes of St. Albans.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Diapason

From volume 1 of the work.
​DIAPASON originally meant the interval of an octave, because it was δια πασων χορδων συμφωνία, the consonance arrived at by going 'through all the strings of the lyre' from first to last. In this sense it is used by Dryden:
'Through all the compass of the notes it ran, The diapason closing full in man.'
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Diatonic

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Dickons, Mrs.

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Diapente

From volume 1 of the work.
​DIAPENTE was the ancient Greek name for the consonance of the 5th. By the musicians of the 17th and 18th centuries a canon in the fifth was called in Epidiapente or Subdiapente, as it answered above or below.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Diaphonia

​DIAPHONIA (from δις, twice; and φωνέω, I sound. Lat. Discantus; from dis, twice, and ​cantus, a song. Inexact synonym, Organum). A term, applied, by Guido d'Arezzo, in his Micrologus, to a form of composition in which a second Part, called Organum, was added below a given Cantus firmus. Writers, of somewhat later date, while generally describing Diaphonia under its Latinized name, Discantus, have treated that word as the exact synonym of Organum. Guido, however, clearly restricts the term, Organum, to the Part added below the Cantus firmus; and not without good reason, since it is only to the union of the two Parts that the terms, Diaphonia, or Discantus, can be logically applied. In its oldest known form, the added Part moved in uninterrupted Fourths below the Cantus firmus. Guido disapproved of this, and recommended, as a more agreeable (mollis) method, that the Major Second, and the Major and Minor Third, should be used in alternation with the Fourth. When a third Part was added, by doubling the Organum in the Octave above, the form of composition was called Triphonia. Tetraphonia was produced by doubling both the Organum and the Cantus firmus, in the Octave above. Guido called the third Part, Organum duplicatum. In later times, it was called Triplum (= Treble), and the fourth Part, Quadruplum.
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Diatessaron

From volume 1 of the work.
​DIATESSARON was the ancient Greek name for the consonance of the 4th—δια τεσσάρων χορδων συμφωνία.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Dibdin, Henry

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]