OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Greatheart, Mr.

Edition of 1905. See also The Pilgrim's Progress on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ GREAT′HEART, Mr. The brave guardian of Christiana and her children, and their guide to the Celestial City, in Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Greaves

Edition of 1905. See also Greave on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​GREAVES, grāvz (from OF. greves, from greve, shin ) . Pieces of armor used as a defense for the legs, originally made of leather, quilted linen, etc., and afterwards of steel hollowed to fit the legs and fastened with straps behind.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wilmington (North Carolina)

Edition of 1905. See also Wilmington, North Carolina on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WILMINGTON. The largest city of North Carolina, a port of entry, and the county-seat of New Hanover County, 148 miles south by east of Raleigh, on the Cape Fear River and on the Seaboard Air Line, the Atlantic Coast Line, and other railroads (Map: North Carolina, E 3). It is situated 20 miles from the mouth of the Cape Fear River, and has steamship connection with ​New York and other Atlantic ports. The city is well laid out. Among the prominent structures are the United States Government building, the city hall, the county court-house, and the Masonic Temple. There are also Cape Fear Academy, a public library, the City and County Hospital, and the United States Marine Hospital. Wilmington is primarily a commercial city. Its foreign trade for the year ending June 30, 1901, aggregated $12,194,571, including exports to the value of $12,013,659. Cotton, lumber, and naval stores constitute the principal shipments. In manufacturing the city ranks fourth in the State, its various industries in the census year 1900 having $2,968,199 capital and a production valued at $2,960,028. There are lumber mills, cotton presses, cotton mills, cottonseed-oil mills, rice mills, dye works, and manufactories of fertilizers, tea chests, etc. Under the charter of 1866, the government is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a unicameral council. A board of audit and finance, appointed by the State Governor, fixes salaries and controls the city finances. The subordinate administrative officials are elected by the council. Population, in 1890, 20,056; in 1900, 20,976.
Settled as ‘Newtown’ in 1730, Wilmington was incorporated in 1739 as a town under its present name. In 1743 it became the capital of the province. It was occupied by the British in 1781-82. During the Civil War it was the centre of communication between the Confederate States and foreign governments. Consult Powell (editor), Historic Towns of the Southern States (New York, 1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wilmington (Ohio)

Edition of 1905. See also Wilmington, Ohio on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WILMINGTON. The county-seat of Clinton County, Ohio, 55 miles northeast of Cincinnati, on the Baltimore and Ohio and the Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley railroads (Map: Ohio, C 7). It is the seat of Wilmington College (Friends), opened in 1870. Farming is the leading industry of the surrounding country, and the city manufactures auger bits, bridge work, bentwood products, furnaces, and butter. Population, in 1890, 3079; in 1900, 3613.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wilson, James Grant

Edition of 1905. See also James Grant Wilson on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WILSON, James Grant (1832—). An American editor and author, born in New York City. He was educated chiefly by private tutors and through European travel, founded (1857) the Chicago Record, a journal of art and literature, and entered the Union Army as major and left it as brigadier-general (1865). He afterwards lived in New York, was a popular speaker, a frequent contributor to periodicals, president of the Society of American Authors, and, after 1885, of the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. He edited Fitz-Greene Halleck's Poems (1868); A Memorial History of the City of New York (4 vols., 1892-93); Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography (6 vols., 1887-89, with John Fiske; vol. vii., 1900); and The Great Commanders Series (18 vols.). His chief books include: Bioqraphical Sketches of Illinois Officers (1862-63); Life of Fitz-Greene Halleck (1869);
Sketches of Illustrious Soldiers (1874); Poets and Poetry of Scotland (1876); Centennial History of the Diocese of New York, 1775-1885 (1886); Bryant and His Friends (1886); Commodore Isaac Hull and the Frigate Constitution (1889); Love in Letters (1896); Life of General Grant (1897); The Presidents of the United States, 1789-1901 (1902); and Thackeray in the United States (1903).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wilson, William

Edition of 1905. See also William Wilson (poet) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WILSON, William (1801-60). An English poet and publisher, born in Perthshire. At the age of twenty-two he became editor of the Literary Olio at Dundee, and in 1826 removed to Edinburgh, where he established himself in business and was a member of the literary circle of Christopher North. In 1832 he came to America and became a bookseller and publisher at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. He was the father of Gen. James Grant Wilson. He was a lifelong contributor of verse to the reviews of England and America, but never published his poetry in book form. A selection, edited by B. J. Lossing, appeared, however, in 1869.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wilmot, Robert Duncan

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Duncan Wilmot on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WILMOT, Robert Duncan (1809-91). A Canadian statesman, born at Fredericton, New Brunswick. When the boy was only five years old, the family removed to Saint John, where he was educated. After engaging in shipping, and after a short period spent in England, he entered the Parliament of his province in 1846, holding his seat down to the union of 1867. He was Mayor of Saint John (1849); Surveyor-General of New Brunswick (1851-54); Provincial Secretary (1856-57); and delegate to the colonial conference in London (1866-67). Upon the formation of the Union (1867) he was called to the Senate by royal proclamation. In 1878 he became a member of Sir John Macdonald's Ministry and Speaker of the Senate. In 1880 he resigned to become Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick, a post which he held till 1885.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wilmot, David

Edition of 1905. See also David Wilmot on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WILMOT, David (1814-68). An American political leader and jurist, born in Bethany, Pa. He was admitted to the bar at Wilkes-Barre in 1834, and practiced at Towanda. In time he became prominent as a Democratic politician, and from 1845 to 1851 was a member of the National House of Representatives. Although elected as a Democrat, he opposed the extension nf slavery into the territory that it was expected the United States would acquire from Mexico, and in 1846 he moved his famous amendment, known as the Wilmot Proviso (q.v.). In 1848 he supported Van Buren for the Presidency instead of the regular Democratic candidate, and afterwards became a Republican. He was president-judge of the thirteenth district of Pennsylvania during 1853-61; was defeated as a candidate for Governor on the Republican ticket in 1857; served in the United States Senate 1861-63; and then held the office of judge of the United States Court of Claims until his death.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wilson, John (scottish writer)

See also John Wilson (Scottish writer) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WILSON, John, the Christopher North of Blackwood's Magazine (1785-1854). A Scottish writer, born May 18, 1785, at Paisley, and educated at Glasgow and Oxford. Inheriting fnnn his father an estate of £50,000, he purehased the property of Elleray overlooking Lake Windermere, where he settled as gentleman and poet. There, in the Lake District, he associated intimately with Wordsworth and came to know well De Quincey, Southey, and Coleridge. To this period belong two volumes of graceful verse — The Isle of Palms ( 1812) and The Cih/ of the Plague (1810). Having lost his fortune through a dishonest uncle, lie migrated to Edinburgh, where he took a memorable hand with J. G. Lockhart (q.v.) in the Blackwood's Magazine (q.v.) for October, 1817. Thereafter, till near his death, he was the leading writer for this famous Tory magazine, though he was never strictly its editor. In 1820 he was appointed professor of moral philosophy in the University of Edinburgh, defeating in the contest Sir William Hamilton. His only claim to the post was his rampant Toryism, then regarded as sufficient. Wilson nevertheless was an enthusiastic teacher and inspired his pupils, even if he had nothing very profound to impart to them. In 1822 he began in Blackwood's the symposium known as the Noctes Ambrosianae (q.v.). Here Wilson is seen at his best — his wit, humor, and pathos. The "Ettrick Shepherd," an idealized portrait of James Hogg (q.v.). is a masterly creation. The death of the 'Shepherd' in 1835 necessarily put an end to these delightful banquets. In the earlier days Wilson also contributed to Blaeku:ood's three good novels, afterwards published separately: Lights and Shadous of Heoftish Life (1822); The Trials of Margaret Lipuhay (1823) ; and The Foresters (1825). Later came the substantial essays on Homer, Spenser, and all manner of papers on contemporary writers and subjects. For 1834 the number reached fully 54 distinct contributions. In 1837 Wilson lost his -wife and never recovered from his grief. On resigning his professorship in 1851 he was granted a pension of £300 a year. He died in Edinburgh, April 3, 1854. In 1865 a statue was erected to his mem- ory in Princess Street Gardens. Consult his Works, edited by P. J. Ferrier (12 vols., Edinburgh, 1855-58) ; the Noctes Amhrosianw, edited by R. S. Mackenzie (5 vols., New York, 1854); Memoir by his daughter, M. W. Gordon (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1802) ; and for a good estimate, G. Saintsburv's Essays in English Literature (London. 1890).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wilmot, Alexander

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ WIL′MOT, Alexander (1836—). A British colonial official, born at Edinburgh, and educated at the universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh. For many years he served in various offices in Cape Colony, and in 1889 became a member of the Legislative Council. In politics he adhered to the ‘Progressive’ (Rhodes) party. Among his published works are: The History of the Cape Colony (with J. C. Chase, 1869); The History of the Zulu War; The Geography of Cape Colony (1882); The Story of the Expansion of South Africa; and The History of Our Own Times in South Africa (1897-99).
# The Marne

THE MARNE
A TALE OF THE WAR
BY
EDITH WHARTON
MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON 1918
COPYRIGHT
MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA • MADRAS MELBOURNE
* Chapter I
* Chapter II
* Chapter III
* Chapter IV
* Chapter V
* Chapter VI
* Chapter VII
* Chapter VIII
* Chapter IX
* Chapter X
* Chapter XI
* Chapter XII
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1937, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 86 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aue

Edition of 1905. See also Aue on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUE. A town in the Circle of Zwickau, Saxony, Germany, at the confluence of the Mulde and the Schwarzwasser, 18½ miles southeast of Zwickau by rail. It is a railway junction and a busy industrial centre. It has five public buildings and its institutions include a technical school in connection with the tin industry. Population, in 1900, 15,230.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Auer, Alois

Edition of 1905. See also Alois Auer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUER, ou'ẽr, Alois, Ritter von Welsbach (1813-69). An Austrian printer. He was born at Wels, in Upper Austria, and was trained in a printing establishment of his native town to be a compositor. During his scanty leisure moments he studied French, Italian, English, and other languages, in which he underwent an examination in 1835 and 1836 before the University of Vienna. In October, 1837, he was appointed professor of Italian in the Gymnasium of Linz, in Upper Austria. In 1839 he set out on his travels through Germany, Switzerland, France, and England, collecting materials for his favorite art. From 1841 to 1868 he was director of the Imperial printing office at Vienna, which under his management became one of the largest establishments of the kind in Europe. He was prolific in typographical inventions and made known a photographic discovery, ‘spontaneous impression,’ in Die Entdeckung des Naturselbstdrucks (1854); published Die Sprachenhalle oder das Vaterunser in 608 Sprachen, with Roman types (1844); and Das Vaterunser in 206 Sprachen, with their national alphabets (1847). See Nature Printing.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aue, Hartmann von

Edition of 1905. See also Hartmann von Aue on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUE, ou'e. Hartmann von (c.1170-1210). A German minnesinger. He was the retainer of a Swabian knight, and is said to have had an exceptional education for a layman. He took part in the crusade of 1190, and is celebrated in the Tristan und Isolde of Gottfried von Strassburg and in the Krone by Türlin. His earliest poem seems to have been Erec (about 1190). Among his other productions are: Gregorius vom Steine; Der arme Heinrich (his most popular work); Iwein, oder der Ritter mit dem Löwen.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Auersperg, Adolph Wilhelm Daniel

Edition of 1905. See also Prince Adolf of Auersperg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUERSPERG, ou'ẽr-spẽrK, Adolph Wilhelm Daniel, Prince (1821-85). An Austrian statesman. He served in the army from 1841 to 1860, and attained to the rank of major. In 1867 he entered political life as a member of the Bohemian Diet, being elected by the Liberal land proprietors, and in 1868 became a member for life of the Upper Chamber of the Austrian Reichsrat. He was Governor of Salzburg from 1870 to 1871, and proved in that position, as well as in his subservient political life, a stanch supporter of the constitution. From 1871 to 1879 he was the head of the Austrian ministry, as such succeeded in carrying out the electoral reform, securing direct elections to the Lower Chamber of the Reichsrat, and in strengthening the political entente with Hungary.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Auenbrugger, Leopold von

Edition of 1905. See also Leopold Auenbrugger on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUENBRUGGER, ou'en-brụg'ẽr, or AUENBRUGG, ou'en-brụg, Leopold von (1722-1809). A Viennese physician who introduced the method of percussion diagnosis — that is, the method of applying the ear to the chest and noting the sounds that follow a stroke of the hand on the patient. He published the results of his important investigation in a treatise entitled Inventum Novum ex Percussione Thoracis Humani Interni Pectoris Morbos Detegendi (1761), which marks an epoch in the modern history of medicine. The book attracted little attention until it was translated and illustrated by Corvisart in 1808. He also wrote two treatises on insanity.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Auer, Leopold

Edition of 1905. See also Leopold Auer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUER, Leopold (1845—). A violinist, born at Veszprim, Hungary, and educated at the Conservatory of Budapest and at Vienna. From 1863 to 1865 he was concert master at Düsseldorf, and from 1866 to 1868 he held the same position at Hamburg, under Stockhausen. Afterwards he became professor at the Conservatory of Saint Petersburg and violin soloist to the Russian court. In 1887, he became director of the symphonic concerts given by the Imperial Musical Society of Russia. He is considered one of the foremost violinists of the day, his playing being characterized by extraordinary technical skill, depth of conception, and remarkable beauty of tone. His concert tours have been very successful.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Auerbach's Keller

Edition of 1905. See also Auerbachs Keller and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUERBACH'S KEL'LER. A Leipzig wine-cellar and tavern, which occupies much the same place in the hearts of Goethe-lovers that the London ‘Cheshire Cheese’ holds in the hearts of the admirers of Dr. Johnson. It is associated with the early life of the German poet, who in his student days was a regular habitué of it, and is supposed to be the original of the tavern scene in the drama of Faust.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Auerbach, Berthold

Edition of 1905. See also Berthold Auerbach on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUERBACH, ou'ẽr-bäG, Berthold (1812-82). A German novelist, born at Nordstetten. He was the founder of the contemporary German ‘tendency novel,’ in which fiction is used as a means of influencing public opinion on social, political, moral, and religious questions. Auerbach was of humble, Jewish parentage, but had a liberal education at Tübingen, Munich, and Heidelberg, and was a close student of Spinoza, ​whose complete works he translated (1841). Spinoza's philosophy can be traced in the ethics of his novels of the higher social life. His life was uneventful, though embittered at the close by the growth of German anti-Semitism. His best-known works are Das Judentum und die neueste Litteratur (1836); a semi-biographical novel, Spinoza (1837); Dichter und Kaufmann (1839); Der gebildete Bürger, an attempt to popularize philosophical subjects (1842); Schwarzwälder Dorfgeschichten (1843) — his first great success, widely translated, and expressing with a sympathetic realism the memories and scenes of youth. This was followed in the same field by the hardly less charming second series of Village Tales (1846), Barfüssele (1856); Joseph im Schnee (1861); Edelweiss (1861); a third series of tales, Nach dreissig Jahren (1876), Der Forstmeister (1879), and Brigitta (1880). Meantime he had written a mass of now insignificant journalistic work, and, among other novels, Auf der Höhe (1865), a philosophic romance, blending peasant life and character with that of the higher circles in a royal capital and country-seat. This was an attractive exhibition of doctrinaire ethics, and established his reputation in spite of errors in construction and style. Das Landhaus am Rhein (1869) was similar but less successful, and Waldfried (1874) sought vainly to draw literary inspiration from German unity and the French war. The rest of his forty volumes are negligible. All Auerbach's longer work is overweighted with philosophy and a leaden humor. He is best in emotional situations and the sentiments of simple natures; excellent in description, but weak in the management of plot. Still, Auf der Höhe has enough inherent reality to triumph over its faults, is still read and worth reading. Auerbach's talent appears to best advantage in the Dorfgeschichten and in such modest stories as Barfüssele, Edelweiss, and Brigitta. Consult Zabel, Berthold Auerbach (Berlin, 1882).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Auersperg, Anton Alexander

Edition of 1905. See also Count Anton Alexander von Auersperg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AUERSPERG, Anton Alexander, Count von (known to literature as Anastasius Grün) (1806-76). An Austrian statesman and poet. He was born at Laibach (Carniola), studied at Gratz and Vienna; through his verse became distinguished as a Liberal; was elected to the German preliminary Parliament in 1848, and subsequently to the National Assembly. Under the Constitution of 1861 he was appointed by the Emperor a life member of the House of Lords, where he continued prominent in opposition to the Feudal-Clerical and Slovenian parties. He was similarly active in 1861-67 in the diets of Carniola and Styria. His first noteworthy publication was Der letzte Ritter (1830; new ed., 1885), a celebration of Maximilian I., in the metre of the Nibelungen-Lied. With Spaziergänge eines Wiener Poeten (1831; new ed., 1835), an attack upon the Metternich regime, he attracted great attention. Chief among his further publications are the Volkslieder aus Krain (1850), and Robin Hood (1864), an adaptation of the English ballad material. His poetry is eminently contemplative, and at times overburdened with the author's reflections. In its assertion of freedom it was intluential during the political controversy of the time, and it still may be read for a number of genuine lyrics. His Gesammelte Werke were edited by L. A. Frankl (Berlin, 5 vols., 1877). Consult: Schatzmayer, Anton, Graf von Auersperg (2d ed., Frankfort, 1872), and Radics, Anastasius Grün (Leipzig, 1878).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Richards, Robert Hallowell

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Hallowell Richards on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RICHARDS, Robert Hallowell (1844— ). An American mining engineer and metallurgist. He was born at Gardiner, Maine, graduated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1868, and in 1871 was appointed its professor of mineralogy and metallurgy. He was a member of the United States Assay Commission in 1897, and attained prominence as a legal expert in chemical and metallurgical cases. He wrote Aluminum (1887).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Richmond, Dean

Edition of 1905. See also Dean Richmond on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RICHMOND, Dean (1804-66). An American capitalist, born in Bernard, Vt. He opened a produce business in Buffalo in 1842, became wealthy, and held office in several corporations. He took an active interest in railways and was influential in securing the consolidation of the several corporations that later constituted the New York Central Railroad. Of this railroad he became vice-president in 1853 and from 1864 until his death was president. In politics he was an active Democrat, and though he refused to accept any public office, he was for several years the chairman of the Democratic State Committee and the leader of his party in New York State.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Richmond, George

Edition of 1905. See also George Richmond (painter) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RICHMOND, George (1809-96). An English portrait painter, born in Brompton. He was a pupil of the Royal Academy, and became a member of the Royal Academy in 1867. He painted portraits of many of his celebrated contemporaries, such as Dr. Keble, the Earl of Elgin, Sir Moses Montefiore, and Lord Salisbury. His early work was influenced by William Blake, whom he greatly admired. Many of his portraits are in water color and crayon, but he also painted in oil, and did some work in sculpture.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Richmond, William Blake

Edition of 1905. See also William Blake Richmond on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RICHMOND, Sir William Blake (1843—). An English historical and portrait painter, born in London. He was the pupil of Sir Frederick Leighton, and his works belong to the order of classic genre made popular by Leighton and Alma-Tadema. They include “Amor Vincit Omnia,” and “An Audience in Athens During the Representation of the Agamemnon” (1885, in the Birmingham Gallery). He also painted several portraits of celebrities. He was Slade professor at Oxford from 1878 until 1883, became an associate of the Royal Academy in 1888, and was knighted in 1897. He designed and superintended the mosaic decoration of the interior of Saint Paul's Cathedral, London.