# Sean M. Carroll

Sean M. Carroll (born October 5, 1966) is an American theoretical cosmologist, and senior research associate in the Department of Physics at the California Institute of Technology, specializing in dark energy and general relativity.

## Quotes

* But the very fact that matter in the cosmos is still moving, rather than at rest, is the single most surprising thing about the universe.
** The Rise and Fall of Time, in Damien Broderick (ed.), Year Million: Science at the Far Edge of Knowledge, published by Atlas & Co., ISBN 978-0-9777433-4-6, p. 256
* But sometimes reality chooses not to conform to our preferences.
** The Rise and Fall of Time, p. 256
* It can't be stressed enough that the multiverse is utterly hypothetical—but that doesn't mean it isn't real.
** The Rise and Fall of Time, p. 264
* Even if we don't know the answer, a change of perspective can help us improve the question.
** The Rise and Fall of Time, p. 264
* In contrast to the arbitrarily complicated evolution of a (nonintegrable) classical system, all a quantum state ever does is move in circles.
** FQXi Prize winning essay What if Time Really Exists?, 2008.
* The mystery of the arrow of time comes down to this: Why were the conditions in the early universe set up in a particular way, in a configuration of low entropy that enabled all of the interesting and irreversible processes to come?
** From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time. 2010. (p. 3)
* Inflation is a simple idea: imagine that the universe begins in a tiny patch of space dominated by the potential energy of some scalar field, a kind of super-dense dark energy. This causes that patch to expand at a terrifically accelerated rate, smoothing out the density and diluting away any unwanted relics. Eventually the scalar field decays into ordinary matter and radiation, reheating the universe into a conventional Big Bang state, after which things proceed as normal.
** (21 October 2011)"The Eternally Existing, Self-reproducing, Frequently Puzzling Inflationary Universe". Preposterous Universe blog.
* There probably are more forces than we know about, but they’re only going to be of direct interest to physicists, I’m afraid. No tractor beams.
** (4 November 2011)"Column: Looking for New Forces". Preposterous Universe blog.
* All of my advice comes from remembering what I did wrong and then telling people not to do it. ... Don't wait to read the most recent research papers. ... Wonder how you could do better. ... Do your own research projects. Take the initiative. ... Ask your own questions — try to answer them. ... At some point you stop being a student and you start being a scientist. ... And it's a completely different skill set ..."
** (21 April 2018)"Episode #124 - In Search of Reality: A Conversation with Sean Carroll". Waking Up Podcast with Sam Harris. (1:21:12 of 1:58:24)
* When exactly does an observation occur? ... What were the laws of physics doing before there was anyone measuring things? And what do you mean by a measurement, anyway? Does it have to be a consciousness human being? ... Can a rock or a virus or an earthworm do an observation?
** (24 October 2018)"The Many Worlds Theory". YouTube. (12:16 of 56:11)
* People don't like to read papers — they like to read titles.
** (August 3, 2024)"The Crisis in (Fundamental) Physics is Worse Than You Think...". Theories of Everything with Curt Jaimungal, Youtube. (quote at 1:08:34 of 1:53:11 in video)

### The Big Picture (2016)

* The broader ontology typically associated with atheism is naturalism—there is only one world, the natural world, exhibiting patterns we call the “laws of nature,” and which is discoverable by the methods of science and empirical investigation. There is no separate realm of the supernatural, spiritual, or divine; nor is there any cosmic teleology or transcendent purpose inherent in the nature of the universe or in human life. “Life” and “consciousness” do not denote essences distinct from matter; they are ways of talking about phenomena that emerge from the interplay of extraordinarily complex systems. Purpose and meaning in life arise through fundamentally human acts of creation, rather than being derived from anything outside ourselves. Naturalism is a philosophy of unity and patterns, describing all of reality as a seamless web.
** Chap. 1 : The Fundamental Nature of Reality
* Meaning in life can’t be reduced to simplistic mottos. In some number of years I will be dead; some memory of my time here on Earth may linger, but I won’t be around to savor it.
** Chap. 1 : The Fundamental Nature of Reality
* Poetic naturalism is a philosophy of freedom and responsibility. The raw materials of life are given to us by the natural world, and we must work to understand them and accept the consequences. The move from description to prescription, from saying what happens to passing judgment on what should happen, is a creative one, a fundamentally human act. The world is just the world, unfolding according to the patterns of nature, free of any judgmental attributes. The world exists; beauty and goodness are things that we bring to it.
** Chap. 2 : Poetic Naturalism
* What we’re seeing is a manifestation of the layered nature of our descriptions of reality. At the deepest level we currently know about, the basic notions are things like “spacetime,” “quantum fields,” “equations of motion,” and “interactions.” No causes, whether material, formal, efficient, or final. But there are levels on top of that, where the vocabulary changes.
** Chap. 3 : The World Moves by Itself
* The momentary or Laplacian nature of physical evolution doesn’t have much relevance for the choices we face in our everyday lives. For poetic naturalism, the situation is clear. There is one way of talking about the universe that describes it as elementary particles or quantum states, in which Laplace holds sway and what happens next depends only on the state of the system right now.
** Chap. 4 : What Determines What Will Happen?
* Metaphysical principles are tempting shortcuts but not reliable guides. There are good reasons why things often seem to happen for reasons—and also reasons why that’s not a bedrock principle.
** Chap. 5 : Reasons Why
* The “reasons” and “causes” why things happen, in other words, aren’t fundamental; they are emergent. We need to dig in to the actual history of the universe to see why these concepts have emerged.
** Chap. 5 : Reasons Why
* What we can’t do is demand that the universe scratch our explanatory itches. Curiosity is a virtue, and it’s good to look for answers to “Why?” questions whenever we might be able to find them, or when we think that asking such questions might help us to understand things better. But we should be at peace with the possibility that, for some questions, the answer doesn’t go any deeper than “That’s what it is.” We’re not used to that—our intuition assures us that every event can be explained in terms of some reason why. To understand why we have that impression, we need to dig more deeply into how our actual universe has evolved.
** Chap. 5 : Reasons Why