OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jessica Riskin

Jessica Riskin (born 1960) is an American historian of science and Frances and Charles Field Professor of History at Stanford University.

## Quotes

* What is the scientific method, and when, where, and how did it become, as the kids say, a thing? Authoritative definitions of “the scientific method” often state that it consists of a set of procedures including observation, experimentation, and the formation and testing of hypotheses by inductive and deductive reasoning. Such accounts, as a rule, ascribe science’s successes to the application of these procedures ever since the seventeenth century and the work of people such as Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton. But neither Bacon nor Newton nor anyone else in the seventeenth century would have recognized the phrase; moreover, neither would have agreed with current standard definitions. Bacon, for instance, rejected deductive reasoning as the bad old Aristotelian approach, and Newton, author of one of the boldest hypotheses in the history of science—the universal aether—denied any role for hypotheses in his science, famously declaring “hypotheses non fingo” (I frame no hypotheses).
* As a faculty member, I feel a great intellectual advantage in being in continual conversation with students, who arrive new and clear-eyed, asking foundational questions. I’ve found that giving them the benefit of my perspective means also accepting from them the benefit of theirs.
* In Darwin’s version of Darwinism, natural selection played a key role, but so too did various living agencies, notably one that Darwin called “use and disuse” (using or failing to use a limb or organ, which, he assumed, would have heritable effects) and another that he named “sexual selection.”
* Whereas Adam Smith worried about the confining and stultifying effects of commercial society, his 21st-century acolytes, cheerfully devoid of skepticism, see nothing but empowerment all the way.
# Micipsa

Micipsa (died c. 118 BC) was King of Numidia from 148 BC to 118 BC and by adoption the father of Jugurtha.

## Quotes

* Neither armies nor treasure form the bulwarks of a throne, but friends; these you can neither acquire by force of arms nor buy with gold; it is by devotion and loyalty that they are won.
** As quoted in Bellum Jugurthinum by Sallust, section 10, as translated and printed in the volume of the Loeb Classical Library, Sallust, first published in 1921, and last revised in 1931.
** Micipsa says these words as part of advices that he gives to his adopted son Jugurtha.

## External links

* Sallust: The War with Jugurtha (Latin and English)
# Merle Travis

Merle Robert Travis (November 29, 1917 – October 20, 1983) was an American country and western singer, songwriter, and guitarist. Born in Rosewood, Kentucky, his songs' lyrics were often about the lives and the economic exploitation of American coal miners. Among his many well-known songs and recordings are "Sixteen Tons", "Re-Enlistment Blues", "I am a Pilgrim" and "Dark as a Dungeon". However, it is his unique guitar style, still called Travis picking by guitarists, as well as his interpretations of the rich musical traditions of his native Muhlenberg County, Kentucky, for which he is best known today. Travis picking is a syncopated style of guitar fingerpicking rooted in ragtime music in which alternating chords and bass notes are plucked by the thumb while melodies are plucked by the index finger. He was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970 and elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1977.

## Quotes about Merle Travis

* Merle Travis easily ranks as one of the most influential guitarists of the 20th century. For proof of this claim, just look to "Travis picking"—a style he took from Western Kentucky to the radio mainstream—which has become one of the most commonly used picking techniques across the whole guitar-playing world.
** Dan Orkin of Reverb.com (December 29, 2017)
# Joe Maphis

Otis Wilson "Joe" Maphis (/ˈmeɪfɪs/ MAY-fis; May 12, 1921 – June 27, 1986), was an American country music guitarist. He married singer Rose Lee Maphis in 1953 and they performed together. One of the flashiest country guitarists of the 1950s and 1960s, Joe Maphis was known as "The King of the Strings".

## Quotes about Joe Maphis

* Wielding an instantly recognizable Mosrite double-neck, Maphis dazzled audiences with tunes like "Flying Fingers" that showcased his prodigious fingerboard dexterity. While not as famous as Chet Atkins, Maphis was still a widely known musical personality in the '50s, owing to his presence on a television broadcast called Town Hall Party. Performing with his wife Rose and a rotating lineup of musicians and special guests, Maphis' guitar trickery was an inspiration to a generation of young country pickers.
** Dan Orkin of Reverb.com (December 29, 2017)
# Grady Martin

Thomas Grady Martin (January 17, 1929 – December 3, 2001) was an American session guitarist in country music and rockabilly.
A member of The Nashville A-Team, he played guitar on hits such as Marty Robbins' "El Paso", Loretta Lynn's "Coal Miner's Daughter" and Sammi Smith's "Help Me Make It Through the Night". During a nearly 50-year career, Martin backed such names as Hank Williams, Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, Johnny Burnette, Don Woody and Arlo Guthrie, Johnny Cash, Patsy Cline and Bing Crosby. He is a member of the Rockabilly Hall of Fame and was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in March 2015.

## Quotes about Grady Martin

* While players like Travis and Maphis certainly had a definitive style, Grady Martin—considered by many of his peers to be the finest Nashville guitarist of his day—was defined by his versatility. [...] He was an arranger and producer, and, according to some, deserves a similar standing to Chet Atkins as one of the key forces in the development of the Nashville Sound.
** Dan Orkin of Reverb.com (December 29, 2017)
# Hank Garland

Walter Louis Garland (November 11, 1930 – December 27, 2004), known professionally as Hank Garland, was an American guitarist and songwriter. He started as a country musician, played rock and roll as it became popular in the 1950s, and released a jazz album in 1960. His career was cut short when a car accident in 1961 left him unable to perform.

## Quotes about Hank Garland

* Another member of the "A-Team," Hank Garland ranks right up there in the list of prolific Nashville studio players. Tragically, Garland was in a horrific car accident in 1961 and sustained injuries that robbed him of most of his playing skill. While the incident effectively ended his recording career at the age of 31, his influence on countless players since continues to this day.
** Dan Orkin of Reverb.com (December 29, 2017)
# Roy Clark

Roy Linwood Clark (April 15, 1933 – November 15, 2018) was an American singer, musician, and television presenter. He is best known for having hosted Hee Haw, a nationally televised country variety show, from 1969 to 1997. Clark was an important and influential figure in country music, both as a performer and in helping to popularize the genre.
During the 1970s, Clark frequently guest-hosted for Johnny Carson on The Tonight Show and enjoyed a 30-million viewership for Hee Haw. Clark was highly regarded and renowned as a guitarist, banjo player, and fiddler. He was skilled in the traditions of many genres, including classical guitar, country music, Latin music, bluegrass, and pop. He had hit songs as a pop vocalist (e.g., "Yesterday, When I Was Young" and "Thank God and Greyhound"), and his instrumental skill had an enormous effect on generations of bluegrass and country musicians. He became a member of the Grand Ole Opry in 1987, and, in 2009, was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. He published his autobiography, My Life—in Spite of Myself, in 1994.

## Quotes about Roy Clark

* As the co-host of Hee Haw and a mainstay on broadcast television for years, Roy Clark was an extremely visible ambassador of country music in the '60s and '70s. And while many know Clark for his TV work first, that shouldn't diminish his very real abilities as a guitarist.
** Dan Orkin of Reverb.com (December 29, 2017)
# 27 September 2008 Delhi bombing

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The 27 September 2008 Delhi bombing in India's second largest metropolis left three people dead and twenty-three more injured, on an infamous Saturday. The explosion occurred at 14:15 IST, in Mehrauli's Electronic market called Sarai. Initially, there were reports of two persons, including a thirteen-year-old boy, named Santosh being killed in the attack. However, the next day the death toll rose to three. About 23 others were injured[8] and were treated at AIIMS and Fortis Hospital. The bombing took place exactly two weeks after the five serial blasts in Delhi on 13 September 2008.

## Quotes

* The security agencies were still busy connecting the dots of the Delhi bombing plot when the sound of a blast reverberated in the country’s capital yet again. On 27 September 2008, barely two weeks after the serial blasts, a low-intensity blast claimed three lives in the Mehrauli area. The offenders were temerarious enough to make a threatening call to the police just before the blast. The SIM card for this call was bought from a shop in Faridabad. The police rounded up some suspects of Bangladeshi origin along with the shopkeeper who had sold the SIM card. The nature of this blast was different from that of the bombings two weeks ago. It was postulated that it was an operation carried out by some group other than the IM. Some reports suggested that the bomb at Mohali had the signatures of IM operative Abdul Karim Tunda, who had been involved in several such incidents.
** Tiwari, D. P., (2019). The great indian conspiracy. London : Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019.
# Leon Rhodes

Leon Rhodes (March 10, 1932 – December 9, 2017) was an American country music musician. A guitarist, he primarily played behind Ernest Tubb as part of the Texas Troubadours and later was a house band member for the television programs Grand Ole Opry and Hee Haw. Rhodes also played as a session musician for various country singers such as Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings, Loretta Lynn, George Strait, and John Denver, among others.
Rhodes was regarded as one of the foremost country guitarists of his era for his quickness and accuracy. During his time with the Troubadours, Rhodes developed recognition as Tubb would often introduce him by name prior to his guitar solos.

## Quotes about Leon Rhodes

* [Rhodes left] behind a legacy as one of Nashville's most influential players.
** Dan Orkin of Reverb.com (December 29, 2017)
# Maybelle Carter

"Mother" Maybelle Carter (born Maybelle Addington; May 10, 1909 – October 23, 1978) was an American country musician and "among the first" to use the Carter scratch, with which she "helped to turn the guitar into a lead instrument." It was named after her. She was a member of the original Carter Family act from the late 1920s until the early 1940s and a member of the Carter Sisters and Mother Maybelle group.

## Quotes about Maybelle Carter

* [Carter's] influence on the development of country music really can't be overstated.
** Dan Orkin of Reverb.com (December 29, 2017)
# Marty Stuart

John Marty Stuart (born September 30, 1958) is an American country and bluegrass music singer, songwriter, and musician. Active since 1968, Stuart initially toured with Lester Flatt, and then in Johnny Cash's road band before beginning work as a solo artist in the early 1980s. He is known for his combination of rockabilly, country rock, and bluegrass music influences, his frequent collaborations and cover songs, and his distinctive stage dress. Stuart has won five Grammy Awards out of 16 nominations. He is also a member of the Grand Ole Opry and Country Music Hall of Fame.

## Quotes about Marty Stuart

* With traditional clean Telecaster tone typically running straight into the amp (usually a Princeton Reverb or Deluxe Reverb) and often drenched in shimmering reverb, country hit-maker Marty Stuart deftly rolls Don Rich, Ralph Mooney and Clarence White all into one and makes it look easy. Stuart is the prime exponent in modern country of the sinuous pedal steel sound of the B-Bender Telecaster.
** Mike Duffy and Jeff Owens of Fender
# Redd Volkaert

Redd Volkaert (born 1958) is a Canadian guitarist and musician. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest guitar players in the modern era and is "among the country’s top Telecaster guitar slingers” particularly in the genres of western swing and honky tonk. He was the go-to picker for Merle Haggard and has a history playing with Johnny Paycheck and George Jones.

## Quotes about Redd Volkaert

* After years of session and live work in Los Angeles and Nashville, red-headed Canadian Telecaster virtuoso Redd Volkaert joined Merle Haggard and the Strangers in 1997, perfectly channeling the sound and technique of Roy Nichols—and then some. His fleet-fingered mastery of Telecaster twang—often clean and sometimes with a touch of overdrive—effortlessly blends country, rock, jazz, swing, surf and more.
** Mike Duffy and Jeff Owens of Fender
# Bernard Joseph Harrington

Bernard Joseph Harrington (born September 6, 1933) is an American prelate of the Catholic Church who served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Detroit and as the bishop of the Diocese of Winona.

## Quotes

* It is time that we recognize that morality and ethics determines what we believe and not our political party. Are we Catholic first or are we adherents to a political party and then Catholic?
** Pro-abortion politicians must refrain from receiving communion, says Bishop of Winona (7 July 2004) Catholic News Agency
# Roy Nichols

Roy Ernest Nichols (October 21, 1932 – July 3, 2001) was an American country music guitarist best known as the lead guitarist for Merle Haggard's band The Strangers for more than two decades. He was known for his guitar technique, a mix of fingerpicking and pedal steel-like bends, usually played on a Fender Telecaster electric guitar. Nichols is considered one of the founders of the country music subgenre the “Bakersfield Sound”, which includes such notable country artists as Haggard, Buck Owens, and Don Rich.

## Quotes about Roy Nichols

* Merle Haggard’s band had a roll call of great players over the years, but perhaps nobody brought more Telecaster magic to the Strangers than Arizona guitarist Roy Nichols, whose deft chicken pickin’, pedal steel-like bends and jazz-inflected chromatic tonality made him a sophisticated musical foil for Haggard’s own hard-edged Telecaster chops.
** Mike Duffy and Jeff Owens of Fender
# 1940s in jazz

In the early 1940s in jazz, bebop emerged, led by Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk and others. It helped to shift jazz from danceable popular music towards a more challenging "musician's music." Differing greatly from swing, early bebop divorced itself from dance music, establishing itself more as an art form but lessening its potential popular and commercial value. Since bebop was meant to be listened to, not danced to, it used faster tempos. Beboppers introduced new forms of chromaticism and dissonance into jazz; the dissonant tritone (or "flatted fifth") interval became the "most important interval of bebop" and players engaged in a more abstracted form of chord-based improvisation which used "passing" chords, substitute chords, and altered chords. The style of drumming shifted as well to a more elusive and explosive style, in which the ride cymbal was used to keep time, while the snare and bass drum were used for accents. This appealed to a more specialized audiences than earlier forms of jazz, with sophisticated harmonies, fast tempos and often virtuoso musicianship. Bebop musicians often used 1930s standards, especially those from Broadway musicals, as part of their repertoire.
Among standards written by bebop musicians are Gillespie's "Salt Peanuts" (1941) and "A Night in Tunisia" (1942), Parker's "Anthropology" (1946), "Yardbird Suite" (1946) and "Scrapple from the Apple" (1947), and Monk's "'Round Midnight" (1944), which is currently the most recorded jazz standard composed by a jazz musician.
An early 1940s style known as "jumping the blues" or jump blues used small combos, uptempo music, and blues chord progressions. Jump blues drew on boogie-woogie from the 1930s. Kansas City Jazz in the 1930s as exemplified by tenor saxophonist Lester Young marked the transition from big bands to the bebop influence of the 1940s.

## Quotes about 1940s in jazz

* Jazz in the late 1940s moved away from big band jazz and morphed into a new expressive form that reflected social developments and postwar realities.
** The National WWII Museum (September 15, 2021)
# Eddie Condon

Albert Edwin Condon (November 16, 1905 – August 4, 1973) was an American jazz banjoist, guitarist, and bandleader. A leading figure in Chicago jazz, he also played piano and sang. He also owned a self-named night club in New York City.

## Quotes about Eddie Condon

* It was famously observed that, though Duke Ellington played piano, his real instrument was his orchestra. Similarly, while Eddie Condon was a useful rhythm guitarist, he was a virtuoso of the spirit of Chicago jazz. Organiser, promoter, impresario, publican and publicist, he symbolised its carefree pleasures until his death in 1973. [...] If Chicago jazz epitomised the devil-may-care mood of the 1920s, it also looked forward to the ’30s: Chicago stars such as Benny Goodman and Gene Krupa spearheaded the age of the big bands. But Condon kept faith with his original passion, espousing both small-group spontaneity and the fun-loving, hard-drinking ethos that went with it. Leading groups in clubs, arranging record dates and concerts, he became a one-man mission for Chicago jazz and was rewarded in the ’40s when public interest revived in Dixieland. Condon was the music’s embodiment. A dapper figure with slicked-back hair, he was a celebrated wit, typically addressing a sparse audience as ‘Lady and gentleman’. The music itself was first class, as you can hear in Eddie Condon: Windy City Jazz.[...] In later years, the Condon style was often barbarised by amateurs, giving Dixieland a bad name. But he would be pleased with a record that so appealingly distils the best of his life’s work.
** Geoffrey Smith of BBC Music (March 19, 2024)
# Dixieland jazz

Dixieland jazz, also referred to as traditional jazz, hot jazz, or simply Dixieland, is a style of jazz based on the music that developed in New Orleans at the start of the 20th century. The 1917 recordings by the Original Dixieland Jass Band (which shortly thereafter changed the spelling of its name to "Original Dixieland Jazz Band") fostered awareness of this new style of music.

## Quotes about Dixieland jazz

* If Chicago jazz epitomised the devil-may-care mood of the 1920s, it also looked forward to the ’30s: Chicago stars such as Benny Goodman and Gene Krupa spearheaded the age of the big bands.
** Geoffrey Smith of BBC Music (March 19, 2024)
# Lead Belly

Huddie William Ledbetter (/ˈhjuːdi/ HYOO-dee; January 1888 or 1889 – December 6, 1949), better known by the stage name Lead Belly, was an American folk and blues singer notable for his strong vocals, virtuosity on the twelve-string guitar, and the folk standards he introduced, including his renditions of "In the Pines" (also known as "Where Did You Sleep Last Night?"), "Pick a Bale of Cotton", "Goodnight, Irene", "Midnight Special", "Cotton Fields", and "Boll Weevil".
Lead Belly usually played a twelve-string guitar, but he also played the piano, mandolin, harmonica, violin, and windjammer. In some of his recordings, he sang while clapping his hands or stomping his foot.
Lead Belly's songs covered a wide range of genres, including gospel music, blues, and folk music, as well as a number of topics, including women, liquor, prison life, racism, cowboys, work, sailors, cattle herding, and dancing. He also wrote songs about people in the news, such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler, Jean Harlow, Jack Johnson, the Scottsboro Boys and Howard Hughes. Lead Belly was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame in 2008.

## Quotes about Lead Belly

* There has been no more potent embodiment of that spirit than the singer Huddie Ledbetter, known as ‘Leadbelly’. Ordinary he wasn’t: born in rural Texas in c.1888, regal in bearing and strong as an ox, he claimed to be the world’s greatest cotton picker, railroad track layer, lover, drinker and guitar player. His pride was matched by a temper and disposition to violence, resulting in spells in prison for assault and murder. And it was in 1933, in the Louisiana State Penitentiary, that he was discovered by folksong collectors John and Alan Lomax. Under the sponsorship of the Lomaxes, Leadbelly began his rise to stardom, benefiting from the gathering vogue for trad jazz and rugged authenticity. He gave concerts across the US and Europe, dying in New York in 1949. Though the strictest arbiters exclude his work from the jazz canon, it’s hard not to recognise his vital link to the essential force of the music.
** Geoffrey Smith of BBC Music (March 19, 2024)
# Chet Baker

Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is known for major innovations in cool jazz that led him to be nicknamed the "Prince of Cool".
Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocals: Chet Baker Sings (1954) and It Could Happen to You (1958). Jazz historian Dave Gelly described the promise of Baker's early career as "James Dean, Sinatra, and Bix, rolled into one". His well-publicized drug habit also drove his notoriety and fame. Baker was in and out of jail frequently before enjoying a career resurgence in the late 1970s and 1980s.

## Quotes about Chet Baker

* Angel, devil or both, Chet Baker is the stuff of jazz legend. By his mid-20s, the Oklahoma country boy was famous, leaping to stardom in 1953 with saxophonist Gerry Mulligan’s trend-setting West Coast quartet and winning polls on trumpet. His reputation was no mere publicity bubble. After playing with Baker in his pre-Mulligan days, bebop pioneer Charlie Parker told his trumpet protégé Miles Davis, ‘There’s a little white cat out on the coast who’s going to eat you up.’
** Geoffrey Smith of BBC Music (March 19, 2024)
# Ruby Braff

Reuben "Ruby" Braff (March 16, 1927 – February 9, 2003) was an American jazz trumpeter and cornetist. Jack Teagarden was once asked about him on the Garry Moore television show and described Ruby as "the Ivy League Louis Armstrong".

## Quotes about Ruby Braff

* In 1957, a critic referred to Ruby Braff as ‘the 30-year-old traditional trumpet player’. The description implies the slightly barbed subtext that dogged Braff in his early days. What business did a young jazz musician have cultivating an old-fashioned style when his contemporaries were all going in the heady new directions of bebop? But Braff’s status was made even more complicated because he also rejected the approved reaction against bebop, the deliberate archaism of ‘trad jazz’. To Ruby, the real jazz tradition was the kind of rich, melodic invention effortlessly embodied by the star soloists of the swing generation, leading back to Louis Armstrong.
** Geoffrey Smith of BBC Music (March 19, 2024)