# Mental health of Jesus

The mental health of Jesus is a topic of discussion among philosophers, psychologists, physicians, theologians and historians.

## Quotes

* La foi en leschou est si bien la condition essentielle pour entrer dans le royaume, que bons et mauvais y seront admis indscintement, puurvu qu'ils l'aient cru et suivi, ou qu'ils aient cru Iohanan le Baptiseur affirmant la mission du Nazaréen.
** Translation: Faith in Jesus is so much the essential condition for entering the kingdom, that good and bad will be there without distinction provided they have believed and followed him, or that they have believed John the Baptist affirming the mission of the Nazarene.
** Commentary on Luke 9:61-62.
** Charles Binet-Sanglé, La Folie de Jésus (tome 2), Paris: A. Maloine (1910), p. 158.
* Il se livrait constamment au prosélytisme et avait des explosions de fanatisme contre les profanes, les sceptiques et les incrédules.
** Translation: He constantly proselytized and had outbursts of fanaticism against laymen, skeptics, and unbelievers.
** Commentary on Luke 10:13-15.
** Charles Binet-Sanglé, La Folie de Jésus (tome 4), Paris: A. Maloine (1915), p. 433.
* Son temperament anarchiste sa haine des riches les lui fait écarter du divin séjour. L'un d'eux s'en étant allé tout triste parce qu'il lui avait ordonné de vendre ses biens et d'en donner le produit aux pauvres, il s'écrie.
** Translation: His anarchist temperament and his hatred of the rich make him exclude them from the divine abode. One of them went away sad because he had ordered him to sell his property and give the proceeds to the poor.
** Commentary on Matthew 19:21-24.
** Charles Binet-Sanglé, La Folie de Jésus (tome 2), Paris: A. Maloine (1910), p. 155.
* Le juif Joshua, que les chrétiens appellent Jésus-Christ, était un dégénéré vésanique, et, selon toute appatence, un mélancolique à délire systématisé. Vous savez, Messieurs, qu’en Orient les fous ont eu de tout temps un caractère sacré, et qu’on rencontre encore dans l’Inde et en Égypte des saints très analogues aux saints catholiques de la décadence latine et du moyen âge, les uns et les autres n’étant que psychopathes. Si les saints sont devenus si rares dans le monde civilisé, c’est qu’on les enferme. J’ai eu l’occasion d’entendre récemment dans un asile un délirant mystique d’une éloquence rare, et qui eût eu, à n’en pas douter, un succès considérable au temps des apôtres. Qu’on ait fait un Dieu de Joshua, comme on fit un prophète de Mohammed, lequel était un épileptique et un halluciné, rien là qui soit étonnant pour qui est au courant des mœurs orientales.
** Translation: The Jew Joshua, whom Christians call Jesus Christ, was a psychotic degenerate, and, to all appearances, a melancholic with systematized delirium. You know, Gentlemen, that in the East madmen have always had a sacred character, and that we still find in India and Egypt saints very similar to the Catholic saints of Latin decadence and the Middle Ages, the both are just psychopaths. If saints have become so rare in the civilized world, it is because they are locked up. I recently had the opportunity to hear in an asylum a delirious mystic of rare eloquence, and who would have had, without a doubt, considerable success in the time of the apostles. That a God was made of Joshua, as a prophet was made of Mohammed, who was an epileptic and a hallucinator, is nothing surprising for anyone familiar with Eastern customs.
** Charles Binet-Sanglé, Le crime de suggestion religieuse et sa nouvelle prophylaxie sociale [The crime of religious suggestion and its new social prophylaxis], Extract from: Archives d’anthropologie criminelle et de médecine légale, (Paris), 16th year, n°95, 1901, pp. 453-473.
* Les propos tenus par les hystériques ou les fous délirants sont tenus par les démons, avec lesquels Ieschou entre eu convcrsation.
** Translation: The remarks made by hysterics or raving madmen are made by demons, with whom Jesus enters into conversation.
** Commentary on Luke 4:33-35.
** Charles Binet-Sanglé, La Folie de Jésus (tome 2), Paris: A. Maloine (1910), p. 102.
* Pour être sûr qu'on n'aime que lui, il exige qu'on haïsse les siens et qu'on se haïsse soi-mèmc, ordre monstrueux qui est encore suivi à la lettre par les demi-fous de nos monastères.
** Translation: To be sure that we only love him, he demands that we hate those close to us and that we hate ourselves, a monstrous order which is still followed to the letter by the half-crazy people of our monasteries.
** Commentary on Luke 14:26.
** Charles Binet-Sanglé, La Folie de Jésus (tome 3), Paris: A. Maloine (1912), p. 258.
* Ce qui signifie: "Laisse ceux-là enterrer leurs morts qui, ayant refusé de me suivre, ne posséderont point la vie éternelle."
** Translation: Which means: "Let those bury their dead who, having refused to follow me, will not possess eternal life."
** Commentary on Matthew 8:21-22.
** Charles Binet-Sanglé, La Folie de Jésus (tome 3), Paris: A. Maloine (1912), p. 41.
* [Pontius Pilate speaks to Yeshua] 'Oh, no, you don't look like a halfwit,' the procurator replied quietly and smiled some strange smile.
** Mikhail Bulgakov, The Master and Margarita, Translated from the russian by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, London: Penguin Books (1997), p. 39.
* For the serious student of the New Testament the problem of the psychic health of Jesus is not to be solved by religious recoil at the thought of such a suggestion, nor by an appeal to history, but it is to be faced and met on the basis of an historical and critical study of the sources of our knowledge concerning Jesus' words and deeds as found in the Gospel literature. The battle is to be fought out on the field of the New Testament, and any shift of the scene of action from this field renders the issue unscientific and indecisive.
** Walter E. Bundy, The Psychic Health of Jesus, New York: The Macmillan Company (1922), p. XIV.
* It is the high duty, and should be the pleasure, of every follower of Jesus to greet and welcome any study that will throw new light upon the person of Jesus and help to a renewed, perhaps new, appreciation and understanding of him. The raising of the problem of Jesus' psychic health, we repeat, is to be welcomed as all new problems should be, sorry to say not always have been and are, welcomed because it brings us to read our New Testament again from a different point of view and with new thoughts in mind.
** Walter E. Bundy, The Psychic Health of Jesus, New York: The Macmillan Company (1922), p. XV–XVI.
* Last of all, the pathographers of Jesus have toyed wantonly and wilfully with the one figure in history to which are attached the sincerest sentiments and the dearest affections of the occidental religious world; and without sufficient reason or justification.
** Walter E. Bundy, The Psychic Health of Jesus, New York: The Macmillan Company (1922), p. 268.
* That the baptism of Jesus should figure prominently in the pathographic position is only natural because the incident is inaugural in the place it occupies in the evangelical life of Jesus and because it, not only historically, but psychologically marks a high point in the life of Jesus. The rupture of the heavens, the descent of the dove, and the assuring voice are psychic phenomena uncommon and unusual to the average run of healthy-minded persons and are quite common and usual in the experience of psychopathic subjects.
** Commentary on Matthew 3:13-17 Mark 1:9-11, Luke 3:21-22.
** Walter E. Bundy, The Psychic Health of Jesus, New York: The Macmillan Company (1922), p. 149.
* There is no need or purpose in trying to explain Mc 3,21 22 away. Both constituted a problem for Mt and Lc as they do for us. They solved the difficulty by omission or modification ; this we cannot do. We may urge critical considerations concerning Mc's theology of Jesus' person as incomprehensible and his method of presenting his theology. Historical reconstruction may find reasons for an estrangement between Jesus and his family. We know further that a man's enemies are seldom, if ever, reliable and impartial judges of his mental soundness. But we must admit that some of Jesus' contemporaries, some of his family and friends as well as his foes, regarded him as an alien. But that these contemporary judgments passed upon Jesus are correct is quite a different question which can be answered only by our study as a whole.
** Commentary on Mark 3:21-22.
** Walter E. Bundy, The Psychic Health of Jesus, New York: The Macmillan Company (1922), p. 164.
* All those cities in which he was not acclaimed and honored as "king" and "Messiah" he curses, neck and crop. In vain do we seek here for the "Christian love" which strives only for the good and happiness of the enemy. Or, are his doctrines applicable to all others and not to him?
** Commentary on Matthew 11:21-24.
** William Hirsch, Religion and civilization; the conclusions of a psychiatrist, New York: The Truth Seeker Company (1912), p. 133.
* And what had these people done to him, to make him treat them with such "Christian love"? Nothing.
** Commentary on Matthew 23:33.
** William Hirsch, Religion and civilization; the conclusions of a psychiatrist, New York: The Truth Seeker Company (1912), p. 136.
* Any one, having only the least experience in mental diseases, must recognize paranoia in utterances such as these. Even the educated layman must see that such effusions can be the product only of a diseased brain.
** Commentary on Matthew 24:29-31.
** William Hirsch, Religion and civilization; the conclusions of a psychiatrist, New York: The Truth Seeker Company (1912), p. 108.
* In view of such utterances, the diagnosis of a mental disease is charitable. For it would be degrading to mankind to think that a mentally normal human being could give expression to such vileness. And this is the God of mankind!
** Commentary on Luke 14:26.
** William Hirsch, Religion and civilization; the conclusions of a psychiatrist, New York: The Truth Seeker Company (1912), p. 135.
* Jesus hates the "wise and prudent" for not believing in him. And because he hates them, he "praises" the Father for "having hidden these things" from them. What a nonsensical chain of thoughts, which could have originated only in a paranoical brain.
** Commentary on Luke 10:21.
** William Hirsch, Religion and civilization; the conclusions of a psychiatrist, New York: The Truth Seeker Company (1912), p. 114.
* House: This is awesome. 33-year-old carpenter presenting with narcissism, delusions of grandeur, hallucinations. Taub: [about the patient] He hasn't had hallucinations. House: I'm not talking about him. I'm talking about "him" with a capital "o-m-g." Chase: You want us to do a differential diagnosis on Jesus? Masters: Hears voices, thinks he's the son of God. Probably Schizophrenic.
** House MD, season 7, episode 8 Small Sacrifices. (Conversation on YouTube: Differential Diagnosis on Jesus - House MD)
* Surely, if anyone were to come forth today claiming to be a messiah and preaching the message of Jesus, he would be considered crazy. There are thou- sands of similar bedraggled souls who have ended up in mental asylums. Jesus was so exasperating to the established authorities that they crucified him, a much worse fate. But was one of the reasons that he was psychotic? I do not mean to be unfair to Jesus, and no doubt devout Christians will be offended at the suggestion.
** Paul Kurtz, The Transcendental Temptation: A Critique of Religion an the Paranormal, Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books (2013) [1st pub. 1986], p. 174.
* Thus psychologists have found that the megalomania of John's Jesus mounts ceaselessly, for he is con­tinually occupied with his ego, openly proclaiming his messianic dignity.
** Commentary on John 6:29-58, John 14:6-14.
** Andrew Jacob Mattill Jr., Destructive divines. In: Leedom, Tim C. (ed.). The Book Your Church Doesn't Want You To Read, Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Pub. (1993), p. 122.
* Did Jesus hear voices because he was schizophrenic? Was this a messiah complex before we had a name for it? Lord knows there is enough arguing in the church already. Rather, such investigations into the mental health of Jesus remind us that although our investigations are often aimed at finding the answers to the identity of Jesus, we can easily forget how strange, how countercultural, evenhow threatening was the behavior of Jesus.
** Robin Meyers, The Underground Church: Reclaiming the Subversive Way of Jesus, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass (2012), Chapter: Sweet Jesus: Talking His Melancholy Madness, p. 28.
* There is a 5%–10% lifetime risk of suicide in persons with schizophrenia. Suicide is defined as a self-inflicted death with evidence of an intention to end one’s life. The NT recounts Jesus’ awareness that people intended to kill him and his taking steps to avoid peril until the time at which he permitted his apprehension. In advance, he explained to his followers the necessity of his death as prelude for his return.
** Commentary on Matthew 16:21-28, Mark 8:31, John 16:16–28.
** Evan D. Murray, Miles G. Cunningham, Bruce H. Price, The Role of Psychotic Disorders in Religious History Considered, Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences: Vol. 24 No. 4 (October 2012), p. 415.
* Overdo it, and our schizotypalism in the Western religious setting is what we call a "cult," and there you are in the realm of a Charles Manson or a David Koresh or a Jim Jones. You can only do post-hoc forensic psychiatry on Koresh and Jones, but Charles Manson is a diagnosed paranoid schizophrenic. But get it just right, and people are gonna get the day off from work on your birthday for millennia to come. [laughter] This is great! I think this is the first time I've ever said that line without somebody getting up and leaving in a huff from the audience. It's very nice being here.
** Robert Sapolsky, "Emperor Has No Clothes Award" acceptance speech at the Freedom From Religion Foundation convention, San Diego (23 November 2003), Excerpt published as "Belief and Biology" in Freethought Today Vol. 20 No. 3 (April 2003)
* Christ never lost the balance of mind under excitement, nor the clearness of vision under embarrassment; he never violated the most perfect good taste in any of his sayings. Is such an intellect — clear as the sky, bracing as the mountain air, sharp and penetrating as a sword, thoroughly healthy and vigorous, always ready and always self-possessed — liable to a radical and most serious delusion concerning his own character and mission? Preposterous imagination!
** Philip Schaff, The Person of Christ: the Miracle of History, Boston: American Tract Society (1865), p. 141.
* It is to be noticed that de Loosten and Binet-Sangle lay great stress upon the statements concerning the mental condition of Jesus which have been handed down to us from contemporaries. They appeal to the fact that his opponents among the Pharisees maintain that he is "possessed", and that his family wish to bring him home from Capernaum to Nazareth because he is "beside himself". From this, however, one may only infer that the former wish to discredit him with the people at any cost, and that the relations perceive a change in him and are not able to explain to their satisfaction how it comes about that he sets himself up as a teacher and a prophet. Besides, it should be laid down as certain that the Pharisees and the followers of Jesus do not declare that he is beside himself because he considers himself to be the Messiah, for they know nothing whatever about this claim.
** Commentary on Mark 3:21-22.
** Albert Schweitzer, The Psychiatric Study of Jesus: Exposition and Criticism, Translated by Charles R. Joy, Boston: Beacon Press (1958), pp. 54–55.
* Jesus takes a hostile attitude towards his family because his relatives wish to take him home and to obstruct his public ministry (Mark 3:21). When, moreover, he declares that the bonds knit between men by the common faith in the nearness of the Kingdom of God are holier than the ties of blood (Mark 3:31-35) and desires that men in the days of the coming persecution should not be led astray by looking back toward their relations, this is not a lack of family loyalty to be accounted for psychopathologically, but a special point of view to be explained by peculiar preconceptions contemporarily conditioned, as indeed everything is to be explained by those premises which the psychopathologists consider moral defects in the ethical conduct and teaching of Jesus.
** Commentary on Mark 3:21, Mark 3:31-35, Luke 9:61-62.
** Albert Schweitzer, The Psychiatric Study of Jesus: Exposition and Criticism, Translated by Charles R. Joy, Boston: Beacon Press (1958), p. 69.
* Moreover, the factor of antagonism is lacking, as we have already emphasized in the discussion of the one-sided, expansive evolution of the mental disease assumed by the three authors. Jesus had, indeed, enemies and opponents because he spoke out against the narrow-minded and external piety of the Pharisees. In relation to these opponents, not imaginary but genuine, Jesus conducts himself in a fashion diametrically opposite to the conduct of a sick man with a persecutory trend. He does not remain inactive and does not limit himself to a defensive attitude like so many of the sick who believe themselves persecuted, but rather seeks by actions which have a provocative character-the driving from the forecourt of the temple of the traders and moneychangers, the discourses against the Pharisees (Matt. 23) — to bring on a conflict with the authorities and to force them to take steps against him, until in the end he brings the high council to the decision to get rid of him even before the festival.
** Commentary on Matthew 21:12-13, Matthew 23:13-36.
** Albert Schweitzer, The Psychiatric Study of Jesus: Exposition and Criticism, Translated by Charles R. Joy, Boston: Beacon Press (1958), p. 65.
* The expectation of the end of the world and the coming of the Messianic Kingdom has nothing in it of a nature of a delusion, for it belongs to a world-view which was widely accepted by the Jews of that time, and was contained in their religious literature. Even the idea held by Jesus, that He was the One Who on the appearance of the Messianic Kingdom would be manifested as the Messiah, contains nothing of a morbid delusion of greatness. If on the ground of family tradition He is convinced that He is of the House of David, He may well think Himself justified in claiming for Himself one day the Messianic dignity promised to a descendant of David in the writings of the prophets. If He chooses to keep to Himself as a secret His certainty of being the coming Messiah, and nevertheless lets a glimmer of the truth break through in His discourses. His action, looked at solely from the outside, is not unlike that; of persons with a morbid delusion of greatness. But it is, in reality, something quite different. The concealment Of His claim has with Him a natural and logical foundation. According to Jewish doctrine the Messiah will not step out of His concealment until the revelation of the Messianic Kingdom. Jesus, therefore, cannot make Himself known to men as the coming Messiah. And if, on the other hand, in a number of His sayings there breaks through an announcement of the coming of the Kingdom of God made with all the authority of Him who is to be its King, that, too, is from the logical point of view thoroughly intelligible. Altogether, Jesus never behaves like a man wandering in a system of delusions. He reacts in absolutely normal fashion to what is said to Him, and to the events that concern Him. He is never out of touch with reality.
** Albert Schweitzer, Out of My Life and Thoughts, Translated by C. T. Campion, New York: Henry Holt and Company (1933), pp. 132–133.
* When Jesus was alive, the Gospels tell us that his enemies accused him of being 'demon-possessed and raving mad' (John 10) and that even his own family feared that he was 'out of his mind' (Mark 3). In our day, some atheists have re-asserted that Jesus was severely mentally ill in order to discredit him. As psychiatrists we cannot remain silent when our professional experience enables and equips us to offer a robust defence of Jesus' mental health.
** Commentary on Mark 3:21, John 10:20
** Andrew Sims (2018-07-17), Mad or God? A senior psychiatrist on the mental health of Jesus, Christian Today (2018-07-17).
* In 20th-century England, an individual announcing that he was the son of God and would return after death in glory would probably attract psychiatric attention; but earlier generations might have regarded such claims as unsurprising.
** Anthony Storr, Feet of Clay; Saints, Sinners, and Madmen: A Study of Gurus, New York: Free Press Paperbacks (1997), Chapter VII "The Jesuit and Jesus", p. 144.
* Jezus, w uniesieniu, powtarza obelgi Jana Chrzciciela pod adresem Faryzeuszów i wprost zachęca ich w straszliwie ironicznej apostrofie do zabicia jeszcze jednego proroka za przykładem ojców. Wiadomo, o którego „proroka” chodzi w tym wezwaniu.
** Translation: Jesus, in his ecstasy, repeats John the Baptist's insults against the Pharisees and directly encourages them, in a terribly ironic apostrophe, to kill another prophet following the example of their fathers. It is known which "prophet" this call refers to.
** Commentary on Matthew 23:29-32.
** Władysław Witwicki, Dobra Nowina według Mateusza i Marka [The Good News according to Matthew and Mark], Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (1958), pp. 343–344.
* Faryzeusze mają odpowiadać za wszystkie zabójstwa, popełnione przez kogokolwiek, na osobach niewinnych od początku świata. (...) Zaczęło się od docinków raczej – o rozsiadaniu się na kazalnicy, o modach, obyczajach, o próżności, a kończy się na przekleństwach i zapowiedziach ogólnych, ociekających krwią na czas najbliższy.
** Translation: The Pharisees are to be held accountable for all murders committed by anyone against innocent people since the beginning of the world. (...) It started with jokes - about sitting at the pulpit, about fashions, customs, vanity, and ends with curses and general announcements, dripping with blood, for the near future.
** Commentary on Matthew 23:35-36.
** Władysław Witwicki, Dobra Nowina według Mateusza i Marka [The Good News according to Matthew and Mark], Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (1958), p. 344.
* Niepohamowany bezsilny gniew dyktuje tu obelgi, za które w Kazaniu na Górze groziło piekło każdemu. Wyrok potępienia wydany w formie ogólnej i skrajnej bez przesłuchania i obrony i bez litości i bez miłosierdzia. Wzmożone poczucie mocy i godności boskiej, która zamiast uznania i poddania się, napotkała na opór i krytykę.
** Translation: Uncontrollable, powerless anger dictates here the insults for which everyone was threatened with hell in the Sermon on the Mount. A sentence of condemnation given in a general and extreme form without hearing or defense and without pity and mercy.
** Commentary on Matthew 23:13-36.
** Władysław Witwicki, Dobra Nowina według Mateusza i Marka [The Good News according to Matthew and Mark], Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (1958), p. 338.

## See also

* Jesus
* Historical Jesus
* God complex
* Religious delusion