# Earl Warren

Earl Warren (19 March 1891 – 9 July 1974) was an American politician and jurist who served as 30th governor of California from 1943 to 1953 and as the 14th chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969. The "Warren Court" presided over a major shift in American constitutional jurisprudence, which has been recognized by many as a "Constitutional Revolution" in the liberal direction, with Warren writing the majority opinions in landmark cases such as Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Reynolds v. Sims (1964), Miranda v. Arizona (1966) and Loving v. Virginia (1967). Warren also led the Warren Commission, a presidential commission that investigated the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. He is the last chief justice to have served in an elected office before entering the Supreme Court, and is generally considered to be one of the most influential Supreme Court justices and political leaders in the history of the United States.

## Quotes
### 1930s

* I believe the preservation of our civil liberties to be the most fundamental and important of all our governmental problems, because it always has been with us and always will be with us and if we ever permit those liberties to be destroyed, there will be nothing left in our system worthy of preservation. They constitute the soul of democracy. I believe that there is grave danger in this country of losing our civil liberties as they have been lost in other countries. There are things transpiring in this country today that are definitely menacing our future; among which are the activities of Mayor Hague and other little Hagues throughout the country. These activities are so basically wrong and so menacing to our institutions that every citizen and particularly every public official should oppose them to the limit of their strength.
** Views on civil rights declared in a written statement requested by Robert W. Kenny, read during fund raising luncheon at the Biltmore Hotel, in Los Angeles, in the summer of 1938, quoted in Lawyers Guild Review Vol. 13-14 (1953), p. 47; he mentions Frank Hague, who had declared earlier in the year:
       We hear about constitutional rights, free speech and the free press. Every time I hear these words I say to myself, "That man is a Red, that man is a Communist." You never hear a real American talk like that.
* I am unalterably opposed to any species of vigilantes or to any other extra-legal means of a majority exercising its will over a minority … I believe that if majorities are entitled to have their civil rights protected they should be willing to fight for the same rights to minorities no matter how violently they disagree with their views. Further, I am convinced that this is the only way they can be preserved. I believe that the American concept of civil rights should include not only an observance of our Constitutional Bill of Rights, but also absence of arbitrary action by government in every field.
** Views on civil rights declared in the summer of 1938, quoted in Justice for All : Earl Warren and the Nation He Made (2006) by Jim Newton, p. 95

### 1940s

* The only reason that there has been no sabotage or espionage on the part of Japanese-Americans is that they are waiting for the right moment to strike.
** Testimony on Internment of people of Japanese Ancestry before the House Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration (Tolan Committee) in 1941; of this statement Warren later said, in The Memoirs of Earl Warren (1977):
       I have since deeply regretted the removal order and my own testimony advocating it, because it was not in keeping with our American concept of freedom and the rights of citizens. Whenever I thought of the innocent little children who were torn from home, school friends, and congenial surroundings, I was conscience-stricken. It was wrong to react so impulsively, without positive evidence of disloyalty, even though we felt we had a good motive in the security of our state. It demonstrates the cruelty of war when fear, get-tough military psychology, propaganda, and racial antagonism combine with one's responsibility for public security to produce such acts. I have always believed that I had no prejudice against the Japanese as such except that spawned by Pearl Harbor and its aftermath.
* If it is a mistake of the head and not the heart don't worry about it, that's the way we learn.
** As quoted in Earl Warren : A Great American Story (1948) by Irving Stone, p. 64

### 1950s

* Many people consider the things government does for them to be social progress but they regard the things government does for others as socialism.
** Address to National Press Club in Washington DC, as quoted in Freedom and Union (April 1952)
** Variants:
** Most people consider the things which government does for them to be social progress, but they consider the things government does for others as socialism.
*** As quoted in Politics and Policies : The Continuing Issues (1970) by Duane W. Hill, p. 170.
** Many people consider the things which government does for them to be social progress, but they consider the things government does for others as socialism.
*** As quoted in Encarta Book of Quotations (2000) edited by Bill Swainson, p. 969
* You sit up there, and you see the whole gamut of human nature. Even if the case being argued involves only a little fellow and $50, it involves justice. That's what is important.
** Interview in 1953 after being appointed to the Supreme Court, as quoted in Earl Warren : A Political Biography (1967) by Leo Katcher, p. 315
* Liberty, not communism, is the most contagious force in the world.
** Speech at Columbia University (14 January 1954)
* We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.
** Writing for the court, Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
* In these days, it is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity, where the State has undertaken to provide it, is a right that must be made available to all on equal terms.
** Writing for the court, Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
* The essentiality of freedom in the community of American universities is almost self-evident. No one should underestimate the vital role in a democracy that is played by those who guide and train our youth. To impose any strait jacket upon the intellectual leaders in our colleges and universities would imperil the future of our Nation. No field of education is so thoroughly comprehended by man that new discoveries cannot yet be made. Particularly is that true in the social sciences, where few, if any, principles are accepted as absolutes. Scholarship cannot flourish in an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust. Teachers and students must always remain free to inquire, to study and to evaluate, to gain new maturity and understanding; otherwise, our civilization will stagnate and die.
** Plurality opinion, Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234 (1957), at 250.
* Equally manifest as a fundamental principle of a democratic society is political freedom of the individual. Our form of government is built on the premise that every citizen shall have the right to engage in political expression and association. This right was enshrined in the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights. Exercise of these basic freedoms in America has traditionally been through the media of political associations. Any interference with the freedom of a party is simultaneously an interference with the freedom of its adherents. All political ideas cannot and should not be channeled into the programs of our two major parties. History has amply proved the virtue of political activity by minority, dissident groups, who innumerable times have been in the vanguard of democratic thought and whose programs were ultimately accepted. Mere unorthodoxy or dissent from the prevailing mores is not to be condemned. The absence of such voices would be a symptom of grave illness in our society.
** Plurality opinion, Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234 (1957), at 250-251.
* Citizenship is man's basic right, for it is nothing less than the right to have rights. Remove this priceless possession and there remains a stateless person, disgraced and degraded in the eyes of his countrymen. He has no lawful claim to protection from any nation, and no nation may assert rights on his behalf. His very existence is at the sufferance of the state within whose borders he happens to be. In this country, the expatriate would presumably enjoy, at most, only the limited rights and privileges of aliens, and, like the alien, he might even be subject to deportation, and thereby deprived of the right to assert any rights. This government was not established with power to decree this fate. The people who created this government endowed it with broad powers. They created a sovereign state with power to function as a sovereignty. But the citizens themselves are sovereign, and their citizenship is not subject to the general powers of their government. Whatever may be the scope of its powers to regulate the conduct and affairs of all persons within its jurisdiction, a government of the people cannot take away their citizenship simply because one branch of that government can be said to have a conceivably rational basis for wanting to do so.
** Dissenting opinion, Perez v. Brownell, 356 U.S. 44 (1958), at 64-65.
* The abhorrence of society to the use of involuntary confessions does not turn alone on their inherent untrustworthiness. It also turns on the deep-rooted feeling that the police must obey the law while enforcing the law; that, in the end, life and liberty can be as much endangered from illegal methods used to convict those thought to be criminals as from the actual criminals themselves.
** Writing for the court, Spano v. New York 360 U.S. 321 (1959)
* To summarize: Americans have one of the greatest legal systems, but not a monopoly of the sense of justice, which is universal; nor have we a permanent copyright on the means of securing justice, for it is the spirit and not the form of law that keeps justice alive.
** In "The Law and the Future," in The public papers of Chief Justice Earl Warren (1959) edited by Henry M. Christman .

### 1960s

* The censor's sword pierces deeply into the heart of free expression.
** Dissent in Times Film Corp. v. City of Chicago 365 U.S. 43 (1961)
* In civilized life, law floats in a sea of ethics.
** Speech at the Louis Marshall Award Dinner of the Jewish Theological Seminary, Americana Hotel, New York City (11 November 1962)
* The man of character, sensitive to the meaning of what he is doing, will know how to discover the ethical paths in the maze of possible behavior.
** Speech at the Louis Marshall Award Dinner of the Jewish Theological Seminary, Americana Hotel, New York City (11 November 1962)
* The fantastic advances in the field of electronic communication constitute a greater danger to the privacy of the individual.
** Concurring in the judgment, Lopez v. United States 373 U.S. 427 (1963)
* The right to vote freely for the candidate of one's choice is of the essence of a democratic society, and any restrictions on that right strike at the heart of representative government. And the right of suffrage can be denied by a debasement or dilution of the weight of a citizen's vote just as effectively as by wholly prohibiting the free exercise of the franchise. [...] Undoubtedly, the right of suffrage is a fundamental in a free and democratic society. Especially since the right to exercise the franchise in a free and unimpaired manner is preservative of other basic civil and political rights, any alleged infringement of the right of citizens to vote must be carefully and meticulously scrutinized.
** Majority opinion in Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964) at 555 and 561-562.
* Legislators represent people, not trees or acres. Legislators are elected by voters, not farms or cities or economic interests. As long as ours is a representative form of government, and our legislatures are those instruments of government elected directly by and directly representative of the people, the right to elect legislators in a free and unimpaired fashion is a bedrock of our political system.
** On the subject of state Senate apportionment, in Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964) at 562.
* Prior to any questioning, the person must be warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed. The defendant may waive effectuation of these rights, provided the waiver is made voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently. If, however, he indicates in any manner and at any stage of the process that he wishes to consult with an attorney before speaking there can be no questioning. Likewise, if the individual is alone and indicates in any manner that he does not wish to be interrogated, the police may not question him. The mere fact that he may have answered some questions or volunteered some statements on his own does not deprive him of the right of refrain from answering any further inquiries until he has consulted with an attorney and thereafter consents to be questioned.
** Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436, 445 (1965) - Opinion of the Court
* To summarize, we hold that, when an individual is taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom by the authorities in any significant way and is subjected to questioning, the privilege against self-incrimination is jeopardized. Procedural safeguards must be employed to protect the privilege, and unless other fully effective means are adopted to notify the person of his right of silence and to assure that the exercise of the right will be scrupulously honored, the following measures are required. He must be warned prior to any questioning that he has the right to remain silent, that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law, that he has the right to the presence of an attorney, and that, if he cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires.
** Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436, 478-79 (1965)
* This concept of "national defense" cannot be deemed an end in itself, justifying any exercise of legislative power designed to promote such a goal. Implicit in the term "national defense" is the notion of defending those values and ideals which set this Nation apart. For almost two centuries, our country has taken singular pride in the democratic ideals enshrined in its Constitution, and the most cherished of those ideals have found expression in the First Amendment. It would indeed be ironic if, in the name of national defense, we would sanction the subversion of one of those liberties — the freedom of association — which make the defense of our nation worthwhile.
** United States v. Robel (1967) - Findlaw file
* There is patently no legitimate overriding purpose independent of invidious racial discrimination which justifies this classification. The fact that Virginia prohibits only interracial marriages involving white persons demonstrates that the racial classifications must stand on their own justification, as measures designed to maintain White Supremacy. We have consistently denied the constitutionality of measures which restrict the rights of citizens on account of race. There can be no doubt that restricting the freedom to marry solely because of racial classifications violates the central meaning of the Equal Protection Clause.
** Loving v. Virginia (1967).
* I always turn to the sports section first. The sports section records people's accomplishments; the front page nothing but man's failures.
** As quoted in Sports Illustrated (22 July 1968)
** Variants:
** I always turn to the sports page first, which records people's accomplishments. The front page has nothing but man's failures.
*** As quoted in Best Sports Stories : 1975 (1976) by Irving T. Marsh
** I always turn to the sports pages first, which records people's accomplishments. The front page has nothing but man's failures.
*** As quoted in The Norton Book of Sports (1992) by George Plimpton, p. 470

### 1970s

* A society, in the process of moving forward, often appears to be tearing itself apart. Certainly, an age of rapid change, such as ours, produces many paradoxes. But perhaps the most tragic paradox of our time is to be found in the failure of nation-states to recognize the imperatives of internationalism.
** Writing in Saturday Review (23 October 1971), p. 16
* I'm very pleased with each advancing year. It stems back to when I was forty. I was a bit upset about reaching that milestone, but an older friend consoled me. "Don't complain about growing old — many, many people do not have that privilege."
** Statement on celebrating his 83rd birthday (March 1974), as quoted in The Reader's Digest (1980) Vol. 116, p. 43
* If Nixon is not forced to turn over tapes of his conversations with the ring of men who were conversing on their violations of the law, then liberty will soon be dead in this nation. If Nixon gets away with that, then Nixon makes the law as he goes along — not the Congress nor the courts. The old Court you and I served so long will not be worthy of its traditions if Nixon can twist, turn and fashion the law as he sees fit.
** Speaking to William O. Douglas on the afternoon of the day he died (9 July 1974) as quoted in The Court Years, 1939-1975 : The Autobiography of William O. Douglas (1980), p. 514
* The Brown case and the changes it brought causes many people to believe that it was the most important case of my tenure on the Court. That appraisal may be correct, but I have never thought so. It seemed to me that accolade should go to the case of Baker v. Carr (1962), which was the progenitor of the "one man, one vote" rule.
** The Memoirs of Earl Warren (1977), New York: Doubleday, p. 306

### Undated

* We may not know the whole story in our lifetime.
** On the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, quoted in Minute by Minute (1985)
* I hate banks. They do nothing positive for anybody except take care of themselves. They're first in with their fees and first out when there's trouble.
** As quoted in The Book of Business Quotations (1991) by Eugene Weber, p. 20
* Everything I did in my life that was worthwhile, I caught hell for.
** As quoted in Do It : Let's Get Off Our Buts (1992) by Peter John Roger McWilliams
** Paraphrased variant: Everything that I did in life that was worthwhile, I caught hell for.
*** As quoted in Compact Fruit Tree (2002) Vol. 35-38, by International Dwarf Fruit Tree Association, p. 32

## Quotes about Warren

* He represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court … he has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court.
** President Dwight D. Eisenhower upon appointing Warren as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
* The biggest damned-fool mistake I ever made.
** President Dwight D. Eisenhower on his appointment of Warren to Chief Justice, attributed in New York Times obituary, July 10, 1974.
* Earl Warren's life epitomized the American dream. His unique half‐century of public service spans one of the most dynamic eras in our history and his contribution was large indeed.
** Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, reported in The New York Times obituary "Earl Warren, 83, Who Led High Court In Time of Vast Social Change, Is Dead" by Anthony Lewis from July 10, 1974. Archived from the original on January 21, 2020.
* When history is written, he'll go down as one of the greatest Chief Justices the country has ever been blessed with. I think he is irreplaceable.
** Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall, , reported in The New York Times obituary "Earl Warren, 83, Who Led High Court In Time of Vast Social Change, Is Dead" by Anthony Lewis from July 10, 1974. Archived from the original on January 21, 2020.
* America has lost one of her finest public servants. Few men have been called on to do so much in the service of their nation and few have performed with such distinction. Even in retirement, Earl Warren repeatedly gave his talents to the service of his countrymen. He was an articulate spokesman for the ideals he cherished. He did not invite controversy but neither did he shun it; he fulfilled his duty as he saw it.
** President Richard Nixon in a statement, reported in The New York Times obituary "Earl Warren, 83, Who Led High Court In Time of Vast Social Change, Is Dead" by Anthony Lewis from July 10, 1974. Archivedfrom the original on January 21, 2020.
* Marge: Do you want your son to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, or a sleazy male stripper?
    Homer: Can't he be both, like the late Earl Warren?
    Marge: Earl Warren wasn't a stripper!
    Homer: Now who's being naïve?!
      * John Swartzwelder, in Itchy & Scratchy: The Movie, episode of The Simpsons (1992)

## External links

* Transcript, Earl Warren Oral History Interview 21 September 1971), by Joe B. Frantz
* Earl Warren's Eulogy for John F. Kennedy
* "California 1946," (Dec 21, 1945). A speech by Earl Warren from the Commonwealth Club of California Records at the Hoover Institution Archives