# Rice

Rice plants are cereal grasses in the genus Oryza in the family Poaceae. As of the year 2021, Asian rice O. sativa provided about 20% of global grain production,

## Quotes

* RICE, Oryza sativa, 米 Mi, grown in all the provinces south of the Yellow River, and by dry cultivation to a small extent in South Manchuria. ... In South China two crops are obtained annually, further north only one. ... Glutinous-rice dumplings are made at the time of the Fifth Moon Feast and consumed in large quantities. Puffed rice is eaten by persons with weak digestions, and sweetmeats are also made from this rice ...
** Samuel M.A. Couling, "Rice". Encyclopaedia Sinica. Global Oriental Ltd. 2007. p. 483. ISBN 9004213465. 1st edition. Shanghai: Kelly Walsh Ltd. 1917.
* There are two species of cultivated rice, Oryza sativa L. and O. glaberrima Steud. The former is a common rice widely grown in the tropical and temperate zones, and the latter is endemic to West Africa. Besides these cultivated species, the genus Oryza comprises about twenty wild species. Classification of the genus is primarily due to Roschevicz (1931), Chevalier (1932), and Chatterjee (1948). But the nomenclature for wild species has been an issue of controversy.
** Hiroko Morishima, "Wild Plants and Domestication". Biology of Rice. Developments in Crop Science, vol. 7. Elsevier. 2012. pp. 3–30. ISBN 0444598480. (quote from p. 3; edited by Shigesaburo Tsunoda and Norindo Takahashi; 1st edition. Japan Scientific Societies Press. 1984. )
* Throughout its history, the cultivation, trade, and consumption of rice has affected vast parts of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. In China rice started to be cultivated more than 10,000 years ago; it was also domesticate very early in South and Southeast Asia, where its cultivation spread widely through antiquity. It was grown in Europe by the tenth century CE and was introduced to the Americas in the early sixteenth century as part of the so-called Columbian exchange. By the precolonial period, rice cultivation was widespread in West Africa. Italians like their risotto and the Japanese their rice nuka; Caribbean cuisine is famous for its coconut rice with beans; and any Indian meal is incomplete without rice.
** Giorgio Riello, "Foreword by Giorgio Riello". Rice. Cambridge University Press. 2015. pp. xiii–xviii. ISBN 1107044391. (quote from p. xiv; edited by Francesca Bray, Peter A. Coclanis, Edda L. Fields-Black, and Dagmar Schäfer)
* As we emerge from the twilight zone of the Vedic kingdoms, it is clear that they established something like a cultural unity in northern India. The Ganges valley was by the seventh century bc the great centre of Indian population. It may be the cultivation of rice made this possible.
** John Morris Roberts, The History of the World (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. 2013. p. 119. ISBN 0199936765. (1st edition 1976; 5th & 6th editions revised by Odd Arne Westad)
* The integrated rice–duck farming (IRDF), in which ducks feed on insects and weeds in paddies and fertilise rice plants, has been a flagship of Asian sustainable-agriculture movements. ... Asia accounted for about 90% of 672 million metric tonnes of rice produced in the world as of 2010 (FAO, 2012b). Rice farming in Asia used to be characterised by small scale, labour-intensiveness and on-site recycling of green and animal manures. Although rice farming is still labour-intensive in remote areas of Asian developing countries, it has rapidly been mechanised and agrochemicals-intensive in the name of agricultural modernisation and green revolution. In fact, the so-called green revolution has largely resulted from industrial monoculture, genetically modified crops and the overuse of agrochemicals, which caused agricultural land degradation globally (Roberts, 2008). ... In the IRDF system, ducks are released into rice fields after seedling transplantation. The most recognised strength of IRDF is the synergy of co-producing rice and ducks on the same track of land. Expectably, ducks peck at insects, control the germination of weeds by stirring up paddy water, and provide organic matters for the growth of rice plants. Thus, IRDF makes it possible to fatten ducks, economising on weeds and insects in rice paddies, and obtain greater rice yields.
** Jungho Suh, (March 2014)"Theory and reality of integrated rice–duck farming in Asian developing countries: A systematic review and SWOT analysis". Agricultural Systems 125: 74–81.

## External links

* Rice in human nutrition. Rome: International Rice Research Institute in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1993. (prepared by Bienvenido O. Juliano)
* (February 2, 2024)"Make Perfect Rice Every Time With Sohla | Cooking 101". NYT Cooking, YouTube.