# Diwali

Diwali (also Divali or Deepavali), known as the "festival of lights", is an ancient Hindu festival celebrated in autumn every year. The festival spiritually signifies the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, good over evil, and hope over despair. The festival preparations and rituals typically extend over a five day period, but the main festival night of Diwali coincides with the darkest, new moon night of the Hindu Lunisolar month Kartik. In the Gregorian calendar, Diwali night falls between mid-October and mid-November.

## Quotes

* The word "Diwali" means an arrangement or a row of lights. Traditionally, Diwali is celebrated on the darkest night of the year when the necessity and the beauty of lights can be truly appreciated. Light is a symbol in the world's religions for God, truth and wisdom.
** Anantanand Rambachan, in "Diwali does not end when the lights go out" at the Ministery of External Affairs, Government of India (30 October 2013)
* Given the antiquity of India, the diversity of its religious traditions and the interaction among these, it should not surprise us to know that many religious communities celebrate Diwali. Each one offers a distinctive reason for the celebration that enriches its meaning. For every community, however, Diwali celebrates and affirms hope, and the triumph of goodness and justice over evil and injustice. These values define the meaning of Diwali.
** Anantanand Rambachan in "Diwali does not end when the lights go out" at the Ministery of External Affairs, Government of India (30 October 2013)
* Diwali, also spelled Divali, one of the major religious festivals in Hinduism, lasting for five days from the 13th day of the dark half of the lunar month Ashvina to the second day of the light half of Karttika, corresponding to October/November.
** The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica Diwali,Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 January 2014
* Over the centuries, Diwali has become a national festival that is enjoyed by most Indians regardless of faith: Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, and Sikhs.
** Reenita Malhotra Hora in: Diwali, India's Festival of Light, National Geographic Society.
* Aurangzib's order to the subahdar of Gujrat, 20 Nov. 1665, is clear :—“In the city and parganahs of Ahmadabad (i.e., Gujrat), the Hindus following their superstitious customs light lamps in the night of diwali, and during the days of holi open their mouths in obscene speech and kindle the holi bonfire in chahlas and bazars, throwing into the fire the faggot of all people that they can seize by force or theft. It is ordered that in bazars there should be no illumination at diwali, nobody’s faggot should be taken by force or theft and flung into the holi bonfire, and no obscene language used." (Mirat, 276.) It was really a police regulation as regards holi, and an act of bigotry only in connection with diwali
** Sarkar, Jadunath (1972). History of Aurangzib: Volume III. App. V.
* The name [Divali] is derived from the Sanskrit term dipavali meaning “row of lights,” which are lit on the new-moon night to bid the presence of Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth. In Bengal, however, the goddess Kali is worshiped, and in north India the festival also celebrates the return of Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, and Hanuman to the city of Ayodhya, where Rama’s rule of righteousness would commence.
** The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica in: "Diwali"
* The Diwali holds an imperative meaning among the Hindus, since, the day is reckoned with Lord Rama’s coronation ceremony as the King of Ayodhya after his return to the kingdom from 14 years of exile along with his wife Sita and brother Lakshman.
** Pramodkumar in: Meri Khoj Ek Bharat Ki, Lulu.com, 2008, p. 106
* [The observance of certain Hindu customs by Muslim women filled Sirhindi with grief. He observed,] “There would hardly be any women who does not perform one or the other ceremony of Shirk (polytheism) ... Showing respect to the sacred days of Hindus and performing the ceremonies prevalent amongst them are nothing but kufr. For instance, during the Dewali of the kafirs, the ignorant ones amongst Muslims, particularly women, perform the ceremonies of kufr. They celebrate it like their own Jd and send presents to their daughters and sisters like the hafirs and Mushriks ... They attach much importance and weight to this season. All this is Shirk and kufr’
** Ahmad Sirhindi, quoted in Jain, M. (2010). Parallel pathways: Essays on Hindu-Muslim relations, 1707-1857. 12-13, quoting (Rizvi 1965: 249-53). Rizvi, S. A. A., & Habib, M. (1965). Muslim revivalist movements in northern India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (Rizvi 1965: 253).
* Even in India customs can vary greatly. Celebrations in other countries can also be quite different. In some places it is a three-day festival, but it usually lasts for five days. Diwali includes the beginning of the new financial year.
** Sue Penney in: Hinduism, Capstone Classroom, 1 July 2007, p. 28
* Hindus interpret the Diwali story based upon where they live:In North India they celebrate the story of King Rama's return to Ayodhya after he defeated Ravana by lighting rows of clay lamps. South India celebrates it as the day that Lord Krishna defeated the demon Narakasura. In western India the festival marks the day that Lord Vishnu, the Preserver (one of the main gods of the Hindu trinity) sent the demon King Bali to rule the nether world.
** Reenita Malhotra Hora in: "Diwali, India's Festival of Light"
* Five Days of Diwali: On the first day of Diwali, housewives consider it auspicious to spring clean the home and shop for gold or kitchen utensils. On the second day, people decorate their homes with clay lamps or diyas and create design patterns called rangoli on the floor using colored powders or sand. This is the main day of the festival when families gather together for Lakshmi puja, a prayer to Goddess Lakshmi followed by mouth-watering feasts and firework festivities. This is the first day of the new year when friends and relatives visit with gifts and best wishes for the season. On the last day of Diwali, brothers visit their married sisters who welcome them with love and a lavish meal.
** Reenita Malhotra Hora in: "Diwali, India's Festival of Light"
* The Diwali’s main days starts with 1st day Dhantrayodashi ('Dhan' means some "gold"/"silver" purchase occurs); 2nd day Narakachaturdashi; 3rd day Lakshmi Pujan (main day of Diwali), 4th day Bali Prati Pada and 5th day w:Bhau-beejBhai Beej or Bhaiya Dooj.
** Pramodkumar in: "Meri Khoj Ek Bharat Ki", p. 106
* First Diwali day called Dhanteras or wealth worship. We perform Laskshmi-Puja in evening when clay diyas lighted to drive away shadows of evil spirits.In Diwali, goddess Lakshmi visits all people. Cows are worshipped for they are incarnations of Goddess Lakshmi.
** Zak Vera in: Invisible River, AuthorHouse, 1 February 2010, p. 179
* Second day is called Naraka Chaturdashi or Chhoti Diwali. Narakasur, after defeating Lord Indra, snatched the magnificent earrings of Mother Goddess Aditi and took sixteen thousand daughters of gods and saints to his harem. Lord Krishna killed the demon, brought all women and earrings of Aditi. Lord Krishna came home early in the morning with demon blood on his forehead. Women massaged scented oil on Krishna and washed away dirt from his body. So we take oil massage and bathe before sunrise this day.
** Zak Vera in: "Invisible River", p. 180
* The third day Lakshmi Puja of the festival is the most important day of Deepawali and is entirely devoted to the propitiation of Goddess Lakshmi. On this very day Sun enters its second course and passes Libra which is represented by the balance or scale; Hence this design of Libra is believed to have suggested the balancing of account books and their closing. Despite the fact that this day falls on an Amavasya (the night of New Moon) day it is regarded as the most auspicious.
** Pramodkumar in: "Meri Khoj Ek Bharat Ki", p. 108
* It is extremely important to keep the house spotlessly clean and pure on Diwali. Goddess Lakshmi likes cleanliness, and she will visit the cleanest house first. Lamps are lit in the evening to welcome the goddess. They are believed to light up her path.
** Pramodkumar in: "Meri Khoj Ek Bharat Ki", p. 109
* Lakshmi Puja consists of a combined puja of five deities. Ganesha is worshiped at the beginning of every auspicious act as Vignaharta; Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped in her three forms – Mahalakshmi the goddess of wealth and money), MahaSaraswathi (the goddess of books and learning), and Goddess Mahakali; Also Kuber, the treasurer of the gods is worshipped.
** Pramodkumar in: "Meri Khoj Ek Bharat Ki", p. 109
* On the fourth day, Govardhan puja is performed. On this day Krishna saved Gokul by lifting up the Govardhan Mountain on his little finger and holding it over the people as an umbrella.
** Longman in: Images, Longman, p. 79
* The fifth day is celebrated as Bhai dooj. On this day, sisters apply tika on their brother’s foreheads and pray for their well-being and long life.
** Longman in: "Images", p. 79
* Throughout the festival, Hindus decorate their homes, temples and other buildings with rows of lights. In the past small clay lamps called Divas (or diwas) were used. ‘Diwali’ is a short form of “Deepavali”, which means “rows of lights”. Today, small electric lights are often used instead of lamps. Glitter and tinsel are also used for decorations.
** Sue Penney in: "Hinduism", P.28
* In India Hindus will leave the windows and doors of their houses open so that Lakshmi can come in. Rangoli are drawn on the floors - rangoli are patterns and the most popular subject is the lotus flower.
** BBC in: Festival of Lights: Diwali - 23 October 2014, BBC, 5 October 2014
* Diwali last for five fun-filled days and nights. Each day honors a Hindu legend. These legends each teach an important lesson.
** Kate Torpie in: Diwali, Crabtree Publishing Company, 30 September 2008, p. 10
* Playing cards is very popular during Diwali. According to a Hindu legend, people who do not play card games during Diwali will be born as donkeys in their next lives.
** Kate Torpie in: P.22
* Aryans made the Dravidians to celebrate the Deepavali festival, Rama’s birthday, Krishna’s birthday. Similarly the Northerners made the Dravidians celebrate August 15th as the Independence Day. That is all. There is no other benefit or laudable reason.
** Periyar E. V. Ramasamy in: Ve Rāmacāmi (Tantai Periyār) Collected works of Periyar E.V.R, Periyar Self-respect Propaganda Institution, 2005, p. 502
* Ganesha is frequently depicted with Saraswati, the Goddess of learning and music, and Lakshmi, the Goddess of wealth and prosperity. Since Ganesha is associated with similar attributes as the goddesses, many devotees believe that they are his wives in previous incarnations. This assumption is reinforced by their worship along with Ganesha, especially during Diwali. But no myths support this notion. The deities are worshiped together simply because they represent similar goals.
** Royina Grewal in:The Book of Ganesha, Penguin Books India, 2009, p. 64
* Like Christmas in the West, Diwali is very much a time for buying and exchanging gifts. Traditionally sweets and dried fruit were very common gifts to exchange, but the festival has become a time for serious shopping, leading to anxiety that commercialism is eroding the spiritual side of the festival. In most years shopkeepers expect sales to rise substantially in the weeks before the festival.
** BBC in: Diwali, BBC News, 20 October 2011
* Diwali is also a traditional time to redecorate homes and buy new clothes. Diwali is also used to celebrate a successful harvest.
** BBC in: "Diwali"

### In Jainism

* Diwali is also an important festival in Jainism. For the Jain community, many of whose members belong to the merchant class, the day commemorates the passing into nirvana of Mahavira, the most recent of the Jain Tirthankaras. The lighting of the lamps is explained as a material substitute for the light of holy knowledge that was extinguished with Mahavira’s passing.
** The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica in: "Diwali"
* Religious group of the Jains, celebrate Diwali in a strictly religious way. They even fast, or stop eating, for three days! They offer their sufferings to their Gods.
** Kate Torpie in: P.20
* It [Divali] is an occasion for rejoicing and gratitude for a life spent in rigorous religious search, realization and teaching centered on non-violence.
** Anantan and Rambachan in: Diwali does not end when the lights go out, Ministery of External Affairs, Government of India, 30 October 2013

### In Sikhism

* Since the 18th century Diwali has been celebrated in Sikhism as the time Guru Hargobind returned to Amritsar from a supposed captivity in Gvalior—apparently an echo of Rama’s return to Ayodhya. Residents of Amritsar are said to have lighted lamps throughout the city to celebrate the occasion.
** The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica in: "Diwali"
* For Sikhs, Diwali is particularly important because it celebrates the release from prison of the sixth guru, Guru Hargobind, and 52 other princes with him, in 1619.
** BBC in: Diwali, BBC News, 20 October 2011
* The Sikh tradition holds that the Emperor Jahangir had imprisoned Guru Hargobind and 52 princes. The Emperor was asked to release Guru Hargobind which he agreed to do. However, Guru Hargobind asked that the princes be released also. The Emperor agreed, but said only those who could hold onto his cloak tail would be allowed to leave the prison. This was in order to limit the number of prisoners who could leave. However, Guru Hargobind had a cloak made with 52 pieces of string and so each prince was able to hold onto one string and leave prison. Sikhs celebrated the return of Guru Hargobind by lighting the [[w:Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple and this tradition continues today.
** BBC in: "Diwali"

## External links

* Encyclopedic article on Diwali on Wikipedia
* Media related to Diwali on Wikimedia Commons
* Also Know About Dhanteras - GuideMyIndia