# Daniel Kahneman

Daniel Kahneman (March 5, 1934 – March 27, 2024) was an Israeli-American psychologist. He shared the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Vernon L. Smith. Kahneman is notable for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making, behavioral economics and hedonic psychology. Latterly, he was professor emeritus of psychology and public affairs at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School.

## Quotes

* In one experience I remember vividly, there was a rich range of shades. It must have been late 1941 or early 1942. Jews were required to wear the Star of David and to obey a 6 p.m. curfew. I had gone to play with a Christian friend and had stayed too late. I turned my brown sweater inside out to walk the few blocks home. As I was walking down an empty street, I saw a German soldier approaching. He was wearing the black uniform that I had been told to fear more than others - the one worn by specially recruited SS soldiers. As I came closer to him, trying to walk fast, I noticed that he was looking at me intently. Then he beckoned me over, picked me up, and hugged me. I was terrified that he would notice the star inside my sweater. He was speaking to me with great emotion, in German. When he put me down, he opened his wallet, showed me a picture of a boy, and gave me some money. I went home more certain than ever that my mother was right: people were endlessly complicated and interesting.
** Nobel Prize Autobiographical Information (2002).
* People who make a difference do not die alone. Something dies in everyone who was affected by them. Amos made a great deal of difference, and when he died, life was dimmed and diminished for many of us. There is less intelligence in the world. There is less wit. There are many questions that will never be answered with the same inimitable combination of depth and clarity. There are standards that will not be defended with the same mix of principle and good sense. Life has become poorer. There is a large Amos-shaped gap in the mosaic, and it will not be filled. It cannot be filled because Amos shaped his own place in the world, he shaped his life, and even his dying. And in shaping his life and his world, he changed the world and the life of many around him.
** About the death of his long-time collaborator Amos Tversky on 5 June 1996. Nobel Prize Autobiographical Information (2002).
* No one ever made a decision because of a number. They need a story.
** Michael Lewis. "The Undoing Project: A Friendship that Changed the World". Penguin, 2016 (ISBN 9780141983035).

### Thinking, Fast and Slow (2011)

    Note: page numbers are (ISBN 9780141033570) unless otherwise noted.
* A recurrent theme of this book is that luck plays a large role in every story of success; it is almost always easy to identify a small change in the story that would have turned a remarkable achievement into a mediocre outcome.
** Introduction, p. 9.
* Intelligence is not only the ability to reason; it is also the ability to find relevant material in memory and to deploy attention when needed.
** Ch. 3, "The lazy controller" p. 46.
* A reliable way to make people believe in falsehoods is frequent repetition, because familiarity is not easily distinguished from truth.
** Ch. 5, "Cognitive ease" p. 62.
* It is the consistency of the information that matters for a good story, not its completeness. Indeed, you will often find that knowing little makes it easier to fit everything you know into a coherent pattern.
** Ch. 7, "A machine for jumping to conclusions" p. 87.
* The lesson is clear: estimates of causes of death are warped by media coverage. [...] The world in our heads is not a precise replica of reality; our expectations about the frequency of events are distorted by the prevalence and emotional intensity of the messages to which we are exposed.
** Ch. 13, "Availability, emotion, and risk" p. 138.
* There is a deep gap between our thinking about statistics and our thinking about individual cases.
** Ch. 15, "Causes trump statistics" p. 174.
* It took Francis Galton several years to figure out that correlation and regression are not two concepts – they are different perspectives on the same concept. The general rule is straightforward but has surprising consequences: whenever the correlation between two scores is imperfect, there will be regression to the mean.
** Ch. 17, "Regression to the mean" p. 181.
* Our comforting conviction that the world makes sense rests on a secure foundation: our almost unlimited ability to ignore our ignorance.
** Ch. 19, "The illusion of understanding" p. 201.
* Subjective confidence in a judgement is not a reasoned evaluation of the probability that this judgement is correct. Confidence is a feeling, which reflects the coherence of the information and the cognitive ease of processing it. It is wise to take admissions of uncertainty seriously, but declarations of high confidence mainly tell you that an individual has constructed a coherent story in his mind, not necessarily that the story is true.
** Ch. 20, "The illusion of validity" p. 212.
* He's taking an inside view. He should forget about his own case and look for what happened in other cases.
** Ch. 23, "The outside view" p. 254.
* There is no evidence that risk takers in the economic domain have an unusual appetite for gambles on high stakes; they are merely less aware of risks than more timid people are.
** Ch. 24, "The engine of capitalism" p. 263.
* He weights losses about twice as much as gains, which is normal.
** Ch. 26, "Prospect theory" p. 288.
* Many unfortunate human situations unfold [...] where people who face very bad options take desperate gambles, accepting a high probability of making things worse in exchange for a small hope of avoiding a large loss. Risk taking of this kind often turns manageable failures into disasters.
** Ch. 29, "The fourfold pattern" pp. 318-319.
* A rare event will be overweighted if it specifically attracts attention. [...] And when there is no overweighting, there will be neglect.
** Ch. 30, "Rare events" p. 333.
* Unless there is an obvious reason to do otherwise, most of us passively accept decision problems as they are framed and therefore rarely have an opportunity to discover the extent to which our preferences are frame-bound rather than reality-bound.
** Ch. 34, "Frames and reality", p. 367.
* A plausible interpretation is that higher income is associated with a reduced ability to enjoy the small pleasures of life. [...] There is a clear contrast between the effects of income on experienced well-being and in life satisfaction. Higher income brings with it higher satisfaction, well beyond the point at which it ceases to have any positive effect on experience. [...] Life satisfaction is not a flawed measure of their experienced well-being, as I thought some years ago. It is something else entirely.
** Ch. 37, "Experienced well-being" p. 397.
* Experienced well-being is on average unaffected by marriage, not because marriage makes no difference to happiness, but because it changes some aspects of life for the better and others for the worse.
** Ch. 38, "Thinking about life" pp. 400-401.
* Nothing in life is as important as you think it is when you are thinking about it.
** Ch. 38, "Thinking about life" p. 402.
* Although humans are not irrational, they often need help to make more accurate judgements and better decisions. [...] [They] also need protection from others who deliberately exploit their weaknesses [...].
** Conclusions, pp. 411-413.

### "Don't Blink! The Hazards of Confidence" (2011)

* The confidence we experience as we make a judgment is not a reasoned evaluation of the probability that it is right. Confidence is a feeling, one determined mostly by the coherence of the story and by the ease with which it comes to mind, even when the evidence for the story is sparse and unreliable. The bias toward coherence favors overconfidence. An individual who expresses high confidence probably has a good story, which may or may not be true.
** "Don’t Blink! The Hazards of Confidence". The New York Times. 19 October 2011. Retrieved on 15 May 2014.
* We often interact with professionals who exercise their judgment with evident confidence, sometimes priding themselves on the power of their intuition. In a world rife with illusions of validity and skill, can we trust them? How do we distinguish the justified confidence of experts from the sincere overconfidence of professionals who do not know they are out of their depth? We can believe an expert who admits uncertainty but cannot take expressions of high confidence at face value. As I first learned on the obstacle field, people come up with coherent stories and confident predictions even when they know little or nothing. Overconfidence arises because people are often blind to their own blindness.
** "Don’t Blink! The Hazards of Confidence". The New York Times. 19 October 2011. Retrieved on 15 May 2014.

### "Bias, Blindness and How We Truly Think" (2011)

* Most of us view the world as more benign than it really is, our own attributes as more favorable than they truly are, and the goals we adopt as more achievable than they are likely to be. We also tend to exaggerate our ability to forecast the future, which fosters overconfidence. In terms of its consequences for decisions, the optimistic bias may well be the most significant cognitive bias. Because optimistic bias is both a blessing and a risk, you should be both happy and wary if you are temperamentally optimistic.
** "Bias, Blindness and How We Truly Think (Part 1): Daniel Kahneman". bloomberg.com. 24 October 2011. Retrieved on 15 May 2014.
* Optimism is normal, but some fortunate people are more optimistic than the rest of us. If you are genetically endowed with an optimistic bias, you hardly need to be told that you are a lucky person -- you already feel fortunate. Optimistic people play a disproportionate role in shaping our lives. Their decisions make a difference; they are inventors, entrepreneurs, political and military leaders -- not average people. They got to where they are by seeking challenges and taking risks. They are talented and they have been lucky, almost certainly luckier than they acknowledge.
** "Bias, Blindness and How We Truly Think (Part 1): Daniel Kahneman". bloomberg.com. 24 October 2011. Retrieved on 15 May 2014.
* The mystery is how a conception that is vulnerable to such obvious counterexamples survived for so long. I can explain it only by a weakness of the scholarly mind that I have often observed in myself. I call it theory-induced blindness: Once you have accepted a theory, it is extraordinarily difficult to notice its flaws. As the psychologist Daniel Gilbert has observed, disbelieving is hard work.
** "Bias, Blindness and How We Truly Think (Part 2): Daniel Kahneman". bloomberg.com. 24 October 2011. Retrieved on 15 May 2014.
* Caring for people often takes the form of concern for the quality of their stories, not for their feelings. Indeed, we can be deeply moved even by events that change the stories of people already dead. We feel pity for a man who died believing in his wife’s love for him when we hear that she had a lover for many years and stayed with her husband only for his money. We pity the husband although he had lived a happy life. We feel the humiliation of a scientist who made a discovery that was proved false after she died, although she did not feel the humiliation. Most important, we all care intensely for the narrative of our own life and very much want it to be a good story, with a decent hero.
** "Bias, Blindness and How We Truly Think (Part 4): Daniel Kahneman". bloomberg.com. 24 October 2011. Retrieved on 15 May 2014.
* An experiment about your next vacation will allow you to observe your attitude to your experiencing self: At the end of the vacation, all pictures and videos will be destroyed. Furthermore, you will swallow a potion that will wipe out all your memories of the vacation. How would this affect your vacation plans? How much would you be willing to pay for it, relative to a normally memorable vacation? My impression is that the elimination of memories greatly reduces the value of the experience.Imagine a painful operation during which you will scream in pain and beg the surgeon to stop. However, you are promised an amnesia-inducing drug that will wipe out any memory of the episode. Here again, my observation is that most people are remarkably indifferent to the pains of their experiencing self. Some say they don’t care at all. Others share my feeling, which is that I feel pity for my suffering self but not more than I would feel for a stranger in pain.I am my remembering self, and the experiencing self, who does my living, is like a stranger to me.
** "Bias, Blindness and How We Truly Think (Part 4): Daniel Kahneman". bloomberg.com. 24 October 2011. Retrieved on 15 May 2014.

### Other

* There's literally no difference between a physician recognizing a disease from a "facial expression", and a little child pointing to something and saying "doggie".
** Talks at Google - Nov 10, 2011
* You should inform your gut and then trust it.
** Discussion at Harvard - Dec 3, 2021
* The first advice is to slow down, and not follow your first impulses.
** Discussion at Harvard - Dec 3, 2021

## Quotes about Daniel Kahneman

* A huge part of Danny's work is on how we think – and how profoundly irrational we can be. That, too, is transforming business, however slowly, and explains the million copies he has sold of his new book. But, in the great sweep of history, I suspect he will be most remembered as the man who made happiness respectable.
** Richard Layard, "Daniel Kahneman changed the way we think about thinking. But what do other thinkers think of him?". The Guardian. February 15, 2014. Retrieved on May 15, 2014.
* I've called Daniel Kahneman the world's most influential living psychologist and I believe that is true. He pretty much created the field of behavioural economics and has revolutionised large parts of cognitive psychology and social psychology. His central message could not be more important, namely, that human reason left to its own devices is apt to engage in a number of fallacies and systematic errors, so if we want to make better decisions in our personal lives and as a society, we ought to be aware of these biases and seek workarounds. That's a powerful and important discovery.
** Steven Pinker. "Daniel Kahneman changed the way we think about thinking. But what do other thinkers think of him?," in The Observer, 16 February 2014.

## External links

* Official website (at Princeton)
* Lecture on "The riddle of experience vs. memory" at TED, February 2010
* ↑ https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/12/daniel-kahneman-on-how-to-influence-others/
* ↑ https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/12/daniel-kahneman-on-how-to-influence-others/
* ↑ https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/12/daniel-kahneman-on-how-to-influence-others/