# Ernest Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM PC FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand physicist who was a pioneering researcher in both atomic and nuclear physics. He has been described as "the father of nuclear physics", and "the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday". In 1908, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances." He was the first Oceanian Nobel laureate, and the first to perform the awarded work in Canada.
Rutherford's discoveries include the concept of radioactive half-life, the radioactive element radon, and the differentiation and naming of alpha and beta radiation. Together with Thomas Royds, Rutherford is credited with proving that alpha radiation is composed of helium nuclei. In 1911, he theorized that atoms have their charge concentrated in a very small nucleus. This was done through his discovery and interpretation of Rutherford scattering during the gold foil experiment performed by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden, resulting in his conception of the Rutherford model of the atom. In 1917, he performed the first artificially-induced nuclear reaction by conducting experiments where nitrogen nuclei were bombarded with alpha particles. As a result, he discovered the emission of a subatomic particle which he initially called the "hydrogen atom", but later (more accurately) named the proton. He is also credited with developing the atomic numbering system alongside Henry Moseley. His other achievements include advancing the fields of radio communications and ultrasound technology.
Rutherford became Director of the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in 1919. Under his leadership, the neutron was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932. In the same year, the first controlled experiment to split the nucleus was performed by John Cockcroft and [w:[Ernest Walton|]], working under his direction. In honour of his scientific advancements, Rutherford was recognised as a baron of the United Kingdom. After his death in 1937, he was buried in Westminster Abbey near Charles Darwin and Isaac Newton. The chemical element rutherfordium ($_{104}$Rf) was named after him in 1997.
    See also:
       Radio-activity (1904)

## Quotes

listed in chronological order
* Radioactivity is shown to be accompanied by chemical changes in which new types of matter are being continually produced. … The conclusion is drawn that these chemical changes must be sub-atomic in character.
** "The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity" in Philosophical Magazine (September 1902)
* It is not in the nature of things for any one man to make a sudden violent discovery; science goes step by step, and every man depends on the work of his predecessors. When you hear of a sudden unexpected discovery—a bolt from the blue, as it were—you can always be sure that it has grown up by the influence of one man on another, and it is this mutual influence which makes the enormous possibility of scientific advance. Scientists are not dependent on the ideas of a single man, but on the combined wisdom of thousands of men, all thinking of the same problem, and each doing his little bit to add to the great structure of knowledge which is gradually being erected.
** As quoted in The Birth of a New Physics (1959) by I. Bernard Cohen
* We may in these processes obtain very great quantities of energy, but on the average we cannot hope to obtain energy for practical use in this way. The bombardment of the atom is a very poor and inefficient way of producing energy and anyone who is looking for a source of cheap power in the transformation of the atom, is talking pure moonshine... Some day the knowledge we may gain may be of practical value, but there is no indication of it yet.
** 1933 October 7, The Calgary Daily Herald, Power Flow From Atoms Impossible by A. C. Cummings (Calgary Herald’s London Bureau), Quote Page 28, Column 1, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
* All science is either physics or stamp collecting.
** As quoted in Rutherford at Manchester (1962) by J. B. Birks. The earliest known attribution of the principle to Rutherford was by John Desmond Bernal in 1939
* That which is not measurable is not science. — also attributed to Lord Kelvin
* It is just as surprising as if a gunner fired a shell at a single sheet of paper and for some reason or other the projectile bounded back again.
** Rutherford, discussing the results of a 1909 experiment investigating alpha particle scattering, during the Cawthron Lecture at the Cawthron Institute in Nelson, New Zealand in 1925. Quoted in Arthur Stewart Eve (1939). Rutherford: Being the Life and Letters of the Rt. Hon. Lord Rutherford, O. M., p. 311
* It was almost as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you.
** From a lecture delivered on October 15, 1936 at Cambridge University, discussing the result of an experiment in 1909 where alpha particles were scattered backwards when fired at a thin sheet of metal foil, which led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus. The full lecture was reprinted in Background to Modern Science: Ten Lectures at Cambridge arranged by the History of Science Committee 1936.
* Don't let me catch anyone talking about the Universe in my department.
** As quoted by John Kendrew in "J.D. Bernal and the Origin of Life," BBC Radio Talk (26 July 1968), and in Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists, Third Edition by John Daintith, p. 662
* An alleged scientific discovery has no merit unless it can be explained to a barmaid.
** As quoted in Einstein: The Man and His Achievement (1973) by G. J. Whitrow, p. 42
** Variants:
** If you can't explain your physics to a barmaid it is probably not very good physics.
*** As quoted in Journal of Advertising Research (March-April 1998)
** A theory that you can't explain to a bartender is probably no damn good.
*** As quoted in The Language of God (2006) by Francis Collins, p. 60
* I know what the atom looks like!
** David Wilson, Rutherford, Simple Genius (1983)
* When we have found how the nucleus of atoms is built up we shall have found the greatest secret of all — except life. We shall have found the basis of everything — of the earth we walk on, of the air we breathe, of the sunshine, of our physical body itself, of everything in the world, however great or however small — except life.
** As quoted in The Wit and Wisdom of the 20th Century : A Dictionary of Quotations‎ (1987) by Frank S. Pepper, p. 226
* I came into the room which was half-dark and presently spotted Lord Kelvin in the audience, and realised that I was in for trouble at the last part of my speech dealing with the age of the Earth, where my views conflicted with his. To my relief, Kelvin fell fast asleep, but as I came to the important point, I saw the old bird sit up, open an eye and cock a baleful glance at me. Then a sudden inspiration came, and I said Lord Kelvin had limited the age of the Earth, provided no new source [of heat] was discovered. That prophetic utterance referred to what we are now considering tonight, radium! Behold! The old boy beamed upon me.
** As quoted in "Rutherford's Timebomb" in The New Zealand (15 May 2004)
* I must confess it was very unexpected and I am very startled at my metamorphosis into a chemist.
** On his 1908 Nobel Prize in chemistry, as quoted in Nobel Laureates and Twentieth-Century Physics (2004) by Mauro Dardo, p. 69
* We're like children who always want to take apart watches to see how they work.
** As quoted by Freeman Dyson, "Seeing the Unseen," New York Review of Books (Feb. 24, 2005), quoting Rutherford in the London Daily Herald
* We've got no money, so we've got to think.
** As quoted in Quips, Quotes, and Quanta : An Anecdotal History of Physics (2007) by Anton Z. Capri, page 65.
** Quoted by Edward Andrade (collaborated with Rutherford in 1914) in Rutherford and the Nature of the Atom (1964)
* "...Rutherford never spent more than £2500 a year on his research programme. He resisted suggestions that an industrial appeal might provide him with more money and he did not believe in the economic significance of any of the work he was doing. He used to boast that ‘we have no money, so we shall have to think’."
** As written by Lord Bowden (worked under Rutherford c. 1931); in "Effects of World War II on education in science", Bowden 1975
** Unsourced variant: We didn't have the money, so we had to think.
* If your experiment needs statistics, you ought to have done a better experiment.
** As quoted by Norman T. J. Bailey, The Mathematical Approach to Biology and Medicine (1967), Chapter 2, "The Role of Probability and Statistics"
* I have broken the machine and touched the ghost of matter.
** As quoted by Richard Reeves, A Force of Nature The Frontier Genius of Ernest Rutherford (2008) citing Ernest Rutherford Atom Man
* The first point that arises is the atom. I was brought up to look at the atom as a nice hard fellow, red or grey in colour, according to taste. In order to explain the facts, however, the atom cannot be regarded as a sphere of material, but rather as a sort of wave motion of a peculiar kind. The theory of wave-mechanics, however bizarre it may appear... has the astonishing virtue that it works, and works in detail, so that it is now possible to understand and explain things which looked almost impossible in earlier days. One of the problems encountered is the relation between the electron, an atom and the radiation produced by them jointly; the new mechanics states the type of radiation emitted with correct numerical relations. When applied to the periodic table, a competent and laborious mathematician can predict the periodic law from first principles.
** A. S. Eve, Rutherford (2013)

## Quotes about Rutherford

* Rutherford's attitude to his own discoveries is illustrated by his response to a remark of one who was present at the moment of one of his great discoveries: "Rutherford, you are always on the crest of the wave." To which Rutherford responded: "I made the wave, didn't I?" Somehow from Rutherford's vantage point everything he said seems right, even including his remark, "I do not let my boys waste their time" when he was asked if he encouraged his students to study relativity! Rutherford was a happy warrior if ever there was one.
** Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan. "The pursuit of science: Its motivations." Resonance 2.4 (1997): 82-85.
* In 2005, we had a couple of things going for us. First, of course, we knew how the experiment was supposed to come out. They had been out there in the blue. We also had faster, stronger, and more reliable equipment to pull vacuums, greatly reducing the results contaminated by the odd air molecule or hydrogen atom. But we, and the world, now know the deadly dangers of radioactivity. Rutherford used to toss bits of radioactive material in his pocket and then, before dinner, into the top drawer of his desk at home. ...If we tried to use what they used, we couldn't all be in this room... We couldn't be in the building.
** Kurt Becker, on recreating the Gold Foil Experiment, as quoted by Richard Reeves, A Force of Nature The Frontier Genius of Ernest Rutherford (2008)
* Rutherford's discovery was the beginning of the science that came to be called nuclear physics. ...The projectiles that he used to explore the nucleus were particles produced in the disintegration of radium... discovered by Marie Curie in 1898. The particles are helium nuclei that are emitted at high speed when radium atoms decay...The twenty years between 1909 and 1929 were the era of tabletop nuclear physics. ...Small and simple experiments were sufficient to establish the basic laws of nuclear physics.
** Freeman Dyson, The Scientist As Rebel (2006)
* The switch from natural sources of particles to accelerators would start a new era in the history of science, the era of accelerator physics. ...The two men who actually built the first accelerator were John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton, graduate students working... under the supervision of Rutherford. ...For five years they struggled to create a technology of big machines in a laboratory of tabletop experiments, just as the Wright brothers had struggled to create a technology of flying machines in a bicycle shop ....In April of 1932, they had a machine that produced a steady stream of hydrogen nuclei with an energy of about half a million volts. ...Walton was... ready to do the experiment... to bombard a target made of the light metal lithium. The result was spectacular. The lithium nuclei were split in two and fell apart into pairs of helium nuclei. The helium nuclei came out with thirty times as much energy as the hydrogen nuclei going in. ...Rutherford happily spent the rest of the day serving as Walton's assistant... That day, the era of tabletop nuclear physics ended and the era of big machines and big projects began.
** Freeman Dyson, The Scientist As Rebel (2006)
* He died a year before the discovery of the fission of the uranium nucleus in Berlin in 1938, the discovery which turned nuclear physics into a big industry and a weapon of war.
** Freeman Dyson, The Scientist As Rebel (2006)
* Rutherford did not pretend to understand quantum mechanics, but he understood that the Gamow formula would give his accelerator a crucial advantage. Even particles accelerated at much lower energies... would be able to penetrate into nuclei. Rutherford invited Gamow to Cambridge in January 1929... [They] became firm friends and Gamow's insight gave Rutherford the impetus to go full steam ahead with the building of his accelerator.
** Freeman Dyson, The Scientist As Rebel (2006)
* One can hardly speak of being friendly with a force of nature.
** Paul Langevin, referring to his fellow research assistant Rutherford at Cavendish Laboratory, as quoted by Richard Reeves, A Force of Nature The Frontier Genius of Ernest Rutherford (2008)
* He seemed bored with his radio work. ...he had transmitted signals more than half a mile through Cambridge's stone builidings, and there was great interest in finding a way to use such signals in ship-to-shore communications... Some scientists, astonished at those demonstrations, believed that Rutherford's work in New Zealand and then at the Cavendish was actually ahead of the work being done by Guglielmo Marconi...
** Richard Reeves, A Force of Nature The Frontier Genius of Ernest Rutherford (2008)

## Footnotes

* ↑ https://quoteinvestigator.com/2015/05/08/stamp/
* ↑ Report on the Activities of the History of Science Lectures Committee 1936–1947, Whipple Museum Papers, Whipple Museum for the History of Science, Cambridge, C62 i. The report lists two lectures, on October 8 and 15. The lecture on atomic structure was likely the one delivered on the 15th.
* ↑ Cambridge University Reporter, 7 October 1936, p. 141 The lecture took place in the lecture room of the Physiological Laboratory.

## External links

* Biography at Nobelprize.org
* Ernest Rutherford Scientist Supreme
* The Rutherford Journal
* NZedge.com article on Ernest Rutherford
* Biography in 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
* "Brief profile at A Science Odyssey, pbs.org
* Nobel Lecture The Chemical Nature of the Alpha Particles from Radioactive Substances from Nobelprize.org website
* The Rutherford Museum