# Doll

A doll is a model of a human being, often used as a toy for children. Dolls have traditionally been used in magic and religious rituals throughout the world, and traditional dolls made of materials such as clay and wood are found in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Europe.

## Quotes

* I think it’s massively important for children to see diversity in the toy box, for disabled children to see themselves represented positively. It’s very affirming for them to see that they can be a fairy, they can be a wizard in a wheelchair, and all that kind of fun and possibility is open to them as well, and it’s also really important for children without disabilities, to see disability as a normal, fun thing, it’s not just something that exists in hospital or medical settings, it exists everywhere, and its time that thee toy manufacturers started to take note and include disabled children in their products.
** Rebecca Atkinson, “Toy Like Me campaigner: Toys with disabilities 'very affirming'”, BBC, (26 May 2015)
* In this connection we may refer to fornicatory acts effected with artificial imitations of the human body, or of individual parts of that body. There exist true Vaucansons in this province of pornographic technology, clever mechanics who, from rubber and other plastic materials, prepare entire male or female bodies, which, as hommes or dames de voyage, subserve fornicatory purposes. More especially are the genital organs represented in a manner true to nature. Even the secretion of Bartholin's glans is imitated, by means of a "pneumatic tube" filled with oil. Similarly, by means of fluid and suitable apparatus, the ejaculation of the semen is imitated. Such artificial human beings are actually offered for sale in the catalogue of certain manufacturers of "Parisian rubber articles."
** Iwan Bloch, (2015) [1910]. The Sexual Life of Our Time in its Relations to Modern Civilization. p. 660. ISBN 1-4510-0357-9.
* Rosie Eggleston, from the National Deaf Children's Society said: "Deafness is often misunderstood and deaf children usually grow up knowing few people, with first-hand experience of what they're going through. "It's so important for them to see deafness represented in as many areas as possible, because it helps them understand that there are other people just like them."
** Rosie Eggleston, "'My doll with a hearing aid looks like me'", BBC, (1 August 2020)
* We find in the story of the Sand-Man the other theme on which Jentsch lays stress, of a doll which appears to be alive. Jentsch believes that a particularly favourable condition for awakening uncanny feelings is created when there is intellectual uncertainty whether an object is alive or not, and when an inanimate object becomes too much like an animate one. Now, dolls are of course rather closely connected with childhood life. We remember that in their early games children do not distinguish at all sharply between living and inanimate objects, and that they are especially fond of treating their dolls like live people. In fact, I have occasionally heard a woman patient declare that even at the age of eight she had still been convinced that her dolls would be certain to come to life if she were to look at them in a particular, extremely concentrated, way. So that here, too, it is not difficult to discover a factor from childhood. But, curiously enough, while the Sand-Man story deals with the arousing of an early childhood fear, the idea of a ‘living doll’ excites no fear at all; children have no fear of their dolls coming to life, they may even desire it. The source of uncanny feelings would not, therefore, be an infantile fear in this case, but rather an infantile wish or even merely an infantile belief. There seems to be a contradiction here; but perhaps it is only a complication, which may be helpful to us later on.
** Sigmund Freud, "Das Unheimliche", (1919)
* The Toy Story movies are true to the toys they represent, as we learn from the movies the kind of lessons we learn in life, and work though emotionally and intellectually with action figures: learning our place in the scheme of the world through self-knowledge, the choice between protecting our hearts by isolating ourselves emotionally from others or risking heart-break, accepting abandonment, old age and death. My own realization of growing up came when I realized that my huge Lego diorama, much like the one the dad has in The Lego Movies was not something adults had, and that in growing up I would have to give it up. But in the modern world the toys we play with are not faceless dolls. The toys are G.I. Joe and Barbie, Pokemon, Batman and Superman, The X-Men and Spiderman and The Hulk, all owned by a handful of megacorporations. For many Americans childhood imitations are not of weddings and festivals, but of things seen on screens, TV shows and movies, things also owned by that same handful of mega-corporations. The blockbuster film industry, with its endless parade of nostalgic heroes from childhood and an attendant emotional maturity, is the playground for 35-year-old- ticket buyers who are told they never have to leave these things behind.
** Geoff Klock, ""Seeing into the life of things": Toy Story, The Lego Movie and the Wordsworthian Imagination", in "Articulating the Action Figure: Essays on the Toys and Their Messages", edited by Jonathan Alexandratos, pp. 94-95.
* Wordsworth's child plays with his toys in a world unconcerned with brand power, and he tells his own stories, using public domain situations. Star Wars was not designed to sell toys, but Lucas was smart enough to keep the merchandising rights, and, with help from Kenner, a toy empire was founded. The story came first, but the merchandising threatened to takeover. In the case of Transformers, the action figures were absolutely primary, the show was made to drive toy sales. But as the generation raised on Star Wars and Transformers became filmmakers in their own right, the primary-secondary relationship became blurry. In an interview with filmmaker Kevin Smith, Paul Dini, who created the cartoon Young Justice among other, talked about a problem he had with the executives at the Cartoon Network. They cancelled his show, Tower Prep even though his audience was on the rise. The reason: the audience numbers were on the rise because girls were watching the show and that's a problem because girls don't buy the toys, and the money comes from the toys. Because the relationship between action figures and movies and television are symbiotic it is hard to know if this is a case of the tail wagging the dog. When a 37-year-old director, whose childhood bedroom was littered with Transformers and Star Wars figures, steps up to direct the latest feature from Marvel, to what extend is he simply playing with action figures on a gigantic budget? To what extent is Chris Pratt a very expensive action figure, to be posed and moved around with the other toys?
** Geoff Klock, ""Seeing into the life of things": Toy Story, The Lego Movie and the Wordsworthian Imagination", in "Articulating the Action Figure: Essays on the Toys and Their Messages", edited by Jonathan Alexandratos, p.95.
* Before Barbie, dolls were babies, to be fed and burped and bathed and wheeled around in prams and put down for naps.
** Jill Lepore, "When Barbie Went to War with Bratz", The New Yorker, (January 22, 2018).
* As Kozinski would write in his opinion in Mattel v. MGA, it’s possible to make dolls that don’t look like porn stars but “there’s not a big market for fashion dolls that look like Patty and Selma Bouvier”—a reference to Lisa Simpson’s big-nosed, wide-waisted, thick-ankled aunts.
** Jill Lepore, "When Barbie Went to War with Bratz", The New Yorker, (January 22, 2018).
* Empowerment feminism is a cynical sham. As Margaret Talbot once noted in these pages, “To change a Bratz doll’s shoes, you have to snap off its feet at the ankles.” That is pretty much what girlhood feels like. In a 2014 study, girls between four and seven were asked about possible careers for boys and girls after playing with either Fashion Barbie, Doctor Barbie, or, as a control, Mrs. Potato Head. The girls who had played with Mrs. Potato Head were significantly more likely to answer yes to the question “Could you do this job when you grow up?” when shown a picture of the workplaces of a construction worker, a firefighter, a pilot, a doctor, and a police officer. The study had a tiny sample size, and, like most slightly nutty research in the field of social psychology, has never been replicated, or scaled up, except that, since nearly all American girls own a Barbie, the population of American girls has been the subject of the scaled-up version of that experiment for nearly six decades.
** Jill Lepore, "When Barbie Went to War with Bratz", The New Yorker, (January 22, 2018).
* It’s no accident that #Metoo started in the entertainment and television-news businesses, where women are required to look as much like Barbie and Bratz dolls as possible, with the help of personal trainers, makeup artists, hair stylists, personal shoppers, and surgeons.
** Jill Lepore, "When Barbie Went to War with Bratz", The New Yorker, (January 22, 2018).
* Japan’s oldest “love doll” manufacturer wants to strip the sex toys of their seedy image and encourage people to see them as works of art instead. “Even now there is still a stigma,” said a spokesperson for Tokyo-based sex doll maker Orient Industry, which recently celebrated its 40th anniversary with a three-week exhibition showing the evolution of its dolls that drew over 10,000 visitors. “But at our exhibition there were lots of men and women visitors — more women than men, in fact,” he said. “There were young and old, men and women, a really wide range of people. I think people came because they had heard the reputation of how beautiful our dolls are. We want to get rid of the stigma.”
** Andrew McKirdy, “From sex toys to works of art: 'Love doll' maker seeks to shed seedy image”, (Jul 5, 2017)
* Noted photographers such as Laurie Simmons and Kishin Shinoyama have made the company’s dolls the subject of books and exhibitions, with the latter showing his work at Orient Industry’s anniversary event that ran from May 20 to June 11 at Shibuya’s Atsukobarouh gallery. The spokesperson believes that validation from the art world is helping to shift attitudes toward sex dolls. “We get a lot of different customers,” he said. “Some are only interested in buying dolls for sex, some want to buy them so they can take photos of them, and some want to take them out and about with them. Some have blogs where they write about living with them.
** Andrew McKirdy, “From sex toys to works of art: 'Love doll' maker seeks to shed seedy image”, (Jul 5, 2017)
* حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدٌ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُعَاوِيَةَ، حَدَّثَنَا هِشَامٌ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ـ رضى الله عنها ـ قَالَتْ كُنْتُ أَلْعَبُ بِالْبَنَاتِ عِنْدَ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم وَكَانَ لِي صَوَاحِبُ يَلْعَبْنَ مَعِي، فَكَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم إِذَا دَخَلَ يَتَقَمَّعْنَ مِنْهُ، فَيُسَرِّبُهُنَّ إِلَىَّ فَيَلْعَبْنَ مَعِي‏.‏
** Narrated 'Aisha: I used to play with the dolls in the presence of the Prophet, and my girl friends also used to play with me. When Allah's Apostle used to enter (my dwelling place) they used to hide themselves, but the Prophet would call them to join and play with me.
*** Sahih Bukhari, Volume 8, Book 73, Number 151. Compiled by Muhammad al-Bukhari. Translated into English by Muhammad Muhsin Khan, International Open University
*** Commentary not present in the original Arabic text: (The playing with the dolls and similar images is forbidden, but it was allowed for 'Aisha at that time, as she was a little girl, not yet reached the age of puberty.) (Fateh-al-Bari page 143, Vol.13)
* In Shinto, everything has a soul. Even if you don't want the dolls anymore, you can’t abandon them. There is a special ceremony that is performed for them at a shrine. It’s like a ceremony for a dead person. Since dolls have a human form, they must be treated as such.
** Shin Takagi, as qtd. in Roc Morin, "Can Child Dolls Keep Pedophiles from Offending?", The Atlantic, (Jan 11, 2016).
* It is a common belief in Japan that dolls are mirrors. The dolls show their owner’s true self.
** Shin Takagi, as qtd. in Roc Morin, "Can Child Dolls Keep Pedophiles from Offending?", The Atlantic, (Jan 11, 2016).
* Competition from video and mobile games has diminished the interest in action figures, allow a child to fantasise about taking on the role of a heroic character. Video and mobile games greatly enhance that ability. The age appeal of action figures has been declining for decades due to the rise of video games.
** Gene del Vecchio as qtd. in "Lights, camera but no action figures: are movie toys going out of fashion?", by Anna Smith. The Guardian, (5 Apr 2018).
* In 2000, only two films in the top 10 US box office hits would have been likely to generate a licensed character toy, X-Men and How the Grinch Stole Christmas, perhaps Mission: Impossible II. But in 2017, nine out of the 10 top films had licensed characters associated with them, from Star Wars to Beauty and the Beast to Wonder Woman to Thor. So, consumers are spending about the same amount of money on toys in total, but now they have far more choices to spend it on. The battle is over the share of a parent’s pocketbook.
** Gene del Vecchio as qtd. in "Lights, camera but no action figures: are movie toys going out of fashion?", by Anna Smith. The Guardian, (5 Apr 2018).
* From my experience, kids are most interested in movie merchandise from about three to eight years old,” says Lisa Wragg, who worked in children’s licensing for many years. “At about eight, it tends to wane as they get more into music, artists and social media.
** Lisa Wragg in "Lights, camera but no action figures: are movie toys going out of fashion?", by Anna Smith. The Guardian, (5 Apr 2018).
* How exactly, in the last half decade, has the "action figure", in all of its myriad cross-marketed incarnations, captured the imaginations of children and adults? What "discrepancy" of scale, schema, sex, and spirit thus makes miniaturized men, women, and monsters of resin, plastic, lead, rubber, or wood so functionally prevalent in global commerce and individual fantasy? In Sherry Turkle's view, "evocative objects" such as action figures "bring philosophy down to Earth. When we focus on objects, physicians and philosophers, psychologists and designers, artists and engineers are able to find common ground in everyday experience" (Turkle 8). Applying Levi-Strauss' notion of the brinocoleur, or a "practioner of the science of the concrete" who "manipulates a closed set of materials to develop new thoughts" out of "bricolage" in tandem with Piaget's assessment of instructive play rooted in "close to the object thinking" meant to heighten awareness of the "number, space, time, causality, and life" of things, Turkle provides a profoundly simple perspective on how "object play-for adults as well as children-engaged the heart as well as the mind" (Turkle 308-309). How can we examine our unique attraction to miniature plastic effigies and their contexts?
** Daniel F. Yezbick, Thirteen Ways of Looking at an Action Figure: Part One, in "Articulating the Action Figure: Essays on the Toys and Their Messages", edited by Jonathan Alexandratos, pp. 13-14
* To start, the most abject Happy Meal toy lost in the deepest layers of the toy bin still signifies the epitome of polysemic postmodern participatory commodity culture. At the same time, the expertly-graded, mint-in-blisterpack Star Wars rebel of Ideal Posin' Supergirl cocooned for eternity within its EcoStar PC50 Recycled PET acryllic clam shell against all possible risk, play, or abuse can command thousands of dollars on the collector/investor/speculator market. From garage sales and Goodwill fodder to certified collectibles and international Internet auction houses, the action figure circulates through complex aesthetic, psychological, and socio-economic conditions of unusual scope and power. Its defining characteristics seem obvious enough. An action figure is generally a manufactured personality or character built to a diminished scale. It is usually, though not necessarily humanoid, and often designed to encourage manipulation, posing, or play including movable body parts, interchanging costumes, accessories, weapons, prosthetics, and related apparatus. At times, these accoutrements can expand to include elaborate vehicles, carrying cases, and playsets so ingeniously and engineered that they are sometimes more engaging in their miniaturized discrepancy than the figured body or character itself. Certain bases, expanded worlds, and microcosmic mock-ups tend to develop their own specialized mythologies. Iconic examples include Shredder and Krang's Technodrome of mechanized evil from the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise and G.I. Joe's remarkably Space Shuttle Defiant. From the figures themselves to the gear, couture, and conveyances that enable and transport them, the action figure always signifies a larger spectacle well beyond its tiny idealized body.
** Daniel F. Yezbick, Thirteen Ways of Looking at an Action Figure: Part One, in "Articulating the Action Figure: Essays on the Toys and Their Messages", edited by Jonathan Alexandratos, p.14

### “THE MODERN SEX DOLL-OWNER: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS” (2012)

Sarah Valverde, “THE MODERN SEX DOLL-OWNER: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS”, Faculty of California State Polytechnic University, (2012)
* The modern sex doll may has a direct antecedent in the cotton sex doll created and used by sailors on long voyages, referred to as dames de voyage (Bloch, 1908; Ferguson, 2010; Wolf, 2010). These dolls were created by French and Spanish sailors during the height of their naval empires in the seventeenth century (Ferguson, 2010). The navies of Imperial Germany and Japan reportedly sanctioned the widespread use of dames de voyage, as preferable to homosexuality. Both navies reportedly manufactured their own versions of the dames de voyage (Wolf, 2010).
** p. 4.
* A popular urban legend claims the German Navy became the first creator of the modern sex-doll, Model Borghild (Ferguson, 2010; Lenz, n.d.; Pulham, 2008; Wolf, 2010). According to rumor and urban myth, the doll was part of the Nazi’s “field-hygienic project,” initiated to counterbalance the sexual drive of storm troopers (Lenz, n.d.). However, the existence of the author, “Lenz”, and the reports on the so-called Borghild doll are unverifiable, and are possibly hoaxes (Ferguson, 2010; Schewe & Moreno, 2011). The Japanese had a version of a dames de voyage, called a do-ningyo. A description is cited from a Japanese work titled “The Art of Quickly Seducing a Novice” in Tabori’s book, The Humor and Technology of Sex (1969): A man who is forced to sleep alone can obtain pleasure with a do-ningyo. This is the body of a female doll, the image of a girl of thirteen or fourteen with a velvet vulva. But these dolls are only for people of high rank. (p. 337) Dolls and statues created and used for sexual purposes are cross-cultural phenomena in various forms for centuries. The absence of historical information about production, distribution, and sales, or customer satisfaction data on sex dolls leaves the history of sex dolls open to considerable speculation. Until the emergence of the modern sex dolls, records of sales are found only in rumored accounts of sex doll use, and antique advertisements, such as the one translated by Henry Carey from a Paris circular in 1902. It advertises the sale of a complete, custom sex doll made to fit customer specifications: “All moves, arms, legs, buttocks, head, eyes; a perfect likeness of the person whose photograph is sent...the complete apparatus, guaranteed against breakage, man or woman, 3000 francs” (Cary, 1922, p. 50).
** p. 5
* According to Orient Industry, the company sells approximately 50-80 dolls per month and estimates there are over 20,000 doll-owners in Japan alone (Galbraith, 2008; Maeda, 2007). A spokesman for Orient Industry reports that nearly all of the people who buy these dolls are single men and about 60 percent of them are over the age of 40 (Maeda, 2007). "Nowadays, women are sometimes more dominant than men in the real world, and they don't always pay attention to men," said Hideo Tsuchiya, the company's president. "More and more men are finding themselves miserable so we're making these dolls partly in support of men" (Maeda, 2007). Since the 1950’s the Japanese government began using sex dolls to enhance the lives of its workers in remote outposts such as the South Pole (Galbraith, 2008).
** p. 9.
* The Sex doll industry has been transformed by advances in computer generated images (CGI) and silicone technology. Hollywood special effects technicians began using advances in these technologies to create realistic corpses for films. (Ferguson, 2010). These mannequins were the beginnings of the realistic, functional sex doll.
** p. 10.
* Political fascism in Europe, beginning in the 1930’s, affected German and Austrian sex researchers, forcing many to shut down research and development institutes and flee their countries. The Berlin Institute for Sexual Science was destroyed by fascist gangs in 1933 (Meyenburg & Sigusch, 1977). The psychological community has contributed little to literature on the sex-doll phenomenon. The sex research at the turn of the 20th century described the use of sex dolls and statues as a pathology, without supporting empirical evidence (Schewe & Moreno, 2011). Iwan Bloch and Havelock Ellis likened statue love to necrophilia: “Closely allied to these necrophilist tendencies is the remarkable ‘Venus statuaria’...apart from certain aesthetic motives...we have to do, for the most part, with the same motives that give rise to necrophilia—sadistic, masochistic, and fetishistic” (Bloch, 1908. p. 467)
** p. 20-21.
* In an interview by Scott for Metro Online, forensic psychologist and Leicester University lecturer Vincent Egan commented on doll-owners: “They need to think more about their relationships with the people they say they find sexually exciting,” he says. “Perhaps they can't fantasize easily themselves and the dolls help.” When contacted via email by this author to clarify his statements Dr. Egan said: Any prosthesis is an adaptation to a problem (or perceived problem). Some people may use sex dolls due to disturbed attachments; others may simply not have attachments to start... For men, who may program their sexuality to rely on appearance via pornography, the appearance of the doll will become the key to the eroticism, rather than the (sometimes) emotional, playful, dynamic and interactive physicality of sex (Dr. Vincent Egan, personal communication, July, 2011).
** p. 21.