OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Linearized gravity

In theoretical physics, linearized gravity is the application of perturbation theory to the metric tensor in Einstein's field equations. Linearized gravity is useful for modeling the effects of gravity when the gravitational field is weak — in particular for studying gravitational waves and weak-field gravitational lensing.

## Quotes

* Standard cosmological models rely on an approximate treatment of gravity, utilizing solutions of the linearized Einstein equations as well as physical approximations. In an era of precision cosmology, we should ask: are these approximate predictions sufficiently accurate for comparison to observations, and can we draw meaningful conclusions about properties of our Universe from them? In this work we examine the accuracy of linearized gravity in the presence of collisionless matter and a cosmological constant utilizing fully general relativistic simulations. We observe the gauge dependence of corrections to linear theory, and note the amplitude of these corrections. For perturbations whose amplitudes are in line with expectations from the standard Λ cold dark matter model, we find that the full, general relativistic metric is well described by linear theory in Newtonian and harmonic gauges, while the metric in comoving-synchronous gauge is not. For the most extreme observed structures in our Universe, such as supervoids, our results suggest that corrections to linear gravitational theory can reach or surpass the percent level in all gauges.
** John T. Goblin Jr., James B. Mertens, Glenn D. Starkman, and Chi Tian, (2019). "Limited accuracy of linearized gravity". Physical Review D 99 (2). DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.99.023527. -arxiv.org preprint
* Both classical and quantum corrections can be analyzed by a perturbative approach based on the so-called weak field approximation. The heart of Einstein’s theory is represented by its ten coupled partial differential equations. The solutions of these equations, i.e., the gravitational potentials, are the metric tensor components. In the weak field approximation, the metric tensor can be decomposed in two terms: the flat Minkowski metric and the small perturbation multiplied by the gravitational constant. The solution of the non-linear equations can be considered the sum of infinite terms, and Newton’s theory emerges in the linear order. Léon Rosenfeld ... used this approximation to investigate the infinities that emerge by applying the early QFT techniques to quantize the gravitational interaction (Rosenfeld, 1930). Different kinds of divergent quantities had already appeared in the context of QED at the end of the 1920s: their correct treatment will be clarified only after the Second World War.
** Alessio Rocci and Thomas Van Riet, (2024). "The quantum theory of gravitation, effective field theories, and strings: yesterday and today". The European Physical Journal H 49 (1; article number 7). DOI:10.1140/epjh/s13129-024-00069-4. arxiv.org preprint (quote from p. 7 of preprint)

## See also

* Cosmology
* General relativity
* Gravity

## External links

Encyclopedic article on Linearized gravity on Wikipedia
# Linet Kwamboka

Linet Kwamboka (born c. 1988), is a Kenyan computer scientist and businesswoman, who serves as the chief executive officer of DataScience Limited, an IT research company that she founded.

## Quotes

* My mother is my inspiration
** Linet Kwamboka said (intracen, 6 July 2015)
* No one really should know that. And I’m an informed person. What happens to people who are not informed when they sign up to things that they are not fully aware about?
** Linet Kwamboka said (11 April 2018)
# Lindsey Vonn

Lindsey Caroline Vonn (born October 18 1994) is an American alpine ski racer.

## Quotes

* I hope to represent the people of the United States, not the president.
** Macfarlane, Christina; Caderas, Ursin; Sinnott, John (7 December 2017), "Lindsey Vonn: I won't be representing US President at Winter Olympics", CNN
* I wish I had as much athleticism as she has to hop from sport to sport and win everything. Unfortunately I'm only good at ski racing and she still beat me!
** About Ester Ledecká in 2018; Falkingham, Katie (17 February 2018), "Winter Olympics: Ester Ledecka - the snowboarder who won gold on borrowed skis", BBC
# Linear A

Linear A is a writing system that was used by the Minoans of Crete from 1800 BC to 1450 BC. Linear A was the primary script used in palace and religious writings of the Minoan civilization. It was succeeded by Linear B, which was used by the Mycenaeans to write an early form of Greek. It was discovered by the archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans in 1900. No texts in Linear A have yet been deciphered. Evans named the script "Linear" because its characters consisted simply of lines inscribed in clay, in contrast to the more pictographic characters in Cretan hieroglyphs that were used during the same period.

## Quotes

* It is quite possible to propose a hypothesis that the “Linear A” attested before some particular date in the 17th century BCE (i.e., between 1700 and 1600 BCE) may have had a significantly different linguistic base than the Linear A attested after that date.It would be quite difficult to refute such a hypothesis, since so little of the older Linear A exists, and that which does contains so few words and signs.
** G. Caveney, Evidence of Indo-Aryan dialect in 10 Minoan Linear A inscriptions and Minoan Indo-Aryan etymologies of 16 Greek words, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11588/ejvs.2022.1.19770
* The author concludes that the resemblances that can be plainly seen between the 10 Linear A inscriptions and the corresponding Sanskrit forms, words, and phrases presented and analyzed in this paper are much closer than could possibly be due to pure random chance coincidence alone.... If the resemblance were due to pure random chance coincidence alone, the Linear A words would not correspond with the Sanskrit forms as closely as they clearly do... But in the author’s view, it is clear that the language of the 10 Linear A inscriptions presented and analyzed in this paper must represent some dialect of an Indo-Aryan language.
** G. Caveney, Evidence of Indo-Aryan dialect in 10 Minoan Linear A inscriptions and Minoan Indo-Aryan etymologies of 16 Greek words, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11588/ejvs.2022.1.19770
# Linford Christie

Linford Cicero Christie OBE (born 2 April 1960) is a Jamaican-born British former sprinter. He is the only British man to have won gold medals in the 100 meters at all four major competitions open to British athletes.

## Quotes

* A lot of people will go in the races and they’ll think you have to run times. It’s not about times, you’ve just gotta be in front of everybody. That’s the secret.
** Linford Christie: Britain’s fastest ever sprinter on race, patriotism and persistence The Guardian, May 13, 2021
* A sculpture titled B of the Bang by British designer Thomas Heatherwick takes its name from a quotation by Linford Christie in which he said that he started his races not merely at the "bang" of the starting pistol, but at "the B of the Bang".
# Nicole Gale Anderson

Nicole Gale Anderson(born August 29, 1990) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Heather Chandler on The CW series Beauty & the Beast.

## Ravenswood Spoilers: Nicole Gale Anderson Spills on Midseason Finale,TV FANATIC,(2013)

* The forbidden love, if you will, between Caleb and Miranda…it's something that we're developing but he's very respectful toward his relationship with Hannah. He doesn't do anything inappropriate, if you will. He's just very considerate of her and he's such a very loyal boyfriend.
* I actually found out when I did the chemistry read with Tyler. So I knew before signing onto the show and I was excited but I was nervous at the same time because I was curious to see where they can take a ghost storywise and really build on it throughout an entire season of the show.
* It was really hard at first. I remember the first, the very first episode that we shot and I had to react to that Edwardian ghost, ghouly, kind of decrepit, scary figure that kept popping in and out everywhere. I was like, ‘Oh my gosh. It's going to be hard using my scared face!’
** Ravenswood Spoilers: Nicole Gale Anderson Spills on Midseason Finale,TV FANATIC, 19 November 2013 by Jim Halterman

## References

* ↑ Official Nicole Anderson Website Biography". Nicoleandersononline.com. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
# Nicole Lapin

Nicole Lapin (born March 7, 1984) is an American journalist and an anchor on CNN. She is the creator and host of "Young People Who Rock."

## Sourced

* I didn't know whether to run from my seat...I was in the line of fire. My desk is now a crime scene.
** Interview with Variety Magazine. (April 2007)
* Anchoring four hours a day, solo, you have to know your stuff. But I do. I'm a real geek.
** Interview with Wired Magazine. (26 June 2007)
* Intelligence is attractive, but so is life experience. You can’t amass it just by reading a ton of books. But you can live a lot of life in a short time. Travel. Talk to everyone. Collect adventures, and use them to understand the world. That’s how you learn to treat people well. And that’s sexy.
** Interview with Men's Health Magazine. (September 2007)
* I’m a vegan. But, no one believes it because when you’re out in the field, most of your meal options involve meat with a side of something fried. I’ve learned how to be creative and improvise and can eat anywhere — even a steak house or a gas station.
** Interview with 944 Magazine, "Woman of Power." (November 2007)
* This is a competitive business — there are a lot of women who want these jobs, but experience, education, and smarts go a long way. I’m still figuring it out — I learn new things every day. Once you stop learning, you should get out of the business. It’s just really about being hungry for more.
** Interview with CosmoGIRL! (May 2008)

### Powergirls Magazine Cover Story

* My generation isn’t tolerant of what they see as fake or staged. They’re looking for authenticity and honesty. Journalists who want to reach them need to be able to say, ‘I don’t personally have all the answers, but I do have a good idea about where we’ll find them.'
** Cover Interview with Powergirls Magazine, "Nicole Lapin: Rebel in the Newsroom" by Kim Siegelson.
* It’s not about hair, it’s about being you--whether that’s something the industry has seen before and accepts or not.
** On not cutting her hair
# Nicole Kidman

Nicole Mary Kidman (born June 20, 1967) is an Academy Award-winning American-Australian actress, producer and singer.

## Quotes

* It wasn't about, 'Oh I want to make a film where I get to kiss a 10-year-old boy'. To me it was I wanted to make a film where you're trying to understand love.
** During a Press Conference at the Venice Film Festival 2004, on the polemic scene from her movie, "Birth"; quoted in Jamaica Gleaner
* I telephoned Lauren and thanked her for saying that. She always calls it like it is and that's a reality check I adore.
** At the Venice Film Festival 2004, after co-star Lauren Bacall had said that Kidman was not an acting legend, but rather a beginner; quoted by Pocklington Arts Centre
* It would be far easier to go, 'Oh, I wish I loved women,' but I don't. I love the way a man thinks. I love the way a man smells. I love the way men look. And I'm hooked on the male physique--hooked on it.
** Playboy magazine, Playboy interview, February 2005.

### Dame Magazine

* I'm trying to find a man to share my life with, but it's not been easy. I'm a 35-year-old woman with two small children!
** In an interview in early 2004
* I have a little bit of a belly, a tiny bit of pooch. It's the one thing I don't want to lose. I just like having some softness. If I lose that, then Tom might leave me.
* Now I can wear heels.
** On divorcing Tom Cruise
* I love acting, but it's much more fun taking the kids to the zoo.

## Quotes about

* The important thing with a child is that you love them, you protect them and you help them to grow and find out who they are. And as a parent, it's my responsibility to help them to become independent and get all the knowledge and a broad view of the world and life. I know that Nic [former wife Nicole Kidman] absolutely agrees with that. And that's what's important: being there.
** Tom Cruise, Quoted in Neil Strauss, "The Passion of the Cruise", Rolling Stone (August 2004).
* I love Nicole. Nicole and I happen to be very great friends. Besides that, the press never get it straight. They do not print what you say... We were in Venice for Birth at the Venice Film Festival. And you know when you have a day when you go from one room to another with the roundtables with about five journalists sitting around at each table throwing questions at you all the time. So in one of these rooms, I'm sitting there. And one of the journalists said, you're an icon and Nicole Kidman's an icon and what do you think about that? And I said, why do you have to burden her with the category? She's a young woman. She's got her whole career ahead of her. Why does she have to be pegged as an icon or as anything? Let her enjoy her time. Don't, you know, suddenly put her in a slot. And that was all I said. The word "legend" never came up. It was "icon."
** Lauren Bacall, Interview with Larry King on CNN (May 6, 2005)

## External links

* Nicole Kidman on IMDb
# Nicole Jaffe

Nicole Cowgill Jaffe David (May 23, 1941–) is a Canadian actress and talent agent.

## Quotes

* I did not like acting. I wasn’t very good and wasn’t interested in being good but I was interested in helping people that were good.
** Super ‘70s and ‘80s: “Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!”—Nicole David (Jaffe) (October 10, 2011)
# Luther P. Eisenhart

Luther P. Eisenhart (13 January 1876 – 28 October 1965) was an American mathematician, specializing in differential geometry. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1922.

## Quotes

* In these days, when the number of papers in mathematics published each year is almost without limit and the ramifications are no less perplexing in their variety, one is delighted to find here and there a digest of the work in a particular field.
** (1910). "Book Review: Invariants of Quadratic Differential Forms by J. Edmund Wright". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 17 (3): 140–151. ISSN 0002-9904. DOI:10.1090/S0002-9904-1910-02018-8.
* In 1869 Dini solved the problem of geodesic representation of two surfaces upon one another. In 1896 Levi-Civita extended the problem to spaces of any order.
** (1924). "Book Review: Lezioni di Geometria Differenziale di Luigi Bianchi". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 30 (3-4): 171–173. ISSN 0002-9904. DOI:10.1090/S0002-9904-1924-03855-5.
* The layman thinks that mathematics deals with facts and that thus there can possibly be no differences of opinion among mathematicians. We know that this is not the case.
** "brief remarks at ICM July 15th dinner at Hotel Bristol in Oslo". Comptes rendus du Congrès international des mathématiciens, Oslo 1936. Tome I. p. 53.
# Lupe Ontiveros

Guadalupe "Lupe" Ontiveros (September 17, 1942 – July 26, 2012) was an American actress.

## Quotes

* You've got maids and you've got maids…You got maids that have longevity beyond what you ever conceived of in your wildest dreams. I'll give you an example — The Goonies. Those that got hooked — I have a whole following of 30-year-olds who got hooked. Oh my gosh, I'm a heroine to them.
** On playing maid roles in “Latina Actress Aims To Break Maid Stereotype” in NPR (2009 Apr 12)
* It’s their continued perspective of who we are. They don’t know we’re very much a part of this country and that we make up every part of this country.
** On the challenges facing Latino actors in “Lupe Ontiveros, Respected Actress and Activist Dies at 69” in Remezcla
* It's upsetting to any culture when that is the only projection you have of that culture…You're pigeon-holed, stereotyped. That means we don't like you. We forget that this country was founded by immigrants.
** On being repeatedly cast as a housekeeper (as quoted in “'Selena' co-star Lupe Ontiveros dies at 69” in CNN; 2012 Jul 27)
# Lutfullah Tabrizi

Mīrzā Lutfullāh Khān Tabrīzī (Persian: ميرزا لطف الله تبریزی, Bengali: মীর্জা লুৎফুল্লাহ তবরীজী), also known as Murshid Qulī Khān II, was an 18th-century administrator who served under the Nawabs of Bengal as the Naib Nazim of Jahangirnagar (Dhaka) and Orissa respectively. Lutfullah was also a calligrapher, as well as an author in the Persian language under the pen name Sarshār (Persian: سرشار).

## Quotes

* Tipara is a country extremely strong… The Raja is proud of his strength and the practice of conch-blowing and idol-worship prevailed there…“Murshid Qulî II decided to conquer Tipara and put down idolatry there. He wrote to Sayyid Habibullah (the Commander-in-Chief), Md. Sadîq, Mir Hãshim, Shaikh Sirãjuddin Md., and Mahdi Beg who were then engaged in the Chittogong expedition, that… they should set out with their forces, observing every precaution, arrive close to the Kingdom of Tipara, and try to conquer it…”“The Tipara soldiers did not fail to fight regardless of death. The Muslim troops invested the fort from four sides. A severe battle was fought. The zamindar’s men lay dead in heaps. The victors entered the fort… The flag of Murshid Quli Khan was unfurled on the top of fort Udaipur. The Muslims raised the cry of Allahu-ãkbar and the Muslim credo (There is no deity except Allah and Muhammad is His messenger), and demolished the temple of the zamindar which had long been the seat of idol-worship. Making a level courtyard on the side of the temple, they read the Khutba in the Emperor’s name… The world-illuminating sun of the faith of Muhammad swept away the dark night of infidelity, and the bright day of Islam dawned.
** About Lutfullah Tabrizi's conquest of Udaipur (Tripura) during the reign of Nasiru’d-Dîn Muhammad Shãh Bahãdur Pãdshãh Ghãzî (AD 1719-1748). Ãzãd al-Husainî, Nau-Bahãr-i-Murshid Quli-Khãni, translated into English by Jadu Nath Sarkar and included in his Bengal Nawãbs, Calcutta Reprint, 1985, p. 4-7
# Lothal

Lothal was one of the southernmost sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, located in the Bhal region of the Indian state of Gujarat. Construction of the city is believed to have begun around 2200 BCE.
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), the official Indian government agency for the preservation of ancient monuments, discovered Lothal in 1954. Excavation work in Lothal commenced on 13 February 1955 and continued till 19 May 1960.

## Quotes

* The most remarkable structure, alongside the town’s eastern side, is a 217-m-long, 36-m-wide basin. (Its proportions, incidentally, are almost exactly in the ratio of 6:1.) If we consider that its 1.5 to 1.8 m-thick walls were made of millions of carefully adjusted baked bricks, we will have an idea of the energy and resources deployed on its construction. No other Harappan site has so far come up with such a huge water structure (as long as two-and-a-half football fields!). In view of stone anchors and marine shells found in it, S.R. Rao, the excavator, identified it as a tidal dockyard: at high tide, boats sailing up the Gulf of Cambay would have easily pushed on upstream the Bhogavo before berthing at Lothal’s basin.
** Danino, M. (2010). The lost river : on the trail of the Sarasvatī. Penguin Books India.
# Lothrop Stoddard

Theodore Lothrop Stoddard (June 29, 1883 – May 1, 1950) was an American historian, journalist, political scientist and racialist. Stoddard wrote several books which advocated eugenics, Nordicism, and scientific racism, including The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy (1920). He advocated a racial hierarchy which he believed needed to be preserved through anti-miscegenation laws. Stoddard's books were once widely read both inside and outside the United States.

## Quotes
### The Rising Tide of Color

    The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy (1920)
* To me the Great War was from the first the White Civil War, which, whatever its outcome, must gravely complicate the course of racial relations.
** Preface
* The ethnic focus of the yellow world has always been China. Since the dawn of history this immense human ganglion has been the centre from which civilization has radiated throughout the Far East.
** Chapter II
* The proselyting power of Islam is extraordinary, and its hold upon its votaries is even more remarkable. Throughout history there has been no single instance where a people, once become Moslem, has ever abandoned the faith. Extirpated they may have been, like the Moors of Spain, but extirpation is not apostasy. This extreme tenacity of Islam, this ability to keep its hold, once it has got a footing, under all circumstances short of downright extirpation, must be borne in mind when considering the future of regions where Islam is to-day advancing.
** Chapter III
* [T]he basic factor in human affairs is not politics but race.
** Chapter III
* The black race has never shown real constructive power. It has never built up a native civilization. Such progress as certain negro groups have made has been due to external pressure and has never long outlived that pressure’s removal, for the negro, when left to himself, as in Haiti and Liberia, rapidly reverts to his ancestral ways. The negro is a facile, even eager, imitator; but there he stops. He adopts; but he does not adapt, assimilate, and give forth creatively again.
** Chapter IV
* An Australian wrote the following lines in a Melbourne newspaper concerning his recent travels in Japan: “While in a car with several Japanese officers, they were conversing about Australia, saying that it was a fine, large country, with great forests and excellent soil for the cultivation of rice and other products. The whites settled in Australia, so thought these officers, are like the dog in the manger. Some one will have to take a good part of Australia to develop it, for it is a pity to see so fine a country lying waste. If any ill-feeling arose between the two countries, it would be a wise thing to send some battleships to Australia and annex part of it.”
** Chapter IV
# Pero Vaz de Caminha

Pero Vaz de Caminha (c. 1450 – 15 December 1500) was a Portuguese knight that accompanied Pedro Álvares Cabral to India in 1500 as a secretary to the royal factory. Caminha wrote the detailed official report of the April 1500 discovery of Brazil by Cabral's fleet (Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha, dated 1 May, 1500). He died in a riot in Calicut, India, at the end of that year.

## Quotes

* Esta gente é boa e de boa simplicidade. E imprimir-se-á ligeiramente neles cuqlquer cunho, que les quiserem dar. E logo lhes, Nosso Senhor, deu bons corpos e bons rostos, como a bons homens, e Ele que nos por aqui trouxe, creio que não foi sem causa. E portanto, Vossa Alteza, pois tanto deseja acrescentar na santa fé católica, deve entender em sua salvação.
translation:
* These people are good and simple. You can stamp on them any design that you wish to give them. And Our Lord gave them good bodies and good faces, and I think that it was his plan that we arrive here. Therefore, Your Majesty, since you wish so much to increase Catholic faith, you must provide for their salvation.
** Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha, published in 1817, Chamber's Dictionary of Quotations, p. 878

## External links

* Chamber's Dictionary of Quotations, 1996