OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern Istanbul, formerly Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

## Quotes

* "The Basileus"—for so he began— "Is a royal sagacious Mars of a man, Than the very lion bolder; He has married the stately widow of Thrace"— "Hush!" cried a voice at his shoulder. ... “The Porphyrogenita Zoe the fair Is about to wed with a prince much older, Of an unpropitious mien and look"— "Hush!" cried a voice at his shoulder. ... "The child of the Basileus," wrote the monk, “Is golden-haired, tender the Queen's arms fold her, Her step-mother Zoe doth love her so"— "Hush!" cried a voice at his shoulder. ... "The queen," wrote the monk, "rules firm this realm, For the king gets older and older; The Norseman Thorkill is brave and fair"— "Hush!" cried a voice at his shoulder.
** George Walter Thornbury, "The Court Historian", in Historical & Legendary Ballads & Songs (1875)
* Constantinople was full of inventors and craftsmen. The "philosopher" Leo of Thessalonika made for the Emperor Theophilos (829–42) a golden tree, the branches of which carried artificial birds which flapped their wings and sang, a model lion which moved and roared, and a bejewelled clockwork lady who walked. These mechanical toys continued the tradition represented in the treatise of Heron of Alexandria (c. AD 125), which was well-known to the Byzantines.
** J. R. Partington, A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder (Johns Hopkins UP, 1999), p. 13
* The Byzantine Empire became a theocracy in the sense that Christian values and ideals were the foundation of the empire's political ideals and heavily entwined with its political goals.
** Jennifer Fretland VanVoorst, The Byzantine Empire (Capstone, 2012), p. 14
* The constitution of the Byzantine Empire was based on the conviction that it was the earthly copy of the Kingdom of Heaven. Just as God ruled in Heaven, so the Emperor, made in his image, should rule on earth and carry out his commandments ... It saw itself as a universal empire. Ideally, it should embrace all the peoples of the Earth who, ideally, should all be members of the one true Christian Church, its own Orthodox Church. Just as man was made in God's image, so man's kingdom on Earth was made in the image of the Kingdom of Heaven.
** Steven Runciman, The Byzantine Theocracy (Cambridge UP, 2004), pp. 1–2, 162–63
# Sultanate of Zanzibar

The Sultanate of Zanzibar (Swahili: Usultani wa Zanzibar; Arabic: سلطنة زنجبار, Sulṭanat Zanjībār), also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate, was an East African Muslim state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in place between 1856 and 1964. The Sultanate's territories varied over time, and after a period of decline, the state had sovereignty over only the Zanzibar Archipelago and a 16-kilometre-wide (10 mi) strip along the Kenyan coast, with the interior of Kenya constituting the British Kenya Colony and the coastal strip administered as a de facto part of that colony.

## Quotes

* The town of Zanzibar, a port of call for several steamship lines, was chosen, even in antiquity, notably by Phoenicians and Arabians, as the most suitable entrepôt for trade on the eastern coast of Africa.
* Ivory has long been the chief article in Zanzibar trade, and "ivory and slaves" formed the shibboleth of the Arabian settlers and traders of past centuries.
** Hamilton Fyfe, "British Empire in Africa II. A Survey of its Lands & Peoples", J. A. Hammerton, ed., Peoples of All Nations, Vol. I (1922), pp. 657, 661
* ZANZIBARI, n. An inhabitant of the Sultanate of Zanzibar, off the eastern coast of Africa. The Zanzibaris, a warlike people, are best known in this country through a threatening diplomatic incident that occurred a few years ago. The American consul at the capital occupied a dwelling that faced the sea, with a sandy beach between. Greatly to the scandal of this official's family, and against repeated remonstrances of the official himself, the people of the city persisted in using the beach for bathing. One day a woman came down to the edge of the water and was stooping to remove her attire (a pair of sandals) when the consul, incensed beyond restraint, fired a charge of bird-shot into the most conspicuous part of her person. Unfortunately for the existing entente cordiale between two great nations, she was the Sultana.
** Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary (1911)

## See also

* Tanzania
# Novgorod Republic

The Novgorod Republic (Russian: Новгородская республика, romanized: Novgorodskaya respublika) was a medieval state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries in northern Russia, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the northern Ural Mountains in the east. Its capital was the city of Novgorod. The republic prospered as the easternmost trading post of the Hanseatic League, and its people were much influenced by the culture of the Byzantines, with the Novgorod school of icon painting producing many fine works.

## Quotes

* Moscow scholars continue to ignore Novgorod’s creation of a truly effective Russian democratic state preferring instead to draw their models of such a system from antiquity or Western Europe, thus failing to make clear that Russians can build a democracy because they already have, Viktor Sbitnev says. By their silence, they implicitly accept the Muscovite view that the only kind of Russian state possible is a highly centralized and authoritarian one, despite the fact that in Novgorod the Great for more than 500 years there was more liberalism “than in Ancient Greece and the Venetian Republic taken together,” the Literaturnaya Rossiya commentator continues.
** Paul A. Goble, "Moscow Scholars Ignore Novgorod and Its Russian Democratic Tradition at Nation’s Peril, Sbitnyev Says", Window on Eurasia (June 24, 2019)

## External links

* Media related to Novgorod Republic on Wikimedia Commons
* Encyclopedic article on Novgorod Republic on Wikipedia
# Sumer

Sumer is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now southern Iraq), during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Ages, and one of the first civilizations in the world, along with Ancient Egypt, Norte Chico, Ancient Greece, Ancient China and the Indus Valley. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers grew an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus from which enabled them to form urban settlements. Prehistoric proto-writing dates back before 3000 BC.

## Quotes

* The Sumerologist is one of the narrowest of specialists in the highly specialized academic halls of learning, a well-nigh perfect example of the man who "knows mostest about the leastest."
** Samuel Noah Kramer, History Begins at Sumer (1956), Introduction
# Sylheti language

Sylheti is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia. It is a native language of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, and northeastern states of the Republic of India, Tripura, Assam (Barak Valley) and one of the influencial language in the United Kingdom.

## Quote

* Sylheti is a minoritised, politically unrecognised, and understudied Eastern Indo-Aryan language with approximately 11 million speakers worldwide, with high speaker concentrations in the Surma and Barak river basins in north-eastern Bangladesh and south Assam, India, and in several diasporic communities around the world (especially UK, USA, and Middle East).
** Simard, Dopierala & Thaut (2020). "Introducing the Sylheti language and its speakers, and the SOAS Sylheti project.".
# Bengali language

Bengali is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia. It is the national and official language of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, and an official language of several northeastern states of the Republic of India, including West Bengal, Tripura, Assam (Barak Valley) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

## Quote

* Like many other Indian languages, Bengali has three levels of second-person pronouns: tui, tumi and apni, in increasing order of formality.
** Sukanta Chaudhuri (2002). View from Calcutta. Orient Blackswan. p. 125. ISBN 978-81-8028-000-9.
* In the nineteenth century Bengali replaced Sanskrit as the literary language of Bengal; the novelist Chatterjee was its Boccaccio, the poet Tagore was its Petrarch.
** Will Durant, Our Oriental Heritage : India and Her Neighbors.
* In actual life, it is impossible to separate us into two nations. We are not two nations. Every Moslem will have a Hindu name if he goes back far enough in his family history. Every Moslem is merely a Hindu who has accepted Islam. That does not create nationality. … We in India have a common culture. In the North, Hindi and Urdu are understood by both Hindus and Moslems. In Madras, Hindus and Moslems speak Tamil, and in Bengal, they both speak Bengali and neither Hindi nor Urdu. When communal riots take place, they are always provoked by incidents over cows and by religious processions. That means that it is our superstitions that create the trouble and not our separate nationalities.
** Mahatma Gandhi, Conversations with Louis Fischer, June 6, 1942, in Louis Fischer, A Week with Gandhi, pp. 45-46.
* The system of learning Bengalee among the natives .... their notion of learning Bengalee was by learning Sanscrit. If you make a man a good Sanscrit scholar he will be able to write Bengalee with perfect accuracy and elegance.... Bengalee is the language most akin to Sanscrit. I have taken pains to ascertain the proportion of Sanscrit in the first 500 words... they amount to 350.... Sanscrit forms the very body of most of the dialects, particularly of Upper India, and though it is not so essentially a part of the languages of Southern India, yet it enters so largely into the composition of even the language of Malabar, that four-fifths of the words are Sanscrit.
** H.H. Wilson quoted in Shourie, Arun (1994). Missionaries in India: Continuities, changes, dilemmas. New Delhi : Rupa & Co, 1994
# Rose Livingston

Rose Livingston (ca. 1876 – December 26, 1975), known as the Angel of Chinatown, was a suffragist who worked to free prostitutes and victims of sexual slavery. With financial and social support from Harriet Burton Laidlaw, she worked in New York City's Chinatown and in other cities to rescue girls from forced prostitution, and helped pass the Mann Act to make interstate sex trafficking a federal crime.

## Quotes

I don't go in to visit these girls and give them a tract and say 'God bless you,' and invite them around to take tea with me. That's not my kind of work. There are some girls that it's nighty hard to help, but there are some little, fresh young things that have just been brought to Chinatown, and that you can sometimes reach in time to save them. Sometimes you can get there before the harm is done. There are 350 white girls in Chinatown now, by friends. I got thirty-seven of them out last year. I once rescued a little bit of a girl who was only 10 years old. That's the sort of work it is. I don't get much help. It seems as though as soon as a cop in Chinatown shows himself to be honest they move him to some other part of town. They don't want honest cops down there. I don't know whose fault it is — Gaynor's or Waldo's or whose — but it makes it mighty hard sometimes. Sometimes they tell me these are bad girls and there's nothing I can do for them. They try to tell me that these girls could escape if they wanted to, but that they don't want to. I tell you it isn't true. I saw a girl running away from a cadet, and she ran almost into a policeman's arms. I was over there in a jiffy. 'Officer,' I said, 'won't you protect this poor girl from this fellow?' and, would you believe it. that policeman just knocked her back into the cadet's arms and watched while he beat her up.
* "How Rose Livingston Works In Chinatown". The New York Times. December 3, 1912.

## External links

* Authority control: WorldCat search
# Alice Kamokilaikawai Campbell

Alice Kamokilaikawai Campbell , also known as Kamokila Campbell or simply Kamokila, (March 17, 1884 – October 23, 1971) was a territorial Senator of Hawaiʻi from 1942 to 1946. She was a leading opponent of Hawaiian statehood, arguing that Hawaiians should not "forfeit the traditional rights and privileges of the natives of our islands for a mere thimbleful of votes in Congress." After her political career, she was dedicated to sharing moʻolelo, the traditional stories of the native Hawaiians.

## Quotes

* I do not feel we should forfeit the traditional rights and privileges of the natives of our islands for a mere thimbleful of votes in Congress, that we, the lovers of Hawaiʻi from long association with it should sacrifice our birthright for the greed of alien desires to remain on our shores, that we should satisfy the thirst for power and control of some inflated industrialists and politicians who hide under the guise of friends of Hawaiʻi, yet still keeping an eagle eye on the financial and political pressure button of subjugation over the people in general of these islands.
** (Whitehead, 1993, 50).
* an independent form of government, but one in which ʻthe Congress of the United States would have a slight hold on us, so that we could not go absolutely haywire.
# William John McNaughton

William John McNaughton (7 December 1926 – 3 February 2020) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church who served as the bishop of the Diocese of Incheon.

## Quotes

* . I didn't expect such a fast expansion. I don't think that it is because of my ability. It is because of the priests and Religious who have worked hard.
** Missioner Bishop Retires After 40 Years of Service (25 April 2002) Union of Asian Catholic News
# Kingdom of Judah

The Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew: יְהוּדָה‎ Yəhūdā; Akkadian: 𒅀𒌑𒁲 Ya'údi; Imperial Aramaic: 𐤁‬𐤉‬𐤕‬𐤃𐤅‬𐤃 Bēyt Dāwīḏ, 'House of David') was a Hebrew-speaking kingdom of the Southern Levant during the Iron Age. Centered in the highlands of Judea, the landlocked kingdom's capital was Jerusalem.

## Quotes

* His eye survay’d the dark Idolatries Of alienated Judah.
** John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book I
* The wild gazelle on Judah’s hills Exulting yet may bound, And drink from all the living rills That gush on holy ground; Its airy step and glorious eye May glance in tameless transport by:—A step as fleet, an eye more bright, Hath Judah witnessed there; And o’er her scenes of lost delight Inhabitants more fair. The cedars wave on Lebanon, But Judah’s statelier maids are gone!More blest each palm that shades those plains Than Israel’s scattered race; For, taking root, it there remains In solitary grace: It cannot quit its place of birth, It will not live in other earth.But we must wander witheringly In other lands to die; And where our fathers’ ashes be, Our own may never lie: Our temple hath not left a stone, And Mockery sits on Salem’s throne.
** Lord Byron, "The Wild Gazelle", Hebrew Melodies (1815)
* Not coldly mute the harp of Judah hung!
* Did none perchance of Judah’s faithful line Read the high teaching of each heav’n-sent sign?
* Could wrath divine Be dealt on Judah by no hand but thine?
** John Burgon, Petra (1845, 1846)
# Michael Joseph McKenna

Michael Joseph McKenna (8 December 1951) is an Australian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as the bishop of the Diocese of Bathurst.

## Quotes

* We begin by acknowledging one another's humanity, we begin by getting to know one another as human beings well before we move on to talking about history and theology.
** Stories of Interreligious Dialogue: Bishop McKenna (12 September 2023) Dicastery Interreligious Dialogue
# Gary Gerstle

Gary Gerstle FBA (born 1954) is an American historian. He is the Paul Mellon Professor of American History at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College.

## Quotes

* American labor was strongest when the threat of communism was greatest. The apogee of America's welfare state, with all its limitations, was coterminous with the height of the Cold War. The dismantling of the welfare state and the labor movement, meanwhile, marched in tandem with communism's collapse.
** The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era (2022), p. 12

## External links

* Encyclopedic article on Gary Gerstle on Wikipedia
# Philip Alston

Philip Geoffrey Alston AO is an Australian international law scholar and human rights practitioner. He is John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, and co-chair of the law school's Center for Human Rights and Global Justice. In human rights law, Alston has held a range of senior UN appointments for over two decades, including United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, a position he held from August 2004 to July 2010, and UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights from 2014 to 2020.

## Quotes

* The United States has the highest inequality of the richest nations. It has the highest incarceration rate by far. It has among the highest child mortality rates. It has the highest youth poverty rate. It has one of the lowest levels of voter registration in the rich countries. In essence, it scores extremely poorly on almost all of the comparative measures when compared with other developed states. I visited China on one of these missions about a year ago and what I found was a country that has huge problems in terms of human rights, but in terms of extreme poverty, has made an absolutely concerted and genuine attempt to eliminate poverty and has succeeded to an important extent. By 2020, they will in fact have no one living in extreme poverty, unlike the United States. While I don’t for a minute want to suggest that the political system [in China] is desirable or even compatible with democratic standards, I would very much welcome an American government that shows a determination to lift everyone out of extreme poverty. I think that’s what politics should be all about, and it’s not happening in the United States.
** "Q&A: U.N.'s poverty and human rights special rapporteur finds U.S. policies reward wealthy, punish poor", Los Angeles Times (2 June 2018)

## External links

* Encyclopedic article on Philip Alston on Wikipedia
# Eusébio Oscar Scheid

Eusébio Oscar Scheid (8 December 1932 – 13 January 2021) was a Brazilian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as the bishop of the Diocese of São José dos Campos and as the archbishop of the Archdiocese of Florianópolis and the Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro.

## Quotes

* Youths, it would seem, (a majority of them) have not let themselves be drawn by the theanthropic values of the Gospel. The most open path is directed towards goodness as welcome, comprehension and empathy. Goodness will be for them (as for many others) an efficacious sign to conquer them for the noble causes of today's society.
** H.E. Most Rev. Eusébio Oscar SCHEID, S.C.I., Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro, (Brazil). (5 October 2001) Holy See Press Office
# Heywood Broun

Heywood Campbell Broun Jr. (December 7, 1888 – December 18, 1939) was an American journalist, sportswriter and newspaper columnist in New York City. He founded the American Newspaper Guild, now known as The Newspaper Guild.

## Quotes

* In some respects, the life of a censor is more exhilarating than that of an emperor. The best the emperor can do is snip off the heads of men and women, who are mere mortals. The censor can decapitate ideas which but for him might have lived forever.
** Pieces of Hate and Other Enthusiasms, George H Doran Company, 1922. Quoted in Murphy, Edward F. Webster's Treasury of Relevant Quotations , Greenwich House, New York, 1983 (pg. 124).
* For a person in rugged health who is not particularly dressed up and does not want to write a letter or read the newspaper, we can imagine few diversions more enjoyable than to have a child turned loose upon him.
** Pieces of Hate and Other Enthusiasms, George H Doran Company, 1922. Quoted in Murphy, Edward F. Webster's Treasury of Relevant Quotations , Greenwich House, New York, 1983 (pg. 134).
* The average editor cannot escape feeling that telling a writer to do something is almost the same thing as performing it himself.
** Pieces of Hate and Other Enthusiasms, George H Doran Company, 1922. Quoted in Murphy, Edward F. Webster's Treasury of Relevant Quotations , Greenwich House, New York, 1983 (pg. 231).
* The body of the Unknown Soldier has come home, but his spirit will wander with that of his brothers. There will be no rest for his soul until the great democracy of death has been translated into the unity of life.
** Pieces of Hate and Other Enthusiasms, George H Doran Company, 1922. Quoted in Hovey, E. Paul, The Treasury for Special Days and Occasions. Revell, 1994 (pg. 246).
* The artist has never been a dictator, since he understands better than anybody else the variations in human personality.
** "Bring on the Artist", New York World Telegram, June 19, 1933
* There is no proselyter half so energetic as the hard-shelled atheist.
** "A New Preface to an Old Story", Broun's Nutmeg, August 19, 1939
* Nobody talks so constantly about God as those who insist that there is no God.
** "A New Preface to an Old Story", Broun's Nutmeg, August 19, 1939
** Collected Edition of Heywood Broun, compiled by Heywood Hale Broun. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co, 1941, page 26
* Posterity is as likely to be wrong as anyone else.
** Collected Edition of Heywood Broun, compiled by Heywood Hale Broun. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co, 1941. Quoted in Murphy, Edward F. Webster's Treasury of Relevant Quotations , Greenwich House, New York, 1983 (pg. 487).
* Appeasers believe that if you keep on throwing steaks to a tiger, the tiger will become a vegetarian.
** Quoted by Lin Yutang in The Wisdom of China and India (1942)

## External links

* Works by Heywood Broun at Project Gutenberg
# Marian Oleś

Marian Oleś (8 December 1934 – 24 May 2005) was a Polish prelate of the Catholic Church who worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See.

## Quotes

* Sometimes it involves missionary work, sometimes it is diplomatic work in the literal sense of the word. First of all, my work is to represent the Holy Father. My second task is to observe what is going on and my third is to report.
** With the Church in Remote Central Asia (17 December 1996) Catholic Culture
# Settimio Arturo Ferrazzetta

Settimio Arturo Ferrazzetta (8 December 1924 – 26 January 1999) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as the bishop of the Diocese of Bissau.

## Quotes

* Many elements of the African culture are falling, following the, impact with so-called advanced modernity. They will continue to be unconfoundable elements of the African soul which will remain, and will be the basis for encounter with faith in Christ.
** Bishop Settimio Arturo Ferrazzetta Bishop of Bissau, Guinea Bissau (1994)The African Synod
# Ambrose Madtha

Ambrose Madtha (2 November 1955 – 8 December 2012) was an Indian prelate of the Catholic Church who worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See.

## Quotes

* Presently the clergy is almost entirely made up of native Taiwanese, and these are seeds that will bear fruit with time. I am very satisfied with what has taken place.
** Taiwan, a Church grown to adulthood (2008) Asia News