# Pregnancy

Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside their mother.

## Quotes
### A

* “Human beings are created in the image of God”. Part of the gift that God has given us as humans is procreation, the ability to participate in creation along with the Author of life. This sacred gift should always be valued and treasured. In God’s original plan every pregnancy should be the result of the expression of love between a man and a woman committed to each other in marriage. A pregnancy should be wanted, and each baby should be loved, valued, and nurtured even before birth. Unfortunately, since the entrance of sin, Satan has made intentional efforts to mar the image of God by defacing all of God’s gifts—including the gift of procreation. Consequently, individuals are at times faced with difficult dilemmas and decisions regarding a pregnancy.
** Adventist.org, "Statement on the Biblical View of Unborn Life and its Implications for Abortion" (PDF). 18 Oct 2019. p.1
* Unwanted pregnancies are not random events. The lives of women who have unwanted pregnancies or abortions differ in a variety of ways from the lives of women who do not have unwanted pregnancies or abortions, and do so before, during, and after pregnancy occurs.
** "Report of the APA Task Force on Mental Health and Abortion" (PDF). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 13 August 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2010. p.13
* [P]regnant women also must take care of their bodies, not avoiding exercise nor adopting a low diet; this it is easy for the lawgiver to secure by ordering them to make a journey daily for the due worship of the deities whose office is the control of childbirth. As regards the mind, however, on the contrary it suits them to pass the time more indolently than as regards their bodies; for children before birth are evidently affected by the mother just as growing plants are by the earth.
** Aristotle, as translated by Rackham, H. (1944). "Aristotle, Politics". 1335b Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.

### B

* Eric Johnston, an attorney who helped draft the Alabama bill, thinks a man and a woman can have sex and go straight to a clinic to determine if she’s pregnant. First off, you’ve gotta give her six minutes to clench her way to a toilet; otherwise she’s gonna get a UTI and ruin an exam table. Secondly, that isn’t how it works. . . It's still hard to know if you're pregnant at six weeks. You might have no symptoms, or if you do, they’re symptoms like fatigue or bloating and gas. On the other hand, it does explain P.F. Chang’s new motto: ‘Maybe it’s not us; maybe you’re pregnant!’
** Samantha Bee, Full Frontal with Samantha Bee, (5/15/2019); as qtd. in Laura Bradley, "Samantha Bee Teaches “F--king Idiots” Behind Abortion Laws Some Sex Ed", Vanity Fair, (May 16, 2019).
* So, this is my belly. I am 20 weeks. And I have the MTV awards coming up. And as you can see, little plum plum is ready for the world to know that he or she is here. I think I’m gonna have to just throw in the towel and if you can see that I’m pregnant, I just have to own it. So I maybe… Well, my baby maybe debuting itself on the awards. I’m going to be a mommy.
** Beyoncé, Life is But a Dream (2013)
* The baby is coming in 3 weeks. I feel anxious. These last 3 weeks are my last weeks responsible for myself. So I’m trying my best to take care of my child like myself and enjoy my freedom I guess for the last 3 weeks. This is going to be nothing in comparison to having a child.
** Beyoncé, Life is But a Dream (2013)
* The bearing of a child takes nine months, no matter how many women are assigned.
** Fred Brooks, The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering (1975, 1995) Page 17, cf. Theodore von Kármán (1957): "Everyone knows it takes a woman nine months to have a baby. But you Americans think if you get nine women pregnant, you can have a baby in a month."

### C

* “One of the things that you cannot understate is the difficulty for a woman to carry a nonviable pregnancy,” said Alan Peaceman, professor emeritus of obstetrics and gynecology at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine. “It is psychological torture to go out in the world, for people to see your pregnancy — and people will come up to you and want to talk about your pregnancy. And that puts the woman in a terrible position that nobody should be in unless they chose to be in that position.”
** JILL COLVIN, “Pence would ban abortions when pregnancies aren’t viable. His GOP rivals won’t say if they agree”, Associated Press, (July 12, 2023)

### E

* We are moved particularly by the anguish of women who face unwanted pregnancies alone. The panic and isolation of such pregnancies, even in the best of circumstances, can be traumatic. Poverty, lack of supportive relationships, immaturity, oppressive social realities, sexism, and racism can intensify her sense of powerlessness. The prospect of having and caring for a child can seem overwhelming.
** Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, “A Social Statement on Abortion”, Department for Studies of the Commission for Church in Society, September 1991, p.4
* It is important that those who counsel persons faced with unintended pregnancies respect how deeply the woman’s pregnancy involves her whole person—body, mind and spirit—in relation to all the commitments that comprise her stewardship of life. Counsellors should seek to call forth her power to act responsibly after prayerful reflection upon all factors involved.
** Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, “A Social Statement on Abortion”, Department for Studies of the Commission for Church in Society, September 1991, pp.5-6

### F

* Let me then say it bluntly: Pregnancy is barbaric. I do not believe, as many women are now saying, that the reason pregnancy is viewed as not beautiful is due strictly to cultural perversion. The child’s first response, ‘What’s wrong with that Fat Lady?’; the husband’s guilty waning of sexual desire; the woman’s tears in front of the mirror at eight months – are all gut reactions, not to be dismissed as cultural habits.
** Shulamith Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution. 1970. pp. 198-199.
* Pregnancy is the temporary deformation of the body of the individual for the sake of the species. Moreover, childbirth hurts. And it isn’t good for you. Three thousand years ago, women giving birth ‘naturally’ had no need to pretend that pregnancy was a real trip, some mystical orgasm (that far-away look). The Bible said it: pain and travail. The glamour was unnecessary: women had no choice. They didn’t dare squawk. But at least they could scream as loudly as they wanted during their labour pains. And after it was over, even during it, they were admired in a limited way for their bravery; their valour was measured by how many children (sons) they could endure bringing into the world.
** Shulamith Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution. 1970. pp. 198-199.

### G

* “There's an entire generation of women who saw a sonogram as their first baby picture," Charmaine Yoest, the president of Americans United for Life, told the AP. This seems like a thin argument—real-time ultrasound machines have been available since at least the mid-1970s, and it seems doubtful that women’s views would be radically reshaped by the sonograms that theoretically bedecked the mantelpieces of their childhood homes.
** Emma Green, Are Fewer American Women Getting Abortions?”, The Atlantic, (June 17, 2015).
* [R]efusing to accommodate pregnant women is often completely legal. Under federal law, companies don’t necessarily have to adjust pregnant women’s jobs, even when lighter work is available and their doctors send letters urging a reprieve.
** JESSICA SILVER-GREENBERG and NATALIE KITROEFF, “Miscarrying at Work: The Physical Toll of Pregnancy Discrimination”, New York Times, (OCT. 21, 2018)
* “Women have lost their children due to the lack of robust pregnancy protections in the workplace,” said Catherine Glenn Foster, the president of Americans United for Life, an anti-abortion group. “Anyone who can’t get behind this or uses it as a political game — it’s a travesty.”
** JESSICA SILVER-GREENBERG and NATALIE KITROEFF, “Miscarrying at Work: The Physical Toll of Pregnancy Discrimination”, New York Times, (OCT. 21, 2018)
* There was a time when doctors recommended alcohol to pregnant women for relaxation and pain relief, or even prescribed it intravenously as a tocolytic — meaning it stopped premature labor. One doctor who trained me spoke of a 1960s prenatal ward full of intoxicated women “swearing like sailors.” Things began to change in 1973, when fetal alcohol syndrome, or F.A.S., was formally recognized after a seminal article was published in The Lancet, a medical journal. F.A.S. is a constellation of findings that includes changes in growth, distinctive facial features and a negative impact on the developing brain. We now know that alcohol is a teratogen, meaning it can cause birth defects. With that knowledge, the pendulum swung hard. In 1988, Congress passed the Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act, which would add the well-known “women should not drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy because of the risk of birth defects” label to alcoholic beverages for sale or distribution in the United States. (A warning about drinking and driving was also added.) Many people unfortunately took this as an opportunity to police pregnant women in public.
** Jen Gunter, “Drinking While Pregnant: An Inconvenient Truth”, New York Times, (Feb. 5, 2019)
* ..if pregnancy were a medication it would have a black box warning.
** Jen Gunter, Tweet (February 16, 2024)

### J

* Pregnancy seemed like a tremendous abdication of control. Something growing inside you which would eventually usurp your life.
** Erica Jong, Fear of Flying, (1973).

### K

* I found that being pregnant was different from how I thought it would be…It shares a lot in common with writing in a way. You have an imaginary version of yourself pregnant, and an imaginary baby, an imaginary idea of yourself as a mother…
** Jackie Kay "Jackie Kay: Interview" The Telegraph (5 June 2010)

### L

* The idea that “life” and pregnancy begin at the moment of conception is a rather recent belief, and before the mid-20th century women might not have considered themselves pregnant until sometime in the second trimester. According to Koblitz, the variation in pregnancy definitions allowed ample moral and ethical ‘wiggle’ room for women to take matters into their own hands, so to speak.
** Tiffany Lamoreaux, “A Review of Koblitz’s “Sex and Herbs and Birth Control”, The Feminist Wire, (September 9, 2014)
* The female body needs to navigate a tricky dilemma. In order to protect itself, the body needs to defend against foreign invaders. But if it applies that logic to sperm or a fetus, then pregnancy can't occur. The shifts in immunity that women experience may be a response to this problem.
** Tierney Lorenz, "Sexual activity causes immune system changes that increase chances of conception", Science Daily, (October 5, 2015).

### M

* It might seem strange, but you're not actually pregnant the first week or two of the time allotted to your pregnancy. Yes, you read that correctly! Conception typically occurs about two weeks after your last period begins. To calculate your estimated due date, your health care provider will count ahead 40 weeks from the start of your last period. This means your period is counted as part of your pregnancy — even though you weren't pregnant at the time.
   * Mayo Clinic Pregnancy week by week (© 1998-2022 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). All rights reserved)

### N

* Pregnancy is a natural result of sexual activity and integral to God’s design and command for humans to “be fruitful and increase in number” (Genesis 1:28). If God permits a pregnancy, planned or unplanned, we should understand that God is forming a new life in his image.
** National Association of Evangelicals, “Abortion 2010: Resolution Adopted by NAE Board of Directors”.

### R

* “It is extremely possible and very common for people to get to the six-week mark and not know they are pregnant,” said Dr. Jennifer Villavicencio, lead for equity transformation at the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
** Roni Caryn Rabin, ”Answers to Questions About the Texas Abortion Law”, New York Times, (September 1, 2021).
* Robert Winston, a pioneer of in-vitro fertilization, created a stir in 1999 when he told London's Sunday Times that "male pregnancy would certainly be possible."... "The question is not 'Can a man do it?' " says bioethicist Glenn McGee of Albany Medical College. "It's 'If a man does have a successful pregnancy, can he survive it?'"
** Meryl Rothstein, Holly Lindem in “Male Pregnancy: A Dangerous Proposition”, Popular Science, (August 1, 2005)
* Robert Winston, a pioneer of in-vitro fertilization, created a stir in 1999 when he told London's Sunday Times that "male pregnancy would certainly be possible."..."The question is not 'Can a man do it?' " says bioethicist Glenn McGee of Albany Medical College. "It's 'If a man does have a successful pregnancy, can he survive it?'"
** Meryl Rothstein, Holly Lindem in “Male Pregnancy: A Dangerous Proposition”, Popular Science, (August 1, 2005)
* Unwanted pregnancies occur because women are unable to regulate their fertility by contraception alone. The complexities of managing sexual behaviour and the fallibility of contraception mean that some unwanted pregnancies are inevitable.
** Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists: "The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion" (PDF). Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2008. p.3

### S

* Unintended pregnancy is the root cause of induced abortion, whether safe or unsafe...Each year an estimated 27 million unintended pregnancies occur as a result of method failure or ineffective use; of these, about 6 million occur even though the contraceptive method has been used correctly and consistently.
** Shah, I; Ahman, E (December 2009). "Unsafe abortion: global and regional incidence, trends, consequences, and challenges" (PDF). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 31 (12): p.1157
* Pregnancy is not always a happy occasion—it may be a destructive and threatening experi-ence. Far from being regarded as a person to be protected and loved, a conceptus may be experienced as a threat to personal well-being or a reminder of sexual abuse or of the dangers attending the processes of conception and gestation.
** Paul D. Simmons, “Personhood, the Bible, and the Abortion Debate”, p.6

### T

* Despite the many contraceptive options available in the United States, nearly half (49%) of the 6.4 million pregnancies each year are unintended; these represent a significant cost to the health care system.
** James Trussell, “The cost of unintended pregnancy in the United States”, “Contraception”. 2007 Mar;75(3):168-70.

### W

* I strongly encourage those who are pregnant or considering pregnancy to talk with their health care provider about the protective benefits of the Covid-19 vaccine to keep their babies and themselves safe.
** Rochelle Walensky "CDC issues urgent alert: Pregnant women need the Covid-19 vaccines" (September 29, 2021)
* While most pregnancies and births are uneventful, all pregnancies are at risk. Around 15% of all pregnant women will develop a potentially life-threatening complication that calls for skilled care, and some will require a major obstetrical intervention to survive.
** World Health Organization (2017). "Introduction". [https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255760/9789241565493-eng.pdf?sequence=1 Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A Guide for Midwives and Doctors. Geneva: World Health Organization, p.xi ISBN 978-92-4-154587-7. OCLC 181845530. Retrieved 30 July 2019.

### Y

* After high-profile scares like thalidomide in the 1960s, where pregnant women taking the drug had children with serious birth defects, drug researchers were hesitant to include women in drug trials because of the possibility that they might get pregnant, said Dr. Cara Tannenbaum, scientific director of the Institute of Gender and Health at the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
** Leslie Young, "Drugs aren’t tested on women like they are on men, and it could have deadly consequences", Global News, November 2, 2016.

## Dialogue

* Q: Some women say being pregnant made them feel powerful and some say they felt vulnerable. I’m guessing you mainly felt powerful.
    A: I felt powerful in this way of “I don’t give a fuck about what people think,” and I felt this life running through me when she was kicking me. But I did also feel really vulnerable. You become like a vampire when you’re pregnant: your senses are so sensitive and your emotions are so heightened – that helps with performance because you really feel things. Any stories about something happening to little girls killed me. Put it this way: I did not find Inside Out uplifting.
   * Ali Wong in "Ali Wong: 'Being able to joke about my miscarriage was a relief'", by Hadley Freeman, The Guardian, (9 Jun, 2016).
* Q: You’re the first comedian to make a special while pregnant. Was it important to you to break that barrier?
    A: Being the first to do it was less important to me than just getting it done before I had the baby. When I planned it in my first trimester I had no idea how I’d look or feel in my third. I had no idea about things like the severe constipations, the bleeding gums or that my lasered moustache would come back. So those were all fun surprises.
   * Ali Wong in "Ali Wong: 'Being able to joke about my miscarriage was a relief'", by Hadley Freeman, The Guardian, (9 Jun, 2016).

## See also

* Abortion
* Birth
* Miscarriage
* Teenage pregnancy