# Robert Kagan

Robert Kagan (born 26 September 1958) is a neoconservative American historian and foreign policy commentator. During the 2016 presidential election, he left the Republican Party, due to the party's nomination of Donald Trump and endorsed Hillary Clinton.

## Quotes

* When you don't have a hammer, you don't want anything to look like a nail.
** Alternate version: If you don't have a hammer, you don't want anything to look like a nail.
** Of Paradise and Power, p. 26
** According to Kagan, this is a variation of the proverb "When you have a hammer, all problems start to look like nails." (p. 25 of the same book)
* The force de frappe was little more than symbolism; it relieved neither France nor Europe from strategic dependence on the United States...
** Of Paradise and Power, p. 19
* The vast majority of Europeans always believed that the threat posed by Saddam Hussein was more tolerable than the risk of removing him. But Americans, being stronger, developed a lower threshold of tolerance for Saddam and his weapons of mass destruction.
** Of Paradise and Power, p. 31
* The United States was losing interest in preserving European security, but at the same time it was hostile to European aspirations to take on the task themselves. Europeans complained about American perfidy, and Americans complained about European weakness and ingratitude.
** Of Paradise and Power, p. 43
* Americans officials have found it hard to believe, but leading officials and politicians in Europe really have worried more about how the United States might handle or mishandle the problem on Iraq — by undertaking unilateral and extralegal military action — than they have ever worried about Iraq itself and Saddam Hussein's weapons of mass destruction.
** Of Paradise and Power, p. 61
* When President Dwight Eisenhower undermined and humiliated Britain and France at Suez in 1956, it was only the most blatant of many American efforts to cut Europe down to size and reduce its already weakening global influence.
** Of Paradise and Power, p. 72
* And now, in the final irony, the fact that the US military power has solved the European problem, especially the "German problem", allows Europeans today, and Germans in particular, to believe that American military power, and the "strategic culture" that has created and sustained it, is outmoded and dangerous.
** Of Paradise and Power, p. 73

### 2000s

* [T]he Russians and Chinese see nothing natural in [the “color revolutions” of the former Soviet Union], only Western-backed coups designed to advance Western influence in strategically vital parts of the world. Are they so wrong? Might not the successful liberalization of Ukraine, urged and supported by the Western democracies, be but the prelude to the incorporation of that nation into NATO and the European Union -- in short, the expansion of Western liberal hegemony?
** League of Dictators? Why China and Russia Will Continue to Support Autocracies April 30, 2006, cited in Ukraine Is the Latest Neocon Disaster, June 27, 2022
* American nationalism is not a blood-and-soil nationalism. No one's an American just because they were born in America or had American parents. American nationalism is built around this idea - and it happened to be, certainly at the time, an extremely revolutionary idea that only Americans believed in, by the way, at the time. Which was the principle of universal rights...
** Interview with Neal Conan (October 2006), NPR
* [T]o say that the United States is bad because it behaves like a group of humans behave I think is a mistake. And I think we have to have more realistic basis of comparison. And this is part of the problem with the myth that we create of ourselves. We create an idealized image of ourselves in the past that we are never living up to in the present, and I think that's an evasion really from facing reality.
** Interview with Neal Conan (October 2006), NPR
* Americans - one of the founders, Gouverneur Morris, described Americans as the first-born children of the commercial age. Because when American was founded, the ideas of Adam Smith, the ideas of John Locke were dominant. And American was founded on the ethos that individuals should go out and prosper and acquire. And Americans have been trying to acquire ever since, and this does affect American foreign policy. I wouldn't focus particularly on the middle class because I think it's true of all Americans of all classes. And it has shaped American policy.
** Interview with Neal Conan (October 2006), NPR
* The thing that I find striking, in addition to Americans not being aware always how they are bumping into others and intruding upon others, Americans also - because they have this view - because we have this view that we don't care, that we're really just about minding our own business, then events occur and we surprise ourselves and we do care.
** Interview with Neal Conan (October 2006), NPR

### 2010s

* No one sitting in Germany in 1945 would have said, “Oh don’t worry, it’s just natural to become a democracy.”
** Interview with Bill Kristol (March 2019)
* I think people are absolutely dreaming if they think that when the United States pulls out of Europe that Europe will just stay this calm, placid place. I think that we will throw Europe back into the same problem. And you don’t have to talk about Nazis or Hitler or any of that to say the norm in Europe is competition, conflict. And if we think that that’s over, I think that history tells us otherwise. And then again, so do we wind up – can we allow Europe in a way to fail as a liberal system without it affecting us? Again given the level of our trade, given the level of our communication, our involvement with them.
** Interview with Bill Kristol (March 2019)

### 2023–2024

* [W]ho will stand up for anyone accused in the public arena, besides their lawyers? In a Trump presidency, the courage it will take to stand up for them will be no less than the courage it will take to stand up to Trump himself. How many will risk their own careers to defend others? In a nation congenitally suspicious of government, who will stick up for the rights of former officials who become targets of Trump’s Justice Department?
* Nor is there sufficient reason to hope that the disordered and dysfunctional opposition to Trump today will suddenly become more unified and effective once Trump takes power. That is not how things work. In evolving dictatorships, the opposition is always weak and divided. That's what makes dictatorship possible in the first place. Opposition movements rarely get stronger and more unified under the pressures of persecution.
* In just a few years, we have gone from being relatively secure in our democracy to being a few short steps, and a matter of months, away from the possibility of dictatorship.
** "A Trump dictatorship is increasingly inevitable. We should stop pretending.", The Washington Post (November 30, 2023)
** On Donald Trump's potential (or likely) second term.
* The formula for defeating Trump in November [2024] is simple enough: Unite the Democrats, and split the Republicans.
* Many people responded to my last essay [dated November 30, cited above] by insisting that a majority of Americans oppose Trump, and they are right. But the way our system works today, that popular majority is prevented from coalescing. Many blame the electoral college or the two-party prejudice built into our system, and they might well be right. But, folks, are we going to fix these problems before November? The question is how best to bring this majority together in a coalition of Democrats and Constitutional Republicans to prevent a dictatorship this coming year. Afterward, we can look at reforming the system. First, the system has to survive.
** "The Trump dictatorship: How to stop it", The Washington Post (December 7, 2023).
** Italics in the original.
* Anti-liberals these days complain about wokeness, therefore, but it is the liberal system of government bequeathed by the Founders, and the accompanying egalitarian spirit, that they are really objecting to, just as anti-liberals have since the founding of the nation. Many of Trump's core supporters insist they are patriots, but whether they realize it or not, their allegiance is not to the Founders' America but to an ethnoreligious definition of the nation that the Founders explicitly rejected.
** "We have a radical democracy. Will Trump voters destroy it?", The Washington Post (April 24, 2024)
** Extract from Rebellion: How Antiliberalism is Tearing America Apart — Again (Penguin Random House, 2024)

## External links

* Encyclopedic article on Robert Kagan on Wikipedia
* Media related to Robert Kagan on Wikimedia Commons